From 685c6eeb591e88289265da88e16f30016dd14b6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joel Date: Thu, 13 Sep 2018 17:23:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Automatically inserting `OrigQuote` information (#1071) This commit uses the alignment data found in https://git.door43.org/ult-pre-alignment to seed the `OrigQuote` field in the TSV files. Github issue for this is at https://github.com/unfoldingWord-dev/translationCore/issues/4943 . --- en_tn_41-MAT.tsv | 3544 +++++++++++++++++----------------- en_tn_42-MRK.tsv | 2000 +++++++++---------- en_tn_43-LUK.tsv | 4754 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- en_tn_44-JHN.tsv | 2414 +++++++++++------------ en_tn_45-ACT.tsv | 3466 ++++++++++++++++----------------- en_tn_46-ROM.tsv | 1882 +++++++++--------- en_tn_47-1CO.tsv | 328 ++-- en_tn_48-2CO.tsv | 86 +- en_tn_49-GAL.tsv | 540 +++--- en_tn_50-EPH.tsv | 366 ++-- en_tn_51-PHP.tsv | 364 ++-- en_tn_52-COL.tsv | 342 ++-- en_tn_53-1TH.tsv | 332 ++-- en_tn_54-2TH.tsv | 156 +- en_tn_55-1TI.tsv | 450 ++--- en_tn_56-2TI.tsv | 2 +- en_tn_57-TIT.tsv | 228 +-- en_tn_58-PHM.tsv | 102 +- en_tn_59-HEB.tsv | 1164 ++++++------ en_tn_60-JAS.tsv | 468 ++--- en_tn_61-1PE.tsv | 476 ++--- en_tn_62-2PE.tsv | 316 +-- en_tn_63-1JN.tsv | 444 ++--- en_tn_64-2JN.tsv | 44 +- en_tn_65-3JN.tsv | 64 +- en_tn_66-JUD.tsv | 120 +- en_tn_67-REV.tsv | 1606 ++++++++-------- 27 files changed, 13029 insertions(+), 13029 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_41-MAT.tsv b/en_tn_41-MAT.tsv index 2da774cf5b..b709173ec8 100644 --- a/en_tn_41-MAT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_41-MAT.tsv @@ -2,348 +2,348 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo MAT front intro sa9c 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Matthew

1. The birth of Jesus Christ and the beginning of his ministry (1:1––4:25)
1. Jesus' Sermon on the Mount (5:1––7:28)
1. Jesus illustrates the kingdom of God through acts of healing (8:1––9:34)
1. Jesus' teaching about mission and the kingdom (9:35––10:42)
1. Jesus' teaching about the gospel of the kingdom of God. The beginning of opposition to Jesus. (11:1––12:50)
1. Jesus' parables about the kingdom of God (13:1––52)
1. Further opposition to Jesus and misunderstanding of the kingdom of God (13:53––17:57)
1. Jesus' teaching about life in the kingdom of God (18:1––35)
1. Jesus ministers in Judea (19:1––22:46)
1. Jesus' teaching about the final judgment and salvation (23:1––25:46)
1. The crucifixion of Jesus, his death and resurrection (26:1––28:19)

#### What is the book of Matthew about?

The Gospel of Matthew is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Matthew showed that Jesus was the Messiah, and God would save Israel through him. Matthew often explained that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This may indicate that he expected most of his first readers to be Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Matthew," or "The Gospel according to Matthew." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as, "The Good News about Jesus that Matthew wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

#### Who wrote the Book of Matthew?

The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the author was the Apostle Matthew.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is the "kingdom of heaven?"

Matthew spoke of the kingdom of heaven in the same way that other gospel writers spoke of the kingdom of God. The kingdom of heaven represents God ruling over all people and all creation everywhere. Those whom God accepts into his kingdom will be blessed. They will live with God forever.

#### What were Jesus' teaching methods?

The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in similar ways as other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What are the Synoptic Gospels?

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together."

The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible.

#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"?

In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever.

Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Jesus used it for himself to help them understand who he truly was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]])

Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew?

The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions:

* "Bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you" (5:44)
* "For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen" (6:13)
* "But this kind of demon does not go out except with prayer and fasting" (17:21)
* "For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost" (18:11)
* "Many are called, but few are chosen" (20:16)
* "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you devour widows' houses, while you make a show of long prayers. You will therefore receive greater condemnation." (23:14)

Translators are advised not to include these passages. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these passages, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Matthew's Gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])

MAT 1 intro y7kk 0 # Matthew 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set a quotation from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this for the quoted material in 1:23.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Genealogy

A genealogy is a list that records a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could become king. Most important people had records of their genealogies.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Use of the passive voice

Matthew uses the passive voice very purposefully in this chapter to indicate that Mary did not have a sexual relationship with anyone. She became pregnant with Jesus because the Holy Spirit performed a miracle. Many languages do not have a passive voice, so translators in those languages must find other ways to present the same truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MAT 1 1 ava1 0 General Information: The author begins with Jesus' genealogy in order to show that he is a descendant of King David and of Abraham. The genealogy continues through [Matthew 1:17](../01/17.md). -MAT 1 1 y31w 0 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ You could translate this as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "This is the list of the ancestors of Jesus Christ" -MAT 1 1 vpg1 0 Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham There were many generations between Jesus, David, and Abraham. Here "son" means "descendant." Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, who was a descendant of Abraham" -MAT 1 1 tka3 0 son of David Sometimes the phrase "son of David" is used as a title, but here it seems to be used only to identify Jesus' ancestry. -MAT 1 2 ejp6 0 Abraham was the father of Isaac "Abraham became the father of Isaac" or "Abraham had a son Isaac" or "Abraham had a son named Isaac." There are different ways you could translate this. Whichever way you translate it here, it would be best to translate it the same way throughout the list of Jesus' ancestors. +MAT 1 1 y31w βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ You could translate this as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "This is the list of the ancestors of Jesus Christ" +MAT 1 1 vpg1 Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ, υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ 1 Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham There were many generations between Jesus, David, and Abraham. Here "son" means "descendant." Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, who was a descendant of Abraham" +MAT 1 1 tka3 υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ 1 son of David Sometimes the phrase "son of David" is used as a title, but here it seems to be used only to identify Jesus' ancestry. +MAT 1 2 ejp6 Ἀβραὰμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαάκ 1 Abraham was the father of Isaac "Abraham became the father of Isaac" or "Abraham had a son Isaac" or "Abraham had a son named Isaac." There are different ways you could translate this. Whichever way you translate it here, it would be best to translate it the same way throughout the list of Jesus' ancestors. MAT 1 2 mxm2 figs-ellipsis 0 Isaac the father ... Jacob the father Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Isaac was the father ... Jacob was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 1 3 g8y6 translate-names 0 Perez ... Zerah ... Hezron ... Ram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 1 3 t7jg figs-ellipsis 0 Perez the father ... Hezron the father Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Perez was the father ... Hezron was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 1 4 fe3u figs-ellipsis 0 Amminadab the father ... Nahshon the father Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Amminadab was the father ... Nahshon was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 1 5 yr52 0 Salmon was the father of Boaz by Rahab "Salmon was the father of Boaz, and Boaz's mother was Rahab" or "Salmon and Rahab were the parents of Boaz" +MAT 1 5 yr52 Σαλμὼν ἐγέννησεν τὸν Βόες ἐκ τῆς Ῥαχάβ 1 Salmon was the father of Boaz by Rahab "Salmon was the father of Boaz, and Boaz's mother was Rahab" or "Salmon and Rahab were the parents of Boaz" MAT 1 5 lj86 figs-ellipsis 0 Boaz the father ... Obed the father Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Boaz was the father ... Obed was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 1 5 q5bd 0 Boaz the father of Obed by Ruth "Boaz was the father of Obed, and Obed's mother was Ruth" or "Boaz and Ruth were the parents of Obed" +MAT 1 5 q5bd Βόες ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωβὴδ ἐκ τῆς Ῥούθ 1 Boaz the father of Obed by Ruth "Boaz was the father of Obed, and Obed's mother was Ruth" or "Boaz and Ruth were the parents of Obed" MAT 1 6 r84m figs-ellipsis 0 David the father of Solomon by the wife of Uriah Here the word "was" is understood. "David was the father of Solomon, and Solomon's mother was Uriah's wife" or "David and the wife of Uriah were the parents of Solomon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 1 6 bp35 0 the wife of Uriah "the widow of Uriah." Solomon was born after Uriah died. -MAT 1 7 r881 figs-ellipsis 0 Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa The word "was" is understood in both of these phrases. Alternate translation: "Rehoboam was the father of Abijah, and Abijah was the father of Asa" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 1 10 bh7r 0 Amon Sometimes this is translated "Amos." -MAT 1 11 dk1j 0 Josiah was an ancestor of Jechoniah A more specific term for "ancestor" can also be used, particularly if the word "ancestor" would only be used for someone who lived before one's grandparents. Alternate translation: "Josiah was a grandfather of Jechoniah" -MAT 1 11 rj7p 0 at the time of the deportation to Babylon "when they were forced to move to Babylon" or "when the Babylonians conquered them and made them go live in Babylon." If your language needs to specify who went to Babylon, you could say "the Israelites" or "the Israelites who lived in Judah." -MAT 1 11 v2im 0 Babylon Here this means the country of Babylon, not just the city of Babylon. -MAT 1 12 y7cx 0 After the deportation to Babylon Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). -MAT 1 12 tx6g 0 Shealtiel was an ancestor of Zerubbabel Shealtiel was Zerubbabel's grandfather. +MAT 1 7 r881 figs-ellipsis τὸν Ῥοβοάμ Ῥοβοὰμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιά, Ἀβιὰ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀσάφ 1 Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa The word "was" is understood in both of these phrases. Alternate translation: "Rehoboam was the father of Abijah, and Abijah was the father of Asa" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 1 10 bh7r τὸν Ἀμώς 1 Amon Sometimes this is translated "Amos." +MAT 1 11 dk1j Ἰωσίας ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεχονίαν 1 Josiah was an ancestor of Jechoniah A more specific term for "ancestor" can also be used, particularly if the word "ancestor" would only be used for someone who lived before one's grandparents. Alternate translation: "Josiah was a grandfather of Jechoniah" +MAT 1 11 rj7p ἐπὶ τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος 1 at the time of the deportation to Babylon "when they were forced to move to Babylon" or "when the Babylonians conquered them and made them go live in Babylon." If your language needs to specify who went to Babylon, you could say "the Israelites" or "the Israelites who lived in Judah." +MAT 1 11 v2im Βαβυλῶνος 1 Babylon Here this means the country of Babylon, not just the city of Babylon. +MAT 1 12 y7cx μετὰ τὴν μετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος 1 After the deportation to Babylon Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). +MAT 1 12 tx6g τὸν Σαλαθιήλ Σαλαθιὴλ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ζοροβαβέλ 1 Shealtiel was an ancestor of Zerubbabel Shealtiel was Zerubbabel's grandfather. MAT 1 15 lqk9 0 Connecting Statement: The author concludes Jesus' genealogy, which began in [Matthew 1:1](../01/01.md). -MAT 1 16 b3bm figs-activepassive 0 Mary, by whom Jesus was born This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Mary, who gave birth to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 1 16 z2rg figs-activepassive 0 who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom people call Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 1 17 jzq4 translate-numbers 0 fourteen "14" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 1 17 z5xw 0 deportation to Babylon Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). +MAT 1 16 b3bm figs-activepassive Μαρίας, ἐξ ἧς Ἰησοῦς ἐγεννήθη 1 Mary, by whom Jesus was born This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Mary, who gave birth to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 1 16 z2rg figs-activepassive ὁ λεγόμενος Χριστός 1 who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom people call Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 1 17 jzq4 translate-numbers δεκατέσσαρες 1 fourteen "14" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 1 17 z5xw μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος 1 deportation to Babylon Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). MAT 1 18 gnl6 0 General Information: This begins a new part of the story in which the author describes the events leading up to the birth of Jesus. MAT 1 18 cqt1 figs-explicit 0 His mother, Mary, was engaged to marry Joseph "His mother, Mary, was going to marry Joseph." Parents normally arranged the marriages of their children. Alternate translation: "The parents of Mary, the mother of Jesus, had promised her in marriage to Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 1 18 e4ur figs-explicit 0 His mother, Mary, was engaged Translate in a way that makes it clear that Jesus was not already born when Mary was engaged to Joseph. Alternate translation: "Mary, who would be the mother of Jesus, was engaged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 1 18 xvk1 figs-euphemism 0 before they came together "before they got married." This may refer to Mary and Joseph sleeping together. Alternate translation: "before they had slept together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 1 18 in4a figs-activepassive 0 she was found to be pregnant This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they realized that she was going to have a baby" or "it happened that she was pregnant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 1 18 a71d 0 by the Holy Spirit The power of the Holy Spirit had enabled Mary to have a baby before she had slept with a man. -MAT 1 19 j8eb figs-explicit 0 Joseph, her husband Joseph had not married Mary yet, but when a man and woman promised to marry each other, Jews considered them husband and wife though they did not live together. Alternate translation: "Joseph, who was supposed to marry Mary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 1 19 pu3p 0 divorce her "cancel their plans to get married" +MAT 1 18 e4ur figs-explicit τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, Μαρίας, ἦν μνηστευθείσης 1 His mother, Mary, was engaged Translate in a way that makes it clear that Jesus was not already born when Mary was engaged to Joseph. Alternate translation: "Mary, who would be the mother of Jesus, was engaged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 1 18 xvk1 figs-euphemism πρὶν συνελθεῖν αὐτοὺς 1 before they came together "before they got married." This may refer to Mary and Joseph sleeping together. Alternate translation: "before they had slept together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 1 18 in4a figs-activepassive εὑρέθη ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα 1 she was found to be pregnant This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they realized that she was going to have a baby" or "it happened that she was pregnant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 1 18 a71d ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 by the Holy Spirit The power of the Holy Spirit had enabled Mary to have a baby before she had slept with a man. +MAT 1 19 j8eb figs-explicit Ἰωσὴφ, ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς 1 Joseph, her husband Joseph had not married Mary yet, but when a man and woman promised to marry each other, Jews considered them husband and wife though they did not live together. Alternate translation: "Joseph, who was supposed to marry Mary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 1 19 pu3p ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν 1 divorce her "cancel their plans to get married" MAT 1 20 iip4 0 As he thought "As Joseph thought" -MAT 1 20 fb7e 0 appeared to him in a dream "came to him while Joseph was dreaming" -MAT 1 20 lc8r 0 son of David Here "son" means "descendant." -MAT 1 20 va5e figs-activepassive 0 the one who is conceived in her is conceived by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit caused Mary to become pregnant with this child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 1 21 j38f 0 She will give birth to a son Because God sent the angel, the angel knew the baby was a boy. -MAT 1 21 glq8 0 you will call his name "you must name him" or "you must give him the name." This is a command. -MAT 1 21 bf5z 0 for he will save Translator may add a footnote that says "The name 'Jesus' means 'the Lord saves.'" -MAT 1 21 em9q 0 his people This refers to the Jews. +MAT 1 20 fb7e ἐφάνη αὐτῷ κατ’ ὄναρ 1 appeared to him in a dream "came to him while Joseph was dreaming" +MAT 1 20 lc8r υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 son of David Here "son" means "descendant." +MAT 1 20 va5e figs-activepassive ἐκ Πνεύματός ἐστιν Ἁγίου 1 the one who is conceived in her is conceived by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit caused Mary to become pregnant with this child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 1 21 j38f τέξεται υἱὸν 1 She will give birth to a son Because God sent the angel, the angel knew the baby was a boy. +MAT 1 21 glq8 καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ 1 you will call his name "you must name him" or "you must give him the name." This is a command. +MAT 1 21 bf5z αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει 1 for he will save Translator may add a footnote that says "The name 'Jesus' means 'the Lord saves.'" +MAT 1 21 em9q τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ 1 his people This refers to the Jews. MAT 1 22 p47i writing-background 0 General Information: The author quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that Jesus' birth was according to scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 1 22 p9la 0 All this happened The angel is no longer speaking. Matthew is now explaining the importance of what the angel said. -MAT 1 22 c1vw figs-activepassive 0 what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord told the prophet to write long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 1 22 p39k figs-explicit 0 the prophet There were many prophets. Matthew was speaking of Isaiah. Alternate translation: "the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 1 22 p9la ὅλον τοῦτο γέγονεν 1 All this happened The angel is no longer speaking. Matthew is now explaining the importance of what the angel said. +MAT 1 22 c1vw figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ Κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου 1 what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord told the prophet to write long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 1 22 p39k figs-explicit τοῦ προφήτου 1 the prophet There were many prophets. Matthew was speaking of Isaiah. Alternate translation: "the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 1 23 q19h 0 Behold ... Immanuel Here Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah. -MAT 1 23 dw7z 0 Behold, the virgin "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the virgin" -MAT 1 23 sln1 translate-names 0 Immanuel This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 1 23 lm6t 0 which means, "God with us." This is not in the book of Isaiah. Matthew is explaining the meaning of the name "Immanuel." You could translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "This name means 'God with us.'" +MAT 1 23 dw7z ἰδοὺ, ἡ παρθένος 1 Behold, the virgin "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the virgin" +MAT 1 23 sln1 translate-names Ἐμμανουήλ 1 Immanuel This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 1 23 lm6t "— ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον," ὁ Θεός μεθ’ ἡμῶν." 1 which means, "God with us." This is not in the book of Isaiah. Matthew is explaining the meaning of the name "Immanuel." You could translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "This name means 'God with us.'" MAT 1 24 iue3 0 Connecting Statement: The author concludes his description of the events leading up to the birth of Jesus. -MAT 1 24 iz4r 0 as the angel of the Lord commanded The angel had told Joseph to take Mary as his wife and to name the child Jesus. +MAT 1 24 iz4r ὡς ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου προσέταξεν 1 as the angel of the Lord commanded The angel had told Joseph to take Mary as his wife and to name the child Jesus. MAT 1 24 nr5e 0 he took her as his wife "he married Mary" MAT 1 25 i7p5 figs-euphemism 0 he did not know her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: "he did not have sexual relations with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 1 25 dlm9 0 to a son "to a male baby" or "to her son." Make sure it is clear that Joseph is not portrayed as the actual father. +MAT 1 25 dlm9 υἱόν 1 to a son "to a male baby" or "to her son." Make sure it is clear that Joseph is not portrayed as the actual father. MAT 1 25 jtz8 0 Then he called his name Jesus "Joseph named the child Jesus" MAT 2 intro dz1c 0 # Matthew 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in verses 6 and 18, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "His star"

These words probably refer to a star that the learned men believed to be the sign of a new king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Learned men"

English translations use many different words to translate this phrase. These words include "magi" and "wise men." These men could have been scientists or astrologers. If you can, you should translate this with the general word "learned men."
MAT 2 1 j9yn 0 General Information: A new part of the story begins here and continues through the end of the chapter. Matthew tells about Herod's attempt to kill the new King of the Jews. -MAT 2 1 k518 0 Bethlehem of Judea "the town of Bethlehem in the province of Judea" -MAT 2 1 id55 0 in the days of Herod the king "when Herod was king there" -MAT 2 1 kf5g 0 Herod This refers to Herod the Great. -MAT 2 1 p6gc 0 learned men from the east "men from the east who studied the stars" -MAT 2 1 ft22 0 from the east "from a country far east of Judea" -MAT 2 2 v5t4 0 Where is he who was born King of the Jews? The men knew from studying the stars that the one who would become king had been born. They were trying to learn where he was. Alternate translation: "A baby who will become the king of the Jews has been born. Where is he?" -MAT 2 2 zj7c 0 his star They were not saying that the baby was the rightful owner of the star. Alternate translation: "the star that tells about him" or "the star that is associated with his birth" -MAT 2 2 a7y9 0 in the east "as it came up in the east" or "while we were in our country" -MAT 2 2 v248 0 worship Possible meanings are 1) they intended to worship the baby as divine, or 2) they wanted to honor him as a human king. If your language has a word that includes both meanings, you should consider using it here. -MAT 2 3 p5rw 0 he was troubled "he was worried." Herod was worried that this baby would replace him as king. -MAT 2 3 qu3d figs-metonymy 0 all Jerusalem Here "Jerusalem" refers to the people. Also, "all" means "many." Matthew is exaggerating to emphasize how many people were worried. Alternate translation: "many of the people in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 2 1 k518 Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 Bethlehem of Judea "the town of Bethlehem in the province of Judea" +MAT 2 1 id55 ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου τοῦ βασιλέως 1 in the days of Herod the king "when Herod was king there" +MAT 2 1 kf5g Ἡρῴδου 1 Herod This refers to Herod the Great. +MAT 2 1 p6gc μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν 1 learned men from the east "men from the east who studied the stars" +MAT 2 1 ft22 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν 1 from the east "from a country far east of Judea" +MAT 2 2 v5t4 ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων? 1 Where is he who was born King of the Jews? The men knew from studying the stars that the one who would become king had been born. They were trying to learn where he was. Alternate translation: "A baby who will become the king of the Jews has been born. Where is he?" +MAT 2 2 zj7c αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα 1 his star They were not saying that the baby was the rightful owner of the star. Alternate translation: "the star that tells about him" or "the star that is associated with his birth" +MAT 2 2 a7y9 ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ 1 in the east "as it came up in the east" or "while we were in our country" +MAT 2 2 v248 προσκυνῆσαι 1 worship Possible meanings are 1) they intended to worship the baby as divine, or 2) they wanted to honor him as a human king. If your language has a word that includes both meanings, you should consider using it here. +MAT 2 3 p5rw ἐταράχθη 1 he was troubled "he was worried." Herod was worried that this baby would replace him as king. +MAT 2 3 qu3d figs-metonymy πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 all Jerusalem Here "Jerusalem" refers to the people. Also, "all" means "many." Matthew is exaggerating to emphasize how many people were worried. Alternate translation: "many of the people in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 2 4 ne4v 0 General Information: In verse 6, the chief priests and scribes of the people quote the prophet Micah to show that the Christ would be born in Bethlehem. -MAT 2 5 w68n 0 In Bethlehem of Judea "In the town of Bethlehem in the province of Judea" +MAT 2 5 w68n ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 In Bethlehem of Judea "In the town of Bethlehem in the province of Judea" MAT 2 5 z2i4 figs-activepassive 0 this is what was written by the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is what the prophet wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 2 6 kmw7 figs-apostrophe 0 you, Bethlehem, ... are not the least among the leaders of Judah Micah was speaking to the people of Bethlehem as if they were with him but they were not. Also, "are not the least" can be translated with a positive phrase. Alternate translation: "you, people of Bethlehem, ... your town is among the most important towns in Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MAT 2 6 tg5d figs-metaphor 0 who will shepherd my people Israel Micah speaks of this ruler as a shepherd. This means he will lead and care for the people. Alternate translation: "who will lead my people Israel as a shepherd leads his sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 2 7 b487 0 Herod secretly called the learned men This means that Herod talked to the learned men without other people knowing. +MAT 2 6 tg5d figs-metaphor ὅστις ποιμανεῖ τὸν λαόν μου τὸν Ἰσραήλ 1 who will shepherd my people Israel Micah speaks of this ruler as a shepherd. This means he will lead and care for the people. Alternate translation: "who will lead my people Israel as a shepherd leads his sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 2 7 b487 Ἡρῴδης λάθρᾳ καλέσας τοὺς μάγους 1 Herod secretly called the learned men This means that Herod talked to the learned men without other people knowing. MAT 2 7 tax3 figs-quotations 0 men to ask them exactly what time the star had appeared This can be translated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "men, and he asked them, 'When exactly did this star appear?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 2 7 vng3 figs-explicit 0 what time the star had appeared It is implied that the learned men told him when the star appeared. Alternate translation: "what time the star had appeared. The learned men told Herod when the star first appeared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 2 8 v7y2 0 young child This refers to Jesus. -MAT 2 8 t4u1 0 bring me word "let me know" or "tell me" or "report back to me" -MAT 2 8 jtw7 0 worship him See how you translated this in [Matthew 2:2](../02/02.md). -MAT 2 9 h1zx 0 After they "After the learned men" -MAT 2 9 wl4r 0 they had seen in the east "they had seen come up in the east" or "they had seen in their country" -MAT 2 9 hy1i 0 went before them "guided them" or "led them" -MAT 2 9 jp2j 0 stood still over "stopped over" -MAT 2 9 w3v1 0 where the young child was "the place where the young child was staying" +MAT 2 8 v7y2 τοῦ παιδίου 1 young child This refers to Jesus. +MAT 2 8 t4u1 ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι 1 bring me word "let me know" or "tell me" or "report back to me" +MAT 2 8 jtw7 προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ 1 worship him See how you translated this in [Matthew 2:2](../02/02.md). +MAT 2 9 h1zx οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες 1 After they "After the learned men" +MAT 2 9 wl4r εἶδον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ 1 they had seen in the east "they had seen come up in the east" or "they had seen in their country" +MAT 2 9 hy1i προῆγεν αὐτούς 1 went before them "guided them" or "led them" +MAT 2 9 jp2j ἐστάθη ἐπάνω 1 stood still over "stopped over" +MAT 2 9 w3v1 οὗ τὸ παιδίον ἦν 1 where the young child was "the place where the young child was staying" MAT 2 11 pv3r 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to the house where Mary, Joseph, and the young Jesus were living. -MAT 2 11 tu5s 0 They went "The learned men went" -MAT 2 11 d41d translate-symaction 0 They fell down and worshiped him "They knelt down and put their faces close to the ground." They did this to honor Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 2 11 r452 figs-metonymy 0 their treasures Here "treasures" refers to the boxes or bags they used to carry their treasures. Alternate translation: "the containers that held their treasures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 2 12 zyq6 0 God warned them "Afterwards, God warned the learned men." God knew that Herod wanted to harm the child. +MAT 2 11 tu5s ἐλθόντες 1 They went "The learned men went" +MAT 2 11 d41d translate-symaction πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ 1 They fell down and worshiped him "They knelt down and put their faces close to the ground." They did this to honor Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 2 11 r452 figs-metonymy τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν 1 their treasures Here "treasures" refers to the boxes or bags they used to carry their treasures. Alternate translation: "the containers that held their treasures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 2 12 zyq6 χρηματισθέντες 1 God warned them "Afterwards, God warned the learned men." God knew that Herod wanted to harm the child. MAT 2 12 dr1p figs-quotations 0 dream not to return to Herod, so This can be translated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "dream, saying, 'Do not go back to King Herod,' so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 2 13 brp5 0 General Information: In verse 15, Matthew quotes the prophet Hosea to show that the Christ would spend time in Egypt. -MAT 2 13 iw8p 0 they had departed "the learned men had departed" -MAT 2 13 zwj5 0 appeared to Joseph in a dream "came to Joseph while he was dreaming" +MAT 2 13 iw8p ἀναχωρησάντων δὲ αὐτῶν 1 they had departed "the learned men had departed" +MAT 2 13 zwj5 φαίνεται τῷ Ἰωσὴφ κατ’ ὄναρ 1 appeared to Joseph in a dream "came to Joseph while he was dreaming" MAT 2 13 u4a4 figs-you 0 Get up, take ... flee ... Remain ... you God is speaking to Joseph, so these should all be singular forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 2 13 v88f figs-explicit 0 until I tell you The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "until I tell you it is safe to come back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 2 13 g3t7 0 I tell you Here "I" refers to God. The angel is speaking for God. -MAT 2 15 ft3a figs-explicit 0 He remained It is implied that Joseph, Mary, and Jesus remained in Egypt. Alternate translation: "They remained" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 2 15 d11g 0 until the death of Herod Herod does not die until [Matthew 2:19](../02/19.md). This statement describes the length of their stay in Egypt, and it does not say that Herod died at this time. -MAT 2 15 d5wl 0 Out of Egypt I have called my son "I have called my son out of Egypt" -MAT 2 15 dr9b 0 my son In Hosea this refers to the people of Israel. Matthew quoted it to say that this was true of God's Son, Jesus. Translate it using a word for son that could refer to the only son or the first son. +MAT 2 13 v88f figs-explicit ἕως εἴπω σοι 1 until I tell you The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "until I tell you it is safe to come back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 2 13 g3t7 εἴπω σοι 1 I tell you Here "I" refers to God. The angel is speaking for God. +MAT 2 15 ft3a figs-explicit ἦν 1 He remained It is implied that Joseph, Mary, and Jesus remained in Egypt. Alternate translation: "They remained" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 2 15 d11g ἕως τῆς τελευτῆς Ἡρῴδου 1 until the death of Herod Herod does not die until [Matthew 2:19](../02/19.md). This statement describes the length of their stay in Egypt, and it does not say that Herod died at this time. +MAT 2 15 d5wl ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐκάλεσα τὸν Υἱόν μου 1 Out of Egypt I have called my son "I have called my son out of Egypt" +MAT 2 15 dr9b τὸν Υἱόν μου 1 my son In Hosea this refers to the people of Israel. Matthew quoted it to say that this was true of God's Son, Jesus. Translate it using a word for son that could refer to the only son or the first son. MAT 2 16 s2la figs-events 0 General Information: These events happen before Herod's death, which Matthew mentioned in [Matthew 2:15](../02/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) MAT 2 16 yq7p 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts back to Herod and tells what he did when he learned that the learned men had deceived him. -MAT 2 16 g513 figs-activepassive 0 he had been mocked by the learned men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the learned men had embarrassed him by tricking him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 2 16 d8d5 figs-explicit 0 He sent and killed all the male children Herod did not kill the children himself. Alternate translation: "He gave orders for his soldiers to kill all the boys" or "He sent soldiers there to kill all the boy babies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 2 16 nkr1 translate-numbers 0 two years old and under "2 years old and younger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 2 16 dr3r 0 according to the time "based on the time" +MAT 2 16 g513 figs-activepassive ἐνεπαίχθη ὑπὸ τῶν μάγων 1 he had been mocked by the learned men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the learned men had embarrassed him by tricking him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 16 d8d5 figs-explicit ἀποστείλας ἀνεῖλεν πάντας τοὺς παῖδας 1 He sent and killed all the male children Herod did not kill the children himself. Alternate translation: "He gave orders for his soldiers to kill all the boys" or "He sent soldiers there to kill all the boy babies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 2 16 nkr1 translate-numbers διετοῦς καὶ κατωτέρω 1 two years old and under "2 years old and younger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 2 16 dr3r κατὰ τὸν χρόνον 1 according to the time "based on the time" MAT 2 17 q1y9 0 General Information: Matthew quotes the prophet Jeremiah to show that the death of all of the male children in the region of Bethlehem was according to scripture. -MAT 2 17 l8g5 figs-activepassive 0 Then was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled" or "Herod's actions fulfilled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 2 17 v6a1 figs-activepassive 0 what had been spoken through Jeremiah the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophet Jeremiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 17 l8g5 figs-activepassive τότε ἐπληρώθη 1 Then was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled" or "Herod's actions fulfilled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 17 v6a1 figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἰερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου 1 what had been spoken through Jeremiah the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophet Jeremiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 2 18 p9gk 0 A voice was heard ... they were no more Matthew is quoting the prophet Jeremiah. -MAT 2 18 k91t figs-activepassive 0 A voice was heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People heard a voice" or "There was a loud sound" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 18 k91t figs-activepassive φωνὴ ἠκούσθη 1 A voice was heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People heard a voice" or "There was a loud sound" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 2 18 zm17 0 Rachel weeping for her children Rachel lived many years before this time. This prophecy shows Rachel, who has died, weeping for her descendants. -MAT 2 18 rgg1 figs-activepassive 0 she refused to be comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one could comfort her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 2 18 p9ri figs-euphemism 0 because they were no more "because the children were gone and would never return." Here "were no more" is a mild way of saying they are dead. Alternate translation: "because they were dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 2 18 rgg1 figs-activepassive οὐκ ἤθελεν παρακληθῆναι 1 she refused to be comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one could comfort her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 18 p9ri figs-euphemism ὅτι οὐκ εἰσίν 1 because they were no more "because the children were gone and would never return." Here "were no more" is a mild way of saying they are dead. Alternate translation: "because they were dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MAT 2 19 kt2i 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to Egypt, where Joseph, Mary, and the young Jesus are living. -MAT 2 19 r4yu 0 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 2 20 hz2m figs-euphemism 0 those who sought the child's life Here "sought the child's life" is a way of saying they wanted to kill the child. "Alternate translation: "those who were looking for the child in order to kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 2 20 y6r6 0 those who sought This refers to King Herod and his advisors. +MAT 2 19 r4yu ἰδοὺ 1 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 2 20 hz2m figs-euphemism οἱ ζητοῦντες τὴν τοῦ παιδίου' τοῦ παιδίου ψυχὴν 1 those who sought the child's life Here "sought the child's life" is a way of saying they wanted to kill the child. "Alternate translation: "those who were looking for the child in order to kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 2 20 y6r6 οἱ ζητοῦντες 1 those who sought This refers to King Herod and his advisors. MAT 2 22 kg7u 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 2:1](../02/01.md) about Herod's attempt to kill the new King of the Jews. -MAT 2 22 uq8p 0 But when he heard "But when Joseph heard" -MAT 2 22 h4cq translate-names 0 Archelaus This is the name of Herod's son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 2 22 zk37 0 he was afraid "Joseph was afraid" -MAT 2 23 dx5i figs-activepassive 0 what had been spoken through the prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 2 23 hc8g translate-names 0 he would be called a Nazarene Here "he" refers to Jesus. The prophets before the time of Jesus would have referred to him as the Messiah or the Christ. Alternate translation: "people would say that the Christ is a Nazarene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 2 22 uq8p δὲ ἀκούσας 1 But when he heard "But when Joseph heard" +MAT 2 22 h4cq translate-names Ἀρχέλαος 1 Archelaus This is the name of Herod's son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 2 22 zk37 ἐφοβήθη ἐκεῖ 1 he was afraid "Joseph was afraid" +MAT 2 23 dx5i figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν 1 what had been spoken through the prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 2 23 hc8g translate-names κληθήσεται Ναζωραῖος 1 he would be called a Nazarene Here "he" refers to Jesus. The prophets before the time of Jesus would have referred to him as the Messiah or the Christ. Alternate translation: "people would say that the Christ is a Nazarene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 3 intro a6h3 0 # Matthew 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in verse 3.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance"

Fruit is a common picture word in the scriptures. Writers use it to describe the results of either good or bad behavior. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The kingdom of heaven is near"

No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near."
MAT 3 1 xp3z 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Matthew tells of the ministry of John the Baptist. In verse 3, Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that John the Baptist was God's appointed messenger to prepare for Jesus' ministry. -MAT 3 1 d74m 0 In those days This is many years after Joseph and his family left Egypt and went to Nazareth. This is probably near the time that Jesus begins his ministry. Alternate translation: "Some time later" or "Some years later" -MAT 3 2 w7e9 figs-you 0 Repent This is plural in form. John is speaking to the crowds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 3 2 hvx8 figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of heaven is near The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use the word "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 3 3 fl4v figs-activepassive 0 For this is he who was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Isaiah the prophet was speaking of John the Baptist when he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 3 3 hxb6 0 The voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" -MAT 3 3 yhe7 figs-parallelism 0 Make ready the way of the Lord ... make his paths straight These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 3 3 y8b5 figs-metaphor 0 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents being prepared to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 3 1 d74m ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις 1 In those days This is many years after Joseph and his family left Egypt and went to Nazareth. This is probably near the time that Jesus begins his ministry. Alternate translation: "Some time later" or "Some years later" +MAT 3 2 w7e9 figs-you μετανοεῖτε 1 Repent This is plural in form. John is speaking to the crowds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 3 2 hvx8 figs-metonymy ἡ τῶν Οὐρανῶν ἤγγικεν 1 the kingdom of heaven is near The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use the word "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 3 3 fl4v figs-activepassive γάρ οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ ῥηθεὶς διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου, λέγοντος 1 For this is he who was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Isaiah the prophet was speaking of John the Baptist when he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 3 hxb6 φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 The voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" +MAT 3 3 yhe7 figs-parallelism ,' ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ εὐθείας.'" 1 Make ready the way of the Lord ... make his paths straight These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MAT 3 3 y8b5 figs-metaphor ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου 1 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents being prepared to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 3 4 j647 writing-background 0 Now ... wild honey The word "Now" is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew tells background information about John the Baptist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 3 4 x7f3 translate-symaction 0 wore clothing of camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist This clothing symbolizes that John is a prophet like the prophets from long ago, especially the prophet Elijah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 3 5 j8ke figs-metonymy 0 Then Jerusalem, all Judea, and all the region The words "Jerusalem," "Judea," and "the region" are metonyms for the people from those areas. The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that very many people went out. Alternate translation: Then very may people from Jerusalem, Judea, and that region" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 3 6 v5xn figs-activepassive 0 They were baptized by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 3 6 gi4r 0 They This refers to the people coming from Jerusalem, Judea, and the region around the Jordan River. +MAT 3 4 x7f3 translate-symaction εἶχεν τὸ ἔνδυμα ἀπὸ καμήλου' καμήλου τριχῶν καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην ζώνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ 1 wore clothing of camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist This clothing symbolizes that John is a prophet like the prophets from long ago, especially the prophet Elijah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 3 5 j8ke figs-metonymy τότε Ἱεροσόλυμα, πᾶσα ἡ Ἰουδαία, καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περίχωρος 1 Then Jerusalem, all Judea, and all the region The words "Jerusalem," "Judea," and "the region" are metonyms for the people from those areas. The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that very many people went out. Alternate translation: Then very may people from Jerusalem, Judea, and that region" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 3 6 v5xn figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 They were baptized by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 6 gi4r ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 They This refers to the people coming from Jerusalem, Judea, and the region around the Jordan River. MAT 3 7 b2br 0 General Information: John the Baptist begins to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees. -MAT 3 7 fjl3 figs-metaphor 0 You offspring of vipers, who This is a metaphor. Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are a kind of dangerous snakes and represent evil. This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes! Who" or "You are evil like poisonous snakes! Who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 3 7 c4cl figs-rquestion 0 who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? John uses a question to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees because they were asking him to baptize them so that God would not punish them, but they did not want to stop sinning. Alternate translation: "you cannot flee from God's wrath like this." or "do not think that you can flee from God's wrath just because I baptize you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 3 7 h7ac figs-metonymy 0 flee from the wrath that is coming The word "wrath" is being used to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "run away from the punishment that is coming" or "escape because God is about to punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 3 8 s8ac figs-metaphor 0 Bear fruit worthy of repentance The phrase "bear fruit" is a metaphor referring to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Let your actions show that you have truly repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 3 9 q7b1 figs-explicit 0 We have Abraham for our father "Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are descendants of Abraham." The Jewish leaders thought that God would not punish them since they were descendants of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 3 9 r29p 0 For I say to you This adds emphasis to what John is about to say. +MAT 3 7 fjl3 figs-metaphor γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν, τίς 1 You offspring of vipers, who This is a metaphor. Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are a kind of dangerous snakes and represent evil. This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes! Who" or "You are evil like poisonous snakes! Who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 3 7 c4cl figs-rquestion τίς ὑπέδειξεν ὑμῖν φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς μελλούσης? 1 who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? John uses a question to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees because they were asking him to baptize them so that God would not punish them, but they did not want to stop sinning. Alternate translation: "you cannot flee from God's wrath like this." or "do not think that you can flee from God's wrath just because I baptize you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 3 7 h7ac figs-metonymy φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς μελλούσης 1 flee from the wrath that is coming The word "wrath" is being used to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "run away from the punishment that is coming" or "escape because God is about to punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 3 8 s8ac figs-metaphor ποιήσατε καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας 1 Bear fruit worthy of repentance The phrase "bear fruit" is a metaphor referring to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Let your actions show that you have truly repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 3 9 q7b1 figs-explicit πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ 1 We have Abraham for our father "Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are descendants of Abraham." The Jewish leaders thought that God would not punish them since they were descendants of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 3 9 r29p λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you This adds emphasis to what John is about to say. MAT 3 9 k843 0 God is able to raise up children for Abraham even out of these stones "God is able to make physical descendants out of even these stones and give them to Abraham" MAT 3 10 ls7m 0 Connecting Statement: John the Baptist continues to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees. MAT 3 10 ke4s figs-metaphor 0 Already the ax has been placed against the root of the trees. So every tree that does not produce good fruit is chopped down and thrown into the fire This metaphor means God is ready to punish sinners. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has his axe and he is ready to cut down and burn any tree that grows bad fruit" or "As a person gets his axe ready to cut down and burn a tree that grows bad fruit, God is ready to punish you for your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 3 11 lx69 0 for repentance "to show that you have repented" -MAT 3 11 mc2r 0 But he who comes after me Jesus is the person who comes after John. -MAT 3 11 c1xf 0 is mightier than I "is more important than I am" +MAT 3 11 lx69 εἰς μετάνοιαν 1 for repentance "to show that you have repented" +MAT 3 11 mc2r ὁ δὲ ἐρχόμενος ὀπίσω μου 1 But he who comes after me Jesus is the person who comes after John. +MAT 3 11 c1xf ἐστιν ἰσχυρότερός μού 1 is mightier than I "is more important than I am" MAT 3 11 gtm7 figs-metaphor 0 He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire This metaphor compares John's baptism with water to the future baptism with fire. This means John's baptism only symbolically cleanses people of their sins. The baptism by Holy Spirit and fire will truly cleanse people of their sins. If possible, use the word "baptize" in your translation to keep the comparison to John's baptism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 3 12 gcq8 figs-metaphor 0 His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor This metaphor compares the way Christ will separate the righteous people from the unrighteous people to the way a man separates wheat grain from chaff. Alternate translation: "Christ is like a man whose winnowing fork is in his hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 3 12 sq4p figs-idiom 0 His winnowing fork is in his hand Here "in his hand" means the person is ready to act. Alternate translation: "Christ is holding a winnowing fork because he is ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 3 12 b5m4 translate-unknown 0 winnowing fork This is a tool for tossing wheat up into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. It is similar in shape to a pitchfork but with wide tines made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 3 12 yw29 0 to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor Christ is like a man with a winnowing fork who is ready to clear off his threshing floor. -MAT 3 12 r2ua 0 his threshing floor "his ground" or "the ground where he separates the grain from the chaff" +MAT 3 12 b5m4 translate-unknown τὸ πτύον 1 winnowing fork This is a tool for tossing wheat up into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. It is similar in shape to a pitchfork but with wide tines made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 3 12 yw29 διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ 1 to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor Christ is like a man with a winnowing fork who is ready to clear off his threshing floor. +MAT 3 12 r2ua τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ 1 his threshing floor "his ground" or "the ground where he separates the grain from the chaff" MAT 3 12 av8l figs-metaphor 0 gather his wheat into the storehouse ... burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put This is a metaphor showing how God will separate righteous people from evil people. The righteous will go to heaven like wheat into a farmer's storehouse, and God will burn the people who are like chaff with a fire that will never be put out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 3 12 bdb7 figs-activepassive 0 can never be put out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will never burn out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 12 bdb7 figs-activepassive ἀσβέστῳ 1 can never be put out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will never burn out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 3 13 vl93 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a later time when John the Baptist baptizes Jesus. -MAT 3 13 zbj9 figs-activepassive 0 to be baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so John could baptize him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 13 zbj9 figs-activepassive βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ’ τὸν Ἰωάννην 1 to be baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so John could baptize him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 3 14 cl7t figs-rquestion 0 I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me? John uses a question to show his surprise at Jesus' request. Alternate translation: "You are more important than I am. I should not baptize you. You should baptize me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 3 15 h6ca figs-inclusive 0 for us Here "us" refers to Jesus and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +MAT 3 15 h6ca figs-inclusive ἡμῖν 1 for us Here "us" refers to Jesus and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) MAT 3 16 n8bk 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about John the Baptist. It describes what happened after he baptized Jesus. -MAT 3 16 inf6 figs-activepassive 0 After he was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After John baptized Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 3 16 sf5w 0 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 3 16 jh1v figs-activepassive 0 the heavens were opened to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus saw the sky open" or "God opened the heavens to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 3 16 e3na figs-simile 0 coming down like a dove Possible meanings are 1) this is simply a statement that the Spirit was in the form of a dove or 2) this is a simile that compares the Spirit coming down upon Jesus gently, the way a dove would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 3 16 inf6 figs-activepassive βαπτισθεὶς δὲ 1 After he was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After John baptized Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 16 sf5w ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 3 16 jh1v figs-activepassive οἱ οὐρανοί ἀνεῴχθησαν αὐτῷ 1 the heavens were opened to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus saw the sky open" or "God opened the heavens to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 3 16 e3na figs-simile καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν 1 coming down like a dove Possible meanings are 1) this is simply a statement that the Spirit was in the form of a dove or 2) this is a simile that compares the Spirit coming down upon Jesus gently, the way a dove would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 3 17 m2wk figs-metonymy 0 a voice came out of the heavens saying "Jesus heard a voice from heaven." Here "voice" refers to God speaking. Alternate translation: "God spoke from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 3 17 myz8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 3 17 myz8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 4 intro hgw2 0 # Matthew 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in verses 6, 15 and 16, which are words from the Old Testament.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quotation in verse 10.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "the kingdom of heaven has come near"

No one knows for use whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phase "is coming near" and "has come near."

##### "If you are the Son of God"

The reader should not understand these words in verses 3 and 6 to mean that Satan did not know whether Jesus was the Son of God. God had already said that Jesus was his Son ([Matthew 3:17](../../mat/03/17.md)), so Satan knew who Jesus was. He also knew that Jesus could make stones become bread and could throw himself off of high places and not be hurt. He was trying to make Jesus do these things and so disobey God and obey Satan. These words can be translated as "Because you are the Son of God" or "You are the Son of God. Show me what you can do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])
MAT 4 1 k51m 0 General Information: Here Matthew begins a new part of the story in which Jesus spends 40 days in the wilderness, where Satan tempts him. In verse 4, Jesus rebukes Satan with a quotation from Deuteronomy. -MAT 4 1 aq3s figs-activepassive 0 Jesus was led up by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit led Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 4 1 wy4b figs-activepassive 0 to be tempted by the devil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so the devil could tempt Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 4 2 iw2i 0 he had fasted ... he was hungry These refer to Jesus. -MAT 4 2 cft7 translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights "40 days and 40 nights." This refers to 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 4 3 vl86 0 The tempter These words refer to the same being as "the devil" (verse 1). You may have to use the same word to translate both. -MAT 4 3 l1lk 0 If you are the Son of God, command It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do miracles for Jesus' own benefit. Alternate translation: "You are the Son of God, so you can command" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are the Son of God by commanding" -MAT 4 3 c1ac guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 4 3 m1va figs-quotations 0 command these stones to become bread. You could translate this with a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "say to these stones, 'Become bread.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 4 3 t3xm figs-synecdoche 0 bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 4 4 fd67 figs-activepassive 0 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote this in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 4 4 rld7 0 Man shall not live on bread alone This implies that there is something more important to life than food. -MAT 4 4 jl6f figs-metonymy 0 but by every word that comes out of the mouth of God Here "word" and "mouth" refer to what God says. Alternate translation: "but by listening to everything that God says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 4 1 aq3s figs-activepassive ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀνήχθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Jesus was led up by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit led Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 1 wy4b figs-activepassive πειρασθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου 1 to be tempted by the devil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so the devil could tempt Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 2 iw2i ἐπείνασεν 1 he had fasted ... he was hungry These refer to Jesus. +MAT 4 2 cft7 translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τεσσεράκοντα νύκτας 1 forty days and forty nights "40 days and 40 nights." This refers to 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 4 3 vl86 ὁ πειράζων 1 The tempter These words refer to the same being as "the devil" (verse 1). You may have to use the same word to translate both. +MAT 4 3 l1lk εἰ Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰπὲ 1 If you are the Son of God, command It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do miracles for Jesus' own benefit. Alternate translation: "You are the Son of God, so you can command" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are the Son of God by commanding" +MAT 4 3 c1ac guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 4 3 m1va figs-quotations εἰπὲ οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι γένωνται ἄρτοι 1 command these stones to become bread. You could translate this with a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "say to these stones, 'Become bread.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 4 3 t3xm figs-synecdoche ἄρτοι 1 bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 4 4 fd67 figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote this in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 4 rld7 ὁ ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ 1 Man shall not live on bread alone This implies that there is something more important to life than food. +MAT 4 4 jl6f figs-metonymy ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος Θεοῦ 1 but by every word that comes out of the mouth of God Here "word" and "mouth" refer to what God says. Alternate translation: "but by listening to everything that God says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 4 5 r4a5 0 General Information: In verse 6, Satan quotes from the Psalms in order to tempt Jesus. -MAT 4 6 fa8l 0 If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do a miracle for Jesus' own benefit. Alternate translation: "Since you are truly the Son of God, you can throw yourself down" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are truly the Son of God by throwing yourself down" -MAT 4 6 x2vg guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 4 6 c5kr 0 throw yourself down "let yourself fall to the ground" or "jump down" -MAT 4 6 a5h2 figs-activepassive 0 for it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the writer wrote in the scriptures" or "for it says in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 6 fa8l εἰ Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, βάλε σεαυτὸν κάτω 1 If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do a miracle for Jesus' own benefit. Alternate translation: "Since you are truly the Son of God, you can throw yourself down" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are truly the Son of God by throwing yourself down" +MAT 4 6 x2vg guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 4 6 c5kr βάλε σεαυτὸν κάτω 1 throw yourself down "let yourself fall to the ground" or "jump down" +MAT 4 6 a5h2 figs-activepassive γὰρ γέγραπται 1 for it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the writer wrote in the scriptures" or "for it says in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 4 6 ebc9 figs-quotations 0 'He will command his angels to take care of you,' and "God will command his angels to take care of you, and" This can be translated with a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "God will say to his angels, 'Take care of him,' and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 4 6 f1mm 0 They will lift you up "The angels will hold you" +MAT 4 6 f1mm ἀροῦσίν σε 1 They will lift you up "The angels will hold you" MAT 4 7 j6cb 0 General Information: In verse 7, Jesus rebukes Satan with another quotation from Deuteronomy. -MAT 4 7 u5jp figs-activepassive 0 Again it is written It is understood that Jesus is quoting scripture again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Again, I will tell you what Moses wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 4 7 u5jp figs-activepassive πάλιν γέγραπται 1 Again it is written It is understood that Jesus is quoting scripture again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Again, I will tell you what Moses wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 4 7 c7t5 0 You must not test Here "you" refers to anyone. Alternate translation: "One should not test" or "No person should test" -MAT 4 8 d12q 0 Again, the devil "Next, the devil" +MAT 4 8 d12q πάλιν, ὁ διάβολος 1 Again, the devil "Next, the devil" MAT 4 9 bq1u 0 He said to him "The devil said to Jesus" -MAT 4 9 al72 0 All these things I will give you "I will give you all these things." The tempter is emphasizing here that he will give "all these things," not just some of them. -MAT 4 9 eas8 translate-symaction 0 fall down "put your face near the ground." This was a common action to show that a person was worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 4 9 al72 ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω 1 All these things I will give you "I will give you all these things." The tempter is emphasizing here that he will give "all these things," not just some of them. +MAT 4 9 eas8 translate-symaction πεσὼν 1 fall down "put your face near the ground." This was a common action to show that a person was worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 4 10 s91r 0 General Information: In verse 10, Jesus rebukes Satan with another quotation from Deuteronomy. MAT 4 10 h8fd 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about how Satan tempted Jesus. -MAT 4 10 k49q figs-activepassive 0 For it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Moses also wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 10 k49q figs-activepassive γέγραπται γάρ 1 For it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Moses also wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 4 10 rig8 figs-you 0 You will worship ... you will serve Both instances of "you" are singular, a command to everyone who hears it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 4 11 s49z 0 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the important new information that follows. +MAT 4 11 s49z ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the important new information that follows. MAT 4 12 v7p4 writing-background 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story in which Matthew describes the beginning of Jesus' ministry in Galilee. These verses explain how Jesus came to be in Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MAT 4 12 wib2 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 4 12 d1vi figs-activepassive 0 John had been arrested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the king had arrested John" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 4 13 hpm4 figs-explicit 0 in the territories of Zebulun and Naphtali "Zebulun" and "Naphtali" are the names of the tribes that lived in these territories many years earlier before foreigners took control of the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 4 12 d1vi figs-activepassive Ἰωάννης παρεδόθη 1 John had been arrested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the king had arrested John" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 13 hpm4 figs-explicit ἐν ὁρίοις Ζαβουλὼν καὶ Νεφθαλείμ 1 in the territories of Zebulun and Naphtali "Zebulun" and "Naphtali" are the names of the tribes that lived in these territories many years earlier before foreigners took control of the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 4 14 n85z 0 General Information: In verses 15 and 16, Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that Jesus' ministry in Galilee was a fulfillment of prophecy. MAT 4 14 jb4p 0 This happened This refers to Jesus' going to live in Capernaum. -MAT 4 14 tj7c figs-activepassive 0 what was said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 14 tj7c figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν 1 what was said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 4 15 egx6 0 The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali ... Galilee of the Gentiles! These territories describe the same area. -MAT 4 15 bmz6 0 toward the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. -MAT 4 16 e278 0 The people who sat These words can be combined with the sentence beginning with "The land of Zebulun" (verse 15). Alternate translation: "In the territory of Zebulun and Naphtali ... where many Gentiles live, the people who sat" -MAT 4 16 h2xr figs-metaphor 0 The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light Here "darkness" is a metaphor for not knowing the truth about God. And "light" is a metaphor for God's true message that saves people from their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 4 16 nn1r figs-parallelism 0 to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, upon them has a light arisen This basically has the same meaning as the first part of the sentence. Here "those who sat in the region and shadow of death" is a metaphor. It represents those who did not know God. These people were in danger of dying and being separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 4 17 dku3 figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of heaven has come near The phrase "the kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, include a word that means "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 4 15 bmz6 ὁδὸν θαλάσσης 1 toward the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. +MAT 4 16 e278 ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος 1 The people who sat These words can be combined with the sentence beginning with "The land of Zebulun" (verse 15). Alternate translation: "In the territory of Zebulun and Naphtali ... where many Gentiles live, the people who sat" +MAT 4 16 h2xr figs-metaphor ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος ἐν σκοτίᾳ φῶς εἶδεν μέγα 1 The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light Here "darkness" is a metaphor for not knowing the truth about God. And "light" is a metaphor for God's true message that saves people from their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 4 16 nn1r figs-parallelism τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου, αὐτοῖς ἀνέτειλεν φῶς ἀνέτειλεν 1 to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, upon them has a light arisen This basically has the same meaning as the first part of the sentence. Here "those who sat in the region and shadow of death" is a metaphor. It represents those who did not know God. These people were in danger of dying and being separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 4 17 dku3 figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ἤγγικεν 1 the kingdom of heaven has come near The phrase "the kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, include a word that means "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 4 18 yrx7 0 General Information: This begins a new scene within the part of the story about Jesus' ministry in Galilee. Here he begins to gather men to be his disciples. -MAT 4 18 yfh5 figs-explicit 0 casting a net into the sea The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "throwing a net into the water to catch fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 4 19 y3zg 0 Come, follow me Jesus invites Simon and Andrew to follow him, live with him, and become his disciples. Alternate translation: "Be my disciples" -MAT 4 19 n9h3 figs-metaphor 0 I will make you fishers of men This metaphor means Simon and Andrew will teach people God's true message, so others will also follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "I will teach you to gather men to me like you used to gather fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 4 18 yfh5 figs-explicit βάλλοντας ἀμφίβληστρον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν 1 casting a net into the sea The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "throwing a net into the water to catch fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 4 19 y3zg δεῦτε ὀπίσω, δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου 1 Come, follow me Jesus invites Simon and Andrew to follow him, live with him, and become his disciples. Alternate translation: "Be my disciples" +MAT 4 19 n9h3 figs-metaphor ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων 1 I will make you fishers of men This metaphor means Simon and Andrew will teach people God's true message, so others will also follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "I will teach you to gather men to me like you used to gather fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 4 21 pcg6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus calls more men to be his disciples. -MAT 4 21 utn4 0 He called them "Jesus called John and James." This phrase also means that Jesus invited them to follow him, live with him, and become his disciples. -MAT 4 22 dlk3 0 they immediately left "at that moment they left" +MAT 4 21 utn4 ἐκάλεσεν αὐτούς 1 He called them "Jesus called John and James." This phrase also means that Jesus invited them to follow him, live with him, and become his disciples. +MAT 4 22 dlk3 ἀφέντες εὐθέως ἀφέντες 1 they immediately left "at that moment they left" MAT 4 22 gr2i 0 left the boat ... and followed him It should be clear that this is a life change. These men are no longer going to be fishermen and are leaving the family business to follow Jesus for the rest of their lives. MAT 4 23 y3qe writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story about the beginning of Jesus' ministry in Galilee. These verses summarize what he did and how the people responded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -MAT 4 23 ztr8 0 teaching in their synagogues "teaching in the synagogues of the Galileans" or "teaching in the synagogues of those people" -MAT 4 23 jt3m figs-metonymy 0 preaching the gospel of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's reign as king. Alternate translation: "preaching the good news that God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 4 23 ztr8 διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν 1 teaching in their synagogues "teaching in the synagogues of the Galileans" or "teaching in the synagogues of those people" +MAT 4 23 jt3m figs-metonymy κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας 1 preaching the gospel of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's reign as king. Alternate translation: "preaching the good news that God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 4 23 nr8m 0 every kind of disease and sickness The words "disease" and "sickness" are closely related but should be translated as two different words if possible. "Disease" is what causes a person to be sick. -MAT 4 23 uc55 0 sickness is the physical weakness or affliction that results from having a disease. -MAT 4 24 i296 figs-activepassive 0 those possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom demons controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 4 24 p3nf figs-genericnoun 0 the epileptic This refers to anyone there who had epilepsy, not to a particular epileptic. Alternate translation: "those who sometimes had seizures" or "those who sometimes became unconscious and moved uncontrollably" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -MAT 4 24 qk4c figs-genericnoun 0 and paralytic This refers to anyone there who was paralyzed, not to a particular paralytic. Alternate translation: "and any who were paralyzed" or "and those who could not walk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -MAT 4 25 i9m7 translate-names 0 the Decapolis This name means "the Ten Towns." This is the name of a region to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 4 23 uc55 μαλακίαν 1 sickness is the physical weakness or affliction that results from having a disease. +MAT 4 24 i296 figs-activepassive δαιμονιζομένους 1 those possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom demons controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 4 24 p3nf figs-genericnoun σεληνιαζομένους 1 the epileptic This refers to anyone there who had epilepsy, not to a particular epileptic. Alternate translation: "those who sometimes had seizures" or "those who sometimes became unconscious and moved uncontrollably" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +MAT 4 24 qk4c figs-genericnoun καὶ παραλυτικούς 1 and paralytic This refers to anyone there who was paralyzed, not to a particular paralytic. Alternate translation: "and any who were paralyzed" or "and those who could not walk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +MAT 4 25 i9m7 translate-names Δεκαπόλεως 1 the Decapolis This name means "the Ten Towns." This is the name of a region to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 5 intro awz8 0 # Matthew 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section.

Matthew 5:3-10, known as the Beatitudes or Blessings, has been set apart by being set farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text, with each line beginning with the word "blessed." This way of placing the words on the page highlights the poetic form of this teaching.

Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "His disciples"

It is possible to refer to anyone who followed Jesus as a follower or disciple. Jesus selected twelve of his followers to become his closest disciples, "the twelve disciples." They would later become known as the apostles.
MAT 5 1 hz26 0 General Information: In verse 3, Jesus begins to describe the characteristics of people who are blessed. MAT 5 1 c5rq 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a new part of the story in which Jesus begins to teach his disciples. This part continues through the end of chapter 7 and is frequently called the Sermon on the Mount. -MAT 5 2 q9mm figs-idiom 0 He opened his mouth This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "Jesus began to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 5 2 ji1p 0 taught them The word "them" refers to his disciples. -MAT 5 3 j7ct figs-idiom 0 the poor in spirit This means someone who is humble. Alternate translation: "those who know they need God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 5 3 wpi6 figs-metonymy 0 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 5 4 pgy8 0 those who mourn Possible reasons they are sad are 1) the sinfulness of the world or 2) their own sins or 3) the death of someone. Do not specify the reason for mourning unless your language requires it. -MAT 5 4 lie5 figs-activepassive 0 they will be comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will comfort them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 5 mvb1 0 the meek "the gentle" or "those who do not rely on their own power" -MAT 5 5 iy1y 0 they will inherit the earth "God will give them the entire earth" -MAT 5 6 bi1j figs-metaphor 0 those who hunger and thirst for righteousness This metaphor describes people who strongly desire to do what is right. Alternate translation: "those who desire to live right as much as they desire food and drink" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 6 hlq2 figs-activepassive 0 they will be filled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will fill them" or "God will satisfy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 8 s9gd figs-metonymy 0 the pure in heart "people whose hearts are pure." Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or intentions. Alternate translation: "those who only want to serve God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 5 8 t6ni 0 they will see God Here "see" means they will be able to live in God's presence. Alternate translation: "God will allow them to live with him" -MAT 5 9 p1ez 0 the peacemakers These are the people who help others to have peace with one another. -MAT 5 9 tv19 figs-activepassive 0 for they will be called sons of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God will call them his children" or "they will be children of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 9 vcr2 0 sons of God It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human son or child. -MAT 5 10 bqu7 figs-activepassive 0 those who have been persecuted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those people whom others treat unfairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 2 q9mm figs-idiom καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ 1 He opened his mouth This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "Jesus began to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 5 2 ji1p ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς 1 taught them The word "them" refers to his disciples. +MAT 5 3 j7ct figs-idiom οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι 1 the poor in spirit This means someone who is humble. Alternate translation: "those who know they need God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 5 3 wpi6 figs-metonymy ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 4 pgy8 οἱ πενθοῦντες 1 those who mourn Possible reasons they are sad are 1) the sinfulness of the world or 2) their own sins or 3) the death of someone. Do not specify the reason for mourning unless your language requires it. +MAT 5 4 lie5 figs-activepassive αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται 1 they will be comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will comfort them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 5 mvb1 οἱ πραεῖς 1 the meek "the gentle" or "those who do not rely on their own power" +MAT 5 5 iy1y αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσι τὴν γῆν 1 they will inherit the earth "God will give them the entire earth" +MAT 5 6 bi1j figs-metaphor οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 those who hunger and thirst for righteousness This metaphor describes people who strongly desire to do what is right. Alternate translation: "those who desire to live right as much as they desire food and drink" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 6 hlq2 figs-activepassive αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσονται 1 they will be filled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will fill them" or "God will satisfy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 8 s9gd figs-metonymy οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 the pure in heart "people whose hearts are pure." Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or intentions. Alternate translation: "those who only want to serve God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 8 t6ni αὐτοὶ ὄψονται τὸν Θεὸν 1 they will see God Here "see" means they will be able to live in God's presence. Alternate translation: "God will allow them to live with him" +MAT 5 9 p1ez οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί 1 the peacemakers These are the people who help others to have peace with one another. +MAT 5 9 tv19 figs-activepassive ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ Θεοῦ 1 for they will be called sons of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God will call them his children" or "they will be children of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 9 vcr2 υἱοὶ Θεοῦ 1 sons of God It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human son or child. +MAT 5 10 bqu7 figs-activepassive οἱ δεδιωγμένοι 1 those who have been persecuted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those people whom others treat unfairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 5 10 xnb6 0 for righteousness' sake "because they do what God wants them to do" -MAT 5 10 f3li figs-metonymy 0 theirs is the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 10 f3li figs-metonymy αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 theirs is the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 5 11 jvm4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes describing the characteristics of people who are blessed. -MAT 5 11 t5kb figs-you 0 Blessed are you The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 5 11 rk69 0 say all kinds of evil things against you falsely "say all kinds of evil lies about you" or "say bad things about you that are not true" -MAT 5 11 eez3 0 for my sake "because you follow me" or because you believe in me" -MAT 5 12 ssk9 figs-doublet 0 Rejoice and be very glad "Rejoice" and "be very glad" mean almost the same thing. Jesus wanted his hearers not merely to rejoice but to do even more than rejoice if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MAT 5 11 t5kb figs-you μακάριοί ἐστε 1 Blessed are you The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 5 11 rk69 εἴπωσιν πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ’ ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι 1 say all kinds of evil things against you falsely "say all kinds of evil lies about you" or "say bad things about you that are not true" +MAT 5 11 eez3 ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ 1 for my sake "because you follow me" or because you believe in me" +MAT 5 12 ssk9 figs-doublet χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε 1 Rejoice and be very glad "Rejoice" and "be very glad" mean almost the same thing. Jesus wanted his hearers not merely to rejoice but to do even more than rejoice if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) MAT 5 13 qp6l 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about how his disciples are like salt and light. -MAT 5 13 i3zp figs-metaphor 0 You are the salt of the earth Possible meanings are 1) just as salt makes food good, disciples of Jesus influence the people of the world so that they will be good. Alternate translation: "You are like salt for the people of the world" or 2) just as salt preserves food, disciples of Jesus keep people from becoming totally corrupt. Alternate translation: "As salt is for food, you are for the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 13 jv56 figs-metaphor 0 if the salt has lost its taste Possible meanings are 1) "if the salt has lost its power to do things that salt does" or 2) "if the salt has lost its flavor." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 13 i3zp figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς ἐστε τὸ ἅλας τῆς γῆς 1 You are the salt of the earth Possible meanings are 1) just as salt makes food good, disciples of Jesus influence the people of the world so that they will be good. Alternate translation: "You are like salt for the people of the world" or 2) just as salt preserves food, disciples of Jesus keep people from becoming totally corrupt. Alternate translation: "As salt is for food, you are for the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 13 jv56 figs-metaphor ἐὰν δὲ τὸ ἅλας μωρανθῇ 1 if the salt has lost its taste Possible meanings are 1) "if the salt has lost its power to do things that salt does" or 2) "if the salt has lost its flavor." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 5 13 wp9g figs-rquestion 0 how can it be made salty again? "how can it be made useful again?" Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "there is no way for it to become useful again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 5 13 e7cz figs-activepassive 0 except to be thrown out and trampled under people's feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "except for people to throw it out into the road and walk on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 14 wgh5 figs-metaphor 0 You are the light of the world This means Jesus' followers bring the message of God's truth to all the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "You are like a light for the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 14 bn28 figs-explicit 0 A city set on a hill cannot be hidden At night when it is dark, people can see the city lights shining. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "During the night, no one can hide the lights that shine from a city on a hill" or "Everyone sees the lights of a city on a hill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 14 wgh5 figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς ἐστε τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου 1 You are the light of the world This means Jesus' followers bring the message of God's truth to all the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "You are like a light for the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 14 bn28 figs-explicit πόλις κειμένη ἐπάνω ὄρους οὐ δύναται κρυβῆναι 1 A city set on a hill cannot be hidden At night when it is dark, people can see the city lights shining. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "During the night, no one can hide the lights that shine from a city on a hill" or "Everyone sees the lights of a city on a hill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 5 15 s5sb 0 Neither do people light a lamp "People do not light a lamp" -MAT 5 15 c8el 0 put it under a basket "place the lamp under a basket." This is saying it is foolish to create light only to hide it so people do not see the light of the lamp. -MAT 5 16 qhp8 figs-metaphor 0 Let your light shine before people This means a disciple of Jesus should live in such a way that others can learn about God's truth. Alternate translation: "Let your lives be like a light that shines before people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 16 iiu8 0 your Father who is in heaven It is best to translate "Father" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human father. +MAT 5 15 c8el τιθέασιν αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον 1 put it under a basket "place the lamp under a basket." This is saying it is foolish to create light only to hide it so people do not see the light of the lamp. +MAT 5 16 qhp8 figs-metaphor λαμψάτω τὸ φῶς ὑμῶν λαμψάτω ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 Let your light shine before people This means a disciple of Jesus should live in such a way that others can learn about God's truth. Alternate translation: "Let your lives be like a light that shines before people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 16 iiu8 τὸν Πατέρα ὑμῶν τὸν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 your Father who is in heaven It is best to translate "Father" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human father. MAT 5 17 p63n 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. -MAT 5 17 gg3k figs-metonymy 0 the prophets This refers to what the prophets wrote in the scriptures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 5 18 lky5 0 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 5 18 cv3m figs-merism 0 until heaven and earth pass away Here "heaven" and "earth" refer to the entire universe. Alternate translation: "as long as the universe lasts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MAT 5 17 gg3k figs-metonymy τοὺς προφήτας 1 the prophets This refers to what the prophets wrote in the scriptures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 18 lky5 ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 5 18 cv3m figs-merism ἕως ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρέλθῃ 1 until heaven and earth pass away Here "heaven" and "earth" refer to the entire universe. Alternate translation: "as long as the universe lasts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) MAT 5 18 ylz6 figs-explicit 0 not one jot or one tittle The jot was the smallest Hebrew letter, and the tittle was a small mark that was the difference between two Hebrew letters. Alternate translation: "not even the smallest written letter or the smallest part of a letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 5 18 m5pf figs-activepassive 0 all things have been accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all things have happened" or "God causes all things to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 18 n77j figs-explicit 0 all things The phrase "all things" refers to everything in the law. Alternate translation: "everything in the law" or "all that is written in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 5 19 uxz2 0 whoever breaks "whoever disobeys" or "whoever ignores" -MAT 5 19 k9th 0 the least one of these commandments "any of these commandments, even the least important one" +MAT 5 18 m5pf figs-activepassive πάντα γένηται 1 all things have been accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all things have happened" or "God causes all things to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 18 n77j figs-explicit πάντα 1 all things The phrase "all things" refers to everything in the law. Alternate translation: "everything in the law" or "all that is written in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 5 19 uxz2 ὃς λύσῃ 1 whoever breaks "whoever disobeys" or "whoever ignores" +MAT 5 19 k9th τῶν ἐλαχίστων μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων 1 the least one of these commandments "any of these commandments, even the least important one" MAT 5 19 dv5c figs-activepassive 0 whoever ... teaches others to do so will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if anyone ... teaches others to do so, God will call that person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 19 bg2v figs-metonymy 0 least in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in Matthew. If possible use "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "the least important in his heavenly kingdom" or "the least important under the rule of our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 19 bg2v figs-metonymy ἐλάχιστος ἐν τῇ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 least in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in Matthew. If possible use "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "the least important in his heavenly kingdom" or "the least important under the rule of our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 5 19 u5kp 0 keeps them and teaches them "obeys all these commandments and teaches others to do the same" -MAT 5 19 nk9n 0 great most important -MAT 5 20 jwm9 0 For I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 5 19 nk9n μέγας 1 great most important +MAT 5 20 jwm9 γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 5 20 vsc5 figs-you 0 you ... your ... you These are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 20 l3lv figs-doublenegatives 0 that unless your righteousness exceeds ... Pharisees, you will in no way enter This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "that your righteousness must exceed ... Pharisees in order to enter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) MAT 5 21 x5vy figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard" and "I say to you." The understood "you" is singular in "Do not kill," but in some languages it may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 21 us5a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about murder and anger. -MAT 5 21 t6k5 figs-activepassive 0 it was said to them in ancient times This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 21 mij2 figs-explicit 0 Whoever kills will be in danger of the judgment Here "the judgment" implies that a judge will condemn the person to die. Alternate translation: "A judge will condemn anyone who kills another person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 5 21 t6k5 figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις 1 it was said to them in ancient times This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 21 mij2 figs-explicit ὃς δ’ ἂν φονεύσῃ ἔσται ἔνοχος τῇ κρίσει 1 Whoever kills will be in danger of the judgment Here "the judgment" implies that a judge will condemn the person to die. Alternate translation: "A judge will condemn anyone who kills another person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 5 21 y44x 0 kill ... kills This word refers to murder, not to all forms of killing. -MAT 5 21 r2k4 figs-explicit 0 will be in danger of the judgment It seems here Jesus is not referring to a human judge but rather to God condemning the person who is angry with his brother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 5 22 e9gg 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. -MAT 5 22 d5nl 0 brother This refers to a fellow believer, not to a literal brother or a neighbor. +MAT 5 21 r2k4 figs-explicit ἔσται ἔνοχος τῇ κρίσει 1 will be in danger of the judgment It seems here Jesus is not referring to a human judge but rather to God condemning the person who is angry with his brother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 5 22 e9gg δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. +MAT 5 22 d5nl τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ 1 brother This refers to a fellow believer, not to a literal brother or a neighbor. MAT 5 22 w721 0 worthless person ... fool These are insults for people who cannot think correctly. "Worthless person" is close to "brainless," where "fool" adds the idea of disobedience to God. -MAT 5 22 s89d 0 council This was likely a local council, not the main Sanhedrin in Jerusalem. -MAT 5 23 msz4 figs-you 0 you Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 5 23 r49y 0 offering your gift "giving your gift" or "bringing your gift" -MAT 5 23 chv4 figs-explicit 0 at the altar It is implied that this is God's altar at the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "to God at the altar in the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 5 23 dz75 0 there remember "while you are standing at the altar you remember" -MAT 5 23 xvf5 0 your brother has anything against you "another person is angry with you because of something you did" -MAT 5 24 z9m5 figs-activepassive 0 First be reconciled with your brother This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "First make peace with the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 25 x4ta figs-you 0 Agree with your Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 5 25 sr9d 0 your accuser This is a person who blames someone for doing something wrong. He takes the wrongdoer to court to accuse him before a judge. -MAT 5 25 x1tk figs-idiom 0 may hand you over to the judge Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "will let the judge deal with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 5 22 s89d Συνεδρίῳ 1 council This was likely a local council, not the main Sanhedrin in Jerusalem. +MAT 5 23 msz4 figs-you προσφέρῃς 1 you Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 5 23 r49y προσφέρῃς τὸ δῶρόν σου 1 offering your gift "giving your gift" or "bringing your gift" +MAT 5 23 chv4 figs-explicit ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον 1 at the altar It is implied that this is God's altar at the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "to God at the altar in the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 5 23 dz75 κἀκεῖ μνησθῇς 1 there remember "while you are standing at the altar you remember" +MAT 5 23 xvf5 ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ 1 your brother has anything against you "another person is angry with you because of something you did" +MAT 5 24 z9m5 figs-activepassive πρῶτον διαλλάγηθι τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου 1 First be reconciled with your brother This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "First make peace with the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 25 x4ta figs-you ἴσθι εὐνοῶν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ σου 1 Agree with your Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 5 25 sr9d τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ σου 1 your accuser This is a person who blames someone for doing something wrong. He takes the wrongdoer to court to accuse him before a judge. +MAT 5 25 x1tk figs-idiom σε παραδῷ τῷ κριτῇ 1 may hand you over to the judge Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "will let the judge deal with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 5 25 pq6d figs-idiom 0 the judge may hand you over to the officer Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "the judge will give you over to the officer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 5 25 gcm5 0 officer a person who has authority to carry out the decisions of a judge -MAT 5 25 pzh4 figs-activepassive 0 you may be thrown into prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the officer might put you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 26 gec9 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 5 26 eem5 0 from there "from prison" +MAT 5 25 gcm5 ὑπηρέτῃ 1 officer a person who has authority to carry out the decisions of a judge +MAT 5 25 pzh4 figs-activepassive βληθήσῃ εἰς φυλακὴν 1 you may be thrown into prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the officer might put you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 26 gec9 ἀμὴν λέγω σοι 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 5 26 eem5 ἐκεῖθεν 1 from there "from prison" MAT 5 27 c8dn figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard" and "I say to you." The understood "you" is singular in "Do not commit adultery," but in some languages it may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 27 mj3g 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about adultery and lust. -MAT 5 27 jxg5 figs-activepassive 0 that it was said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 27 yn7m 0 commit This word means to act out or do something. -MAT 5 28 qfl6 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -MAT 5 28 glg9 figs-metaphor 0 everyone who looks on a woman to lust after her has already committed adultery with her in his heart This metaphor indicates that a man who lusts after a woman is as guilty of adultery as a man who actually commits the act of adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 28 k7sc 0 to lust after her "and lusts after her" or "and desires to sleep with her" -MAT 5 28 eqs8 figs-metonymy 0 in his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "in his mind" or "in his thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 5 29 et3n figs-you 0 If your Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some langugaes they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 5 29 ikp5 figs-metonymy 0 If your right eye causes you to stumble Here "eye" refers to what a person sees. And, "stumble" is a metaphor for "sin." Alternate translation: "if what you see causes you to stumble" or "if you want to sin because of what you see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 5 29 mb58 figs-idiom 0 right eye This means the most important eye, as opposed to the left eye. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 5 29 v6jr figs-hyperbole 0 pluck it out This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. It means "forcefully remove it" or "destroy it." If the right eye is not specifically mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy your eyes." If eyes have been mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 5 27 jxg5 figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐρρέθη 1 that it was said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 27 yn7m μοιχεύσεις 1 commit This word means to act out or do something. +MAT 5 28 qfl6 δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +MAT 5 28 glg9 figs-metaphor πᾶς ὁ βλέπων γυναῖκα πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι αὐτὴν ἐμοίχευσεν ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 everyone who looks on a woman to lust after her has already committed adultery with her in his heart This metaphor indicates that a man who lusts after a woman is as guilty of adultery as a man who actually commits the act of adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 28 k7sc πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι αὐτὴν 1 to lust after her "and lusts after her" or "and desires to sleep with her" +MAT 5 28 eqs8 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 in his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "in his mind" or "in his thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 29 et3n figs-you εἰ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ὁ δεξιὸς 1 If your Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some langugaes they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 5 29 ikp5 figs-metonymy εἰ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ὁ δεξιὸς σκανδαλίζει σε 1 If your right eye causes you to stumble Here "eye" refers to what a person sees. And, "stumble" is a metaphor for "sin." Alternate translation: "if what you see causes you to stumble" or "if you want to sin because of what you see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 5 29 mb58 figs-idiom ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ὁ δεξιὸς 1 right eye This means the most important eye, as opposed to the left eye. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 5 29 v6jr figs-hyperbole ἔξελε αὐτὸν 1 pluck it out This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. It means "forcefully remove it" or "destroy it." If the right eye is not specifically mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy your eyes." If eyes have been mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 5 29 zg1v 0 throw it away from you "get rid of it" -MAT 5 29 im6u 0 one of your body parts should perish "you should lose one part of your body" +MAT 5 29 im6u ἓν τῶν μελῶν σου ἀπόληται 1 one of your body parts should perish "you should lose one part of your body" MAT 5 29 v1cn figs-activepassive 0 than that your whole body should be thrown into hell This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "than for God to throw your whole body into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 30 zx8x figs-metonymy 0 If your right hand causes In this metonymy, the hand stands for the actions of the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 5 30 hk9z figs-idiom 0 right hand This means the most important hand, as opposed to the left hand. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 5 30 qs74 figs-hyperbole 0 cut it off This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 5 30 zx8x figs-metonymy εἰ ἡ δεξιά σου χεὶρ σκανδαλίζει σε 1 If your right hand causes In this metonymy, the hand stands for the actions of the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 5 30 hk9z figs-idiom ἡ δεξιά σου χεὶρ 1 right hand This means the most important hand, as opposed to the left hand. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 5 30 qs74 figs-hyperbole ἔκκοψον αὐτὴν 1 cut it off This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 5 31 fdr8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about divorce. -MAT 5 31 dh23 figs-activepassive 0 It was also said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God also said" or "Moses also said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 31 quq9 figs-euphemism 0 sends his wife away This is a euphemism for divorce. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 5 31 tp9l 0 let him give "he must give" -MAT 5 32 q6aq 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -MAT 5 32 j2aq 0 makes her an adulteress It is the man who divorces the woman improperly who "causes her to commit adultery." In many cultures it would be normal for her to remarry, but if the divorce is improper, such a remarriage is adultery. +MAT 5 31 dh23 figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη δέ ἐρρέθη 1 It was also said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God also said" or "Moses also said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 31 quq9 figs-euphemism ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ 1 sends his wife away This is a euphemism for divorce. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 5 31 tp9l δότω 1 let him give "he must give" +MAT 5 32 q6aq δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +MAT 5 32 j2aq ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι 1 makes her an adulteress It is the man who divorces the woman improperly who "causes her to commit adultery." In many cultures it would be normal for her to remarry, but if the divorce is improper, such a remarriage is adultery. MAT 5 32 zai7 figs-activepassive 0 her after she has been divorced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "her after her husband has divorced her" or "the divorced woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 5 33 i5ak figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard" and "I say to you." The "you" and "your" are singular in "Do not swear" and "carry out your oaths," but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 33 dg2a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about swearing oaths. -MAT 5 33 vv1e 0 Again, you "Also, you" or "Here is another example. You" -MAT 5 33 fk86 figs-activepassive 0 it was said to those in ancient times This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 33 tk9y 0 Do not swear a false oath, but carry out your oaths to the Lord. "Do not swear that you will do something and then not do it. Instead do whatever you have sworn to the Lord that you will do" -MAT 5 34 mpk1 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -MAT 5 34 m2n6 0 swear not at all "Do not swear at all" or "Do not swear by anything" +MAT 5 33 vv1e πάλιν, ἠκούσατε 1 Again, you "Also, you" or "Here is another example. You" +MAT 5 33 fk86 figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις 1 it was said to those in ancient times This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 33 tk9y οὐκ ἐπιορκήσεις, ἀποδώσεις δὲ τοὺς ὅρκους σου τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 Do not swear a false oath, but carry out your oaths to the Lord. "Do not swear that you will do something and then not do it. Instead do whatever you have sworn to the Lord that you will do" +MAT 5 34 mpk1 δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +MAT 5 34 m2n6 ὀμόσαι μὴ ὅλως 1 swear not at all "Do not swear at all" or "Do not swear by anything" MAT 5 34 u7su figs-metaphor 0 it is the throne of God Because God reigns from heaven, Jesus speaks of heaven as if it were a throne. Alternate translation: "it is from here that God rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 5 35 c8lx 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes his words from verse 34, telling the people not to swear. MAT 5 35 v2hf 0 nor by the earth ... city of the great King Here Jesus means that when people make a promise or when they say that something is true, they must not swear by anything. Some people were teaching that if a person swears by God that he will do something, then he must do it, but if he swears by something else, such as by heaven or earth, then it is less offensive if he does not do what he swore to do. Jesus says that swearing by heaven or earth or Jerusalem is just as serious as swearing by God because those things all belong to God. @@ -351,17 +351,17 @@ MAT 5 35 e7z8 figs-metaphor 0 it is the footstool for his feet This metaphor me MAT 5 35 e6zn 0 for it is the city of the great King "for it is the city that belongs to God, the great King" MAT 5 36 kr2d 0 General Information: Previously Jesus told his hearers that God's throne, footstool, and earthly home are not theirs to swear by. Here he says that they may not swear even by their own heads. MAT 5 36 l9c8 figs-you 0 your ... you Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of these words are singular, but you may have to translate them as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 5 36 z5vu 0 swear This refers to taking an oath. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:34](../05/34.md). +MAT 5 36 z5vu ὀμόσῃς 1 swear This refers to taking an oath. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:34](../05/34.md). MAT 5 37 tke6 0 let your speech be 'Yes, yes,' or 'No, no.' "if you mean 'yes,' say 'yes,' and if you mean 'no,' say 'no.'" MAT 5 38 quy6 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard" and "I say to you." The "you" in "whoever strikes you" and the understood "you" in "turn to him" are both singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 38 s39u 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about retaliating against an enemy. -MAT 5 38 zar1 figs-activepassive 0 that it was said This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 38 w53l 0 eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth The law of Moses allowed a person to harm a person in the same way he had harmed him, but he could not harm him worse. -MAT 5 39 x2y9 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. -MAT 5 39 qrx1 0 one who is evil "an evil person" or "someone who harms you" +MAT 5 38 zar1 figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐρρέθη 1 that it was said This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 38 w53l ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ, καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος 1 eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth The law of Moses allowed a person to harm a person in the same way he had harmed him, but he could not harm him worse. +MAT 5 39 x2y9 δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. +MAT 5 39 qrx1 τῷ πονηρῷ 1 one who is evil "an evil person" or "someone who harms you" MAT 5 39 ec5y 0 strikes ... your right cheek To strike the side of a man's face was an insult in Jesus' culture. As with the eye and the hand, the right cheek is the more important one, and striking that cheek was a terrible insult. -MAT 5 39 d5xg 0 strikes hits with the back of an open hand -MAT 5 39 wz54 0 turn to him the other also "let him hit your other cheek also" +MAT 5 39 d5xg σε ῥαπίζει 1 strikes hits with the back of an open hand +MAT 5 39 wz54 στρέψον αὐτῷ τὴν ἄλλην καὶ 1 turn to him the other also "let him hit your other cheek also" MAT 5 40 gr2x figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, including the understood "you" in the commands "let," "go," "give," and "do not turn away." In some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 40 t9f4 0 coat ... cloak The "coat" was worn close to the body, like a heavy shirt or a sweater. The "cloak," the more valuable of the two, was worn over the "coat" for warmth and also used as a blanket for warmth at night. MAT 5 40 p5m2 0 let that person also have "give also to that person" @@ -369,764 +369,764 @@ MAT 5 41 i867 figs-explicit 0 Whoever "Anyone who." The context implies that he MAT 5 41 i86s 0 one mile This is one thousand paces, which is the distance a Roman soldier could legally force someone to carry something for him. If "mile" is confusing, it can be translated as "one kilometer" or "a distance." MAT 5 41 n8r4 0 with him This refers to the one who compels you to go. MAT 5 41 zv6i 0 go with him two "go the mile he forces you to go, and then go another mile." If "mile" is confusing, you can translate it as "two kilometers" or "twice as far." -MAT 5 42 pe6x 0 do not turn away from "do not refuse to lend to." This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "lend to" +MAT 5 42 pe6x μὴ ἀποστραφῇς τὸν θέλοντα 1 do not turn away from "do not refuse to lend to." This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "lend to" MAT 5 43 cyz3 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard" and "I say to you." The "you" and "your" are singular in "You must love your neighbor and hate your enemy," but in some languages they may need to be plural. All occurrences of "you" and "your" after that are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 43 xf8l 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about loving enemies. -MAT 5 43 fp6x figs-activepassive 0 that it was said This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 5 43 tqj3 figs-genericnoun 0 your neighbor Here the word "neighbor" does not refer to a specific neighbor, but to any members of one's community or people group. These are people whom one usually desires to treat kindly or at least believes he ought to treat kindly. Alternate translation: "your countrymen" or "those who belong to your people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -MAT 5 44 f9lp 0 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -MAT 5 45 my3d 0 you may be sons of your Father It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to human sons or children. -MAT 5 45 jzu9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 5 43 fp6x figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐρρέθη 1 that it was said This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 5 43 tqj3 figs-genericnoun τὸν πλησίον σου 1 your neighbor Here the word "neighbor" does not refer to a specific neighbor, but to any members of one's community or people group. These are people whom one usually desires to treat kindly or at least believes he ought to treat kindly. Alternate translation: "your countrymen" or "those who belong to your people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +MAT 5 44 f9lp δὲ ἐγὼ λέγω 1 But I say Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +MAT 5 45 my3d γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 you may be sons of your Father It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to human sons or children. +MAT 5 45 jzu9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 5 46 g5t7 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 5 46 sf7k 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. This section began in [Matthew 5:17](../05/17.md). MAT 5 46 se4k figs-rquestion 0 what reward do you get? Jesus uses this question to teach the people that loving those who love them is not something special that God will reward them for. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternative translation: "you will get no reward." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 5 46 cb77 figs-rquestion 0 Do not even the tax collectors do the same thing? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternative translation: "Even the tax collectors do the same thing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 5 47 ba6e figs-rquestion 0 what do you do more than others? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you do nothing more than others." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 5 47 ben5 0 greet This is a general term for showing a desire for the well-being of the hearer. +MAT 5 47 ben5 ἀσπάσησθε 1 greet This is a general term for showing a desire for the well-being of the hearer. MAT 5 47 elw9 figs-rquestion 0 Do not even the Gentiles do the same thing? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even the Gentiles do the same thing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 5 48 l6pa guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 5 48 l6pa guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 6 intro jrj2 0 # Matthew 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Matthew 6 continues Jesus' extended teaching known as "The Sermon on the Mount."

You may wish to set apart the prayer in 6:9-11 by placing it farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject.
MAT 6 1 zvn1 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 1 at4q 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples in his Sermon on the Mount, which began in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). In this section, Jesus addresses the "acts of righteousness" of alms, prayer, and fasting. -MAT 6 1 bgc7 figs-explicit 0 before people to be seen by them It is implied that those who see the person will honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in front of people just so that they can see you and give you honor for what you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 6 1 juj5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 6 2 d8kw figs-metaphor 0 do not sound a trumpet before yourself This metaphor means to do something that purposefully gets people's attention. Alternate translation: "do not draw attention to yourself like someone who plays a loud trumpet in a crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 2 dk6u 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 6 1 bgc7 figs-explicit ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὸ θεαθῆναι αὐτοῖς 1 before people to be seen by them It is implied that those who see the person will honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in front of people just so that they can see you and give you honor for what you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 6 1 juj5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τῷ Πατρὶ ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 2 d8kw figs-metaphor μὴ σαλπίσῃς ἔμπροσθέν σου 1 do not sound a trumpet before yourself This metaphor means to do something that purposefully gets people's attention. Alternate translation: "do not draw attention to yourself like someone who plays a loud trumpet in a crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 2 dk6u ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 6 3 z4c1 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 3 te4n 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples about alms. -MAT 6 3 vca2 figs-metaphor 0 do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing This is a metaphor for total secrecy. Just as hands usually work together and each can be said to "know" what the other is doing at all times, you should not let even those closest to you know when you are giving to the poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 4 h4we figs-activepassive 0 your gift may be given in secret This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you can give to the poor without other people knowing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 6 3 vca2 figs-metaphor μὴ γνώτω ἡ ἀριστερά σου γνώτω τί ἡ δεξιά σου ποιεῖ 1 do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing This is a metaphor for total secrecy. Just as hands usually work together and each can be said to "know" what the other is doing at all times, you should not let even those closest to you know when you are giving to the poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 4 h4we figs-activepassive ᾖ σου ἡ ἐλεημοσύνη ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ 1 your gift may be given in secret This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you can give to the poor without other people knowing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 6 5 m54u figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" in verses 5 and 7 are plural; in verse 6 they are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 5 a7z4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about prayer. -MAT 6 5 e12v figs-explicit 0 so that they may be seen by people It is implied that those who see them will give them honor. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that people will see them and give them honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 6 5 z3h6 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 6 6 dqv4 0 enter your inner chamber. Shut the door "go to a private place" or "go where you can be alone" +MAT 6 5 e12v figs-explicit ὅπως φανῶσιν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 so that they may be seen by people It is implied that those who see them will give them honor. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that people will see them and give them honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 6 5 z3h6 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν λέγω 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 6 6 dqv4 εἴσελθε εἰς τὸ ταμεῖόν σου. κλείσας τὴν θύραν 1 enter your inner chamber. Shut the door "go to a private place" or "go where you can be alone" MAT 6 6 vdr7 0 Father who is in secret Possible meanings are 1) no one can see God. Alternate translation: "Father, who is invisible" or 2) God is in that private place with the praying person. Alternate translation: "Father, who is with you in private" -MAT 6 6 kkn7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 6 6 eb6r 0 your Father who sees in secret "your Father will see what you do in private and" -MAT 6 7 d1t2 0 do not make useless repetitions Possible meanings are 1) the repetitions are useless. Alternate translation: "do not keep uselessly saying things over and over again" or 2) the words or sentences are meaningless. Alternate translation: "do not keeping repeating meaningless words" +MAT 6 6 kkn7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τῷ Πατρί σου 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 6 eb6r ὁ Πατήρ σου ὁ βλέπων ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ 1 your Father who sees in secret "your Father will see what you do in private and" +MAT 6 7 d1t2 μὴ βατταλογήσητε 1 do not make useless repetitions Possible meanings are 1) the repetitions are useless. Alternate translation: "do not keep uselessly saying things over and over again" or 2) the words or sentences are meaningless. Alternate translation: "do not keeping repeating meaningless words" MAT 6 7 a8ai figs-activepassive 0 they will be heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "their false gods will hear them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 6 8 fr1d figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about how they as individuals should pray. The words "you" and "your" are plural in the first sentence. Within the prayer, the words "you" and "your" are singular and refer to God, "Our Father in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 6 8 nv9i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 6 9 ad6l 0 Our Father in heaven This is the beginning of the prayer and how Jesus teaches the people to address God. -MAT 6 9 mq4x figs-metonymy 0 may your name be honored as holy Here "your name" refers to God himself. Alternate translation: "make everyone honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 6 10 n67c figs-metonymy 0 May your kingdom come Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "May you rule over everyone and everything completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 6 8 nv9i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 9 ad6l Πάτερ ἡμῶν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Our Father in heaven This is the beginning of the prayer and how Jesus teaches the people to address God. +MAT 6 9 mq4x figs-metonymy ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἁγιασθήτω 1 may your name be honored as holy Here "your name" refers to God himself. Alternate translation: "make everyone honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 6 10 n67c figs-metonymy ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου ἐλθέτω 1 May your kingdom come Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "May you rule over everyone and everything completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 6 10 pdc5 figs-activepassive 0 May your will be done on earth as it is in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May everything on earth happen in accordance with your will as everything in heaven does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 6 11 njr9 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: This is part of a prayer that Jesus was teaching the people. All instances of "we," "us," and "our" refer only to those who would pray this prayer. Those words do not also refer to God, to whom they would be praying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MAT 6 11 dft8 figs-synecdoche 0 daily bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 6 12 yi9s figs-metaphor 0 debts A debt is what one person owes another. This is a metaphor for sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 12 i8fq figs-metaphor 0 our debtors A debtor is a person who owes a debt to another person. This is a metaphor for those who have sinned against us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 13 l8u6 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not bring us into temptation The word "temptation," an abstract noun, can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "Do not let anything tempt us" or "Do not let anything cause us to desire to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 6 11 dft8 figs-synecdoche τὸν ἐπιούσιον τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν 1 daily bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 6 12 yi9s figs-metaphor τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν 1 debts A debt is what one person owes another. This is a metaphor for sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 12 i8fq figs-metaphor τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν 1 our debtors A debtor is a person who owes a debt to another person. This is a metaphor for those who have sinned against us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 13 l8u6 figs-abstractnouns μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν 1 Do not bring us into temptation The word "temptation," an abstract noun, can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "Do not let anything tempt us" or "Do not let anything cause us to desire to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 6 14 ns3m figs-you 0 General Information: All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. However, Jesus is telling them what will happen to them as individuals if each person does not forgive others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 6 14 z79a figs-abstractnouns 0 their trespasses The abstract noun "trespasses" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "when they trespass against you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MAT 6 14 v7ne guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 14 z79a figs-abstractnouns τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν 1 their trespasses The abstract noun "trespasses" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "when they trespass against you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 6 14 v7ne guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 6 15 pi3z figs-abstractnouns 0 their trespasses ... your trespasses The abstract noun "trespasses" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "when they trespass against you ... when you trespass against God" or "when they do things that harm you ... when you do things that make your Father angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 6 16 j7xg figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. In verse 16 all occurences of "you" are plural. In verses 17 and 18 where Jesus teaches them how to behave when they fast, all occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular. In some languages those occurences of "you" may also need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 16 q19r 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about fasting. MAT 6 16 xv6b 0 they disfigure their faces The hypocrites would not wash their faces or comb their hair. They did this purposely to draw attention to themselves so that people would see them and give them honor for fasting. -MAT 6 16 ix6h 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 6 17 k283 0 anoint your head "put oil in your hair" or "groom your hair." To "anoint" the head here is to take normal care of one's hair. It has nothing to do with "Christ" meaning "anointed one." Jesus means that people should look the same whether they are fasting or not. +MAT 6 16 ix6h ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 6 17 k283 ἄλειψαί σου τὴν κεφαλὴν 1 anoint your head "put oil in your hair" or "groom your hair." To "anoint" the head here is to take normal care of one's hair. It has nothing to do with "Christ" meaning "anointed one." Jesus means that people should look the same whether they are fasting or not. MAT 6 18 d27s 0 Father who is in secret Possible meanings are 1) no one can see God. Alternate translation: "Father, who is invisible" or 2) God is with that person who fasts secretly. Alternate translation: "Father, who is with you in private" See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:6](../06/06.md). -MAT 6 18 m56a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 6 18 tby8 0 who sees in secret "who sees what you do in private." See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:6](../06/06.md). +MAT 6 18 m56a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τῷ Πατρί σου 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 18 tby8 ὁ βλέπων ἐν τῷ κρυφαίῳ 1 who sees in secret "who sees what you do in private." See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:6](../06/06.md). MAT 6 19 afg9 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are plural, except in verse 21, where they are singular. In some languages these occurrences of "you" and "your" may also need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 19 z3jx 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about money and possessions. -MAT 6 19 tqp1 0 treasures riches, the things to which a person gives the most value -MAT 6 19 z9wd 0 where moth and rust destroy "where moth and rust ruin treasures" -MAT 6 19 tqc9 0 moth a small, flying insect that destroys cloth -MAT 6 19 enl6 0 rust a brown substance that forms on metals -MAT 6 20 v5tn figs-metaphor 0 store up for yourselves treasures in heaven This is a metaphor that means do good things on earth so God will reward you in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 21 b74q figs-metonymy 0 there will your heart be also Here "heart" means a person's thoughts and interests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 6 19 tqp1 θησαυροὺς 1 treasures riches, the things to which a person gives the most value +MAT 6 19 z9wd ὅπου σὴς καὶ βρῶσις ἀφανίζει 1 where moth and rust destroy "where moth and rust ruin treasures" +MAT 6 19 tqc9 σὴς 1 moth a small, flying insect that destroys cloth +MAT 6 19 enl6 βρῶσις 1 rust a brown substance that forms on metals +MAT 6 20 v5tn figs-metaphor θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ 1 store up for yourselves treasures in heaven This is a metaphor that means do good things on earth so God will reward you in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 21 b74q figs-metonymy ἐκεῖ ἔσται ἡ καρδία σου ἔσται καὶ 1 there will your heart be also Here "heart" means a person's thoughts and interests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 6 22 g215 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. The instances of "you" and "your" are all singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 6 22 sbl1 figs-metaphor 0 The eye is the lamp of the body ... with light This compares healthy eyes that allow a person to see to diseased eyes that cause a person to be blind. This is a metaphor referring to spiritual health. Often Jewish people used the phrase "bad eye" to refer to greed. The meaning is that if a person is completely devoted to God and sees or considers things the way God does, then he is doing what is right. If a person is greedy for more, then he is doing what is evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 22 r4d1 figs-metaphor 0 The eye is the lamp of the body This metaphor means the eyes allow a person to see just as a lamp helps a person see in the dark. Alternate translation: "Like a lamp, the eye allows you to see things clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 22 u47q 0 eye You may have to translate this as plural, "eyes." +MAT 6 22 r4d1 figs-metaphor ὁ ὀφθαλμός ἐστιν ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός 1 The eye is the lamp of the body This metaphor means the eyes allow a person to see just as a lamp helps a person see in the dark. Alternate translation: "Like a lamp, the eye allows you to see things clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 22 u47q ὀφθαλμός 1 eye You may have to translate this as plural, "eyes." MAT 6 23 dl86 figs-metaphor 0 But if your eye ... how great is that darkness This compares healthy eyes that allow a person to see to diseased eyes that cause a person to be blind. This is a metaphor referring to spiritual health. Often Jewish people used the phrase "bad eye" to refer to greed. The meaning is that if a person is completely devoted to God and sees or considers things the way God does, then he is doing what is right. If a person is greedy for more, then he is doing what is evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 23 p231 figs-metaphor 0 if your eye is bad This does not refer to magic. Jewish people often used this as a metaphor for someone who is greedy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 23 p231 figs-metaphor ἐὰν δὲ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ᾖ πονηρὸς 1 if your eye is bad This does not refer to magic. Jewish people often used this as a metaphor for someone who is greedy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 6 23 n42m 0 if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! "if that which is supposed to cause light in your body causes darkness, then your body is in complete darkness" MAT 6 24 ijn3 figs-parallelism 0 for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that a person cannot love and be devoted both to God and money at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 6 24 zt2u 0 You cannot serve God and wealth "You cannot love God and money at the same time" +MAT 6 24 zt2u οὐ δύνασθε δουλεύειν Θεῷ καὶ μαμωνᾷ 1 You cannot serve God and wealth "You cannot love God and money at the same time" MAT 6 25 s5uy figs-you 0 General Information: Here the instances of "you" and "your" are all plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 6 25 wcz4 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 6 25 xdu1 0 to you Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. +MAT 6 25 wcz4 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 6 25 xdu1 ὑμῖν 1 to you Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. MAT 6 25 nt96 figs-rquestion 0 is not life more than food, and the body more than clothes? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "obviously life is more than what you eat, and your body is more than what you wear." or "clearly there are things in life that are more imortant than food, and there are things concerning the body that are more important than clothes." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 6 26 p11z 0 barns places to store crops -MAT 6 26 a9w6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 26 p11z ἀποθήκας 1 barns places to store crops +MAT 6 26 a9w6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 6 26 nbm5 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not more valuable than they are? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "Obviously you are more valuable than birds." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 6 27 cm6a figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 6 27 fr8g figs-rquestion 0 Which one of you by being anxious can add one cubit to his lifespan? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Here to "add one cubit to his lifespan" is a metaphor for adding time to how long a person will live. Alternate translation: "None of you can, just by worrying, add years to your life. You cannot add even one minute to your life! So you should not worry about things you need." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 27 kub4 translate-bdistance 0 one cubit A cubit is a measure of a little less than half a meter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -MAT 6 28 erj8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you anxious about clothing? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "You should not be worried about what you will wear." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 6 28 cs99 0 Think about "Consider" +MAT 6 27 fr8g figs-rquestion τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν μεριμνῶν δύναται προσθεῖναι ἕνα πῆχυν ἐπὶ τὴν ἡλικίαν αὐτοῦ? 1 Which one of you by being anxious can add one cubit to his lifespan? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Here to "add one cubit to his lifespan" is a metaphor for adding time to how long a person will live. Alternate translation: "None of you can, just by worrying, add years to your life. You cannot add even one minute to your life! So you should not worry about things you need." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 6 27 kub4 translate-bdistance ἕνα πῆχυν 1 one cubit A cubit is a measure of a little less than half a meter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +MAT 6 28 erj8 figs-rquestion τί μεριμνᾶτε περὶ ἐνδύματος? 1 Why are you anxious about clothing? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "You should not be worried about what you will wear." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 6 28 cs99 καταμάθετε 1 Think about "Consider" MAT 6 28 him2 figs-personification 0 lilies ... They do not work, and they do not spin cloth Jesus speaks about the lilies as if they were people who wore clothes. The lilies being clothed is a metaphor for the plants having beautiful and colorful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 28 t16l translate-unknown 0 lilies A lily is a kind of wild flower. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 6 28 t16l translate-unknown κρίνα 1 lilies A lily is a kind of wild flower. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 6 29 n75l figs-personification 0 even Solomon ... was not clothed like one of these Jesus speaks about the lilies as if they were people who wore clothes. The lilies being clothed is a metaphor for the plants having beautiful and colorful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 29 np9e 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 6 29 sqg8 figs-activepassive 0 was not clothed like one of these This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did not wear clothes that are as beautiful as these lilies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 6 29 np9e λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 6 29 sqg8 figs-activepassive περιεβάλετο ὡς ἓν τούτων 1 was not clothed like one of these This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did not wear clothes that are as beautiful as these lilies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 6 30 z5lh figs-personification 0 so clothes the grass in the fields Jesus continues to speak about the lilies as if they were people who wore clothes. The lilies being clothed is a metaphor for the plants having beautiful and colorful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 6 30 uf36 0 grass If your language has a word that includes "grass" and the word you used for "lilies" in the previous verse, you can use it here. -MAT 6 30 m23l figs-activepassive 0 is thrown into the oven The Jews at that time used grass in their fires to cook their food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone throws it into a fire" or "someone burns it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 6 30 uf36 χόρτον 1 grass If your language has a word that includes "grass" and the word you used for "lilies" in the previous verse, you can use it here. +MAT 6 30 m23l figs-activepassive βαλλόμενον εἰς κλίβανον 1 is thrown into the oven The Jews at that time used grass in their fires to cook their food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone throws it into a fire" or "someone burns it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 6 30 cd8w figs-rquestion 0 how much more will he clothe you ... faith? Jesus uses this question to teach the people that God will provide what they need. Alternate translation: "he will certainly clothe you ... faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 6 30 ic18 0 you of little faith "you who have such little faith." Jesus addresses the people this way because their anxiety about clothing shows they have little faith in God. -MAT 6 31 jps3 0 Therefore "Because of all of this" -MAT 6 31 pd6x figs-synecdoche 0 What clothes will we wear In this sentence, "clothes" is a synecdoche for material possessions. Alternate translation: "What possessions will we have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 6 30 ic18 οὐ ὑμᾶς ὀλιγόπιστοι 1 you of little faith "you who have such little faith." Jesus addresses the people this way because their anxiety about clothing shows they have little faith in God. +MAT 6 31 jps3 οὖν 1 Therefore "Because of all of this" +MAT 6 31 pd6x figs-synecdoche τί περιβαλώμεθα 1 What clothes will we wear In this sentence, "clothes" is a synecdoche for material possessions. Alternate translation: "What possessions will we have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 6 32 j77y 0 For the Gentiles search for these things "for the Gentiles are concerned about what they will eat, drink, and wear" -MAT 6 32 ecb9 0 your heavenly Father knows that you need them Jesus is implying that God will make sure their basic needs are met. -MAT 6 32 unz1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 6 33 ep2c figs-metonymy 0 seek first his kingdom and his righteousness Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "concern yourselves with serving God, who is your king, and doing what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 6 32 ecb9 ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος οἶδεν ὅτι χρῄζετε τούτων ἁπάντων 1 your heavenly Father knows that you need them Jesus is implying that God will make sure their basic needs are met. +MAT 6 32 unz1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 6 33 ep2c figs-metonymy ζητεῖτε πρῶτον τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ 1 seek first his kingdom and his righteousness Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "concern yourselves with serving God, who is your king, and doing what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 6 33 ak39 figs-activepassive 0 all these things will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will provide all these things for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 6 34 qm2a 0 Therefore "Because of all this" -MAT 6 34 xdg7 figs-personification 0 tomorrow will be anxious for itself Jesus speaks of "tomorrow" as if it were a person who could worry. Jesus means that a person will have enough to worry about when the next day comes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MAT 6 34 qm2a οὖν 1 Therefore "Because of all this" +MAT 6 34 xdg7 figs-personification αὔριον μεριμνήσει ἑαυτῆς 1 tomorrow will be anxious for itself Jesus speaks of "tomorrow" as if it were a person who could worry. Jesus means that a person will have enough to worry about when the next day comes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MAT 7 intro bz7e 0 # Matthew 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Matthew 5-7

Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section.

##### "By their fruits you will know them"

Fruit is a common image in the scriptures. It is used to describe the results of either good or bad actions. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])
MAT 7 1 jav3 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The instances of "you" and the commands are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 7 1 f4fe 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples in his Sermon on the Mount, which began in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). -MAT 7 1 xk6w figs-explicit 0 Do not judge It is implied here that "judge" has the strong meaning of "condemn harshly" or "declare guilty." Alternate translation: "Do not condemn people harshly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 7 1 bk8y figs-activepassive 0 you will not be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not condemn you harshly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 7 2 f9nb 0 For Be sure the reader understands the statement in 7:2 is based on what Jesus said in 7:1. -MAT 7 2 kj24 figs-activepassive 0 with the judgment you judge, you will be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will condemn you in the same way you condemn others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 7 2 mt3d 0 measure Possible meanings are 1) this is the amount of punishment given or 2) this is the standard used for judgment. -MAT 7 2 wgh2 figs-activepassive 0 it will be measured out to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will measure it out to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 1 xk6w figs-explicit μὴ κρίνετε 1 Do not judge It is implied here that "judge" has the strong meaning of "condemn harshly" or "declare guilty." Alternate translation: "Do not condemn people harshly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 7 1 bk8y figs-activepassive μὴ κριθῆτε 1 you will not be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not condemn you harshly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 2 f9nb γὰρ 1 For Be sure the reader understands the statement in 7:2 is based on what Jesus said in 7:1. +MAT 7 2 kj24 figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνετε, κριθήσεσθε 1 with the judgment you judge, you will be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will condemn you in the same way you condemn others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 2 mt3d ἐν ᾧ μέτρῳ 1 measure Possible meanings are 1) this is the amount of punishment given or 2) this is the standard used for judgment. +MAT 7 2 wgh2 figs-activepassive μετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be measured out to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will measure it out to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 7 3 hzb4 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. The instances of "you" and "your" are all singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. MAT 7 3 em5r figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look ... brother's eye, but you do not notice the log that is in your own eye? Jesus uses this question to rebuke the people for paying attention to other people's sins and ignoring their own. Alternate translation: "You look ... brother's eye, but you do not notice the log that is in your own eye." or "Do not look ... brother's eye and ignore the log that is in your own eye." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 7 3 ctb3 figs-metaphor 0 the tiny piece of straw that is in your brother's eye This is a metaphor that refers to the less important faults of a fellow believer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 3 r9jf 0 tiny piece of straw "speck" or "splinter" or "bit of dust." Use a word for the smallest thing that commonly falls into a person's eyes. -MAT 7 3 d2qc 0 brother All occurrences of "brother" in 7:3-5 refer to a fellow believer, not to a literal brother or a neighbor. +MAT 7 3 ctb3 figs-metaphor τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου' τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ 1 the tiny piece of straw that is in your brother's eye This is a metaphor that refers to the less important faults of a fellow believer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 3 r9jf κάρφος 1 tiny piece of straw "speck" or "splinter" or "bit of dust." Use a word for the smallest thing that commonly falls into a person's eyes. +MAT 7 3 d2qc τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου 1 brother All occurrences of "brother" in 7:3-5 refer to a fellow believer, not to a literal brother or a neighbor. MAT 7 3 q1z4 figs-metaphor 0 the log that is in your own eye This is a metaphor for a person's most important faults. A log could not literally go into a person's eye. Jesus is exaggerating to emphasize that a person should pay attention to his own more important faults before he deals with another person's less important faults. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 7 3 cgc6 0 log the largest part of a tree that someone has cut down +MAT 7 3 cgc6 δοκὸν 1 log the largest part of a tree that someone has cut down MAT 7 4 k58h figs-rquestion 0 How can you say ... your own eye? Jesus asks this question to challenge the people to pay attention to their own sins before they pay attention to another person's sins. Alternate translation: "You should not say ... your own eye." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 7 6 av85 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. The instances of "you" and "your" are all plural. MAT 7 6 arm9 figs-metaphor 0 dogs ... hogs Jews considered these animals dirty, and God told the Jews not to eat them. They are metaphors for wicked people who do not value holy things. It would be best to translate these words literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 6 xy2e figs-metaphor 0 pearls These are similar to round, valuable stones or beads. They are a metaphor for the knowledge of God or precious things in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 6 vt72 0 they may trample "the pigs may trample" +MAT 7 6 xy2e figs-metaphor τοὺς μαργαρίτας ὑμῶν 1 pearls These are similar to round, valuable stones or beads. They are a metaphor for the knowledge of God or precious things in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 6 vt72 καταπατήσουσιν 1 they may trample "the pigs may trample" MAT 7 6 y5mm 0 then turn and tear "the dogs will then turn and tear" MAT 7 7 j1qa figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. The instances of "you" and "your" are all plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 7 7 ut6i figs-metaphor 0 Ask ... Seek ... Knock These are metaphors for praying to God. The verb form shows that we are to keep praying until he answers. If your language has a form for continuing to do something over and over, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 7 fh57 0 Ask request things from someone, in this case God -MAT 7 7 tv49 figs-activepassive 0 it will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give you what you need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 7 7 cs5b 0 Seek look for someone, in this case God -MAT 7 7 rt8g 0 Knock To knock on a door was a polite way to request that the person inside the house or room open the door. If knocking on a door is impolite or not done in your culture, use the word that describes how people politely ask for doors to be opened. Alternate translation: "Tell God you want him to open the door" -MAT 7 7 zxs3 figs-activepassive 0 it will be opened to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will open it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 7 fh57 αἰτεῖτε 1 Ask request things from someone, in this case God +MAT 7 7 tv49 figs-activepassive δοθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give you what you need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 7 cs5b ζητεῖτε 1 Seek look for someone, in this case God +MAT 7 7 rt8g κρούετε 1 Knock To knock on a door was a polite way to request that the person inside the house or room open the door. If knocking on a door is impolite or not done in your culture, use the word that describes how people politely ask for doors to be opened. Alternate translation: "Tell God you want him to open the door" +MAT 7 7 zxs3 figs-activepassive ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be opened to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will open it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 7 9 mq14 figs-rquestion 0 Or which one of you ... a stone? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "There is not one person among you ... a stone." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 7 9 n5s1 figs-synecdoche 0 a loaf of bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "some food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 7 9 cq8h 0 stone This noun should be translated literally. +MAT 7 9 n5s1 figs-synecdoche ἄρτον 1 a loaf of bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "some food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 7 9 cq8h λίθον 1 stone This noun should be translated literally. MAT 7 10 ht1m 0 fish ... snake These nouns should be translated literally. MAT 7 10 y9q5 figs-rquestion 0 Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake? Jesus asks another question to teach the people. It is understood that Jesus is still referring to a man and his son. Alternate translation: "And there is not one person among you, if his son asks for a fish, will give him a snake." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 7 11 h3k6 figs-you 0 General Information: Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. The instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 7 11 pk31 figs-rquestion 0 how much more will your Father in heaven give ... him? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "then your Father in heaven will most certainly give ... him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 7 11 z8zr guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 7 11 z8zr guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 7 12 wr93 0 whatever things you want people to do to you "whatever way you want others to act toward you" -MAT 7 12 b1x2 figs-metonymy 0 for this is the law and the prophets Here "law" and "prophets" refer to what Moses and the prophets wrote. Alternate translation: "for this is what Moses and the prophets teach in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 7 12 b1x2 figs-metonymy γάρ οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 for this is the law and the prophets Here "law" and "prophets" refer to what Moses and the prophets wrote. Alternate translation: "for this is what Moses and the prophets teach in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 7 13 uhb3 0 General Information: This image of walking through a wide gate to destruction or a narrow gate to life represents how people live and the results of how they live. When you translate, use appropriate words for "wide" and "broad" that are as different as possible from "narrow" in order to emphasize the differences between the two sets of gates and ways. MAT 7 13 dgr2 figs-metaphor 0 Enter through the narrow gate ... many people who go through it This is an image of people traveling on a road and going through a gate into a kingdom. One kingdom is easy to enter; the other is hard to enter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 13 j8xn 0 Enter through the narrow gate You may need to move this to the end of verse 14: "Therefore, enter through the narrow gate." +MAT 7 13 j8xn εἰσέλθατε διὰ τῆς στενῆς πύλης 1 Enter through the narrow gate You may need to move this to the end of verse 14: "Therefore, enter through the narrow gate." MAT 7 13 y9ru 0 the gate ... the way Possible meanings are 1) "the way" refers to the road that leads to the gate of a kingdom, or 2) the "the gate" and "the way" both refer to the entrance to the kingdom. -MAT 7 13 zv24 figs-abstractnouns 0 to destruction This abstract noun can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "to the place where people die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 7 13 zv24 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ἀπώλειαν 1 to destruction This abstract noun can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "to the place where people die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 7 14 x8u9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak of people choosing how they are going to live as if they are choosing whether to go on one path or another. -MAT 7 14 wlr9 figs-abstractnouns 0 to life The abstract noun "life" can be translated using the verb "live." Alternate translation: "to the place where people live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MAT 7 15 s91c 0 Beware of "Be on guard against" +MAT 7 14 wlr9 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ζωήν 1 to life The abstract noun "life" can be translated using the verb "live." Alternate translation: "to the place where people live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 7 15 s91c προσέχετε ἀπὸ 1 Beware of "Be on guard against" MAT 7 15 lj5v figs-metaphor 0 who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves This metaphor means that false prophets will pretend they they are good and want to help people, but they are really evil and will do people harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 16 pul5 figs-metaphor 0 By their fruits you will know them This metaphor refers to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Just as you know a tree by the fruit that grows on it, you will know false prophets by how they act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 16 pul5 figs-metaphor ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς 1 By their fruits you will know them This metaphor refers to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Just as you know a tree by the fruit that grows on it, you will know false prophets by how they act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 7 16 nve4 figs-rquestion 0 Do people gather ... thistles? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. The people would have known that the answer is no. Alternate translation: "People do not gather ... thistles." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 7 17 a9tn figs-metaphor 0 every good tree produces good fruit Jesus continues to use the metaphor of fruit to refer to good prophets who produce good works or words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 17 f5l3 figs-metaphor 0 the bad tree produces bad fruit Jesus continues to use the metaphor of fruit to refer to bad prophets who produce evil works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 17 a9tn figs-metaphor πᾶν ἀγαθὸν δένδρον ποιεῖ καλοὺς καρποὺς 1 every good tree produces good fruit Jesus continues to use the metaphor of fruit to refer to good prophets who produce good works or words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 17 f5l3 figs-metaphor τὸ δὲ σαπρὸν δένδρον ποιεῖ πονηροὺς καρποὺς 1 the bad tree produces bad fruit Jesus continues to use the metaphor of fruit to refer to bad prophets who produce evil works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 7 19 aeg4 figs-metaphor 0 Every tree that does not produce good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire Jesus continues to use fruit trees as a metaphor to refer to false prophets. Here, he only states what will happen to the bad trees. It is implied that the same thing will happen to the false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 7 19 g7fs figs-activepassive 0 is cut down and thrown into the fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people cut down and burn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 7 20 x87m figs-metaphor 0 you will recognize them by their fruits The word "their" can refer to either the prophets or the trees. This metaphor implies that the fruit of trees and the deeds of prophets both reveal whether they are good or bad. If possible, translate this in a way so that it can refer to both trees and prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 7 21 rj2v figs-metonymy 0 will enter into the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "will live with God in heaven when he shows himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 7 20 x87m figs-metaphor ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν 1 you will recognize them by their fruits The word "their" can refer to either the prophets or the trees. This metaphor implies that the fruit of trees and the deeds of prophets both reveal whether they are good or bad. If possible, translate this in a way so that it can refer to both trees and prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 7 21 rj2v figs-metonymy εἰσελεύσεται εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 will enter into the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "will live with God in heaven when he shows himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 7 21 rq5h 0 those who do the will of my Father who is in heaven "whoever does what my Father in heaven desires" -MAT 7 21 c6yz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 7 22 mp6e figs-explicit 0 in that day Jesus said "that day" knowing his hearers would understand he was referring to the day of judgment. You should include "the day of judgment" only if your readers would not understand otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 7 21 c6yz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 7 22 mp6e figs-explicit ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 in that day Jesus said "that day" knowing his hearers would understand he was referring to the day of judgment. You should include "the day of judgment" only if your readers would not understand otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 7 22 m9py figs-rquestion 0 did we not prophesy ... drive out demons ... do many mighty deeds? The people use a question to emphasize that they did these things. Alternate translation: "we prophesied ... we drove out demons ... we did many mighty deeds." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 7 22 t5j7 figs-exclusive 0 we This "we" does not include Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MAT 7 22 hg17 figs-metonymy 0 in your name Possible meanings are 1) "by your authority" or "by your power" or 2) "because we were doing what you wanted us to do" or 3) "because we asked you for the power to do it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 7 22 p67f 0 mighty deeds "miracles" -MAT 7 23 d4y5 figs-idiom 0 I never knew you This means the person does not belong to Jesus. Alternate translation: "You are not my follower" or "I have nothing to do with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 7 24 fg9k 0 Therefore "For that reason" -MAT 7 24 hbd7 figs-metonymy 0 my words Here "words" refers to what Jesus says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 7 22 t5j7 figs-exclusive ἐπροφητεύσαμεν 1 we This "we" does not include Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +MAT 7 22 hg17 figs-metonymy τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι 1 in your name Possible meanings are 1) "by your authority" or "by your power" or 2) "because we were doing what you wanted us to do" or 3) "because we asked you for the power to do it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 7 22 p67f δυνάμεις 1 mighty deeds "miracles" +MAT 7 23 d4y5 figs-idiom ἔγνων οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς 1 I never knew you This means the person does not belong to Jesus. Alternate translation: "You are not my follower" or "I have nothing to do with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 7 24 fg9k πᾶς οὖν 1 Therefore "For that reason" +MAT 7 24 hbd7 figs-metonymy μου τοὺς λόγους 1 my words Here "words" refers to what Jesus says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 7 24 qjh9 figs-simile 0 like a wise man who built his house upon a rock Jesus compares those who obey his words to a person who builds his house where nothing can harm it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 7 24 dy1f 0 rock This is the bedrock below the topsoil and clay, not a large stone or boulder above the ground. -MAT 7 25 bv81 figs-activepassive 0 it was built This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he built it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 7 24 dy1f πέτραν 1 rock This is the bedrock below the topsoil and clay, not a large stone or boulder above the ground. +MAT 7 25 bv81 figs-activepassive τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ 1 it was built This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he built it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 7 26 asf4 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, which began in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). -MAT 7 26 nw97 figs-simile 0 like a foolish man who built his house upon the sand Jesus continues the simile from the previous verse. He compares those who do not obey his words to foolish house-builders. Only a fool would build a house on a sandy place where rain, floods, and wind can sweep the sand away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 7 27 a7mj 0 fell Use the general word in your language that describes what happens when a house falls down. -MAT 7 27 k4hi 0 its destruction was complete The rain, floods, and wind completely destroyed the house. +MAT 7 26 nw97 figs-simile ὁμοιωθήσεται ἀνδρὶ μωρῷ ἀνδρὶ ὅστις ᾠκοδόμησεν αὐτοῦ τὴν οἰκίαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμμον 1 like a foolish man who built his house upon the sand Jesus continues the simile from the previous verse. He compares those who do not obey his words to foolish house-builders. Only a fool would build a house on a sandy place where rain, floods, and wind can sweep the sand away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 7 27 a7mj ἔπεσεν 1 fell Use the general word in your language that describes what happens when a house falls down. +MAT 7 27 k4hi ἡ πτῶσις αὐτῆς ἦν μεγάλη 1 its destruction was complete The rain, floods, and wind completely destroyed the house. MAT 7 28 jrh7 writing-endofstory 0 General Information: These verses describe how the people in the crowds reacted to Jesus' teaching in the Sermon on the Mount. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -MAT 7 28 hu6z 0 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "When" or "After" -MAT 7 28 b321 0 were astonished by his teaching It is clear in 7:29 that they were amazed not just at what Jesus taught but also the way he taught it. Alternate translation: "were amazed by the way he taught" +MAT 7 28 hu6z ἐγένετο ὅτε 1 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "When" or "After" +MAT 7 28 b321 ἐξεπλήσσοντο ἐπὶ τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ 1 were astonished by his teaching It is clear in 7:29 that they were amazed not just at what Jesus taught but also the way he taught it. Alternate translation: "were amazed by the way he taught" MAT 8 intro f33a 0 # Matthew 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a new section.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Miracles

Jesus performed miracles to show that he could control things that no other people could control. He also showed that it is proper to worship him because he performed miracles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])
MAT 8 1 qb1d writing-newevent 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that contains several accounts of Jesus healing people. This theme continues through [Matthew 9:35](../09/35.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) MAT 8 1 clf8 0 When Jesus had come down from the hill, large crowds followed him "After Jesus came down from the hill, a large crowd followed him." The crowd may have included both people who had been with him on the mountain and people who had not been with him. -MAT 8 2 vas8 0 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 8 2 q4x2 0 a leper "a man who had leprosy" or "a man who had a skin disease" -MAT 8 2 n77q translate-symaction 0 bowed before him This is a sign of humble respect before Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 8 2 yc3f 0 if you are willing "if you want to" or "if you desire." The leper knew that Jesus had the power to heal him, but he did not know if Jesus would want to touch him. -MAT 8 2 yjn2 figs-idiom 0 you can make me clean Here "clean" means to be healed and to be able to live in the community again. Alternate translation: "you can heal me" or "please heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 8 3 kg7e figs-imperative 0 Be clean By saying this, Jesus healed the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -MAT 8 3 eht7 0 Immediately he was cleansed "At that moment he was cleansed" +MAT 8 2 vas8 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 8 2 q4x2 λεπρὸς 1 a leper "a man who had leprosy" or "a man who had a skin disease" +MAT 8 2 n77q translate-symaction προσεκύνει αὐτῷ 1 bowed before him This is a sign of humble respect before Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 8 2 yc3f ἐὰν θέλῃς 1 if you are willing "if you want to" or "if you desire." The leper knew that Jesus had the power to heal him, but he did not know if Jesus would want to touch him. +MAT 8 2 yjn2 figs-idiom θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι 1 you can make me clean Here "clean" means to be healed and to be able to live in the community again. Alternate translation: "you can heal me" or "please heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 8 3 kg7e figs-imperative καθαρίσθητι 1 Be clean By saying this, Jesus healed the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) +MAT 8 3 eht7 εὐθέως ἐκαθαρίσθη αὐτοῦ 1 Immediately he was cleansed "At that moment he was cleansed" MAT 8 3 lj1x figs-activepassive 0 he was cleansed of his leprosy The result of Jesus saying "Be clean" was that the man was healed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he was well" or "the leprosy left him" or "the leprosy ended" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 4 gzy6 0 to him This refers to the man that Jesus just healed. +MAT 8 4 gzy6 αὐτῷ 1 to him This refers to the man that Jesus just healed. MAT 8 4 gt5s 0 say nothing to any man "do not say anything to anyone" or "do not tell anyone I healed you" -MAT 8 4 zi3a figs-explicit 0 show yourself to the priest Jewish law required that the person show his healed skin to the priest, who would then allow him or her to return to the community, to be with other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 8 4 tq9l figs-explicit 0 offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony to them The law of Moses required that someone healed of leprosy give a thanksgiving offering to the priest. When the priest accepted the gift, people would know that the man had been healed. Lepers were ostracized, banned from the community, until they had proof of their healing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 8 4 rj8u figs-pronouns 0 to them This can possibly refer to 1) the priests or 2) all the people or 3) the critics of Jesus. If possible, use a pronoun that could refer to any of these groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +MAT 8 4 zi3a figs-explicit σεαυτὸν δεῖξον τῷ ἱερεῖ 1 show yourself to the priest Jewish law required that the person show his healed skin to the priest, who would then allow him or her to return to the community, to be with other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 8 4 tq9l figs-explicit προσένεγκον τὸ δῶρον ὃ Μωϋσῆς προσέταξεν, εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς 1 offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony to them The law of Moses required that someone healed of leprosy give a thanksgiving offering to the priest. When the priest accepted the gift, people would know that the man had been healed. Lepers were ostracized, banned from the community, until they had proof of their healing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 8 4 rj8u figs-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 to them This can possibly refer to 1) the priests or 2) all the people or 3) the critics of Jesus. If possible, use a pronoun that could refer to any of these groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) MAT 8 5 sxz8 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a different time and place and tells of Jesus healing another person. -MAT 8 5 vzb9 0 came to him and asked him Here "him" refers to Jesus. -MAT 8 6 cr8h 0 paralyzed unable to move because of disease or stroke +MAT 8 5 vzb9 προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν 1 came to him and asked him Here "him" refers to Jesus. +MAT 8 6 cr8h παραλυτικός 1 paralyzed unable to move because of disease or stroke MAT 8 7 b9br 0 Jesus said to him "Jesus said to the centurion" -MAT 8 7 r3sx 0 I will come and heal him "I will come to your house and make your servant well" -MAT 8 8 p7p4 figs-idiom 0 under my roof This is an idiom that refers to inside the house. Alternate translation: "into my house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 8 8 hig7 figs-metonymy 0 say the word Here "word" represents a command. Alternate translation: "give the command" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 8 8 rk1z figs-activepassive 0 will be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will become well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 9 ds2m figs-activepassive 0 who is placed under authority This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who is under the authority of someone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 7 r3sx ἐγὼ ἐλθὼν θεραπεύσω αὐτόν 1 I will come and heal him "I will come to your house and make your servant well" +MAT 8 8 p7p4 figs-idiom μου ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην 1 under my roof This is an idiom that refers to inside the house. Alternate translation: "into my house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 8 8 hig7 figs-metonymy εἰπὲ λόγῳ 1 say the word Here "word" represents a command. Alternate translation: "give the command" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 8 8 rk1z figs-activepassive ἰαθήσεται 1 will be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will become well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 9 ds2m figs-activepassive τασσόμενος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν 1 who is placed under authority This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who is under the authority of someone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 8 9 da25 figs-idiom 0 under authority ... under me To be "under" someone means to be less important and to obey the commands of someone more important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 8 10 rc1h 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 8 10 rc1h ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 8 10 c7y6 figs-explicit 0 I have not found anyone with such faith in Israel Jesus' hearers would have thought that the Jews in Israel, who claim to be children of God, would have greater faith than anyone. Jesus is saying they are wrong and that the centurion's faith was greater. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 8 11 xee4 figs-you 0 you Here "you" is plural and refers to "those who were following him" in [Matthew 8:10](../08/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 8 11 mt2i figs-merism 0 from the east and the west Using the opposites "east" and "west" is a way of saying "everywhere." Alternate translation: "from everywhere" or "from far away in every direction" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -MAT 8 11 u4sj figs-metonymy 0 recline at the table People in that culture would lie down beside the table while eating. This phrase indicates that all those at the table are family and close friends. The joy in the kingdom of God is frequently spoken of as if the people there were feasting. Alternate translation: "live as family and friends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 8 11 qmc7 figs-metonymy 0 in the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "when our God in heaven shows that he is king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 8 12 ks3b figs-activepassive 0 the sons of the kingdom will be thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will throw the sons of the kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 12 aug7 figs-metonymy 0 the sons of the kingdom The phrase "sons of" is a metonym, referring to the unbelieving Jews of the kingdom of Judea. There is also irony here because the "sons" will be thrown out while the strangers will be welcomed. Alternate translation: "those who should have allowed God to rule over them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MAT 8 12 liu4 figs-metonymy 0 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 8 12 gww4 translate-symaction 0 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. Alternate translation: "weeping and showing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 8 13 ki92 figs-activepassive 0 so may it be done for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so I will do it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 13 sdn6 figs-activepassive 0 the servant was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed the servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 13 ln7p 0 at that very hour "at the exact time Jesus said he would heal the servant" +MAT 8 11 xee4 figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you Here "you" is plural and refers to "those who were following him" in [Matthew 8:10](../08/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 8 11 mt2i figs-merism ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν 1 from the east and the west Using the opposites "east" and "west" is a way of saying "everywhere." Alternate translation: "from everywhere" or "from far away in every direction" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MAT 8 11 u4sj figs-metonymy ἀνακλιθήσονται 1 recline at the table People in that culture would lie down beside the table while eating. This phrase indicates that all those at the table are family and close friends. The joy in the kingdom of God is frequently spoken of as if the people there were feasting. Alternate translation: "live as family and friends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 8 11 qmc7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 in the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "when our God in heaven shows that he is king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 8 12 ks3b figs-activepassive οἱ δὲ υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας ἐκβληθήσονται 1 the sons of the kingdom will be thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will throw the sons of the kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 12 aug7 figs-metonymy οἱ δὲ υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας 1 the sons of the kingdom The phrase "sons of" is a metonym, referring to the unbelieving Jews of the kingdom of Judea. There is also irony here because the "sons" will be thrown out while the strangers will be welcomed. Alternate translation: "those who should have allowed God to rule over them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MAT 8 12 liu4 figs-metonymy τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 1 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 8 12 gww4 translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. Alternate translation: "weeping and showing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 8 13 ki92 figs-activepassive γενηθήτω σοι 1 so may it be done for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so I will do it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 13 sdn6 figs-activepassive ὁ παῖς ἰάθη 1 the servant was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed the servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 13 ln7p ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐκείνῃ 1 at that very hour "at the exact time Jesus said he would heal the servant" MAT 8 14 s6g4 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a different time and place and tells of Jesus healing another person. -MAT 8 14 ja31 0 Jesus had come The disciples were probably with Jesus, but the focus of the story is on what Jesus said and did, so introduce the disciples only if needed to avoid wrong meaning. -MAT 8 14 ynh8 0 Peter's mother-in-law "the mother of Peter's wife" -MAT 8 15 w7nh figs-personification 0 the fever left her If your language would understand this personification to mean that the fever could think and act on its own, this can be translated as "she became better" or "Jesus healed her." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -MAT 8 15 r9lt 0 got up "got out of bed" +MAT 8 14 ja31 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλθὼν 1 Jesus had come The disciples were probably with Jesus, but the focus of the story is on what Jesus said and did, so introduce the disciples only if needed to avoid wrong meaning. +MAT 8 14 ynh8 τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτοῦ' τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτοῦ- τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτοῦ- τὴν πενθερὰν αὐτοῦ 1 Peter's mother-in-law "the mother of Peter's wife" +MAT 8 15 w7nh figs-personification ὁ πυρετός ἀφῆκεν αὐτὴν 1 the fever left her If your language would understand this personification to mean that the fever could think and act on its own, this can be translated as "she became better" or "Jesus healed her." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MAT 8 15 r9lt ἠγέρθη 1 got up "got out of bed" MAT 8 16 bpx7 0 General Information: In verse 17, Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that Jesus' healing ministry was a fulfillment of prophecy. MAT 8 16 b7cx 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to later that evening and tells of Jesus healing more people and casting out demons. -MAT 8 16 yv9y figs-explicit 0 When evening had come Because Jews did not work or travel on the Sabbath, "evening" may imply after the Sabbath. They waited until evening to bring people to Jesus. You do not need to mention the Sabbath unless you need to avoid wrong meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 8 16 pwr4 figs-activepassive 0 many who were possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "many people whom demons possessed" or "many people whom demons controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 16 f1cv figs-metonymy 0 He drove out the spirits with a word Here "word" stands for a command. Alternate translation: "He commanded the spirits to leave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 8 17 r3dc figs-activepassive 0 was fulfilled that which had been spoken by Isaiah the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus fulfilled the prophecy that the prophet Isaiah had spoken to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 16 yv9y figs-explicit ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης 1 When evening had come Because Jews did not work or travel on the Sabbath, "evening" may imply after the Sabbath. They waited until evening to bring people to Jesus. You do not need to mention the Sabbath unless you need to avoid wrong meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 8 16 pwr4 figs-activepassive πολλούς δαιμονιζομένους 1 many who were possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "many people whom demons possessed" or "many people whom demons controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 16 f1cv figs-metonymy ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ 1 He drove out the spirits with a word Here "word" stands for a command. Alternate translation: "He commanded the spirits to leave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 8 17 r3dc figs-activepassive πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου 1 was fulfilled that which had been spoken by Isaiah the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus fulfilled the prophecy that the prophet Isaiah had spoken to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 8 17 eyu9 figs-parallelism 0 took our sickness and bore our diseases Matthew is quoting the prophet Isaiah. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he healed all of our diseases. Alternate translation: "healed those who were sick and made them well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) MAT 8 18 h8bx 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts and tells about Jesus' response to some people who wanted to follow him. MAT 8 18 dqh1 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 8 18 a2pn 0 he gave instructions "he told his disciples" +MAT 8 18 a2pn ἐκέλευσεν 1 he gave instructions "he told his disciples" MAT 8 19 g4rh 0 Then This means after Jesus "gave instructions" but before he could get into the boat. -MAT 8 19 e1b7 0 wherever to any place +MAT 8 19 e1b7 ὅπου 1 wherever to any place MAT 8 20 pqp6 writing-proverbs 0 Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests Jesus answers with this proverb. This means even wild animals have somewhere to rest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -MAT 8 20 tp9s translate-unknown 0 Foxes Foxes are animals like dogs. They eat nesting birds and other small animals. If foxes are unknown in your area, use a general term for dog-like creatures or other furry animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 8 20 rrb5 0 holes Foxes make holes in the ground to live in. Use the appropriate word for the place where the animal you use for "foxes" lives. -MAT 8 20 qvm5 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 8 20 tp9s translate-unknown αἱ ἀλώπεκες 1 Foxes Foxes are animals like dogs. They eat nesting birds and other small animals. If foxes are unknown in your area, use a general term for dog-like creatures or other furry animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 8 20 rrb5 ἔχουσιν 1 holes Foxes make holes in the ground to live in. Use the appropriate word for the place where the animal you use for "foxes" lives. +MAT 8 20 qvm5 figs-123person ὁ δὲ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 8 20 yl4s figs-idiom 0 nowhere to lay his head This refers to a place to sleep. Alternate translation: "no place of his own to sleep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 8 21 hlx9 0 allow me first to go and bury my father It is unclear whether the man's father has died and he will bury him immediately, or if the man wants to stay for a longer amount of time until his father dies so he can bury him then. The main point is that the man wants to do something else first before he follows Jesus. -MAT 8 22 h7fb figs-metaphor 0 leave the dead to bury their own dead Jesus does not mean literally that dead people will bury other dead people. Possible meanings of "the dead": 1) it is a metaphor for those who will soon die, or 2) it is a metaphor for those who do not follow Jesus and are spiritually dead. The main point is that a disciple must not let anything delay him from following Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 8 21 hlx9 ἐπίτρεψόν μοι πρῶτον ἀπελθεῖν καὶ θάψαι τὸν πατέρα μου 1 allow me first to go and bury my father It is unclear whether the man's father has died and he will bury him immediately, or if the man wants to stay for a longer amount of time until his father dies so he can bury him then. The main point is that the man wants to do something else first before he follows Jesus. +MAT 8 22 h7fb figs-metaphor ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκρούς 1 leave the dead to bury their own dead Jesus does not mean literally that dead people will bury other dead people. Possible meanings of "the dead": 1) it is a metaphor for those who will soon die, or 2) it is a metaphor for those who do not follow Jesus and are spiritually dead. The main point is that a disciple must not let anything delay him from following Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 8 23 us1s 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to the account of Jesus calming a storm as he and his disciples cross the Sea of Galilee. -MAT 8 23 e8k1 0 entered a boat "got onto a boat" -MAT 8 23 sl7v 0 his disciples followed him Try to use the same words for "disciple" and "follow" that you used in ([Matthew 8:21-22](./21.md)). -MAT 8 24 j55j 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of showing this. Alternate translation: "Suddenly" or "Without warning" -MAT 8 24 x7k1 figs-activepassive 0 there arose a great storm on the sea This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a powerful storm arose on the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 24 m6w8 figs-activepassive 0 so that the boat was covered with the waves This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the waves covered the boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 23 e8k1 ἐμβάντι αὐτῷ εἰς πλοῖον 1 entered a boat "got onto a boat" +MAT 8 23 sl7v οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ 1 his disciples followed him Try to use the same words for "disciple" and "follow" that you used in ([Matthew 8:21-22](./21.md)). +MAT 8 24 j55j ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of showing this. Alternate translation: "Suddenly" or "Without warning" +MAT 8 24 x7k1 figs-activepassive ἐγένετο σεισμὸς μέγας ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 1 there arose a great storm on the sea This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a powerful storm arose on the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 24 m6w8 figs-activepassive ὥστε τὸ πλοῖον καλύπτεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων 1 so that the boat was covered with the waves This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the waves covered the boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 8 25 k2hd 0 woke him up, saying, "Save us Possible meanings are 1) they first woke Jesus and then they said, "Save us" or 2) as they were waking Jesus up, they were saying "Save us." MAT 8 25 b2wh figs-inclusive 0 us ... we If you need to translate these words as inclusive or exclusive, then inclusive is best. The disciples probably meant they wanted Jesus to save the disciples and himself from drowning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -MAT 8 25 xf5d 0 we are about to die "we are going to die" -MAT 8 26 jmt8 0 to them "to the disciples" -MAT 8 26 g8p7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid ... faith? Jesus was rebuking the disciples with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "You should not be afraid ... faith!" or "There is nothing for you to be afraid of ... faith!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 8 26 r5ve 0 you of little faith "you who have such little faith." Jesus addresses his disciples this way because their anxiety about the storm shows they have little faith in him to control it. See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:30](../06/30.md). -MAT 8 27 u2qh figs-rquestion 0 What sort of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him? "Even the winds and the sea obey him! What sort of man is this?" This rhetorical question shows that the disciples were surprised. Alternate translation: "This man is unlike any man we have ever seen! Even the wind and the waves obey him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 8 27 k5mk figs-personification 0 even the winds and the sea obey him For people or animals to obey or disobey is not surprising, but for wind and water to obey is very surprising. This personification describes the natural elements as being able to hear and respond like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MAT 8 25 xf5d ἀπολλύμεθα 1 we are about to die "we are going to die" +MAT 8 26 jmt8 αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to the disciples" +MAT 8 26 g8p7 figs-rquestion ," τί δειλοί ἐστε, ὀλιγόπιστοι?" 1 Why are you afraid ... faith? Jesus was rebuking the disciples with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "You should not be afraid ... faith!" or "There is nothing for you to be afraid of ... faith!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 8 26 r5ve δειλοί ἐστε ὀλιγόπιστοι 1 you of little faith "you who have such little faith." Jesus addresses his disciples this way because their anxiety about the storm shows they have little faith in him to control it. See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:30](../06/30.md). +MAT 8 27 u2qh figs-rquestion ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος, ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν 1 What sort of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him? "Even the winds and the sea obey him! What sort of man is this?" This rhetorical question shows that the disciples were surprised. Alternate translation: "This man is unlike any man we have ever seen! Even the wind and the waves obey him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 8 27 k5mk figs-personification καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν 1 even the winds and the sea obey him For people or animals to obey or disobey is not surprising, but for wind and water to obey is very surprising. This personification describes the natural elements as being able to hear and respond like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MAT 8 28 g6mr 0 Connecting Statement: Here the author returns to the theme of Jesus healing people. This begins an account of Jesus healing two demon-possessed men. -MAT 8 28 iy7a 0 to the other side "to the other side of the Sea of Galilee" -MAT 8 28 yzi6 translate-names 0 country of the Gadarenes The Gadarenes were named after the town of Gadara. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 8 28 hz5n figs-activepassive 0 two men who were possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "two men whom demons possessed" or "two men whom demons were controlling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 8 28 iy7a εἰς τὸ πέραν 1 to the other side "to the other side of the Sea of Galilee" +MAT 8 28 yzi6 translate-names χώραν τῶν Γαδαρηνῶν 1 country of the Gadarenes The Gadarenes were named after the town of Gadara. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 8 28 hz5n figs-activepassive δύο δαιμονιζόμενοι 1 two men who were possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "two men whom demons possessed" or "two men whom demons were controlling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 8 28 ylu6 0 They ... were very violent, so that no traveler could pass that way The demons that were controlling these two men were so dangerous that no one could go through that area. -MAT 8 29 v9mp 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of showing this. +MAT 8 29 v9mp ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of showing this. MAT 8 29 gr2p figs-rquestion 0 What do we have to do with you, Son of God? The demons use a question but they are being hostile toward Jesus. Alternate translation: "Do not bother us, Son of God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 8 29 jcq6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus, which describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 8 29 u4jr figs-rquestion 0 Have you come here to torment us before the set time? Again, the demons use a question in a hostile way. Alternate translation: "You should not disobey God by punishing us before the specific time God has set when he will punish us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 8 29 jcq6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus, which describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 8 29 u4jr figs-rquestion ἦλθες ὧδε βασανίσαι ἡμᾶς πρὸ καιροῦ 1 Have you come here to torment us before the set time? Again, the demons use a question in a hostile way. Alternate translation: "You should not disobey God by punishing us before the specific time God has set when he will punish us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 8 30 v91c writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew tells background information about a herd of pigs that had been there before Jesus arrived. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 8 31 tf32 figs-explicit 0 If you cast us out It is implied that the demons knew that Jesus was going to cast them out. Alternate translation: "Because you are going to cast us out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 8 31 cgf7 figs-exclusive 0 us This is exclusive, meaning the demons only. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MAT 8 32 h86e 0 to them This refers to the demons inside the men. +MAT 8 31 tf32 figs-explicit εἰ ἐκβάλλεις ἡμᾶς ἐκβάλλεις 1 If you cast us out It is implied that the demons knew that Jesus was going to cast them out. Alternate translation: "Because you are going to cast us out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 8 31 cgf7 figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This is exclusive, meaning the demons only. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +MAT 8 32 h86e αὐτοῖς 1 to them This refers to the demons inside the men. MAT 8 32 gtx2 0 The demons came out and went into the pigs "The demons left the man and entered the pigs" -MAT 8 32 qa1i 0 behold This alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 8 32 lhn7 0 rushed down the steep hill "ran quickly down the steep slope" -MAT 8 32 zk2p 0 they died in the water "they fell into the water and drowned" +MAT 8 32 qa1i ἰδοὺ 1 behold This alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 8 32 lhn7 ὥρμησεν κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ 1 rushed down the steep hill "ran quickly down the steep slope" +MAT 8 32 zk2p ἀπέθανον ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν 1 they died in the water "they fell into the water and drowned" MAT 8 33 qmc5 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the account of Jesus healing two demon-possessed men. MAT 8 33 v39w 0 tending the pigs "taking care of the pigs" MAT 8 33 ev2w figs-activepassive 0 what had happened to the men who had been possessed by demons This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what Jesus did to help the men whom demons had controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 8 34 b2hp 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of showing this. -MAT 8 34 j6sp figs-metonymy 0 all the city The word "city" is a metonym for the people of the city. The word "all" is probably an exaggeration to emphasize how very many people came out. Not necessarily every person came out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 8 34 bsf4 0 their region "their area" +MAT 8 34 b2hp ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of showing this. +MAT 8 34 j6sp figs-metonymy πᾶσα ἡ πόλις 1 all the city The word "city" is a metonym for the people of the city. The word "all" is probably an exaggeration to emphasize how very many people came out. Not necessarily every person came out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 8 34 bsf4 τῶν ὁρίων αὐτῶν 1 their region "their area" MAT 9 intro tg41 0 # Matthew 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Sinners"

When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Passive voice

Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

##### Rhetorical questions

Speakers in this chapter asked questions to which they already knew the answer. They asked the questions to show that they were not happy with the hearers or to teach them or to get them to think. Your language may have another way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### Proverbs

Proverbs are very short sentences that use words that are easy to remember to tell about something that is generally true. People who understand proverbs usually have to know much about the language and culture of the speaker. When you translate the proverbs in this chapter, you may have to use many more words than the speakers used so that you can add information that the hearers knew but your reader do not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
MAT 9 1 nl8w 0 Connecting Statement: Matthew returns to the theme, which he began in [Matthew 8:1](../08/01.md), of Jesus healing people. This begins an account of Jesus healing a paralyzed man. MAT 9 1 ly42 figs-activepassive 0 Jesus entered a boat It is implied that the disciples were with Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 1 cs8l 0 a boat This is probably the same boat as in [Matthew 8:23](../08/23.md). You only need to specify this if needed to avoid confusion. -MAT 9 1 lje9 0 into his own city "to the town where he lived." This refers to Capernaum. -MAT 9 2 i6xp 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of showing this. -MAT 9 2 szd4 0 they brought "some men from the city" -MAT 9 2 k5eh 0 their faith This refers to the faith of the men and may also include the faith of the paralyzed man. -MAT 9 2 k9qq 0 Son The man was not Jesus' real son. Jesus was speaking to him politely. If this is confusing, it can also be translated "My friend" or "Young man" or even omitted. -MAT 9 2 iys2 figs-activepassive 0 Your sins have been forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have forgiven your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 3 a35d 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 9 3 f88r 0 among themselves Possible meanings are 1) each one was thinking to himself, or 2) they were speaking among themselves. -MAT 9 3 mq8v 0 blaspheming Jesus was claiming to be able to do things the scribes thought only God can do. -MAT 9 4 u643 0 knew their thoughts Jesus knew what they were thinking either supernaturally or because he could see them talking to each other. -MAT 9 4 n4yl figs-rquestion 0 Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? Jesus used this question to rebuke the scribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 9 4 qg52 0 evil This is moral evil or wickedness, not simply error in fact. -MAT 9 4 d499 figs-metonymy 0 in your hearts Here "hearts" refers to their minds or their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 9 5 j716 figs-rquestion 0 For which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? Jesus uses this question to make the scribes think about what might prove whether or not he could really forgive sins. Alternate translation: "I just said 'Your sins are forgiven.' You may think that it is harder to say 'Get up and walk,' because the proof of whether or not I can heal the man will be shown by whether or not he gets up and walks." or "You may think that it is easier to say 'Your sins are forgiven' than it is to say 'Get up and walk.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 9 5 mk14 figs-quotations 0 which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? The quotes can be translated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: "which is easier, to tell someone that his sins are forgiven, or to tell him to get up and walk?" or "you may think that it is easier to tell someone that his sins are forgiven than to tell him to get up and walk." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 9 5 g88p figs-you 0 Your sins are forgiven Here "your" is singular. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have forgiven your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 6 gk68 figs-you 0 that you may know "I will prove to you." The "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 9 6 n5sf figs-you 0 your mat ... your house Here "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 9 6 td1z 0 go to your house Jesus is not forbidding the man to go elsewhere. He is giving the man the opportunity to go home. +MAT 9 1 lje9 εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν 1 into his own city "to the town where he lived." This refers to Capernaum. +MAT 9 2 i6xp ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of showing this. +MAT 9 2 szd4 προσέφερον 1 they brought "some men from the city" +MAT 9 2 k5eh τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶν 1 their faith This refers to the faith of the men and may also include the faith of the paralyzed man. +MAT 9 2 k9qq τέκνον 1 Son The man was not Jesus' real son. Jesus was speaking to him politely. If this is confusing, it can also be translated "My friend" or "Young man" or even omitted. +MAT 9 2 iys2 figs-activepassive σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφίενταί 1 Your sins have been forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have forgiven your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 3 a35d ἰδού 1 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 9 3 f88r ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 among themselves Possible meanings are 1) each one was thinking to himself, or 2) they were speaking among themselves. +MAT 9 3 mq8v βλασφημεῖ 1 blaspheming Jesus was claiming to be able to do things the scribes thought only God can do. +MAT 9 4 u643 ἰδὼν τὰς ἐνθυμήσεις αὐτῶν 1 knew their thoughts Jesus knew what they were thinking either supernaturally or because he could see them talking to each other. +MAT 9 4 n4yl figs-rquestion τί ἐνθυμεῖσθε πονηρὰ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν? 1 Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? Jesus used this question to rebuke the scribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 9 4 qg52 πονηρὰ 1 evil This is moral evil or wickedness, not simply error in fact. +MAT 9 4 d499 figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν 1 in your hearts Here "hearts" refers to their minds or their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 9 5 j716 figs-rquestion τί γάρ ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον, εἰπεῖν,' σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνται,' ἢ εἰπεῖν,' ἔγειρε καὶ περιπάτει'? 1 For which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? Jesus uses this question to make the scribes think about what might prove whether or not he could really forgive sins. Alternate translation: "I just said 'Your sins are forgiven.' You may think that it is harder to say 'Get up and walk,' because the proof of whether or not I can heal the man will be shown by whether or not he gets up and walks." or "You may think that it is easier to say 'Your sins are forgiven' than it is to say 'Get up and walk.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 9 5 mk14 figs-quotations τί γάρ ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον, εἰπεῖν,' σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνται,' ἢ εἰπεῖν,' ἔγειρε καὶ περιπάτει'? 1 which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? The quotes can be translated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: "which is easier, to tell someone that his sins are forgiven, or to tell him to get up and walk?" or "you may think that it is easier to tell someone that his sins are forgiven than to tell him to get up and walk." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 9 5 g88p figs-you σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνται 1 Your sins are forgiven Here "your" is singular. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have forgiven your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 6 gk68 figs-you ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτε 1 that you may know "I will prove to you." The "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 9 6 n5sf figs-you τὸν οἶκόν σου 1 your mat ... your house Here "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 9 6 td1z ὕπαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου 1 go to your house Jesus is not forbidding the man to go elsewhere. He is giving the man the opportunity to go home. MAT 9 7 uwq4 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the account of Jesus healing a paralyzed man. Jesus then calls a tax collector to be one of his disciples. -MAT 9 8 u8qu 0 who had given "because he had given" -MAT 9 8 x71s 0 such authority This refers to the authority to declare sins forgiven. -MAT 9 9 fkr2 0 As Jesus passed by from there This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -MAT 9 9 g4r4 0 passed by "was leaving" or "was going" +MAT 9 8 u8qu τὸν δόντα 1 who had given "because he had given" +MAT 9 8 x71s τοιαύτην ἐξουσίαν 1 such authority This refers to the authority to declare sins forgiven. +MAT 9 9 fkr2 παράγων ὁ Ἰησοῦς παράγων ἐκεῖθεν 1 As Jesus passed by from there This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +MAT 9 9 g4r4 παράγων 1 passed by "was leaving" or "was going" MAT 9 9 jc18 0 Matthew ... him ... He Church tradition says that this Matthew is the author of this Gospel, but the text gives no reason to change the pronouns from "him" and "He" to "me" and "I." -MAT 9 9 t5ip 0 He said to him "Jesus said to Matthew" -MAT 9 9 q438 0 He got up and followed him "Matthew got up and followed Jesus." This means Matthew became Jesus' disciple. +MAT 9 9 t5ip λέγει αὐτῷ 1 He said to him "Jesus said to Matthew" +MAT 9 9 q438 ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ 1 He got up and followed him "Matthew got up and followed Jesus." This means Matthew became Jesus' disciple. MAT 9 10 h7u9 0 General Information: These events occur at the house of Matthew the tax collector. -MAT 9 10 ksr5 0 the house This is probably Matthew's house, but it could also be Jesus' house. Specify only if needed to avoid confusion. -MAT 9 10 c751 0 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 9 10 f9lh 0 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins +MAT 9 10 ksr5 τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 the house This is probably Matthew's house, but it could also be Jesus' house. Specify only if needed to avoid confusion. +MAT 9 10 c751 ἰδοὺ 1 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 9 10 f9lh ἁμαρτωλοὶ 1 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins MAT 9 11 ge2u 0 When the Pharisees saw it "When the Pharisees saw that Jesus was eating with the tax collectors and sinful people" -MAT 9 11 z4h5 figs-rquestion 0 Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners? The Pharisees use this question to criticize what Jesus is doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 9 11 z4h5 figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἐσθίει ὁ διδάσκαλος ὑμῶν ἐσθίει μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν 1 Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners? The Pharisees use this question to criticize what Jesus is doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 9 12 xz13 0 General Information: These events occur at the house of Matthew the tax collector. MAT 9 12 m7fm 0 When Jesus heard this Here "this" refers to the question the Pharisees asked about Jesus eating with tax collectors and sinners. MAT 9 12 tl42 writing-proverbs 0 People who are strong in body do not need a physician, only those who are sick Jesus answers with a proverb. He means that he eats with these kinds of people because he has come to help sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MAT 9 12 uhc5 0 People who are strong in body "People who are healthy" -MAT 9 12 h5pg 0 physician doctor -MAT 9 12 n33c figs-ellipsis 0 those who are sick The phrase "need a physician" is understood. Alternate translation: "people who are sick need a physician" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 9 12 h5pg ἰατροῦ 1 physician doctor +MAT 9 12 n33c figs-ellipsis οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες 1 those who are sick The phrase "need a physician" is understood. Alternate translation: "people who are sick need a physician" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 9 13 fu2r 0 You should go and learn what this means Jesus is about to quote the scriptures. Alternate translation: "You should learn the meaning of what God said in the scriptures" -MAT 9 13 is3t figs-you 0 You should go Here "you" is plural and refers to the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 9 13 tqr3 0 I desire mercy and not sacrifice Jesus is quoting what the prophet Hosea wrote in the scriptures. Here, "I" refers to God. -MAT 9 13 djt7 0 For I came Here "I" refers to Jesus. -MAT 9 13 a886 figs-irony 0 the righteous Jesus is using irony. He does not think there are any people who are righteous and do not need to repent. Alternate translation: "those who think they are righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MAT 9 13 is3t figs-you πορευθέντες 1 You should go Here "you" is plural and refers to the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 9 13 tqr3 θέλω ἔλεος καὶ οὐ θυσίαν 1 I desire mercy and not sacrifice Jesus is quoting what the prophet Hosea wrote in the scriptures. Here, "I" refers to God. +MAT 9 13 djt7 οὐ γὰρ ἦλθον 1 For I came Here "I" refers to Jesus. +MAT 9 13 a886 figs-irony δικαίους 1 the righteous Jesus is using irony. He does not think there are any people who are righteous and do not need to repent. Alternate translation: "those who think they are righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MAT 9 14 aa3c 0 Connecting Statement: The disciples of John the Baptist question the fact that Jesus' disciples do not fast. -MAT 9 14 k8vc 0 do not fast "continue to eat regularly" +MAT 9 14 k8vc οὐ νηστεύουσιν 1 do not fast "continue to eat regularly" MAT 9 15 r8if figs-rquestion 0 Can wedding attendants be sorrowful while the bridegroom is still with them? Jesus uses a question to answer John's disciples. They all knew that people do not mourn and fast at a wedding celebration. Jesus uses this proverb to show that his disciples do not mourn because he is still there with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MAT 9 15 iz9s 0 the days will come when This is a way of referring to some time in the future. Alternate translation: "the time will come when" or "someday" -MAT 9 15 p6hz figs-activepassive 0 the bridegroom will be taken away from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the bridegroom will not be able to be with them any longer" or "someone will take the bridegroom away from them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 15 u8er 0 will be taken away Jesus is probably referring to his own death, but this should not be made explicit here in the translation. To maintain the imagery of a wedding, it is best to just state that the bridegroom will not be there any longer. +MAT 9 15 p6hz figs-activepassive ὁ νυμφίος ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 the bridegroom will be taken away from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the bridegroom will not be able to be with them any longer" or "someone will take the bridegroom away from them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 15 u8er ἀπαρθῇ 1 will be taken away Jesus is probably referring to his own death, but this should not be made explicit here in the translation. To maintain the imagery of a wedding, it is best to just state that the bridegroom will not be there any longer. MAT 9 16 v4a1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to answer the question that the disciples of John had asked. He did this by giving two examples of old things and new things that people do not put together. -MAT 9 16 yf98 0 No man puts a piece of new cloth on an old garment "No one sews a piece of new cloth on an old garment" or "People do not sew a piece of new cloth as a patch an old garment" +MAT 9 16 yf98 οὐδεὶς ἐπιβάλλει ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ἐπὶ ἱματίῳ παλαιῷ 1 No man puts a piece of new cloth on an old garment "No one sews a piece of new cloth on an old garment" or "People do not sew a piece of new cloth as a patch an old garment" MAT 9 16 bk47 0 an old garment ... the garment "old clothing ... the clothing"" -MAT 9 16 x752 0 the patch will tear away from the garment If someone were to wash the garment, the patch of new cloth would shrink, but the old garment would not shrink. This would tear the patch off the garment and leave a bigger hole. -MAT 9 16 rem6 0 the patch "the piece of new cloth." This is the piece of cloth used to cover a hole in the old garment. +MAT 9 16 x752 τὸ πλήρωμα αἴρει ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱματίου 1 the patch will tear away from the garment If someone were to wash the garment, the patch of new cloth would shrink, but the old garment would not shrink. This would tear the patch off the garment and leave a bigger hole. +MAT 9 16 rem6 τὸ πλήρωμα 1 the patch "the piece of new cloth." This is the piece of cloth used to cover a hole in the old garment. MAT 9 16 t71t figs-activepassive 0 a worse tear will be made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this will make the tear worse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 17 q9wh 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to answer the question that disciples of John had asked. MAT 9 17 s13y 0 Neither do people put new wine into old wineskins Jesus uses another proverb to answer John's disciples. This means the same as the proverb in [Matthew 9:16](../09/16.md). MAT 9 17 fbl3 0 Neither do people put "Neither does anyone pour" or "People never put" -MAT 9 17 h26e translate-unknown 0 new wine This refers to wine that has not fermented yet. If grapes are unknown in your area, use the general term for fruit. Alternate translation: "grape juice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 9 17 dpv4 0 old wineskins This refers to wineskins that have stretched and dried out because they were already used for fermenting wine. -MAT 9 17 v4x2 0 wineskins "wine bags" or "skin bags." These were bags made out of animal skins. -MAT 9 17 hv8f figs-activepassive 0 the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and this will ruin the wineskins and spill the wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 17 tg2k 0 the skins will burst When the new wine ferments and expands, the skins tear open because they can no longer stretch out. -MAT 9 17 cid7 0 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to wineskins that no one has used. -MAT 9 17 i8v4 figs-activepassive 0 both will be preserved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this will keep safe both the wineskins and the wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 17 h26e translate-unknown νέον οἶνον 1 new wine This refers to wine that has not fermented yet. If grapes are unknown in your area, use the general term for fruit. Alternate translation: "grape juice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 9 17 dpv4 παλαιούς ἀσκοὺς 1 old wineskins This refers to wineskins that have stretched and dried out because they were already used for fermenting wine. +MAT 9 17 v4x2 ἀσκοὺς 1 wineskins "wine bags" or "skin bags." These were bags made out of animal skins. +MAT 9 17 hv8f figs-activepassive ὁ οἶνος ἐκχεῖται, καὶ οἱ ἀσκοὶ ἀπόλλυνται 1 the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and this will ruin the wineskins and spill the wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 17 tg2k οἱ ἀσκοί ῥήγνυνται 1 the skins will burst When the new wine ferments and expands, the skins tear open because they can no longer stretch out. +MAT 9 17 cid7 καινούς ἀσκοὺς 1 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to wineskins that no one has used. +MAT 9 17 i8v4 figs-activepassive ἀμφότεροι συντηροῦνται 1 both will be preserved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this will keep safe both the wineskins and the wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 18 a7ax 0 Connecting Statement: This begins an account of Jesus bringing to life the daughter of a Jewish official after she had died. MAT 9 18 mj4x 0 these things This refers to the answer Jesus gave John's disciples about fasting. -MAT 9 18 eqp1 0 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 9 18 n1i6 translate-symaction 0 bowed down to him This is a way someone would show respect in Jewish culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 9 18 in6t 0 come and lay your hand on her, and she will live This shows that the Jewish official believed Jesus had the power to bring his daughter back to life. -MAT 9 19 z99m 0 his disciples "Jesus' disciples" +MAT 9 18 eqp1 ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 9 18 n1i6 translate-symaction προσεκύνει αὐτῷ 1 bowed down to him This is a way someone would show respect in Jewish culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 9 18 in6t ἐλθὼν ἐπίθες τὴν χεῖρά σου ἐπ’ αὐτήν, καὶ ζήσεται 1 come and lay your hand on her, and she will live This shows that the Jewish official believed Jesus had the power to bring his daughter back to life. +MAT 9 19 z99m οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ 1 his disciples "Jesus' disciples" MAT 9 20 ai7a 0 Connecting Statement: This describes how Jesus healed another woman while he was on the way to the Jewish official's house. -MAT 9 20 etd3 0 Behold The word "Behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 9 20 gv15 figs-euphemism 0 who suffered from a discharge of blood "who had been bleeding" or "who frequently had a flow of blood." She was probably bleeding from her womb even when it was not the normal time for it. Some cultures may have a polite way of referring to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 9 20 na37 translate-numbers 0 twelve years "12 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 9 20 m9zq 0 his garment "his robe" or "what he was wearing" -MAT 9 21 eb6t figs-events 0 For she had said to herself, "If only I touch his clothes, I will be made well." She said this to herself before she touched Jesus' garment. This tells why she touched Jesus' garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -MAT 9 21 ukb8 figs-explicit 0 If only I touch his clothes According to Jewish law, because she was bleeding she was not supposed to touch anyone. She touches his clothes so that Jesus' power would heal her and yet (she thought) he would not know that she touched him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 9 22 vi84 0 But Jesus "The woman was hoping she could touch him secretly, but Jesus" -MAT 9 22 x398 0 Daughter The woman was not Jesus' real daughter. Jesus was speaking to her politely. If this is confusing, it can also be translated "Young woman" or even omitted. -MAT 9 22 q6ca 0 your faith has made you well "because you believed in me, I will heal you" -MAT 9 22 zv2n figs-activepassive 0 the woman was healed from that hour This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her at that moment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 20 etd3 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "Behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 9 20 gv15 figs-euphemism αἱμορροοῦσα 1 who suffered from a discharge of blood "who had been bleeding" or "who frequently had a flow of blood." She was probably bleeding from her womb even when it was not the normal time for it. Some cultures may have a polite way of referring to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 9 20 na37 translate-numbers δώδεκα ἔτη 1 twelve years "12 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 9 20 m9zq τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ 1 his garment "his robe" or "what he was wearing" +MAT 9 21 eb6t figs-events γὰρ ἔλεγεν ἐν ἑαυτῇ," ἐὰν μόνον ἅψωμαι τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ, σωθήσομαι." 1 For she had said to herself, "If only I touch his clothes, I will be made well." She said this to herself before she touched Jesus' garment. This tells why she touched Jesus' garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) +MAT 9 21 ukb8 figs-explicit ἐὰν μόνον ἅψωμαι τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ 1 If only I touch his clothes According to Jewish law, because she was bleeding she was not supposed to touch anyone. She touches his clothes so that Jesus' power would heal her and yet (she thought) he would not know that she touched him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 9 22 vi84 ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς 1 But Jesus "The woman was hoping she could touch him secretly, but Jesus" +MAT 9 22 x398 θύγατερ 1 Daughter The woman was not Jesus' real daughter. Jesus was speaking to her politely. If this is confusing, it can also be translated "Young woman" or even omitted. +MAT 9 22 q6ca ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε 1 your faith has made you well "because you believed in me, I will heal you" +MAT 9 22 zv2n figs-activepassive ἡ γυνὴ ἐσώθη ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 1 the woman was healed from that hour This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her at that moment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 23 tu2c 0 Connecting Statement: This returns to the account of Jesus bringing the daughter of the Jewish official back to life. -MAT 9 23 jae1 0 the flute players and the crowds making much noise This was a common way to mourn for someone who has died. -MAT 9 23 gy7g 0 flute players "people who play flutes" -MAT 9 24 v1st 0 Go away Jesus was speaking to many people, so use the plural command form if your language has one. -MAT 9 24 pc1m figs-euphemism 0 the girl is not dead, but she is asleep Jesus is using a play on words. It was common in Jesus' day to refer to a dead person as one who "sleeps." But here the dead girl will get up, as though she had only been sleeping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 9 23 jae1 τοὺς αὐλητὰς καὶ τὸν ὄχλον θορυβούμενον 1 the flute players and the crowds making much noise This was a common way to mourn for someone who has died. +MAT 9 23 gy7g αὐλητὰς 1 flute players "people who play flutes" +MAT 9 24 v1st ἀναχωρεῖτε 1 Go away Jesus was speaking to many people, so use the plural command form if your language has one. +MAT 9 24 pc1m figs-euphemism τὸ κοράσιον οὐ γὰρ ἀπέθανεν, ἀλλὰ καθεύδει 1 the girl is not dead, but she is asleep Jesus is using a play on words. It was common in Jesus' day to refer to a dead person as one who "sleeps." But here the dead girl will get up, as though she had only been sleeping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MAT 9 25 iy6x 0 General Information: Verse 26 is a summary statement that describes the result of Jesus raising this girl from the dead. MAT 9 25 utu3 0 Connecting Statement: This completes the account of Jesus bringing the daughter of the Jewish official back to life. -MAT 9 25 nqs6 figs-activepassive 0 When the crowd had been put outside This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After Jesus had sent the crowd outside" or "After the family had sent the people outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 25 mm3q 0 got up "got out of bed." This is the same meaning as in [Matthew 8:15](../08/15.md). +MAT 9 25 nqs6 figs-activepassive ὅτε ὁ ὄχλος ἐξεβλήθη 1 When the crowd had been put outside This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After Jesus had sent the crowd outside" or "After the family had sent the people outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 25 mm3q ἠγέρθη 1 got up "got out of bed." This is the same meaning as in [Matthew 8:15](../08/15.md). MAT 9 26 rxs4 0 The news about this spread into all that region "The people of that whole region heard about it" or "The people who saw that the girl was alive started telling everyone in the whole area about it" MAT 9 27 b1h6 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus healing two blind men. -MAT 9 27 a8nm 0 As Jesus passed by from there As Jesus was leaving the region -MAT 9 27 nwe9 0 passed by "was leaving" or "was going" -MAT 9 27 suc1 0 followed him This means they were walking behind Jesus, not necessarily that they had become his disciples. -MAT 9 27 d8bu figs-explicit 0 Have mercy on us It is implied that they wanted Jesus to heal them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 9 27 dh5d 0 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the men were probably calling Jesus by this title. +MAT 9 27 a8nm παράγοντι τῷ Ἰησοῦ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν 1 As Jesus passed by from there As Jesus was leaving the region +MAT 9 27 nwe9 παράγοντι 1 passed by "was leaving" or "was going" +MAT 9 27 suc1 ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ 1 followed him This means they were walking behind Jesus, not necessarily that they had become his disciples. +MAT 9 27 d8bu figs-explicit ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς 1 Have mercy on us It is implied that they wanted Jesus to heal them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 9 27 dh5d Υἱὲ Δαυείδ 1 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the men were probably calling Jesus by this title. MAT 9 28 yr4h 0 When Jesus had come into the house This could be either Jesus' own house or the house in [Matthew 9:10](../09/10.md). -MAT 9 28 e81f figs-ellipsis 0 Yes, Lord The full content of their answer is not stated, but it is understood. Alternate translation: "Yes, Lord, we believe you can heal us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 9 29 b3rl 0 touched their eyes and said It is not clear whether he touched both men's eyes at the same time or used only his right hand to touch one then the other. As the left hand was customarily used for unclean purposes, it is most likely that he used only his right hand. It is also not clear whether he spoke as he was touching them or touched them first and then spoke to them. -MAT 9 29 w92e figs-activepassive 0 Let it be done to you according to your faith This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will do as you have believed" or "Because you believe, I will heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 30 uk2a figs-idiom 0 their eyes were opened This means they were able to see. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God healed their eyes" or "the two blind men were able to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 28 e81f figs-ellipsis ναί, Κύριε 1 Yes, Lord The full content of their answer is not stated, but it is understood. Alternate translation: "Yes, Lord, we believe you can heal us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 9 29 b3rl ἥψατο τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν λέγων 1 touched their eyes and said It is not clear whether he touched both men's eyes at the same time or used only his right hand to touch one then the other. As the left hand was customarily used for unclean purposes, it is most likely that he used only his right hand. It is also not clear whether he spoke as he was touching them or touched them first and then spoke to them. +MAT 9 29 w92e figs-activepassive γενηθήτω ὑμῖν κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν 1 Let it be done to you according to your faith This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will do as you have believed" or "Because you believe, I will heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 30 uk2a figs-idiom αὐτῶν ὀφθαλμοί ἠνεῴχθησαν 1 their eyes were opened This means they were able to see. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God healed their eyes" or "the two blind men were able to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 30 t6p8 figs-idiom 0 See that no one knows about this Here "See" means "be sure." Alternate translation: "Be sure no one finds out about this" or "Do not tell anyone that I healed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 9 31 y574 0 But the two men "The two men did not do what Jesus told them to do. They" -MAT 9 31 y4b2 0 spread the news "told many people what had happened to them" +MAT 9 31 y4b2 διεφήμισαν 1 spread the news "told many people what had happened to them" MAT 9 32 tya1 0 Connecting Statement: This is the account of Jesus healing a demon-possessed man who could not speak and how people responded. -MAT 9 32 v9tr 0 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 9 32 v9tr ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. MAT 9 32 kr24 figs-activepassive 0 a mute man ... was brought to Jesus This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone brought a mute man ... to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 32 sh32 0 mute not able to talk -MAT 9 32 n6fs figs-activepassive 0 possessed by a demon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom a demon had possessed" or "whom a demon was controlling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 33 d6zs figs-activepassive 0 When the demon had been driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After Jesus had forced the demon out" or "After Jesus had commanded the demon to leave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 32 sh32 κωφὸν 1 mute not able to talk +MAT 9 32 n6fs figs-activepassive δαιμονιζόμενον 1 possessed by a demon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom a demon had possessed" or "whom a demon was controlling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 33 d6zs figs-activepassive ἐκβληθέντος τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐκβληθέντος 1 When the demon had been driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After Jesus had forced the demon out" or "After Jesus had commanded the demon to leave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 9 33 r8ce 0 the mute man spoke "the mute man began to speak" or "the man who had been mute spoke" or "the man, who was no longer mute, spoke" -MAT 9 33 d1lf 0 The crowds were astonished "The people were amazed" -MAT 9 33 y4l5 figs-activepassive 0 This has never been seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This has never happened before" or "No one has ever done anything like this before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 9 34 z2r7 0 he drives out demons "he forces demons to leave" -MAT 9 34 q623 0 he drives The pronoun "he" refers to Jesus. +MAT 9 33 d1lf οἱ ὄχλοι ἐθαύμασαν 1 The crowds were astonished "The people were amazed" +MAT 9 33 y4l5 figs-activepassive οὕτως ἐφάνη οὐδέποτε ἐφάνη 1 This has never been seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This has never happened before" or "No one has ever done anything like this before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 9 34 z2r7 ἐκβάλλει δαιμόνια 1 he drives out demons "he forces demons to leave" +MAT 9 34 q623 ἐκβάλλει 1 he drives The pronoun "he" refers to Jesus. MAT 9 35 z6ya 0 General Information: Verse 36 begins a new part of the story where Jesus teaches his disciples and sends them to preach and heal as he has done. MAT 9 35 xpp4 writing-endofstory 0 Verse 35 is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 8:1](../08/01.md) about Jesus' healing ministry in Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -MAT 9 35 x9ck figs-hyperbole 0 all the cities The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize how very many cities Jesus went to. He did not necessarily go to every one of them. Alternate translation: "many of the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 9 35 x9ck figs-hyperbole τὰς πόλεις πάσας 1 all the cities The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize how very many cities Jesus went to. He did not necessarily go to every one of them. Alternate translation: "many of the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 9 35 ehx5 0 cities ... villages "large villages ... small villages" or "large towns ... small towns" -MAT 9 35 uz5e figs-abstractnouns 0 the gospel of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. See how you translated this in [Matthew 4:23](../04/23.md). Alternate translation: "preaching the good news that God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 9 35 uz5e figs-abstractnouns τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας 1 the gospel of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. See how you translated this in [Matthew 4:23](../04/23.md). Alternate translation: "preaching the good news that God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 9 35 e7at 0 all kinds of disease and all kinds of sickness "every disease and every sickness." The words "disease" and "sickness" are closely related but should be translated as two different words if possible. "Disease" is what causes a person to be sick. "Sickness" is the physical weakness or affliction that results from having a disease. MAT 9 36 t47i figs-simile 0 They were like sheep without a shepherd This simile means they did not have a leader to take care of them. Alternate translation: "The people did not have a leader" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 9 37 q95i 0 General Information: Jesus uses a proverb about harvesting to tell his disciples how they should respond to the needs of the crowds mentioned in the previous section. MAT 9 37 mur4 writing-proverbs 0 The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few Jesus uses a proverb to respond to what he is seeing. Jesus means there are a lot of people who are ready to believe God but only few people to teach them God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MAT 9 37 m6ke 0 The harvest is plentiful "There is plenty of ripe food for someone to collect" -MAT 9 37 h3a2 0 laborers "workers" -MAT 9 38 vz8y 0 pray to the Lord of the harvest "pray to God, because he is in charge of the harvest" +MAT 9 37 h3a2 ἐργάται 1 laborers "workers" +MAT 9 38 vz8y δεήθητε τοῦ Κυρίου τοῦ θερισμοῦ 1 pray to the Lord of the harvest "pray to God, because he is in charge of the harvest" MAT 10 intro m5iu 0 # Matthew 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The sending of the twelve disciples

Many verses in this chapter describe how Jesus sent the twelve disciples out. He sent them to tell his message about the kingdom of heaven. They were to tell his message only in Israel and not to share it with the Gentiles.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### The twelve disciples

The following are the lists of the twelve disciples:

In Matthew:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James son of Zebedee, John son of Zebedee, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.

In Mark:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James the son of Zebedee and John the son of Zebedee (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder), Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot.

In Luke:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon (who was called the Zealot), Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot.

Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James.

##### "The kingdom of heaven has come near"

No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near."
MAT 10 1 nhp2 0 Connecting Statement: This begins an account of Jesus sending out his twelve disciples to do his work. -MAT 10 1 gjs9 translate-numbers 0 called his twelve disciples together "summoned his 12 disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 10 1 x1er 0 gave them authority Be sure that the text clearly communicates that this authority was 1) to drive out unclean spirits and 2) to heal disease and sickness. -MAT 10 1 pq8k 0 to drive them out "to make the unclean spirits leave" +MAT 10 1 gjs9 translate-numbers προσκαλεσάμενος τοὺς δώδεκα μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ προσκαλεσάμενος 1 called his twelve disciples together "summoned his 12 disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 10 1 x1er ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν 1 gave them authority Be sure that the text clearly communicates that this authority was 1) to drive out unclean spirits and 2) to heal disease and sickness. +MAT 10 1 pq8k ὥστε ἐκβάλλειν αὐτὰ ἐκβάλλειν 1 to drive them out "to make the unclean spirits leave" MAT 10 1 x29j 0 all kinds of disease and all kinds of sickness "every disease and every sickness." The words "disease" and "sickness" are closely related but should be translated as two different words if possible. "Disease" is what causes a person to be sick. "Sickness" is the physical weakness or affliction that results from having a disease. MAT 10 2 yt7a 0 General Information: Here the author provides the names of the twelve apostles as background information. MAT 10 2 t59v writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew tells background information about the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 10 2 f1vu 0 twelve apostles This is the same group as the "twelve disciples" in [Matthew 10:1](../10/01.md). -MAT 10 2 sc7b translate-ordinal 0 first This is first in order, not in rank. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 10 3 g6eg 0 Matthew the tax collector "Matthew, who was a tax collector" +MAT 10 2 f1vu δώδεκα ἀποστόλων 1 twelve apostles This is the same group as the "twelve disciples" in [Matthew 10:1](../10/01.md). +MAT 10 2 sc7b translate-ordinal πρῶτος 1 first This is first in order, not in rank. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 10 3 g6eg Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης 1 Matthew the tax collector "Matthew, who was a tax collector" MAT 10 4 n4st 0 the Zealot Possible meanings are 1) "the Zealot" is a title that shows that he was part of the group of people who wanted to free the Jewish people from Roman rule. Alternate translation: "the patriot" or "the nationalist" or 2) "the Zealot" is a description that shows that he was zealous for God to be honored. Alternate translation: "the zealous one" or "the passionate one" -MAT 10 4 kmp2 0 who would betray him "who would betray Jesus" +MAT 10 4 kmp2 ὁ παραδοὺς αὐτόν 1 who would betray him "who would betray Jesus" MAT 10 5 sn9v figs-events 0 General Information: Although verse 5 begins by saying that he sent out the twelve, Jesus gave these instructions before he sent them out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) MAT 10 5 aw5h 0 Connecting Statement: Here Jesus begins to give instructions to his disciples about what they should do and expect when they go to preach. -MAT 10 5 c46d 0 These twelve Jesus sent out "Jesus sent out these twelve men" or "It was these twelve men whom Jesus sent out" -MAT 10 5 yix4 0 sent out Jesus sent them out for a particular purpose. -MAT 10 5 ryl4 0 He instructed them "He told them what they needed to do" or "He commanded them" -MAT 10 6 q1pb figs-metaphor 0 lost sheep of the house of Israel This is a metaphor comparing the entire nation of Israel to sheep who have strayed from their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 6 b6i2 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel This refers to the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "people of Israel" or "descendants of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 7 uff2 figs-you 0 as you go Here "you" is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 7 w59i figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of heaven has come near The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use the word "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "Our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 5 c46d τούτους τοὺς δώδεκα ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπέστειλεν 1 These twelve Jesus sent out "Jesus sent out these twelve men" or "It was these twelve men whom Jesus sent out" +MAT 10 5 yix4 ἀπέστειλεν 1 sent out Jesus sent them out for a particular purpose. +MAT 10 5 ryl4 παραγγείλας αὐτοῖς 1 He instructed them "He told them what they needed to do" or "He commanded them" +MAT 10 6 q1pb figs-metaphor τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα οἴκου Ἰσραήλ 1 lost sheep of the house of Israel This is a metaphor comparing the entire nation of Israel to sheep who have strayed from their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 6 b6i2 figs-metonymy οἴκου Ἰσραήλ 1 house of Israel This refers to the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "people of Israel" or "descendants of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 7 uff2 figs-you πορευόμενοι 1 as you go Here "you" is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 7 w59i figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ἤγγικεν 1 The kingdom of heaven has come near The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use the word "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "Our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 10 8 e13x 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about what they should do when they go to preach. MAT 10 8 v5sp figs-you 0 Heal ... raise ... cleanse ... cast out ... you have received ... give These verbs and pronouns are plural and refer to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 8 bb4d figs-idiom 0 raise the dead This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "cause the dead to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 10 8 ilj9 figs-ellipsis 0 Freely you have received, freely give Jesus did not state what the disciples had received or were to give. Some languages may require this information in the sentence. Here "freely" means that there was no payment. Alternate translation: "Freely you have received these things, freely give them to others" or "You received these things without paying, so give them to others without making them pay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 10 8 ls6j figs-metaphor 0 Freely you have received, freely give Here "received" is a metaphor that represents being made able to do things, and "give" is a metaphor that represents doing things for others. Alternate translation: "Freely you have received the ability to do these things, freely do them for others" or "Freely I have made you able to do these things, freely do them for others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 9 dw4i figs-you 0 your This refers to the twelve apostles and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 8 bb4d figs-idiom ἐγείρετε νεκροὺς 1 raise the dead This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "cause the dead to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 10 8 ilj9 figs-ellipsis δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε, δωρεὰν δότε 1 Freely you have received, freely give Jesus did not state what the disciples had received or were to give. Some languages may require this information in the sentence. Here "freely" means that there was no payment. Alternate translation: "Freely you have received these things, freely give them to others" or "You received these things without paying, so give them to others without making them pay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 10 8 ls6j figs-metaphor δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε, δωρεὰν δότε 1 Freely you have received, freely give Here "received" is a metaphor that represents being made able to do things, and "give" is a metaphor that represents doing things for others. Alternate translation: "Freely you have received the ability to do these things, freely do them for others" or "Freely I have made you able to do these things, freely do them for others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 9 dw4i figs-you τὰς ζώνας ὑμῶν 1 your This refers to the twelve apostles and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 10 9 a4xx figs-metonymy 0 gold, silver, or copper These are metals out of which coins were made. This list is a metonym for money, so if the metals are unknown in your area, translate the list as "money." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 9 b4m7 0 purses This means "belts" or "money belts," but it can refer to whatever might be used to carry money. A belt is a long strip of cloth or leather worn around the waist. It was often wide enough that it could be folded and used to carry money. -MAT 10 10 kia9 0 traveling bag This could either be any bag used to carry things on a journey, or a bag used by someone to collect food or money. +MAT 10 9 b4m7 τὰς ζώνας ὑμῶν 1 purses This means "belts" or "money belts," but it can refer to whatever might be used to carry money. A belt is a long strip of cloth or leather worn around the waist. It was often wide enough that it could be folded and used to carry money. +MAT 10 10 kia9 πήραν 1 traveling bag This could either be any bag used to carry things on a journey, or a bag used by someone to collect food or money. MAT 10 10 i2ex 0 an extra tunic Use the same word you used for "tunic" in [Matthew 5:40](../05/40.md). -MAT 10 10 ei4d 0 laborer worker -MAT 10 10 m97h figs-synecdoche 0 his food Here "food" refers to anything a person needs. Alternate translation: "what he needs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 10 10 ei4d ἐργάτης 1 laborer worker +MAT 10 10 m97h figs-synecdoche τῆς τροφῆς αὐτοῦ 1 his food Here "food" refers to anything a person needs. Alternate translation: "what he needs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 10 11 dk1r 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about what they should do when they go out to preach. -MAT 10 11 b7ig 0 Whatever city or village you enter "Whenever you enter a city or village" or "When you go into any city or village" +MAT 10 11 b7ig ἣν πόλιν ἢ κώμην εἰσέλθητε 1 Whatever city or village you enter "Whenever you enter a city or village" or "When you go into any city or village" MAT 10 11 p4ln 0 city ... village "large village ... small village" or "large town ... small town." See how you translated this in [Matthew 9:35](../09/35.md). -MAT 10 11 r7kj figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 11 c3uf 0 worthy A "worthy" person is a person who is willing to welcome the disciples. -MAT 10 11 a41d figs-explicit 0 stay there until you leave The full meaning of the statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "stay in that person's house until you leave the town or village" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 10 12 n6cm figs-metonymy 0 As you enter into the house, greet it The phrase "greet it" means greet the house. A common greeting in those days was "Peace be to this house!" Here "house" represents the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "As you enter the house, greet the people who live in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 12 k1xk figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 11 r7kj figs-you εἰσέλθητε 1 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 11 c3uf ἄξιός 1 worthy A "worthy" person is a person who is willing to welcome the disciples. +MAT 10 11 a41d figs-explicit μείνατε κἀκεῖ ἕως ἐξέλθητε 1 stay there until you leave The full meaning of the statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "stay in that person's house until you leave the town or village" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 10 12 n6cm figs-metonymy εἰσερχόμενοι εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ἀσπάσασθε αὐτήν 1 As you enter into the house, greet it The phrase "greet it" means greet the house. A common greeting in those days was "Peace be to this house!" Here "house" represents the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "As you enter the house, greet the people who live in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 12 k1xk figs-you εἰσερχόμενοι 1 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 10 13 qip2 figs-you 0 your ... your These are plural and refer to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 10 13 kc9m figs-metonymy 0 the house is worthy ... not worthy Here "the house" represents those who live in the house. A "worthy" person is a person who is willing to welcome the disciples. Jesus compares this person to one who is "not worthy," a person who does not welcome the disciples. Alternate translation: "the people who live in that house receive you well" or "the people who live in that house treat you well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 13 q75a figs-metonymy 0 let your peace come upon it The word "it" refers to the house, which represents the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "let them receive your peace" or "let them receive the peace that you greeted them with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 13 ha8f figs-metonymy 0 if it is not worthy The word "it" means the house. Here "house" refers to the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "if they do not receive you well" or "if they do not treat you well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 13 my3y 0 let your peace come back to you Possible meanings are 1) if the household was not worthy, then God would hold back peace or blessings from that household or 2) if the household was not worthy, then the apostles were supposed to do something, such as asking God not to honor their greeting of peace. If your language has a similar meaning of taking back a greeting or its effects, that should be used here. +MAT 10 13 q75a figs-metonymy ἐλθάτω ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν ἐλθάτω ἐπ’ αὐτήν 1 let your peace come upon it The word "it" refers to the house, which represents the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "let them receive your peace" or "let them receive the peace that you greeted them with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 13 ha8f figs-metonymy ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ ἀξία 1 if it is not worthy The word "it" means the house. Here "house" refers to the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "if they do not receive you well" or "if they do not treat you well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 13 my3y ἐπιστραφήτω ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν ἐπιστραφήτω πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 let your peace come back to you Possible meanings are 1) if the household was not worthy, then God would hold back peace or blessings from that household or 2) if the household was not worthy, then the apostles were supposed to do something, such as asking God not to honor their greeting of peace. If your language has a similar meaning of taking back a greeting or its effects, that should be used here. MAT 10 14 yn9k 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about what they should do when they go to preach. MAT 10 14 m8e9 0 As for those who do not receive you or listen "If no people in that house or city will receive you or listen" MAT 10 14 w5py figs-you 0 you ... your This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 14 z826 figs-metonymy 0 listen to your words Here "words" refers to what the disciples say. Alternate translation: "listen to your message" or "listen to what you have to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 14 hi3i 0 city You should translate this the same way you did in [Matthew 10:11](../10/11.md). -MAT 10 14 i5mc translate-symaction 0 shake off the dust from your feet "shake the dust off your feet as you leave." This is a sign that God has rejected the people of that house or city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 10 15 pk4f 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 10 15 d6ib 0 it shall be more tolerable "the suffering shall be less" -MAT 10 15 sg3c figs-metonymy 0 the land of Sodom and Gomorrah This refers to the people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah. Alternate translation: "the people who lived in the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 15 zmm2 figs-metonymy 0 that city This refers to the people in the city that does not receive the apostles or listen to their message. Alternate translation: "the people of the city that does not receive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 14 z826 figs-metonymy ἀκούσῃ τοὺς λόγους ὑμῶν 1 listen to your words Here "words" refers to what the disciples say. Alternate translation: "listen to your message" or "listen to what you have to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 14 hi3i πόλεως 1 city You should translate this the same way you did in [Matthew 10:11](../10/11.md). +MAT 10 14 i5mc translate-symaction ἐκτινάξατε τὸν κονιορτὸν τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν 1 shake off the dust from your feet "shake the dust off your feet as you leave." This is a sign that God has rejected the people of that house or city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 10 15 pk4f ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 10 15 d6ib ἔσται ἀνεκτότερον 1 it shall be more tolerable "the suffering shall be less" +MAT 10 15 sg3c figs-metonymy γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων 1 the land of Sodom and Gomorrah This refers to the people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah. Alternate translation: "the people who lived in the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 15 zmm2 figs-metonymy τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ 1 that city This refers to the people in the city that does not receive the apostles or listen to their message. Alternate translation: "the people of the city that does not receive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 10 16 lf4i 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples. Here he begins to tell them about the persecution they will endure when they go out to preach. -MAT 10 16 ggp6 0 See, I send The word "See" here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: "Look, I send" or "Listen, send" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you. I send" -MAT 10 16 c9bi 0 I send you out Jesus is sending them out for a particular purpose. -MAT 10 16 b262 figs-simile 0 as sheep in the midst of wolves Sheep are defenseless animals that wolves often attack. Jesus is stating that people may harm the disciples. Alternate translation: "as sheep among people who are like dangerous wolves" or "as sheep among people who act the way dangerous animals act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 10 16 ggp6 ἰδοὺ, ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω 1 See, I send The word "See" here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: "Look, I send" or "Listen, send" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you. I send" +MAT 10 16 c9bi ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς ἀποστέλλω 1 I send you out Jesus is sending them out for a particular purpose. +MAT 10 16 b262 figs-simile ὡς πρόβατα ἐν μέσῳ λύκων 1 as sheep in the midst of wolves Sheep are defenseless animals that wolves often attack. Jesus is stating that people may harm the disciples. Alternate translation: "as sheep among people who are like dangerous wolves" or "as sheep among people who act the way dangerous animals act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 10 16 s21a figs-simile 0 be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves Jesus is telling the disciples they must be cautious and harmless among the people. If comparing the disciples to serpents or doves is confusing, it might be better not to state the similes. Alternate translation: "act with understanding and caution, as well as with innocence and virtue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 10 17 a55q writing-connectingwords 0 Watch out for people! They will You can translate with "because" to show how these two statements relate. Alternate translation: "Watch out for people because they will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +MAT 10 17 a55q writing-connectingwords προσέχετε ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων! παραδώσουσιν 1 Watch out for people! They will You can translate with "because" to show how these two statements relate. Alternate translation: "Watch out for people because they will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) MAT 10 17 csc4 0 will deliver you up to "will put you under the control of" -MAT 10 17 fct4 0 councils local religious leaders or elders who together keep peace in the community -MAT 10 17 gs2d 0 whip you "beat you with a whip" -MAT 10 18 pe3d figs-activepassive 0 you will be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will bring you" or "they will drag you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 18 p74k 0 for my sake "because you belong to me" or "because you follow me" +MAT 10 17 fct4 συνέδρια 1 councils local religious leaders or elders who together keep peace in the community +MAT 10 17 gs2d μαστιγώσουσιν ὑμᾶς 1 whip you "beat you with a whip" +MAT 10 18 pe3d figs-activepassive ἀχθήσεσθε 1 you will be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will bring you" or "they will drag you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 10 18 p74k ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ 1 for my sake "because you belong to me" or "because you follow me" MAT 10 18 u5wc 0 to them and to the Gentiles The pronoun "them" refers either to the "governors and kings" or to the Jewish accusers. MAT 10 19 ksi4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the persecution they will endure when they go out to preach. -MAT 10 19 e5t6 0 When they deliver you up "When people take you to the councils." The "people" here are the same "people" as in [Matthew 10:17](../10/17.md). +MAT 10 19 e5t6 ὅταν παραδῶσιν ὑμᾶς παραδῶσιν 1 When they deliver you up "When people take you to the councils." The "people" here are the same "people" as in [Matthew 10:17](../10/17.md). MAT 10 19 qcs3 figs-you 0 you ... you These are plural and refer to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 19 qzd2 0 do not be anxious "do not worry" -MAT 10 19 ien3 figs-hendiadys 0 how or what you will speak "how you are to speak or what you are to say." The two ideas may be combined: "what you are to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -MAT 10 19 l7rb figs-activepassive 0 for what to say will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the Holy Spirit will tell you what to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 19 cm7h figs-metonymy 0 in that hour Here "hour" means "right then." Alternate translation: "right then" or "at that time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 20 yuk1 figs-you 0 you ... your These are plural and refer to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 20 v9tm 0 the Spirit of your Father If necessary, this can be translated as "the Spirit of God your heavenly Father" or a footnote can be added to make it clear that this refers to God the Holy Spirit and not to the spirit of an earthly father. -MAT 10 20 k3xr guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 10 20 zxd8 0 in you "through you" +MAT 10 19 qzd2 μὴ μεριμνήσητε 1 do not be anxious "do not worry" +MAT 10 19 ien3 figs-hendiadys πῶς τί ἢ λαλήσητε 1 how or what you will speak "how you are to speak or what you are to say." The two ideas may be combined: "what you are to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +MAT 10 19 l7rb figs-activepassive γὰρ τί λαλήσητε δοθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 for what to say will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the Holy Spirit will tell you what to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 10 19 cm7h figs-metonymy ἐν ἐκείνῃ ὥρᾳ 1 in that hour Here "hour" means "right then." Alternate translation: "right then" or "at that time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 20 yuk1 figs-you ὑμῖν. 1 you ... your These are plural and refer to the twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 20 v9tm τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 the Spirit of your Father If necessary, this can be translated as "the Spirit of God your heavenly Father" or a footnote can be added to make it clear that this refers to God the Holy Spirit and not to the spirit of an earthly father. +MAT 10 20 k3xr guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 10 20 zxd8 ἐν ὑμῖν 1 in you "through you" MAT 10 21 i8q5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the persecution they will endure when they go out to preach. -MAT 10 21 p9ms 0 Brother will deliver up brother to death "One brother will deliver up his brother to death" or "Brothers will deliver up their brothers to death." Jesus speaks of something that will happen many times. -MAT 10 21 lh6z figs-abstractnouns 0 deliver up brother to death The abstract noun "death" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "hand brother over to authorties who will execute him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 10 21 p9ms ἀδελφὸς παραδώσει ἀδελφὸν εἰς θάνατον 1 Brother will deliver up brother to death "One brother will deliver up his brother to death" or "Brothers will deliver up their brothers to death." Jesus speaks of something that will happen many times. +MAT 10 21 lh6z figs-abstractnouns παραδώσει ἀδελφὸν εἰς θάνατον 1 deliver up brother to death The abstract noun "death" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "hand brother over to authorties who will execute him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 10 21 p8w9 figs-ellipsis 0 a father his child These words can be translated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "fathers will deliver up their children to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 10 21 xja9 0 rise up against "rebel against" or "turn against" -MAT 10 21 xf2d figs-activepassive 0 cause them to be put to death This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "have them put to death" or "have the authorities execute them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 22 sp6p figs-activepassive 0 You will be hated by everyone This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone will hate you" or "All people will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 22 va6i figs-you 0 You This is plural and refers to the twelve disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 22 n3xn figs-metonymy 0 because of my name Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you trust in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 22 k5w9 0 whoever endures "whoever stays faithful" -MAT 10 22 j71i 0 to the end It is not clear whether the "end" means when a person dies, when the persecution ends, or the end of the age when God shows himself to be king. The main point is that they endure as long as necessary. +MAT 10 21 xja9 ἐπαναστήσονται ἐπὶ 1 rise up against "rebel against" or "turn against" +MAT 10 21 xf2d figs-activepassive θανατώσουσιν αὐτούς 1 cause them to be put to death This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "have them put to death" or "have the authorities execute them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 10 22 sp6p figs-activepassive ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων 1 You will be hated by everyone This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone will hate you" or "All people will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 10 22 va6i figs-you ἔσεσθε 1 You This is plural and refers to the twelve disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 22 n3xn figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 because of my name Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you trust in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 22 k5w9 ὁ δὲ ὑπομείνας 1 whoever endures "whoever stays faithful" +MAT 10 22 j71i εἰς τέλος 1 to the end It is not clear whether the "end" means when a person dies, when the persecution ends, or the end of the age when God shows himself to be king. The main point is that they endure as long as necessary. MAT 10 22 qn7j figs-activepassive 0 that person will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will deliver that person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 23 m42z 0 in this city Here "this" does not refer to a specific city. Alternate translation: "in one city" +MAT 10 23 m42z ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ 1 in this city Here "this" does not refer to a specific city. Alternate translation: "in one city" MAT 10 23 jjd4 0 flee to the next "flee to the next city" -MAT 10 23 gk1s 0 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 10 23 dk4u figs-123person 0 Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 10 23 tm8z 0 has come "arrives" +MAT 10 23 gk1s ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 10 23 dk4u figs-123person Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 10 23 tm8z ἔλθῃ 1 has come "arrives" MAT 10 24 uv9r 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the persecution they will endure when they go out to preach. MAT 10 24 p8mr writing-proverbs 0 A disciple is not greater than his teacher, nor a servant above his master Jesus is using a proverb to teach his disciples a general truth. Jesus is emphasizing that the disciples should not expect people to treat them any better than the people treat Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MAT 10 24 syb2 0 A disciple is not greater than his teacher "A disciple is always less important than his teacher" or "A teacher is always more important than his disciple" MAT 10 24 nc3e 0 nor a servant above his master "and a servant is always less important than his master" or "and a master is always more important than his servant" MAT 10 25 e2ae 0 It is enough for the disciple that he should be like his teacher "The disciple should be satisfied to become like his teacher" -MAT 10 25 t7jp figs-explicit 0 be like his teacher If necessary, you can make explicit how the disciple becomes like the teacher. Alternate translation: "know as much as his teacher knows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 10 25 e6z3 figs-explicit 0 the servant like his master If necessary, you can make explicit how the servant becomes like the master. Alternate translation: "the servant should be satisfied to become only as important as his master" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 10 25 t7jp figs-explicit γένηται ὡς ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ 1 be like his teacher If necessary, you can make explicit how the disciple becomes like the teacher. Alternate translation: "know as much as his teacher knows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 10 25 e6z3 figs-explicit ὁ δοῦλος ὡς ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ 1 the servant like his master If necessary, you can make explicit how the servant becomes like the master. Alternate translation: "the servant should be satisfied to become only as important as his master" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 10 25 u355 0 If they have called the master ... how much worse ... they call ... the members of his household Again Jesus is emphasizing that since people have mistreated him, his disciples should expect people to treat them the same or worse. MAT 10 25 bg2l 0 how much worse would be the names they call the members of his household "the names that they call the members of his household will certainly be much worse" or "they will certainly call the members of his household much worse names" -MAT 10 25 cp96 0 If they have called "Since people have called" -MAT 10 25 pu5y figs-metaphor 0 the master of the house Jesus is using this as a metaphor for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 25 y5md 0 Beelzebul This name can either be 1) transcribed directly as "Beelzebul" or 2) translated with its original, intended meaning of "Satan." -MAT 10 25 r5ll figs-metaphor 0 his household This is a metaphor for Jesus' disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 25 cp96 εἰ ἐπεκάλεσαν 1 If they have called "Since people have called" +MAT 10 25 pu5y figs-metaphor τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην 1 the master of the house Jesus is using this as a metaphor for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 25 y5md Βεελζεβοὺλ 1 Beelzebul This name can either be 1) transcribed directly as "Beelzebul" or 2) translated with its original, intended meaning of "Satan." +MAT 10 25 r5ll figs-metaphor τοὺς οἰκιακοὺς αὐτοῦ 1 his household This is a metaphor for Jesus' disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 10 26 zb2j 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the persecution they will endure when they go out to preach. -MAT 10 26 twv2 0 do not fear them Here "them" refers to the people who mistreat followers of Jesus. +MAT 10 26 twv2 μὴ οὖν φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς 1 do not fear them Here "them" refers to the people who mistreat followers of Jesus. MAT 10 26 xqs4 figs-metaphor 0 there is nothing concealed that will not be revealed, and nothing hidden that will not be known Both of these statements mean the same thing. Being concealed or hidden represents being kept secret, and being revealed represents being made known. Jesus is emphasizing that God will make all things known. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will reveal the things that people hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 27 fa1s figs-parallelism 0 What I tell you in the darkness, say in the daylight, and what you hear softly in your ear, proclaim upon the housetops Both of these statements mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that the disciples should tell everyone what he tells the disciples in private. Alternate translation: "Tell people in the daylight what I tell you in the darkness, and proclaim upon the housetops what you hear softly in your ear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 10 27 kw75 figs-metonymy 0 What I tell you in the darkness, say in the daylight Here "darkness" is a metonym for "night" which is a metonym for "private." Here "daylight" is a metonym for "public." Alternate translation: "What I tell you privately at night, say in public in the day light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 10 27 fc49 figs-idiom 0 what you hear softly in your ear This is a way of referring to whispering. Alternate translation: "what I whisper to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 10 27 t9u9 figs-metonymy 0 proclaim upon the housetops Housetops where Jesus lived were flat, and people far away could hear anyone speaking with a loud voice. Here "housetops" refers to any place where all people can hear. Alternate translation: "speak loudly in a public place for all to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 27 fa1s figs-parallelism ὃ λέγω ὑμῖν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, εἴπατε ἐν τῷ φωτί, καὶ ὃ εἰς τὸ οὖς ἀκούετε, κηρύξατε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων 1 What I tell you in the darkness, say in the daylight, and what you hear softly in your ear, proclaim upon the housetops Both of these statements mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that the disciples should tell everyone what he tells the disciples in private. Alternate translation: "Tell people in the daylight what I tell you in the darkness, and proclaim upon the housetops what you hear softly in your ear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MAT 10 27 kw75 figs-metonymy ὃ λέγω ὑμῖν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, εἴπατε ἐν τῷ φωτί 1 What I tell you in the darkness, say in the daylight Here "darkness" is a metonym for "night" which is a metonym for "private." Here "daylight" is a metonym for "public." Alternate translation: "What I tell you privately at night, say in public in the day light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 27 fc49 figs-idiom ὃ εἰς τὸ οὖς ἀκούετε 1 what you hear softly in your ear This is a way of referring to whispering. Alternate translation: "what I whisper to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 10 27 t9u9 figs-metonymy κηρύξατε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων 1 proclaim upon the housetops Housetops where Jesus lived were flat, and people far away could hear anyone speaking with a loud voice. Here "housetops" refers to any place where all people can hear. Alternate translation: "speak loudly in a public place for all to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 10 28 s6wq 0 General Information: Here Jesus also begins to give reasons why his disciples should not be afraid of the persecution they might experience. MAT 10 28 p3fn 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the persecution they will endure when they go to preach. -MAT 10 28 fb29 figs-distinguish 0 Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are unable to kill the soul This is not distinguishing between people who cannot kill the soul and people who can kill the soul. No person can kill the soul. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of people. They can kill the body, but they cannot kill the soul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -MAT 10 28 lc56 0 kill the body This means to cause physical death. If these words are awkward, they can be translated as "kill you" or "kill other people." -MAT 10 28 ei7y 0 body the part of a person that can be touched, as opposed to the soul or spirit -MAT 10 28 e4de 0 kill the soul This means to harm people after they have physically died. -MAT 10 28 e76n 0 soul the part of a person that cannot be touched and that lives on after the physical body dies +MAT 10 28 fb29 figs-distinguish μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν 1 Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are unable to kill the soul This is not distinguishing between people who cannot kill the soul and people who can kill the soul. No person can kill the soul. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of people. They can kill the body, but they cannot kill the soul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +MAT 10 28 lc56 τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα 1 kill the body This means to cause physical death. If these words are awkward, they can be translated as "kill you" or "kill other people." +MAT 10 28 ei7y σῶμα 1 body the part of a person that can be touched, as opposed to the soul or spirit +MAT 10 28 e4de ἀποκτεῖναι τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν 1 kill the soul This means to harm people after they have physically died. +MAT 10 28 e76n τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν 1 soul the part of a person that cannot be touched and that lives on after the physical body dies MAT 10 28 pk7k writing-connectingwords 0 fear him who is able You can add "because" to clarify why people should fear God. Alternate translation: "fear God because he is able" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -MAT 10 29 tm3s writing-proverbs 0 Are not two sparrows sold for a small coin? Jesus states this proverb as a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "Think about the sparrows. They have so little value that you can buy two of them for only one small coin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 10 29 q22l translate-unknown 0 sparrows These are very small, seed-eating birds. Alternate translation: "small birds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 10 29 i399 0 a small coin This is often translated as the least valuable coin available in your country. It refers to a copper coin worth about one-sixteenth of a day's wage for a laborer. Alternate translation: "very little money" -MAT 10 29 wxt4 figs-doublenegatives 0 not one of them falls to the ground without your Father's knowledge This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "your Father knows when even one sparrow dies and falls to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MAT 10 29 fe8z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 10 29 tm3s writing-proverbs πωλεῖται οὐχὶ δύο στρουθία πωλεῖται ἀσσαρίου? 1 Are not two sparrows sold for a small coin? Jesus states this proverb as a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "Think about the sparrows. They have so little value that you can buy two of them for only one small coin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 10 29 q22l translate-unknown στρουθία 1 sparrows These are very small, seed-eating birds. Alternate translation: "small birds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 10 29 i399 ἀσσαρίου 1 a small coin This is often translated as the least valuable coin available in your country. It refers to a copper coin worth about one-sixteenth of a day's wage for a laborer. Alternate translation: "very little money" +MAT 10 29 wxt4 figs-doublenegatives οὐ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν πεσεῖται ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἄνευ τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν' τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν ἄνευ 1 not one of them falls to the ground without your Father's knowledge This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "your Father knows when even one sparrow dies and falls to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MAT 10 29 fe8z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 10 30 cih3 figs-activepassive 0 even the hairs of your head are all numbered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knows even how many hairs are on your head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 10 30 nb7b 0 numbered "counted" -MAT 10 31 n2tz 0 You are more valuable than many sparrows "God values you more than many sparrows" +MAT 10 30 nb7b ἠριθμημέναι 1 numbered "counted" +MAT 10 31 n2tz ὑμεῖς διαφέρετε πολλῶν 1 You are more valuable than many sparrows "God values you more than many sparrows" MAT 10 32 jtw9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the reasons why they should not be afraid of the persecution that they might experience. MAT 10 32 ntt9 0 everyone who confesses me ... I will also confess before my Father "whoever confesses me ... I will also confess before my Father" or "if anyone confesses me ... I will also confess him before my Father" -MAT 10 32 yj44 0 confesses me before men "tells others that he is my disciple" or "acknowledges before other people that he is loyal to me" -MAT 10 32 j4dh figs-ellipsis 0 I will also confess before my Father who is in heaven You can make explicit the information that is understood. Alternate translation: "I will also acknowledge before my Father who is in heaven that that person belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 10 32 kdd2 0 my Father who is in heaven "my heavenly Father" -MAT 10 32 n1nb guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 10 32 yj44 ὁμολογήσει ἐμοὶ ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 confesses me before men "tells others that he is my disciple" or "acknowledges before other people that he is loyal to me" +MAT 10 32 j4dh figs-ellipsis ὁμολογήσω κἀγὼ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 I will also confess before my Father who is in heaven You can make explicit the information that is understood. Alternate translation: "I will also acknowledge before my Father who is in heaven that that person belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 10 32 kdd2 τοῦ Πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 my Father who is in heaven "my heavenly Father" +MAT 10 32 n1nb guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 10 33 sx8g 0 he who denies me ... I will also deny before my Father "whoever denies me ... I will also deny before my Father" or "if anyone denies me ... I will also deny him before my Father" -MAT 10 33 d15s 0 denies me before men "denies to other people that he is loyal to me" or "refuses to acknowledge to others that he is my disciple" -MAT 10 33 cnu3 figs-ellipsis 0 I will also deny before my Father who is in heaven You can make explicit the information that is understood. Alternate translation: "I will deny before my Father who is in heaven that this person belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 10 33 d15s ἀρνήσηταί με ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 denies me before men "denies to other people that he is loyal to me" or "refuses to acknowledge to others that he is my disciple" +MAT 10 33 cnu3 figs-ellipsis ἀρνήσομαι κἀγὼ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 I will also deny before my Father who is in heaven You can make explicit the information that is understood. Alternate translation: "I will deny before my Father who is in heaven that this person belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 10 34 bx73 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the reasons why they should not be afraid of the persecution that they might experience. -MAT 10 34 rrp3 0 Do not think "Do not suppose" or "You must not think" -MAT 10 34 l5ad figs-metonymy 0 upon the earth This refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: "to the people of the earth" or "to people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 10 34 rrp3 μὴ νομίσητε 1 Do not think "Do not suppose" or "You must not think" +MAT 10 34 l5ad figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 1 upon the earth This refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: "to the people of the earth" or "to people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 10 34 jq6d figs-metonymy 0 a sword This refers to division, fighting, and killing among people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 10 35 xx5m 0 to set ... against "to cause ... to fight against" -MAT 10 35 k18y 0 a man against his father "a son against his father" -MAT 10 36 lhc2 0 A man's enemies "A person's enemies" or "A person's worst enemies" -MAT 10 36 g166 0 those of his own household "members of his own family" +MAT 10 35 k18y ἄνθρωπον κατὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 a man against his father "a son against his father" +MAT 10 36 lhc2 τοῦ ἀνθρώπου' τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐχθροὶ 1 A man's enemies "A person's enemies" or "A person's worst enemies" +MAT 10 36 g166 οἱ οἰκιακοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 those of his own household "members of his own family" MAT 10 37 ju1k 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the reasons why they should not be afraid of the persecution that they might experience. MAT 10 37 x1xg figs-gendernotations 0 He who loves ... is not worthy Here "he" means any person in general. Alternate translation: "Those who love ... are not worthy" or "If you love ... you are not worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -MAT 10 37 az6t 0 loves The word for "love" here refers to "brotherly love" or "love from a friend." Alternate translation: "cares for" or "is devoted to" or "is fond of" -MAT 10 37 fb3p 0 worthy of me "deserve to belong to me" or "worthy to be my disciple" -MAT 10 38 ye95 figs-metonymy 0 pick up his cross and follow after me "carry his cross and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 38 ai2r 0 pick up "take up" or "pick up and carry" +MAT 10 37 az6t ὁ φιλῶν 1 loves The word for "love" here refers to "brotherly love" or "love from a friend." Alternate translation: "cares for" or "is devoted to" or "is fond of" +MAT 10 37 fb3p μου ἄξιος 1 worthy of me "deserve to belong to me" or "worthy to be my disciple" +MAT 10 38 ye95 figs-metonymy λαμβάνει τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ ὀπίσω μου 1 pick up his cross and follow after me "carry his cross and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 38 ai2r λαμβάνει 1 pick up "take up" or "pick up and carry" MAT 10 39 u4jh writing-proverbs 0 He who finds his life will lose it. But he who loses ... will find it Jesus uses a proverb to teach his disciples. This should be translated with as few words as possible. Alternate translation: "Those who find their lives will lose them. But those who lose their lives ... will find them" or "If you find your life you will lose it. But if you lose your life ... you will find it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -MAT 10 39 jwf2 figs-metaphor 0 finds This is a metaphor for "keeps" or "saves." Alternate translation: "tries to keep" or "tries to save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 39 pbf3 figs-metaphor 0 will lose it This does not mean the person will die. It is a metaphor that means the person will not experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will not have true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 39 i3x4 figs-metaphor 0 who loses his life This does not mean to die. It is a metaphor that means a person considers obeying Jesus more important than his own life. Alternate translation: "who denies himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 10 39 hz7r 0 for my sake "because he trusts me" or "on my account" or "because of me." This is the same idea as "for my sake" in [Matthew 10:18](../10/18.md). -MAT 10 39 g2c8 figs-metaphor 0 will find it This metaphor means the person will experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will find true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 39 jwf2 figs-metaphor ὁ εὑρὼν 1 finds This is a metaphor for "keeps" or "saves." Alternate translation: "tries to keep" or "tries to save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 39 pbf3 figs-metaphor ἀπολέσει αὐτήν 1 will lose it This does not mean the person will die. It is a metaphor that means the person will not experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will not have true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 39 i3x4 figs-metaphor ὁ ἀπολέσας τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ 1 who loses his life This does not mean to die. It is a metaphor that means a person considers obeying Jesus more important than his own life. Alternate translation: "who denies himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 10 39 hz7r ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ 1 for my sake "because he trusts me" or "on my account" or "because of me." This is the same idea as "for my sake" in [Matthew 10:18](../10/18.md). +MAT 10 39 g2c8 figs-metaphor εὑρήσει αὐτήν 1 will find it This metaphor means the person will experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will find true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 10 40 u2wq 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to instruct his disciples about the reasons why they should not be afraid of the persecution that they might experience. -MAT 10 40 asg3 figs-gendernotations 0 He who The word "He" refers to anyone in general. Alternate translation: "Whoever" or "Anyone who" or "The one who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -MAT 10 40 c77e 0 welcomes This means to receive someone as a guest. -MAT 10 40 ir49 figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles to whom Jesus is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 10 40 pf1j 0 He who welcomes you welcomes me Jesus means that when someone welcomes you, it is like welcoming him. Alternate translation: "When someone welcomes you, it is like he is welcoming me" or "If someone welcomes you, it is as if he were welcoming me" +MAT 10 40 asg3 figs-gendernotations ὁ δεχόμενος 1 He who The word "He" refers to anyone in general. Alternate translation: "Whoever" or "Anyone who" or "The one who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +MAT 10 40 c77e ὁ δεχόμενος 1 welcomes This means to receive someone as a guest. +MAT 10 40 ir49 figs-you ὑμᾶς 1 you This is plural and refers to the twelve apostles to whom Jesus is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 10 40 pf1j ὁ δεχόμενος ὑμᾶς δέχεται ἐμὲ 1 He who welcomes you welcomes me Jesus means that when someone welcomes you, it is like welcoming him. Alternate translation: "When someone welcomes you, it is like he is welcoming me" or "If someone welcomes you, it is as if he were welcoming me" MAT 10 40 y9ck 0 he who welcomes me also welcomes him who sent me This means that when someone welcomes Jesus, it is like welcoming God. Alternate translation: "When someone welcomes me, it is like he is welcoming God the Father who sent me" or "If someone welcomes me, it is as if he were welcoming God the Father who sent me" MAT 10 41 g43d 0 because he is a prophet Here "he" does not refer to the person who is welcoming. It refers to the person being welcomed. -MAT 10 41 yj1q 0 a prophet's reward This refers to the reward that God gives the prophet, not to the reward that a prophet gives to another person. +MAT 10 41 yj1q μισθὸν προφήτου' προφήτου μισθὸν 1 a prophet's reward This refers to the reward that God gives the prophet, not to the reward that a prophet gives to another person. MAT 10 41 gjf3 0 he is a righteous man Here "he" does not refer to the person who is welcoming. It refers to the person being welcomed. -MAT 10 41 qfv7 0 a righteous man's reward This refers to the reward God gives to a righteous person, not a reward that a righteous person gives to another person. +MAT 10 41 qfv7 μισθὸν δικαίου' δικαίου μισθὸν 1 a righteous man's reward This refers to the reward God gives to a righteous person, not a reward that a righteous person gives to another person. MAT 10 42 wx4a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes instructing his disciples about what they should do and expect when they go to preach. -MAT 10 42 v6jg 0 Whoever gives "Anyone who gives" -MAT 10 42 z8tk 0 one of these little ones "one of these lowly ones" or "the least important of these." The phrase "one of these" here refers to one of Jesus' disciples. +MAT 10 42 v6jg ὃς ποτίσῃ 1 Whoever gives "Anyone who gives" +MAT 10 42 z8tk ἕνα τῶν μικρῶν τούτων 1 one of these little ones "one of these lowly ones" or "the least important of these." The phrase "one of these" here refers to one of Jesus' disciples. MAT 10 42 lza6 0 because he is a disciple "because he is my disciple." Here "he" does not refer to the one giving but to the unimportant one. -MAT 10 42 wx29 0 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 10 42 y1ie 0 he will ... his reward Here "he" and "his" refer to the one who is giving. -MAT 10 42 d61l 0 he will in no way lose "God will not deny him." This has nothing to do with having a possession taken away. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly give him" +MAT 10 42 wx29 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 10 42 y1ie , οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσῃ τὸν μισθὸν αὐτοῦ." 1 he will ... his reward Here "he" and "his" refer to the one who is giving. +MAT 10 42 d61l οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσῃ 1 he will in no way lose "God will not deny him." This has nothing to do with having a possession taken away. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly give him" MAT 11 intro puf4 0 # Matthew 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 11:10.

Some scholars believe that [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) begins a new stage in the ministry of Christ because of Israel's rejection of him.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Hidden revelation

After [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md), Jesus begins to reveal information about himself and about the plans of God the Father, while hiding this information from those who reject him ([Matthew 11:25](../../mat/11/25.md)).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The kingdom of heaven is near"

No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near."
MAT 11 1 z2y7 writing-newevent 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Matthew tells of how Jesus responded to disciples of John the Baptist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -MAT 11 1 dr3u 0 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "Then" or "After" -MAT 11 1 ki7f 0 had finished instructing "had finished teaching" or "had finished commanding." -MAT 11 1 m6h5 translate-numbers 0 his twelve disciples This refers to the twelve chosen apostles of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 11 1 ju1q 0 in their cities Here "their" refers to all the Jews in general. -MAT 11 2 n2dc 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. +MAT 11 1 dr3u ἐγένετο ὅτε 1 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "Then" or "After" +MAT 11 1 ki7f ἐτέλεσεν διατάσσων 1 had finished instructing "had finished teaching" or "had finished commanding." +MAT 11 1 m6h5 translate-numbers τοῖς δώδεκα μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ 1 his twelve disciples This refers to the twelve chosen apostles of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 11 1 ju1q ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν αὐτῶν 1 in their cities Here "their" refers to all the Jews in general. +MAT 11 2 n2dc ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης ἀκούσας 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 11 2 f3j7 0 when John heard in the prison about "When John, who was in prison, heard about" or "When someone told John, who was in prison, about." Even though Matthew has not yet told the readers that King Herod put John the Baptist in jail, the original audience would have been familiar with the story and understood the implicit information here. Matthew will give more information later about John the Baptist, so it is probably best not to make it explicit here. MAT 11 2 xre1 0 he sent a message by his disciples John the Baptist sent his own disciples with a message to Jesus. -MAT 11 3 w2im 0 said to him The pronoun "him" refers to Jesus. -MAT 11 3 q89t 0 Are you the one who is coming "Are you the one whom we are expecting to come." This is another way to refer to the Messiah or Christ. -MAT 11 3 hrk5 0 should we look for another "should we be expecting someone else." The pronoun "we" refers to all Jews, not only John's disciples. -MAT 11 4 a66r 0 report to John "tell John" -MAT 11 5 sd6c figs-activepassive 0 lepers are being cleansed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am healing lepers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 5 v274 figs-activepassive 0 the dead are being raised back to life Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people who have died are being caused to live again" or "I am causing those who have died to become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 11 5 g3k4 figs-activepassive 0 the gospel is being preached to the poor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am preaching good news to the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 5 l443 figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominalized adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 11 3 w2im εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 said to him The pronoun "him" refers to Jesus. +MAT 11 3 q89t εἶ σὺ ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Are you the one who is coming "Are you the one whom we are expecting to come." This is another way to refer to the Messiah or Christ. +MAT 11 3 hrk5 προσδοκῶμεν ἕτερον 1 should we look for another "should we be expecting someone else." The pronoun "we" refers to all Jews, not only John's disciples. +MAT 11 4 a66r ἀπαγγείλατε Ἰωάννῃ 1 report to John "tell John" +MAT 11 5 sd6c figs-activepassive λεπροὶ καθαρίζονται 1 lepers are being cleansed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am healing lepers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 5 v274 figs-activepassive πτωχοὶ 1 the dead are being raised back to life Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people who have died are being caused to live again" or "I am causing those who have died to become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 11 5 g3k4 figs-activepassive πτωχοὶ 1 the gospel is being preached to the poor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am preaching good news to the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 5 l443 figs-nominaladj πτωχοὶ 1 the poor This nominalized adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) MAT 11 7 g2q8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to talk to the crowds about John the Baptist. MAT 11 7 ysq6 figs-rquestion 0 What did you go out in the desert to see—a reed ... wind? Jesus uses a question to cause the people to think about what kind of person John the Baptist is. Alternate translation: "Surely you did not go out to the desert to see a reed ... wind!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 11 7 pc6c figs-metaphor 0 a reed being shaken by the wind Possible meanings are 1) Jesus mean the literal plants by the Jordan River or 2) Jesus is using a metaphor to mean a kind of person. Alternate translation: "a man who easily changes his mind and is like a reed blowing back and forth in the wind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 11 7 w269 figs-activepassive 0 being shaken by the wind This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "swaying in the wind" or "blowing in the wind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 11 8 n5hx figs-rquestion 0 But what did you go out to see—a man ... clothing? Jesus uses a question to cause the people to think about what kind of person John the Baptist is. Alternate translation: And, surely you did not go out to the desert to see a man ... clothing!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 11 8 y24r 0 dressed in soft clothing "wearing expensive clothing." Rich people wore this kind of clothing. +MAT 11 8 y24r ἠμφιεσμένον ἐν μαλακοῖς 1 dressed in soft clothing "wearing expensive clothing." Rich people wore this kind of clothing. MAT 11 8 tmb9 0 Really This word adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: "Indeed" -MAT 11 8 v9k2 0 kings' houses "kings' palaces" +MAT 11 8 v9k2 τῶν βασιλέων' τοῖς οἴκοις 1 kings' houses "kings' palaces" MAT 11 9 cgm4 0 General Information: In verse 10, Jesus quotes the prophet Malachi to show that the life and ministry of John the Baptist fulfilled prophecy. MAT 11 9 w9su 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk to the crowds about John the Baptist. -MAT 11 9 gm97 figs-rquestion 0 But what did you go out to see—a prophet? Jesus uses a question to make the people think about what kind of man John the Baptist is. Alternate translation: "But surely you went out to the desert to see a prophet!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 11 9 nkd4 0 Yes, I say to you, "I say to you yes," +MAT 11 9 gm97 figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθατε ἰδεῖν— προφήτην? 1 But what did you go out to see—a prophet? Jesus uses a question to make the people think about what kind of man John the Baptist is. Alternate translation: "But surely you went out to the desert to see a prophet!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 11 9 nkd4 ναί, λέγω ὑμῖν, 1 Yes, I say to you, "I say to you yes," MAT 11 9 fb75 figs-ellipsis 0 much more than a prophet This can be translated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "he is not an ordinary prophet" or "he is more important than a normal prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 11 10 de17 figs-activepassive 0 This is he of whom it was written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is what the prophet Malachi wrote long ago about John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 10 ql5h 0 I am sending my messenger The pronouns "I" and "my" refer to God. Malachi is quoting what God said. -MAT 11 10 fi5e figs-you 0 before your face Here "your" is singular, because God was speaking to the Messiah in the quotation. Also, "face" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "in front of you" or "to go ahead of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 11 10 kva7 figs-metaphor 0 prepare your way before you This is a metaphor that means the messenger will prepare the people to receive the Messiah's message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 11 10 ql5h ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω τὸν ἄγγελόν μου 1 I am sending my messenger The pronouns "I" and "my" refer to God. Malachi is quoting what God said. +MAT 11 10 fi5e figs-you πρὸ προσώπου σου 1 before your face Here "your" is singular, because God was speaking to the Messiah in the quotation. Also, "face" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "in front of you" or "to go ahead of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 11 10 kva7 figs-metaphor κατασκευάσει τὴν ὁδόν σου ἔμπροσθέν σου 1 prepare your way before you This is a metaphor that means the messenger will prepare the people to receive the Messiah's message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 11 11 c7pp 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk to the crowds about John the Baptist. -MAT 11 11 j7gw 0 I say to you truly "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 11 11 z5yq figs-idiom 0 among those born of women Even though Adam was not born of a women, this is a way of referring to all humans. Alternate translation: "out of all people who have ever lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 11 11 j7gw λέγω ὑμῖν ἀμὴν 1 I say to you truly "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 11 11 z5yq figs-idiom ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν 1 among those born of women Even though Adam was not born of a women, this is a way of referring to all humans. Alternate translation: "out of all people who have ever lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 11 11 q2kp 0 no one is greater than John the Baptist This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "John the Baptist is the greatest" or "John the Baptist is the most important" MAT 11 11 cag4 figs-metonymy 0 the least important person in the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, try to keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "the least important person under the rule of our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 11 11 p5ir 0 is greater than he is "is more important than John is" -MAT 11 12 mb4v 0 From the days of John the Baptist "From the time John began preaching his message." The word "days" probably refers here to a period of months or even years. -MAT 11 12 inr2 0 the kingdom of heaven suffers violence, and men of violence take it by force There are various possible interpretations of this verse. The UST assumes that it means that some people want to use God's kingdom for their own selfish purposes, and that they are willing to use force against other people to accomplish this. Other versions assume a positive interpretation, that the call to enter the kingdom of God has become so urgent, that people must act in an extreme manner in order to answer that call and to resist the temptation to sin further. A third interpretation is that violent people are harming God's people and trying to stop God from ruling. +MAT 11 11 p5ir ἐστιν 1 is greater than he is "is more important than John is" +MAT 11 12 mb4v ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ 1 From the days of John the Baptist "From the time John began preaching his message." The word "days" probably refers here to a period of months or even years. +MAT 11 12 inr2 ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν βιάζεται, καὶ βιασταὶ ἁρπάζουσιν αὐτήν 1 the kingdom of heaven suffers violence, and men of violence take it by force There are various possible interpretations of this verse. The UST assumes that it means that some people want to use God's kingdom for their own selfish purposes, and that they are willing to use force against other people to accomplish this. Other versions assume a positive interpretation, that the call to enter the kingdom of God has become so urgent, that people must act in an extreme manner in order to answer that call and to resist the temptation to sin further. A third interpretation is that violent people are harming God's people and trying to stop God from ruling. MAT 11 13 v3el 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk to the crowds about John the Baptist. -MAT 11 13 g1i6 figs-metonymy 0 all the prophets and the law have been prophesying until John Here "prophets and the law" refer to the things that the prophets and Moses wrote in scripture. Alternate translation: "for these are the things that the prophets and Moses have prophesied through the scriptures until the time of John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 11 14 yg2f figs-you 0 if you Here "you" is plural and refers to the crowd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 11 14 e68u 0 he is Elijah who was to come The word "he" refers to John the Baptist. This does not mean John the Baptist is literally Elijah. Jesus means John the Baptist fulfills the prophecy about "Elijah, who is to come" or the next Elijah. Alternate translation: "when the prophet Malachi said that Elijah would return, he was speaking about John the Baptist" -MAT 11 15 z97x figs-metonymy 0 He who has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 11 13 g1i6 figs-metonymy πάντες γὰρ οἱ προφῆται καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐπροφήτευσαν ἕως Ἰωάννου 1 all the prophets and the law have been prophesying until John Here "prophets and the law" refer to the things that the prophets and Moses wrote in scripture. Alternate translation: "for these are the things that the prophets and Moses have prophesied through the scriptures until the time of John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 11 14 yg2f figs-you εἰ θέλετε 1 if you Here "you" is plural and refers to the crowd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 11 14 e68u αὐτός ἐστιν Ἠλείας ὁ μέλλων ἔρχεσθαι 1 he is Elijah who was to come The word "he" refers to John the Baptist. This does not mean John the Baptist is literally Elijah. Jesus means John the Baptist fulfills the prophecy about "Elijah, who is to come" or the next Elijah. Alternate translation: "when the prophet Malachi said that Elijah would return, he was speaking about John the Baptist" +MAT 11 15 z97x figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω 1 He who has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 11 15 w4cc figs-123person 0 He who ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 11 16 q1s5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk to the crowds about John the Baptist. -MAT 11 16 mp8g figs-rquestion 0 To what should I compare this generation? Jesus uses a question to introduce a comparison between the people of that day and what children might say in the marketplace. Alternate translation: "This is what this generation is like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 11 16 yat1 0 this generation "the people living now" or "these people" or "you people of this generation" -MAT 11 16 l7km 0 marketplace a large, open-air area where people buy and sell items +MAT 11 16 mp8g figs-rquestion τίνι ὁμοιώσω τὴν γενεὰν ταύτην? 1 To what should I compare this generation? Jesus uses a question to introduce a comparison between the people of that day and what children might say in the marketplace. Alternate translation: "This is what this generation is like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 11 16 yat1 τὴν γενεὰν ταύτην 1 this generation "the people living now" or "these people" or "you people of this generation" +MAT 11 16 l7km ἀγοραῖς 1 marketplace a large, open-air area where people buy and sell items MAT 11 17 wn37 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues the parable that begins with the words "It is like" in verse 16. MAT 11 17 ai4e figs-parables 0 and say ... and you did not weep Jesus uses a parable to describe the people who were alive at that time. He compares them to a group of children who are trying to get the other children to play with them. However, no matter way they do, the other children will not join them. Jesus means that it does not matter if God sends someone like John the Baptist, who lives in the desert and fasts, or someone like Jesus, who celebrates with sinners and does not fast. The people, most specifically the Pharisees and religious leaders, still remain stubborn and refuse to accept God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 11 17 d916 figs-you 0 We played a flute for you "We" refers to the children sitting in the marketplace. Here "you" is plural and refers to the other group of children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 11 17 j5jd 0 and you did not dance "but you did not dance to the happy music" -MAT 11 17 t723 figs-explicit 0 We mourned This means they sang sad songs like women did at funerals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 11 17 f87l 0 and you did not weep "but you did not cry with us" +MAT 11 17 d916 figs-you ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν 1 We played a flute for you "We" refers to the children sitting in the marketplace. Here "you" is plural and refers to the other group of children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 11 17 j5jd καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε 1 and you did not dance "but you did not dance to the happy music" +MAT 11 17 t723 figs-explicit ἐθρηνήσαμεν 1 We mourned This means they sang sad songs like women did at funerals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 11 17 f87l καὶ οὐκ ἐκόψασθε 1 and you did not weep "but you did not cry with us" MAT 11 18 svc9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes talking to the crowds about John the Baptist. MAT 11 18 qe7y figs-synecdoche 0 not eating bread or drinking wine Here "bread" refers to food. It does not mean that John never ate food. It means he fasted often, and when he ate, he did not eat good, expensive food. Alternate translation: "frequently fasting and not drinking alcohol" or "not eating fancy food and not drinking wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 11 18 p4ql figs-quotations 0 they say, 'He has a demon.' This can be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "they say that he has a demon" or "they accuse him of having a demon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 11 18 kd4q 0 they say All occurrences of "they" refer to the people of that generation, and most specifically to the Pharisees and religious leaders. -MAT 11 19 iwk8 figs-123person 0 The Son of Man came Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 11 19 gs6z 0 came eating and drinking This is the opposite of John's behavior. This means more than just consuming the normal amount of food and drink. It means Jesus celebrated and enjoyed good food and drink like other people did. +MAT 11 18 kd4q λέγουσιν 1 they say All occurrences of "they" refer to the people of that generation, and most specifically to the Pharisees and religious leaders. +MAT 11 19 iwk8 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἦλθεν 1 The Son of Man came Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 11 19 gs6z ἦλθεν ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων 1 came eating and drinking This is the opposite of John's behavior. This means more than just consuming the normal amount of food and drink. It means Jesus celebrated and enjoyed good food and drink like other people did. MAT 11 19 x4ec figs-quotations 0 they say, 'Look, he is a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners!' This can be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "they say that he is a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners." or "they accuse him of eating and drinking too much and of being ... sinners." If you translated "The Son of Man" as "I, the Son of man," you can state this as an indirect statement and use the first person. Alternate translation: "they say that I am a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 11 19 d6gu 0 he is a gluttonous man "he is a greedy eater" or "he continually eats too much food" MAT 11 19 pv4n 0 a drunkard "a drunk" or "he continually drinks too much alcohol" MAT 11 19 vwk4 writing-proverbs 0 But wisdom is justified by her deeds This is a proverb that Jesus applies to this situation, because the people who rejected both him and John were not being wise. Jesus and John the Baptist are the wise ones, and the results of their deeds prove it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MAT 11 19 dz3c figs-personification 0 wisdom is justified by her deeds Here "wisdom" is described as a woman who is proven to be right by what she does. Jesus means that the results of a wise person's actions prove that he is truly wise. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the results of a wise person's deeds prove that he is wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 11 20 bwq8 0 General Information: Jesus begins to rebuke the people of the cities where he previously did miracles. -MAT 11 20 w4g8 figs-metonymy 0 rebuke the cities Here "the cities" refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "rebuke the people of the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 11 20 fxs4 0 cities "towns" -MAT 11 20 t51a figs-activepassive 0 in which most of his mighty deeds were done This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "in which he did most of his mighty deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 20 wh1g 0 mighty deeds "mighty works" or "works of power" or "miracles" -MAT 11 21 xxb3 figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! Jesus speaks as if the people of the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida were there listening to him, but they were not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -MAT 11 21 tv81 figs-you 0 Woe to you "How terrible it will be for you." Here "you" is singular and refers to the city. If it is more natural to refer to the people instead of a city, you could translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 11 20 w4g8 figs-metonymy ὀνειδίζειν τὰς πόλεις 1 rebuke the cities Here "the cities" refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "rebuke the people of the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 11 20 fxs4 πόλεις 1 cities "towns" +MAT 11 20 t51a figs-activepassive ἐν αἷς αἱ πλεῖσται δυνάμεις αὐτοῦ ἐγένοντο 1 in which most of his mighty deeds were done This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "in which he did most of his mighty deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 20 wh1g αἱ πλεῖσται δυνάμεις αὐτοῦ 1 mighty deeds "mighty works" or "works of power" or "miracles" +MAT 11 21 xxb3 figs-apostrophe οὐαί σοι, Χοραζείν! οὐαί σοι, Βηθσαϊδάν! 1 Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! Jesus speaks as if the people of the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida were there listening to him, but they were not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +MAT 11 21 tv81 figs-you οὐαί σοι 1 Woe to you "How terrible it will be for you." Here "you" is singular and refers to the city. If it is more natural to refer to the people instead of a city, you could translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 11 21 y9d3 figs-metonymy 0 Chorazin ... Bethsaida ... Tyre ... Sidon The names of these cities are used as metonyms for the people living in these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 11 21 lh46 figs-hypo 0 If the mighty deeds ... in sackcloth and ashes Jesus is describing a hypothetical situation that could have happened in the past, but it did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -MAT 11 21 tm59 figs-activepassive 0 If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you This can be translated with active forms. Alternate translation: "If I had done the mighty deeds among the people of Tyre and Sidon that I have done among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 21 k3in figs-you 0 which were done in you Here the "you" is plural and refers to Chorazin and Bethsaida. If it is more natural for your language, you could use a dual "you" to refer to the two cities, or a plural "you" to refer to the people of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 11 21 bqi8 0 they would have repented long ago The pronoun "they" refers to the people of Tyre and Sidon. -MAT 11 21 qx9m 0 would have repented "would have shown they were sorry for their sins" +MAT 11 21 tm59 figs-activepassive εἰ αἱ δυνάμεις ἐγένοντο ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you This can be translated with active forms. Alternate translation: "If I had done the mighty deeds among the people of Tyre and Sidon that I have done among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 21 k3in figs-you αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν ὑμῖν 1 which were done in you Here the "you" is plural and refers to Chorazin and Bethsaida. If it is more natural for your language, you could use a dual "you" to refer to the two cities, or a plural "you" to refer to the people of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 11 21 bqi8 μετενόησαν πάλαι 1 they would have repented long ago The pronoun "they" refers to the people of Tyre and Sidon. +MAT 11 21 qx9m μετενόησαν 1 would have repented "would have shown they were sorry for their sins" MAT 11 22 mr18 figs-metonymy 0 it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you Here "Tyre and Sidon" refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "God will show more mercy to the people of Tyre and Sidon in the day of judgment than to you" or "God will punish you more severely at the day of judgment than the people of Tyre and Sidon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 11 22 ab14 figs-you 0 than for you Here the "you" is plural and refers to Chorazin and Bethsaida. If it is more natural for your language, you could use a dual "you" to refer to the two cities, or a plural "you" to refer to the people of the cities. The implied information can be made explicit. AT "than for you, because you did not repent and believe in me, even though you saw me do miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 11 22 ab14 figs-you ἢ ὑμῖν 1 than for you Here the "you" is plural and refers to Chorazin and Bethsaida. If it is more natural for your language, you could use a dual "you" to refer to the two cities, or a plural "you" to refer to the people of the cities. The implied information can be made explicit. AT "than for you, because you did not repent and believe in me, even though you saw me do miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 11 23 udw1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the people of the cities where he previously did miracles. -MAT 11 23 vpz6 figs-apostrophe 0 You, Capernaum Jesus now speaks to the people in the city of Capernaum as if they were listening to him, but they were not. The pronoun "you" is singular and refers to Capernaum throughout these two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -MAT 11 23 h8av figs-you 0 You All occurrences of "you" are singular. If it is more natural to refer to the people of the city, you could translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 11 23 vpz6 figs-apostrophe σύ, Καφαρναούμ 1 You, Capernaum Jesus now speaks to the people in the city of Capernaum as if they were listening to him, but they were not. The pronoun "you" is singular and refers to Capernaum throughout these two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +MAT 11 23 h8av figs-you σύ 1 You All occurrences of "you" are singular. If it is more natural to refer to the people of the city, you could translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 11 23 fj7d figs-metonymy 0 Capernaum ... Sodom The names of these cities refer to the people living in Capernaum and in Sodom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 11 23 aa7t figs-rquestion 0 do you think you will be exalted to heaven? "do you think you will be raised up to heaven?" Jesus uses a rhetorical question to rebuke the people of Capernaum for their pride. It can be stated in active form: Alternate translation: "you cannot raise yourself up to heaven!" or "the praise of other people will not raise you up to heaven!" or "God will not bring you up to heaven like you think he will!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 23 d54d figs-activepassive 0 you will be brought down to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will send you down to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 23 d54d figs-activepassive καταβήσῃ ἕως ᾍδου 1 you will be brought down to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will send you down to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 11 23 vk57 figs-hypo 0 For if in Sodom ... it would still have remained until today Jesus is describing a hypothetical situation that could have happened in the past, but it did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -MAT 11 23 z279 figs-activepassive 0 if in Sodom there had been done the mighty deeds that were done in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if I had done the mighty deeds among the people of Sodom that I have done among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 11 23 e2t7 0 mighty deeds "mighty works" or "works of power" or "miracles" +MAT 11 23 z279 figs-activepassive εἰ ἐν Σοδόμοις ἐγενήθησαν αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν σοί 1 if in Sodom there had been done the mighty deeds that were done in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if I had done the mighty deeds among the people of Sodom that I have done among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 11 23 e2t7 δυνάμεις 1 mighty deeds "mighty works" or "works of power" or "miracles" MAT 11 23 yih1 0 it would still have remained The pronoun "it" refers to the city of Sodom. -MAT 11 24 y1e3 0 I say to you This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 11 24 e3pa figs-metonymy 0 it shall be easier for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment than for you Here "land of Sodom" refer to the people who lived there. Alternate translation: "God will show more mercy to the people of Sodom in the day of judgment than to you" or "God will punish you more severely in the day of judgment than the people of Sodom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 11 24 yk3z figs-explicit 0 than for you The implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "than for you, because you did not repent and believe in me, even though you saw me do miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 11 24 y1e3 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 11 24 e3pa figs-metonymy ἔσται ἀνεκτότερον γῇ Σοδόμων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως ἢ σοί 1 it shall be easier for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment than for you Here "land of Sodom" refer to the people who lived there. Alternate translation: "God will show more mercy to the people of Sodom in the day of judgment than to you" or "God will punish you more severely in the day of judgment than the people of Sodom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 11 24 yk3z figs-explicit ἢ σοί 1 than for you The implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "than for you, because you did not repent and believe in me, even though you saw me do miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 11 25 f57a 0 General Information: In verses 25 and 26, Jesus prays to his heavenly Father while still in the presence of the crowd. In verse 27, he begins to address the people again. -MAT 11 25 h5x4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 11 25 u9cy figs-merism 0 Lord of heaven and earth "Lord who rules over heaven and earth." The phrase "heaven and earth" is a merism that refers to all people and things in the universe. Alternate translation: "Lord who rules over the whole universe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MAT 11 25 h5x4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 11 25 u9cy figs-merism Κύριε τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς 1 Lord of heaven and earth "Lord who rules over heaven and earth." The phrase "heaven and earth" is a merism that refers to all people and things in the universe. Alternate translation: "Lord who rules over the whole universe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) MAT 11 25 p1gl 0 you concealed these things ... and revealed them It is not clear what is meant by "these things." If your language needs to specify what is meant, an alternative translation might be best. Alternate translation: "you concealed these truths ... and revealed them" MAT 11 25 lk8f 0 you concealed these things from "you hid these things from" or "you have not made these things known to." This verb is the opposite of "revealed." -MAT 11 25 qw5c figs-nominaladj 0 from the wise and understanding These nominal adjectives can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "from people who are wise and understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 11 25 las9 figs-irony 0 the wise and understanding Jesus is using irony. He does not think these people are really wise. Alternate translation: "people who think they are wise and understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MAT 11 25 uwu5 0 revealed them "made them known." The pronoun "them" refers to "these things" earlier in this verse. -MAT 11 25 b6w5 figs-metaphor 0 to little children Jesus compares ignorant people to little children. Jesus is emphasizing that many of those who believe him either are not well educated or do not think of themselves as wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 11 25 qw5c figs-nominaladj ἀπὸ σοφῶν καὶ συνετῶν 1 from the wise and understanding These nominal adjectives can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "from people who are wise and understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 11 25 las9 figs-irony σοφῶν καὶ συνετῶν 1 the wise and understanding Jesus is using irony. He does not think these people are really wise. Alternate translation: "people who think they are wise and understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MAT 11 25 uwu5 ἀπεκάλυψας αὐτὰ 1 revealed them "made them known." The pronoun "them" refers to "these things" earlier in this verse. +MAT 11 25 b6w5 figs-metaphor νηπίοις 1 to little children Jesus compares ignorant people to little children. Jesus is emphasizing that many of those who believe him either are not well educated or do not think of themselves as wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 11 26 qp7t figs-metonymy 0 for so it was well-pleasing in your sight The phrase "in your sight" is a metonym that stands for how a person considers something. Alternate translation: "for you considered it good to do this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 11 27 yk5w figs-activepassive 0 All things have been entrusted to me from my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My Father has entrusted all things to me" or "My Father has given everything over to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 11 27 gd67 0 All things Possible meanings are 1) God the Father has revealed everything about himself and his kingdom to Jesus or 2) God has given all authority to Jesus. -MAT 11 27 j3vk guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 11 27 s1as 0 no one knows the Son except the Father "only the Father knows the Son" -MAT 11 27 rt5b 0 no one knows The word "knows" here means more than just being acquainted with someone. It means knowing somoene intimately because of having a special relationship with him. -MAT 11 27 esp4 figs-123person 0 the Son Jesus was referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 11 27 l8xe guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 11 27 w6yq 0 no one knows the Father except the Son "only the Son knows the Father" +MAT 11 27 j3vk guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 11 27 s1as οὐδεὶς ἐπιγινώσκει τὸν Υἱὸν εἰ μὴ ὁ Πατήρ 1 no one knows the Son except the Father "only the Father knows the Son" +MAT 11 27 rt5b οὐδεὶς ἐπιγινώσκει 1 no one knows The word "knows" here means more than just being acquainted with someone. It means knowing somoene intimately because of having a special relationship with him. +MAT 11 27 esp4 figs-123person τὸν Υἱὸν 1 the Son Jesus was referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 11 27 l8xe guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 11 27 w6yq οὐδὲ τις ἐπιγινώσκει τὸν Πατέρα εἰ μὴ ὁ Υἱὸς 1 no one knows the Father except the Son "only the Son knows the Father" MAT 11 28 q9x1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the crowd. MAT 11 28 x978 figs-you 0 all you All occurrences of "you" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 11 28 t2jj figs-metaphor 0 who labor and are heavy burdened Jesus speaks of people being discouraged in their attempts to obey all the laws as if those laws were heavy burdens and the people were laboring to carry them. Alternate translation: "who are discouraged from trying so hard" or "Who are discouraged from trying so hard to obey the laws perfectly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 11 28 f1w4 0 I will give you rest "I will allow you to rest from your labor and burden" -MAT 11 29 q1ya figs-metaphor 0 Take my yoke on you Jesus continues the metaphor. Jesus is inviting the people to become his disciples and follow him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 11 29 t1rh figs-doublet 0 I am meek and lowly in heart Here "meek" and "lowly in heart" mean basically the same thing. Jesus combines them to emphasize that he will be much kinder than the religious leaders. Alternate translation: "I am gentle and humble" or "I am very gentle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MAT 11 29 i3qs figs-metonymy 0 lowly in heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "lowly in heart" is an idiom that means "humble." Alternate translation: "humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 11 29 i3ls figs-synecdoche 0 you will find rest for your souls Here "soul" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "you will find rest for yourselves" or "you will be able to rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 11 28 t2jj figs-metaphor οἱ κοπιῶντες καὶ πεφορτισμένοι 1 who labor and are heavy burdened Jesus speaks of people being discouraged in their attempts to obey all the laws as if those laws were heavy burdens and the people were laboring to carry them. Alternate translation: "who are discouraged from trying so hard" or "Who are discouraged from trying so hard to obey the laws perfectly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 11 28 f1w4 κἀγὼ ἀναπαύσω ὑμᾶς 1 I will give you rest "I will allow you to rest from your labor and burden" +MAT 11 29 q1ya figs-metaphor ἄρατε τὸν ζυγόν μου ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 Take my yoke on you Jesus continues the metaphor. Jesus is inviting the people to become his disciples and follow him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 11 29 t1rh figs-doublet εἰμι πραΰς καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 I am meek and lowly in heart Here "meek" and "lowly in heart" mean basically the same thing. Jesus combines them to emphasize that he will be much kinder than the religious leaders. Alternate translation: "I am gentle and humble" or "I am very gentle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MAT 11 29 i3qs figs-metonymy ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 lowly in heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "lowly in heart" is an idiom that means "humble." Alternate translation: "humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 11 29 i3ls figs-synecdoche εὑρήσετε ἀνάπαυσιν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν 1 you will find rest for your souls Here "soul" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "you will find rest for yourselves" or "you will be able to rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 11 30 ynf1 figs-parallelism 0 For my yoke is easy and my burden is light Both of these phrases mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that it is easier to obey him than it is the Jewish law. Alternate translation: "For what I place on you, you will be able to carry because it is light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 11 30 tc2g 0 my burden is light The word "light" here is the opposite of heavy, not the opposite of dark. +MAT 11 30 tc2g τὸ φορτίον μου ἐστιν ἐλαφρόν 1 my burden is light The word "light" here is the opposite of heavy, not the opposite of dark. MAT 12 intro y7z6 0 # Matthew 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:18-21, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The Sabbath

This chapter has much to say about how God's people are to obey the Sabbath. Jesus said that the rules that the Pharisees made up did not help people obey the Sabbath the way God wanted them to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])

##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit"

No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Brothers and sisters

Most people call those who have the same parents "brother" and "sister" and think of them as the most important people in their lives. Many people also call those with the same grandparents "brother" and "sister." In this chapter Jesus says that the most important people to him are those who obey his Father in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/brother]])
MAT 12 1 u1f2 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Matthew tells of growing opposition to Jesus' ministry. Here, the Pharisees criticize his disciples for picking grain on the Sabbath. -MAT 12 1 m2n1 0 At that time This marks a new part of the story. Alternate translation: "A little later" -MAT 12 1 tvt9 translate-unknown 0 grainfields a place to plant grain. If wheat is unknown and "grain" is too general, then you can use "fields of the plant they made bread from." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 12 1 m2n1 ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ 1 At that time This marks a new part of the story. Alternate translation: "A little later" +MAT 12 1 tvt9 translate-unknown σπορίμων 1 grainfields a place to plant grain. If wheat is unknown and "grain" is too general, then you can use "fields of the plant they made bread from." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 12 1 yrf8 0 pluck heads of grain and eat them Picking grain in others' fields and eating it was not considered stealing. The question was whether one could do this otherwise lawful activity on the Sabbath. MAT 12 1 zz4r 0 to pluck heads of grain and eat them "to pick some of the wheat and eat it" or "to pick some of the grain and eat it" -MAT 12 1 y5vr 0 heads of grain This is the topmost part of the wheat plant. It holds the mature grain or seeds of the plant. +MAT 12 1 y5vr στάχυας 1 heads of grain This is the topmost part of the wheat plant. It holds the mature grain or seeds of the plant. MAT 12 2 swl7 0 do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath Picking grain in others' fields and eating it was not considered stealing. The question was whether one could do this otherwise lawful activity on the Sabbath. -MAT 12 2 mch7 0 the Pharisees This does not mean all of the Pharisees. Alternate translation: "some Pharisees" -MAT 12 2 nh12 0 See, your disciples "Look, your disciples." The Pharisees use this word to draw attention to what the disciples are doing. +MAT 12 2 mch7 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἰδόντες 1 the Pharisees This does not mean all of the Pharisees. Alternate translation: "some Pharisees" +MAT 12 2 nh12 ἰδοὺ, οἱ μαθηταί σου 1 See, your disciples "Look, your disciples." The Pharisees use this word to draw attention to what the disciples are doing. MAT 12 3 mzn1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus responds to the Pharisees' criticism. -MAT 12 3 et11 0 to them "to the Pharisees" +MAT 12 3 et11 αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to the Pharisees" MAT 12 3 d712 figs-rquestion 0 Have you never read ... with him? Jesus uses a question to respond to the criticism of the Pharisees. Jesus is challenging them to think about the meaning of the scriptures they have read. Alternate translation: "I know you have read about ... with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 12 4 blm5 0 the house of God During the time of David there was no temple yet. Alternate translation: "the tabernacle" or "the place for worshiping God" -MAT 12 4 ue7l figs-explicit 0 bread of the presence This is sacred bread that priests placed before God in the tabernacle. Alternate translation: "bread that the priest placed before God" or "the sacred bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 12 4 blm5 τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the house of God During the time of David there was no temple yet. Alternate translation: "the tabernacle" or "the place for worshiping God" +MAT 12 4 ue7l figs-explicit ἄρτους τῆς Προθέσεως 1 bread of the presence This is sacred bread that priests placed before God in the tabernacle. Alternate translation: "bread that the priest placed before God" or "the sacred bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 12 4 c6a8 0 those who were with him "the men who were with David" MAT 12 4 lkx9 0 but lawful only for the priests "but, according to the law, only the priest could eat it" MAT 12 5 tjh3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. MAT 12 5 f79q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not read in the law that ... but are guiltless? Jesus uses a question to respond to the criticism of the Pharisees. Jesus is challenging them to think about the meaning of what they have read in the scriptures. Alternate translation: "Surely you have read in the law of Moses that ... but are guiltless." or "You should know that the law teaches that ... but are guiltless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 12 5 dqe9 0 profane the Sabbath "do on the Sabbath what they would do on any other day" -MAT 12 5 i6y9 0 are guiltless "God will not punish them" or "God does not consider them guilty" -MAT 12 6 ji7a 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 12 5 dqe9 βεβηλοῦσιν τὸ Σάββατον 1 profane the Sabbath "do on the Sabbath what they would do on any other day" +MAT 12 5 i6y9 εἰσιν ἀναίτιοί 1 are guiltless "God will not punish them" or "God does not consider them guilty" +MAT 12 6 ji7a λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 12 6 k4mn figs-123person 0 one greater than the temple "someone who is more important than the temple." Jesus was referring to himself as the one greater. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 12 7 rh53 0 General Information: In verse 7, Jesus quotes the prophet Hosea to rebuke the Pharisees. MAT 12 7 vye2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. MAT 12 7 ypj7 figs-explicit 0 If you had known what this meant, 'I desire mercy and not sacrifice,' you would not have condemned the guiltless Here Jesus quotes scripture. Alternate translation: "The prophet Hosea wrote this long ago: 'I desire mercy and not sacrifice.' If you had understood what this meant, you would not have condemned the guiltless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 12 7 e1ju 0 I desire mercy and not sacrifice In the law of Moses, God did command the Israelites to offer sacrifices. This means God considers mercy more important than the sacrifices. -MAT 12 7 jw57 0 I desire The pronoun "I" refers to God. -MAT 12 7 s23l figs-nominaladj 0 the guiltless This can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "those who are not guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 12 8 l7g3 figs-123person 0 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 12 8 jx98 0 is Lord of the Sabbath "rules over the Sabbath" or "makes the laws about what people can do on the Sabbath" +MAT 12 7 e1ju θέλω ἔλεος καὶ οὐ θυσίαν 1 I desire mercy and not sacrifice In the law of Moses, God did command the Israelites to offer sacrifices. This means God considers mercy more important than the sacrifices. +MAT 12 7 jw57 θέλω 1 I desire The pronoun "I" refers to God. +MAT 12 7 s23l figs-nominaladj τοὺς ἀναιτίους 1 the guiltless This can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "those who are not guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 12 8 l7g3 figs-123person Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 12 8 jx98 ἐστιν Κύριος γάρ τοῦ Σαββάτου 1 is Lord of the Sabbath "rules over the Sabbath" or "makes the laws about what people can do on the Sabbath" MAT 12 9 i489 0 General Information: Here the scene shifts to a later time when the Pharisees criticize Jesus for healing a man on the Sabbath. MAT 12 9 hns8 0 Then Jesus left from there "Jesus left the grainfields" or "Then Jesus left" -MAT 12 9 y4me 0 their synagogue Possible meanings are 1) the word "their" refers to the Jews of that town. Alternate translation: "the synogogue" or 2) the word "their" refers to the Pharisees that Jesus had just spoken to, and this was the synagogue that they and other Jews in that town attended. The word "their" does not mean that the Pharisees owned the synagogue. Alternate translation: "the synagogue that they attended" -MAT 12 10 kjf6 0 Behold The word "Behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 12 10 xb13 0 a man who had a withered hand "a man who had a paralyzed hand" or "a man with a crippled hand" +MAT 12 9 y4me τὴν συναγωγὴν αὐτῶν 1 their synagogue Possible meanings are 1) the word "their" refers to the Jews of that town. Alternate translation: "the synogogue" or 2) the word "their" refers to the Pharisees that Jesus had just spoken to, and this was the synagogue that they and other Jews in that town attended. The word "their" does not mean that the Pharisees owned the synagogue. Alternate translation: "the synagogue that they attended" +MAT 12 10 kjf6 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "Behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 12 10 xb13 ἄνθρωπος χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν 1 a man who had a withered hand "a man who had a paralyzed hand" or "a man with a crippled hand" MAT 12 10 t948 0 The Pharisees asked Jesus, saying, "Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?" so that they might accuse him of sinning "The Pharisees wanted to accuse Jesus of sinning, so they asked him, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?'" MAT 12 10 gdj6 0 Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath "According to the law of Moses, may a person heal another person on the Sabbath" MAT 12 10 c1cc figs-explicit 0 so that they might accuse him of sinning They did not just want to accuse Jesus in front of the people. The Pharisees wanted Jesus to give an answer that contradicted the law of Moses so they could take him before a judge and legally charge him with breaking the law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1135,80 +1135,80 @@ MAT 12 11 ng4j figs-rquestion 0 What man would there be among you, who, if he h MAT 12 12 s2tu 0 How much more valuable, then, is a man than a sheep! The phrase "how much more" adds emphasis to the statement. Alternate translation: "Obviously, a man is much more valuable than a sheep!" or "Just think about how much more important a man is than a sheep" MAT 12 12 a9ld 0 it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath "those who do good on the Sabbath are obeying the law" MAT 12 13 be8u figs-quotations 0 Then Jesus said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Then Jesus commanded the man to stretch out his hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 12 13 ljl6 0 to the man "to the man with the paralyzed hand" or "to the man with the crippled hand" -MAT 12 13 fm9r 0 Stretch out your hand "Hold out your hand" or "Extend your hand" -MAT 12 13 s5ep 0 He stretched "The man stretched" -MAT 12 13 jry3 figs-activepassive 0 it was restored to health This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it was healthy again" or "it became well again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 13 ljl6 τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ 1 to the man "to the man with the paralyzed hand" or "to the man with the crippled hand" +MAT 12 13 fm9r ἔκτεινόν σου τὴν χεῖρα 1 Stretch out your hand "Hold out your hand" or "Extend your hand" +MAT 12 13 s5ep ἐξέτεινεν 1 He stretched "The man stretched" +MAT 12 13 jry3 figs-activepassive ἀπεκατεστάθη ὑγιὴς 1 it was restored to health This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it was healthy again" or "it became well again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 12 14 w4zl 0 plotted against him "planned to harm Jesus" MAT 12 14 jdn2 0 were seeking how they might put him to death "were discussing how they might kill Jesus" MAT 12 15 d4lk 0 General Information: This account explains how the actions of Jesus fulfilled one of the prophecies of Isaiah. MAT 12 15 d5l9 0 As Jesus perceived this, he "Jesus was aware of what the Pharisees were planning, so he" -MAT 12 15 hw22 0 withdrew from "departed from" or "left" +MAT 12 15 hw22 ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖθεν 1 withdrew from "departed from" or "left" MAT 12 16 bk1n 0 not to make him known to others "not to tell anyone else about him" -MAT 12 17 dc7z 0 that it might come true, what The phrase "that it might come true" can be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: "This was to fulfill what" -MAT 12 17 mcd7 0 what had been said through Isaiah the prophet, saying This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God had said long ago through the prophet Isaiah" +MAT 12 17 dc7z ἵνα πληρωθῇ, τὸ ῥηθὲν 1 that it might come true, what The phrase "that it might come true" can be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: "This was to fulfill what" +MAT 12 17 mcd7 τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου, λέγοντος 1 what had been said through Isaiah the prophet, saying This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God had said long ago through the prophet Isaiah" MAT 12 18 zkt7 0 Connecting Statement: Here Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that Jesus' ministry fulfilled scripture. -MAT 12 18 f5kz 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 12 18 f5kz ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" MAT 12 18 fjw6 0 my ... I All occurrences of these words refer to God. Isaiah is quoting what God said to him. MAT 12 18 yv4f 0 my beloved one, in whom my soul is well pleased "he is my beloved one, and I am very pleased with him" -MAT 12 18 s6a4 figs-synecdoche 0 in whom my soul is well pleased Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "with whom I am very pleased" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 12 18 jh8p figs-explicit 0 he will proclaim justice to the Gentiles The means that God's servant will tell the Gentiles that there will be justice. It can be stated clearly that God is the one who will bring about justice, and the abstract noun "justice" can be expressed as "what is right." Alternate translation: "he will announce to the nations that God will do for them what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 12 18 s6a4 figs-synecdoche εἰς ὃν ἡ ψυχή μου εὐδόκησεν 1 in whom my soul is well pleased Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "with whom I am very pleased" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 12 18 jh8p figs-explicit ἀπαγγελεῖ κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 he will proclaim justice to the Gentiles The means that God's servant will tell the Gentiles that there will be justice. It can be stated clearly that God is the one who will bring about justice, and the abstract noun "justice" can be expressed as "what is right." Alternate translation: "he will announce to the nations that God will do for them what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 12 19 me7p 0 Connecting Statement: Matthew continues to quote the prophet Isaiah. -MAT 12 19 hb2m figs-metonymy 0 neither will anyone hear his voice Here people not hearing his voice represents him not speaking loudly. Alternate translation: "he will not speak loudly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 12 19 hb2m figs-metonymy οὐδὲ ἀκούσει τις ἀκούσει τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ 1 neither will anyone hear his voice Here people not hearing his voice represents him not speaking loudly. Alternate translation: "he will not speak loudly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 12 19 gj1p 0 He ... his All occurrences of these words refer to God's chosen servant. -MAT 12 19 jr87 figs-idiom 0 in the streets This is an idiom that means "publicly." Alternate translation: "in the cities and towns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 12 20 ii4c 0 He All occurrences of "he" refer to God's chosen servant. +MAT 12 19 jr87 figs-idiom ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις 1 in the streets This is an idiom that means "publicly." Alternate translation: "in the cities and towns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 12 20 ii4c οὐ κατεάξει 1 He All occurrences of "he" refer to God's chosen servant. MAT 12 20 cdk2 figs-parallelism 0 He will not break any bruised reed; he will not quench any smoking flax Both of these statements mean the same thing. They are metaphors emphasizing that God's servant will be gentle and kind. Both "bruised reed" and "smoking flax" represent weak and hurting people. If the metaphor is confusing, you could translate the literal meaning. Alternate translation: "He will be kind to weak people, and he will be gentle to those who are hurting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 12 20 m4uz 0 bruised reed "damaged plant" +MAT 12 20 m4uz συντετριμμένον κάλαμον 1 bruised reed "damaged plant" MAT 12 20 y8mn 0 he will not quench any smoking flax "he will not put out any smoking flax" or "he will not stop any smoking flax from burning" -MAT 12 20 bjg2 0 smoking flax This refers to a lamp wick after the flame has gone out and when it is only smoking. -MAT 12 20 rer7 0 flax, until This can be translated with a new sentence: "flax. This is what he will do until" +MAT 12 20 bjg2 τυφόμενον λίνον 1 smoking flax This refers to a lamp wick after the flame has gone out and when it is only smoking. +MAT 12 20 rer7 λίνον, ἕως 1 flax, until This can be translated with a new sentence: "flax. This is what he will do until" MAT 12 20 b6tw figs-abstractnouns 0 he leads justice to victory Leading someone to victory represents causing him to be victorious. Causing justice to be victorious represents making things right that had been wrong. Alternate translation: "he makes everything right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MAT 12 21 w3rq figs-synecdoche 0 in his name Here "name" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 12 21 w3rq figs-synecdoche τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ 1 in his name Here "name" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 12 22 nba2 0 General Information: Here the scene shifts to a later time when the Pharisees accuse Jesus of healing a man by the power of Satan. MAT 12 22 e1g4 figs-activepassive 0 Then someone blind and mute, possessed by a demon, was brought to Jesus This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then someone brought to Jesus a man who was blind and mute because a demon was controlling him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 12 22 k2vt 0 someone blind and mute "someone who could not see and could not talk" -MAT 12 23 gy5z 0 All the crowds were amazed "All the people who had seen Jesus heal the man were greatly surprised" -MAT 12 23 ink7 0 the Son of David This is a title for the Christ or Messiah. -MAT 12 23 h8kf 0 Son of Here this means "descendant of." +MAT 12 23 gy5z πάντες οἱ ὄχλοι ἐξίσταντο 1 All the crowds were amazed "All the people who had seen Jesus heal the man were greatly surprised" +MAT 12 23 ink7 ὁ υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 the Son of David This is a title for the Christ or Messiah. +MAT 12 23 h8kf υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 Son of Here this means "descendant of." MAT 12 24 m2jr 0 General Information: In verse 25, Jesus begins to respond to the Pharisees' accusation that he healed the man by the power of Satan. MAT 12 24 wmi1 0 this miracle This refers to the miracle of the healing of a blind, deaf, and demon-possessed man. MAT 12 24 p1mi figs-doublenegatives 0 This man does not cast out demons except by Beelzebul This can be stated in a positive form. "This man is only able to cast out the demon because he is a servant of Beelzebul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) MAT 12 24 wj1y 0 This man The Pharisees avoid calling Jesus by name to show they reject him. -MAT 12 24 cii4 0 the prince of the demons "the chief of the demons" -MAT 12 25 i1sd writing-proverbs 0 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand Jesus uses a proverb to respond to the Pharisees. Both of these statements mean the same thing. They emphasize that it would not make sense for Beelzebul to use his power to fight other demons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 12 25 g9ec figs-metonymy 0 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate Here "kingdom" refers to those who live in the kingdom. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "A kingdom will not last when its people fight among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 12 25 kn8c figs-metonymy 0 every city or house divided against itself will not stand Here "city" refers to the people who live there, and "house" refers to a family. Being "divided against itself" represents its people fighting each other. Alternate translation: "it ruins a city or a family when the people fight each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 12 24 cii4 ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων 1 the prince of the demons "the chief of the demons" +MAT 12 25 i1sd writing-proverbs πᾶσα βασιλεία μερισθεῖσα καθ’ ἑαυτῆς ἐρημοῦται, καὶ πᾶσα πόλις ἢ οἰκία μερισθεῖσα καθ’ ἑαυτῆς οὐ σταθήσεται 1 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand Jesus uses a proverb to respond to the Pharisees. Both of these statements mean the same thing. They emphasize that it would not make sense for Beelzebul to use his power to fight other demons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MAT 12 25 g9ec figs-metonymy πᾶσα βασιλεία μερισθεῖσα καθ’ ἑαυτῆς ἐρημοῦται 1 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate Here "kingdom" refers to those who live in the kingdom. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "A kingdom will not last when its people fight among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 25 kn8c figs-metonymy πᾶσα πόλις ἢ οἰκία μερισθεῖσα καθ’ ἑαυτῆς οὐ σταθήσεται 1 every city or house divided against itself will not stand Here "city" refers to the people who live there, and "house" refers to a family. Being "divided against itself" represents its people fighting each other. Alternate translation: "it ruins a city or a family when the people fight each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 26 gm6j 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees' accusation that he healed the man by the power of Satan. -MAT 12 26 i42r figs-metonymy 0 If Satan drives out Satan The second use of Satan refers to the demons that serve Satan. Alternate translation: "If Satan works against his own demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 26 ah7t figs-rquestion 0 How then will his kingdom stand? Jesus uses this question to show the Pharisees that what they were saying was illogical. Alternate translation: "If Satan were divided against himself, his kingdom would not be able to stand!" or "If Satan were to fight against his own demons, his kingdom would not last!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 12 27 nvv9 0 Beelzebul This name refers to the same person as "Satan" (verse 26). +MAT 12 26 i42r figs-metonymy εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκβάλλει τὸν Σατανᾶν 1 If Satan drives out Satan The second use of Satan refers to the demons that serve Satan. Alternate translation: "If Satan works against his own demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 12 26 ah7t figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ σταθήσεται? 1 How then will his kingdom stand? Jesus uses this question to show the Pharisees that what they were saying was illogical. Alternate translation: "If Satan were divided against himself, his kingdom would not be able to stand!" or "If Satan were to fight against his own demons, his kingdom would not last!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 12 27 nvv9 Βεελζεβοὺλ 1 Beelzebul This name refers to the same person as "Satan" (verse 26). MAT 12 27 gee9 figs-rquestion 0 by whom do your sons drive them out? Jesus uses another question to challenge the Pharisees. Alternate translation: "then you must say your followers also drive out demons by the power of Beelzebul. But, you know this is not true." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 12 27 x9je figs-metaphor 0 your sons Jesus was speaking to the Pharisees. The phrase "your sons" refers to their followers. This was a common way of referring to those who follow teachers or leaders. Alternate translation: "your followers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 12 27 jja2 0 For this reason they will be your judges "Because your followers cast out demons by the power of God, they prove that you are wrong about me." +MAT 12 27 x9je figs-metaphor οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν 1 your sons Jesus was speaking to the Pharisees. The phrase "your sons" refers to their followers. This was a common way of referring to those who follow teachers or leaders. Alternate translation: "your followers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 12 27 jja2 διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὶ ἔσονται ὑμῶν κριταὶ 1 For this reason they will be your judges "Because your followers cast out demons by the power of God, they prove that you are wrong about me." MAT 12 28 f3n7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. -MAT 12 28 zb4d 0 But if I Here "if" does not mean Jesus is questioning how he drives out demons. Here Jesus uses the word to introduce a true statement. Alternate translation: "But because I" -MAT 12 28 r5dg figs-metonymy 0 then the kingdom of God has come upon you "then the kingdom of God has arrived among you." Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "this means God is establishing his rule among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 28 f1wj figs-you 0 come upon you Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 12 28 zb4d εἰ δὲ ἐγὼ 1 But if I Here "if" does not mean Jesus is questioning how he drives out demons. Here Jesus uses the word to introduce a true statement. Alternate translation: "But because I" +MAT 12 28 r5dg figs-metonymy ἄρα ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔφθασεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 then the kingdom of God has come upon you "then the kingdom of God has arrived among you." Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "this means God is establishing his rule among you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 12 28 f1wj figs-you ἔφθασεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 come upon you Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 12 29 t4vu figs-parables 0 How can anyone enter the house ... belongings from his house Jesus uses a parable to continue his response to the Pharisees. Jesus means he can drive out demons because he is more powerful than Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 12 29 w54c figs-rquestion 0 How can anyone enter ... without tying up the strong man first? Jesus uses a question to teach the Pharisees and the crowd. Alternate translation: "No one can enter ... without tying up the strong man first." or "If a person wants to enter ... he must first tie up the strong man." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 12 29 jb6x 0 without tying up the strong man first "without taking control of the strong man first" MAT 12 29 u6vu 0 Then he will steal "The he can steal" or "Then he will be able to steal" -MAT 12 30 ivp9 0 who is not with me "who does not support me" or "who does not work with me" -MAT 12 30 gyk8 0 is against me "opposes me" or "works against me" -MAT 12 30 ek1h figs-metaphor 0 the one who does not gather with me scatters Jesus is using a metaphor that refers to a person either gathering the flock of sheep to a shepherd or making them scatter away from the shepherd. Jesus means that a person is either helping to make people become disciples of Jesus or he is making people reject Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 12 30 ivp9 ὁ μὴ ὢν μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 who is not with me "who does not support me" or "who does not work with me" +MAT 12 30 gyk8 ἐστιν κατ’ ἐμοῦ 1 is against me "opposes me" or "works against me" +MAT 12 30 ek1h figs-metaphor ὁ μὴ συνάγων μετ’ ἐμοῦ σκορπίζει 1 the one who does not gather with me scatters Jesus is using a metaphor that refers to a person either gathering the flock of sheep to a shepherd or making them scatter away from the shepherd. Jesus means that a person is either helping to make people become disciples of Jesus or he is making people reject Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 31 qwg4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. -MAT 12 31 iy8l 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 12 31 q5hk figs-you 0 say to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus is speaking directly to the Pharisees, but he is also teaching the crowd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 12 31 hy38 figs-activepassive 0 every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive every sin that people commit and every evil thing they say" or "God will forgive every person who sins or says evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 12 31 ezx8 figs-activepassive 0 blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive the person who speaks evil things about the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 31 iy8l λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 12 31 q5hk figs-you λέγω ὑμῖν 1 say to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus is speaking directly to the Pharisees, but he is also teaching the crowd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 12 31 hy38 figs-activepassive πᾶσα ἁμαρτία καὶ βλασφημία ἀφεθήσεται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive every sin that people commit and every evil thing they say" or "God will forgive every person who sins or says evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 31 ezx8 figs-activepassive ἡ δὲ τοῦ Πνεύματος βλασφημία οὐκ ἀφεθήσεται 1 blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive the person who speaks evil things about the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 12 32 gwx2 figs-metonymy 0 Whoever speaks any word against the Son of Man Here "word" refers to what someone says. Alternate translation: "If a person says anything bad about the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 32 h79z figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 12 32 z3ma figs-activepassive 0 that will be forgiven him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive a person for that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 12 32 hfs4 0 that will not be forgiven him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive that person" +MAT 12 32 h79z figs-123person τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 12 32 z3ma figs-activepassive τῷ μέλλοντι 1 that will be forgiven him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive a person for that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 32 hfs4 τῷ μέλλοντι 1 that will not be forgiven him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive that person" MAT 12 32 lw5j figs-metonymy 0 neither in this world, nor in that which is to come Here "this world" and "that which is to come" refer to the present life and the next life. Alternate translation: "in this life or in the next life" or "now or ever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 12 33 d73d 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. -MAT 12 33 bi8z 0 Make a tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree bad and its fruit bad Possible meanings are 1) "If you make a tree good, its fruit will be good, and if you make the tree bad, its fruit will be bad" or 2) "If you consider a tree to be good, it will be because its fruit is good, and if you consider it tree to be bad, it will be because its fruit is bad." This was a proverb. People were to apply its truth to how they can know whether a person is good or bad. +MAT 12 33 bi8z ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν, ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν 1 Make a tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree bad and its fruit bad Possible meanings are 1) "If you make a tree good, its fruit will be good, and if you make the tree bad, its fruit will be bad" or 2) "If you consider a tree to be good, it will be because its fruit is good, and if you consider it tree to be bad, it will be because its fruit is bad." This was a proverb. People were to apply its truth to how they can know whether a person is good or bad. MAT 12 33 kl16 0 good ... bad "healthy ... diseased" MAT 12 33 kz12 figs-activepassive 0 a tree is recognized by its fruit "Fruit" here is a metaphor for what a person does. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people know whether a tree is good or bad by looking at its fruit" or "people know whether a person is good or bad by looking at the results of that person's activities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 34 r1uv figs-metaphor 0 You offspring of vipers Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are poisonous snakes that are dangerous and represent evil. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 3:7](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1217,232 +1217,232 @@ MAT 12 34 e7x3 figs-rquestion 0 how can you say good things? Jesus uses a quest MAT 12 34 e9bg figs-metonymy 0 out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks Here "heart" is a metonym for the thoughts in a person's mind. Here "mouth" is a synecdoche that represents a person as a whole. Alternate translation: "what a person says with his mouth reveals what is in his mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 12 35 r3uw figs-metaphor 0 The good man from the good treasure of his heart produces what is good, and the evil man from the evil treasure of his heart produces what is evil Jesus speaks about the "heart" as if it were a container that a person fills with good or evil things. This is a metaphor that means what a person says reveals what the person is truly like. If you want to keep this imagery, see the UST. You can also translate the literal meaning. Alternate translation: "A man who is truly good will speak good things, and the man who is truly evil will speak evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 36 jvg6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes his response to the Pharisees' accusation that he healed the man by the power of Satan. -MAT 12 36 era6 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 12 36 era6 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 12 36 t2pj 0 people will give an account for "God will ask people about" or "people will have to explain to God" -MAT 12 36 f1wh figs-metonymy 0 every idle word they will have said Here "word" refers to something that someone says. Alternate translation: "every harmful thing they will have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 37 qw5e figs-activepassive 0 you will be justified ... you will be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will justify you ... God will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 36 f1wh figs-metonymy πᾶν ἀργὸν ῥῆμα ὃ λαλήσουσιν 1 every idle word they will have said Here "word" refers to something that someone says. Alternate translation: "every harmful thing they will have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 12 37 qw5e figs-activepassive καταδικασθήσῃ 1 you will be justified ... you will be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will justify you ... God will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 12 38 x4le 0 General Information: In verse 39, Jesus begins to rebuke the scribes and Pharisees. MAT 12 38 mec3 0 Connecting Statement: The dialogue in these verses happens immediately after Jesus responded to the Pharisees' accusation that he healed a man by the power of Satan. -MAT 12 38 aiu6 0 we wish "we want" -MAT 12 38 ikg2 figs-explicit 0 to see a sign from you You can make explicit why they want to see a sign. Alternate translation: "to see a sign from you that proves what you say is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 12 38 aiu6 θέλομεν 1 we wish "we want" +MAT 12 38 ikg2 figs-explicit ἰδεῖν σημεῖον ἀπὸ σοῦ 1 to see a sign from you You can make explicit why they want to see a sign. Alternate translation: "to see a sign from you that proves what you say is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 12 39 d8b9 figs-123person 0 An evil and adulterous generation seeks for a sign ... given to it Jesus is speaking to his present generation. Alternate translation: "You are an evil and adulterous generation who demands signs from me ... given to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 12 39 a5di figs-metaphor 0 adulterous generation Here "adulterous" is a metaphor for people who are not faithful to God. Alternate translation: "unfaithful generation" or "godless generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 12 39 c6hy figs-activepassive 0 no sign will be given to it Jesus would not give them a sign because, though he had already performed many miracles, they refused to believe him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will not give it a sign" or "God will not give you a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 12 39 j21p 0 except the sign of Jonah the prophet "except the same sign God gave to Jonah the prophet" -MAT 12 40 vh9i figs-merism 0 three days and three nights Here "day" and "night" mean complete 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "three complete days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -MAT 12 40 iuv8 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 12 40 gg65 figs-idiom 0 in the heart of the earth This means inside a physical grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 12 39 a5di figs-metaphor μοιχαλὶς γενεὰ 1 adulterous generation Here "adulterous" is a metaphor for people who are not faithful to God. Alternate translation: "unfaithful generation" or "godless generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 12 39 c6hy figs-activepassive οὐ σημεῖον δοθήσεται αὐτῇ 1 no sign will be given to it Jesus would not give them a sign because, though he had already performed many miracles, they refused to believe him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will not give it a sign" or "God will not give you a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 12 39 j21p εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ τοῦ προφήτου 1 except the sign of Jonah the prophet "except the same sign God gave to Jonah the prophet" +MAT 12 40 vh9i figs-merism τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ τρεῖς νύκτας 1 three days and three nights Here "day" and "night" mean complete 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "three complete days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MAT 12 40 iuv8 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 12 40 gg65 figs-idiom ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ τῆς γῆς 1 in the heart of the earth This means inside a physical grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 12 41 k3q6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the scribes and Pharisees. -MAT 12 41 gnh1 0 The men of Nineveh "The citizens of Nineveh" -MAT 12 41 b94i 0 at the judgment "on judgment day" or "when God judges people" +MAT 12 41 gnh1 ἄνδρες Νινευεῖται 1 The men of Nineveh "The citizens of Nineveh" +MAT 12 41 b94i ἐν τῇ κρίσει 1 at the judgment "on judgment day" or "when God judges people" MAT 12 41 x8gm 0 this generation of people This refers to the people living during the time Jesus was preaching. -MAT 12 41 duz2 figs-metonymy 0 and will condemn it Possible meanings are 1) "condemn" here represents accusing. Alternate translation: "and will accuse this generation of people" or 2) God will condemn this generation of people because they did not repent as the people of Nineveh had. Alternate translation: "and God will condemn this generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 41 qg29 0 and see "and look." This emphasizes what Jesus says next. +MAT 12 41 duz2 figs-metonymy καὶ κατακρινοῦσιν αὐτήν 1 and will condemn it Possible meanings are 1) "condemn" here represents accusing. Alternate translation: "and will accuse this generation of people" or 2) God will condemn this generation of people because they did not repent as the people of Nineveh had. Alternate translation: "and God will condemn this generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 12 41 qg29 καὶ ἰδοὺ 1 and see "and look." This emphasizes what Jesus says next. MAT 12 41 dbs3 0 someone greater "someone more important" MAT 12 41 zb6a figs-123person 0 someone Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 12 41 a5p8 figs-explicit 0 than Jonah is here You can make explicit the implicit meaning of Jesus' statement. Alternate translation: "than Jonah is here, yet you still have not repented, which is why God will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 12 42 q8tb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the scribes and Pharisees. -MAT 12 42 zwv7 translate-names 0 Queen of the South This refers to the Queen of Sheba. Sheba is a land south of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 12 42 kku7 0 will rise up at the judgment "will stand up at the judgment" -MAT 12 42 z46e 0 at the judgment "on judgment day" or "when God judges people." See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:41](../12/41.md). -MAT 12 42 zc72 0 this generation This refers to the people living during the time Jesus was preaching. +MAT 12 42 zwv7 translate-names βασίλισσα νότου 1 Queen of the South This refers to the Queen of Sheba. Sheba is a land south of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 12 42 kku7 ἐγερθήσεται ἐν τῇ κρίσει 1 will rise up at the judgment "will stand up at the judgment" +MAT 12 42 z46e ἐν τῇ κρίσει 1 at the judgment "on judgment day" or "when God judges people." See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:41](../12/41.md). +MAT 12 42 zc72 τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης 1 this generation This refers to the people living during the time Jesus was preaching. MAT 12 42 k4ls figs-metonymy 0 and condemn them See how you translated a similar statement in [Matthew 12:41](../12/41.md). Possible meanings are 1) "condemn" here represents accusing. Alternate translation: "and will accuse this generation of people" or 2) God will condemn this generation of people because they did not listen to wisdom as the Queen of the South had. Alternate translation: "and God will condemn this generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 12 42 q8q8 figs-idiom 0 She came from the ends of the earth Here "ends of the earth" is an idiom that means "far away." Alternate translation: "She came from very far away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 12 42 t521 writing-connectingwords 0 She came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon This statement explains why the Queen of the South will condemn the people of Jesus' generation. Alternate translation: "For she came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -MAT 12 42 n99z 0 and see "and look." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 12 42 q8q8 figs-idiom ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν περάτων τῆς γῆς 1 She came from the ends of the earth Here "ends of the earth" is an idiom that means "far away." Alternate translation: "She came from very far away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 12 42 t521 writing-connectingwords ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν περάτων τῆς γῆς ἀκοῦσαι τὴν σοφίαν Σολομῶνος 1 She came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon This statement explains why the Queen of the South will condemn the people of Jesus' generation. Alternate translation: "For she came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +MAT 12 42 n99z καὶ ἰδοὺ 1 and see "and look." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 12 42 aj1x 0 someone greater "someone more important" MAT 12 42 uf5k figs-123person 0 someone Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 12 42 yra5 figs-explicit 0 than Solomon is here You can make explicit the implicit meaning of Jesus' statement. Alternate translation: "than Solomon is here, yet you do not listen. That is why God will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 12 43 ve5x 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the scribes and Pharisees. He begins to tell a parable. -MAT 12 43 f5jr 0 waterless places "dry places" or "places where no people live" +MAT 12 43 f5jr ἀνύδρων τόπων 1 waterless places "dry places" or "places where no people live" MAT 12 43 x2ur 0 does not find it Here "it" refers to rest. -MAT 12 44 gey7 0 Then it says, 'I will return to my house from which I came.' This can be translated as a statement rather than a quotation. Alternate translation: "So, the unclean spirit decides to return to the house from which it came" -MAT 12 44 ty9b figs-metaphor 0 to my house from which I came This is a metaphor for the person in whom the unclean spirit was living. Alternate translation: "to the place I left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 12 44 gey7 τότε λέγει,' ἐπιστρέψω εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον.' 1 Then it says, 'I will return to my house from which I came.' This can be translated as a statement rather than a quotation. Alternate translation: "So, the unclean spirit decides to return to the house from which it came" +MAT 12 44 ty9b figs-metaphor εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον 1 to my house from which I came This is a metaphor for the person in whom the unclean spirit was living. Alternate translation: "to the place I left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 44 cd4f figs-activepassive 0 it finds that house swept out and put in order This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the unclean spirit finds that someone has swept the house clean and has put everything in the house where it belongs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 12 44 s6jf figs-metaphor 0 that house swept out and put in order Again, "house" is a metaphor for the person in whom the unclean spirit was living. Here, "swept out and put in order" suggests that no one is living in the house. Jesus means when an unclean spirit leaves a person, the person must invite the Holy Spirit to live in him or else the demon will come back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 12 45 nh6q 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes the parable that he began with the words "When an unclean spirit" in verse 43. MAT 12 45 bhb4 figs-parables 0 Then it goes ... with this evil generation Jesus tells a parable to warn the people of the danger of not believing him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 12 45 jw1h 0 It will be just like that with this evil generation This means that if the people of Jesus' generation do not believe him and become his disciples, they will be in a worse situation than they were before he came. MAT 12 46 qj8w 0 General Information: The arrival of Jesus' mother and brothers becomes an opportunity for him to describe his spiritual family. -MAT 12 46 ahx7 0 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new people in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 12 46 ahx7 ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new people in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. MAT 12 46 mh5f 0 his mother This is Mary, Jesus' human mother. -MAT 12 46 dq8m 0 his brothers These are probably other children born to Mary, but it is is possible that the word "brothers" here refers to Jesus' cousins. -MAT 12 46 z97j 0 seeking to speak "wanting to speak" -MAT 12 47 qd32 figs-quotations 0 Someone said to him, "Look, your mother and your brothers stand outside, seeking to speak to you." This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Someone told Jesus that his mother and brothers were outside and wanted to speak to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 12 46 dq8m οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 his brothers These are probably other children born to Mary, but it is is possible that the word "brothers" here refers to Jesus' cousins. +MAT 12 46 z97j ζητοῦντες λαλῆσαι 1 seeking to speak "wanting to speak" +MAT 12 47 qd32 figs-quotations τις εἶπεν αὐτῷ," ἰδοὺ, ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἑστήκασιν ἔξω, ζητοῦντές λαλῆσαι σοι." 1 Someone said to him, "Look, your mother and your brothers stand outside, seeking to speak to you." This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Someone told Jesus that his mother and brothers were outside and wanted to speak to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 12 48 q1cd 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 12:1](../12/01.md), where Matthew tells of growing opposition to Jesus' ministry. -MAT 12 48 jm1y figs-ellipsis 0 who told him The details of the message the person told Jesus are understood and not repeated here. Alternate translation: "who told Jesus that his mother and brothers wanted to speak to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 12 48 e535 figs-rquestion 0 Who is my mother and who are my brothers? Jesus uses these questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who are really my mother and brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 12 49 gk62 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 12 48 jm1y figs-ellipsis τῷ λέγοντι αὐτῷ 1 who told him The details of the message the person told Jesus are understood and not repeated here. Alternate translation: "who told Jesus that his mother and brothers wanted to speak to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 12 48 e535 figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν ἡ μήτηρ μου καὶ τίνες εἰσὶν οἱ ἀδελφοί μου 1 Who is my mother and who are my brothers? Jesus uses these questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who are really my mother and brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 12 49 gk62 ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" MAT 12 49 rxe8 figs-metaphor 0 here are my mother and my brothers This is a metaphor that means Jesus' disciples belong to Jesus' spiritual family. This is more important than belonging to his physical family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 12 50 e25c 0 whoever does "anyone who does" -MAT 12 50 mq9r guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 12 50 e25c ὅστις γὰρ ποιήσῃ 1 whoever does "anyone who does" +MAT 12 50 mq9r guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 12 50 gn31 figs-metaphor 0 that person is my brother, and sister, and mother This is a metaphor meaning that those who obey God belong to Jesus' spiritual family. This is more important than belonging to his physical family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 13 intro s3lu 0 # Matthew 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 13:14-15, which are words from the Old Testament.

This chapter begins a new section. It contains some of Jesus' parables about the kingdom of heaven.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metonymy

Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 13:11](../../mat/13/11.md)).

##### Implicit information

Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Matthew wrote that Jesus "sat beside the sea" ([Matthew 13:1](../../mat/13/01.md)), he probably expected his hearers to know that Jesus was about to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Metaphor

Speakers often use words for things that can be touched to speak of things that cannot be touched. Jesus spoke of a bird eating a seed to describe how Satan kept people from understanding Jesus' message ([Matthew 13:19](../../mat/13/19.md)).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Passive voice

Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, "they were scorched" ([Matthew 13:6](../../mat/13/06.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

##### Parables

The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Matthew 13:11-13](./11.md)).
MAT 13 1 r4xv 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Jesus begins to teach the crowds, using parables, about the kingdom of heaven. -MAT 13 1 vx5y 0 On that day These events happened on the same day as those in the previous chapter. -MAT 13 1 cy1t 0 out of the house It is not mentioned at whose house Jesus was staying. -MAT 13 1 zjb3 figs-explicit 0 sat beside the sea It is implied that he sat down to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 1 vx5y ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ 1 On that day These events happened on the same day as those in the previous chapter. +MAT 13 1 cy1t ἐξελθὼν τῆς οἰκίας 1 out of the house It is not mentioned at whose house Jesus was staying. +MAT 13 1 zjb3 figs-explicit ἐκάθητο παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν 1 sat beside the sea It is implied that he sat down to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 2 d16z figs-explicit 0 so he got into a boat It is implied that Jesus got into a boat because it would make it easier to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 2 jge7 translate-unknown 0 a boat This was probably an open, wooden fishing boat with a sail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 13 2 jge7 translate-unknown πλοῖον 1 a boat This was probably an open, wooden fishing boat with a sail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 13 3 e99p 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about a person who sows seeds. MAT 13 3 f5mv 0 Jesus said many things to them in parables "Jesus told them many things in parables" -MAT 13 3 w5p3 0 to them "to the people in the crowd" -MAT 13 3 m97r 0 Behold "Look" or "Listen." This word calls attention to what is to be said next. Alternate translation: "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -MAT 13 3 ur64 0 a farmer went out to sow seed "a farmer went out to scatter seeds in a field" +MAT 13 3 w5p3 αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to the people in the crowd" +MAT 13 3 m97r ἰδοὺ 1 Behold "Look" or "Listen." This word calls attention to what is to be said next. Alternate translation: "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 13 3 ur64 ὁ σπείρων ἐξῆλθεν τοῦ σπείρειν 1 a farmer went out to sow seed "a farmer went out to scatter seeds in a field" MAT 13 4 c6g6 0 As he sowed "As the farmer scattered the seed" -MAT 13 4 v7r8 0 beside the road This refers to a "path" next to the field. The ground there would have been hard from people walking on it. -MAT 13 4 qr2d 0 devoured them "ate all the seeds" -MAT 13 5 l2g6 0 rocky ground This is ground full of rocks with just a thin layer of soil on top of the rocks. -MAT 13 5 ql87 0 Immediately they sprang up "The seeds quickly sprouted and grew" -MAT 13 6 qq5x figs-activepassive 0 they were scorched This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sun scorched the plants, and they became too hot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 6 az8l 0 they withered away "the plants became dry and died" +MAT 13 4 v7r8 παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν 1 beside the road This refers to a "path" next to the field. The ground there would have been hard from people walking on it. +MAT 13 4 qr2d κατέφαγεν αὐτά 1 devoured them "ate all the seeds" +MAT 13 5 l2g6 τὰ πετρώδη 1 rocky ground This is ground full of rocks with just a thin layer of soil on top of the rocks. +MAT 13 5 ql87 εὐθέως ἐξανέτειλεν 1 Immediately they sprang up "The seeds quickly sprouted and grew" +MAT 13 6 qq5x figs-activepassive ἐκαυματίσθη 1 they were scorched This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sun scorched the plants, and they became too hot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 6 az8l ἐξηράνθη 1 they withered away "the plants became dry and died" MAT 13 7 dnm8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling a parable about a person who sows seeds. -MAT 13 7 ugc9 0 fell among the thorn plants "fell where plants with thorns grew" -MAT 13 7 vt8z 0 choked them "choked the new sprouts." Use your word for the way weeds prevent other plants from growing well. -MAT 13 8 iwv2 0 produced a crop "grew more seeds" or "gave fruit" +MAT 13 7 ugc9 ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀκάνθας 1 fell among the thorn plants "fell where plants with thorns grew" +MAT 13 7 vt8z ἀπέπνιξαν αὐτά 1 choked them "choked the new sprouts." Use your word for the way weeds prevent other plants from growing well. +MAT 13 8 iwv2 ἐδίδου καρπόν 1 produced a crop "grew more seeds" or "gave fruit" MAT 13 8 e91e figs-ellipsis 0 some one hundred times as much, some sixty, and some thirty The words "seeds," "produced," and "crop" are understood from the previous phrase. These can be expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "some seeds produced one hundred times as much crop, some seeds produced sixty times as much crop, and some seeds produced thirty times as much crop" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 13 8 ph2p translate-numbers 0 one hundred ... sixty ... thirty "100 ... 60 ... 30" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 13 9 q2e2 figs-metonymy 0 He who has ears, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 9 q2e2 figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων ὦτα, ἀκουέτω 1 He who has ears, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 9 gkv1 figs-123person 0 He who ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 13 10 p8yc 0 General Information: Jesus explains to his disciples why he teaches with parables. MAT 13 11 fc5n figs-activepassive 0 You have been given the privilege of understanding mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given This can be translated with the active form and with implied information expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "God has given you the privilege of understanding mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but God has not given it to these people" or "God has made you able to understand mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but he has not enabled these people to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 11 rcd3 figs-you 0 You have been given the privilege The word "You" is plural here and refers to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 13 11 ah6u figs-metonymy 0 mysteries of the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" occurs only in the book of Matthew. If possible, try to keep it in your translation. Alternate translation: "the secrets about our God in heaven and his rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 12 j3rl 0 whoever has "whoever has understanding" or "whoever receives what I teach" +MAT 13 11 ah6u figs-metonymy τὰ μυστήρια τῆς Βασιλείας τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 mysteries of the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" occurs only in the book of Matthew. If possible, try to keep it in your translation. Alternate translation: "the secrets about our God in heaven and his rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 12 j3rl ὅστις γὰρ ἔχει 1 whoever has "whoever has understanding" or "whoever receives what I teach" MAT 13 12 v61y figs-activepassive 0 will be given more This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give him more understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 12 xsr5 0 whoever does not have "whoever does not have understanding" or "whoever does not receive what I teach" -MAT 13 12 bl5s figs-activepassive 0 even what he has will be taken away from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take away even what he has" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 12 xsr5 ὅστις δὲ οὐκ ἔχει 1 whoever does not have "whoever does not have understanding" or "whoever does not receive what I teach" +MAT 13 12 bl5s figs-activepassive καὶ ὃ ἔχει ἀρθήσεται ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 even what he has will be taken away from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take away even what he has" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 13 13 wc3u 0 General Information: In verse 14, Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that the people's failure to understand Jesus' teaching is a fulfillment of prophecy. MAT 13 13 hm4t 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to explain to his disciples why he teaches in parables. MAT 13 13 v6pb 0 to them ... they All occurrences of "them" and "they" refer to the people in the crowd. MAT 13 13 uk7j figs-parallelism 0 Though they are seeing, they do not see; and though they are hearing, they do not hear, or understand. Jesus uses this parallelism to tell and emphasize to the disciples that the crowd refuses to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MAT 13 13 ae8k 0 Though they are seeing Possible meanings are 1) this refers to them seeing what Jesus does. Alternate translation: "Though they see what I do" or 2) this refers to their ability to see. Alternate translation: "Though they are able to see" -MAT 13 13 nbi3 figs-metaphor 0 they do not see Here "see" represents understanding. Alternate translation: "they do not understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 13 j4bg 0 though they are hearing Possible meanings are 1) this refers to them hearing what Jesus teaches. Alternate translation: "Though they hear what I say" or 2) this refers to their ability to hear. Alternate translation: "Though they are able to hear" -MAT 13 13 gq65 figs-metaphor 0 they do not hear Here "hear" represents listening well. Alternate translation: "they do not listen well" or "they do not pay attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 14 jz9n 0 To them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled, that which says This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They are fulfilling what God said long ago through the prophet Isaiah" +MAT 13 13 ae8k βλέποντες 1 Though they are seeing Possible meanings are 1) this refers to them seeing what Jesus does. Alternate translation: "Though they see what I do" or 2) this refers to their ability to see. Alternate translation: "Though they are able to see" +MAT 13 13 nbi3 figs-metaphor βλέποντες οὐ βλέπουσιν 1 they do not see Here "see" represents understanding. Alternate translation: "they do not understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 13 j4bg ἀκούοντες 1 though they are hearing Possible meanings are 1) this refers to them hearing what Jesus teaches. Alternate translation: "Though they hear what I say" or 2) this refers to their ability to hear. Alternate translation: "Though they are able to hear" +MAT 13 13 gq65 figs-metaphor ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσιν 1 they do not hear Here "hear" represents listening well. Alternate translation: "they do not listen well" or "they do not pay attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 14 jz9n αὐτοῖς ἡ προφητεία Ἠσαΐου ἀναπληροῦται, ἡ λέγουσα 1 To them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled, that which says This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They are fulfilling what God said long ago through the prophet Isaiah" MAT 13 14 z2es figs-parallelism 0 While hearing you will hear, but you will in no way understand; while seeing you will see, but you will in no way perceive This begins a quote from the prophet Isaiah about the unbelieving people of Isaiah's day. Jesus uses this quote to describe the very crowd that was listening to him. These statements are again parallel and emphasize that the people refused to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) MAT 13 14 a1im figs-explicit 0 While hearing you will hear, but you will in no way understand "You will hear things, but you will not understand them." You can make explicit what the people will hear. Alternate translation: "You will hear what God says through the prophets, but you will not understand its true meaning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 14 emu1 figs-explicit 0 while seeing you will see, but you will in no way perceive You can make explicit what the people will see. Alternate translation: "you will see what God does through the prophets, but you will not understand it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 15 e8r5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes quoting the prophet Isaiah. MAT 13 15 lu8u figs-metaphor 0 For this people's heart ... I would heal them In 13:15 God describes the people of Israel as if they have physical diseases that cause them to be unable to learn, to see, and to hear. God wants them to come to him so he will heal them. This is all a metaphor describing the people's spiritual condition. It means the people are stubborn and refuse to receive and understand God's truth. If they would, then they would repent and God would forgive them and welcome them back as his people. If the meaning is clear, keep the metaphor in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 15 fy7m figs-metonymy 0 this people's heart has become dull Here "heart" refers to the mind. Alternate translation: "these people's minds are slow to learn" or "these people can no longer learn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 15 q87m figs-metonymy 0 they are hard of hearing They are not physically deaf. Here "hard of hearing" means they refuse to listen and learn God's truth. Alternate translation: "they refuse to use their ears to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 15 y7t7 figs-metonymy 0 they have closed their eyes They have not literally closed their eyes. This means they refuse to understand. Alternate translation: "they refuse to use their eyes to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 15 fy7m figs-metonymy τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου' τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου ἡ καρδία ἐπαχύνθη γὰρ 1 this people's heart has become dull Here "heart" refers to the mind. Alternate translation: "these people's minds are slow to learn" or "these people can no longer learn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 15 q87m figs-metonymy τοῖς ὠσὶν βαρέως ἤκουσαν 1 they are hard of hearing They are not physically deaf. Here "hard of hearing" means they refuse to listen and learn God's truth. Alternate translation: "they refuse to use their ears to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 15 y7t7 figs-metonymy ἐκάμμυσαν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν 1 they have closed their eyes They have not literally closed their eyes. This means they refuse to understand. Alternate translation: "they refuse to use their eyes to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 15 fl93 0 so they should not see with their eyes, or hear with their ears, or understand with their hearts, so they would turn again "so that they are not able to see with their eyes, hear with their ears, or understand with their heart, and as a result turn again" MAT 13 15 sr25 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their hearts The word "hearts" here is a metonym for people's innermost being. You may need to use the word in your language for the source of people's thinking and feelings. AT: "understand with their minds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 15 ps56 0 turn again "turn back to me" or "repent" -MAT 13 15 q1h9 figs-metaphor 0 I would heal them "have me heal them." This means God would heal them spiritually by forgiving their sins and receiving them again as his people. Alternate translation: "have me receive them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 15 q1h9 figs-metaphor ἰάσομαι αὐτούς 1 I would heal them "have me heal them." This means God would heal them spiritually by forgiving their sins and receiving them again as his people. Alternate translation: "have me receive them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 13 16 dc9t 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes explaining to his disciples why he teaches with parables. MAT 13 16 yhe4 figs-parallelism 0 But blessed are your eyes, for they see; and your ears, for they hear Both of these statements mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that they have pleased God because they have believed what Jesus has said and done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) MAT 13 16 glp8 figs-synecdoche 0 But blessed are your eyes, for they see Here "eyes" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "You are blessed because your eyes are able to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 13 16 rlt3 figs-you 0 your ... you All occurrences of these words are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 13 16 jp32 figs-synecdoche 0 your ears, for they hear Here "ears" refer to the whole person. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "you are blessed because your ears are able to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 13 17 mg58 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 13 17 bsj7 figs-you 0 you All occurrences of this word are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 13 16 jp32 figs-synecdoche τὰ ὦτα ὑμῶν, ὅτι ἀκούουσιν 1 your ears, for they hear Here "ears" refer to the whole person. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "you are blessed because your ears are able to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 13 17 mg58 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 13 17 bsj7 figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you All occurrences of this word are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 13 17 e6ci figs-explicit 0 the things that you see You can make explicit what they have seen. Alternate translation: "the things you have seen me do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 17 q14w figs-explicit 0 the things that you hear You can make explicit what they have heard. Alternate translation: "the things you have heard me say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 18 w35t 0 Connecting Statement: Here Jesus begins to explain to his disciples the parable about a person who sows seeds, which he began in [Matthew 13:3](../13/03.md). -MAT 13 19 v2d7 0 the word of the kingdom "the message about God's rule as king" -MAT 13 19 a8nu figs-metaphor 0 the evil one comes and snatches away what has been sown in his heart Jesus speaks of Satan causing the person to forget what he has heard as if Satan were a bird snatching the seed from the ground. Alternate translation: "The evil one causes him to forget the message that he has heard just as a bird snatches away seed from the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 19 sb7u figs-explicit 0 the evil one This refers to Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 19 pt4d 0 snatches away Try to use a word that means to grab something away from someone who is the rightful owner. -MAT 13 19 r9u6 figs-activepassive 0 what has been sown in his heart This can be translated in active form: Alternate translation: "the message that God sowed in his heart" or "the message that he heard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 19 xi8f figs-metonymy 0 in his heart Here "heart" refers to the mind of the hearer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 19 v2d7 τὸν λόγον τῆς βασιλείας 1 the word of the kingdom "the message about God's rule as king" +MAT 13 19 a8nu figs-metaphor ὁ πονηρὸς ἔρχεται καὶ ἁρπάζει τὸ ἐσπαρμένον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 the evil one comes and snatches away what has been sown in his heart Jesus speaks of Satan causing the person to forget what he has heard as if Satan were a bird snatching the seed from the ground. Alternate translation: "The evil one causes him to forget the message that he has heard just as a bird snatches away seed from the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 19 sb7u figs-explicit ὁ πονηρὸς 1 the evil one This refers to Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 19 pt4d ἁρπάζει 1 snatches away Try to use a word that means to grab something away from someone who is the rightful owner. +MAT 13 19 r9u6 figs-activepassive τὸ ἐσπαρμένον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 what has been sown in his heart This can be translated in active form: Alternate translation: "the message that God sowed in his heart" or "the message that he heard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 19 xi8f figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 in his heart Here "heart" refers to the mind of the hearer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 19 wfd3 0 This is the seed that was sown beside the road "This is the meaning of the seed that was sown beside the road" or "The road where seed was sown represents this person" -MAT 13 19 xgz5 0 beside the road See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:4](../13/04.md). +MAT 13 19 xgz5 παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν 1 beside the road See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:4](../13/04.md). MAT 13 20 q3fp 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to explain to his disciples the parable about a person who sows seeds. -MAT 13 20 l5iv figs-explicit 0 What was sown on rocky ground The phrase "what was sown" refers to seed that fell. Alternate translation: "The seed that fell on rocky ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 20 w4f9 0 What was sown on rocky ground is "The rocky ground where seed was sown represents" or "The rocky ground where seed fell fell represents" +MAT 13 20 l5iv figs-explicit ὁ σπαρείς ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη 1 What was sown on rocky ground The phrase "what was sown" refers to seed that fell. Alternate translation: "The seed that fell on rocky ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 20 w4f9 ὁ σπαρείς ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη ἐστιν 1 What was sown on rocky ground is "The rocky ground where seed was sown represents" or "The rocky ground where seed fell fell represents" MAT 13 20 e3hm 0 the person who hears the word In the parable, the seed represents the word. -MAT 13 20 cl6g figs-metonymy 0 the word This represents God's message. Alternate translation: "the message" or "God's teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 20 z76f figs-metaphor 0 receives it with joy Believing the word is spoken of as receiving it. Alternate translation: "joyfully believes it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 20 cl6g figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 the word This represents God's message. Alternate translation: "the message" or "God's teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 20 z76f figs-metaphor λαμβάνων αὐτόν μετὰ χαρᾶς 1 receives it with joy Believing the word is spoken of as receiving it. Alternate translation: "joyfully believes it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 13 21 zg9q figs-metaphor 0 yet he has no root in himself and he endures for a while "Yet he has shallow roots and only lasts for a little while." The root represents what makes a person continue to believe God's message. Alternate translation: "But like a plant that does not grow deep roots, he only endures for a little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 21 lim9 figs-metaphor 0 he quickly falls away Here "falls away" means stops believing. Alternate translation: "immediately he falls away" or "he quickly stops believing the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 21 lim9 figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζεται εὐθὺς σκανδαλίζεται 1 he quickly falls away Here "falls away" means stops believing. Alternate translation: "immediately he falls away" or "he quickly stops believing the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 13 22 sis7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to explain to his disciples the parable about a person who sows seeds. -MAT 13 22 d4h5 figs-explicit 0 What was sown This refers to seed that was sown or that fell. Alternate translation: "The seed that was sown" or "The seed that fell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 22 rcj8 0 What was sown among the thorn plants "The ground with the thorn plants where seed was sown" +MAT 13 22 d4h5 figs-explicit ὁ σπαρείς 1 What was sown This refers to seed that was sown or that fell. Alternate translation: "The seed that was sown" or "The seed that fell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 22 rcj8 ὁ σπαρείς εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας 1 What was sown among the thorn plants "The ground with the thorn plants where seed was sown" MAT 13 22 anm5 0 this is the person "this represents the person" -MAT 13 22 a3u1 0 the word "the message" or "God's teaching" -MAT 13 22 q2nh figs-metaphor 0 the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word Jesus speaks about the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches distracting a person from obeying God's word as if they were weeds that could wind around a plant and keep it from growing. Alternate translation: "as weeds prevent good plants from growing, the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches keep this person from listening to God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 22 xa8r 0 cares of the world "the things in this world that people worry about" -MAT 13 22 wwf5 figs-personification 0 the deceitfulness of riches Jesus describes "riches" as if it were a person who could deceive someone. This means people think having more money will make them happy, but it will not. Alternate translation: "the love of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -MAT 13 22 gn6z figs-metaphor 0 he becomes unfruitful The person is spoken of as if he were a plant. Being unfruitful represents being unproductive. Alternate translation: "he becomes unproductive" or "he does not do what God wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 23 xw4b 0 What was sown on the good soil "The good soil where seeds were sown" +MAT 13 22 a3u1 τὸν λόγον 1 the word "the message" or "God's teaching" +MAT 13 22 q2nh figs-metaphor ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου συνπνίγει τὸν λόγον 1 the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word Jesus speaks about the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches distracting a person from obeying God's word as if they were weeds that could wind around a plant and keep it from growing. Alternate translation: "as weeds prevent good plants from growing, the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches keep this person from listening to God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 22 xa8r μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 1 cares of the world "the things in this world that people worry about" +MAT 13 22 wwf5 figs-personification ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου 1 the deceitfulness of riches Jesus describes "riches" as if it were a person who could deceive someone. This means people think having more money will make them happy, but it will not. Alternate translation: "the love of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MAT 13 22 gn6z figs-metaphor γίνεται ἄκαρπος 1 he becomes unfruitful The person is spoken of as if he were a plant. Being unfruitful represents being unproductive. Alternate translation: "he becomes unproductive" or "he does not do what God wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 23 xw4b ὁ σπαρείς ἐπὶ τὴν καλὴν γῆν 1 What was sown on the good soil "The good soil where seeds were sown" MAT 13 23 ptb8 figs-metaphor 0 He bears fruit and makes a crop The person is spoken of as if he were a plant. Alternate translation: "Like a healthy plant that bears a crop of fruit, he is productive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 13 23 wm3p figs-ellipsis 0 yielding one hundred times as much as was planted, some sixty, and some thirty times as much The phrase "as much as was planted" is understood following each of these numbers. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: "Some people produce 100 times as much as was planted, some produce 60 times as much, and some produce 30 times as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 13 24 l5yx figs-parables 0 Here Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about a field with both wheat and weeds growing in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 24 k8pu figs-simile 0 The kingdom of heaven is like a man The translation should not equate the kingdom of heaven to a man, but rather the kingdom of heaven is like the situation described in the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 13 24 f8j5 figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 24 u21k figs-explicit 0 good seed "good food seeds" or "good grain seeds." The audience probably thought that Jesus was talking about wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 25 zn8v 0 his enemy came "his enemy came to the field" -MAT 13 25 q4tv 0 weeds These weeds look like food plants when they are young, but their grain is poison. Alternate translation: "bad seed" or "weed seeds" -MAT 13 26 lea1 0 When the blades sprouted "When the wheat seeds sprouted" or "When the plants came up" +MAT 13 24 k8pu figs-simile ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὡμοιώθη ἀνθρώπῳ 1 The kingdom of heaven is like a man The translation should not equate the kingdom of heaven to a man, but rather the kingdom of heaven is like the situation described in the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 13 24 f8j5 figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὡμοιώθη 1 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 24 u21k figs-explicit καλὸν σπέρμα 1 good seed "good food seeds" or "good grain seeds." The audience probably thought that Jesus was talking about wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 25 zn8v αὐτοῦ ὁ ἐχθρὸς ἦλθεν 1 his enemy came "his enemy came to the field" +MAT 13 25 q4tv ζιζάνια 1 weeds These weeds look like food plants when they are young, but their grain is poison. Alternate translation: "bad seed" or "weed seeds" +MAT 13 26 lea1 ὅτε ὁ χόρτος ἐβλάστησεν 1 When the blades sprouted "When the wheat seeds sprouted" or "When the plants came up" MAT 13 26 jgv9 0 produced their crop "produced grain" or "produced the wheat crop" -MAT 13 26 tu4q 0 then the weeds appeared also "then people could see there were weeds in the field also" +MAT 13 26 tu4q τότε τὰ ζιζάνια ἐφάνη καὶ 1 then the weeds appeared also "then people could see there were weeds in the field also" MAT 13 27 hz3q 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell a parable about a field with both wheat and weeds growing in it. -MAT 13 27 h51x 0 the landowner This is the same person who sowed good seed in his field. -MAT 13 27 gr7d figs-rquestion 0 did you not sow good seed in your field? The servants used a question to emphasize their surprise. Alternate translation: "you sowed good seed in your field!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 13 27 fb86 figs-metonymy 0 did you not sow The landowner probably had his servants plant the seeds. Alternate translation: "did we not sow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 28 r83z 0 He said to them "The landowner said to the servants" -MAT 13 28 num8 0 So do you want us The word "us" refers to the servants. +MAT 13 27 h51x τοῦ οἰκοδεσπότου 1 the landowner This is the same person who sowed good seed in his field. +MAT 13 27 gr7d figs-rquestion ἔσπειρας οὐχὶ ἔσπειρας καλὸν σπέρμα ἐν τῷ σῷ ἀγρῷ? 1 did you not sow good seed in your field? The servants used a question to emphasize their surprise. Alternate translation: "you sowed good seed in your field!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 13 27 fb86 figs-metonymy ἔσπειρας οὐχὶ ἔσπειρας 1 did you not sow The landowner probably had his servants plant the seeds. Alternate translation: "did we not sow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 28 r83z ὁ δὲ ἔφη αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "The landowner said to the servants" +MAT 13 28 num8 θέλεις οὖν ἀπελθόντες 1 So do you want us The word "us" refers to the servants. MAT 13 29 shs3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes the parable about a field with both wheat and weeds growing in it. MAT 13 29 c9jc 0 The landowner said "The landowner said to his servants" -MAT 13 30 z36a figs-quotations 0 I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn." You can translate this as an indirect quote (AT): "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, and then gather the wheat into my barn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 13 30 ll14 0 barn a farm building that can be used for storing grain +MAT 13 30 z36a figs-quotations ἐρῶ τοῖς θερισταῖς," πρῶτον συλλέξατε τὰ ζιζάνια καὶ δήσατε αὐτὰ εἰς δέσμας πρὸς τὸ κατακαῦσαι αὐτά, τὸν δὲ συναγάγετε τὸν δὲ σῖτον εἰς τὴν ἀποθήκην μου."'" 1 I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn." You can translate this as an indirect quote (AT): "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, and then gather the wheat into my barn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 13 30 ll14 τὴν ἀποθήκην μου 1 barn a farm building that can be used for storing grain MAT 13 31 tdf4 figs-parables 0 Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about a very small seed that grows into a very big plant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 31 jw7u figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 31 qby8 translate-unknown 0 mustard seed a very small seed that grows into a large plant (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 13 31 jw7u figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν 1 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 31 qby8 translate-unknown σινάπεως κόκκῳ 1 mustard seed a very small seed that grows into a large plant (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 13 32 gyi1 figs-explicit 0 This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds Mustard seeds were the smallest seeds known to the original hearers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 32 x65d 0 But when it has grown "But when the plant has grown" +MAT 13 32 x65d ὅταν δὲ αὐξηθῇ 1 But when it has grown "But when the plant has grown" MAT 13 32 um9k 0 it is greater than "it is larger than" -MAT 13 32 g6v8 0 becomes a tree A mustard plant can grow about 2 to 4 meters tall. +MAT 13 32 g6v8 γίνεται δένδρον 1 becomes a tree A mustard plant can grow about 2 to 4 meters tall. MAT 13 32 c9te 0 birds of the air "birds" MAT 13 33 a1th figs-parables 0 Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about the effect that yeast has on flour. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 33 z94k figs-simile 0 The kingdom of heaven is like yeast The kingdom is not like the yeast, but the spread of the kingdom is like the spreading of the yeast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 13 33 w8sb figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 33 r88g translate-bvolume 0 three measures of flour Say "a large amount of flour" or use a term that your culture uses for measuring large amounts of flour. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -MAT 13 33 c35r figs-explicit 0 until all the dough had risen The implied information is that the yeast and the three measures of flour were made into dough for baking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 33 z94k figs-simile ὁμοία ἐστὶν Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν ζύμῃ 1 The kingdom of heaven is like yeast The kingdom is not like the yeast, but the spread of the kingdom is like the spreading of the yeast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 13 33 w8sb figs-metonymy ὁμοία ἐστὶν Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν 1 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 33 r88g translate-bvolume τρία σάτα εἰς ἀλεύρου 1 three measures of flour Say "a large amount of flour" or use a term that your culture uses for measuring large amounts of flour. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +MAT 13 33 c35r figs-explicit ἕως οὗ ἐζυμώθη ὅλον 1 until all the dough had risen The implied information is that the yeast and the three measures of flour were made into dough for baking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 13 34 f9gl 0 General Information: Here the author quotes from the Psalms to show that Jesus' teaching in parables fulfilled prophecy. MAT 13 34 nt7u figs-parallelism 0 All these things Jesus said to the crowds in parables; and he said nothing to them without a parable Both sentences mean the same thing. They are combined to emphasize that Jesus taught the crowds only with parables. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) MAT 13 34 n54e 0 All these things This refers to what Jesus taught beginning at [Matthew 13:1](../13/01.md). -MAT 13 34 a5c7 figs-doublenegatives 0 he said nothing to them without a parable "he taught them nothing except by parables." The double negative can be expressed in a positive way. Alternate translation: "everything he taught them he said in parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MAT 13 35 ybq5 figs-activepassive 0 what had been said through the prophet might come true, when he said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God told one of the prophets to write long ago might come true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 35 p3tb 0 when he said "when the prophet said" -MAT 13 35 n1pa figs-idiom 0 I will open my mouth This is an idiom that means to speak. Alternate translation: "I will speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 13 34 a5c7 figs-doublenegatives ἐλάλει οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς χωρὶς παραβολῆς 1 he said nothing to them without a parable "he taught them nothing except by parables." The double negative can be expressed in a positive way. Alternate translation: "everything he taught them he said in parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MAT 13 35 ybq5 figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ τοῦ προφήτου πληρωθῇ, λέγοντος 1 what had been said through the prophet might come true, when he said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God told one of the prophets to write long ago might come true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 35 p3tb λέγοντος 1 when he said "when the prophet said" +MAT 13 35 n1pa figs-idiom ἀνοίξω τὸ στόμα μου 1 I will open my mouth This is an idiom that means to speak. Alternate translation: "I will speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 13 35 yx6y figs-activepassive 0 things that were hidden This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "things that God has kept hidden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 35 th8t 0 from the foundation of the world "since the beginning of the world" or "since God created the world" +MAT 13 35 th8t ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 from the foundation of the world "since the beginning of the world" or "since God created the world" MAT 13 36 pq2h 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to the house where Jesus and his disciples were staying. Jesus begins to explain to them the parable of the field that had both wheat and weeds, which he told beginning in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). -MAT 13 36 x5w7 0 went into the house "went indoors" or "went into the house where he was staying" -MAT 13 37 aj8f 0 He who sows the good seed "The one who sows the good seed" or "The sower of the good seed" -MAT 13 37 xj4s figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 13 38 h9iz figs-idiom 0 the sons of the kingdom The idiom "sons of" refers to those who belong to or to have the same character as someone or something. Alternate translation: "the people who belong to the kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 13 38 eni3 figs-metonymy 0 of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God the king. Alternate translation: "of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 38 edu7 figs-idiom 0 the sons of the evil one The idiom "sons of" refers those who belong to or to have the same character as someone or something. Alternate translation: "the people who belong to the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 13 39 sgx2 0 the enemy who sowed them "the enemy who sowed the weeds" +MAT 13 36 x5w7 ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν 1 went into the house "went indoors" or "went into the house where he was staying" +MAT 13 37 aj8f ὁ σπείρων τὸ καλὸν σπέρμα 1 He who sows the good seed "The one who sows the good seed" or "The sower of the good seed" +MAT 13 37 xj4s figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 13 38 h9iz figs-idiom οἱ υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας 1 the sons of the kingdom The idiom "sons of" refers to those who belong to or to have the same character as someone or something. Alternate translation: "the people who belong to the kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 13 38 eni3 figs-metonymy τῆς βασιλείας 1 of the kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God the king. Alternate translation: "of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 38 edu7 figs-idiom οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ 1 the sons of the evil one The idiom "sons of" refers those who belong to or to have the same character as someone or something. Alternate translation: "the people who belong to the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 13 39 sgx2 ὁ ἐχθρὸς ὁ σπείρας αὐτά 1 the enemy who sowed them "the enemy who sowed the weeds" MAT 13 40 ei3v 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes explaining to his disciples the parable of the field with both wheat and weeds. -MAT 13 40 rn64 figs-activepassive 0 Therefore, as the weeds are gathered up and burned with fire This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore, as people gather up weeds and burn them in the fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 41 fiy4 figs-123person 0 The Son of Man will send out his angels Here Jesus is speaking of himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will send out my angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 13 41 ptw9 0 those who commit iniquity "those who are lawless" or "evil people" -MAT 13 42 d9md figs-metaphor 0 furnace of fire This is a metaphor for the fires of hell. If the term "furnace" is not known, "oven" can be used. Alternate translation: "fiery furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 42 zu3j translate-symaction 0 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and showing that they are suffering very much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 13 43 u6sm figs-simile 0 shine like the sun If this simile is not understandable in your language, you can use: "be as easy to see as the sun." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 13 43 sea2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 13 43 zxh2 figs-metonymy 0 He who has ears, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 40 rn64 figs-activepassive οὖν, ὥσπερ τὰ ζιζάνια συλλέγεται καὶ πυρὶ κατακαίεται 1 Therefore, as the weeds are gathered up and burned with fire This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore, as people gather up weeds and burn them in the fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 41 fiy4 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἀποστελεῖ τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ 1 The Son of Man will send out his angels Here Jesus is speaking of himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will send out my angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 13 41 ptw9 τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν 1 those who commit iniquity "those who are lawless" or "evil people" +MAT 13 42 d9md figs-metaphor κάμινον τοῦ πυρός 1 furnace of fire This is a metaphor for the fires of hell. If the term "furnace" is not known, "oven" can be used. Alternate translation: "fiery furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 42 zu3j translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and showing that they are suffering very much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 13 43 u6sm figs-simile ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος 1 shine like the sun If this simile is not understandable in your language, you can use: "be as easy to see as the sun." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 13 43 sea2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 13 43 zxh2 figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων ὦτα, ἀκουέτω 1 He who has ears, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 43 sak5 figs-123person 0 He who ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this in [Matthew 11:15](../11/15.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 13 44 n7nz figs-simile 0 General Information: In these two parables, Jesus uses two similes to teach his disciples what the kingdom of heaven is like. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 13 44 fjm1 figs-parables 0 Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling two parables about people who sold their possessions to purchase something of great value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 44 e9cv figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 13 44 u9jq figs-activepassive 0 like a treasure hidden in a field This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a treasure that someone had hidden in a field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 44 k9rh 0 treasure a very valuable and precious thing or collection of things +MAT 13 44 e9cv figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν 1 The kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 44 u9jq figs-activepassive ὁμοία ἐστὶν θησαυρῷ κεκρυμμένῳ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ 1 like a treasure hidden in a field This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a treasure that someone had hidden in a field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 44 k9rh θησαυρῷ 1 treasure a very valuable and precious thing or collection of things MAT 13 44 hu7f 0 hid it "covered it up" -MAT 13 44 jtv2 figs-explicit 0 sells everything he possesses, and buys that field The implied information is that the person buys the field to take possession of the hidden treasure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 45 c633 figs-simile 0 like a man who is a merchant looking for valuable pearls The implied information is that the man was looking for valuable pearls that he could buy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 45 khy6 0 a merchant a trader or wholesale dealer who often obtains merchandise from distant places -MAT 13 45 b88q translate-unknown 0 valuable pearls A "pearl" is a smooth, hard, shiny, white or light-colored bead formed inside mollusks in the sea and highly prized as a gem or to make into valuable jewelry. Alternate translation: "fine pearls" or "beautiful pearls" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 13 44 jtv2 figs-explicit πωλεῖ πάντα ἔχει, καὶ ἀγοράζει τὸν ἀγρὸν ἐκεῖνον 1 sells everything he possesses, and buys that field The implied information is that the person buys the field to take possession of the hidden treasure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 45 c633 figs-simile ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἀνθρώπῳ ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι καλοὺς μαργαρίτας 1 like a man who is a merchant looking for valuable pearls The implied information is that the man was looking for valuable pearls that he could buy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 45 khy6 ἀνθρώπῳ ἐμπόρῳ 1 a merchant a trader or wholesale dealer who often obtains merchandise from distant places +MAT 13 45 b88q translate-unknown καλοὺς μαργαρίτας 1 valuable pearls A "pearl" is a smooth, hard, shiny, white or light-colored bead formed inside mollusks in the sea and highly prized as a gem or to make into valuable jewelry. Alternate translation: "fine pearls" or "beautiful pearls" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 13 47 vw24 figs-parables 0 Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about fishermen who use a large net to catch fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 47 g79n figs-simile 0 the kingdom of heaven is like a net The kingdom is not like the net, but the kingdom draws all kinds of people like a net catches all kinds of fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 13 47 rjm4 figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 47 g79n figs-simile ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν σαγήνῃ 1 the kingdom of heaven is like a net The kingdom is not like the net, but the kingdom draws all kinds of people like a net catches all kinds of fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 13 47 rjm4 figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία ἐστὶν 1 the kingdom of heaven is like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "When our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 47 vrp4 figs-activepassive 0 like a net that was cast into the sea This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "like a net that some fishermen cast into the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 13 47 kbz2 0 was cast into the sea "was thrown into the sea" MAT 13 47 t9v6 0 gathered creatures of every kind "caught all kinds of fish" @@ -1451,195 +1451,195 @@ MAT 13 48 cnp7 0 the good things "the good ones" MAT 13 48 qi2z 0 the worthless things "the bad fish" or "the inedible fish" MAT 13 48 aqu2 0 threw away "did not keep" MAT 13 49 nql6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus explains the parable about fishermen who use a large net to catch fish. -MAT 13 49 q1ms 0 will come "will come out" or "will go out" or "will come from heaven" -MAT 13 49 ah2k figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked from among the righteous These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "the wicked people from the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 13 50 hwv1 0 They will throw them "The angels will throw the wicked people" -MAT 13 50 j8nf figs-metaphor 0 furnace of fire This is a metaphor for the fires of hell. If the term "furnace" is not known, "oven" can be used. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:42](../13/42.md). Alternate translation: "fiery furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 13 50 mc8t translate-symaction 0 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: weeping and expressing their extreme suffering." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 13 49 q1ms ἐξελεύσονται 1 will come "will come out" or "will go out" or "will come from heaven" +MAT 13 49 ah2k figs-nominaladj τοὺς πονηροὺς ἐκ μέσου τῶν δικαίων 1 the wicked from among the righteous These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "the wicked people from the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 13 50 hwv1 βαλοῦσιν αὐτοὺς 1 They will throw them "The angels will throw the wicked people" +MAT 13 50 j8nf figs-metaphor τὴν τοῦ πυρός 1 furnace of fire This is a metaphor for the fires of hell. If the term "furnace" is not known, "oven" can be used. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:42](../13/42.md). Alternate translation: "fiery furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 13 50 mc8t translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: weeping and expressing their extreme suffering." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 13 51 d3wg 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus describes the kingdom of heaven by telling a parable about a person who manages a household. This is the end of the part of the story about Jesus teaching the crowds about the kingdom of heaven through using parables. MAT 13 51 p5ej figs-quotations 0 Have you understood all these things?" The disciples said to him, "Yes." If necessary, both direct quotations can be translated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: "Jesus asked them if they had understood all this, and they said that they did understand." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 13 52 g4dd figs-metonymy 0 has become a disciple to the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "has learned the truth about our God in heaven, who is king" or "has submitted himself to God's rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 13 52 g4dd figs-metonymy μαθητευθεὶς τῇ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 has become a disciple to the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "has learned the truth about our God in heaven, who is king" or "has submitted himself to God's rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 13 52 gr36 figs-parables 0 is like a man who is the owner of a house, who draws out old and new things from his treasure Jesus speaks another parable. He compares scribes, who know very well the scriptures that Moses and the prophets wrote, and who also now accept Jesus' teachings, to a house owner who uses both old and new treasures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 13 52 g59c 0 treasure A treasure is a very valuable and precious thing or a collection of things. Here it may refer to the place where these things are stored, the "treasury" or "storeroom." +MAT 13 52 g59c τοῦ θησαυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 treasure A treasure is a very valuable and precious thing or a collection of things. Here it may refer to the place where these things are stored, the "treasury" or "storeroom." MAT 13 53 jwv2 0 Then it came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "Then" or "After" MAT 13 54 qnh9 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that runs through [Matthew 17:27](../17/27.md), where Matthew tells of continued opposition to Jesus' ministry and teaching about the kingdom of heaven. Here, the people of Jesus' home town reject him. -MAT 13 54 q3ml figs-explicit 0 his own region "his hometown." This refers to the town of Nazareth, where Jesus grew up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 13 54 j6vb 0 in their synagogue The pronoun "their" is referring to the people of the region. -MAT 13 54 it1f 0 they were astonished "they were amazed" +MAT 13 54 q3ml figs-explicit τὴν πατρίδα αὐτοῦ 1 his own region "his hometown." This refers to the town of Nazareth, where Jesus grew up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 13 54 j6vb ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ αὐτῶν 1 in their synagogue The pronoun "their" is referring to the people of the region. +MAT 13 54 it1f ἐκπλήσσεσθαι αὐτοὺς 1 they were astonished "they were amazed" MAT 13 54 b3d2 figs-explicit 0 Where does this man get his wisdom and these miracles from? The people believed that Jesus was just an ordinary man. They use this question to express their amazement that he was so wise and was able to do miracles. Alternate translation: "How can an ordinary man like this be so wise and do such great miracles?" or "It is strange that he is able to speak with such wisdom and do these miracles!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 13 55 rk5e figs-rquestion 0 Is not this man the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary? Are not his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas? The crowd uses these questions to express their belief that they know who Jesus is and that he is just an ordinary man. Alternate translation: "He is just the son of a carpenter. We know his mother Mary, and his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 13 55 rpj9 0 the carpenter's son A carpenter is someone who makes things with wood or stone. If "carpenter" is not known, "builder" can be used. -MAT 13 56 m9pn figs-rquestion 0 Are not all his sisters with us? The crowd uses these questions to express their belief that they know who Jesus is and that he is just an ordinary man. Alternate translation: "And all his sisters are with us, too." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 13 55 rpj9 ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός' ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός 1 the carpenter's son A carpenter is someone who makes things with wood or stone. If "carpenter" is not known, "builder" can be used. +MAT 13 56 m9pn figs-rquestion εἰσιν αἱ ἀδελφαὶ αὐτοῦ οὐχὶ πᾶσαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς? 1 Are not all his sisters with us? The crowd uses these questions to express their belief that they know who Jesus is and that he is just an ordinary man. Alternate translation: "And all his sisters are with us, too." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 13 56 bnv1 figs-rquestion 0 Where did he get all these things? The crowd uses this question to show their understanding that Jesus must have gotten his abilities from somewhere. They were probably expressing their doubt that he got his abilities from God. Alternate translation: "He must have gotten his ability to do these things from somewhere!" or "We do not know where he got these abilities!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 13 56 pqf1 0 all these things This refers to Jesus' wisdom and ability to do miracles. -MAT 13 57 f5md figs-activepassive 0 They were offended by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Jesus' hometown took offense at him" or "The people rejected Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 13 57 azn4 figs-doublenegatives 0 A prophet is not without honor This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "A prophet receives honor everywhere" or "People everywhere honor a prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MAT 13 57 sq8j 0 his own country "his own region" or "his own hometown" -MAT 13 57 w4x8 0 in his own family "in his own home" -MAT 13 58 e2cp 0 He did not do many miracles there "Jesus did not do many miracles in his own hometown" +MAT 13 57 f5md figs-activepassive ἐσκανδαλίζοντο ἐν αὐτῷ 1 They were offended by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Jesus' hometown took offense at him" or "The people rejected Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 13 57 azn4 figs-doublenegatives προφήτης οὐκ ἔστιν ἄτιμος 1 A prophet is not without honor This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "A prophet receives honor everywhere" or "People everywhere honor a prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MAT 13 57 sq8j τῇ πατρίδι 1 his own country "his own region" or "his own hometown" +MAT 13 57 w4x8 ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 in his own family "in his own home" +MAT 13 58 e2cp οὐκ ἐποίησεν πολλὰς δυνάμεις ἐκεῖ 1 He did not do many miracles there "Jesus did not do many miracles in his own hometown" MAT 14 intro g5mc 0 # Matthew 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Verses 1 and 2 continue the account from chapter 13. Verses 3-12 stop the account and speak of things that happened earlier, possibly soon after Satan tempted Jesus (see [Matthew 4:12](../../mat/04/12.md)). Verse 13 continues the account from verse 2. Be sure to have words in verses 3-12 that tell the reader that Matthew has stopped his account to give new information before he continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])

#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Passive voice

Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, the writer does not tell who brought John's head to Herodias's daughter ([Matthew 14:11](../../mat/14/11.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MAT 14 1 zl7x figs-events 0 General Information: These verses explain Herod's reaction when he heard about Jesus. This event happens some time after the events that follow in the narrative. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -MAT 14 1 q8h5 0 About that time "In those days" or "While Jesus was ministering in Galilee" -MAT 14 1 l9ur 0 heard the news about Jesus "heard reports about Jesus" or "heard about the fame of Jesus" -MAT 14 2 pd1b 0 He said "Herod said" -MAT 14 2 nx7x 0 has risen from the dead The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from the dead speaks of coming alive again. +MAT 14 1 q8h5 ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ 1 About that time "In those days" or "While Jesus was ministering in Galilee" +MAT 14 1 l9ur ἤκουσεν τὴν ἀκοὴν Ἰησοῦ 1 heard the news about Jesus "heard reports about Jesus" or "heard about the fame of Jesus" +MAT 14 2 pd1b εἶπεν 1 He said "Herod said" +MAT 14 2 nx7x ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 has risen from the dead The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from the dead speaks of coming alive again. MAT 14 2 vve7 0 Therefore these powers are at work in him Some Jews at that time believed if a person came back from the dead he would have powers to do mighty things. MAT 14 3 y57m 0 General Information: Matthew recounts the story of John the Baptist's death in order to show why Herod reacted the way he did when he heard about Jesus. MAT 14 3 zgp9 figs-events 0 Here the author begins to tell about how Herod had executed John the Baptist. These events occur some time before the event in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -MAT 14 3 h466 figs-metonymy 0 Herod had arrested John, bound him, and put him in prison It says that Herod did these things because he ordered others to do them for him. Alternate translation: "Herod ordered his soldiers to arrest and bind John the Baptist and put him in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 14 3 lr92 translate-names 0 Philip's wife Philip was Herod's brother. Herod had taken Philip's wife to be his own wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 14 3 h466 figs-metonymy ὁ γὰρ Ἡρῴδης κρατήσας τὸν Ἰωάννην, ἔδησεν αὐτὸν, καὶ ἀπέθετο ἐν φυλακῇ 1 Herod had arrested John, bound him, and put him in prison It says that Herod did these things because he ordered others to do them for him. Alternate translation: "Herod ordered his soldiers to arrest and bind John the Baptist and put him in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 14 3 lr92 translate-names Φιλίππου' Φιλίππου τὴν γυναῖκα 1 Philip's wife Philip was Herod's brother. Herod had taken Philip's wife to be his own wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 14 4 d3gp figs-events 0 For John ... as your wife If needed, you can present the events of 14:3-4 in the order that they happened, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) MAT 14 4 n1t6 figs-quotations 0 For John had said to him, "It is not lawful for you to have her as your wife." This can be expressed as an indirect quote, if needed. Alternate translation: "For John had said to Herod that it was not lawful for Herod to have Herodias as his wife." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 14 4 r8lh 0 For John had said to him "For John had kept saying to Herod" +MAT 14 4 r8lh ἔλεγεν γὰρ ὁ Ἰωάννης ἔλεγεν γὰρ αὐτῷ 1 For John had said to him "For John had kept saying to Herod" MAT 14 4 nb2j figs-explicit 0 It is not lawful Philip was still alive when Herod married Herodias. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 14 5 hg9f 0 he feared "Herod feared" -MAT 14 5 w7uv 0 they regarded him "they regarded John" -MAT 14 6 fvs5 figs-explicit 0 in the midst You can make explicit the implicit information. Alternate translation: "in the midst of the guests attending the birthday celebration" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 14 5 hg9f ἐφοβήθη 1 he feared "Herod feared" +MAT 14 5 w7uv αὐτὸν εἶχον 1 they regarded him "they regarded John" +MAT 14 6 fvs5 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ μέσῳ 1 in the midst You can make explicit the implicit information. Alternate translation: "in the midst of the guests attending the birthday celebration" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 14 8 rhk5 figs-activepassive 0 After being instructed by her mother This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After her mother instructed her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 14 8 wi8s 0 instructed "coached" or "told" +MAT 14 8 wi8s ἡ δὲ προβιβασθεῖσα 1 instructed "coached" or "told" MAT 14 8 ya5z 0 she said "the daughter of Herodias said to Herod" -MAT 14 8 ruy4 0 platter a very large plate +MAT 14 8 ruy4 πίνακι 1 platter a very large plate MAT 14 9 s8zp figs-activepassive 0 The king was very upset by her request This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Her request made the king very upset" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 14 9 a1er 0 The king "King Herod" +MAT 14 9 a1er ὁ βασιλεὺς 1 The king "King Herod" MAT 14 9 j6nu figs-activepassive 0 he ordered that it should be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he ordered his men to do what she said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 14 10 nes5 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the account of how Herod executed John the Baptist. -MAT 14 11 nd5r figs-activepassive 0 his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 14 11 pba6 0 platter a very large plate -MAT 14 11 lqb6 0 girl Use the word for a young, unmarried girl. -MAT 14 12 fl47 0 his disciples "the disciples of John" -MAT 14 12 ni1q 0 the corpse "the dead body" -MAT 14 12 mq89 figs-explicit 0 they went and told Jesus The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the disciples of John went and told Jesus what had happened to John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 14 11 nd5r figs-activepassive ἡ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ ἠνέχθη ἐπὶ πίνακι καὶ ἐδόθη τῷ κορασίῳ 1 his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 14 11 pba6 πίνακι 1 platter a very large plate +MAT 14 11 lqb6 κορασίῳ 1 girl Use the word for a young, unmarried girl. +MAT 14 12 fl47 οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ 1 his disciples "the disciples of John" +MAT 14 12 ni1q τὸ πτῶμα 1 the corpse "the dead body" +MAT 14 12 mq89 figs-explicit ἐλθόντες ἀπήγγειλαν τῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 they went and told Jesus The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the disciples of John went and told Jesus what had happened to John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 14 13 id97 writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the miracle that Jesus is about to perform by feeding five thousand people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MAT 14 13 ql1f 0 Connecting Statement: These verses describe how Jesus reacted when he heard that Herod had executed John the Baptist. MAT 14 13 ds5w 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 14 13 dvq4 0 heard this "heard what happened to John" or "heard the news about John" -MAT 14 13 ia39 figs-explicit 0 he withdrew "he left" or "he went away from the crowd." It is implied that Jesus' disciples went with him. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 14 13 zlh8 0 from there "from that place" +MAT 14 13 ia39 figs-explicit ἀνεχώρησεν 1 he withdrew "he left" or "he went away from the crowd." It is implied that Jesus' disciples went with him. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 14 13 zlh8 ἐκεῖθεν 1 from there "from that place" MAT 14 13 i7uu 0 When the crowds heard of it "When the crowds heard where Jesus had gone" or "When the crowds heard that he had left" -MAT 14 13 u6nr 0 the crowds "the crowds of people" or "the huge group of people" or "the people" -MAT 14 13 ipm9 figs-idiom 0 on foot This means that the people in the crowd were walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 14 13 u6nr οἱ ὄχλοι 1 the crowds "the crowds of people" or "the huge group of people" or "the people" +MAT 14 13 ipm9 figs-idiom πεζῇ 1 on foot This means that the people in the crowd were walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 14 14 d8n3 0 Then Jesus came before them and saw the large crowd "When Jesus came ashore, he saw a large crowd" MAT 14 15 gcu9 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus feeding five thousand people with only five small loaves of bread and two small fish. -MAT 14 15 xa7n 0 the disciples came to him "Jesus' disciples came to him" -MAT 14 16 qwk1 0 They have no need "The people in the crowd have no need" -MAT 14 16 r5gd figs-you 0 You give them The word "You" is plural, referring to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 14 17 tm5t 0 They said to him "The disciples said to Jesus" -MAT 14 17 ih48 0 five loaves of bread A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. -MAT 14 18 szx6 0 Bring them to me "Bring the loaves and fish to me" +MAT 14 15 xa7n οἱ μαθηταὶ προσῆλθον αὐτῷ 1 the disciples came to him "Jesus' disciples came to him" +MAT 14 16 qwk1 οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν 1 They have no need "The people in the crowd have no need" +MAT 14 16 r5gd figs-you ὑμεῖς δότε αὐτοῖς 1 You give them The word "You" is plural, referring to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 14 17 tm5t οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ 1 They said to him "The disciples said to Jesus" +MAT 14 17 ih48 πέντε ἄρτους 1 five loaves of bread A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. +MAT 14 18 szx6 φέρετέ αὐτούς μοι 1 Bring them to me "Bring the loaves and fish to me" MAT 14 19 yne5 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the account of Jesus feeding five thousand people. -MAT 14 19 vp7r 0 sit down "lie down." Use the verb for the position people in your culture usually are in when they eat. -MAT 14 19 u613 figs-idiom 0 He took "He held in his hands." He did not steal them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 14 19 vp7r ἀνακλιθῆναι 1 sit down "lie down." Use the verb for the position people in your culture usually are in when they eat. +MAT 14 19 u613 figs-idiom λαβὼν 1 He took "He held in his hands." He did not steal them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 14 19 i34u 0 broke the loaves "tore the loaves" -MAT 14 19 bf1a 0 loaves "loaves of bread" or "whole breads" -MAT 14 19 t7ei 0 Looking up Possible meanings are 1) "While looking up" or 2) "After looking up." -MAT 14 20 l2h8 figs-activepassive 0 and were filled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "until they were full" or "until they were no longer hungry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 14 20 p73g 0 they took up "the disciples gathered up" or "some people gathered up" -MAT 14 20 czj4 translate-numbers 0 twelve baskets full "12 baskets full" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 14 21 wv59 0 Those who ate "Those who ate the bread and the fish" -MAT 14 21 als7 translate-numbers 0 five thousand men "5,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 14 19 bf1a ἄρτους 1 loaves "loaves of bread" or "whole breads" +MAT 14 19 t7ei ἀναβλέψας 1 Looking up Possible meanings are 1) "While looking up" or 2) "After looking up." +MAT 14 20 l2h8 figs-activepassive καὶ ἐχορτάσθησαν 1 and were filled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "until they were full" or "until they were no longer hungry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 14 20 p73g ἦραν 1 they took up "the disciples gathered up" or "some people gathered up" +MAT 14 20 czj4 translate-numbers δώδεκα κοφίνους πλήρεις 1 twelve baskets full "12 baskets full" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 14 21 wv59 οἱ δὲ ἐσθίοντες 1 Those who ate "Those who ate the bread and the fish" +MAT 14 21 als7 translate-numbers πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 1 five thousand men "5,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 14 22 yp8l 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the miracle that Jesus is about to perform of walking on water. MAT 14 22 eaa8 0 Connecting Statement: The following verses describe events that happened right after Jesus fed the five thousand people. -MAT 14 22 wt1t 0 Immediately he "As soon as Jesus had finished feeding all the people, he" -MAT 14 23 d27u 0 When evening came "Late in the evening" or "When it became dark" -MAT 14 24 vzd1 0 being tossed about by the waves "and the disciples could not control the boat because of the large waves" -MAT 14 25 pmw8 0 In the fourth watch of the night The fourth watch is between 3 a.m. and sunrise. Alternate translation: "Just before dawn" -MAT 14 25 t1vp 0 walking on the sea "walking on top of the water" -MAT 14 26 q9qs 0 they were terrified "they were very afraid" -MAT 14 26 h7df 0 ghost a spirit that has left the body of a person who has died -MAT 14 28 w2pl 0 Peter answered him "Peter answered Jesus" +MAT 14 22 wt1t εὐθέως ἠνάγκασεν 1 Immediately he "As soon as Jesus had finished feeding all the people, he" +MAT 14 23 d27u ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης 1 When evening came "Late in the evening" or "When it became dark" +MAT 14 24 vzd1 βασανιζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων 1 being tossed about by the waves "and the disciples could not control the boat because of the large waves" +MAT 14 25 pmw8 τετάρτῃ φυλακῇ τῆς νυκτὸς 1 In the fourth watch of the night The fourth watch is between 3 a.m. and sunrise. Alternate translation: "Just before dawn" +MAT 14 25 t1vp περιπατῶν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν 1 walking on the sea "walking on top of the water" +MAT 14 26 q9qs ἐταράχθησαν 1 they were terrified "they were very afraid" +MAT 14 26 h7df φάντασμά 1 ghost a spirit that has left the body of a person who has died +MAT 14 28 w2pl ὁ Πέτρος ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ 1 Peter answered him "Peter answered Jesus" MAT 14 30 sk3j figs-idiom 0 when Peter saw the wind Here "saw the wind" means he became aware of the wind. Alternate translation: "when Peter saw that the wind was tossing the waves back and forth" or "when he realized how strong the wind was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 14 31 bd2v 0 You of little faith, why "You who have such little faith." Jesus addressed Peter this way because Peter became afraid. It can also be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "You have so little faith! Why" -MAT 14 31 cr9i figs-rquestion 0 why did you doubt? Jesus uses a question to tell Peter than he should not have doubted. You can make explicit what Peter should not have doubted. Alternate translation: "you should not have doubted that I could keep you from sinking." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 14 33 u8pu guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 14 31 bd2v ὀλιγόπιστε, εἰς τί 1 You of little faith, why "You who have such little faith." Jesus addressed Peter this way because Peter became afraid. It can also be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "You have so little faith! Why" +MAT 14 31 cr9i figs-rquestion εἰς τί ἐδίστασας 1 why did you doubt? Jesus uses a question to tell Peter than he should not have doubted. You can make explicit what Peter should not have doubted. Alternate translation: "you should not have doubted that I could keep you from sinking." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 14 33 u8pu guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Θεοῦ Υἱὸς 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 14 34 r5lm 0 Connecting Statement: These verses describe what happened after Jesus walked on the water. They summarize how the people were responding to Jesus' ministry. -MAT 14 34 cv3f 0 When they had crossed over "When Jesus and his disciples had crossed over the lake" -MAT 14 34 x9nu translate-names 0 Gennesaret This is a small town on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 14 34 cv3f διαπεράσαντες 1 When they had crossed over "When Jesus and his disciples had crossed over the lake" +MAT 14 34 x9nu translate-names Γεννησαρέτ 1 Gennesaret This is a small town on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 14 35 xd7c 0 they sent messages "the men of that area sent messages" -MAT 14 36 ql3y 0 They begged him "The sick people begged him" -MAT 14 36 x8jv 0 his garment "his robe" or "what he was wearing" -MAT 14 36 mw8n figs-activepassive 0 were healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 14 36 ql3y παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν 1 They begged him "The sick people begged him" +MAT 14 36 x8jv τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ 1 his garment "his robe" or "what he was wearing" +MAT 14 36 mw8n figs-activepassive διεσώθησαν 1 were healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 15 intro i9a5 0 # Matthew 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:8-9, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The "traditions of the elders"

The "traditions of the elders" were oral laws that the Jewish religious leaders developed because they wanted to make sure that everyone obeyed the law of Moses. However, they often worked harder to obey these rules than to obey the law of Moses itself. Jesus rebuked the religious leaders for this, and they became angry as a result. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

##### Jews and Gentiles

The Jews of Jesus' time thought that only Jews could please God by the way they lived. Jesus healed a Canaanite Gentile woman's daughter to show his followers that he would accept both Jews and Gentiles as his people.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Sheep

The Bible often speaks of people as if they were sheep because sheep need someone to take care of them. This is because they do not see well and they often go to where other animals can kill them easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MAT 15 1 q6af writing-newevent 0 General Information: The scene shifts to events that occurred some time after events of the previous chapter. Here Jesus responds to the criticisms of the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -MAT 15 2 j1b8 figs-rquestion 0 Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? The Pharisees and scribes use this question to criticize Jesus and his disciples. Alternate translation: "Your disciples do not respect the rules that our ancestors have given us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 15 2 yn6l 0 traditions of the elders This is not the same as the law of Moses. This refers to later teachings and interpretations of the law given by religious leaders after Moses. -MAT 15 2 gfn6 figs-explicit 0 they do not wash their hands This washing is not only to clean hands. This refers to a ceremonial washing according to the tradition of the elders. Alternate translation: "they do not wash their hands properly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 15 2 j1b8 figs-rquestion διὰ τί παραβαίνουσιν οἱ μαθηταί σου παραβαίνουσιν τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων? 1 Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? The Pharisees and scribes use this question to criticize Jesus and his disciples. Alternate translation: "Your disciples do not respect the rules that our ancestors have given us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 15 2 yn6l παράδοσιν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων 1 traditions of the elders This is not the same as the law of Moses. This refers to later teachings and interpretations of the law given by religious leaders after Moses. +MAT 15 2 gfn6 figs-explicit ἐσθίωσιν 1 they do not wash their hands This washing is not only to clean hands. This refers to a ceremonial washing according to the tradition of the elders. Alternate translation: "they do not wash their hands properly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 15 3 ia1e figs-rquestion 0 Then why do you violate the commandment of God for the sake of your traditions? Jesus answers with a question to criticize what the religious leaders do. Alternate translation: "And I see that you refuse to obey God's commands just so that you can follow what your ancestors taught you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 15 4 srz6 0 General Information: In verse 4, Jesus quotes twice from Exodus to show how God expects people to treat their parents. MAT 15 4 cz1q 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the Pharisees. MAT 15 4 qmm7 0 will surely die "the people will surely execute him" -MAT 15 5 ql75 figs-you 0 But you say Here "you" is plural and refers to the Pharisees and scribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 15 5 ql75 figs-you ὑμεῖς δὲ λέγετε 1 But you say Here "you" is plural and refers to the Pharisees and scribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 15 6 b81c 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the Pharisees. MAT 15 6 vr6y figs-quotesinquotes 0 that person does not need to honor his father The words beginning with "But you say" (verse 5) have a quotation within a quotation. If necessary you can translate them as indirect quotations. "But you teach that a person does not need to honor his parents by giving them something that may help them if the person tells his parents that he has already given it as a gift to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 15 6 q3kt figs-explicit 0 does not need to honor his father It is implied that "his father" means "his parents." This means the religious leaders taught that a person does not need to show respect to his parents by taking care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 15 6 znt9 0 you have made void the word of God Here "word of God" refers specifically to his commands. AT: "you have treated the word of God as if it were invalid" or "you have ignored God's commands" -MAT 15 6 yq5a 0 for the sake of your traditions "because you want to follow your traditions" +MAT 15 6 znt9 ἠκυρώσατε τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 you have made void the word of God Here "word of God" refers specifically to his commands. AT: "you have treated the word of God as if it were invalid" or "you have ignored God's commands" +MAT 15 6 yq5a διὰ τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν 1 for the sake of your traditions "because you want to follow your traditions" MAT 15 7 t4fq 0 General Information: In verses 8 and 9, Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah to rebuke the Pharisees and scribes. MAT 15 7 tn3b 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes his response to the Pharisees and scribes. -MAT 15 7 wv77 0 Well did Isaiah prophesy about you "Isaiah told the truth in this prophecy about you" -MAT 15 7 n4ti figs-explicit 0 when he said It is implied that Isaiah is speaking what God told him. Alternate translation: "when he told what God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 15 7 wv77 καλῶς ἐπροφήτευσεν Ἠσαΐας ἐπροφήτευσεν περὶ ὑμῶν 1 Well did Isaiah prophesy about you "Isaiah told the truth in this prophecy about you" +MAT 15 7 n4ti figs-explicit λέγων 1 when he said It is implied that Isaiah is speaking what God told him. Alternate translation: "when he told what God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 15 8 qw69 figs-metonymy 0 This people honors me with their lips Here "lips" refers to speaking. Alternate translation: "These people say all the right things to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 15 8 bz91 0 me All occurrences of this word refer to God. -MAT 15 8 wuw3 figs-metonymy 0 but their heart is far from me Here "heart" refers to a person's thoughts or emotions. This phrase is a way of saying the people are not truly devoted to God. Alternate translation: "but they do not really love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 15 9 jf93 0 They worship me in vain "Their worship means nothing to me" or "They only pretend to worship me" -MAT 15 9 vvb9 0 the commandments of people "the rules that people make up" +MAT 15 8 bz91 με τιμᾷ 1 me All occurrences of this word refer to God. +MAT 15 8 wuw3 figs-metonymy ἡ δὲ καρδία αὐτῶν πόρρω ἀπέχει ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 but their heart is far from me Here "heart" refers to a person's thoughts or emotions. This phrase is a way of saying the people are not truly devoted to God. Alternate translation: "but they do not really love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 15 9 jf93 σέβονταί με μάτην δὲ 1 They worship me in vain "Their worship means nothing to me" or "They only pretend to worship me" +MAT 15 9 vvb9 ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων 1 the commandments of people "the rules that people make up" MAT 15 10 ti4w 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach the crowd and his disciples about what defiles a person and why the Pharisees and scribes were wrong to criticize him. MAT 15 11 s28y figs-metonymy 0 enters into the mouth ... comes out of the mouth Jesus is contrasting what a person eats to what a person says. Jesus means that God is concerned with what a person says rather than what a person eats. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 15 12 l2uj figs-activepassive 0 the Pharisees were offended when they heard this statement This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this statement made the Pharisees angry" or "this statement offended the Pharisees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 13 n5ij figs-metaphor 0 Every plant that my heavenly Father has not planted will be rooted up This is a metaphor. Jesus means that the Pharisees do not actually belong to God, so God will remove them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 15 13 j49e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my heavenly Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 15 13 hs4t figs-activepassive 0 will be rooted up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my Father will uproot" or "he will take out of the ground" or "he will remove" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 14 r167 0 Let them alone The word "them" refers to the Pharisees. +MAT 15 13 n5ij figs-metaphor πᾶσα φυτεία ἣν ὁ Πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος οὐκ ἐφύτευσεν ἐκριζωθήσεται 1 Every plant that my heavenly Father has not planted will be rooted up This is a metaphor. Jesus means that the Pharisees do not actually belong to God, so God will remove them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 15 13 j49e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος 1 my heavenly Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 15 13 hs4t figs-activepassive ἐκριζωθήσεται 1 will be rooted up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my Father will uproot" or "he will take out of the ground" or "he will remove" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 15 14 r167 ἄφετε αὐτούς 1 Let them alone The word "them" refers to the Pharisees. MAT 15 14 ai9x figs-metaphor 0 blind guides ... both will fall into a pit Jesus uses another metaphor to describe the Pharisees. Jesus means that the Pharisees do not understand God's commands or how to please him. Therefore, they cannot teach others how to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 15 15 cje4 0 Connecting Statement: Peter asks Jesus to explain the parable that Jesus told in [Matthew 15:13-14](./13.md). -MAT 15 15 shg6 0 to us "to us disciples" +MAT 15 15 shg6 ἡμῖν 1 to us "to us disciples" MAT 15 16 xr78 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus explains the parable that he told in [Matthew 15:13-14](./13.md). -MAT 15 16 al9z figs-rquestion 0 Are you also still without understanding? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the disciples for not understanding the parable. Also, the word "you" is emphasized. Jesus cannot believe his own disciples do not understand. Alternate translation: "I am disappointed that you, my disciples, still do not understand what I teach!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 15 16 al9z figs-rquestion ἐστε ὑμεῖς καὶ ἀκμὴν ἀσύνετοί? 1 Are you also still without understanding? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the disciples for not understanding the parable. Also, the word "you" is emphasized. Jesus cannot believe his own disciples do not understand. Alternate translation: "I am disappointed that you, my disciples, still do not understand what I teach!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 15 17 l5nt figs-rquestion 0 Do you not see ... into the latrine? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the disciples for not understanding the parable. Alternate translation: "Surely you understand ... into the latrine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 15 17 s833 0 passes into the stomach "goes into the stomach" -MAT 15 17 s9z6 0 latrine This a polite term for the place where people bury body waste. +MAT 15 17 s833 χωρεῖ εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν 1 passes into the stomach "goes into the stomach" +MAT 15 17 s9z6 ἀφεδρῶνα 1 latrine This a polite term for the place where people bury body waste. MAT 15 18 e7mu 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to explain the parable that he told in [Matthew 15:13-14](./13.md). MAT 15 18 ca1w figs-metonymy 0 things that come out of the mouth This refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: "words that a person says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 15 18 x14k figs-metonymy 0 from the heart Here "heart" refers to a person's mind or innermost being. Alternate translation: "from inside the person" or "from a person's mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 15 19 rg59 0 murder the act of killing innocent people -MAT 15 20 bme7 0 to eat with unwashed hands This refers to eating without first ceremonially washing one's hands according to the traditions of the elders. Alternate translation: "eating without first washing one's hands" +MAT 15 18 x14k figs-metonymy ἐκ τῆς καρδίας 1 from the heart Here "heart" refers to a person's mind or innermost being. Alternate translation: "from inside the person" or "from a person's mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 15 19 rg59 φόνοι 1 murder the act of killing innocent people +MAT 15 20 bme7 φαγεῖν ἀνίπτοις χερσὶν 1 to eat with unwashed hands This refers to eating without first ceremonially washing one's hands according to the traditions of the elders. Alternate translation: "eating without first washing one's hands" MAT 15 21 e5gv 0 General Information: This begins an account of Jesus healing the daughter of a Canaanite woman. -MAT 15 21 t81u figs-explicit 0 Jesus went away It is implied that the disciples went with Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples went away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 15 22 x1wm 0 Behold, a Canaanite woman came The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There was a Canaanite woman who came" -MAT 15 22 jt94 0 a Canaanite woman came out from that region "a woman who was from that region and who belonged to the group of people called Canaanites came." The country of Canaan no longer existed by this time. She was a part of a people group that lived near the cities of Tyre and Sidon. -MAT 15 22 f4k2 figs-explicit 0 Have mercy on me This phrase implies that she is requesting that Jesus heal her daughter. Alternate translation: "Have mercy and heal my daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 15 22 xs64 0 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the woman may have been calling Jesus by this title. -MAT 15 22 j6rt figs-activepassive 0 My daughter is severely demon-possessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A demon is controlling my daughter terribly" or "A demon is tormenting my daughter severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 23 hd2i figs-metonymy 0 answered her not a word Here "word" refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: "said nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 15 21 t81u figs-explicit ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐξελθὼν 1 Jesus went away It is implied that the disciples went with Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples went away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 15 22 x1wm ἰδοὺ, γυνὴ Χαναναία γυνὴ ἐξελθοῦσα 1 Behold, a Canaanite woman came The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There was a Canaanite woman who came" +MAT 15 22 jt94 γυνὴ Χαναναία γυνὴ ἐξελθοῦσα ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων ἐκείνων 1 a Canaanite woman came out from that region "a woman who was from that region and who belonged to the group of people called Canaanites came." The country of Canaan no longer existed by this time. She was a part of a people group that lived near the cities of Tyre and Sidon. +MAT 15 22 f4k2 figs-explicit ἐλέησόν με 1 Have mercy on me This phrase implies that she is requesting that Jesus heal her daughter. Alternate translation: "Have mercy and heal my daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 15 22 xs64 Υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the woman may have been calling Jesus by this title. +MAT 15 22 j6rt figs-activepassive ἡ θυγάτηρ μου δαιμονίζεται κακῶς δαιμονίζεται- δαιμονίζεται 1 My daughter is severely demon-possessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A demon is controlling my daughter terribly" or "A demon is tormenting my daughter severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 15 23 hd2i figs-metonymy ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῇ οὐκ λόγον 1 answered her not a word Here "word" refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: "said nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 15 24 t9ga figs-activepassive 0 I was not sent to anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not send me to anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 24 u9t4 figs-metaphor 0 to the lost sheep of the house of Israel This is a metaphor comparing the entire nation of Israel to sheep who have gone away from their shepherd. See how you translated this in [Matthew 10:6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 15 25 ch7c 0 she came "the Canaanite woman came" -MAT 15 25 u3jj translate-symaction 0 bowed down before him This shows that the woman humbled herself before Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 15 24 u9t4 figs-metaphor εἰς τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα οἴκου Ἰσραήλ 1 to the lost sheep of the house of Israel This is a metaphor comparing the entire nation of Israel to sheep who have gone away from their shepherd. See how you translated this in [Matthew 10:6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 15 25 ch7c ἡ δὲ ἐλθοῦσα 1 she came "the Canaanite woman came" +MAT 15 25 u3jj translate-symaction προσεκύνει αὐτῷ 1 bowed down before him This shows that the woman humbled herself before Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 15 26 ihz4 writing-proverbs 0 It is not right to take the children's bread and throw it to the little dogs Jesus responds to the woman with a proverb. The basic meaning is that it is not right to take what is supposed to belong to Jews and give it to non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -MAT 15 26 a5bc figs-synecdoche 0 the children's bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "the children's food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 15 26 fe7n 0 the little dogs The Jews considered dogs to be unclean animals. Here they are used as an image for non-Jews. +MAT 15 26 a5bc figs-synecdoche τὸν τῶν τέκνων' τῶν τέκνων ἄρτον 1 the children's bread Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "the children's food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 15 26 fe7n τοῖς κυναρίοις 1 the little dogs The Jews considered dogs to be unclean animals. Here they are used as an image for non-Jews. MAT 15 27 yvw1 figs-metaphor 0 even the little dogs eat some of the crumbs that fall from their masters' tables The woman responds by using the same imagery as Jesus used in the proverb he just spoke. She means non-Jews should be able to have a small amount of the good things Jews are throwing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 15 27 i5tt 0 little dogs Use words here for dogs of any size that people keep as pets. See how you translated this in [Matthew 15:26](../15/26.md). -MAT 15 28 tea2 figs-activepassive 0 let it be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 28 n229 figs-activepassive 0 Her daughter was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her daughter" or "Her daughter became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 15 28 wwq3 figs-idiom 0 from that hour This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "at exactly the same time" or "immediately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 15 27 i5tt κυνάρια 1 little dogs Use words here for dogs of any size that people keep as pets. See how you translated this in [Matthew 15:26](../15/26.md). +MAT 15 28 tea2 figs-activepassive γενηθήτω 1 let it be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 15 28 n229 figs-activepassive ἡ θυγάτηρ αὐτῆς ἰάθη 1 Her daughter was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her daughter" or "Her daughter became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 15 28 wwq3 figs-idiom ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 1 from that hour This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "at exactly the same time" or "immediately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 15 29 np6e writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the miracle that Jesus is about to perform by feeding four thousand people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MAT 15 30 c8td 0 lame, blind, mute, and crippled people "those who could not walk, those who could not see, those who could not talk, and those whose arms or legs did not function" MAT 15 30 yf7i 0 They presented them at Jesus' feet Apparently some of these sick or crippled people were unable to stand up, so when their friends brought them to Jesus, they placed them on the ground in front of him. Alternate translation: "The crowds placed the sick people on the ground in front of Jesus" -MAT 15 31 pi52 figs-activepassive 0 the crippled made well This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the crippled become well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 15 31 pi52 figs-activepassive κυλλοὺς ὑγιεῖς 1 the crippled made well This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the crippled become well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 15 31 be52 figs-nominaladj 0 the crippled ... the lame ... the blind These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "the crippled persons ... the lame persons ... the blind persons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) MAT 15 32 z28i 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus feeding four thousand people with seven loaves of bread and a few small fish. MAT 15 32 efc2 0 without eating, or they may faint on the way "without eating because they might faint on the way" MAT 15 33 uhi3 figs-rquestion 0 Where can we get enough loaves of bread in such a deserted place to satisfy so large a crowd? The disciples use a question to state that there is nowhere to get food for the crowd. Alternate translation: "There is nowhere nearby that we can get enough bread for such a large crowd." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 15 34 k86l figs-ellipsis 0 Seven, and a few small fish The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Seven loaves of bread, and a few small fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 15 35 x13q 0 sit down on the ground Use your language's word for how people customarily eat when there is no table, whether sitting or lying down. -MAT 15 36 x7kc 0 He took the seven loaves and the fish "Jesus held the seven loaves and the fish in his hands" +MAT 15 34 k86l figs-ellipsis ἑπτά, καὶ ὀλίγα ἰχθύδια 1 Seven, and a few small fish The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Seven loaves of bread, and a few small fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 15 35 x13q ἀναπεσεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν 1 sit down on the ground Use your language's word for how people customarily eat when there is no table, whether sitting or lying down. +MAT 15 36 x7kc ἔλαβεν τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἄρτους καὶ τοὺς ἰχθύας 1 He took the seven loaves and the fish "Jesus held the seven loaves and the fish in his hands" MAT 15 36 dcr4 0 he broke the loaves "he tore the loaves" MAT 15 36 a9s4 0 gave them "gave the bread and the fish" -MAT 15 37 fc8g 0 they gathered "the disciples gathered" or "some people gathered" -MAT 15 38 udk7 0 Those who ate "The people who ate" -MAT 15 38 z66m translate-numbers 0 four thousand men "4,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 15 39 be43 0 the region "the area" -MAT 15 39 m8dp translate-names 0 Magadan This region is sometimes called "Magdala." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 15 37 fc8g ἦραν 1 they gathered "the disciples gathered" or "some people gathered" +MAT 15 38 udk7 οἱ δὲ ἐσθίοντες 1 Those who ate "The people who ate" +MAT 15 38 z66m translate-numbers τετρακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 1 four thousand men "4,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 15 39 be43 τὰ ὅρια 1 the region "the area" +MAT 15 39 m8dp translate-names Μαγαδάν 1 Magadan This region is sometimes called "Magdala." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 16 intro za2k 0 # Matthew 16 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Yeast

Jesus spoke of the way people thought about God as if it were bread, and he spoke of what people taught about God as if it were the yeast that makes bread dough become larger and the baked bread taste good. He did not want his followers to listen to what the Pharisees and Sadducees taught. This was because if they did listen, they would not understand who God is and how he wants his people to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Jesus told his people to obey his commands. He did this by telling them to "follow" him. It is as if he were walking on a path and they were walking after him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Background information

Matthew continues his account from chapter 15 in verses 1-20. The account stops in verse 21 so Matthew can tell the reader that Jesus told his disciples again and again that people would kill him after he arrived in Jerusalem. Then the account continues in verses 22-27 with what happened the first time Jesus told the disciples that he would die.

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Matthew 16:25](../../mat/16/25.md)).
MAT 16 1 t249 0 General Information: This begins an encounter between Jesus and the Pharisees and Sadducees. MAT 16 1 t7p5 0 tested him Here "tested" is used in a negative sense. Alternate translation: "challenged him" or "wanted to trap him" @@ -1654,499 +1654,499 @@ MAT 16 3 hek7 0 red and overcast "red and cloudy" MAT 16 3 r4em 0 You know how to interpret the appearance of the sky "You know how to look at the sky and understand what kind of weather you will have" MAT 16 3 gx5t 0 but you cannot interpret the signs of the times "but you do not know how to look at what is happening right now and understand what it means" MAT 16 4 jl3e figs-123person 0 An evil and adulterous generation seeks for a sign ... given to it Jesus is speaking to his present generation. Alternate translation: "You are an evil and adulterous generation who demands signs from me ... given to you" See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 16 4 fhx6 figs-metaphor 0 An evil and adulterous generation Here "adulterous" is a metaphor for people who are not faithful to God. See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). Alternate translation: "An unfaithful generation" or "A godless generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 4 d9eq figs-activepassive 0 no sign will be given to it Jesus would not give them a sign because, though he had already performed many miracles, they refused to believe him. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). Alternate translation: "I will not give it a sign" or "God will not give you a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 16 4 dep2 0 except the sign of Jonah "except the same sign God gave to Jonah the prophet." See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). +MAT 16 4 fhx6 figs-metaphor γενεὰ πονηρὰ καὶ μοιχαλὶς γενεὰ 1 An evil and adulterous generation Here "adulterous" is a metaphor for people who are not faithful to God. See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). Alternate translation: "An unfaithful generation" or "A godless generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 4 d9eq figs-activepassive οὐ σημεῖον δοθήσεται αὐτῇ 1 no sign will be given to it Jesus would not give them a sign because, though he had already performed many miracles, they refused to believe him. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). Alternate translation: "I will not give it a sign" or "God will not give you a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 16 4 dep2 εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ 1 except the sign of Jonah "except the same sign God gave to Jonah the prophet." See how you translated this in [Matthew 12:39](../12/39.md). MAT 16 5 ii6j 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a later time. Jesus uses an opportunity to warn his disciples about the Pharisees and Sadducees. -MAT 16 5 si9k figs-ellipsis 0 the other side You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "the other side of the lake" or "the other side of the Sea of Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 16 6 hfz2 figs-metaphor 0 the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees Here "yeast" is a metaphor that refers to evil ideas and wrong teaching. Translate as "yeast" here and do not explain its meaning in your translation. This meaning will be made clear in 16:12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 7 huw7 0 reasoned among themselves "discussed this with each other" or "thought about this" -MAT 16 8 mg8s 0 You of little faith "You who have such little faith." Jesus addresses his disciples this way because their concern about not bringing bread shows they have little faith in Jesus to provide for them. See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:30](../06/30.md). +MAT 16 5 si9k figs-ellipsis τὸ πέραν 1 the other side You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "the other side of the lake" or "the other side of the Sea of Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 16 6 hfz2 figs-metaphor τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων 1 the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees Here "yeast" is a metaphor that refers to evil ideas and wrong teaching. Translate as "yeast" here and do not explain its meaning in your translation. This meaning will be made clear in 16:12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 7 huw7 διελογίζοντο ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 reasoned among themselves "discussed this with each other" or "thought about this" +MAT 16 8 mg8s ὀλιγόπιστοι 1 You of little faith "You who have such little faith." Jesus addresses his disciples this way because their concern about not bringing bread shows they have little faith in Jesus to provide for them. See how you translated this in [Matthew 6:30](../06/30.md). MAT 16 8 zz4i figs-rquestion 0 why do you reason ... taken no bread? Jesus uses a question to rebuke his disciples for not understanding what he just said. Alternate translation: "I am disappointed that you think it was because you forgot to bring bread that I talked about the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 16 9 k8lk 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to warn his disciples about the Pharisees and Sadducees. MAT 16 9 h5bg figs-rquestion 0 Do you not yet perceive or remember ... you gathered up? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the disciples. Alternate translation: "Surely you remember ... you gathered up!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 16 9 ux51 translate-numbers 0 five thousand "5,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 16 10 b11x translate-numbers 0 four thousand "4,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 16 9 ux51 translate-numbers τῶν πεντακισχιλίων 1 five thousand "5,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 16 10 b11x translate-numbers τῶν τετρακισχιλίων 1 four thousand "4,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 16 10 ejm5 figs-rquestion 0 Or the seven loaves ... you took up? "Do you also not remember the seven loaves ... you took up?" Jesus uses a question to rebuke his disciples. Alternate translation: "Surely you also remember the seven loaves ... you took up!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 16 11 f42k 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to warn his disciples about the Pharisees and Sadducees. MAT 16 11 mb2z figs-rquestion 0 How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Jesus uses this question to rebuke the disciples. Alternate translation: "You should have understood that I was not really speaking about bread." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 16 11 i7x6 figs-metaphor 0 the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees Here "yeast" represents evil ideas and wrong teaching. Translate as "yeast" and do not explain the meaning in your translation. In 16:12 the disciples will understand the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 11 i7x6 figs-metaphor τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων 1 the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees Here "yeast" represents evil ideas and wrong teaching. Translate as "yeast" and do not explain the meaning in your translation. In 16:12 the disciples will understand the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 16 12 f73l 0 they ... them These refer to the disciples. MAT 16 13 e5cm 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a later time. Jesus asks his disciples if they understand who he is. MAT 16 13 pye3 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line or to introduce a new person. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 16 13 e1jh figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 16 16 n5wi guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Son of the living God This is an important title for Jesus that shows his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 16 16 r1h7 0 the living God Here "living" contrasts the God of Israel to all the false gods and idols that people worshiped. Only the God of Israel is alive and has power to act. -MAT 16 17 le6a translate-names 0 Simon Bar Jonah "Simon son of Jonah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 16 17 dfw5 figs-synecdoche 0 flesh and blood have not revealed Here "flesh and blood" refers to a human being. Alternate translation: "a human did not reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 16 13 e1jh figs-123person τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 16 16 n5wi guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος 1 the Son of the living God This is an important title for Jesus that shows his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 16 16 r1h7 τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος 1 the living God Here "living" contrasts the God of Israel to all the false gods and idols that people worshiped. Only the God of Israel is alive and has power to act. +MAT 16 17 le6a translate-names Σίμων Βαριωνᾶ 1 Simon Bar Jonah "Simon son of Jonah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 16 17 dfw5 figs-synecdoche σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα οὐκ ἀπεκάλυψέν 1 flesh and blood have not revealed Here "flesh and blood" refers to a human being. Alternate translation: "a human did not reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 16 17 wix3 0 this to you Here "this" refers to Peter's statement that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of the Living God. MAT 16 17 v5lw figs-ellipsis 0 but my Father who is in heaven The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "but it was my Father in heaven who revealed this to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 16 17 gi3l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 16 18 z897 0 I also say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 16 18 th3d figs-explicit 0 you are Peter The name Peter means "rock." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 16 18 x43d figs-metaphor 0 upon this rock I will build my church Here "build my church" is a metaphor for uniting the people who believe in Jesus into a community. Possible meanings are 1) "this rock" represents Peter, or 2) "this rock" represents the truth that Peter had just said in [Matthew 16:16](../16/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 18 vu9u figs-metaphor 0 The gates of Hades will not prevail against it Here "Hades" is spoken of as if it were a city surrounded by walls with gates that keep dead people in and other people out. Here "Hades" represents death, and its "gates" represent its power. Possible meanings are 1) "the powers of death will not overcome my church" or 2) "my church will break down the power of death the way an army breaks into a city." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 16 17 gi3l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 16 18 z897 κἀγὼ λέγω σοι 1 I also say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 16 18 th3d figs-explicit σὺ εἶ Πέτρος 1 you are Peter The name Peter means "rock." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 16 18 x43d figs-metaphor ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 upon this rock I will build my church Here "build my church" is a metaphor for uniting the people who believe in Jesus into a community. Possible meanings are 1) "this rock" represents Peter, or 2) "this rock" represents the truth that Peter had just said in [Matthew 16:16](../16/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 18 vu9u figs-metaphor πύλαι ᾍδου οὐ κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς 1 The gates of Hades will not prevail against it Here "Hades" is spoken of as if it were a city surrounded by walls with gates that keep dead people in and other people out. Here "Hades" represents death, and its "gates" represent its power. Possible meanings are 1) "the powers of death will not overcome my church" or 2) "my church will break down the power of death the way an army breaks into a city." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 16 19 ysk8 figs-you 0 I will give to you Here "you" is singular and refers to Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 16 19 pp5d figs-metaphor 0 the keys of the kingdom of heaven Keys are objects that are used to lock or unlock doors. Here they represent authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 19 kc3k figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of heaven This refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 16 19 ef9c figs-metaphor 0 Whatever you shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven Here "bind" is a metaphor meaning to forbid something, and "loose" is a metaphor meaning to allow something. Also, "in heaven" is a metonym that represents God himself. Alternate translation: "God in heaven will approve whatever you forbid or allow on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 16 19 pp5d figs-metaphor τὰς κλεῖδας τῆς Βασιλείας τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 the keys of the kingdom of heaven Keys are objects that are used to lock or unlock doors. Here they represent authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 19 kc3k figs-metonymy τῆς Βασιλείας τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 the kingdom of heaven This refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 16 19 ef9c figs-metaphor ὃ ἐὰν δήσῃς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, καὶ ὃ ἐὰν λύσῃς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται λελυμένον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Whatever you shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven Here "bind" is a metaphor meaning to forbid something, and "loose" is a metaphor meaning to allow something. Also, "in heaven" is a metonym that represents God himself. Alternate translation: "God in heaven will approve whatever you forbid or allow on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 16 21 wl33 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus tells his disciples for the first time that he will die soon. MAT 16 21 xql7 figs-metonymy 0 suffer many things at the hand of the elders and chief priests and scribes Here "hand" refers to power. Alternate translation: "where the elders, chief priests, and scribes will cause him to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 16 21 es1l figs-activepassive 0 scribes, be killed, and be raised back to life on the third day Here to raise back to life is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. The elders and chief priests would accuse Jesus so that others would kill him. Alternate translation: "scribes. People will then kill him , and on the third day God will make him become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 16 21 jjx5 translate-ordinal 0 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 16 22 jie2 writing-background 0 Then Peter took him aside Jesus tells them for the first time that he will die soon (verse 21). He will tell them the same thing many times after this first time. It is after this first time that Peter takes Jesus aside. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 16 22 q31h 0 Peter took him aside "Peter spoke to Jesus when no one else could hear them" +MAT 16 21 jjx5 translate-ordinal τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 16 22 jie2 writing-background προσλαβόμενος ὁ Πέτρος προσλαβόμενος αὐτὸν προσλαβόμενος 1 Then Peter took him aside Jesus tells them for the first time that he will die soon (verse 21). He will tell them the same thing many times after this first time. It is after this first time that Peter takes Jesus aside. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +MAT 16 22 q31h ὁ Πέτρος προσλαβόμενος αὐτὸν προσλαβόμενος 1 Peter took him aside "Peter spoke to Jesus when no one else could hear them" MAT 16 22 guz8 figs-idiom 0 May this be far from you This is an idiom that means "may this never happen." Alternate translation: "No" or "Never" or "May God forbid this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 16 23 f28i figs-metaphor 0 Get behind me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to me Jesus means that Peter is acting like Satan because Peter is trying to prevent Jesus from accomplishing what God sent him to do. Alternate translation: "Get behind me, because you are acting like Satan! You are a stumbling block to me" or "Get behind me, Satan! I call you Satan because you are a stumbling block to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 16 23 ax7x 0 Get behind me "Get away from me" -MAT 16 24 ck1a figs-metaphor 0 follow me Following Jesus here represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 24 ck1a figs-metaphor ὀπίσω μου ἐλθεῖν 1 follow me Following Jesus here represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 16 24 pg9h 0 must deny himself "must not give in to his own desires" or "must forsake his own desires" -MAT 16 24 h7ug figs-metonymy 0 take up his cross, and follow me "carry his cross, and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "and obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" or "and he must obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 24 x13v figs-metaphor 0 and follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "and obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 25 pk8h 0 For whoever wants "For anyone who wants" -MAT 16 25 y9kc figs-metaphor 0 will lose it This does not mean the person must necessarily die. It is a metaphor that means the person will consider obeying Jesus as being more important than his own life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 16 25 ie7t 0 for my sake "because he trusts me" or "on my account" or "because of me" -MAT 16 25 xz98 figs-metaphor 0 will find it This metaphor means the person will experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will find true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 24 h7ug figs-metonymy ἀράτω τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 take up his cross, and follow me "carry his cross, and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "and obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" or "and he must obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 24 x13v figs-metaphor καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 and follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "and obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 25 pk8h ὃς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ 1 For whoever wants "For anyone who wants" +MAT 16 25 y9kc figs-metaphor ἀπολέσει αὐτήν 1 will lose it This does not mean the person must necessarily die. It is a metaphor that means the person will consider obeying Jesus as being more important than his own life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 16 25 ie7t ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ 1 for my sake "because he trusts me" or "on my account" or "because of me" +MAT 16 25 xz98 figs-metaphor εὑρήσει αὐτήν 1 will find it This metaphor means the person will experience spiritual life with God. Alternate translation: "will find true life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 16 26 eqe8 figs-rquestion 0 For what does it profit a person ... his life? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "It does not profit a person ... his life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 16 26 q7x1 figs-hyperbole 0 if he gains the whole world The words "the whole world" are an exaggeration for great riches. Alternate translation: "if he gains everything he desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 16 26 b34q 0 but forfeits his life "but he loses his life" +MAT 16 26 q7x1 figs-hyperbole ἐὰν κερδήσῃ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον 1 if he gains the whole world The words "the whole world" are an exaggeration for great riches. Alternate translation: "if he gains everything he desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MAT 16 26 b34q τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ζημιωθῇ τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ 1 but forfeits his life "but he loses his life" MAT 16 26 eck5 figs-rquestion 0 What can a person give in exchange for his life? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "There is nothing that a person can give to regain his life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 16 27 iyu1 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man ... his Father ... Then he Here Jesus refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of man ... my Father ... Then I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 16 27 ie16 0 will come in the glory of his Father "will come, having the same glory as his Father" -MAT 16 27 k4q4 figs-123person 0 with his angels "and the angels will be with him." If you translate the first part of the sentence with Jesus speaking in the first person, you can translate this as "and my Father's angels will be with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 16 27 vk5y guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and the Son of Man, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 16 27 ie16 ἔρχεσθαι ἐν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 will come in the glory of his Father "will come, having the same glory as his Father" +MAT 16 27 k4q4 figs-123person μετὰ τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ 1 with his angels "and the angels will be with him." If you translate the first part of the sentence with Jesus speaking in the first person, you can translate this as "and my Father's angels will be with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 16 27 vk5y guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 his Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and the Son of Man, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 16 27 i7rs 0 according to what he has done "according to what each person has done" -MAT 16 28 ytr3 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 16 28 k2d1 figs-you 0 you All occurrences of this word are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 16 28 wq13 figs-idiom 0 will not taste death Here "taste" means to experience. Alternate translation: "will not experience death" or" will not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 16 28 b2pb figs-metonymy 0 until they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom Here "his kingdom" represents him being King. Alternate translation: "until they see the Son of Man coming as King" or "until they see the evidence that the Son of Man is King" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 16 28 ytr3 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 16 28 k2d1 figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you All occurrences of this word are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 16 28 wq13 figs-idiom οὐ μὴ γεύσωνται θανάτου 1 will not taste death Here "taste" means to experience. Alternate translation: "will not experience death" or" will not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 16 28 b2pb figs-metonymy ἕως ἴδωσιν τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 until they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom Here "his kingdom" represents him being King. Alternate translation: "until they see the Son of Man coming as King" or "until they see the evidence that the Son of Man is King" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 17 intro yb4k 0 # Matthew 17 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Elijah

The Old Testament prophet Malachi lived many years before Jesus was born. Malachi had said that before the Messiah came a prophet named Elijah would return. Jesus explained that Malachi had been talking about John the Baptist. Jesus said this because John the Baptist had done what Malachi had said that Elijah would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

##### "transfigured"

Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Matthew says in this chapter that Jesus' body shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])
MAT 17 1 u6dw 0 General Information: This begins the account of Jesus' transfiguration. -MAT 17 1 nva7 0 Peter, James, and John his brother "Peter, James, and James's brother John" -MAT 17 2 xx8e 0 He was transfigured before them When they looked at him, his appearance was different from what it had been. -MAT 17 2 kq4l figs-activepassive 0 He was transfigured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his appearance had changed" or "he appeared very different" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 17 2 uxg3 0 before them "in front of them" or "so they could clearly him" +MAT 17 1 nva7 τὸν Πέτρον, Ἰάκωβον, καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Peter, James, and John his brother "Peter, James, and James's brother John" +MAT 17 2 xx8e μετεμορφώθη ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν 1 He was transfigured before them When they looked at him, his appearance was different from what it had been. +MAT 17 2 kq4l figs-activepassive μετεμορφώθη 1 He was transfigured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his appearance had changed" or "he appeared very different" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 17 2 uxg3 ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν 1 before them "in front of them" or "so they could clearly him" MAT 17 2 i1mp figs-simile 0 His face shone like the sun, and his garments became as brilliant as the light These are similes that emphasize how bright Jesus' appearance became. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 17 2 te1s 0 his garments "what he was wearing" -MAT 17 3 axr5 0 Behold This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 17 3 n63y 0 to them This refers to Peter, James, and John. -MAT 17 3 sde3 0 with him "with Jesus" -MAT 17 4 r41c 0 answered and said "said." Peter is not responding to a question. +MAT 17 2 te1s τὰ δὲ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 his garments "what he was wearing" +MAT 17 3 axr5 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 17 3 n63y αὐτοῖς 1 to them This refers to Peter, James, and John. +MAT 17 3 sde3 μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 with him "with Jesus" +MAT 17 4 r41c ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν 1 answered and said "said." Peter is not responding to a question. MAT 17 4 d231 figs-exclusive 0 it is good for us to be here It is not clear whether "us" refers only to Peter, James, and John, or if it refers to everyone there, including Jesus, Elijah, and Moses. If you can translate so that both options are possible, do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -MAT 17 5 cek4 0 behold This alerts the reader to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 17 5 an8j 0 overshadowed them "came over them" +MAT 17 5 cek4 ἰδοὺ 1 behold This alerts the reader to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 17 5 an8j ἐπεσκίασεν αὐτούς 1 overshadowed them "came over them" MAT 17 5 kc8t figs-metonymy 0 there was a voice out of the cloud Here "voice" refers to God speaking. Alternate translation: "God spoke to them from out of the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 17 6 wd76 0 the disciples heard it "the disciples heard God speak" -MAT 17 6 a87e figs-idiom 0 they fell on their face Here "fell on their face" here is an idiom. Alternate translation: "they fell forward, with their faces to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 17 6 a87e figs-idiom ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν 1 they fell on their face Here "fell on their face" here is an idiom. Alternate translation: "they fell forward, with their faces to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 17 9 w4w9 0 Connecting Statement: The following events happen immediately after the three disciples witness Jesus' transfiguration. -MAT 17 9 jz51 0 As they "As Jesus and the disciples" -MAT 17 9 y9rq figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 17 10 nwt5 figs-explicit 0 Why then do the scribes say that Elijah must come first? The disciples are referring to the belief that Elijah will come back to life and return to the people of Israel before the Messiah comes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 17 9 jz51 καταβαινόντων αὐτῶν 1 As they "As Jesus and the disciples" +MAT 17 9 y9rq figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 17 10 nwt5 figs-explicit τί οὖν λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς λέγουσιν ὅτι Ἠλείαν δεῖ ἐλθεῖν πρῶτον 1 Why then do the scribes say that Elijah must come first? The disciples are referring to the belief that Elijah will come back to life and return to the people of Israel before the Messiah comes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 17 11 xbs2 0 restore all things "put things in order" or "get the people ready to receive the Messiah" -MAT 17 12 whp9 0 But I tell you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 17 12 whp9 δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 But I tell you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 17 12 a4h7 0 they ... their All occurrences of these words may mean either 1) the Jewish leaders or 2) all the Jewish people. MAT 17 12 tyw4 figs-metonymy 0 the Son of Man will also suffer at their hands Here "hands" refers to power. Alternate translation: "they will make the Son of Man suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 17 12 i74i figs-123person 0 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 17 12 i74i figs-123person Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 17 14 t687 0 Connecting Statement: This begins an account of Jesus healing a boy who had an evil spirit. These events happen immediately after Jesus and his disciples descend from the mountain. -MAT 17 15 ufb4 figs-explicit 0 have mercy on my son It is implied that the man wants Jesus to heal his son. Alternate translation: "have mercy on my son and heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 17 15 hs55 0 is epileptic This means that he sometimes had seizures. He would become unconscious and move uncontrollably. Alternate translation: "has seizures" -MAT 17 17 lyu5 0 Unbelieving and corrupt generation, how "This generation does not believe in God and does not know what is right or wrong. How" +MAT 17 15 ufb4 figs-explicit ἐλέησόν μου τὸν υἱόν 1 have mercy on my son It is implied that the man wants Jesus to heal his son. Alternate translation: "have mercy on my son and heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 17 15 hs55 σεληνιάζεται 1 is epileptic This means that he sometimes had seizures. He would become unconscious and move uncontrollably. Alternate translation: "has seizures" +MAT 17 17 lyu5 ἄπιστος καὶ διεστραμμένη γενεὰ, ἕως πότε 1 Unbelieving and corrupt generation, how "This generation does not believe in God and does not know what is right or wrong. How" MAT 17 17 su3r figs-rquestion 0 how long will I have to stay with you? How long must I bear with you? These questions show Jesus is unhappy with the people. Alternate translation: "I am tired of being with you! I am tired of your unbelief and corruption!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 17 18 i8kd figs-activepassive 0 the boy was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the boy became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 17 18 h2gc figs-idiom 0 from that hour This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "immediately" or "at that moment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 17 19 pz9f figs-exclusive 0 we Here "we" refers to the speakers but not the hearers and so is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MAT 17 19 r9j7 0 Why could we not cast it out? "Why could we not make the demon come out of the boy?" -MAT 17 20 u5ll 0 For I truly say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 17 18 i8kd figs-activepassive ὁ παῖς ἐθεραπεύθη 1 the boy was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the boy became well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 17 18 h2gc figs-idiom ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 1 from that hour This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "immediately" or "at that moment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 17 19 pz9f figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we Here "we" refers to the speakers but not the hearers and so is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +MAT 17 19 r9j7 διὰ τί οὐκ ἠδυνήθημεν ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἠδυνήθημεν ἐκβαλεῖν αὐτό ἐκβαλεῖν 1 Why could we not cast it out? "Why could we not make the demon come out of the boy?" +MAT 17 20 u5ll γὰρ λέγω ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I truly say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 17 20 uy78 figs-simile 0 if you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard seed Jesus compares the size of a mustard seed to the amount of faith needed to do a miracle. A mustard seed is very small, but it grows into a large plant. Jesus means it only takes a small amount of faith to do a great miracle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 17 20 x48i figs-litotes 0 nothing will be impossible for you This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "you will be able to do anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MAT 17 20 x48i figs-litotes οὐδὲν ἀδυνατήσει ὑμῖν 1 nothing will be impossible for you This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "you will be able to do anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) MAT 17 22 r2cu 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts momentarily, and Jesus foretells his death and resurrection a second time. -MAT 17 22 n2xs 0 they stayed "Jesus and his disciples stayed" -MAT 17 22 ff8x figs-activepassive 0 The Son of Man will be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 17 22 mmk2 figs-metonymy 0 delivered into the hands of people The word "hands" here is a metonym for the power that people use hands to exercise. Alternate translation: "taken and put under the power of people" or "taken and given to people who will control him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 17 22 i5rb figs-123person 0 The Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 17 22 jne3 figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of people Here "hands" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "to the control of the people" or "to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 17 22 n2xs συστρεφομένων δὲ αὐτῶν 1 they stayed "Jesus and his disciples stayed" +MAT 17 22 ff8x figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοσθαι 1 The Son of Man will be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 17 22 mmk2 figs-metonymy παραδίδοσθαι εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων 1 delivered into the hands of people The word "hands" here is a metonym for the power that people use hands to exercise. Alternate translation: "taken and put under the power of people" or "taken and given to people who will control him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 17 22 i5rb figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 The Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 17 22 jne3 figs-metonymy εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων 1 into the hands of people Here "hands" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "to the control of the people" or "to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 17 23 hl6j figs-123person 0 him ... he Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 17 23 b6g3 translate-ordinal 0 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 17 23 fni4 figs-activepassive 0 he will be raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise him up" or "God will cause him to become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 17 23 b6g3 translate-ordinal τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 17 23 fni4 figs-activepassive ἐγερθήσεται 1 he will be raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise him up" or "God will cause him to become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 17 24 jli6 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts again to a later time when Jesus teaches Peter about paying the temple tax. -MAT 17 24 t8qt 0 When they "When Jesus and his disciples" -MAT 17 24 b953 translate-bmoney 0 the two-drachma tax This was a tax that Jewish men paid to support the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the temple tax" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 17 25 y26n 0 the house "the place where Jesus was staying" -MAT 17 25 yp5h figs-rquestion 0 "What do you think, Simon? From whom do the kings of the earth collect tolls or taxes? From their sons or from others?" Jesus asks these questions to teach Simon, not to gain information for himself. Alternate translation: "Listen, Simon. We know that when kings collect taxes, they collect it from people who are not members of their own family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 17 24 t8qt ἐλθόντων δὲ αὐτῶν 1 When they "When Jesus and his disciples" +MAT 17 24 b953 translate-bmoney τὰ δίδραχμα- δίδραχμα 1 the two-drachma tax This was a tax that Jewish men paid to support the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the temple tax" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 17 25 y26n τὴν οἰκίαν 1 the house "the place where Jesus was staying" +MAT 17 25 yp5h figs-rquestion ," τί δοκεῖ σοι δοκεῖ, Σίμων? ἀπὸ τίνων λαμβάνουσιν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς λαμβάνουσιν τέλη ἢ κῆνσον? ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτῶν ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων?" 1 "What do you think, Simon? From whom do the kings of the earth collect tolls or taxes? From their sons or from others?" Jesus asks these questions to teach Simon, not to gain information for himself. Alternate translation: "Listen, Simon. We know that when kings collect taxes, they collect it from people who are not members of their own family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 17 26 fb1c 0 General Information: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 13:54](../13/54.md), where Matthew tells of continued opposition to Jesus' ministry and teaching about the kingdom of heaven. MAT 17 26 j3g4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach Peter about paying the temple tax. MAT 17 26 w75w figs-quotations 0 When he said, "From others," Jesus said If you translated Jesus' questions as statements in [Matthew 17:25](../17/25.md), you may need to give an alternate response here. You could also state it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "When Peter said, 'Yes, that is true. Kings collect taxes from foreigners,' Jesus said" or "After Peter agreed with Jesus, Jesus said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 17 26 uh6y 0 From others In modern times, leaders usually tax their own citizens. But, in ancient times, the leaders often taxed the people they had conquered rather than their own citizens. -MAT 17 26 u6xx 0 sons people over whom a ruler or king rules +MAT 17 26 uh6y ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων 1 From others In modern times, leaders usually tax their own citizens. But, in ancient times, the leaders often taxed the people they had conquered rather than their own citizens. +MAT 17 26 u6xx υἱοί 1 sons people over whom a ruler or king rules MAT 17 27 mwa6 0 But so that we do not cause the tax collectors to sin, go "But we do not want to make the tax collectors angry. So, go." MAT 17 27 uhk5 figs-explicit 0 throw in a hook Fishermen tied hooks to the end of a line, then threw it in the water to catch fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 17 27 ebj4 0 its mouth "the fish's mouth" -MAT 17 27 t9t8 translate-bmoney 0 a shekel a silver coin worth four days' wages (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 17 27 ebj4 τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ 1 its mouth "the fish's mouth" +MAT 17 27 t9t8 translate-bmoney στατῆρα 1 a shekel a silver coin worth four days' wages (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 17 27 ej3l 0 Take it "Take the shekel" -MAT 17 27 km3v figs-you 0 for me and you Here "you" is singular and refers to Peter. Each man had to pay a half shekel tax. So one shekel would be enough for Jesus and Peter to pay their taxes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 17 27 km3v figs-you ἀντὶ ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ 1 for me and you Here "you" is singular and refers to Peter. Each man had to pay a half shekel tax. So one shekel would be enough for Jesus and Peter to pay their taxes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 18 intro m4y6 0 # Matthew 18 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### What should Jesus' followers do when other followers sin against them?

Jesus taught that his followers must treat each other well and not be angry with each other. They should forgive anyone who is sorry for his sin, even if he has committed the same sin before. If he is not sorry for his sin, Jesus' followers should speak with him alone or in a small group. If he is still not sorry after that, then Jesus' followers can treat him as guilty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
MAT 18 1 f7zv 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that runs through [Matthew 18:35](../18/35.md), where Jesus teaches about life in the kingdom of heaven. Here, Jesus uses a little child to teach the disciples. -MAT 18 1 iri5 0 Who is greatest "Who is the most important" or "Who among us will be the most important" -MAT 18 1 pp31 figs-metonymy 0 in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "in God's kingdom" or "when our God in heaven establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 18 3 qb44 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 18 1 iri5 τίς ἐστὶν μείζων 1 Who is greatest "Who is the most important" or "Who among us will be the most important" +MAT 18 1 pp31 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "in God's kingdom" or "when our God in heaven establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 3 qb44 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 18 3 fs1e figs-doublenegatives 0 unless you turn ... children, you will in no way enter This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "you must change ... children in order to enter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MAT 18 3 ewj5 figs-simile 0 become like little children Jesus uses a simile to teach the disciples that they should not be concerned with who is most important. They should be concerned with becoming humble like a child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 18 3 ch9p figs-metonymy 0 enter the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "enter God's kingdom" or "belong to our God in heaven when he establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 3 ewj5 figs-simile γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία 1 become like little children Jesus uses a simile to teach the disciples that they should not be concerned with who is most important. They should be concerned with becoming humble like a child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 18 3 ch9p figs-metonymy οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε τὴν Βασιλείαν τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 enter the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "enter God's kingdom" or "belong to our God in heaven when he establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 18 4 ta7z figs-simile 0 Jesus continues teaching the disciples that they need to be humble like a child if they want to be important in God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 18 4 f9t5 0 is the greatest "is the most important" or "will be the most important" -MAT 18 4 gf8l figs-metonymy 0 in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "in God's kingdom" or "when our God in heaven establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 18 5 dz1i figs-metonymy 0 in my name Here "my name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because he is my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 4 f9t5 ἐστιν ὁ μείζων 1 is the greatest "is the most important" or "will be the most important" +MAT 18 4 gf8l figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 in the kingdom of heaven The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is used only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "in God's kingdom" or "when our God in heaven establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 5 dz1i figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου 1 in my name Here "my name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because he is my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 18 5 ik3r 0 Whoever ... in my name receives me Jesus means that it is the same as welcoming him. Alternate translation: "When someone ... in my name, it is like he is welcoming me" or "When someone ... in my name, it is as if he were welcoming me" MAT 18 6 ghp3 figs-activepassive 0 a great millstone should be hung about his neck, and that he should be sunk into the depths of the sea This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if someone put a great millstone around his neck and threw him into the deep sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 6 w3uz 0 millstone This is a large, heavy, circular stone used for grinding wheat grain into flour. Alternate translation: "a heavy stone" +MAT 18 6 w3uz μύλος ὀνικὸς 1 millstone This is a large, heavy, circular stone used for grinding wheat grain into flour. Alternate translation: "a heavy stone" MAT 18 7 cl5i 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to use a little child to teach the disciples and warns against the terrible consequences of causing children to sin. -MAT 18 7 ees6 figs-metonymy 0 to the world Here "world" refers to people. Alternate translation: "to the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 7 ees6 figs-metonymy τῷ κόσμῳ 1 to the world Here "world" refers to people. Alternate translation: "to the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 18 7 y7vh figs-metaphor 0 stumbling blocks ... those stumbling blocks come ... the person through whom those stumbling blocks come Here "stumbling" is a metaphor for sin. Alternate translation: "things that cause people to sin ... things come that cause people to sin ... any person who causes others to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 18 8 vad7 figs-hyperbole 0 If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away from you Jesus exaggerates here to emphasize that people must do anything necessary to remove from their lives what causes them to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 18 8 gqi3 figs-you 0 your ... you All occurrences of these words are singular. Jesus is speaking to all people in general. It may be more natural for your language to translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 18 8 pc4d 0 into life "into eternal life" -MAT 18 8 lhk9 figs-activepassive 0 than to be thrown into the eternal fire having two hands or two feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "than to have both hands and feet when God throws you into the eternal fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 18 8 pc4d εἰς τὴν ζωὴν 1 into life "into eternal life" +MAT 18 8 lhk9 figs-activepassive ἢ βληθῆναι εἰς τὸ τὸ αἰώνιον πῦρ ἔχοντα δύο χεῖρας ἢ δύο πόδας 1 than to be thrown into the eternal fire having two hands or two feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "than to have both hands and feet when God throws you into the eternal fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 18 9 xad4 figs-hyperbole 0 If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away from you The command to destroy the eye, perhaps the most important part of the body, is probably an exaggeration for his hearers to do anything necessary to remove from their lives anything that causes them to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 18 9 q7tw figs-metaphor 0 causes you to stumble Here "stumble" is a metaphor for sin. Alternate translation: "causes you to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 18 9 q7tw figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζει σε σκανδαλίζει 1 causes you to stumble Here "stumble" is a metaphor for sin. Alternate translation: "causes you to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 18 9 eii2 figs-you 0 your ... you All occurrences of these words are singular. Jesus is speaking to all people in general. It may be more natural for your language to translate with a plural "you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 18 9 m8as 0 into life "into eternal life" +MAT 18 9 m8as εἰς τὴν ζωὴν 1 into life "into eternal life" MAT 18 9 r1ie figs-activepassive 0 than to be thrown into the eternal fire having both eyes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "than to have both eyes when God throws you into the eternal fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 10 qnc6 0 See that "Be careful that" or "Be sure that" +MAT 18 10 qnc6 ὁρᾶτε 1 See that "Be careful that" or "Be sure that" MAT 18 10 e9uf 0 you do not despise any of these little ones "you do not think of these little ones as being unimportant." This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "you show respect to these little ones" -MAT 18 10 j4l5 0 For I say to you This add emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 18 10 j4l5 γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you This add emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 18 10 xdl9 figs-explicit 0 that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven Jewish teachers taught that only the most important angels could be in God's presence. Jesus means that the most important angels speak to God about these little ones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 18 10 y6n9 figs-idiom 0 always look on the face of my Father This is an idiom that means they are in God's presence. Alternate translation: "are always close to my Father" or "are always in the presence of my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 18 10 iq8j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 18 10 iq8j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 18 12 xhq2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to use a little child to teach the disciples and tells a parable to explain God's care for people. -MAT 18 12 idl5 figs-rquestion 0 What do you think? Jesus uses this question to get people's attention. Alternate translation: "Think about how people act." or "Think about this." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 18 12 dm8u figs-you 0 you This word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 18 12 idl5 figs-rquestion τί δοκεῖ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ? 1 What do you think? Jesus uses this question to get people's attention. Alternate translation: "Think about how people act." or "Think about this." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 18 12 dm8u figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you This word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 18 12 cv92 translate-numbers 0 a hundred ... ninety-nine "100 ... 99" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 18 12 t5h4 figs-rquestion 0 does he not leave ... astray? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "he will always leave ... astray." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 18 13 j5d8 figs-parables 0 If he finds it ... that did not go astray This is the end of the parable that begins with the words "If anyone" in verse 12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 18 13 at4s figs-you 0 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 18 14 kcy2 0 it is not the will of your Father in heaven that one of these little ones should perish "your Father in heaven does not want any of these little ones to die" or "your Father in heaven does not want even one of these little ones to die" -MAT 18 14 usa4 figs-you 0 your This word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 18 14 fmm2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 18 13 at4s figs-you αὐτό λέγω ὑμῖν 1 truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 18 14 kcy2 οὐκ ἔστιν θέλημα τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἵνα ἓν τῶν μικρῶν τούτων ἀπόληται 1 it is not the will of your Father in heaven that one of these little ones should perish "your Father in heaven does not want any of these little ones to die" or "your Father in heaven does not want even one of these little ones to die" +MAT 18 14 usa4 figs-you τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 your This word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 18 14 fmm2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς ὑμῶν 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 18 15 k6t7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach his disciples about forgiveness and reconciliation. -MAT 18 15 kpe2 0 your brother This refers to a fellow believer in God, not a physical brother. Alternate translation: "your fellow believer" -MAT 18 15 yh3t 0 you will have gained your brother "you will have made your relationship with your brother good again" +MAT 18 15 kpe2 ὁ ἀδελφός σου 1 your brother This refers to a fellow believer in God, not a physical brother. Alternate translation: "your fellow believer" +MAT 18 15 yh3t σου ἐκέρδησας τὸν ἀδελφόν σου 1 you will have gained your brother "you will have made your relationship with your brother good again" MAT 18 16 i25x figs-metonymy 0 so that by the mouth of two or three witnesses every word might be verified Here "mouth" and "word" refer to what a person says. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that two or three witnesses may verify that what you say about your brother is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 17 g3aj 0 if he refuses to listen to them "if your fellow believer refuses to listen to the witnesses who came with you" -MAT 18 17 kx28 0 to the church "to the whole community of believers" -MAT 18 17 xf1a figs-explicit 0 let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector "treat him as you would treat a Gentile or tax collector." This implies that they should remove him from the community of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 18 18 u2kl 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 18 18 qzq7 figs-you 0 you All occurrences of this word are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 18 17 g3aj ἐὰν παρακούσῃ αὐτῶν 1 if he refuses to listen to them "if your fellow believer refuses to listen to the witnesses who came with you" +MAT 18 17 kx28 παρακούσῃ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 to the church "to the whole community of believers" +MAT 18 17 xf1a figs-explicit ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης 1 let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector "treat him as you would treat a Gentile or tax collector." This implies that they should remove him from the community of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 18 18 u2kl ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 18 18 qzq7 figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you All occurrences of this word are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 18 18 bu6i figs-metaphor 0 whatever things you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; and whatever you release on earth will be released in heaven Here "bind" is a metaphor meaning to forbid something, and "release" is a metaphor meaning to allow something. Also, "in heaven" is a metonym that represents God himself. See how you translated similar phrases in [Matthew 16:19](../16/19.md). Alternate translation: "God in heaven will approve whatever you forbid or allow on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 18 18 l7na 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 18 19 cal4 figs-explicit 0 if two of you It is implied that Jesus means "if at least two of you" or "if two or more of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 18 18 l7na λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 18 19 cal4 figs-explicit ἐὰν δύο ἐξ ὑμῶν 1 if two of you It is implied that Jesus means "if at least two of you" or "if two or more of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 18 19 c3lf 0 they ... them These refer to the "two of you." Alternate translation: "you ... you" -MAT 18 19 gs8w guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 18 20 kv9z figs-explicit 0 two or three It is implied that Jesus means "two or more" or "at least two." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 18 20 s5rx 0 are gathered "meet" -MAT 18 20 l7vu figs-metonymy 0 in my name Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because they are my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 18 21 cys4 translate-numbers 0 seven times "7 times" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 18 22 b19x translate-numbers 0 seventy times seven Possible meanings are 1) "70 times 7" or 2) "77 times." If using a number would be confusing, you can translate it as "more times than you can count" or "you must always forgive him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 18 19 gs8w guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 18 20 kv9z figs-explicit δύο ἢ τρεῖς 1 two or three It is implied that Jesus means "two or more" or "at least two." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 18 20 s5rx εἰσιν συνηγμένοι 1 are gathered "meet" +MAT 18 20 l7vu figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα 1 in my name Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because they are my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 18 21 cys4 translate-numbers ἑπτάκις 1 seven times "7 times" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 18 22 b19x translate-numbers ἑβδομηκοντάκις ἑπτά 1 seventy times seven Possible meanings are 1) "70 times 7" or 2) "77 times." If using a number would be confusing, you can translate it as "more times than you can count" or "you must always forgive him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 18 23 n44s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus uses a parable to teach about forgiveness and reconciliation. -MAT 18 23 rqp1 figs-parables 0 the kingdom of heaven is similar This introduces a parable. See how you translated a similar parable introduction in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 18 23 bp72 0 to settle accounts with his servants "his servants to pay him what they owed" +MAT 18 23 rqp1 figs-parables ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὡμοιώθη 1 the kingdom of heaven is similar This introduces a parable. See how you translated a similar parable introduction in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +MAT 18 23 bp72 συνᾶραι λόγον μετὰ τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ 1 to settle accounts with his servants "his servants to pay him what they owed" MAT 18 24 d6ne figs-activepassive 0 one servant was brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone brought one of the king's servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 24 w3nr translate-bmoney 0 ten thousand talents "10,000 talents" or "more money than the servant could ever repay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 18 24 w3nr translate-bmoney μυρίων ταλάντων 1 ten thousand talents "10,000 talents" or "more money than the servant could ever repay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 18 25 nmz8 figs-activepassive 0 his master commanded him to be sold ... and payment to be made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the king commanded his servants to sell the man ... and to pay the debt with the money from the sale" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 26 thl3 translate-symaction 0 fell down, bowed down This shows that the servant approached the king in the most humble way possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 18 26 cx5z 0 before him "before the king" +MAT 18 26 thl3 translate-symaction πεσὼν οὖν, προσεκύνει 1 fell down, bowed down This shows that the servant approached the king in the most humble way possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 18 26 cx5z προσεκύνει αὐτῷ 1 before him "before the king" MAT 18 27 j5vp 0 he was moved with compassion "he felt compassion for the servant" -MAT 18 27 vn7l 0 released him "let him go" +MAT 18 27 vn7l ἀπέλυσεν αὐτόν 1 released him "let him go" MAT 18 28 d2tb figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 18 28 a7jb translate-bmoney 0 one hundred denarii "100 denarii" or "one hundred days' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 18 28 a7jb translate-bmoney ἑκατὸν δηνάρια 1 one hundred denarii "100 denarii" or "one hundred days' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 18 28 uy32 0 He grasped him "The first servant grasped his fellow servant" -MAT 18 28 b7u9 0 grasped "took hold of" or "grabbed" -MAT 18 29 i21c translate-symaction 0 fell down This shows that the fellow servant approached the first servant in the most humble way possible. See how you translated this in [Matthew 18:26](../18/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 18 29 iv8y 0 and implored him "and begged him" +MAT 18 28 b7u9 κρατήσας 1 grasped "took hold of" or "grabbed" +MAT 18 29 i21c translate-symaction πεσὼν οὖν 1 fell down This shows that the fellow servant approached the first servant in the most humble way possible. See how you translated this in [Matthew 18:26](../18/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 18 29 iv8y παρεκάλει αὐτὸν 1 and implored him "and begged him" MAT 18 30 fn3t figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 18 30 t8wb 0 he went and threw him into prison "the first servant went and threw his fellow servant into prison" -MAT 18 31 w9n2 0 his fellow servants "other servants" -MAT 18 31 nx9k 0 told their master "told the king" +MAT 18 30 t8wb ἀπελθὼν ἔβαλεν αὐτὸν εἰς φυλακὴν 1 he went and threw him into prison "the first servant went and threw his fellow servant into prison" +MAT 18 31 w9n2 οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτοῦ 1 his fellow servants "other servants" +MAT 18 31 nx9k διεσάφησαν τῷ κυρίῳ ἑαυτῶν 1 told their master "told the king" MAT 18 32 pfc2 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable to his disciple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 18 32 txr7 0 Then that servant's master called him "Then the king called the first servant" -MAT 18 32 wgs1 0 you implored me "you begged me" +MAT 18 32 wgs1 παρεκάλεσάς με 1 you implored me "you begged me" MAT 18 33 jw37 figs-rquestion 0 Should you not have ... you? The king uses a question to scold the first servant. Alternate translation: "You should have ... you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 18 34 l7ks 0 General Information: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 18:1](../18/01.md), where Jesus teaches about life in the kingdom of heaven. MAT 18 34 mkm7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes his parable about forgiveness and reconciliation. -MAT 18 34 big9 0 His master "The king" -MAT 18 34 e95u figs-explicit 0 handed him over "gave him over." Most likely the king himself did not take the first servant to the torturers. Alternate translation: "he ordered his servants to give him over" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 18 34 j7s3 0 to the torturers "to those who would torture him" -MAT 18 34 e14m figs-activepassive 0 that was owed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the first servant owed the king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 18 35 pm1d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my heavenly Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 18 34 big9 ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ 1 His master "The king" +MAT 18 34 e95u figs-explicit παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν παρέδωκεν 1 handed him over "gave him over." Most likely the king himself did not take the first servant to the torturers. Alternate translation: "he ordered his servants to give him over" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 18 34 j7s3 τοῖς βασανισταῖς 1 to the torturers "to those who would torture him" +MAT 18 34 e14m figs-activepassive τὸ ὀφειλόμενον 1 that was owed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the first servant owed the king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 18 35 pm1d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος 1 my heavenly Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 18 35 q8p9 figs-you 0 to you ... your All occurrences of these words are plural. Jesus is speaking to his disciples, but this parable teaches a general truth that applies to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 18 35 c4fw figs-metonymy 0 from your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "from your heart" is an idiom that means "sincerely." Alternate translation: "sincerely" or "completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 18 35 c4fw figs-metonymy ἀπὸ τῶν καρδιῶν ὑμῶν 1 from your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "from your heart" is an idiom that means "sincerely." Alternate translation: "sincerely" or "completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 19 intro ewl5 0 # Matthew 19 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Divorce

Jesus taught about divorce because the Pharisees wanted people to think Jesus' teachings about divorce were wrong ([Matthew 19:3-12](./03.md)). Jesus talked about what God had first said about marriage when he created it.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metonymy

Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 1:12](../../mat/01/12.md)).
MAT 19 1 nj6t writing-background 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that runs through [Matthew 22:46](../22/46.md), which tells of Jesus ministering in Judea. These verses provide background information of how Jesus came to be in Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 19 1 ap4g 0 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "When" or "After" -MAT 19 1 c5j9 figs-metonymy 0 had finished these words Here "words" refers to what Jesus taught starting in [Matthew 18:1](../18/01.md). Alternate translation: "had finished teaching these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 1 d83m 0 departed from "walked away from" or "left" +MAT 19 1 ap4g ἐγένετο ὅτε 1 It came about that when This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. Alternate translation: "When" or "After" +MAT 19 1 c5j9 figs-metonymy ἐτέλεσεν τοὺς λόγους τούτους 1 had finished these words Here "words" refers to what Jesus taught starting in [Matthew 18:1](../18/01.md). Alternate translation: "had finished teaching these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 1 d83m ἀπὸ 1 departed from "walked away from" or "left" MAT 19 3 kg12 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach about marriage and divorce. -MAT 19 3 gl85 0 came to him "came to Jesus" +MAT 19 3 gl85 προσῆλθον αὐτῷ 1 came to him "came to Jesus" MAT 19 3 s8jq 0 testing him, saying to him Here "tested" is used in a negative sense. Alternate translation: "and challenged him by asking him" or "and wanted to trap him by asking him" MAT 19 4 ncb6 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female? Jesus uses this question to remind the Pharisees of what the scripture says about men, women, and marriage. Alternate translation: "Surely you have read that in the beginning when God created people he made them male and female." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 19 5 n8zn 0 General Information: In verse 5, Jesus quotes from Genesis to show that a husband and wife should not divorce. MAT 19 5 q71w figs-explicit 0 He who made them also said, 'For this reason ... flesh.' This is part of what Jesus expected the Pharisees to have understood from the scripture. The direct quotation can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "And surely you know that God also said that for this reason ... flesh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 19 5 phz3 0 For this reason This is a part of the quotation from Genesis story about Adam and Eve. In that context the reason a man will leave his father and mother is because God created a woman to be the man's companion. -MAT 19 5 af1r 0 join to his wife "stay close to his wife" or "live with his wife" +MAT 19 5 phz3 ἕνεκα τούτου 1 For this reason This is a part of the quotation from Genesis story about Adam and Eve. In that context the reason a man will leave his father and mother is because God created a woman to be the man's companion. +MAT 19 5 af1r κολληθήσεται τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ 1 join to his wife "stay close to his wife" or "live with his wife" MAT 19 5 m83j figs-metaphor 0 the two will become one flesh This is a metaphor that emphasizes the unity of a husband and a wife. Alternate translation: "they will become like one person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 19 6 m4b7 figs-metaphor 0 So they are no longer two, but one flesh This is a metaphor that emphasizes the unity of a husband and a wife. Alternate translation: "So a husband and wife are no longer like two persons, but they are like one person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 19 7 jxs2 0 They said to him "The Pharisees said to Jesus" +MAT 19 6 m4b7 figs-metaphor ὥστε οὐκέτι εἰσὶν δύο, ἀλλὰ μία σὰρξ 1 So they are no longer two, but one flesh This is a metaphor that emphasizes the unity of a husband and a wife. Alternate translation: "So a husband and wife are no longer like two persons, but they are like one person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 19 7 jxs2 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ 1 They said to him "The Pharisees said to Jesus" MAT 19 7 ugf4 0 command us "command us Jews" -MAT 19 7 xml9 0 certificate of divorce This is a document that legally ends the marriage. +MAT 19 7 xml9 βιβλίον ἀποστασίου 1 certificate of divorce This is a document that legally ends the marriage. MAT 19 8 zu87 figs-metaphor 0 For your hardness of heart The phrase "hardness of heart" is a metaphor that means "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "Because of your stubbornness" or "Because you are stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 19 8 ve9e figs-you 0 your hardness ... allowed you ... your wives Here "you" and "your" are plural. Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees, but Moses gave this command many years earlier to their ancestors. Moses' command applied to all Jewish men in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 19 8 mgx9 figs-metonymy 0 from the beginning Here "beginning" refers to when God first created man and woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 9 eq8z 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 19 9 yl3x figs-ellipsis 0 marries another You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "marries another woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 19 9 ps45 translate-textvariants 0 and the man who marries a woman who is divorced commits adultery Many early texts do not include these words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +MAT 19 8 mgx9 figs-metonymy ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς δὲ 1 from the beginning Here "beginning" refers to when God first created man and woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 9 eq8z λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 19 9 yl3x figs-ellipsis γαμήσῃ ἄλλην 1 marries another You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "marries another woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 19 9 ps45 translate-textvariants καὶ ὁ ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσας μοιχᾶται 1 and the man who marries a woman who is divorced commits adultery Many early texts do not include these words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) MAT 19 11 h3a3 figs-activepassive 0 who are allowed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God allows" or "whom God enables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 19 12 yvb8 figs-explicit 0 For there are eunuchs who were that way from their mother's womb You can make explicit the implicit information. Alternate translation: "For there are different reasons that men do not marry. For instance, there are men who were born eunuchs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 19 12 m1r9 figs-activepassive 0 there are eunuchs who were made eunuchs by men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there are men whom other men have made eunuchs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 19 12 g4bw figs-metaphor 0 eunuchs who made themselves eunuchs Possible meanings are 1) "men who have made themselves eunuchs by removing their private parts" or 2) "men who choose to remain unmarried and sexually pure." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 19 12 r78n figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "so they can better serve our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 12 m1r9 figs-activepassive εἰσὶν εὐνοῦχοι οἵτινες εὐνουχίσθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 there are eunuchs who were made eunuchs by men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there are men whom other men have made eunuchs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 19 12 g4bw figs-metaphor εὐνοῦχοι οἵτινες εὐνούχισαν ἑαυτοὺς εὐνούχισαν 1 eunuchs who made themselves eunuchs Possible meanings are 1) "men who have made themselves eunuchs by removing their private parts" or 2) "men who choose to remain unmarried and sexually pure." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 19 12 r78n figs-metonymy διὰ τὴν Βασιλείαν τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 for the sake of the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "so they can better serve our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 19 12 hqu1 0 receive this teaching ... receive it "accept this teaching ... accept it" MAT 19 13 wjb5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus receives and blesses little children. MAT 19 13 wu52 figs-activepassive 0 some little children were brought to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some people brought little children to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 19 14 t6cm 0 Permit allow -MAT 19 14 m219 0 do not forbid them to come to me "do not stop them from coming to me" +MAT 19 14 t6cm ἄφετε 1 Permit allow +MAT 19 14 m219 μὴ κωλύετε αὐτὰ ἐλθεῖν πρός με 1 do not forbid them to come to me "do not stop them from coming to me" MAT 19 14 l1bq figs-metonymy 0 for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such ones Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "for when our God in heaven establishes his rule on earth, he will be king over such as these" or "for God will allow such as these into his kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 19 14 za2g figs-simile 0 belongs to such ones "belongs to those who are like children." This is a simile that means those who are humble like children will enter God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 19 16 g9us 0 Connecting Statement: Here the scene shifts to a different time when Jesus explains to a rich man what it will cost to follow him. -MAT 19 16 vj7t 0 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 19 16 vj7t ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. MAT 19 16 bw9n 0 good thing This means a thing that pleases God. MAT 19 17 sce3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask me about what is good? Jesus uses this rhetorical question to encourage the man to think about his reason for asking Jesus about what is good. Alternate translation: "You ask me about what is good" or "Think about why you ask me about what is good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 19 17 d4sh 0 Only one is good "God alone is completely good" -MAT 19 17 d7fd 0 to enter into life "to receive eternal life" -MAT 19 19 zv5n 0 love your neighbor The Jewish people believed that their neighbors were only other Jews. Jesus is extending that definition to include all people. -MAT 19 21 m57c 0 If you wish "If you want" -MAT 19 21 zic9 figs-nominaladj 0 to the poor This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "to those who are poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 19 21 e4vs figs-metaphor 0 you will have treasure in heaven The phrase "treasure in heaven" is a metaphor that refers to a reward from God. Alternate translation: "God will reward you in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 19 17 d7fd εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν 1 to enter into life "to receive eternal life" +MAT 19 19 zv5n ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου 1 love your neighbor The Jewish people believed that their neighbors were only other Jews. Jesus is extending that definition to include all people. +MAT 19 21 m57c εἰ θέλεις 1 If you wish "If you want" +MAT 19 21 zic9 figs-nominaladj πτωχοῖς 1 to the poor This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "to those who are poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 19 21 e4vs figs-metaphor ἕξεις θησαυρὸν ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 you will have treasure in heaven The phrase "treasure in heaven" is a metaphor that refers to a reward from God. Alternate translation: "God will reward you in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 19 23 ass2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus explains to his disciples the rewards of giving up material possessions and relationships to follow him. -MAT 19 23 r93j 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 19 23 ean2 figs-metonymy 0 to enter the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "to accept our God in heaven as their king" or "to enter God's kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 23 r93j ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 19 23 ean2 figs-metonymy εἰσελεύσεται τὴν Βασιλείαν τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 to enter the kingdom of heaven Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "to accept our God in heaven as their king" or "to enter God's kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 19 24 c8l5 figs-hyperbole 0 it is easier ... kingdom of God Jesus uses an exaggeration to illustrate how very difficult it is for rich people to enter the kingdom of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 19 24 dip3 0 the eye of a needle the hole near one end of a needle, through which thread is passed +MAT 19 24 dip3 τρήματος ῥαφίδος 1 the eye of a needle the hole near one end of a needle, through which thread is passed MAT 19 25 sl38 figs-explicit 0 they were very astonished "the disciples were amazed." It is implied that they were astonished because they believed having riches was proof that God approved of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 19 25 d389 figs-rquestion 0 Who then can be saved? The disciples use a question to emphasize their surprise. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then there is no one whom God will save!" or "Then there is no one who will receive eternal life!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 19 27 yp3h 0 we have left everything "we have left all our wealth" or "we have given up all our possessions" +MAT 19 25 d389 figs-rquestion τίς ἄρα δύναται σωθῆναι 1 Who then can be saved? The disciples use a question to emphasize their surprise. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then there is no one whom God will save!" or "Then there is no one who will receive eternal life!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 19 27 yp3h ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν πάντα 1 we have left everything "we have left all our wealth" or "we have given up all our possessions" MAT 19 27 sp61 0 What then will we have? "What good thing will God give us?" -MAT 19 28 pm6v 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 19 28 j89c figs-metonymy 0 in the new age "in the new time." This refers to when God restores all things. Alternate translation: "at the time when God makes all things new" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 28 gey2 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 19 28 sx2j figs-metonymy 0 sits on his glorious throne Sitting on his throne represents ruling as a king. His throne being glorious represents his rule being glorious. Alternate translation: "sits as king on his glorious throne" or "rules gloriously as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 28 pm6v ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 19 28 j89c figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ παλιγγενεσίᾳ 1 in the new age "in the new time." This refers to when God restores all things. Alternate translation: "at the time when God makes all things new" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 28 gey2 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 19 28 sx2j figs-metonymy καθήσεσθε ἐπὶ θρόνου δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 sits on his glorious throne Sitting on his throne represents ruling as a king. His throne being glorious represents his rule being glorious. Alternate translation: "sits as king on his glorious throne" or "rules gloriously as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 19 28 rx2u figs-metonymy 0 sit upon twelve thrones Here sitting on thrones refers to ruling as kings. The disciples will not be equal to Jesus who is also on a throne. They will receive authority from him. Alternate translation: "sit as kings on 12 thrones" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 28 ci3t figs-metonymy 0 the twelve tribes of Israel Here "tribes" refers to people from those tribes. Alternate translation: "the people of the 12 tribes of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 29 gq8p figs-metonymy 0 for my name's sake Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because he believes in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 19 29 bzt3 translate-numbers 0 receive one hundred times "receive from God 100 times as many good things as they gave up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MAT 19 29 z8wb figs-idiom 0 inherit eternal life This is an idiom that means "God will bless them with eternal life" or "God will cause them to live forever." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 19 30 u8p3 0 But many who are first will be last, and the last will be first Here "first" and "last" refer to people's status or importance. Jesus is contrasting people's status now with their status in the kingdom of heaven. Alternate translation: "But many who seem to be important now will be the least important, and many who seem to be unimportant now will be very important" +MAT 19 28 ci3t figs-metonymy τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ 1 the twelve tribes of Israel Here "tribes" refers to people from those tribes. Alternate translation: "the people of the 12 tribes of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 29 gq8p figs-metonymy ἕνεκεν τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματός' ἕνεκεν τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματός 1 for my name's sake Here "name" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because he believes in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 19 29 bzt3 translate-numbers λήμψεται ἑκατονταπλασίονα 1 receive one hundred times "receive from God 100 times as many good things as they gave up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 19 29 z8wb figs-idiom κληρονομήσει αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 inherit eternal life This is an idiom that means "God will bless them with eternal life" or "God will cause them to live forever." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 19 30 u8p3 πολλοὶ δὲ ἔσονται πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι, καὶ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι 1 But many who are first will be last, and the last will be first Here "first" and "last" refer to people's status or importance. Jesus is contrasting people's status now with their status in the kingdom of heaven. Alternate translation: "But many who seem to be important now will be the least important, and many who seem to be unimportant now will be very important" MAT 20 intro z39h 0 # Matthew 20 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The parable of the landowner and his vineyard

Jesus tells this parable ([Matthew 20:1-16](./01.md)) to teach his disciples that what God says is right is different from what people say is right.
MAT 20 1 k7sw 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus tells a parable about a landowner who hires workers, to illustrate how God will reward those who belong to the kingdom of heaven. -MAT 20 1 q9qc figs-parables 0 For the kingdom of heaven is like This is the beginning of a parable. See how you translated the introduction to the parable in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 20 2 wd43 0 After he had agreed "After the landowner had agreed" -MAT 20 2 iwk5 translate-bmoney 0 one denarius This was the daily wage at that time. Alternate translation: "one day's wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 20 2 w9hq 0 he sent them into his vineyard "he sent them to work in his vineyard" +MAT 20 1 q9qc figs-parables ὁμοία γάρ ἐστιν ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοία γάρ ἐστιν 1 For the kingdom of heaven is like This is the beginning of a parable. See how you translated the introduction to the parable in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +MAT 20 2 wd43 συμφωνήσας 1 After he had agreed "After the landowner had agreed" +MAT 20 2 iwk5 translate-bmoney δηναρίου 1 one denarius This was the daily wage at that time. Alternate translation: "one day's wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 20 2 w9hq ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα αὐτοῦ 1 he sent them into his vineyard "he sent them to work in his vineyard" MAT 20 3 w9m2 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 20 3 s8ha 0 He went out again "The landowner went out again" -MAT 20 3 bki1 translate-ordinal 0 the third hour The third hour is around nine in the morning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 20 3 xk4i 0 standing idle in the marketplace "standing in the marketplace not doing anything" or "standing in the marketplace with no work to do" -MAT 20 3 q3b7 0 marketplace a large, open-air area where people buy and sell food and other items +MAT 20 3 bki1 translate-ordinal τρίτην ὥραν 1 the third hour The third hour is around nine in the morning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 20 3 xk4i ἑστῶτας ἀργούς ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ 1 standing idle in the marketplace "standing in the marketplace not doing anything" or "standing in the marketplace with no work to do" +MAT 20 3 q3b7 ἀγορᾷ 1 marketplace a large, open-air area where people buy and sell food and other items MAT 20 5 g1s7 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 20 5 j3zh 0 Again he went out "Again the landowner went out" -MAT 20 5 pip4 translate-ordinal 0 the sixth hour and again the ninth hour The sixth hour is around noon. The ninth hour is around three in the afternoon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 20 5 y513 0 did the same This means the landowner went to the marketplace and hired workers. +MAT 20 5 j3zh πάλιν ἐξελθὼν 1 Again he went out "Again the landowner went out" +MAT 20 5 pip4 translate-ordinal ὡσαύτως 1 the sixth hour and again the ninth hour The sixth hour is around noon. The ninth hour is around three in the afternoon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 20 5 y513 ἐποίησεν ὡσαύτως 1 did the same This means the landowner went to the marketplace and hired workers. MAT 20 6 t8uu translate-ordinal 0 the eleventh hour This is about five in the afternoon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MAT 20 6 up1w 0 standing idle "not doing anything" or "not having any work" MAT 20 8 hg2p figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 20 8 x6iv 0 beginning from the last to the first You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "beginning with the workers who started working last, then the workers who started working earlier, and finally the workers who started working first" or "first paying the workers I hired last, then paying the workers I hired earlier in the day, and finally paying the workers I hired first" +MAT 20 8 x6iv ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἕως τῶν πρώτων 1 beginning from the last to the first You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "beginning with the workers who started working last, then the workers who started working earlier, and finally the workers who started working first" or "first paying the workers I hired last, then paying the workers I hired earlier in the day, and finally paying the workers I hired first" MAT 20 9 p7q1 figs-activepassive 0 who had been hired This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the landowner hired" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 20 10 d2bn translate-bmoney 0 one denarius This was the daily wage at that time. Alternate translation: "one day's wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 20 11 z2h5 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 20 11 z9sz 0 When they received "When the workers who had worked the longest received" -MAT 20 11 d6sy 0 the landowner "the vineyard owner" -MAT 20 12 qpz4 0 you have made them equal to us "you have paid them the same amount of money as you paid us" +MAT 20 11 z9sz λαβόντες 1 When they received "When the workers who had worked the longest received" +MAT 20 11 d6sy τοῦ οἰκοδεσπότου 1 the landowner "the vineyard owner" +MAT 20 12 qpz4 ἐποίησας αὐτοὺς ἴσους ἡμῖν 1 you have made them equal to us "you have paid them the same amount of money as you paid us" MAT 20 12 vy87 figs-idiom 0 we who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat The phrase "borne the burden of the day" is an idiom that means "worked the entire day." Alternate translation: "we who have worked the entire day, even during the hottest part" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 20 13 w17c figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 20 13 r9f3 0 one of them "one of the workers who had worked the longest" -MAT 20 13 f5mb 0 Friend Use a word that one man would use to address another man whom he is politely rebuking. -MAT 20 13 qbu1 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not agree with me for one denarius? The landowner uses a question to rebuke the workers who were complaining. Alternate translation: "We already agreed that I would give you one denarius." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 20 13 qxn3 translate-bmoney 0 one denarius This was the daily wage at that time. Alternate translation: "one day's wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 20 13 r9f3 ἑνὶ αὐτῶν 1 one of them "one of the workers who had worked the longest" +MAT 20 13 f5mb ἑταῖρε 1 Friend Use a word that one man would use to address another man whom he is politely rebuking. +MAT 20 13 qbu1 figs-rquestion οὐχὶ συνεφώνησάς μοι δηναρίου? 1 Did you not agree with me for one denarius? The landowner uses a question to rebuke the workers who were complaining. Alternate translation: "We already agreed that I would give you one denarius." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 20 13 qxn3 translate-bmoney δηναρίου 1 one denarius This was the daily wage at that time. Alternate translation: "one day's wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 20 15 g5ii figs-parables 0 Jesus concludes his parable about a landowner who hires workers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 20 15 h3uh figs-rquestion 0 Do I not have the right to do as I want with what belongs to me? The landowner uses a question to correct the workers who were complaining. Alternate translation: "I can do what I want with my own possessions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 20 15 dus3 figs-rquestion 0 Or are you envious because I am generous? The landowner uses a question to rebuke the workers who were complaining. Alternate translation: "Do not be jealous when I am generous to other people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 20 16 k5fe 0 So the last will be first, and the first last Here "first" and "last" refer to people's status or importance. Jesus is contrasting people's status now with their status in the kingdom of heaven. See how you translated a similar statement in [Matthew 19:30](../19/30.md). Alternate translation: "So those who seem to be unimportant now will be the most important, and those who seem to be the most important now will be the least important" -MAT 20 16 bhr5 0 So the last will be first Here the parable has ended and Jesus is speaking. Alternate translation: "Then Jesus said, 'So the last will be first'" +MAT 20 16 k5fe οὕτως οἱ ἔσχατοι ἔσονται πρῶτοι, καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι 1 So the last will be first, and the first last Here "first" and "last" refer to people's status or importance. Jesus is contrasting people's status now with their status in the kingdom of heaven. See how you translated a similar statement in [Matthew 19:30](../19/30.md). Alternate translation: "So those who seem to be unimportant now will be the most important, and those who seem to be the most important now will be the least important" +MAT 20 16 bhr5 οὕτως οἱ ἔσχατοι ἔσονται πρῶτοι 1 So the last will be first Here the parable has ended and Jesus is speaking. Alternate translation: "Then Jesus said, 'So the last will be first'" MAT 20 17 iu9d 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus foretells his death and resurrection a third time as he and his disciples travel to Jerusalem. -MAT 20 17 b6ia 0 going up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was on top of a hill, so people had to travel up to get there. -MAT 20 18 d3ig 0 See, we are going Jesus uses the word "See" to tell the disciples the must pay attention to what he is about to tell them. -MAT 20 18 nf34 figs-inclusive 0 we are going Here "we" refers to Jesus and the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -MAT 20 18 b2f2 figs-activepassive 0 the Son of Man will be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 20 17 b6ia ἀναβαίνων εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 going up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was on top of a hill, so people had to travel up to get there. +MAT 20 18 d3ig ἰδοὺ, ἀναβαίνομεν 1 See, we are going Jesus uses the word "See" to tell the disciples the must pay attention to what he is about to tell them. +MAT 20 18 nf34 figs-inclusive ἀναβαίνομεν 1 we are going Here "we" refers to Jesus and the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +MAT 20 18 b2f2 figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδοθήσεται 1 the Son of Man will be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 20 18 rbl4 figs-123person 0 Son of Man ... him Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. If necessary, you can translate these in the first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 20 18 s8uh 0 They will condemn The chief priests and scribes will condemn Jesus. +MAT 20 18 s8uh κατακρινοῦσιν 1 They will condemn The chief priests and scribes will condemn Jesus. MAT 20 19 rjq7 0 and will deliver him to the Gentiles for them to mock The chief priests and scribes will deliver Jesus to the Gentiles, and the Gentiles will mock him. -MAT 20 19 a9k5 0 to flog "to whip him" or "to beat him with whips" -MAT 20 19 pn84 translate-ordinal 0 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 20 19 a9k5 τὸ ἐμπαῖξαι μαστιγῶσαι 1 to flog "to whip him" or "to beat him with whips" +MAT 20 19 pn84 translate-ordinal τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 third day "Third" is the ordinal form of "three." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MAT 20 19 c6q1 figs-123person 0 him ... him ... he Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. If necessary, you can translate these in the first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 20 19 kr7a figs-activepassive 0 he will be raised up The words "be raised up" are an idiom for "be made alive again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise him up" or "God will make him alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 20 19 kr7a figs-activepassive ἀναστήσεται 1 he will be raised up The words "be raised up" are an idiom for "be made alive again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise him up" or "God will make him alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 20 20 u67i 0 Connecting Statement: In response to the question that the mother of two of the disciples asks, Jesus teaches his disciples about authority and serving others in the kingdom of heaven. -MAT 20 20 sx75 0 the sons of Zebedee This refers James and John. +MAT 20 20 sx75 τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου 1 the sons of Zebedee This refers James and John. MAT 20 21 b8xs figs-metonymy 0 at your right hand ... at your left hand These refer to having positions of power, authority, and honor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 20 21 i9n6 figs-metonymy 0 in your kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to Jesus ruling as king. Alternate translation: "when you are king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 20 22 gx17 figs-you 0 You do not know Here "you" is plural and refers to the mother and the sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 20 22 i8nx figs-you 0 Are you able Here "you" is plural, but Jesus is only talking to the two sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 20 22 f9cy figs-idiom 0 drink the cup that I am about to drink To "drink the cup" or "drink from the cup" is an idiom that means to experience suffering. Alternate translation: "suffer what I am about to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 20 22 d4rf 0 They said "The sons of Zebedee said" or "James and John said" +MAT 20 21 i9n6 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου 1 in your kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to Jesus ruling as king. Alternate translation: "when you are king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 20 22 gx17 figs-you οὐκ οἴδατε 1 You do not know Here "you" is plural and refers to the mother and the sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 20 22 i8nx figs-you δύνασθε 1 Are you able Here "you" is plural, but Jesus is only talking to the two sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 20 22 f9cy figs-idiom πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ὃ ἐγὼ μέλλω πίνειν 1 drink the cup that I am about to drink To "drink the cup" or "drink from the cup" is an idiom that means to experience suffering. Alternate translation: "suffer what I am about to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 20 22 d4rf λέγουσιν 1 They said "The sons of Zebedee said" or "James and John said" MAT 20 23 m4d2 figs-idiom 0 My cup you will indeed drink To "drink a cup" or "drink from a cup" is an idiom that means to experience suffering. Alternate translation: "You will indeed suffer as I will suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 20 23 aq1v figs-metonymy 0 right hand ... left hand These refer to having positions of power, authority, and honor. See how you translated this in [Matthew 20:21](../20/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 20 23 sj51 figs-activepassive 0 it is for those for whom it has been prepared by my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my Father has prepared those places, and he will give them to whom he chooses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 20 23 x5f4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 20 23 x5f4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 20 24 qxl4 0 heard this "heard what James and John had asked Jesus" MAT 20 24 la38 figs-explicit 0 they were very angry with the two brothers If necessary, you can make explicit why the ten disciples were angry. Alternate translation: "they were very angry with the two brothers because each of them also wanted to sit in a place of honor next to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 20 25 uu67 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching his disciples about authority and serving others. -MAT 20 25 v2xq 0 called them "called the twelve disciples" -MAT 20 25 x2ul 0 the rulers of the Gentiles subjugate them "the Gentile kings forcefully rule over their people" +MAT 20 25 v2xq προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς 1 called them "called the twelve disciples" +MAT 20 25 x2ul οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν ἐθνῶν κατακυριεύουσιν αὐτῶν 1 the rulers of the Gentiles subjugate them "the Gentile kings forcefully rule over their people" MAT 20 25 gu83 0 their important men "the important men among the Gentiles" -MAT 20 25 nb3r 0 exercise authority over them "have control over the people" -MAT 20 26 y4qw 0 whoever wishes "whoever wants" or "whoever desires" -MAT 20 27 j3ms 0 to be first "to be important" +MAT 20 25 nb3r κατεξουσιάζουσιν αὐτῶν 1 exercise authority over them "have control over the people" +MAT 20 26 y4qw ὃς ἐὰν θέλῃ 1 whoever wishes "whoever wants" or "whoever desires" +MAT 20 27 j3ms εἶναι πρῶτος 1 to be first "to be important" MAT 20 28 m27d figs-123person 0 the Son of Man ... his life Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. If necessary, you can translate this in the first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 20 28 iz71 figs-activepassive 0 did not come to be served This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did not come so that other people would serve him" or "did not come so that other people would serve me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 20 28 c7r9 figs-ellipsis 0 but to serve You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "but to serve other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 20 28 zh3k figs-metaphor 0 to give his life as a ransom for many Jesus' life being a "ransom" is a metaphor for his being punished in order to set people free from being punished for their own sins. Alternate translation: "to give his life as a substitute for many" or "to give his life as a substitute to set many free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 20 28 zv1p figs-idiom 0 to give his life To give one's live is an idiom meaning to die voluntarily, usually in order to help others. Alternate translation: "to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 20 28 hgv7 figs-ellipsis 0 for many You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "for many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 20 28 iz71 figs-activepassive οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι 1 did not come to be served This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did not come so that other people would serve him" or "did not come so that other people would serve me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 20 28 c7r9 figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι 1 but to serve You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "but to serve other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 20 28 zh3k figs-metaphor δοῦναι καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν 1 to give his life as a ransom for many Jesus' life being a "ransom" is a metaphor for his being punished in order to set people free from being punished for their own sins. Alternate translation: "to give his life as a substitute for many" or "to give his life as a substitute to set many free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 20 28 zv1p figs-idiom δοῦναι καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ 1 to give his life To give one's live is an idiom meaning to die voluntarily, usually in order to help others. Alternate translation: "to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 20 28 hgv7 figs-ellipsis ἀντὶ πολλῶν 1 for many You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "for many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 20 29 u6ad 0 Connecting Statement: This begins an account of Jesus healing two blind men. -MAT 20 29 ev2t 0 As they went This refers to the disciples and Jesus. -MAT 20 29 b4tr 0 followed him "followed Jesus" +MAT 20 29 ev2t ἐκπορευομένων αὐτῶν 1 As they went This refers to the disciples and Jesus. +MAT 20 29 b4tr ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ 1 followed him "followed Jesus" MAT 20 30 k7mk 0 There were two blind men sitting This is sometimes translated as "Behold, there were two blind men sitting." Matthew is alerting us to a new people in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 20 30 zz5f 0 When they heard "When the two blind men heard" -MAT 20 30 stz8 0 was passing by "was walking by them" -MAT 20 30 t577 0 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of King David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the men were probably calling Jesus by this title. -MAT 20 32 f5mw 0 called to them "called to the blind men" -MAT 20 32 fd9x 0 do you wish "do you want" -MAT 20 33 yb39 figs-metaphor 0 that our eyes may be opened The men speak of becoming able to see as if there eyes were to be opened. Because of Jesus' previous question, we understand that they were expressing their desire. Alternate translation: "we want you to open our eyes" or "we want to be able to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 20 34 q9iq 0 being moved with compassion "having compassion" or "feeling compassion for them" +MAT 20 30 zz5f ἀκούσαντες 1 When they heard "When the two blind men heard" +MAT 20 30 stz8 παράγει 1 was passing by "was walking by them" +MAT 20 30 t577 Υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "Descendant of King David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the men were probably calling Jesus by this title. +MAT 20 32 f5mw ἐφώνησεν αὐτοὺς 1 called to them "called to the blind men" +MAT 20 32 fd9x θέλετε 1 do you wish "do you want" +MAT 20 33 yb39 figs-metaphor ἵνα οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν ἀνοιγῶσιν 1 that our eyes may be opened The men speak of becoming able to see as if there eyes were to be opened. Because of Jesus' previous question, we understand that they were expressing their desire. Alternate translation: "we want you to open our eyes" or "we want to be able to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 20 34 q9iq σπλαγχνισθεὶς 1 being moved with compassion "having compassion" or "feeling compassion for them" MAT 21 intro ni1x 0 # Matthew 21 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:5,16 and 42, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The donkey and the colt

Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULT without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md))

##### Hosanna

This is what the people shouted to welcome Jesus into Jerusalem. This word meant "Save us," but people used it to praise God.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The kingdom of God will be taken away from you"

No one knows for sure what this phrase means. No one knows if Jesus meant that God would someday give the kingdom back or not.
MAT 21 1 f8fs 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. Here he gives his disciples instructions about what they are to do. -MAT 21 1 p3g6 translate-names 0 Bethphage This is a village near Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MAT 21 2 wen2 figs-activepassive 0 a donkey tied up You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "a donkey that someone has tied up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 1 p3g6 translate-names Βηθφαγὴ 1 Bethphage This is a village near Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 21 2 wen2 figs-activepassive ὄνον δεδεμένην 1 a donkey tied up You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "a donkey that someone has tied up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 21 2 pq2e figs-explicit 0 tied up there You can make explicit how the donkey is tied. Alternate translation: "tied up there to a post" or "tied up there to a tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 21 2 ure7 0 colt young male donkey +MAT 21 2 ure7 πῶλον 1 colt young male donkey MAT 21 4 lk67 0 General Information: Here the author quotes the prophet Zechariah to show that Jesus fulfilled prophecy by riding a donkey into Jerusalem. MAT 21 4 irw1 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew explains how Jesus' actions fulfill scripture. -MAT 21 4 n979 figs-activepassive 0 this came about that what was spoken through the prophet might be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this happened so that Jesus would fulfill what God spoke through the prophet long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 21 4 x3up figs-explicit 0 through the prophet There were many prophets. Matthew was speaking of Zechariah. Alternate translation: "the prophet Zechariah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 21 5 whn7 0 the daughter of Zion The "daughter" of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: "the people of Zion" or "the people who live in Zion" -MAT 21 5 jzz6 0 Zion This is another name for Jerusalem. -MAT 21 5 fx3v 0 on a donkey—on a colt, the foal of a donkey The phrase "on a colt, the foal of a donkey" is explaining that the donkey is a young animal. Alternate translation: "on a young, male donkey" -MAT 21 7 y6en 0 cloaks These were outer clothing or long coats. +MAT 21 4 n979 figs-activepassive τοῦτο δὲ γέγονεν ἵνα τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ τοῦ προφήτου πληρωθῇ 1 this came about that what was spoken through the prophet might be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this happened so that Jesus would fulfill what God spoke through the prophet long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 4 x3up figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ προφήτου 1 through the prophet There were many prophets. Matthew was speaking of Zechariah. Alternate translation: "the prophet Zechariah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 21 5 whn7 τῇ θυγατρὶ Σιών 1 the daughter of Zion The "daughter" of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: "the people of Zion" or "the people who live in Zion" +MAT 21 5 jzz6 Σιών 1 Zion This is another name for Jerusalem. +MAT 21 5 fx3v ἐπὶ ὄνον— ἐπὶ πῶλον, υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου 1 on a donkey—on a colt, the foal of a donkey The phrase "on a colt, the foal of a donkey" is explaining that the donkey is a young animal. Alternate translation: "on a young, male donkey" +MAT 21 7 y6en τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν 1 cloaks These were outer clothing or long coats. MAT 21 8 t29s figs-explicit 0 crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them in the road These are ways to show honor to Jesus as he was entering Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 21 9 ky4c 0 Hosanna This word means "save us," but it can also mean "praise God!" -MAT 21 9 ysb9 0 the son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "descendant of king David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the crowd was probably calling Jesus by this title. -MAT 21 9 q52t figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord Here "in the name" means "in the power" or "as a representative." Alternate translation: "in the power of the Lord" or "as the representative of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 21 9 g73z figs-metonymy 0 Hosanna in the highest Here "highest" refers to God who rules from the highest heaven. Alternate translation: "Praise God, who is in the highest heaven" or "Praise be to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 21 10 cb4h figs-metonymy 0 all the city was stirred Here "city" refers to the people living there. Alternate translation: "many people from all over the city were stirred" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 21 10 nqb2 0 stirred "excited" +MAT 21 9 ky4c ὡσαννὰ 1 Hosanna This word means "save us," but it can also mean "praise God!" +MAT 21 9 ysb9 τῷ Υἱῷ Δαυείδ 1 the son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "descendant of king David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the crowd was probably calling Jesus by this title. +MAT 21 9 q52t figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord Here "in the name" means "in the power" or "as a representative." Alternate translation: "in the power of the Lord" or "as the representative of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 9 g73z figs-metonymy ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις 1 Hosanna in the highest Here "highest" refers to God who rules from the highest heaven. Alternate translation: "Praise God, who is in the highest heaven" or "Praise be to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 10 cb4h figs-metonymy πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ἐσείσθη 1 all the city was stirred Here "city" refers to the people living there. Alternate translation: "many people from all over the city were stirred" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 10 nqb2 ἐσείσθη 1 stirred "excited" MAT 21 12 q41c 0 General Information: In verse 13, Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah to rebuke the vendors and money changers. MAT 21 12 mc5v 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus entering into the temple. -MAT 21 12 y9j4 figs-explicit 0 Jesus entered the temple Jesus did not enter the actual temple. He entered the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 21 12 w7ac 0 who bought and sold Merchants were selling animals and other items that travelers bought to offer the proper sacrifices at the temple. -MAT 21 13 guy7 0 He said to them "Jesus said to those who were changing money and buying and selling things" -MAT 21 13 m1jl figs-activepassive 0 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote long ago" or "God said long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 21 13 z8gr figs-activepassive 0 My house will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My house will be" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 21 13 n9v8 0 My house Here "My" refers to God and "house" refers to the temple. -MAT 21 13 bd8x figs-idiom 0 a house of prayer This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "a place where people pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 21 13 c7l3 figs-metaphor 0 a den of robbers Jesus uses a metaphor to scold the people for buying and selling items in the temple. Alternate translation: "like a place where robbers hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 21 14 rpp3 figs-nominaladj 0 the blind and the lame These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "those who were blind and those who were lame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 21 14 aku3 0 lame those who have an injured foot or leg that makes walking difficult +MAT 21 12 y9j4 figs-explicit Ἰησοῦς εἰσῆλθεν τὸ ἱερόν 1 Jesus entered the temple Jesus did not enter the actual temple. He entered the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 21 12 w7ac τοὺς πωλοῦντας καὶ ἀγοράζοντας 1 who bought and sold Merchants were selling animals and other items that travelers bought to offer the proper sacrifices at the temple. +MAT 21 13 guy7 λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to those who were changing money and buying and selling things" +MAT 21 13 m1jl figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote long ago" or "God said long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 13 z8gr figs-activepassive ὁ οἶκός μου κληθήσεται 1 My house will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My house will be" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 13 n9v8 ὁ οἶκός μου 1 My house Here "My" refers to God and "house" refers to the temple. +MAT 21 13 bd8x figs-idiom οἶκος προσευχῆς 1 a house of prayer This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "a place where people pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 21 13 c7l3 figs-metaphor σπήλαιον λῃστῶν 1 a den of robbers Jesus uses a metaphor to scold the people for buying and selling items in the temple. Alternate translation: "like a place where robbers hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 21 14 rpp3 figs-nominaladj τυφλοὶ καὶ χωλοὶ 1 the blind and the lame These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "those who were blind and those who were lame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 21 14 aku3 χωλοὶ 1 lame those who have an injured foot or leg that makes walking difficult MAT 21 15 p7x2 0 General Information: In verse 16, Jesus quotes from the Psalms to justify how the people had responded to him. -MAT 21 15 hft8 0 the marvelous things "the wonderful things" or "the miracles." This refers to Jesus healing the blind and lame people in [Matthew 21:14](../21/14.md). -MAT 21 15 fqr9 0 Hosanna This word means "save us" but can also mean "praise God!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). -MAT 21 15 c6k8 0 the Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "descendant of king David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the children were probably calling Jesus by this title. See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). +MAT 21 15 hft8 τὰ θαυμάσια 1 the marvelous things "the wonderful things" or "the miracles." This refers to Jesus healing the blind and lame people in [Matthew 21:14](../21/14.md). +MAT 21 15 fqr9 ὡσαννὰ 1 Hosanna This word means "save us" but can also mean "praise God!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). +MAT 21 15 c6k8 τῷ Υἱῷ Δαυείδ 1 the Son of David Jesus was not David's literal son, so this may be translated as "descendant of king David." However, "Son of David" is also a title for the Messiah, and the children were probably calling Jesus by this title. See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). MAT 21 15 r3bs figs-explicit 0 they became very angry It is implied that they were angry because they did not believe Jesus was the Christ and they did not want other people praising him. Alternate translation: "they became very angry because people were praising him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 21 16 zx4a figs-rquestion 0 Do you hear what they are saying? The chief priests and scribes ask this question to rebuke Jesus because they are angry with him. Alternate translation: "You should not allow them to say these things about you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 21 16 zx4a figs-rquestion ," ἀκούεις τί οὗτοι λέγουσιν?" 1 Do you hear what they are saying? The chief priests and scribes ask this question to rebuke Jesus because they are angry with him. Alternate translation: "You should not allow them to say these things about you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 21 16 luy1 figs-rquestion 0 But have you never read ... praise'? Jesus asks this question to remind the chief priests and scribes of what they have studied in the scriptures. Alternate translation: "Yes, I hear them, but you should remember what you read in the scriptures ... praise.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 21 16 qa9u figs-metonymy 0 Out of the mouths of little children and nursing infants you have prepared praise The phrase "out of the mouths" refers to speaking. Alternate translation: "You caused little children and nursing infants to prepare to give praise to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 16 qa9u figs-metonymy ἐκ στόματος νηπίων καὶ θηλαζόντων κατηρτίσω αἶνον 1 Out of the mouths of little children and nursing infants you have prepared praise The phrase "out of the mouths" refers to speaking. Alternate translation: "You caused little children and nursing infants to prepare to give praise to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 21 17 kag5 0 Jesus left them "Jesus left the chief priests and scribes" MAT 21 18 l3bi 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus uses a fig tree to teach his disciples about faith and prayer. MAT 21 18 q488 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew explains that Jesus is hungry and that is why he stops at the fig tree. -MAT 21 19 h2la 0 withered died and dried up +MAT 21 19 h2la ἐξηράνθη 1 withered died and dried up MAT 21 20 q81g figs-rquestion 0 How did the fig tree immediately wither away? The disciples use a question to emphasize how surprised they are. Alternate translation: "We are astonished that the fig tree has dried up so quickly!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 21 20 sk1g 0 wither away "dry up and die" -MAT 21 21 nd3y 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 21 21 mwl5 figs-doublet 0 if you have faith and do not doubt Jesus expresses the same idea both positively and negatively to emphasize that this faith must be genuine. Alternate translation: "if you truly believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MAT 21 21 jf9h figs-quotations 0 you will even say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and thrown into the sea,' You can translate this direct quotation as an indirect quotation. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will even be able to tell this mountain to get up and throw itself into the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 21 nd3y ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 21 21 mwl5 figs-doublet ἐὰν ἔχητε πίστιν καὶ μὴ διακριθῆτε 1 if you have faith and do not doubt Jesus expresses the same idea both positively and negatively to emphasize that this faith must be genuine. Alternate translation: "if you truly believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MAT 21 21 jf9h figs-quotations εἴπητε κἂν εἴπητε τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ,' ἄρθητι καὶ βλήθητι εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν,' 1 you will even say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and thrown into the sea,' You can translate this direct quotation as an indirect quotation. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will even be able to tell this mountain to get up and throw itself into the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 21 21 nxi3 figs-activepassive 0 it will be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 21 23 yi7j 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of the religious leaders questioning Jesus' authority. -MAT 21 23 uge9 figs-explicit 0 had come into the temple It is implied that Jesus did not enter the actual temple. He entered the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 21 23 uge9 figs-explicit ἐλθόντος εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 had come into the temple It is implied that Jesus did not enter the actual temple. He entered the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 21 23 s1w6 0 these things This refers to Jesus teaching and healing in the temple. It probably also refers to Jesus driving out the buyers and sellers the previous day. MAT 21 25 dau4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to respond to the religious leaders. MAT 21 25 k1a7 0 from where did it come? "where did he get the authority to do that?" -MAT 21 25 vvt5 figs-quotesinquotes 0 If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say to us, 'Why then did you not believe him? This has quotes within a quote. You could translate the direct quotations as an indirect quotations. Alternate translation: "If we say that we believe John received his authority from heaven, then Jesus will ask us why we did not believe John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 21 25 xx3b figs-metonymy 0 From heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. Alternate translation: "from God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 21 25 jmg7 figs-rquestion 0 Why then did you not believe him? The religious leaders know that Jesus could scold them with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "Then you should have believed John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 21 26 zxn4 figs-quotesinquotes 0 But if we say, 'From men,' This is a quote within a quote. You could translate the direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "But if we say that we believe John received his authority from men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 21 26 vn6j 0 we fear the crowd "we fear what the crowd would think or even do to us" +MAT 21 25 vvt5 figs-quotesinquotes ," ἐὰν εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ οὐρανοῦ,' ἐρεῖ ἡμῖν,' διὰ τί οὖν οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε αὐτῷ?' 1 If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say to us, 'Why then did you not believe him? This has quotes within a quote. You could translate the direct quotations as an indirect quotations. Alternate translation: "If we say that we believe John received his authority from heaven, then Jesus will ask us why we did not believe John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 21 25 xx3b figs-metonymy ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 From heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. Alternate translation: "from God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 25 jmg7 figs-rquestion διὰ τί οὖν οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε αὐτῷ 1 Why then did you not believe him? The religious leaders know that Jesus could scold them with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "Then you should have believed John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 21 26 zxn4 figs-quotesinquotes ἐὰν δὲ εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ ἀνθρώπων,' 1 But if we say, 'From men,' This is a quote within a quote. You could translate the direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "But if we say that we believe John received his authority from men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 21 26 vn6j φοβούμεθα τὸν ὄχλον 1 we fear the crowd "we fear what the crowd would think or even do to us" MAT 21 26 q1r1 0 they all view John as a prophet "they believe John is a prophet" MAT 21 28 u56n figs-parables 0 Jesus tells a parable about two sons to rebuke the religious leaders and to illustrate their unbelief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 21 28 iem2 figs-rquestion 0 But what do you think? Jesus uses a question to challenge the religious leaders to think deeply about the parable he will tell them. Alternate translation: "Tell me what you think about what I am about to tell you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 21 29 b96z figs-metaphor 0 he changed his mind This refers to the son reconsidering his thoughts and deciding to act differently from how he had said he would act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 21 31 hl72 0 They said "The chief priests and elders said" -MAT 21 31 au13 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the chief priests and elders" -MAT 21 31 er5s 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 21 28 iem2 figs-rquestion τί δὲ δοκεῖ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ? 1 But what do you think? Jesus uses a question to challenge the religious leaders to think deeply about the parable he will tell them. Alternate translation: "Tell me what you think about what I am about to tell you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 21 29 b96z figs-metaphor μεταμεληθεὶς 1 he changed his mind This refers to the son reconsidering his thoughts and deciding to act differently from how he had said he would act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 21 31 hl72 λέγουσιν 1 They said "The chief priests and elders said" +MAT 21 31 au13 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the chief priests and elders" +MAT 21 31 er5s ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 21 31 ec9f figs-metonymy 0 the tax collectors and the prostitutes will enter the kingdom of God before you do Here "kingdom of God" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "when God establishes his rule on earth, he will agree to bless the tax collectors and prostitutes by ruling over them before he agrees to do that for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 21 31 pd34 0 before you do Possible meanings are 1) God will accept the tax collectors and prostitutes sooner than he will accept the Jewish religious leaders, or 2) God will accept the tax collectors and prostitutes instead of the Jewish religious leaders. -MAT 21 32 a8z8 figs-you 0 John came to you Here "you" is plural and refers to all the people of Israel not just the religious leaders. Alternate translation: "John came to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 21 32 n2ve figs-idiom 0 in the way of righteousness This is an idiom that means John showed the people the right way to live. Alternate translation: "and told you the way God wants you to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 21 32 c5t4 figs-you 0 you did not believe him Here "you" is plural and refers to the religious leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 21 32 a8z8 figs-you Ἰωάννης ἦλθεν γὰρ πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 John came to you Here "you" is plural and refers to all the people of Israel not just the religious leaders. Alternate translation: "John came to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 21 32 n2ve figs-idiom ἐν ὁδῷ δικαιοσύνης 1 in the way of righteousness This is an idiom that means John showed the people the right way to live. Alternate translation: "and told you the way God wants you to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 21 32 c5t4 figs-you οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε αὐτῷ 1 you did not believe him Here "you" is plural and refers to the religious leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 21 33 nn9y figs-parables 0 To rebuke the religious leaders and illustrate their unbelief, Jesus tells a parable about rebellious servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 21 33 sx2y 0 a landowner "a person who owned a piece of property" -MAT 21 33 v39u 0 a hedge "a wall" or "a fence" -MAT 21 33 lg79 0 dug a winepress in it "dug a hole in the vineyard in which to press the grapes" +MAT 21 33 sx2y ἄνθρωπος οἰκοδεσπότης 1 a landowner "a person who owned a piece of property" +MAT 21 33 v39u φραγμὸν 1 a hedge "a wall" or "a fence" +MAT 21 33 lg79 ὤρυξεν ληνὸν ἐν αὐτῷ 1 dug a winepress in it "dug a hole in the vineyard in which to press the grapes" MAT 21 33 eu7x 0 rented it out to vine growers The owner still owned the vineyard, but he allowed the vine growers to take care of it. When the grapes became ripe, they were to give some of them to the owner and keep the rest. MAT 21 33 vp8k 0 vine growers These were people who knew how to take care of vines and grapes. MAT 21 35 hn3c figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 21 35 n1cq 0 his servants "the landowner's servants" +MAT 21 35 n1cq τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ 1 his servants "the landowner's servants" MAT 21 38 a55y figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 21 40 x1ll 0 Now The word "now" does not mean "at this moment," but it is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -MAT 21 41 ss2m 0 They said to him Matthew does not make clear who answered Jesus. If you need to specify an audience you can translate as "The people said to Jesus." +MAT 21 41 ss2m λέγουσιν αὐτῷ 1 They said to him Matthew does not make clear who answered Jesus. If you need to specify an audience you can translate as "The people said to Jesus." MAT 21 42 z9tm 0 General Information: Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that God will honor the one whom the religious leaders reject. MAT 21 42 x8zh 0 Connecting Statement: Here Jesus begins to explain the parable of the rebellious servants. -MAT 21 42 kk7e 0 Jesus said to them It is unclear to whom Jesus asks the following question. If you need to make "them" specific, use the same audience as you did in [Matthew 21:41](../21/41.md). +MAT 21 42 kk7e ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them It is unclear to whom Jesus asks the following question. If you need to make "them" specific, use the same audience as you did in [Matthew 21:41](../21/41.md). MAT 21 42 me7g figs-rquestion 0 Did you never read ... eyes'? Jesus uses a question to make his audience think deeply about what this scripture means. Alternate translation: "Think about what you have read ... eyes.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 21 42 mcm8 figs-metaphor 0 The stone which the builders rejected has been made the cornerstone Jesus is quoting from the Psalms. This is a metaphor that means the religious leaders, like builders, will reject Jesus, but God will make him the most important in his kingdom, like the cornerstone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 21 42 uid2 figs-activepassive 0 has been made the cornerstone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has become the cornerstone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 21 42 b1sr 0 This was from the Lord "The Lord has caused this great change" -MAT 21 42 el83 figs-metonymy 0 it is marvelous in our eyes Here "in our eyes" refers to seeing. Alternate translation: "it is wonderful to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 21 43 s93a 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 21 43 c7pb figs-you 0 to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus was speaking to the religious leaders who had rejected him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 21 43 v89z figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and will be given to a nation Here "kingdom of God" refers to God's rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take his kingdom away from you and will give it to a nation" or "God will reject you and he will be king over people from other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 21 43 cm2i figs-metaphor 0 that produces its fruits "Fruits" here is a metaphor for "results" or outcome." Alternate translation: "that produces good results" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 21 44 r7up figs-metaphor 0 Whoever falls on this stone will be broken to pieces Here, "this stone" is the same stone as in [Matthew 21:42](../21/42.md). This is a metaphor that means the Christ will destroy anyone who rebels against him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The stone will break into pieces anyone who falls on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 42 b1sr ἐγένετο αὕτη παρὰ Κυρίου 1 This was from the Lord "The Lord has caused this great change" +MAT 21 42 el83 figs-metonymy ἔστιν θαυμαστὴ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν 1 it is marvelous in our eyes Here "in our eyes" refers to seeing. Alternate translation: "it is wonderful to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 21 43 s93a λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 21 43 c7pb figs-you ὑμῖν 1 to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus was speaking to the religious leaders who had rejected him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 21 43 v89z figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀρθήσεται ἀφ’ ὑμῶν καὶ δοθήσεται ἔθνει 1 the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and will be given to a nation Here "kingdom of God" refers to God's rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take his kingdom away from you and will give it to a nation" or "God will reject you and he will be king over people from other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 21 43 cm2i figs-metaphor ποιοῦντι τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς 1 that produces its fruits "Fruits" here is a metaphor for "results" or outcome." Alternate translation: "that produces good results" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 21 44 r7up figs-metaphor ὁ πεσὼν ἐπὶ τὸν λίθον τοῦτον συνθλασθήσεται 1 Whoever falls on this stone will be broken to pieces Here, "this stone" is the same stone as in [Matthew 21:42](../21/42.md). This is a metaphor that means the Christ will destroy anyone who rebels against him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The stone will break into pieces anyone who falls on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 21 44 ghz2 figs-parallelism 0 But anyone on whom it falls will be crushed This means basically the same thing as the previous sentence. It is a metaphor that means the Christ will have the final judgment and will destroy everyone who rebels against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 21 45 gh8w 0 Connecting Statement: The religious leaders react to the parable that Jesus told. -MAT 21 45 qpy9 0 his parables "Jesus' parables" +MAT 21 45 qpy9 τὰς παραβολὰς αὐτοῦ 1 his parables "Jesus' parables" MAT 22 intro k5ze 0 # Matthew 22 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in verse 44, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Wedding Feast

In the parable of the wedding feast ([Matthew 22:1-14](./01.md)), Jesus taught that when God offers to save a person, that person needs to accept the offer. Jesus spoke of life with God as a feast that a king prepares for his son, who has just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasized that not everyone whom God invites will properly prepare themselves to come to the feast. God will throw these people out from the feast.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Implicit information

Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When the king in the parable said, "My oxen and fattened calves have been killed" ([Matthew 22:4](../../mat/22/04.md)), he assumed that the hearers would understand that those who had killed the animals had also cooked them.

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. To the Jews, the ancestors were the masters of the descendants, but in one psalm David calls one of his descendants "Lord." Jesus tells the Jewish leaders that this is a paradox, saying, "If David then calls the Christ 'Lord,' how is he David's son?" ([Matthew 22:45](../../mat/22/45.md)).
MAT 22 1 z8vz figs-parables 0 To rebuke the religious leaders and to illustrate their unbelief, Jesus tells a parable about a marriage feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 22 1 bc6y 0 to them "to the people" -MAT 22 2 xps3 0 The kingdom of heaven is like This is the beginning of a parable. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). -MAT 22 3 wur1 figs-activepassive 0 those who had been invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people the king had invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 1 bc6y αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to the people" +MAT 22 2 xps3 ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὡμοιώθη 1 The kingdom of heaven is like This is the beginning of a parable. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). +MAT 22 3 wur1 figs-activepassive τοὺς κεκλημένους 1 those who had been invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people the king had invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 22 4 l896 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 22 4 c7x4 figs-quotations 0 servants, saying, 'Tell them who are invited This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "servants, ordering them to tell those whom he invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 22 4 iq6y 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -MAT 22 4 xu4t figs-explicit 0 My oxen and fattened calves have been killed It is implied that the animals are cooked and ready to eat. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My servants have killed and cooked my oxen and my fattened calves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 22 4 c48a 0 My oxen and fattened calves "My best oxen and calves for eating" +MAT 22 4 c7x4 figs-quotations δούλους, λέγων,' εἴπατε τοῖς κεκλημένοις," 1 servants, saying, 'Tell them who are invited This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "servants, ordering them to tell those whom he invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 4 iq6y ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 22 4 xu4t figs-explicit οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα 1 My oxen and fattened calves have been killed It is implied that the animals are cooked and ready to eat. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My servants have killed and cooked my oxen and my fattened calves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 4 c48a οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ 1 My oxen and fattened calves "My best oxen and calves for eating" MAT 22 5 e4fl figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 22 5 zu4c 0 But they paid no attention "But the guests the king invited ignored the invitation" -MAT 22 7 la7s figs-explicit 0 killed those murderers It is implied that the king's soldiers killed the murderers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 22 7 la7s figs-explicit ἀπώλεσεν τοὺς φονεῖς ἐκείνους 1 killed those murderers It is implied that the king's soldiers killed the murderers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 22 8 u2ax figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 22 8 k98u figs-activepassive 0 those who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom I invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 22 9 p48s 0 the highway crossings "where the main roads of the city cross." The king is sending the servants to the place where they are most likely to find people. -MAT 22 10 uva7 0 both bad and good "both the good people and the bad people" +MAT 22 8 k98u figs-activepassive οἱ δὲ κεκλημένοι 1 those who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom I invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 9 p48s τὰς διεξόδους τῶν ὁδῶν 1 the highway crossings "where the main roads of the city cross." The king is sending the servants to the place where they are most likely to find people. +MAT 22 10 uva7 τε πονηρούς καὶ ἀγαθούς 1 both bad and good "both the good people and the bad people" MAT 22 10 c6ph figs-activepassive 0 So the wedding hall was filled with guests This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So the guests filled the wedding hall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 22 10 fy3a 0 hall a large room MAT 22 11 s8ga figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) @@ -2154,689 +2154,689 @@ MAT 22 12 c7iy figs-rquestion 0 how did you come in here without wedding clothe MAT 22 12 w7vb 0 the man was speechless "the man was silent" MAT 22 13 wt88 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus concludes his parable about a marriage feast. MAT 22 13 jmp4 0 Bind this man hand and foot "Tie him up so that he cannot move his hands or feet" -MAT 22 13 rpy8 figs-metonymy 0 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 22 13 s9ge translate-symaction 0 weeping and the grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" is symbolic action, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and expressing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 22 13 rpy8 figs-metonymy τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 1 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 22 13 s9ge translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 weeping and the grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" is symbolic action, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and expressing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 22 14 hy3a figs-activepassive 0 For many people are called, but few are chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For God invites many people, but he only chooses a few" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 22 14 yz5f 0 For This marks a transition. Jesus has ended the parable and will now explain the point of the parable. +MAT 22 14 yz5f πολλοὶ γάρ 1 For This marks a transition. Jesus has ended the parable and will now explain the point of the parable. MAT 22 15 y826 0 Connecting Statement: This begins an account of the religious leaders trying to trap Jesus with several difficult questions. Here the Pharisees ask him about paying taxes to Caesar. MAT 22 15 u2mj 0 how they might entrap Jesus in his own talk "how they could cause Jesus to say something wrong so they could arrest him" MAT 22 16 eae4 figs-explicit 0 their disciples ... Herodians The disciples of the Pharisees supported paying taxes only to Jewish authorities. The Herodians supported paying taxes to the Roman authorities. It is implied that the Pharisees believed that no matter what Jesus said, he would offend one of these groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 22 16 rf66 translate-names 0 Herodians These were officials and followers of the Jewish king Herod. He was friends with Roman authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 22 16 rf66 translate-names Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 Herodians These were officials and followers of the Jewish king Herod. He was friends with Roman authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 22 16 t2qa 0 you do not show partiality between people "you do not show special honor to anyone" or "you do not consider anyone more important than anyone else" MAT 22 17 a9by figs-explicit 0 to pay taxes to Caesar People did not pay taxes directly to Caesar but to one of his tax collectors. Alternate translation: "to pay the taxes that Caesar requires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 22 18 a2ti figs-rquestion 0 Why are you testing me, you hypocrites? Jesus uses a question to scold those who were trying to trap him. Alternate translation: "Do not test me, you hypocrites!" or "I know that you hypocrites are only trying to test me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 22 19 cie7 translate-bmoney 0 denarius This was a Roman coin worth one day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 22 20 ue7j 0 to them Here "them" refers to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. +MAT 22 18 a2ti figs-rquestion τί πειράζετε με, ὑποκριταί? 1 Why are you testing me, you hypocrites? Jesus uses a question to scold those who were trying to trap him. Alternate translation: "Do not test me, you hypocrites!" or "I know that you hypocrites are only trying to test me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 22 19 cie7 translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 denarius This was a Roman coin worth one day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 22 20 ue7j αὐτοῖς 1 to them Here "them" refers to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. MAT 22 20 dr3d figs-rquestion 0 Whose image and name are these? Jesus uses a question to get the people to think deeply about what he is saying. Alternate translation: "Tell me whose image and name you see on this coin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 22 21 yd84 figs-ellipsis 0 Caesar's You can make clear the understood information in their response. Alternate translation: "The coin has Caesar's image and name on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 22 21 yd84 figs-ellipsis Καίσαρος' Καίσαρος 1 Caesar's You can make clear the understood information in their response. Alternate translation: "The coin has Caesar's image and name on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 22 21 i6g5 0 things that are Caesar's "things that belong to Caesar" MAT 22 21 l3dh 0 things that are God's "things that belong to God" MAT 22 23 wqg2 0 Connecting Statement: The Sadducees try to trap Jesus by asking him a difficult question about marriage and the resurrection of the dead. MAT 22 24 xl5f figs-quotesinquotes 0 Teacher, Moses said, 'If a man dies The religious leaders were asking Jesus about what Moses had written in the scriptures. If your language does not allow quotes within quotes, this could be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "Teacher, Moses said that if a man dies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 22 24 u7dm 0 his brother ... his wife ... his brother Here "his" refers to the dead man. +MAT 22 24 u7dm τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ 1 his brother ... his wife ... his brother Here "his" refers to the dead man. MAT 22 25 kjf5 0 Connecting Statement: The Sadducees continue asking Jesus a question. -MAT 22 25 ag5z translate-ordinal 0 The first "The oldest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 22 25 ag5z translate-ordinal ὁ πρῶτος 1 The first "The oldest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MAT 22 26 r6bq translate-ordinal 0 the second ... the third ... the seventh "the next oldest ... the next oldest ... the youngest" or "his oldest younger brother ... that brother's oldest younger brother ... the youngest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MAT 22 27 t7md 0 After them all "After every brother had died" MAT 22 28 wbd1 0 Now Here the Sadducees shift from the story about the seven brothers to their actual question. -MAT 22 28 s743 0 in the resurrection "when dead people come back to life" -MAT 22 29 p1ae figs-explicit 0 You are mistaken It is implied that Jesus means that they are mistaken about what they think about the resurrection. Alternate translation: "You are mistaken about the resurrection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 22 29 dax6 0 the power of God "what God is able to do" -MAT 22 30 ygr1 0 in the resurrection "when dead people rise back to life" -MAT 22 30 uaj9 0 they neither marry "people will not marry" -MAT 22 30 qkv1 figs-activepassive 0 nor are given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "nor will people give their children in marriage" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 28 s743 ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 in the resurrection "when dead people come back to life" +MAT 22 29 p1ae figs-explicit πλανᾶσθε 1 You are mistaken It is implied that Jesus means that they are mistaken about what they think about the resurrection. Alternate translation: "You are mistaken about the resurrection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 22 29 dax6 τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the power of God "what God is able to do" +MAT 22 30 ygr1 ἐν γὰρ τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 in the resurrection "when dead people rise back to life" +MAT 22 30 uaj9 γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμοῦσιν 1 they neither marry "people will not marry" +MAT 22 30 qkv1 figs-activepassive οὔτε γαμίζονται 1 nor are given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "nor will people give their children in marriage" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 22 31 nx66 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins asking a question to show that people who have died will live again. MAT 22 31 b9sy figs-rquestion 0 have you not read ... God, saying, Jesus scolds the Sadducees by asking a question. He is not looking for an answer. Alternate translation: "I know you have read ... God. You know that he said," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 22 31 ljj7 figs-activepassive 0 what was spoken to you by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God spoke to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 22 31 ljj7 figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑμῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 what was spoken to you by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God spoke to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 22 32 zb7a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes asking the question he began in verse 31. MAT 22 32 qcq3 figs-quotations 0 'I am the God ... Jacob'? This is the end of the question that begins with the words "have you not read" in verse 31. Jesus asks this question to remind the religious leaders of what they know from scripture. "I know you have read it, but you do not seem to understand what ... Jacob.'" You can translate this direct quotation as an indirect quotation. "God, who said to Moses that he is the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 22 32 t7lv figs-nominaladj 0 of the dead, but of the living These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "of dead people, but he is the God of living people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 22 32 t7lv figs-nominaladj νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 of the dead, but of the living These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "of dead people, but he is the God of living people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) MAT 22 34 jnd7 0 Connecting Statement: A Pharisee who was an expert in the law tries to trap Jesus by asking him a difficult question about the greatest commandment. -MAT 22 35 ud5r 0 a lawyer "an expert in the law." This is a Pharisee who had special skill in understanding the law of Moses. +MAT 22 35 ud5r νομικὸς 1 a lawyer "an expert in the law." This is a Pharisee who had special skill in understanding the law of Moses. MAT 22 37 vng8 0 General Information: Jesus quotes a verse from Deuteronomy as the greatest commandment. -MAT 22 37 xl3e figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind These three phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MAT 22 38 q8j3 figs-doublet 0 the great and first commandment Here "great" and "first" mean the same thing. They emphasize that this is the most important commandment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MAT 22 37 xl3e figs-metonymy ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ σου 1 with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind These three phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MAT 22 38 q8j3 figs-doublet ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή 1 the great and first commandment Here "great" and "first" mean the same thing. They emphasize that this is the most important commandment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) MAT 22 39 xk1k 0 General Information: Jesus quotes a verse from Leviticus as the second greatest commandment. -MAT 22 39 yx7v 0 your neighbor Here "neighbor" means more than just those who live nearby. Jesus means a person must love all people. -MAT 22 40 wpr8 figs-metonymy 0 On these two commandments depend the whole law and the prophets Here the phrase "the whole law and the prophets" refers to all of scripture. Alternate translation: "Everything that Moses and the prophets wrote in the scriptures is based on these two commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 22 39 yx7v τὸν πλησίον σου 1 your neighbor Here "neighbor" means more than just those who live nearby. Jesus means a person must love all people. +MAT 22 40 wpr8 figs-metonymy ἐν ταύταις ταῖς δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς κρέμαται ὁ ὅλος νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 On these two commandments depend the whole law and the prophets Here the phrase "the whole law and the prophets" refers to all of scripture. Alternate translation: "Everything that Moses and the prophets wrote in the scriptures is based on these two commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 22 41 r9ca 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus asks the Pharisees a difficult question in order to stop their attempts to trap him. MAT 22 41 pj4a 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story when Jesus asks the religious leaders a question. MAT 22 42 xlf8 0 son ... son of David In both of these "son" means "descendant." MAT 22 43 dpp5 0 General Information: Jesus quotes from the Psalms to show that the Christ is more than just "the son of David." -MAT 22 43 cu3h figs-rquestion 0 How then does David in the Spirit call him Lord Jesus uses a question to make the religious leaders think deeply about the Psalm he is about to quote. Alternate translation: "Then, tell me why David in the Spirit calls him Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 22 43 yu5m 0 David in the Spirit "David, whom the Holy Spirit is inspiring." This means the Holy Spirit is influencing what David says. -MAT 22 43 dn9y 0 call him Here "him" refers to the Christ, who is also the descendant of David. -MAT 22 44 wy85 0 The Lord said Here "Lord" refers to God the Father. -MAT 22 44 k3f7 0 to my Lord Here "Lord" refers to the Christ. Also, "my" refers to David. This means the Christ is superior to David. -MAT 22 44 dz2a translate-symaction 0 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 22 43 cu3h figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν καλεῖ Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι καλεῖ αὐτὸν Κύριον 1 How then does David in the Spirit call him Lord Jesus uses a question to make the religious leaders think deeply about the Psalm he is about to quote. Alternate translation: "Then, tell me why David in the Spirit calls him Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 22 43 yu5m Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι 1 David in the Spirit "David, whom the Holy Spirit is inspiring." This means the Holy Spirit is influencing what David says. +MAT 22 43 dn9y καλεῖ αὐτὸν 1 call him Here "him" refers to the Christ, who is also the descendant of David. +MAT 22 44 wy85 Κύριος εἶπεν 1 The Lord said Here "Lord" refers to God the Father. +MAT 22 44 k3f7 τῷ Κυρίῳ μου 1 to my Lord Here "Lord" refers to the Christ. Also, "my" refers to David. This means the Christ is superior to David. +MAT 22 44 dz2a translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 22 44 e59n figs-idiom 0 until I make your enemies your footstool This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "until I conquer your enemies" or "until I make your enemies bow down before you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 22 45 l962 0 General Information: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 19:1](../19/01.md), that tells of Jesus ministering in Judea. MAT 22 45 e2wd 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the account of the religious leaders trying to trap Jesus with several difficult questions. MAT 22 45 d8gl figs-rquestion 0 If David then calls the Christ 'Lord,' how is he David's son? Jesus uses a question to make the religious leaders think deeply about what he is saying. Alternate translation: "David calls him 'Lord,' so the Christ has to be more than just a descendant of David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 22 45 x9uh 0 If David then calls the Christ David referred to Jesus as "Lord" because Jesus was not only a descendant of David, but he was also superior to him. -MAT 22 46 n3hw figs-metonymy 0 to answer him a word Here "word" refers to what people say. Alternate translation: "to answer him anything" or "to answer him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 22 46 n3hw figs-metonymy ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον 1 to answer him a word Here "word" refers to what people say. Alternate translation: "to answer him anything" or "to answer him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 22 46 c1f2 figs-explicit 0 any more questions It is implied that no one asked him the kind of questions that were intended to make him say something wrong so the religious leaders could arrest him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 23 intro m99i 0 # Matthew 23 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Hypocrites

Jesus calls the Pharisees hypocrites many times ([Matthew 23:13](../../mat/23/13.md)) and carefully tells what he means by doing that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey the rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God's original commands in the law of Moses.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Name calling

In most cultures, it is wrong to insult people. The Pharisees took many of the words in this chapter as insults. Jesus called them "hypocrites," "blind guides," "fools," and "serpents" ([Matthew 23:16-17](./16.md)). Jesus uses these words say that God would surely punish them because they were doing wrong.

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "He who is greatest among you will be your servant" ([Matthew 23:11-12](./11.md)).
MAT 23 1 skq4 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that runs through [Matthew 25:46](../25/46.md), where Jesus teaches about salvation and the final judgment. Here he begins to warn the people about the scribes and Pharisees. -MAT 23 2 dnu3 figs-metonymy 0 sit in Moses' seat Here "seat" represents the authority to rule and make judgments. Alternate translation: "have authority as Moses had" or "have authority to say what the law of Moses means" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 23 2 dnu3 figs-metonymy ἐκάθισαν ἐπὶ τῆς Μωϋσέως' καθέδρας 1 sit in Moses' seat Here "seat" represents the authority to rule and make judgments. Alternate translation: "have authority as Moses had" or "have authority to say what the law of Moses means" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 3 q336 0 whatever ... do these things and observe them "all the things ... do them and observe them" or "everything ... do it and observe it" MAT 23 4 xce6 figs-metaphor 0 they bind heavy burdens that are difficult to carry, and then they put them on people's shoulders. But they themselves will not move a finger to carry them Here "bind heavy burdens ... put them on people's shoulders" is a metaphor for the religious leaders making many difficult rules and making the people obey them. And "will not move a finger" is an idiom that means the religious leaders will not help the people. Alternate translation: "they make you obey many rules that are difficult to follow. But they do nothing at all to help the people follow the rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 23 5 nw4y figs-activepassive 0 They do all their deeds to be seen by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They do all their deeds so that people can see what they do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 23 5 nw4y figs-activepassive ποιοῦσιν πάντα τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸ θεαθῆναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 They do all their deeds to be seen by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They do all their deeds so that people can see what they do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 23 5 ln6j figs-explicit 0 For they make their phylacteries wide, and they enlarge the edges of their garments Both of these are things the Pharisees do to appear as if they honor God more than other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 23 5 gcv7 0 phylacteries small leather boxes containing paper with scripture written on it +MAT 23 5 gcv7 τὰ φυλακτήρια αὐτῶν 1 phylacteries small leather boxes containing paper with scripture written on it MAT 23 5 h2qj 0 they enlarge the edges of their garments The Pharisees made the tassels on the bottom of their robes especially long to show their devotion to God. MAT 23 6 i6ec 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the crowds and disciples about the Pharisees. MAT 23 6 arf1 0 chief places ... chief seats Both of these are the places where the most important people sit. -MAT 23 7 cp2m 0 marketplaces large, open-air areas where people buy and sell items -MAT 23 7 cbe8 figs-activepassive 0 to be called 'Rabbi' by people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for people to call them 'Rabbi.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 23 7 cp2m ἀγοραῖς 1 marketplaces large, open-air areas where people buy and sell items +MAT 23 7 cbe8 figs-activepassive καλεῖσθαι' Ῥαββεί' ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων. 1 to be called 'Rabbi' by people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for people to call them 'Rabbi.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 23 8 uk5v figs-activepassive 0 But you must not be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But you must not let anyone call you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 23 8 ru2b figs-you 0 you All occurrences of "you" are plural and refer to all of Jesus' followers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 23 8 s5du 0 you are brothers Here "brothers" means "fellow believers." +MAT 23 8 ru2b figs-you ὑμεῖς δὲ 1 you All occurrences of "you" are plural and refer to all of Jesus' followers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 23 8 s5du ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἀδελφοί 1 you are brothers Here "brothers" means "fellow believers." MAT 23 9 l33f figs-hyperbole 0 call no man on earth your father Jesus is using hyperbole to tell his hearers that they must not allow even the most important people to be more important to them than God is. Alternate translation: "do not call any man on earth your father" or "do not say that any man on earth is your father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MAT 23 9 any8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 you have only one Father "Father" here is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 23 10 b8ua figs-activepassive 0 Neither must you be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Also, do not let anyone call you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 23 10 lp5f figs-123person 0 you have only one teacher, the Christ When Jesus said "the Christ," he was speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the Christ, am your only teacher" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 23 11 d62b 0 he who is greatest among you "the person who is most important among you" -MAT 23 11 d9xw figs-you 0 among you Here "you" is plural and refers to Jesus' followers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 23 12 x187 0 exalts himself "makes himself important" -MAT 23 12 e81r figs-activepassive 0 will be humbled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 23 12 uz88 figs-activepassive 0 will be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make important" or "God will honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 23 11 d62b ὁ δὲ μείζων ὑμῶν 1 he who is greatest among you "the person who is most important among you" +MAT 23 11 d9xw figs-you ὑμῶν 1 among you Here "you" is plural and refers to Jesus' followers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 23 12 x187 ὑψώσει ἑαυτὸν 1 exalts himself "makes himself important" +MAT 23 12 e81r figs-activepassive ταπεινωθήσεται 1 will be humbled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 23 12 uz88 figs-activepassive ὑψωθήσεται 1 will be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make important" or "God will honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 23 13 ts6z figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Jesus speaks of the kingdom of heaven as if it were a house, the door into which the Pharisees have shut from the outside so that neither they nor anyone else can enter the house. If you do not keep the metaphor of the house, be sure to change all instances of "shut" and "enter." Also, since the words "kingdom of heaven," which refer to God, who lives in heaven, occur only in Matthew, try to use your language's word for "heaven" in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 13 aw49 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to rebuke the religious leaders because of their hypocrisy. -MAT 23 13 i9dq 0 But woe to you "How terrible it will be for you!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 11:21](../11/21.md). +MAT 23 13 i9dq οὐαὶ δὲ ὑμῖν 1 But woe to you "How terrible it will be for you!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 11:21](../11/21.md). MAT 23 13 j4sd figs-metaphor 0 You shut the kingdom of heaven against people ... you do not enter it ... neither do you allow those about to enter to do so Jesus is speaking of the kingdom of heaven, which is God ruling over his people, as if it were a house, the door into which the Pharisees have shut from the outside so that neither they nor anyone else can enter the house. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is found only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use your language's word for "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "You make it impossible for people to enter the kingdom of heaven ... you do not enter it ... neither do you allow those about to enter to do so" or "You prevent people from accepting God, who lives in heaven, as king ... you do not accept him as king ... and you make it impossible for those about to accept him as king to do so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 23 15 e4a8 figs-idiom 0 you go over sea and land This is an idiom that means they go to distant places. Alternate translation: "you travel great distances" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 23 15 iyl7 0 to make one convert "to make one person accept your religion" -MAT 23 15 bq91 figs-idiom 0 son of hell Here "son of" is an idiom that means "one belonging to." Alternate translation: "person who belongs in hell" or "person who should go to hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 23 16 r5k3 figs-metaphor 0 blind guides The Jewish leaders were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. See how you translated "blind guides" in [Matthew 15:14](../15/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 15 e4a8 figs-idiom περιάγετε τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν ξηρὰν 1 you go over sea and land This is an idiom that means they go to distant places. Alternate translation: "you travel great distances" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 23 15 iyl7 ποιῆσαι ἕνα προσήλυτον 1 to make one convert "to make one person accept your religion" +MAT 23 15 bq91 figs-idiom υἱὸν Γεέννης 1 son of hell Here "son of" is an idiom that means "one belonging to." Alternate translation: "person who belongs in hell" or "person who should go to hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 23 16 r5k3 figs-metaphor τυφλοὶ ὁδηγοὶ 1 blind guides The Jewish leaders were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. See how you translated "blind guides" in [Matthew 15:14](../15/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 16 qgh8 0 by the temple, it is nothing "by the temple does not have to keep his oath" -MAT 23 16 lni3 figs-metaphor 0 is bound to his oath "is tied to his oath." The phrase "bound to his oath" is a metaphor for being required to do what one has said he would do in an oath. Alternate translation: "must do what he promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 23 17 s7a8 figs-metaphor 0 blind fools The Jewish leaders were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 23 17 f9zd figs-rquestion 0 Which is greater, the gold or the temple that makes the gold holy? Jesus uses this question to rebuke the Pharisees because they treated the gold as if it were more important than the temple. Alternate translation: "The temple that has dedicated the gold to God is more important than the gold!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 23 17 j6d5 0 the temple that makes the gold holy "the temple that makes the gold belong to God alone" -MAT 23 18 lr61 figs-ellipsis 0 And The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "And you also say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 23 18 d331 0 it is nothing "he does not have to do what he has sworn to do" or "he does not have to keep his oath" -MAT 23 18 ngd2 0 the gift This is an animal or grain that a person would bring to God by putting it on God's altar. -MAT 23 18 zg72 figs-metaphor 0 is bound to his oath "is tied to his oath." Being required to do what one has said he would do in an oath is spoken of as if he is tied to the oath. Alternate translation: "must do what he promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 16 lni3 figs-metaphor ὀφείλει 1 is bound to his oath "is tied to his oath." The phrase "bound to his oath" is a metaphor for being required to do what one has said he would do in an oath. Alternate translation: "must do what he promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 17 s7a8 figs-metaphor τυφλοί μωροὶ 1 blind fools The Jewish leaders were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 17 f9zd figs-rquestion τίς ἐστίν μείζων, ὁ χρυσὸς ἢ ὁ ναὸς ὁ ἁγιάσας τὸν χρυσόν ἁγιάσας? 1 Which is greater, the gold or the temple that makes the gold holy? Jesus uses this question to rebuke the Pharisees because they treated the gold as if it were more important than the temple. Alternate translation: "The temple that has dedicated the gold to God is more important than the gold!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 23 17 j6d5 ὁ ναὸς ὁ ἁγιάσας τὸν χρυσόν ἁγιάσας 1 the temple that makes the gold holy "the temple that makes the gold belong to God alone" +MAT 23 18 lr61 figs-ellipsis καί 1 And The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "And you also say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 23 18 d331 τῷ ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ ὀφείλει 1 it is nothing "he does not have to do what he has sworn to do" or "he does not have to keep his oath" +MAT 23 18 ngd2 τῷ δώρῳ 1 the gift This is an animal or grain that a person would bring to God by putting it on God's altar. +MAT 23 18 zg72 figs-metaphor τῷ ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ ὀφείλει 1 is bound to his oath "is tied to his oath." Being required to do what one has said he would do in an oath is spoken of as if he is tied to the oath. Alternate translation: "must do what he promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 19 y6hk figs-metaphor 0 blind people The Jewish leaders were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 19 g7qr figs-rquestion 0 Which is greater, the gift or the altar that makes the gift holy? Jesus uses this question to rebuke the Pharisees for treating the gift as if it were more important than the altar. Alternate translation: "The altar that makes the gift holy is greater than the gift!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 23 19 gt4d 0 the altar that makes the gift holy "the altar that makes the gift special to God" -MAT 23 20 x4q4 0 by everything on it "by all the gifts that people have placed on it" +MAT 23 19 gt4d τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ ἁγιάζον τὸ δῶρον τὸ ἁγιάζον 1 the altar that makes the gift holy "the altar that makes the gift special to God" +MAT 23 20 x4q4 ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ 1 by everything on it "by all the gifts that people have placed on it" MAT 23 21 m21b 0 the one who lives in it God the Father -MAT 23 22 ejw9 0 him who sits on it God the Father +MAT 23 22 ejw9 τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ 1 him who sits on it God the Father MAT 23 23 lg3r 0 Woe to you ... hypocrites! "How terrible it will be for you ... hypocrites!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 11:21](../11/21.md). -MAT 23 23 n94y translate-unknown 0 mint and dill and cumin These are various leaves and seeds people used to make food taste good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 23 23 n94y translate-unknown τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ ἄνηθον καὶ τὸ κύμινον 1 mint and dill and cumin These are various leaves and seeds people used to make food taste good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MAT 23 23 hga6 0 you have left undone "you have not obeyed" MAT 23 23 c8bb 0 the weightier matters "the more important matters" -MAT 23 23 m32j 0 But these you ought to have done "You ought to have obeyed these more important laws" +MAT 23 23 m32j ταῦτα δὲ ἔδει ποιῆσαι 1 But these you ought to have done "You ought to have obeyed these more important laws" MAT 23 23 nn6q figs-doublenegatives 0 and not to have left the other undone This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "while also obeying the less important laws" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) MAT 23 24 y84y figs-metaphor 0 You blind guides Jesus uses this metaphor to describe the Pharisees. Jesus means that the Pharisees do not understand God's commands or how to please him. Therefore, they cannot teach others how to please God. See how you translated this metaphor in [Matthew 15:14](../15/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 24 l7fh figs-metaphor 0 you who strain out a gnat but swallow a camel Being careful to follow the less important laws and ignoring the more important laws is as foolish as being careful not to swallow the smallest unclean animal but eating the meat of the largest unclean animal. Alternate translation: "you are as foolish as a person who strains out a gnat that falls into his drink but swallows a camel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MAT 23 24 sn3z 0 strain out a gnat This means to pour a liquid through a cloth to remove a gnat from a drink. -MAT 23 24 whk2 0 gnat a small flying insect +MAT 23 24 sn3z οἱ διϋλίζοντες τὸν κώνωπα 1 strain out a gnat This means to pour a liquid through a cloth to remove a gnat from a drink. +MAT 23 24 whk2 κώνωπα 1 gnat a small flying insect MAT 23 25 ns27 0 Woe to you ... hypocrites! "How terrible it will be for you ... hypocrites!" See how you translated this in [Matthew 11:21](../11/21.md). -MAT 23 25 ru45 figs-metaphor 0 For you clean the outside of the cup and of the plate, but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence This is a metaphor that means the scribes and Pharisees appear pure on the outside to others, but on the inside they are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 23 25 tz8h 0 they are full of greed and self-indulgence "they want what others have, and they act in the interest of the self" -MAT 23 26 lb5j figs-metaphor 0 You blind Pharisee The Pharisees were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 23 26 f9p8 figs-metaphor 0 Clean first the inside of the cup and of the plate, so that the outside may become clean also This is a metaphor that means that if they would become pure in their inner being, then the result is that they would be pure on the outside as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 25 ru45 figs-metaphor ὅτι καθαρίζετε τὸ ἔξωθεν τοῦ ποτηρίου καὶ τῆς παροψίδος, ἔσωθεν δὲ γέμουσιν ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀκρασίας- ἀκρασίας 1 For you clean the outside of the cup and of the plate, but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence This is a metaphor that means the scribes and Pharisees appear pure on the outside to others, but on the inside they are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 25 tz8h γέμουσιν ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀκρασίας- ἀκρασίας 1 they are full of greed and self-indulgence "they want what others have, and they act in the interest of the self" +MAT 23 26 lb5j figs-metaphor Φαρισαῖε τυφλέ Φαρισαῖε 1 You blind Pharisee The Pharisees were spiritually blind. Although they thought of themselves as teachers, they were unable to understand God's truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 26 f9p8 figs-metaphor καθάρισον πρῶτον τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ ποτηρίου καὶ τῆς παροψίδος, ἵνα τὸ ἐκτὸς γένηται καθαρόν καὶ 1 Clean first the inside of the cup and of the plate, so that the outside may become clean also This is a metaphor that means that if they would become pure in their inner being, then the result is that they would be pure on the outside as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 27 kry1 figs-simile 0 you are like whitewashed tombs ... unclean This is a simile that means the scribes and Pharisees may appear to be pure on the outside, but they are wicked on the inside. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 23 27 ta1f figs-explicit 0 whitewashed tombs "tombs that someone has painted white." The Jews would paint tombs white so that people would easily see them and avoid touching them. Touching a tomb would make a person ceremonially unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 23 29 tse6 figs-nominaladj 0 of the righteous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "of the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 23 30 kkf2 0 in the days of our fathers "during the time of our forefathers" -MAT 23 30 nq82 0 we would not have been participants with them "we would not have joined with them" -MAT 23 30 x99m figs-metonymy 0 shedding the blood of Here "blood" refers to life. To shed blood means to kill. Alternate translation: "killing" or "murdering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 23 31 l7rl 0 you are sons Here "sons" means "descendants." -MAT 23 32 bpz8 figs-metaphor 0 You also fill up the measure of your fathers Jesus uses this as a metaphor meaning the Pharisees will complete the wicked behavior that their forefathers started when they killed the prophets. Alternate translation: "You also finish the sins your ancestors began" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 27 ta1f figs-explicit κεκονιαμένοις τάφοις 1 whitewashed tombs "tombs that someone has painted white." The Jews would paint tombs white so that people would easily see them and avoid touching them. Touching a tomb would make a person ceremonially unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 23 29 tse6 figs-nominaladj τῶν δικαίων 1 of the righteous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "of the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 23 30 kkf2 ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν 1 in the days of our fathers "during the time of our forefathers" +MAT 23 30 nq82 οὐκ ἂν ἤμεθα κοινωνοὶ αὐτῶν 1 we would not have been participants with them "we would not have joined with them" +MAT 23 30 x99m figs-metonymy τῷ αἵματι τῶν 1 shedding the blood of Here "blood" refers to life. To shed blood means to kill. Alternate translation: "killing" or "murdering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 23 31 l7rl ἐστε υἱοί 1 you are sons Here "sons" means "descendants." +MAT 23 32 bpz8 figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς καὶ πληρώσατε τὸ μέτρον τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν 1 You also fill up the measure of your fathers Jesus uses this as a metaphor meaning the Pharisees will complete the wicked behavior that their forefathers started when they killed the prophets. Alternate translation: "You also finish the sins your ancestors began" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 33 va5c figs-doublet 0 You serpents, you offspring of vipers Serpents are snakes, and vipers are poisonous snakes. They are dangerous and often symbols of evil. Alternate translation: "You are as evil as dangerous and poisonous snakes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 23 33 blv6 0 offspring of vipers Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 3:7](../03/07.md). -MAT 23 33 vi6c figs-rquestion 0 how will you escape the judgment of hell? Jesus uses this question as a rebuke. Alternate translation: "there is no way for you to escape the judgment of hell!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 23 33 blv6 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν 1 offspring of vipers Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 3:7](../03/07.md). +MAT 23 33 vi6c figs-rquestion πῶς φύγητε τῆς κρίσεως τῆς Γεέννης? 1 how will you escape the judgment of hell? Jesus uses this question as a rebuke. Alternate translation: "there is no way for you to escape the judgment of hell!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 23 34 an97 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the religious leaders because of their hypocrisy. -MAT 23 34 rq8c 0 I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes Sometimes the present tense is used to show that someone will do something very soon. Alternate translation: "I will send prophets, wise men, and scribes to you" +MAT 23 34 rq8c ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς προφήτας καὶ σοφοὺς καὶ γραμματεῖς 1 I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes Sometimes the present tense is used to show that someone will do something very soon. Alternate translation: "I will send prophets, wise men, and scribes to you" MAT 23 35 l7ya figs-idiom 0 upon you will come all the righteous blood that has been shed on the earth The phrase "upon you will come" is an idiom that means to receive punishment. To shed blood is a metonym meaning to kill people, so "righteous blood that has been shed on the earth" represents righteous people who have been killed. Alternate translation: "God will punish you for the murders of all the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 35 b3a7 figs-metonymy 0 from the blood ... to the blood Here the word "blood" represents a person being killed. Alternate translation: "from the murder ... to the murder" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 35 z95g figs-merism 0 Abel ... Zechariah Abel was the first righteous victim of murder, and Zechariah, who was murdered by Jews in the temple, was probably thought to be the last. These two men represent all the righteous people who have been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -MAT 23 35 cbq9 0 Zechariah This Zechariah was not the father of John the Baptist. -MAT 23 35 s11l 0 whom you killed Jesus does not mean the people to whom he is speaking actually killed Zechariah. He means their ancestors did. -MAT 23 36 ut4l 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 23 35 cbq9 Ζαχαρίου 1 Zechariah This Zechariah was not the father of John the Baptist. +MAT 23 35 s11l ὃν ἐφονεύσατε 1 whom you killed Jesus does not mean the people to whom he is speaking actually killed Zechariah. He means their ancestors did. +MAT 23 36 ut4l ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 23 37 w23t 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus mourns over the people of Jerusalem because they reject every messenger that God sends to them. -MAT 23 37 vne9 figs-apostrophe 0 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Jesus speaks to the people of Jerusalem as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 23 37 vne9 figs-apostrophe Ἰερουσαλὴμ, Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Jesus speaks to the people of Jerusalem as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 37 tz4r figs-activepassive 0 those who are sent to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom God sends to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 23 37 t9y7 figs-metaphor 0 your children Jesus is speaking to Jerusalem as if it is a woman and the people are her children. Alternate translation: "your people" or "your inhabitants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 23 37 t9y7 figs-metaphor τὰ τέκνα σου 1 your children Jesus is speaking to Jerusalem as if it is a woman and the people are her children. Alternate translation: "your people" or "your inhabitants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 23 37 xv4t figs-simile 0 just as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings This is a simile that emphasizes Jesus' love for the people and how he wanted to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 23 37 as8p translate-unknown 0 hen a female chicken. You can translate with any bird that protects her children under her wing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 23 38 r6ss 0 your house is left to you desolate "God will leave your house, and it will be empty" -MAT 23 38 ck2z figs-metonymy 0 your house Possible meanings are 1) "the city of Jerusalem" or 2) "the temple." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 23 37 as8p translate-unknown ὄρνις 1 hen a female chicken. You can translate with any bird that protects her children under her wing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 23 38 r6ss ὑμῶν ὁ οἶκος ἀφίεται ὑμῖν ἔρημος 1 your house is left to you desolate "God will leave your house, and it will be empty" +MAT 23 38 ck2z figs-metonymy ὑμῶν ὁ οἶκος 1 your house Possible meanings are 1) "the city of Jerusalem" or 2) "the temple." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 23 39 i14n 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 23 39 ig61 figs-metonymy 0 Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord Here "in the name" means "in the power" or "as a representative." See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). Alternate translation: "He who comes in the power of the Lord is blessed" or "He who comes as the representative of the Lord will be blessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 23 39 ig61 figs-metonymy εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord Here "in the name" means "in the power" or "as a representative." See how you translated this in [Matthew 21:9](../21/09.md). Alternate translation: "He who comes in the power of the Lord is blessed" or "He who comes as the representative of the Lord will be blessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 24 intro h2a2 0 # Matthew 24 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Jesus begins to prophesy about the future from that time until he returns as king of everything. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The end of the age"

In this chapter, Jesus gives an answer to his disciples when they ask how they will know when he will come again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### The example of Noah

In the time of Noah, God sent a great flood to punish people for their sins. He warned them many times about this coming flood, but it actually began suddenly. In this chapter, Jesus draws a comparison between that flood and the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Let"

The ULT uses this word to begin several commands of Jesus, such as "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains" (24:16), "let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house" (24:17), and "let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak" (24:18). There are many different ways to form a command. Translators must select the most natural ways in their own languages.
MAT 24 1 dh7u 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to describe events that will happen before he comes again during the end times. -MAT 24 1 ke79 figs-explicit 0 from the temple It is implied that Jesus was not in the temple itself. He was in the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 24 1 ke79 figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ 1 from the temple It is implied that Jesus was not in the temple itself. He was in the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 24 2 mh5y figs-rquestion 0 Do you not see all these things? Jesus uses a question to make the disciples think deeply about what he will tell them. Alternate translation: "Let me tell you something about all these buildings." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 24 2 fnv8 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 24 2 l45q figs-explicit 0 not one stone will be left on another that will not be torn down It is implied that enemy soldiers will tear down the stones. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when the enemy soldiers come, they will tear down every stone in these buildings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 2 fnv8 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 24 2 l45q figs-explicit οὐ καταλυθήσεται 1 not one stone will be left on another that will not be torn down It is implied that enemy soldiers will tear down the stones. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when the enemy soldiers come, they will tear down every stone in these buildings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 24 3 e1is figs-explicit 0 What will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age Here "your coming" refers to when Jesus will come in power, establishing God's reign on earth and bringing this age to an end. Alternate translation: "What will be the sign that you are about to come and that the world is about to end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 24 4 s64s figs-metaphor 0 Be careful that no one leads you astray Here "leads you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "Be careful that no one deceives you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 24 5 lq71 figs-metonymy 0 many will come in my name Here "name" refers to "in the authority" or "as the representative" of someone. Alternate translation: "many will claim that they have come as my representative" or "many will say they speak for me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 5 twh8 figs-metaphor 0 will lead many astray Here "leads you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "will deceive many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 24 5 lq71 figs-metonymy πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου 1 many will come in my name Here "name" refers to "in the authority" or "as the representative" of someone. Alternate translation: "many will claim that they have come as my representative" or "many will say they speak for me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 5 twh8 figs-metaphor πλανήσουσιν πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν 1 will lead many astray Here "leads you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "will deceive many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 24 6 hdz3 figs-activepassive 0 See that you are not troubled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Do not let these things trouble you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 7 ygf2 figs-parallelism 0 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom Both of these mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that people everywhere will fight each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 8 q4gl figs-metaphor 0 the beginning of birth pains This refers to the pains a woman feels before giving birth to a child. This metaphor means these wars, famines, and earthquakes are just the beginning of the events that will lead to the end of the age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 24 9 u5e6 0 they will deliver you up to tribulation and kill you "people will give you over to the authorities, who will make you suffer and will kill you." -MAT 24 9 uw1i figs-activepassive 0 You will be hated by all the nations Here "nations" is a metonym, referring to the people of nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People from every nation will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 7 ygf2 figs-parallelism ἐγερθήσεται γὰρ ἔθνος ἐγερθήσεται γὰρ ἐπὶ ἔθνος, καὶ βασιλεία ἐπὶ βασιλείαν 1 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom Both of these mean the same thing. Jesus is emphasizing that people everywhere will fight each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 8 q4gl figs-metaphor ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων 1 the beginning of birth pains This refers to the pains a woman feels before giving birth to a child. This metaphor means these wars, famines, and earthquakes are just the beginning of the events that will lead to the end of the age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 24 9 u5e6 παραδώσουσιν ὑμᾶς παραδώσουσιν εἰς θλῖψιν καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν ὑμᾶς 1 they will deliver you up to tribulation and kill you "people will give you over to the authorities, who will make you suffer and will kill you." +MAT 24 9 uw1i figs-activepassive ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 You will be hated by all the nations Here "nations" is a metonym, referring to the people of nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People from every nation will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 24 9 u2bd figs-metonymy 0 for my name's sake Here "name" refers to the complete person. Alternate translation: "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 11 mi2e figs-idiom 0 will rise up "Rise" here is an idiom for "become established." Alternate translation: "will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 24 11 tjb3 figs-metaphor 0 and lead many astray Here "lead ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "and deceive many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 24 11 mi2e figs-idiom ἐγερθήσονται 1 will rise up "Rise" here is an idiom for "become established." Alternate translation: "will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 24 11 tjb3 figs-metaphor καὶ πλανήσουσιν πολλούς πλανήσουσιν 1 and lead many astray Here "lead ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "and deceive many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 24 12 w4af figs-abstractnouns 0 lawlessness will increase The abstract noun "lawlessness" can be translated with the phrase "disobeying the law." Alternate translation: "disobeying the law will increase" or "people will disobey God's law more and more" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MAT 24 12 bu9b figs-idiom 0 the love of many will grow cold Possible meanings are 1) "many people will no longer love other people" or 2) "many people will no longer love God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 24 13 v3ex figs-activepassive 0 the one who endures to the end will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save the person who endures to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 13 l1pp 0 the one who endures "the person who stays faithful" -MAT 24 13 ht34 0 to the end It is not clear whether the word "end" refers to when a person dies or when the persecution ends or the end of the age when God shows himself to be king. The main point is that they endure as long as necessary. -MAT 24 13 lra5 0 the end "the end of the world" or "the end of the age" -MAT 24 14 x3e6 figs-metonymy 0 This good news of the kingdom will be preached Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will tell the good news that God will rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 14 y65s figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here, "nations" stands for people. Alternate translation: "all people in all places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 15 mf1b figs-activepassive 0 the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the shameful one who defiles the things of God, about whom Daniel the prophet wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 15 lz9p 0 let the reader understand This is not Jesus speaking. Matthew added this to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret. +MAT 24 12 bu9b figs-idiom ἡ ἀγάπη τῶν πολλῶν ψυγήσεται 1 the love of many will grow cold Possible meanings are 1) "many people will no longer love other people" or 2) "many people will no longer love God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 24 13 v3ex figs-activepassive ὁ δὲ ὑπομείνας εἰς τέλος σωθήσεται 1 the one who endures to the end will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save the person who endures to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 13 l1pp ὁ δὲ ὑπομείνας 1 the one who endures "the person who stays faithful" +MAT 24 13 ht34 εἰς τέλος 1 to the end It is not clear whether the word "end" refers to when a person dies or when the persecution ends or the end of the age when God shows himself to be king. The main point is that they endure as long as necessary. +MAT 24 13 lra5 τέλος 1 the end "the end of the world" or "the end of the age" +MAT 24 14 x3e6 figs-metonymy τοῦτο τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας κηρυχθήσεται 1 This good news of the kingdom will be preached Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will tell the good news that God will rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 14 y65s figs-metonymy πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 all the nations Here, "nations" stands for people. Alternate translation: "all people in all places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 15 mf1b figs-activepassive τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως, τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Δανιὴλ τοῦ προφήτου 1 the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the shameful one who defiles the things of God, about whom Daniel the prophet wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 15 lz9p νοείτω ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω 1 let the reader understand This is not Jesus speaking. Matthew added this to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret. MAT 24 17 iv2j 0 let him who is on the housetop Housetops where Jesus lived were flat, and people could stand on them. MAT 24 19 kq12 figs-euphemism 0 those who are with child This is a polite way to say "pregnant women." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 24 19 f533 0 in those days "at that time" -MAT 24 20 u4jb 0 that your flight will not occur "that you will not have to flee" or "that you will not have to run away" -MAT 24 20 m6mx 0 the winter "the cold season" +MAT 24 19 f533 ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 in those days "at that time" +MAT 24 20 u4jb ἵνα ἡ φυγὴ ὑμῶν μὴ γένηται 1 that your flight will not occur "that you will not have to flee" or "that you will not have to run away" +MAT 24 20 m6mx χειμῶνος 1 the winter "the cold season" MAT 24 22 vd3z figs-doublenegatives 0 Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved This can be stated in positive and active form. Alternate translation: "If God does not shorten the time of suffering, everyone will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MAT 24 22 r9qw figs-synecdoche 0 flesh "people." Here, "flesh" is poetic way of saying all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 24 22 p6m8 figs-activepassive 0 those days will be shortened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will shorten the time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 22 r9qw figs-synecdoche σάρξ 1 flesh "people." Here, "flesh" is poetic way of saying all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 24 22 p6m8 figs-activepassive αἱ ἡμέραι ἐκεῖναι κολοβωθήσονται 1 those days will be shortened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will shorten the time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 24 23 avv5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. MAT 24 23 avm2 0 do not believe it "do not believe the false things they have said to you" -MAT 24 24 n744 0 so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect Here "lead astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. This can be translated as two sentences. Alternate translation: "so as to deceive, if possible, even the elect" or "so as to deceive people. If possible, they would even deceive the elect" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 24 26 fmx1 figs-quotations 0 if they say to you, 'Look, he is in the wilderness,' do This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "if someone tells you that the Christ is in the wilderness, do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 24 24 n744 τέρατα ὥστε πλανῆσαι, εἰ δυνατὸν, καὶ τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς 1 so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect Here "lead astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. This can be translated as two sentences. Alternate translation: "so as to deceive, if possible, even the elect" or "so as to deceive people. If possible, they would even deceive the elect" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 24 26 fmx1 figs-quotations , ἐὰν οὖν εἴπωσιν ὑμῖν,' ἰδοὺ, ἐστίν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ,' μὴ ἐξέλθητε 1 if they say to you, 'Look, he is in the wilderness,' do This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "if someone tells you that the Christ is in the wilderness, do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 24 26 zxg2 figs-quotations 0 Or, 'See, he is in the inner rooms,' This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Or, if someone tells you that the Christ is in the inner room," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 24 26 n2pt 0 in the inner rooms "in a secret room" or "in secret places" +MAT 24 26 n2pt ἐν τοῖς ταμείοις 1 in the inner rooms "in a secret room" or "in secret places" MAT 24 27 j1w1 figs-simile 0 as the lightning shines ... so will be the coming This means that the Son of Man will come very quickly and will be easy to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 24 27 za8b figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 27 za8b figs-123person τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 24 28 mu35 writing-proverbs 0 Wherever a dead animal is, there the vultures will gather This is probably a proverb that the people of Jesus' time understood. Possible meanings are 1) when the Son of Man comes, everyone will see him and know that he has come, or 2) wherever spiritually dead people are, false prophets will be there to tell them lies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -MAT 24 28 ivl8 0 vultures birds that eat the bodies of dead or dying creatures -MAT 24 29 zmm6 0 immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun "as soon as the tribulation of those days has finished, the sun" -MAT 24 29 l15m 0 the tribulation of those days "that time of suffering" -MAT 24 29 zuk4 figs-activepassive 0 the sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make the sun dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 29 w1bi figs-activepassive 0 the powers of the heavens will be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will shake things in the sky and above the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 30 yc2x figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 24 30 tld8 figs-metonymy 0 all the tribes Here "tribes" refers to people. Alternate translation: "all the people of the tribes" or "all the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 28 ivl8 ἀετοί 1 vultures birds that eat the bodies of dead or dying creatures +MAT 24 29 zmm6 εὐθέως δὲ μετὰ τὴν θλῖψιν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκείνων ὁ ἥλιος 1 immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun "as soon as the tribulation of those days has finished, the sun" +MAT 24 29 l15m τὴν θλῖψιν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκείνων 1 the tribulation of those days "that time of suffering" +MAT 24 29 zuk4 figs-activepassive ὁ ἥλιος σκοτισθήσεται 1 the sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make the sun dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 29 w1bi figs-activepassive αἱ δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν σαλευθήσονται 1 the powers of the heavens will be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will shake things in the sky and above the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 30 yc2x figs-123person τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 30 tld8 figs-metonymy πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ 1 all the tribes Here "tribes" refers to people. Alternate translation: "all the people of the tribes" or "all the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 24 31 fl54 0 He will send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet "He will have a trumpet sounded and send his angels" or "He will have an angel blow a trumpet, and he will send his angels" -MAT 24 31 rlb4 figs-123person 0 He ... his Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 24 31 wi28 0 they will gather "his angels will gather" -MAT 24 31 iq8c 0 his elect These are the people whom the Son of Man has chosen. +MAT 24 31 rlb4 figs-123person ἀποστελεῖ τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ 1 He ... his Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 31 wi28 ἐπισυνάξουσιν 1 they will gather "his angels will gather" +MAT 24 31 iq8c τοὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς αὐτοῦ 1 his elect These are the people whom the Son of Man has chosen. MAT 24 31 ibw7 figs-parallelism 0 from the four winds, from one end of the sky to the other Both of these mean the same thing. They are idioms that mean "from everywhere." Alternate translation: "from all over the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 24 33 cu5a figs-123person 0 he is near Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "the time for me to come is near" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 33 cu5a figs-123person ἐστιν ἐγγύς 1 he is near Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "the time for me to come is near" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 24 33 cfz8 figs-metaphor 0 at the very gates "close to the gates." Jesus uses the imagery of a king or important official getting close to the gates of a walled city. It is a metaphor meaning the time for Jesus to come is soon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 24 34 j8np 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 24 34 gld5 figs-euphemism 0 this generation will not pass away Here "pass away" is a polite way of saying "die." Alternate translation: "this generation will not all die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MAT 24 34 y73t 0 this generation Possible interpretations are 1) "all people alive today," referring to the people alive when Jesus was speaking, or 2) "all people alive when these things I have just told you about happen." Try to translate so that both interpretations are possible. +MAT 24 34 j8np ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 24 34 gld5 figs-euphemism ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ 1 this generation will not pass away Here "pass away" is a polite way of saying "die." Alternate translation: "this generation will not all die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 24 34 y73t ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη 1 this generation Possible interpretations are 1) "all people alive today," referring to the people alive when Jesus was speaking, or 2) "all people alive when these things I have just told you about happen." Try to translate so that both interpretations are possible. MAT 24 34 fb4k 0 until all of these things will have happened "until God causes all these things to happen" -MAT 24 34 r6sk 0 pass away "disappear" or "someday no longer exist" -MAT 24 35 i8vv figs-synecdoche 0 Heaven and the earth will pass away The words "heaven" and "earth" are a synecdoche that includes everything that God has created, especially those things that seem permanent. Jesus is saying that his word, unlike these things, is permanent. Alternate translation: "Even heaven and the earth will pass away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 24 34 r6sk οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ 1 pass away "disappear" or "someday no longer exist" +MAT 24 35 i8vv figs-synecdoche ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσεται 1 Heaven and the earth will pass away The words "heaven" and "earth" are a synecdoche that includes everything that God has created, especially those things that seem permanent. Jesus is saying that his word, unlike these things, is permanent. Alternate translation: "Even heaven and the earth will pass away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MAT 24 35 e6bf figs-metonymy 0 my words will never pass away Here "words" refers to what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "what I say will always be true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 36 q4pj figs-metonymy 0 that day and hour Here "day" and "hour" refer to the exact time that the Son of Man will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 36 wq5r 0 nor the Son "not even the Son" -MAT 24 36 p5vu guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 24 36 f4s2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 24 36 q4pj figs-metonymy τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης καὶ ὥρας 1 that day and hour Here "day" and "hour" refer to the exact time that the Son of Man will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 36 wq5r οὐδὲ ὁ Υἱός 1 nor the Son "not even the Son" +MAT 24 36 p5vu guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱός 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 24 36 f4s2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 24 37 hf51 0 As the days of Noah were, so will be the coming of the Son of Man "At the time when the Son of Man comes, it will be like the time of Noah." -MAT 24 37 cpn8 figs-123person 0 Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 37 cpn8 figs-123person Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 24 39 ffa6 0 and they knew nothing This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "The people did not realize anything was happening" MAT 24 39 ah5v 0 away—so will be the coming of the Son of Man This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "away. This is how it will be when the Son of Man comes" MAT 24 40 ksk6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to tell his disciples to be ready for his return. -MAT 24 40 hth3 0 Then This is when the Son of Man comes. -MAT 24 40 gt4l figs-activepassive 0 one will be taken, and one will be left Possible meanings are 1) the Son of Man will take one away to heaven and will leave the other on earth for punishment or 2) the angels will take one away for punishment and leave the other for blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 42 j83i 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" -MAT 24 42 s6ir 0 be on your guard "pay attention" +MAT 24 40 hth3 τότε 1 Then This is when the Son of Man comes. +MAT 24 40 gt4l figs-activepassive εἷς παραλαμβάνεται, καὶ εἷς ἀφίεται 1 one will be taken, and one will be left Possible meanings are 1) the Son of Man will take one away to heaven and will leave the other on earth for punishment or 2) the angels will take one away for punishment and leave the other for blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 42 j83i γρηγορεῖτε οὖν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" +MAT 24 42 s6ir γρηγορεῖτε οὖν 1 be on your guard "pay attention" MAT 24 43 ak6a figs-parables 0 that if the master of the house ... broken into Jesus uses a parable of a master and servants to illustrate that his disciples should be prepared for his return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 24 43 ki5s figs-metaphor 0 the thief Jesus is saying he will come when people are not expecting him, not that he will come to steal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 24 43 zs23 0 he would have been on guard "he would have guarded his house" -MAT 24 43 lg7i figs-activepassive 0 would not have allowed his house to be broken into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "would not have allowed anyone to get into his house to steal things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 24 44 gd17 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 24 43 ki5s figs-metaphor ὁ κλέπτης 1 the thief Jesus is saying he will come when people are not expecting him, not that he will come to steal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 24 43 zs23 ἐγρηγόρησεν 1 he would have been on guard "he would have guarded his house" +MAT 24 43 lg7i figs-activepassive οὐκ ἂν εἴασεν τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ διορυχθῆναι 1 would not have allowed his house to be broken into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "would not have allowed anyone to get into his house to steal things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 44 gd17 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 24 45 jua3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues his proverb of a master and servants to illustrate that his disciples should be prepared for his return. MAT 24 45 f92d figs-rquestion 0 So who is the faithful and wise servant whom his master ... time? Jesus uses this question to make his disciples think. Alternate translation: "So who is the faithful and wise servant? He is the one whom his master ... time." or "Be like the faithful and wise servant, whom his master ... time." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 24 45 lf8d 0 give them their food "give the people in the master's home their food" -MAT 24 47 lin7 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 24 47 lin7 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 24 48 ek9x writing-proverbs 0 Jesus concludes his proverb of a master and servants to illustrate that his disciples should be prepared for his return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -MAT 24 48 f9ft figs-metonymy 0 says in his heart Here "heart" refers to the mind. Alternate translation: "thinks in his mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 24 48 per6 figs-activepassive 0 My master has been delayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My master is slow to return" or "My master will not return for a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 24 48 f9ft figs-metonymy εἴπῃ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 says in his heart Here "heart" refers to the mind. Alternate translation: "thinks in his mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 24 48 per6 figs-activepassive μου χρονίζει 1 My master has been delayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My master is slow to return" or "My master will not return for a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 24 50 bz5k figs-parallelism 0 on a day that the servant does not expect and at an hour that he does not know Both of these statements mean the same thing. They emphasize that the master will come when the servant is not expecting him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) MAT 24 51 jj2z figs-idiom 0 cut him in pieces This is an idiom that means to make the person suffer terribly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 24 51 pm18 0 assign him a place with the hypocrites "put him with the hypocrites" or "send him to the place where hypocrites are sent" MAT 24 51 rwd5 translate-symaction 0 there will be weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" here is a symbolic act, representing extreme suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "people will weep and grind their teeth because of their suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 25 intro qe8a 0 # Matthew 25 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the teaching of the previous chapter.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The parable of the ten virgins

Jesus told the parable of the ten virgins ([Matthew 25:1-13](./01.md)) to tell his followers to be ready for him to return. His hearers could understand the parable because they knew Jewish wedding customs.

When the Jews arranged marriages, they would plan for the wedding to take place weeks or months later. At the proper time, the young man would go to his bride's house, where she would be waiting for him. The wedding ceremony would take place, and then the man and his bride would travel to his home, where there would be a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

MAT 25 1 em28 figs-parables 0 Jesus tells a parable about wise and foolish virgins to illustrate that his disciples should be prepared for his return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 25 1 pg5i figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of heaven will be like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "when our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 25 1 uhj1 0 lamps These could have been 1) lamps or 2) torches made by putting cloth around the end of a stick and wetting the cloth with oil. -MAT 25 2 c8nf 0 Five of them "Five of the virgins" +MAT 25 1 pg5i figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ὁμοιωθήσεται 1 the kingdom of heaven will be like Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. The phrase "kingdom of heaven" is used only in Matthew. If possible, use "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md). Alternate translation: "when our God in heaven shows himself to be king, it will be like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 25 1 uhj1 τὰς λαμπάδας αυτών 1 lamps These could have been 1) lamps or 2) torches made by putting cloth around the end of a stick and wetting the cloth with oil. +MAT 25 2 c8nf πέντε ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 Five of them "Five of the virgins" MAT 25 3 b37a 0 did not take any oil with them "had with them only the oil in their lamps" MAT 25 5 r458 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 25 5 pvh4 figs-activepassive 0 while the bridegroom was delayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while the bridegroom was taking a long time to arrive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 5 qf4b 0 they all got sleepy "all ten virgins got sleepy" -MAT 25 6 ufp2 0 there was a cry "someone shouted" +MAT 25 5 qf4b ἐνύσταξαν πᾶσαι ἐνύσταξαν 1 they all got sleepy "all ten virgins got sleepy" +MAT 25 6 ufp2 γέγονεν κραυγὴ 1 there was a cry "someone shouted" MAT 25 7 a3mz figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 25 7 ni6u 0 trimmed their lamps "adjusted their lamps so they would burn brightly" -MAT 25 8 tsh4 figs-nominaladj 0 The foolish said to the wise These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "The foolish virgins said to the wise virgins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 25 8 i1r7 figs-idiom 0 our lamps are going out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "the fire in our lamps is about to burn out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 25 7 ni6u ἐκόσμησαν τὰς λαμπάδας ἑαυτῶν 1 trimmed their lamps "adjusted their lamps so they would burn brightly" +MAT 25 8 tsh4 figs-nominaladj αἱ μωραὶ εἶπον ταῖς φρονίμοις 1 The foolish said to the wise These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "The foolish virgins said to the wise virgins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 25 8 i1r7 figs-idiom αἱ λαμπάδες ἡμῶν σβέννυνται 1 our lamps are going out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "the fire in our lamps is about to burn out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 25 10 q6q9 figs-parables 0 Jesus concludes the parable about the ten virgins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 25 10 rfh6 0 they went away "the five foolish virgins went away" -MAT 25 10 jej8 figs-ellipsis 0 to buy The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to buy more oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 10 rfh6 ἀπερχομένων δὲ αὐτῶν 1 they went away "the five foolish virgins went away" +MAT 25 10 jej8 figs-ellipsis ἀγοράσαι 1 to buy The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to buy more oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 25 10 t229 0 those who were ready These are the virgins who had extra oil. -MAT 25 10 g29i figs-activepassive 0 the door was shut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the servants shut the door" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 11 e5pz figs-explicit 0 open for us This implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "open the door for us so we can come inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 25 12 z5u1 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what the master says next. -MAT 25 12 h4a8 0 I do not know you "I do not know who you are." This is the end of the parable. +MAT 25 10 g29i figs-activepassive ἡ θύρα ἐκλείσθη 1 the door was shut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the servants shut the door" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 11 e5pz figs-explicit ἄνοιξον ἡμῖν 1 open for us This implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "open the door for us so we can come inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 25 12 z5u1 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what the master says next. +MAT 25 12 h4a8 οὐκ οἶδα ὑμᾶς 1 I do not know you "I do not know who you are." This is the end of the parable. MAT 25 13 hn7w figs-metonymy 0 you do not know the day or the hour Here "day" and "hour" refer to an exact time. The implied information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "you do not know the exact time when the Son of Man will return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 25 14 cn21 figs-parables 0 Jesus tells a parable about faithful and unfaithful servants to illustrate that his disciples should remain faithful during his absence and be prepared for his return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MAT 25 14 zqi2 0 it is like The word "it" here refers to the kingdom of heaven ([Matthew 13:24](../13/24.md)). -MAT 25 14 wv71 0 was about to go "was ready to go" or "was to go soon" +MAT 25 14 wv71 ἀποδημῶν 1 was about to go "was ready to go" or "was to go soon" MAT 25 14 vhw1 0 gave over to them his wealth "put them in charge of his wealth" MAT 25 14 fmb3 0 his wealth "his property" -MAT 25 15 i81u translate-bmoney 0 five talents "five talents of gold." Avoid translating this into modern money. A "talent" of gold was worth twenty years' wages. The parable is contrasting the relative amounts of five, two, and one, as well as the large amount of wealth involved. Alternate translation: "five bags of gold" or "five bags of gold, each worth 20 years' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 25 15 i81u translate-bmoney πέντε τάλαντα 1 five talents "five talents of gold." Avoid translating this into modern money. A "talent" of gold was worth twenty years' wages. The parable is contrasting the relative amounts of five, two, and one, as well as the large amount of wealth involved. Alternate translation: "five bags of gold" or "five bags of gold, each worth 20 years' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 25 15 vyj2 figs-ellipsis 0 to another he gave two ... gave one talent The word "talents" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "to another he gave two talents of gold ... gave one talent of gold" or "to another he gave two bags of gold ... gave one bag of gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 15 d87u figs-explicit 0 according to his own ability The implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "according to each servant's skill in managing wealth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 25 16 qkr2 0 made another five talents "out of his investments, he earned another five talents" +MAT 25 15 d87u figs-explicit κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν 1 according to his own ability The implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "according to each servant's skill in managing wealth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 25 16 qkr2 ἐκέρδησεν ἄλλα πέντε τάλαντα 1 made another five talents "out of his investments, he earned another five talents" MAT 25 17 m2l8 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 25 17 u4vs 0 made another two "earned another two talents" +MAT 25 17 u4vs ἐκέρδησεν ἄλλα δύο 1 made another two "earned another two talents" MAT 25 19 ik5q figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling the parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 25 19 vc9p 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 25 20 adz4 0 I have made five talents more "I have earned five more talents" -MAT 25 20 ttf7 translate-bmoney 0 talents A "talent" was worth twenty years' wages. Avoid translating this into modern money. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:15](../25/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 25 21 l5mg 0 Well done "You have done well" or "You have done right." Your culture might have an expression that a master (or someone in authority) would use to show that he approves of what his servant (or someone under him) has done. -MAT 25 21 d2s9 figs-idiom 0 Enter into the joy of your master The phrase "Enter into the joy" is an idiom. Also, the master is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "Come and be happy with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 20 ttf7 translate-bmoney ὁ τὰ πέντε τάλαντα λαβὼν 1 talents A "talent" was worth twenty years' wages. Avoid translating this into modern money. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:15](../25/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 25 21 l5mg εὖ 1 Well done "You have done well" or "You have done right." Your culture might have an expression that a master (or someone in authority) would use to show that he approves of what his servant (or someone under him) has done. +MAT 25 21 d2s9 figs-idiom εἴσελθε εἰς τὴν χαρὰν τοῦ κυρίου σου 1 Enter into the joy of your master The phrase "Enter into the joy" is an idiom. Also, the master is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "Come and be happy with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 25 22 yhi1 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling the parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 25 22 n2xc 0 I have made two more talents "I have earned two more talents" -MAT 25 23 hsb6 0 Well done "You have done well" or "You have done right." Your culture might have an expression that a master (or someone in authority) would use to show that he approves of what his servant (or someone under him) has done. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:21](../25/21.md). -MAT 25 23 plv7 figs-idiom 0 Enter into the joy of your master The phrase "Enter into the joy" is an idiom. Also, the master is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "Come and be happy with me" See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:21](../25/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 23 hsb6 εὖ 1 Well done "You have done well" or "You have done right." Your culture might have an expression that a master (or someone in authority) would use to show that he approves of what his servant (or someone under him) has done. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:21](../25/21.md). +MAT 25 23 plv7 figs-idiom εἴσελθε εἰς τὴν χαρὰν τοῦ κυρίου σου 1 Enter into the joy of your master The phrase "Enter into the joy" is an idiom. Also, the master is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "Come and be happy with me" See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:21](../25/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 25 24 ial6 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling the parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 25 24 m8an figs-parallelism 0 You reap where you did not sow, and you harvest where you did not scatter The words "reap where you did not sow" and "harvest where you did not scatter" mean the same thing. They refer to a farmer who gathers crops that other people have planted. The servant uses this metaphor to accuse the master of taking what rightfully belongs to others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 25 24 au9f 0 scatter "scatter seed." This refers to sowing seed by gently throwing handfuls of it onto the soil. +MAT 25 24 m8an figs-parallelism θερίζων ὅπου οὐκ ἔσπειρας, καὶ συνάγων ὅθεν οὐ διεσκόρπισας 1 You reap where you did not sow, and you harvest where you did not scatter The words "reap where you did not sow" and "harvest where you did not scatter" mean the same thing. They refer to a farmer who gathers crops that other people have planted. The servant uses this metaphor to accuse the master of taking what rightfully belongs to others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 25 24 au9f οὐ διεσκόρπισας 1 scatter "scatter seed." This refers to sowing seed by gently throwing handfuls of it onto the soil. MAT 25 25 wl5c 0 See, you have here what belongs to you "Look, here is what is yours" MAT 25 26 hj83 figs-parables 0 Jesus continues telling a parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MAT 25 26 l3jz 0 You wicked and lazy servant, you knew "You are a wicked servant who does not want to work. You knew" -MAT 25 26 he3h figs-parallelism 0 I reap where I have not sowed and harvest where I have not scattered The words "reap where I have not sowed" and "harvest where I have not scattered" mean the same thing. They refer to a farmer who gathers crops that people who work for him have planted. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:24](../25/24.md), where the servant uses these words to accuse the farmer. The readers should understand that the farmer is acknowledging that he does indeed gather what others have planted but is saying that he is right to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 25 27 rhg9 figs-ellipsis 0 received back my own The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "received back my own money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 27 n7jd 0 interest payment from the banker for the temporary use of the master's money +MAT 25 26 l3jz πονηρὲ καὶ ὀκνηρέ δοῦλε, ᾔδεις 1 You wicked and lazy servant, you knew "You are a wicked servant who does not want to work. You knew" +MAT 25 26 he3h figs-parallelism θερίζω ὅπου οὐκ ἔσπειρα καὶ συνάγω ὅθεν οὐ διεσκόρπισα 1 I reap where I have not sowed and harvest where I have not scattered The words "reap where I have not sowed" and "harvest where I have not scattered" mean the same thing. They refer to a farmer who gathers crops that people who work for him have planted. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:24](../25/24.md), where the servant uses these words to accuse the farmer. The readers should understand that the farmer is acknowledging that he does indeed gather what others have planted but is saying that he is right to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 25 27 rhg9 figs-ellipsis ἐκομισάμην τὸ ἐμὸν 1 received back my own The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "received back my own money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 27 n7jd τόκῳ 1 interest payment from the banker for the temporary use of the master's money MAT 25 28 qm6x figs-parables 0 Jesus concludes the parable about the servants and the talents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -MAT 25 28 paw8 0 take away the talent The master is speaking to other servants. -MAT 25 28 b1ge translate-bmoney 0 talent A "talent" was worth twenty years' wages. Avoid translating this into modern money. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:15](../25/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MAT 25 28 paw8 ἄρατε οὖν τὸ τάλαντον 1 take away the talent The master is speaking to other servants. +MAT 25 28 b1ge translate-bmoney τάλαντον 1 talent A "talent" was worth twenty years' wages. Avoid translating this into modern money. See how you translated this in [Matthew 25:15](../25/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MAT 25 29 e5py figs-explicit 0 who possesses It is implied that the person who possesses something also uses it wisely. Alternate translation: "who uses well what he has" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 25 29 r7lv 0 even more abundantly "even much more" MAT 25 29 pcr5 figs-explicit 0 from anyone who does not possess anything It is implied that the person does possess something but he does not use it wisely. Alternate translation: "from anyone does not use well what he has" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 25 29 mdc1 figs-activepassive 0 will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take away" or "I will take away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 30 c2vb figs-metonymy 0 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 25 30 zy3k translate-symaction 0 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" is symbolic action, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and expressing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 25 29 mdc1 figs-activepassive ἀρθήσεται 1 will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take away" or "I will take away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 30 c2vb figs-metonymy τὸ τὸ ἐξώτερον σκότος 1 the outer darkness Here "outer darkness" is a metonym for the place where God sends those who reject them. This is a place that is completely separated from God forever. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "the dark place away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 25 30 zy3k translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 weeping and grinding of teeth "Grinding of teeth" is symbolic action, representing extreme sadness and suffering. See how you translated this in [Matthew 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: "weeping and expressing their extreme suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MAT 25 31 qtg6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to tell his disciples how he will judge people when he returns at the end time. -MAT 25 31 e7um figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 25 32 f2w9 figs-activepassive 0 Before him will be gathered all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will gather all the nations before him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 32 kd14 0 Before him "In front of him" -MAT 25 32 ndf5 figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here "nations" refers to people. Alternate translation: "all people from every country" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 25 32 nk18 figs-simile 0 as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats Jesus uses a simile to describe how he will separate the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 25 31 e7um figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 32 f2w9 figs-activepassive ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ συναχθήσονται πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 Before him will be gathered all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will gather all the nations before him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 32 kd14 ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ 1 Before him "In front of him" +MAT 25 32 ndf5 figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 all the nations Here "nations" refers to people. Alternate translation: "all people from every country" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 25 32 nk18 figs-simile ὥσπερ ὁ ποιμὴν ἀφορίζει τὰ πρόβατα ἀπὸ τῶν ἐρίφων 1 as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats Jesus uses a simile to describe how he will separate the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 25 33 pbq9 figs-metaphor 0 He will place the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on his left This is a metaphor that means the Son of Man will separate all people. He will put the righteous people at his right side, and he will put the sinners at his left side. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 25 34 t8pp figs-123person 0 the King ... his right hand Here, "the King" is another title for the Son of Man. Jesus was referring to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the King, ... my right hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 25 34 ze81 figs-activepassive 0 Come, you who have been blessed by my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Come, you whom my Father has blessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 34 h2k9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 25 34 b57r figs-activepassive 0 inherit the kingdom prepared for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "inherit the kingdom that God has made ready for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 34 yj1p figs-metonymy 0 inherit the kingdom prepared for you Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "receive the blessings of God's rule that he has planned to give you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 25 34 cdi8 0 from the foundation of the world "since he first created the world" -MAT 25 37 yh3p figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 25 37 cs5d figs-ellipsis 0 Or thirsty The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Or when did we see you thirsty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 38 h52x figs-ellipsis 0 Or naked This is the end of a series of questions that begins in verse 37. The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Or when did we see you naked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 40 m6mi figs-123person 0 the King This is another title for the Son of Man. Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 25 40 i2aq 0 say to them "say to those at his right hand" -MAT 25 40 mhe2 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This emphasizes what the King says next. +MAT 25 34 t8pp figs-123person καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 the King ... his right hand Here, "the King" is another title for the Son of Man. Jesus was referring to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the King, ... my right hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 34 ze81 figs-activepassive δεῦτε, οἱ εὐλογημένοι τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 Come, you who have been blessed by my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Come, you whom my Father has blessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 34 h2k9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 25 34 b57r figs-activepassive κληρονομήσατε τὴν βασιλείαν ἡτοιμασμένην ὑμῖν 1 inherit the kingdom prepared for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "inherit the kingdom that God has made ready for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 34 yj1p figs-metonymy κληρονομήσατε τὴν βασιλείαν ἡτοιμασμένην ὑμῖν 1 inherit the kingdom prepared for you Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "receive the blessings of God's rule that he has planned to give you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 25 34 cdi8 ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 from the foundation of the world "since he first created the world" +MAT 25 37 yh3p figs-nominaladj οἱ δίκαιοι 1 the righteous This can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 25 37 cs5d figs-ellipsis ἢ διψῶντα 1 Or thirsty The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Or when did we see you thirsty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 38 h52x figs-ellipsis ἢ γυμνὸν 1 Or naked This is the end of a series of questions that begins in verse 37. The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Or when did we see you naked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 40 m6mi figs-123person ὁ Βασιλεὺς 1 the King This is another title for the Son of Man. Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 40 i2aq ἐρεῖ αὐτοῖς 1 say to them "say to those at his right hand" +MAT 25 40 mhe2 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This emphasizes what the King says next. MAT 25 40 acs3 0 one of the least "one of the least important" -MAT 25 40 nh4y figs-gendernotations 0 these brothers of mine Here "brothers" refers to anyone, male or female, who obeys the King. Alternate translation: "my brothers and sisters here" or "these who are like my brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +MAT 25 40 nh4y figs-gendernotations τούτων τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου 1 these brothers of mine Here "brothers" refers to anyone, male or female, who obeys the King. Alternate translation: "my brothers and sisters here" or "these who are like my brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) MAT 25 40 k4hb 0 you did it for me "I consider that you did it for me" -MAT 25 41 z1nh figs-123person 0 Then he will "Then the King will." Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 25 41 pr8n 0 you cursed "you people whom God has cursed" -MAT 25 41 hqf5 figs-activepassive 0 the eternal fire that has been prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the eternal fire that God has prepared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 25 41 g51u 0 his angels his helpers +MAT 25 41 z1nh figs-123person τότε ἐρεῖ 1 Then he will "Then the King will." Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 25 41 pr8n κατηραμένοι 1 you cursed "you people whom God has cursed" +MAT 25 41 hqf5 figs-activepassive τὸ αἰώνιον πῦρ τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον 1 the eternal fire that has been prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the eternal fire that God has prepared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 25 41 g51u τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ 1 his angels his helpers MAT 25 43 g6ec figs-ellipsis 0 naked, but you did not clothe me The words "I was" preceding "naked" are understood. Alternate translation: "I was naked, but you did not give me clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 43 tq4x figs-ellipsis 0 sick and in prison The words "I was" preceding "sick" are understood. Alternate translation: "I was sick and in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 43 tq4x figs-ellipsis ἀσθενὴς ἐν φυλακῇ 1 sick and in prison The words "I was" preceding "sick" are understood. Alternate translation: "I was sick and in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 25 44 f3dc 0 General Information: This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 23:1](../23/01.md), where Jesus teaches about salvation and the final judgment. MAT 25 44 zyc5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling his disciples how he will judge people when he returns at the end time. -MAT 25 44 hiy6 0 they will also answer "those on his left will also answer" -MAT 25 45 nm2e 0 for one of the least of these "for any of the least important ones of my people" +MAT 25 44 hiy6 αὐτοὶ ἀποκριθήσονται καὶ ἀποκριθήσονται 1 they will also answer "those on his left will also answer" +MAT 25 45 nm2e ἑνὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων τούτων 1 for one of the least of these "for any of the least important ones of my people" MAT 25 45 whu5 0 you did not do for me "I consider that you did not do it for me" or "I was really the one whom you did not help" -MAT 25 46 m6me 0 These will go away into eternal punishment "The King will send these to a place where they will receive punishment that never ends" -MAT 25 46 nj72 figs-ellipsis 0 but the righteous into eternal life The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "but the King will send the righteous to the place where they will live forever with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 25 46 kq5b figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This nominative adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 25 46 m6me οὗτοι ἀπελεύσονται εἰς αἰώνιον κόλασιν 1 These will go away into eternal punishment "The King will send these to a place where they will receive punishment that never ends" +MAT 25 46 nj72 figs-ellipsis οἱ δὲ δίκαιοι εἰς ζωὴν 1 but the righteous into eternal life The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: "but the King will send the righteous to the place where they will live forever with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 25 46 kq5b figs-nominaladj οἱ δὲ δίκαιοι 1 the righteous This nominative adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "the righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) MAT 26 intro mtq8 0 # Matthew 26 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 26:31, which is words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sheep
Sheep are a common image used in Scripture to refer to the people of Israel. In [Matthew 26:31](../../mat/26/31.md), however, Jesus used the words "the sheep" to refer to his disciples and to say that they would run away when he was arrested.

##### Passover
The Passover festival was when the Jews would celebrate the day God killed the firstborn sons of the Egyptians but "passed over" the Israelites and let them live.

##### The eating of the body and blood
[Matthew 26:26-28](./26.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Judas' kiss for Jesus
[Matthew 26:49](../../mat/26/49.md) describes how Judas kissed Jesus so the soldiers would know whom to arrest. The Jews would kiss each other when they greeted each other.

##### "I am able to destroy the temple of God"
Two men accused Jesus of saying that he could destroy the temple in Jerusalem and then rebuild it "in three days" ([Matthew 26:61](../../mat/26/61.md)). They were accusing him of insulting God by claiming that God had given him the authority to destroy the temple and the power to rebuild it. What Jesus actually said was that if the Jewish authorities were to destroy this temple, he would certainly raise it up in three days ([John 2:19](../../jhn/02/19.md)).
MAT 26 1 t5mz 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story that tells of Jesus' crucifixion, death, and resurrection. Here he tells his disciples how he will suffer and die. -MAT 26 1 i35c 0 It came about that when "After" or "Then, after." This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. -MAT 26 1 xiv4 0 all these words This refers to all that Jesus taught starting in [Matthew 24:3](../24/03.md). -MAT 26 2 g4lh figs-activepassive 0 the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some men will take the Son of Man to other people who will crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 2 r9px figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 26 1 i35c ἐγένετο ὅτε 1 It came about that when "After" or "Then, after." This phrase shifts the story from Jesus' teachings to what happened next. +MAT 26 1 xiv4 πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους 1 all these words This refers to all that Jesus taught starting in [Matthew 24:3](../24/03.md). +MAT 26 2 g4lh figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται εἰς τὸ σταυρωθῆναι 1 the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some men will take the Son of Man to other people who will crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 2 r9px figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MAT 26 3 wew3 writing-background 0 These verses give background information about the Jewish leaders' plot to arrest and kill Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 26 3 eps8 figs-activepassive 0 were gathered together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "came together" or "met together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 3 eps8 figs-activepassive συνήχθησαν 1 were gathered together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "came together" or "met together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 26 4 hi4x 0 Jesus stealthily "Jesus secretly" -MAT 26 5 u4fh figs-ellipsis 0 Not during the feast What the leaders did not want to do during the feast can be made clearer. Alternate translation: "We should not kill Jesus during the feast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 26 5 s9p7 0 the feast This is the yearly Passover feast. +MAT 26 5 u4fh figs-ellipsis μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ 1 Not during the feast What the leaders did not want to do during the feast can be made clearer. Alternate translation: "We should not kill Jesus during the feast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MAT 26 5 s9p7 ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ 1 the feast This is the yearly Passover feast. MAT 26 6 v2up 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of a woman pouring expensive oil on Jesus before his death. MAT 26 6 zq3j 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 26 6 hg3s figs-explicit 0 Simon the leper It is implied that this is a man whom Jesus had healed from leprosy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 26 7 ukb9 0 he was reclining "Jesus was lying on his side." You can use your language's word for the position people usually are in when they eat. -MAT 26 7 yxf8 0 a woman came to him "a woman came to Jesus" -MAT 26 7 bhs8 translate-unknown 0 alabaster jar This is a costly container made of soft stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MAT 26 7 yu67 0 ointment oil that has a pleasing smell +MAT 26 6 hg3s figs-explicit Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ 1 Simon the leper It is implied that this is a man whom Jesus had healed from leprosy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 26 7 ukb9 ἀνακειμένου 1 he was reclining "Jesus was lying on his side." You can use your language's word for the position people usually are in when they eat. +MAT 26 7 yxf8 γυνὴ προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ 1 a woman came to him "a woman came to Jesus" +MAT 26 7 bhs8 translate-unknown ἀλάβαστρον 1 alabaster jar This is a costly container made of soft stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MAT 26 7 yu67 μύρου 1 ointment oil that has a pleasing smell MAT 26 7 ea5e 0 she poured it upon his head The woman does this to honor Jesus. -MAT 26 8 vit4 figs-rquestion 0 What is the reason for this waste? The disciples ask this question out of their anger over the woman's actions. Alternate translation: "This woman has done a bad thing by wasting this ointment!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 26 8 vit4 figs-rquestion εἰς τί ἡ ἀπώλεια αὕτη? 1 What is the reason for this waste? The disciples ask this question out of their anger over the woman's actions. Alternate translation: "This woman has done a bad thing by wasting this ointment!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 26 9 y83e figs-activepassive 0 This could have been sold for a large amount and given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "She could have sold this for a large amount of money and given the money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 9 f76h figs-nominaladj 0 to the poor Here "the poor" can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "to poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 26 9 f76h figs-nominaladj πτωχοῖς 1 to the poor Here "the poor" can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "to poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) MAT 26 10 pfv1 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you troubling this woman? Jesus asks this question as a rebuke of his disciples. Alternate translation: "You should not be troubling this woman!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 10 fg3v figs-you 0 Why are you All occurrences of "you" are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 26 11 wsp9 figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MAT 26 12 vk5w 0 ointment This is oil that has a pleasing smell. See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:7](../26/07.md). -MAT 26 13 xs1w 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 26 13 g45l figs-activepassive 0 wherever this good news is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "wherever people preach this good news" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 10 fg3v figs-you τί κόπους παρέχετε 1 Why are you All occurrences of "you" are plural and refer to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 26 11 wsp9 figs-nominaladj τοὺς πτωχοὺς 1 the poor This can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MAT 26 12 vk5w τὸ μύρον τοῦτο 1 ointment This is oil that has a pleasing smell. See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:7](../26/07.md). +MAT 26 13 xs1w ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 26 13 g45l figs-activepassive ὅπου ἐὰν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦτο ὅπου ἐὰν κηρυχθῇ 1 wherever this good news is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "wherever people preach this good news" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 26 13 s12m figs-activepassive 0 what this woman has done will also be spoken of in memory of her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will remember what this woman has done and will tell others about her" or "people will remember what this woman has done and will tell others about her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 26 14 i3dy 0 Connecting Statement: Judas Iscariot agrees to help the Jewish leaders arrest and kill Jesus. MAT 26 15 es4b 0 to deliver him to you "to bring Jesus to you" -MAT 26 15 x7zx 0 thirty pieces of silver Since these words are the same as those in an Old Testament prophecy, keep this form instead of changing it to modern money. -MAT 26 15 lyl7 translate-numbers 0 thirty pieces "30 pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 26 15 x7zx τριάκοντα ἀργύρια 1 thirty pieces of silver Since these words are the same as those in an Old Testament prophecy, keep this form instead of changing it to modern money. +MAT 26 15 lyl7 translate-numbers τριάκοντα ἀργύρια 1 thirty pieces "30 pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 26 16 w1e4 0 to deliver him to them "to give him over to them" MAT 26 17 e7wc 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus celebrating the Passover with his disciples. MAT 26 17 f3s2 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 26 18 hc78 figs-quotesinquotes 0 He said, "Go into the city to a certain man and say to him, 'The Teacher says, "My time is at hand. I will keep the Passover at your house with my disciples."'" This has quotations within quotations. You can state some of the direct quotations as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: "He told his disciples to go into the city to a certain man and tell him that the Teacher says to him, 'My time is at hand. I will keep the Passover at your house with my disciples.'" or "He told his disciples to go into the city to a certain man and say to him that the Teacher's time is at hand and he will keep the Passover with his disciples at that man's house." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 26 18 r4tg 0 My time Possible meanings are 1) "The time that I told you about" or 2) "The time God has set for me." +MAT 26 18 r4tg ὁ καιρός μου 1 My time Possible meanings are 1) "The time that I told you about" or 2) "The time God has set for me." MAT 26 18 a4i5 figs-idiom 0 is at hand Possible meanings are 1) "is near" or 2) "has come." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 26 18 j9pz 0 keep the Passover "eat the Passover meal" or "celebrate the Passover by eating the special meal" -MAT 26 20 bga4 0 he sat down to eat Use the word for the position people in your culture usually are in when they eat. -MAT 26 21 ehx6 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 26 20 bga4 ἀνέκειτο 1 he sat down to eat Use the word for the position people in your culture usually are in when they eat. +MAT 26 21 ehx6 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. MAT 26 22 n12r figs-rquestion 0 Surely not I, Lord? "I am surely not the one, am I, Lord?" Possible meanings are 1) this is a rhetorical question since the apostles were sure they would not betray Jesus. Alternate translation: "Lord, I would never betray you!" or 2) this was a sincere question since Jesus' statement probably troubled and confused them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 24 n7dw figs-123person 0 The Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 26 24 x2n9 figs-euphemism 0 will go Here "go" is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: "will go to his death" or "will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 26 24 n7dw figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 The Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 26 24 x2n9 figs-euphemism ὑπάγει 1 will go Here "go" is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: "will go to his death" or "will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MAT 26 24 vix3 figs-activepassive 0 just as it is written about him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as the prophets wrote about him in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 24 hai5 figs-activepassive 0 that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the man who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 24 hai5 figs-activepassive τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι’ οὗ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται 1 that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the man who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 26 25 vpq1 figs-rquestion 0 Is it I, Rabbi? "Rabbi, am I the one who will betray you?" Judas may be using a rhetorical question to deny that he is the one who will betray Jesus. Alternate translation: "Rabbi, surely I am not the one who will betray you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 26 25 y9lk figs-idiom 0 You have said it yourself This is an idiom that Jesus uses to mean "yes" without being completely clear about what he means. Alternate translation: "You are saying it" or "You are admitting it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 26 26 qh16 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus institutes the Lord's Supper as he celebrates the Passover with his disciples. MAT 26 26 mr5u 0 took ... blessed ... broke See how you translated these words in [Matthew 14:19](../14/19.md). -MAT 26 27 jd53 0 He took Translate "took" as you did in [Matthew 14:19](../14/19.md). -MAT 26 27 tn39 figs-metonymy 0 a cup Here "cup" refers to the cup and the wine in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 26 27 jd53 λαβὼν 1 He took Translate "took" as you did in [Matthew 14:19](../14/19.md). +MAT 26 27 tn39 figs-metonymy ποτήριον 1 a cup Here "cup" refers to the cup and the wine in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 26 27 zb1i 0 gave it to them "gave it to the disciples" -MAT 26 27 a9me 0 Drink it "Drink the wine from this cup" -MAT 26 28 l55a 0 For this is my blood "For this wine is my blood" -MAT 26 28 ct81 0 blood of the covenant "blood that shows that the covenant is in effect" or "blood that makes the covenant possible" -MAT 26 28 bms3 figs-activepassive 0 is poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will soon flow out of my body" or "will flow out of my wounds when I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 29 l556 0 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 26 29 h85b figs-idiom 0 fruit of the vine This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 29 q8zs figs-metonymy 0 in my Father's kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "when my Father establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 26 29 m9vq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father's This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 26 27 a9me πίετε αὐτοῦ 1 Drink it "Drink the wine from this cup" +MAT 26 28 l55a τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν τὸ αἷμά μου 1 For this is my blood "For this wine is my blood" +MAT 26 28 ct81 τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης 1 blood of the covenant "blood that shows that the covenant is in effect" or "blood that makes the covenant possible" +MAT 26 28 bms3 figs-activepassive ἐκχυννόμενον 1 is poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will soon flow out of my body" or "will flow out of my wounds when I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 29 l556 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 26 29 h85b figs-idiom τοῦ γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου 1 fruit of the vine This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 26 29 q8zs figs-metonymy ἐν τοῦ Πατρός μου' τοῦ Πατρός μου τῇ βασιλείᾳ 1 in my Father's kingdom Here "kingdom" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "when my Father establishes his rule on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 26 29 m9vq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου' τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 my Father's This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 26 30 nzy2 0 General Information: In verse 31, Jesus quotes the prophet Zechariah to show that in order to fulfill prophecy, all of his disciples will leave him. MAT 26 30 nkw2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples as they walk to the Mount of Olives. -MAT 26 30 ed5k 0 hymn a song of praise to God -MAT 26 31 v8yl 0 fall away "leave me" -MAT 26 31 iap6 figs-activepassive 0 for it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the prophet Zechariah wrote long ago in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 31 u1t5 figs-explicit 0 I will strike Here "I" refers to God. It is implied that God will cause or allow people to harm and kill Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 26 30 ed5k ὑμνήσαντες 1 hymn a song of praise to God +MAT 26 31 v8yl σκανδαλισθήσεσθε 1 fall away "leave me" +MAT 26 31 iap6 figs-activepassive γέγραπται γάρ 1 for it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the prophet Zechariah wrote long ago in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 31 u1t5 figs-explicit πατάξω 1 I will strike Here "I" refers to God. It is implied that God will cause or allow people to harm and kill Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 26 31 mc1e figs-metaphor 0 the shepherd ... sheep of the flock These are metaphors that refer to Jesus and the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 26 31 rvk1 figs-activepassive 0 the sheep of the flock will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will scatter all the sheep of the flock" or "the sheep of the flock will run off in all directions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 32 pj2u figs-activepassive 0 after I am raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after God raises me up" or "after God brings me back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 33 m2un 0 fall away See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:31](../26/31.md). -MAT 26 34 sf9x 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MAT 26 34 ui4y figs-metonymy 0 before the rooster crows Roosters often crow about the time the sun comes up, so the hearers might have understood these words as a metonym for the sun coming up. However, the actual crowing of a rooster is an important part of the story later on, so keep the word "rooster" in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 26 34 lx5i 0 rooster a male chicken, a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up -MAT 26 34 h66w 0 crows This is the common English word for what a rooster does to make his loud call. -MAT 26 34 b2rh 0 you will deny me three times "you will say three times that you are not my follower" +MAT 26 31 rvk1 figs-activepassive τὰ πρόβατα τῆς ποίμνης διασκορπισθήσονται 1 the sheep of the flock will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will scatter all the sheep of the flock" or "the sheep of the flock will run off in all directions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 32 pj2u figs-activepassive μετὰ δὲ τὸ ἐγερθῆναί με 1 after I am raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after God raises me up" or "after God brings me back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 26 33 m2un σκανδαλισθήσονται 1 fall away See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:31](../26/31.md). +MAT 26 34 sf9x ἀμὴν λέγω σοι 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MAT 26 34 ui4y figs-metonymy πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 before the rooster crows Roosters often crow about the time the sun comes up, so the hearers might have understood these words as a metonym for the sun coming up. However, the actual crowing of a rooster is an important part of the story later on, so keep the word "rooster" in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 26 34 lx5i ἀλέκτορα 1 rooster a male chicken, a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up +MAT 26 34 h66w φωνῆσαι 1 crows This is the common English word for what a rooster does to make his loud call. +MAT 26 34 b2rh ἀπαρνήσῃ με τρὶς 1 you will deny me three times "you will say three times that you are not my follower" MAT 26 36 lm3n 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus praying in Gethsemane. -MAT 26 37 ny4m 0 began to become sorrowful "he became very sad" -MAT 26 38 gf7k figs-synecdoche 0 My soul is deeply sorrowful Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "I am very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 26 38 c43t figs-idiom 0 even to death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "and I feel as if I could even die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 39 kcz4 figs-idiom 0 fell on his face He purposely lay face down on the ground to pray. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 39 nuv7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father This is an important title for God that shows the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 26 39 f254 figs-metaphor 0 let this cup pass from me Jesus speaks of the work that he must do, including dying on the cross, as if it were a bitter liquid that God has commanded him to drink from a cup. The word "cup" is an important word in the New Testament, so try to use an equivalent for that in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 26 39 i7rr figs-metonymy 0 this cup Here "cup" is a metonym that stands for the cup and the contents within it. The contents in the cup are a metaphor for the suffering that Jesus will have to endure. Jesus is asking the Father if it is possible for him not to have to experience the death and suffering that Jesus knows will soon happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 26 37 ny4m ἤρξατο λυπεῖσθαι 1 began to become sorrowful "he became very sad" +MAT 26 38 gf7k figs-synecdoche ἡ ψυχή μου ἐστιν περίλυπός 1 My soul is deeply sorrowful Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "I am very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MAT 26 38 c43t figs-idiom ἕως θανάτου 1 even to death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "and I feel as if I could even die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 26 39 kcz4 figs-idiom ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 fell on his face He purposely lay face down on the ground to pray. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 26 39 nuv7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ μου 1 My Father This is an important title for God that shows the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 26 39 f254 figs-metaphor παρελθέτω τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο παρελθέτω ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 let this cup pass from me Jesus speaks of the work that he must do, including dying on the cross, as if it were a bitter liquid that God has commanded him to drink from a cup. The word "cup" is an important word in the New Testament, so try to use an equivalent for that in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 26 39 i7rr figs-metonymy τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο 1 this cup Here "cup" is a metonym that stands for the cup and the contents within it. The contents in the cup are a metaphor for the suffering that Jesus will have to endure. Jesus is asking the Father if it is possible for him not to have to experience the death and suffering that Jesus knows will soon happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAT 26 39 k5in figs-ellipsis 0 Yet, not as I will, but as you will This can be expressed as a full sentence. Alternate translation: "But do not do what I want; instead, do what you want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 26 40 ev7s figs-you 0 he said to Peter, "What, could you not watch Jesus is speaking to Peter, but the "you" is plural, referring to Peter, James, and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 26 40 c11a figs-rquestion 0 What, could you not watch with me for one hour? Jesus uses a question to scold Peter, James, and John. Alternate translation: "I am disappointed that you could not stay awake with me for one hour!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 41 buv4 figs-abstractnouns 0 you do not enter into temptation Here the abstract noun "temptation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "no one tempts you to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 26 41 buv4 figs-abstractnouns μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν 1 you do not enter into temptation Here the abstract noun "temptation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "no one tempts you to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MAT 26 41 ny5w figs-metonymy 0 The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak Here "spirit" is a metonym that stands for a person's desires to do good. "Flesh" stands for the needs and desires of a person's body. Jesus means that the disciples may have the desire to do what God wants, but as humans they are weak and often fail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MAT 26 42 pz9l 0 He went away "Jesus went away" -MAT 26 42 tqp8 translate-ordinal 0 a second time The first time is described in [Matthew 26:39](./39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 26 42 ch7t guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 26 42 b6cn figs-metaphor 0 if this cannot pass away unless I drink it "if the only way this can pass away is if I drink it." Jesus speaks of the work that he must do as if it were a bitter liquid that God has commanded him to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 26 42 td6g figs-metaphor 0 if this Here "this" refers to the cup and the contents within it, a metaphor for suffering, as in [Matthew 26:39](../26/39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 26 42 i135 figs-metaphor 0 unless I drink it "unless I drink from it" or "unless I drink from this cup of suffering." Here "it" refers to the cup and the contents within it, a metaphor for suffering, as in [Matthew 26:39](../26/39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAT 26 42 xsk1 figs-activepassive 0 your will be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "may what you want happen" or "do what you want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 43 lts9 figs-idiom 0 their eyes were heavy This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "they were very sleepy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 44 v3i9 translate-ordinal 0 third time The first time is described in [Matthew 26:39](./39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 26 42 pz9l ἀπελθὼν 1 He went away "Jesus went away" +MAT 26 42 tqp8 translate-ordinal ἐκ δευτέρου 1 a second time The first time is described in [Matthew 26:39](./39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 26 42 ch7t guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ μου 1 My Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 26 42 b6cn figs-metaphor εἰ τοῦτο οὐ δύναται παρελθεῖν ἐὰν μὴ αὐτὸ πίω 1 if this cannot pass away unless I drink it "if the only way this can pass away is if I drink it." Jesus speaks of the work that he must do as if it were a bitter liquid that God has commanded him to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 26 42 td6g figs-metaphor εἰ τοῦτο 1 if this Here "this" refers to the cup and the contents within it, a metaphor for suffering, as in [Matthew 26:39](../26/39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 26 42 i135 figs-metaphor ἐὰν μὴ αὐτὸ πίω 1 unless I drink it "unless I drink from it" or "unless I drink from this cup of suffering." Here "it" refers to the cup and the contents within it, a metaphor for suffering, as in [Matthew 26:39](../26/39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAT 26 42 xsk1 figs-activepassive τὸ θέλημά σου γενηθήτω 1 your will be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "may what you want happen" or "do what you want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 43 lts9 figs-idiom αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἦσαν γὰρ βεβαρημένοι 1 their eyes were heavy This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "they were very sleepy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 26 44 v3i9 translate-ordinal ἐκ τρίτου 1 third time The first time is described in [Matthew 26:39](./39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MAT 26 45 vvp9 figs-rquestion 0 Are you still sleeping and taking your rest? Jesus uses a question to scold the disciples for going to sleep. Alternate translation: "I am disappointed that you are still sleeping and resting!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAT 26 45 rw3r figs-idiom 0 the hour is at hand This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "the time has come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 26 45 g9hi figs-activepassive 0 the Son of Man is being betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone is betraying the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 45 ell4 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 26 45 g9eb figs-metonymy 0 betrayed into the hands of sinners Here "hands" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "betrayed into the power of sinners" or "betrayed so that sinners will have power over him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 26 45 yx8v 0 Look "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 26 45 g9hi figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται 1 the Son of Man is being betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone is betraying the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 45 ell4 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 26 45 g9eb figs-metonymy παραδίδοται εἰς χεῖρας ἁμαρτωλῶν 1 betrayed into the hands of sinners Here "hands" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "betrayed into the power of sinners" or "betrayed so that sinners will have power over him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 26 45 yx8v ἰδοὺ 1 Look "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" MAT 26 47 hsv7 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of when Judas betrayed Jesus and the religious leaders arrested him. MAT 26 47 rlp9 0 While he was still speaking "While Jesus was still speaking" -MAT 26 47 e26h 0 clubs large pieces of hard wood for hitting people +MAT 26 47 e26h ξύλων 1 clubs large pieces of hard wood for hitting people MAT 26 48 qb4y writing-background 0 Now ... Seize him Here "Now" is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew tells background information about Judas and the signal he planned to use to betray Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MAT 26 48 gw8m figs-quotations 0 saying, "Whomever I kiss, he is the one. Seize him." This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "saying that whomever he kissed was the one they should seize." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 26 48 m23z 0 Whomever I kiss "The one I kiss" or "The man whom I kiss" -MAT 26 48 nr34 0 kiss This was a respectful way to greet one's teacher. -MAT 26 49 uig8 0 he came up to Jesus "Judas came up to Jesus" -MAT 26 49 cyb7 0 kissed him "met him with a kiss." Good friends would kiss each other on the cheek, but a disciple would probably kiss his master on the hand to show respect. No one knows for sure how Judas kissed Jesus. -MAT 26 50 w3d6 0 Then they came Here "they" refers to the people with clubs and swords that came with Judas and the religious leaders. -MAT 26 50 vmd1 0 laid hands on Jesus, and seized him "grabbed Jesus, and arrested him" -MAT 26 51 vm6s 0 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 26 52 tj6n figs-metonymy 0 who take up the sword The word "sword" is a metonym for the act of killing someone with a sword. The implied information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "who pick up a sword to kill others" or "who want to kill other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 26 52 w357 0 sword will perish by the sword "sword will die by means of the sword" or "sword—it is with the sword that someone will kill them" +MAT 26 48 m23z ὃν ἂν φιλήσω 1 Whomever I kiss "The one I kiss" or "The man whom I kiss" +MAT 26 48 nr34 φιλήσω 1 kiss This was a respectful way to greet one's teacher. +MAT 26 49 uig8 προσελθὼν τῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 he came up to Jesus "Judas came up to Jesus" +MAT 26 49 cyb7 κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν 1 kissed him "met him with a kiss." Good friends would kiss each other on the cheek, but a disciple would probably kiss his master on the hand to show respect. No one knows for sure how Judas kissed Jesus. +MAT 26 50 w3d6 τότε προσελθόντες 1 Then they came Here "they" refers to the people with clubs and swords that came with Judas and the religious leaders. +MAT 26 50 vmd1 ἐπέβαλον τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ ἐκράτησαν αὐτόν 1 laid hands on Jesus, and seized him "grabbed Jesus, and arrested him" +MAT 26 51 vm6s ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 26 52 tj6n figs-metonymy οἱ λαβόντες μάχαιραν 1 who take up the sword The word "sword" is a metonym for the act of killing someone with a sword. The implied information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "who pick up a sword to kill others" or "who want to kill other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 26 52 w357 μάχαιραν ἀπολοῦνται ἐν μαχαίρῃ 1 sword will perish by the sword "sword will die by means of the sword" or "sword—it is with the sword that someone will kill them" MAT 26 53 kgx8 figs-rquestion 0 Do you think that I could not call ... angels? Jesus uses a question to remind the person with the sword that Jesus could stop those who are arresting him. Alternate translation: "Surely you know that I could call ... angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 53 eb7i figs-you 0 Do you think Here "you" is singular and refers to the person with the sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 26 53 g3zq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 26 53 tfw8 translate-numbers 0 more than twelve legions of angels The word "legion" is a military term that refers to a group of about 6,000 soldiers. Jesus means God would send enough angels to easily stop those who are arresting Jesus. The exact number of angels is not important. Alternate translation: "more than 12 really large groups of angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MAT 26 53 eb7i figs-you δοκεῖς 1 Do you think Here "you" is singular and refers to the person with the sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 26 53 g3zq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα μου 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 26 53 tfw8 translate-numbers πλείω δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀγγέλων 1 more than twelve legions of angels The word "legion" is a military term that refers to a group of about 6,000 soldiers. Jesus means God would send enough angels to easily stop those who are arresting Jesus. The exact number of angels is not important. Alternate translation: "more than 12 really large groups of angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MAT 26 54 teq5 figs-rquestion 0 But how then would the scriptures be fulfilled, that this must happen? Jesus uses a question to explain why he is letting these people arrest him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But if I did that, I would not be able to fulfill what God said in the scriptures must happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 55 yf4p figs-rquestion 0 Have you come out with swords and clubs to seize me like a robber? Jesus is using this question to point out the wrong actions of those arresting him. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not a robber, so it is wrong for you to come out to me bringing swords and clubs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 55 q9vq 0 clubs large pieces of hard wood for hitting people -MAT 26 55 e8dq figs-explicit 0 in the temple It is implied that Jesus was not in the actual temple. He was in the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 26 56 ygn7 figs-activepassive 0 the writings of the prophets might be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I would fulfill all that the prophets wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 26 56 i2jp 0 left him If your language has a word that means they left him when they should have stayed with him, use it here. +MAT 26 55 yf4p figs-rquestion ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συνλαβεῖν με ὡς λῃστὴν? 1 Have you come out with swords and clubs to seize me like a robber? Jesus is using this question to point out the wrong actions of those arresting him. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not a robber, so it is wrong for you to come out to me bringing swords and clubs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 26 55 q9vq ξύλων 1 clubs large pieces of hard wood for hitting people +MAT 26 55 e8dq figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple It is implied that Jesus was not in the actual temple. He was in the courtyard around the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 26 56 ygn7 figs-activepassive αἱ Γραφαὶ τῶν προφητῶν πληρωθῶσιν 1 the writings of the prophets might be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I would fulfill all that the prophets wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 26 56 i2jp ἀφέντες αὐτὸν 1 left him If your language has a word that means they left him when they should have stayed with him, use it here. MAT 26 57 f6nj 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus' trial before the council of Jewish religious leaders. -MAT 26 58 jui3 0 Peter followed him "Peter followed Jesus" -MAT 26 58 isd4 0 courtyard of the high priest an open area near the high priest's house -MAT 26 58 v8th 0 He went inside "Peter went inside" +MAT 26 58 jui3 ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ 1 Peter followed him "Peter followed Jesus" +MAT 26 58 isd4 αὐλῆς τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 courtyard of the high priest an open area near the high priest's house +MAT 26 58 v8th εἰσελθὼν ἔσω 1 He went inside "Peter went inside" MAT 26 59 i8jw 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 26 59 jwz5 0 so that they Here "they" refers to the chief priests and the members of the council. -MAT 26 59 u6v9 0 might put him to death "might have a reason to execute him" -MAT 26 60 m6n5 0 two came forward "two men came forward" or "two witnesses came forward" +MAT 26 59 jwz5 ὅπως θανατώσωσιν 1 so that they Here "they" refers to the chief priests and the members of the council. +MAT 26 59 u6v9 θανατώσωσιν αὐτὸν θανατώσωσιν 1 might put him to death "might have a reason to execute him" +MAT 26 60 m6n5 δύο προσελθόντες 1 two came forward "two men came forward" or "two witnesses came forward" MAT 26 61 a8lf writing-quotations 0 This man said, 'I am able to destroy ... days.' If your language does not allow quotes within quotes you can rewrite it as a single quote. Alternate translation: "This man said that he is able to destroy ... days." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 26 61 i5n4 0 This man said "This man Jesus said" -MAT 26 61 mbq1 0 in three days "within three days," before the sun goes down three times, not "after three days," after the sun has gone down the third time +MAT 26 61 mbq1 διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν 1 in three days "within three days," before the sun goes down three times, not "after three days," after the sun has gone down the third time MAT 26 62 v6j9 0 What is it that they are testifying against you? The chief priest is not asking Jesus for information about what the witnesses said. He is asking Jesus to prove what the witnesses said is wrong. Alternate translation: "What is your response to what the witnesses are testifying against you?" -MAT 26 63 mm28 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title that describes the relationship between the Christ and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 26 63 lry9 0 the living God Here "living" contrasts the God of Israel to all the false gods and idols that people worshiped. Only the God of Israel is alive and has power to act. See how you translated this in [Matthew 16:16](../16/16.md). +MAT 26 63 mm28 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title that describes the relationship between the Christ and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 26 63 lry9 τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος 1 the living God Here "living" contrasts the God of Israel to all the false gods and idols that people worshiped. Only the God of Israel is alive and has power to act. See how you translated this in [Matthew 16:16](../16/16.md). MAT 26 64 gi6v figs-idiom 0 You have said it yourself This is an idiom that Jesus uses to mean "yes" without being completely clear about what he means. Alternate translation: "You are saying it" or "You are admitting it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 26 64 zu47 figs-you 0 But I tell you, from now on you Here "you" is plural. Jesus is speaking to the high priest and to the other persons there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 26 64 ll8r 0 from now on you will see the Son of Man Possible meanings are 1) the phrase "from now on" is an idiom that means they will see the Son of Man in his power at some time in the future or 2) the phrase "from now on" means that from the time of Jesus' trial and onward, Jesus is showing himself to be the Messiah who is powerful and victorious. -MAT 26 64 b6cb figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MAT 26 64 p5px figs-metonymy 0 sitting at the right hand of Power Here "Power" is metonym that represents God. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "sitting in the place of honor beside the all-powerful God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 26 64 urp9 0 coming on the clouds of heaven "riding to earth on the clouds of heaven" -MAT 26 65 srg6 translate-symaction 0 the high priest tore his clothes Tearing clothing was a sign of anger and sadness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 26 65 qq51 figs-explicit 0 He has spoken blasphemy The reason the high priest called Jesus' statement blasphemy is probably that he understood Jesus' words in [Matthew 26:64](../26/64.md) as a claim to be equal with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 26 65 t68t figs-rquestion 0 Why do we still need witnesses? The high priest uses this question to emphasize that he and the members of the council do not need to hear from any more witnesses. Alternate translation: "We do not need to hear from any more witnesses!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 26 65 wh4h figs-you 0 now you have heard Here "you" is plural and refers to the members of the council. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 26 67 adc2 0 Then they Possible meanings are 1) "Then some of the men" or 2) "Then the soldiers." -MAT 26 67 g1c2 0 spit in his face This was done as an insult. -MAT 26 68 f2bj 0 Prophesy to us Here "Prophesy to us" means to tell by means of God's power. It does not mean to tell what will happen in the future. -MAT 26 68 b5xe figs-irony 0 you Christ Those hitting Jesus do not really think he is the Christ. They call him this to mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MAT 26 64 b6cb figs-123person τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself in third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MAT 26 64 p5px figs-metonymy καθήμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως 1 sitting at the right hand of Power Here "Power" is metonym that represents God. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "sitting in the place of honor beside the all-powerful God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 26 64 urp9 ἐρχόμενον ἐπὶ τῶν νεφελῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 coming on the clouds of heaven "riding to earth on the clouds of heaven" +MAT 26 65 srg6 translate-symaction ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 the high priest tore his clothes Tearing clothing was a sign of anger and sadness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 26 65 qq51 figs-explicit ἐβλασφήμησεν 1 He has spoken blasphemy The reason the high priest called Jesus' statement blasphemy is probably that he understood Jesus' words in [Matthew 26:64](../26/64.md) as a claim to be equal with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 26 65 t68t figs-rquestion τί χρείαν ἔχομεν ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων? 1 Why do we still need witnesses? The high priest uses this question to emphasize that he and the members of the council do not need to hear from any more witnesses. Alternate translation: "We do not need to hear from any more witnesses!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MAT 26 65 wh4h figs-you νῦν ἠκούσατε 1 now you have heard Here "you" is plural and refers to the members of the council. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 26 67 adc2 τότε ἐνέπτυσαν 1 Then they Possible meanings are 1) "Then some of the men" or 2) "Then the soldiers." +MAT 26 67 g1c2 ἐνέπτυσαν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 spit in his face This was done as an insult. +MAT 26 68 f2bj προφήτευσον ἡμῖν 1 Prophesy to us Here "Prophesy to us" means to tell by means of God's power. It does not mean to tell what will happen in the future. +MAT 26 68 b5xe figs-irony Χριστέ 1 you Christ Those hitting Jesus do not really think he is the Christ. They call him this to mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MAT 26 69 bsb3 0 General Information: These events happen at the same time as Jesus' trial before the religious leaders. MAT 26 69 h5ts 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of how Peter denies three times that he knows Jesus, as Jesus said he would do. MAT 26 69 y21l 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 26 70 sp1t 0 I do not know what you are talking about Peter was able to understand what the servant girl was saying. He used these words to deny that he had been with Jesus. -MAT 26 71 ief5 0 When he went out "When Peter went out" -MAT 26 71 gyw8 0 gateway opening in the wall around a courtyard -MAT 26 71 s7c4 0 said to those there "said to the people who were sitting there" +MAT 26 70 sp1t οὐκ οἶδα τί λέγεις 1 I do not know what you are talking about Peter was able to understand what the servant girl was saying. He used these words to deny that he had been with Jesus. +MAT 26 71 ief5 ἐξελθόντα 1 When he went out "When Peter went out" +MAT 26 71 gyw8 πυλῶνα 1 gateway opening in the wall around a courtyard +MAT 26 71 s7c4 λέγει τοῖς ἐκεῖ 1 said to those there "said to the people who were sitting there" MAT 26 72 e5xl 0 He again denied it with an oath, "I do not know the man!" "he denied it again by swearing, 'I do not know the man!'" MAT 26 73 hde3 0 one of them "one of those who were with Jesus" -MAT 26 73 w8ww 0 for the way you speak gives you away This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "We can tell you are from Galilee because you speak like a Galilean" -MAT 26 74 edd8 0 to curse "to call down a curse on himself" -MAT 26 74 w87b 0 rooster crowed A rooster is a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up. The sound a rooster makes is called "crowing." See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:34](../26/34.md). +MAT 26 73 w8ww γὰρ ἡ λαλιά σου δῆλόν σε ποιεῖ 1 for the way you speak gives you away This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "We can tell you are from Galilee because you speak like a Galilean" +MAT 26 74 edd8 καταθεματίζειν 1 to curse "to call down a curse on himself" +MAT 26 74 w87b ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν 1 rooster crowed A rooster is a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up. The sound a rooster makes is called "crowing." See how you translated this in [Matthew 26:34](../26/34.md). MAT 26 75 nx3j figs-quotations 0 Peter remembered the words that Jesus had said, "Before the rooster crows you will deny me three times." This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Peter remembered that Jesus told him that before the rooster crowed, he would deny Jesus three times" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 27 intro deu4 0 # Matthew 27 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Delivered him to Pilate the governor"

The Jewish leaders needed to get permission from Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, before they could kill Jesus. This was because Roman law did not allow them to kill Jesus themselves. Pilate wanted to set Jesus free, but they wanted him to free a very bad prisoner named Barabbas.

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 27:60](../../mat/27/60.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Sarcasm

The soldiers said, "Hail, King of the Jews!" ([Matthew 27:29](../../mat/27/29.md)) to mock Jesus. They did not think that he was the king of the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MAT 27 1 hvr4 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus' trial before Pilate. MAT 27 1 qe1s 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 27 1 cm46 figs-explicit 0 plotted against Jesus to put him to death The Jewish leaders were planning how they could convince the Roman leaders to kill Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 1 cm46 figs-explicit συμβούλιον ἔλαβον κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὥστε θανατῶσαι αὐτόν θανατῶσαι 1 plotted against Jesus to put him to death The Jewish leaders were planning how they could convince the Roman leaders to kill Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 27 3 vzf9 figs-events 0 General Information: This event happened after Jesus' trial in front of the council of Jewish religious leaders, but we do not know if it happened before or during Jesus' trial before Pilate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) MAT 27 3 bk8i 0 Connecting Statement: The author has stopped telling the story of Jesus' trial so he can tell the story of how Judas killed himself. -MAT 27 3 qm12 0 Then when Judas If your language has a way of showing that a new story is starting, you may want to use that here. +MAT 27 3 qm12 τότε ἰδὼν Ἰούδας 1 Then when Judas If your language has a way of showing that a new story is starting, you may want to use that here. MAT 27 3 v9vj figs-activepassive 0 that Jesus had been condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the Jewish leaders had condemned Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 3 pe4n 0 the thirty pieces of silver This was the money that the chief priests had given Judas to betray Jesus. See how you translated it in [Matthew 26:15](../26/15.md). -MAT 27 4 f6u8 figs-idiom 0 innocent blood This is an idiom that refers to the death of an innocent person. Alternate translation: "a person who does not deserve to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 27 3 pe4n τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια 1 the thirty pieces of silver This was the money that the chief priests had given Judas to betray Jesus. See how you translated it in [Matthew 26:15](../26/15.md). +MAT 27 4 f6u8 figs-idiom ἀθῷον αἷμα 1 innocent blood This is an idiom that refers to the death of an innocent person. Alternate translation: "a person who does not deserve to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MAT 27 4 mf6b figs-rquestion 0 What is that to us? The Jewish leaders use this question to emphasize that they do not care about what Judas said. Alternate translation: "That is not our problem!" or "That is your problem!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 27 5 tuh4 0 threw down the pieces of silver in the temple Possible meanings are 1) he threw the pieces of silver while in the temple courtyard, or 2) he was standing in the temple courtyard, and he threw the pieces of silver into the temple. +MAT 27 5 tuh4 ῥίψας τὰ ἀργύρια εἰς τὸν ναὸν 1 threw down the pieces of silver in the temple Possible meanings are 1) he threw the pieces of silver while in the temple courtyard, or 2) he was standing in the temple courtyard, and he threw the pieces of silver into the temple. MAT 27 6 r5r9 0 It is not lawful to put this "Our laws do not allow us to put this" -MAT 27 6 ce2x 0 put this "put this silver" -MAT 27 6 gtp3 figs-explicit 0 the treasury This is the place they kept the money they used to provide for things needed for the temple and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 6 j2l8 figs-idiom 0 price of blood This is an idiom that means money paid to a person who helped kill someone. Alternate translation: "money paid for a man to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 27 7 mtg6 0 potter's field This was a field that was bought to bury strangers who died in Jerusalem. -MAT 27 8 nts8 figs-activepassive 0 that field has been called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people call that field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 6 ce2x βαλεῖν αὐτὰ 1 put this "put this silver" +MAT 27 6 gtp3 figs-explicit τὸν κορβανᾶν 1 the treasury This is the place they kept the money they used to provide for things needed for the temple and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 6 j2l8 figs-idiom τιμὴ αἵματός 1 price of blood This is an idiom that means money paid to a person who helped kill someone. Alternate translation: "money paid for a man to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MAT 27 7 mtg6 Κεραμέως' Κεραμέως τὸν Ἀγρὸν 1 potter's field This was a field that was bought to bury strangers who died in Jerusalem. +MAT 27 8 nts8 figs-activepassive ὁ ἀγρὸς ἐκεῖνος ἐκλήθη 1 that field has been called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people call that field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 8 ag2n 0 to this day This means to the time that Matthew is writing this book. MAT 27 9 g1gc 0 General Information: The author quotes Old Testament scripture to show that Judas' suicide was a fulfillment of prophecy. -MAT 27 9 rj3u figs-activepassive 0 Then that which had been spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled what the prophet Jeremiah spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 9 rj3u figs-activepassive τότε τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἰερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου ἐπληρώθη 1 Then that which had been spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled what the prophet Jeremiah spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 9 t1dj figs-activepassive 0 the price set on him by the people of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the price the people of Israel set on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 9 d7l7 figs-metonymy 0 the people of Israel This refers to those among the people of Israel who paid to kill Jesus. Alternate translation: "some of the people of Israel" or "the leaders of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 27 10 c2ch 0 directed me Here "me" refers to Jeremiah. MAT 27 11 pjc5 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the story of Jesus' trial before Pilate, which began in [Matthew 27:2](../27/02.md). MAT 27 11 we3a 0 Now If your language has a way of continuing a story after a break from the main story line, you may want to use it here. -MAT 27 11 a2e7 0 the governor "Pilate" +MAT 27 11 a2e7 τοῦ ἡγεμόνος 1 the governor "Pilate" MAT 27 11 a6cm figs-explicit 0 You say so Possible meanings are 1) by saying this, Jesus implied that he is the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "Yes, as you said, I am" or "Yes. It is as you said" or 2) by saying this, Jesus was saying that Pilate, not Jesus, was the one calling him the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "You yourself have said so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MAT 27 12 vl3a figs-activepassive 0 But when he was accused by the chief priests and elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But when the chief priests and elders accused him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 13 wn2r figs-rquestion 0 Do you not hear all the charges against you? Pilate asks this question because he is surprised that Jesus remains silent. Alternate translation: "I am surprised that you do not answer these people who accuse you of doing bad things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MAT 27 14 hbm8 0 did not answer even one word, so that the governor was greatly amazed "did not say even one word; this greatly amazed the governor." This is an emphatic way of saying that Jesus was completely silent. +MAT 27 14 hbm8 οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη οὐδὲ ἓν ῥῆμα, ὥστε τὸν ἡγεμόνα θαυμάζειν λίαν θαυμάζειν 1 did not answer even one word, so that the governor was greatly amazed "did not say even one word; this greatly amazed the governor." This is an emphatic way of saying that Jesus was completely silent. MAT 27 15 jjp8 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line so Matthew can give information to help the reader understand what happens beginning in [Matthew 27:17](../27/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 27 15 p1ha 0 the feast This is the feast for the Passover celebration. +MAT 27 15 p1ha κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν 1 the feast This is the feast for the Passover celebration. MAT 27 15 pfk6 figs-activepassive 0 prisoner chosen by the crowd This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "prisoner whom the crowd would choose" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 16 q2iu 0 they had a notorious prisoner "there was a notorious prisoner" -MAT 27 16 svr2 0 notorious well known for doing something bad -MAT 27 17 d8hv figs-activepassive 0 they were gathered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the crowd gathered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 17 wrl3 figs-activepassive 0 Jesus who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom some people call the Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 16 q2iu εἶχον δέσμιον ἐπίσημον δέσμιον 1 they had a notorious prisoner "there was a notorious prisoner" +MAT 27 16 svr2 ἐπίσημον 1 notorious well known for doing something bad +MAT 27 17 d8hv figs-activepassive συνηγμένων οὖν αὐτῶν 1 they were gathered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the crowd gathered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 17 wrl3 figs-activepassive Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον Χριστόν 1 Jesus who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom some people call the Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 18 jq3c 0 they had handed Jesus over to him "the Jewish leaders had brought Jesus to him." They had done this so that Pilate would judge Jesus. -MAT 27 19 t3mx 0 While he was sitting "While Pilate was sitting" -MAT 27 19 s5pc 0 sitting on the judgment seat "sitting on the judge's seat." This is where a judge would sit while making a decision. -MAT 27 19 w4i8 0 sent word "sent a message" -MAT 27 19 an95 0 I have suffered much today "I have been very upset today" +MAT 27 19 t3mx καθημένου δὲ αὐτοῦ 1 While he was sitting "While Pilate was sitting" +MAT 27 19 s5pc καθημένου δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος τοῦ 1 sitting on the judgment seat "sitting on the judge's seat." This is where a judge would sit while making a decision. +MAT 27 19 w4i8 ἀπέστειλεν 1 sent word "sent a message" +MAT 27 19 an95 ἔπαθον πολλὰ σήμερον 1 I have suffered much today "I have been very upset today" MAT 27 20 ax1i writing-background 0 Now ... Jesus killed Here "now" is used to mark a break in the main story line. Matthew tells background information about why the crowd chose Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MAT 27 20 et2m figs-activepassive 0 have Jesus killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "have the Roman soldiers kill Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 20 et2m figs-activepassive ἀπολέσωσιν τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν ἀπολέσωσιν 1 have Jesus killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "have the Roman soldiers kill Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 21 x6vf 0 asked them "asked the crowd" -MAT 27 22 zl85 figs-activepassive 0 who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom some people call the Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 23 m5jm 0 has he done "has Jesus done" -MAT 27 23 nb7p 0 they cried out "the crowd cried out" +MAT 27 22 zl85 figs-activepassive τὸν λεγόμενον Χριστόν 1 who is called Christ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom some people call the Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 23 m5jm ἐποίησεν 1 has he done "has Jesus done" +MAT 27 23 nb7p οἱ δὲ ἔκραζον 1 they cried out "the crowd cried out" MAT 27 24 yj8t translate-symaction 0 washed his hands in front of the crowd Pilate does this as a sign that he is not responsible for Jesus' death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 27 24 u1fe figs-metonymy 0 the blood Here "blood" refers to a person's death. Alternate translation: "the death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 27 24 u1fe figs-metonymy τοῦ αἵματος 1 the blood Here "blood" refers to a person's death. Alternate translation: "the death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 27 24 de8w 0 See to it yourselves "This is your responsibility" MAT 27 25 n5k1 figs-metonymy 0 May his blood be on us and our children Here "blood" is a metonym that stands for a person's death. The phrase "be on us and our children" is an idiom that means they accept the responsibility of what is happening. Alternate translation: "Yes! We and our descendants will be responsible for executing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 27 26 yb5y 0 Then he released Barabbas to them "Then Pilate released Barabbas to the crowd" +MAT 27 26 yb5y τότε ἀπέλυσεν τὸν Βαραββᾶν αὐτοῖς 1 Then he released Barabbas to them "Then Pilate released Barabbas to the crowd" MAT 27 26 m63d figs-explicit 0 he scourged Jesus and handed him over to be crucified It is implied that Pilate ordered his soldiers to scourge Jesus. Handing Jesus over to be crucified is a metaphor for ordering his soldiers to crucify Jesus. Alternate translation: "he ordered his soldiers to scourge Jesus and to crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] ) -MAT 27 26 y3kf 0 scourged Jesus "beat Jesus with a whip" or "whipped Jesus" +MAT 27 26 y3kf φραγελλώσας τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν 1 scourged Jesus "beat Jesus with a whip" or "whipped Jesus" MAT 27 27 zz45 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus' crucifixion and death. -MAT 27 27 bn22 0 company of soldiers "group of soldiers" -MAT 27 28 nx81 0 stripped him "pulled off his clothes" -MAT 27 28 qsz5 0 scarlet bright red -MAT 27 29 yw94 0 a crown of thorns "a crown made of thorny branches" or "a crown made of branches with thorns on them" -MAT 27 29 dlz7 0 a staff in his right hand They gave Jesus a stick to hold to represent a scepter that a king holds. They did this to mock Jesus. -MAT 27 29 qf8j figs-irony 0 Hail, King of the Jews They were saying this to mock Jesus. They were calling Jesus "King of the Jews," but they did not really believe he was a king. And yet what they were saying was true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MAT 27 29 gf6a 0 Hail "We honor you" or "May you live a long time" -MAT 27 30 ib5q 0 They spat on him "using their spit, the soldiers spat on Jesus" -MAT 27 32 j5wq figs-explicit 0 As they came out This means Jesus and the soldiers came out of the city. Alternate translation: "As they came out of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 32 ies4 0 they found a man "the soldiers saw a man" +MAT 27 27 bn22 σπεῖραν 1 company of soldiers "group of soldiers" +MAT 27 28 nx81 ἐκδύσαντες αὐτὸν 1 stripped him "pulled off his clothes" +MAT 27 28 qsz5 κοκκίνην 1 scarlet bright red +MAT 27 29 yw94 στέφανον ἐξ ἀκανθῶν 1 a crown of thorns "a crown made of thorny branches" or "a crown made of branches with thorns on them" +MAT 27 29 dlz7 κάλαμον ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ 1 a staff in his right hand They gave Jesus a stick to hold to represent a scepter that a king holds. They did this to mock Jesus. +MAT 27 29 qf8j figs-irony χαῖρε, ὁ Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Hail, King of the Jews They were saying this to mock Jesus. They were calling Jesus "King of the Jews," but they did not really believe he was a king. And yet what they were saying was true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MAT 27 29 gf6a χαῖρε 1 Hail "We honor you" or "May you live a long time" +MAT 27 30 ib5q ἐμπτύσαντες εἰς αὐτὸν 1 They spat on him "using their spit, the soldiers spat on Jesus" +MAT 27 32 j5wq figs-explicit ἐξερχόμενοι 1 As they came out This means Jesus and the soldiers came out of the city. Alternate translation: "As they came out of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 32 ies4 ἐξερχόμενοι εὗρον ἄνθρωπον 1 they found a man "the soldiers saw a man" MAT 27 32 sfj2 0 whom they forced to go with them so that he might carry his cross "whom the soldiers forced to go with them so that he could carry Jesus' cross" -MAT 27 33 j6hb figs-activepassive 0 place called Golgotha This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "place that people called Golgotha" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 34 f11j figs-activepassive 0 him wine to drink mixed with gall This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "him wine, which they had mixed with gall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 34 e2uk 0 gall the bitter, yellow liquid that bodies use in digestion -MAT 27 35 a1y1 figs-explicit 0 his garments These were the clothes Jesus had been wearing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 37 j4s4 0 the charge against him "a written explanation of why he was being crucified" -MAT 27 38 zq4b figs-activepassive 0 Two robbers were crucified with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The soldiers crucified two robbers with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 39 d4fm translate-symaction 0 shaking their heads They did this to make fun of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MAT 27 40 t23i figs-explicit 0 If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross They did not believe that Jesus is the Son of God, so they wanted him to prove it if it was true. Alternate translation: "If you are the Son of God, prove it by coming down from the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 40 b5lw guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Son of God This is an important title for the Christ that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 27 33 j6hb figs-activepassive τόπον λεγόμενον Γολγοθᾶ 1 place called Golgotha This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "place that people called Golgotha" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 34 f11j figs-activepassive αὐτῷ οἶνον πιεῖν μεμιγμένον μετὰ χολῆς 1 him wine to drink mixed with gall This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "him wine, which they had mixed with gall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 34 e2uk χολῆς 1 gall the bitter, yellow liquid that bodies use in digestion +MAT 27 35 a1y1 figs-explicit τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 his garments These were the clothes Jesus had been wearing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 37 j4s4 τὴν αἰτίαν αὐτοῦ 1 the charge against him "a written explanation of why he was being crucified" +MAT 27 38 zq4b figs-activepassive δύο λῃσταί σταυροῦνται σὺν αὐτῷ 1 Two robbers were crucified with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The soldiers crucified two robbers with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 39 d4fm translate-symaction κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν 1 shaking their heads They did this to make fun of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MAT 27 40 t23i figs-explicit εἰ εἶ υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, κατάβηθι καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross They did not believe that Jesus is the Son of God, so they wanted him to prove it if it was true. Alternate translation: "If you are the Son of God, prove it by coming down from the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 40 b5lw guidelines-sonofgodprinciples υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Son of God This is an important title for the Christ that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MAT 27 42 ff4d figs-irony 0 He saved others, but he cannot save himself Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leaders do not believe that Jesus saved others or that he can save himself, or 2) they believe he did save others but are laughing at him because now he cannot save himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MAT 27 42 j6l7 figs-irony 0 He is the King of Israel The leaders are mocking Jesus. They call him "King of Israel," but they do not really believe he is king. Alternate translation: "He says that he is the King of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MAT 27 43 w46n 0 Connecting Statement: The Jewish leaders continue mocking Jesus. MAT 27 43 cl97 figs-quotesinquotes 0 For he even said, 'I am the Son of God.' This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "For Jesus even said that he is the Son of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 27 43 uw85 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 27 44 e26y figs-activepassive 0 the robbers who were crucified with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the robbers that the soldiers crucified with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 43 uw85 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱός Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 27 44 e26y figs-activepassive οἱ λῃσταὶ οἱ συνσταυρωθέντες σὺν αὐτῷ 1 the robbers who were crucified with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the robbers that the soldiers crucified with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 45 e7z4 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 27 45 s2l7 0 from the sixth hour ... until the ninth hour "from about noon ... for three hours" or "from about twelve o'clock midday ... until about three o'clock in the afternoon" -MAT 27 45 pi8e figs-abstractnouns 0 darkness came over the whole land The word "darkness" is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: "it became dark over the whole land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MAT 27 46 qyp7 0 Jesus cried "Jesus called out" or "Jesus shouted" -MAT 27 46 xub2 translate-transliterate 0 Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani These words are what Jesus cried out in his own language. Translators usually leave these words as is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -MAT 27 48 jm37 0 one of them Possible meanings are 1) one of the soldiers or 2) one of those who stood by and watched. -MAT 27 48 bsy1 0 sponge This is a sea animal that is harvested and used to take up and hold liquids. These liquids can later be pushed out. +MAT 27 45 pi8e figs-abstractnouns σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν 1 darkness came over the whole land The word "darkness" is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: "it became dark over the whole land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +MAT 27 46 qyp7 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀνεβόησεν 1 Jesus cried "Jesus called out" or "Jesus shouted" +MAT 27 46 xub2 translate-transliterate Ἐλωῒ, Ἐλωῒ, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνει 1 Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani These words are what Jesus cried out in his own language. Translators usually leave these words as is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MAT 27 48 jm37 εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 one of them Possible meanings are 1) one of the soldiers or 2) one of those who stood by and watched. +MAT 27 48 bsy1 σπόγγον 1 sponge This is a sea animal that is harvested and used to take up and hold liquids. These liquids can later be pushed out. MAT 27 48 ny3e 0 gave it to him "gave it to Jesus" MAT 27 50 fj1v figs-euphemism 0 gave up his spirit Here "spirit" refers to that which gives life to a person. This phrase is a way of saying that Jesus died. Alternate translation: "he died, giving his spirit over to God" or "he breathed his last breath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MAT 27 51 w1wq 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of the events that happened when Jesus died. -MAT 27 51 a92g 0 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -MAT 27 51 m1ic figs-activepassive 0 the curtain of the temple was split in two This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the curtain of the temple tore in two" or "God caused the curtain of the temple to tear in two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 51 a92g ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +MAT 27 51 m1ic figs-activepassive τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο 1 the curtain of the temple was split in two This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the curtain of the temple tore in two" or "God caused the curtain of the temple to tear in two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 52 a1cu figs-activepassive 0 The tombs were opened, and the bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God opened the tombs and raised the bodies of many godly people who had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 27 52 kj3r figs-idiom 0 the bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised Here to raise is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God put life back into to the dead bodies of many godly people who had fallen asleep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MAT 27 52 hgn1 figs-euphemism 0 fallen asleep This is a polite way of referring to dying. Alternate translation: "died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MAT 27 52 hgn1 figs-euphemism κεκοιμημένων 1 fallen asleep This is a polite way of referring to dying. Alternate translation: "died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MAT 27 53 q2x5 0 They came out ... appeared to many The order of the events that Matthew describes (beginning with the words "The tombs were opened" in verse 52) is unclear. After the earthquake when Jesus died and the tombs were opened 1) the holy people came back to life, and then, after Jesus came back to life, the holy people entered Jerusalem, where many people saw them, or 2) Jesus came back to life, and then the holy ones came back to life and entered the city, where many people saw them. MAT 27 54 f6rz 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 27 54 vv2g figs-explicit 0 those who were watching Jesus "those who were guarding Jesus." This refers to the other soldiers who were guarding Jesus with the centurion. Alternate translation: "the other soldiers with him who were guarding Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 54 gw6n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 27 56 ud33 0 the mother of the sons of Zebedee "the mother of James and John" or "the wife of Zebedee" +MAT 27 54 vv2g figs-explicit οἱ τηροῦντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 those who were watching Jesus "those who were guarding Jesus." This refers to the other soldiers who were guarding Jesus with the centurion. Alternate translation: "the other soldiers with him who were guarding Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 54 gw6n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MAT 27 56 ud33 ἡ μήτηρ τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου 1 the mother of the sons of Zebedee "the mother of James and John" or "the wife of Zebedee" MAT 27 57 wm5z 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus' burial. -MAT 27 57 sy9y translate-names 0 Arimathea This is the name of a city in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MAT 27 57 sy9y translate-names Ἁριμαθαίας 1 Arimathea This is the name of a city in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MAT 27 58 c69n figs-activepassive 0 Then Pilate ordered it to be given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then Pilate ordered the soldiers to give the body of Jesus to Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 59 kj7u 0 linen a fine, costly cloth -MAT 27 60 hvs8 figs-explicit 0 that he had cut into the rock It is implied that Joseph had workers who cut the tomb into the rock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 60 lt4k figs-explicit 0 Then he rolled a large stone Most likely Joseph had other people there to help him roll the stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 27 61 ihr8 0 opposite the tomb "across from the tomb" -MAT 27 62 qj59 0 the Preparation This is the day that people got everything ready for the Sabbath. -MAT 27 62 j57n 0 were gathered together with Pilate "met with Pilate" -MAT 27 63 sc6y 0 when that deceiver was alive "when Jesus, the deceiver, was alive" +MAT 27 59 kj7u σινδόνι 1 linen a fine, costly cloth +MAT 27 60 hvs8 figs-explicit ὃ ἐλατόμησεν ἐν τῇ πέτρᾳ 1 that he had cut into the rock It is implied that Joseph had workers who cut the tomb into the rock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 60 lt4k figs-explicit προσκυλίσας λίθον μέγαν λίθον 1 Then he rolled a large stone Most likely Joseph had other people there to help him roll the stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 27 61 ihr8 ἀπέναντι τοῦ τάφου 1 opposite the tomb "across from the tomb" +MAT 27 62 qj59 τὴν παρασκευήν 1 the Preparation This is the day that people got everything ready for the Sabbath. +MAT 27 62 j57n συνήχθησαν πρὸς Πειλᾶτον 1 were gathered together with Pilate "met with Pilate" +MAT 27 63 sc6y ἔτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ πλάνος ζῶν 1 when that deceiver was alive "when Jesus, the deceiver, was alive" MAT 27 63 ri5s figs-quotesinquotes 0 he said, 'After three days will I rise again.' This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "he said that after three days he will rise again." or "he said that after three day he would rise again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 27 64 b8n2 figs-activepassive 0 command that the tomb be made secure This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "command your soldiers to guard the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 27 64 hbh8 translate-ordinal 0 the third day (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MAT 27 64 pwc8 0 his disciples may come and steal him "his disciples may come and steal his body" +MAT 27 64 b8n2 figs-activepassive κέλευσον ἀσφαλισθῆναι τὸν τάφον ἀσφαλισθῆναι 1 command that the tomb be made secure This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "command your soldiers to guard the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 27 64 hbh8 translate-ordinal τῆς τρίτης ἡμέρας 1 the third day (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MAT 27 64 pwc8 οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐλθόντες κλέψωσιν αὐτὸν 1 his disciples may come and steal him "his disciples may come and steal his body" MAT 27 64 t78s figs-quotesinquotes 0 his disciples may ... say to the people, 'He has risen from the dead,' and This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "his disciples may ... tell the people that he has risen from the dead, and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 27 64 c7bf 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +MAT 27 64 c7bf ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. MAT 27 64 u5tg figs-ellipsis 0 and the last deception will be worse than the first The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "and if they deceive people by saying that, it will be worse than the way he deceived people before when he said that he was the Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MAT 27 65 dkq9 0 a guard This consisted of four to sixteen Roman soldiers. -MAT 27 66 pk1q 0 sealing the stone Possible meanings are 1) they put a cord around the stone and attached it to the rock wall on either side of the entrance to the tomb or 2) they put seals between the stone and the wall. +MAT 27 65 dkq9 κουστωδίαν 1 a guard This consisted of four to sixteen Roman soldiers. +MAT 27 66 pk1q σφραγίσαντες τὸν λίθον 1 sealing the stone Possible meanings are 1) they put a cord around the stone and attached it to the rock wall on either side of the entrance to the tomb or 2) they put seals between the stone and the wall. MAT 27 66 e8uf 0 placing the guard "telling the soldiers to stand where they could keep people from tampering with the tomb" MAT 28 intro psw9 0 # Matthew 28 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 28:1](../../mat/28/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

##### "Make disciples"

The last two verses ([Matthew 28:19-20](./19.md)) are commonly known as "The Great Commission" because they contain a very important command given to all Christians. Christians are to "make disciples" by going to people, sharing the gospel with them and training them to live as Christians.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### An angel of the Lord

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels looked human. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md))
MAT 28 1 anr1 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of the resurrection of Jesus from the dead. MAT 28 1 qkn8 0 Now late on the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week "After the Sabbath ended, as the sun came up on Sunday morning" MAT 28 1 gs43 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. -MAT 28 1 zu2b 0 the other Mary "the other woman named Mary." This is Mary the mother of James and Joseph ([Matthew 27:56](../27/56.md)). -MAT 28 2 j25i 0 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 28 1 zu2b ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία 1 the other Mary "the other woman named Mary." This is Mary the mother of James and Joseph ([Matthew 27:56](../27/56.md)). +MAT 28 2 j25i ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Your language may have a way of doing this. MAT 28 2 l4s2 0 there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended ... and rolled away the stone Possible meanings are 1) the earthquake happened because the angel came down and rolled away the stone or 2) all these events happened at the same time . -MAT 28 2 s43v 0 earthquake a sudden and violent shaking of the ground -MAT 28 3 vfh4 0 His appearance "The angel's appearance" -MAT 28 3 p12y figs-simile 0 was like lightning This is a simile that emphasizes how bright in appearance the angel was. Alternate translation: "was bright like lightning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MAT 28 2 s43v σεισμὸς 1 earthquake a sudden and violent shaking of the ground +MAT 28 3 vfh4 ἡ εἰδέα αὐτοῦ 1 His appearance "The angel's appearance" +MAT 28 3 p12y figs-simile ἦν ὡς ἀστραπὴ 1 was like lightning This is a simile that emphasizes how bright in appearance the angel was. Alternate translation: "was bright like lightning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MAT 28 3 i4hp figs-simile 0 his clothing as white as snow This is a simile that emphasizes how bright and white the angel's clothes were. The verb "was" from the previous phrase can be repeated. Alternate translation: "his clothing was very white, like snow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MAT 28 4 b1ic figs-simile 0 became like dead men This is a simile that means the soldiers fell down and did not move. Alternate translation: "fell to the ground and lay there like dead men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MAT 28 5 q8dd 0 the women "Mary Magdalene and the other woman named Mary" -MAT 28 5 tbd8 figs-activepassive 0 who has been crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the people and the soldiers crucified" or "whom they crucified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 28 7 sp2a figs-quotesinquotes 0 tell his disciples, 'He has risen from the dead. See, he is going ahead of you to Galilee. There you will see him.' This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "tell his disciples that he has risen from the dead and that Jesus has gone ahead of you to Galilee where you will see him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MAT 28 7 r5cw 0 He has risen "He has come back to life" -MAT 28 7 a1ir 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +MAT 28 5 q8dd εἶπεν γυναιξίν 1 the women "Mary Magdalene and the other woman named Mary" +MAT 28 5 tbd8 figs-activepassive τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον 1 who has been crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the people and the soldiers crucified" or "whom they crucified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 28 7 sp2a figs-quotesinquotes εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ,' ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν. ἰδοὺ, προάγει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν. ἐκεῖ ὄψεσθε αὐτὸν.' 1 tell his disciples, 'He has risen from the dead. See, he is going ahead of you to Galilee. There you will see him.' This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "tell his disciples that he has risen from the dead and that Jesus has gone ahead of you to Galilee where you will see him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MAT 28 7 r5cw ἠγέρθη 1 He has risen "He has come back to life" +MAT 28 7 a1ir ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. MAT 28 7 ljb2 figs-you 0 going ahead of you ... you will see him Here "you" is plural. It refers to the women and the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MAT 28 7 hf9i figs-you 0 I have told you Here "you" is plural and refers to the women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MAT 28 7 hf9i figs-you εἶπον ὑμῖν 1 I have told you Here "you" is plural and refers to the women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MAT 28 8 j2sv 0 The women "Mary Magdalene and the other woman named Mary" -MAT 28 9 s393 0 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 28 9 n5sz 0 Greetings This is an ordinary greeting, much like "Hello" in English. -MAT 28 9 nmg1 0 took hold of his feet "got down on their knees and held onto his feet" -MAT 28 10 etk6 0 my brothers This refers to Jesus' disciples. +MAT 28 9 s393 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 28 9 n5sz χαίρετε 1 Greetings This is an ordinary greeting, much like "Hello" in English. +MAT 28 9 nmg1 ἐκράτησαν αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας 1 took hold of his feet "got down on their knees and held onto his feet" +MAT 28 10 etk6 τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου 1 my brothers This refers to Jesus' disciples. MAT 28 11 u1ae 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of the reaction of the Jewish religious leaders when they heard of Jesus' resurrection. MAT 28 11 ktu5 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Matthew starts to tell a new part of the story. MAT 28 11 mu4l 0 the women Here this refers to Mary Magdalene and the other Mary. -MAT 28 11 rnr3 0 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. -MAT 28 12 ht82 0 discussed the matter with them "decided on a plan among themselves." The priests and elders decided to give the money to the soldiers. +MAT 28 11 rnr3 ἰδού 1 behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. +MAT 28 12 ht82 συμβούλιόν 1 discussed the matter with them "decided on a plan among themselves." The priests and elders decided to give the money to the soldiers. MAT 28 13 kn8i writing-quotations 0 Say to others, 'Jesus' disciples came ... while we were sleeping.' If your language does not allow quotations within quotations you may translate this as a single quote. Alternate translation: "Tell others that Jesus' disciples came ... while you were sleeping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MAT 28 14 n8xy 0 If this report reaches the governor "If the governor hears that you were asleep when Jesus' disciples took his body" -MAT 28 14 u13q 0 the governor "Pilate" ([Matthew 27:2](../27/02.md)) +MAT 28 14 u13q τοῦ ἡγεμόνος 1 the governor "Pilate" ([Matthew 27:2](../27/02.md)) MAT 28 14 x57k 0 we will persuade him and take any worries away from you "do not worry. We will talk to him so that he does not punish you." -MAT 28 15 yu3c figs-activepassive 0 did as they had been instructed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "did what the priests had told them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 28 15 yu3c figs-activepassive ἐποίησαν ὡς ἐδιδάχθησαν 1 did as they had been instructed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "did what the priests had told them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MAT 28 15 cp7r 0 This report spread widely among the Jews and continues even today "Many Jews heard this report and continue to tell others about it even today" MAT 28 15 vp3a 0 even today This refers to the time Matthew wrote the book. MAT 28 16 h1ln 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the account of Jesus meeting with his disciples after his resurrection. MAT 28 17 pze9 0 they worshiped him, but some doubted Possible meanings are 1) they all worshiped Jesus even though some of them doubted, or 2) some of them worshiped Jesus, but others did not worship him because they doubted. -MAT 28 17 xgr5 figs-explicit 0 but some doubted It can be stated explicitly what the disciples doubted. Alternate translation: "some doubted that he was really Jesus and that he had become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MAT 28 18 v37p figs-activepassive 0 All authority has been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My Father has given me all authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MAT 28 18 sm35 figs-merism 0 in heaven and on earth Here "heaven" and "earth" are used together to mean everyone and everything in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -MAT 28 19 yz6q figs-metonymy 0 of all the nations Here "nations" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "of all the people in every nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MAT 28 19 l5b5 figs-metonymy 0 into the name Here "name" refers to authority. Alternate translation: "by the authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 28 17 xgr5 figs-explicit οἱ δὲ ἐδίστασαν 1 but some doubted It can be stated explicitly what the disciples doubted. Alternate translation: "some doubted that he was really Jesus and that he had become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MAT 28 18 v37p figs-activepassive πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐδόθη μοι 1 All authority has been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My Father has given me all authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MAT 28 18 sm35 figs-merism ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 in heaven and on earth Here "heaven" and "earth" are used together to mean everyone and everything in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MAT 28 19 yz6q figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 of all the nations Here "nations" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "of all the people in every nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MAT 28 19 l5b5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ ὄνομα 1 into the name Here "name" refers to authority. Alternate translation: "by the authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAT 28 19 kwa3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MAT 28 20 mz6f 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -MAT 28 20 si8z 0 even to the end of the age "until the end of this age" or "until the end of the world" +MAT 28 20 mz6f ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MAT 28 20 si8z 0 even to the end of the age "until the end of this age" or "until the end of the world" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv b/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv index 7536cf7075..388dcc8aed 100644 --- a/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv +++ b/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv @@ -2,531 +2,531 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo MRK front intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Mark

1. Introduction (1:1––13)
1. The ministry of Jesus in Galilee
- Early ministry (1:14––3:6)
- Jesus becomes more popular among the people (3:7––5:43)
- Moving away from Galilee and then returning (6:1––8:26)
1. Progress toward Jerusalem, repeated times when Jesus predicts his own death; the disciples misunderstand, and Jesus teaches them how difficult it will be to follow him (8:27––10:52)
1. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1––13:37)
1. The death of Christ and the empty tomb (14:1––16:8)

#### What is the Book of Mark about?

The Gospel of Mark is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Mark wrote much about how Jesus suffered and died on the cross. He did this to encourage his readers who were being persecuted. Mark also explained Jewish customs and some Aramaic words. This may indicate that Mark expected most of his first readers to be Gentiles.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Mark," or "The Gospel according to Mark." They may also choose a title that may be clearer, such as, "The Good News about Jesus that Mark wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

#### Who wrote the Book of Mark?

The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the author was Mark. Mark was also known as John Mark. He was a close friend of Peter. Mark may not have witnessed what Jesus said and did. But many scholars think that Mark wrote in his gospel what Peter told him about Jesus.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What were Jesus' teaching methods?

The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in similar ways as other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What are the Synoptic Gospels?

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together."

The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible.

#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"?

In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever.

Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Jesus used it for himself to help them understand who he truly was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]])

Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title.

#### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time?

The Gospel of Mark uses the word "immediately" forty-two times. Mark does this to make the events more exciting and vivid. It moves the reader quickly from one event to the next.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark?

The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to include these verses. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these verses, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Mark's Gospel.

* "If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." (7:16)
* "where their worm never dies and the fire is never quenched" (9:44)
* "where their worm never dies and the fire is never quenched" (9:46)
* "And the scripture was fulfilled that says, 'He was counted with the lawless ones'" (15:28)

The following passage in not found in the earliest manuscripts. Most Bibles include this passage, but modern Bibles put it in brackets ([]) or indicate in some way that this passage may not have been original to Mark's Gospel. Translators are advised to do something similar as the modern versions of the Bible.

* "Early on the first day of the week, after he arose, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons. She went and told those who were with him, while they were mourning and weeping. They heard that he was alive and that he had been seen by her, but they did not believe. After these things he appeared in a different form to two of them, as they were walking out into the country. They went and told the rest of the disciples, but they did not believe them. Jesus later appeared to the eleven as they were reclining at the table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they did not believe those who saw him after he rose from the dead. He said to them, 'Go into all the world, and preach the gospel to the entire creation. He who believes and is baptized will be saved, and he who does not believe will be condemned. These signs will go with those who believe: In my name they will cast out demons. They will speak in new languages. They will pick up snakes with their hands, and if they drink anything deadly, it will not hurt them. They will lay hands on the sick, and they will get well.' After the Lord had spoken to them, he was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God. The disciples left and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word by the signs that went with them." (16:9-20)

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])

MRK 1 intro c6ep 0 # Mark 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-3, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "You can make me clean"
Leprosy was a disease of the skin that made a person unclean and unable to properly worship God. Jesus is capable of making people physically "clean" or healthy as well as spiritually "clean" or right with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

##### "The kingdom of God is near"

Scholars debate whether the "kingdom of God" was present at this time or is something that is still coming. English translations frequently use the phrase "at hand," but this can create difficulty for translators. Other versions use the phase "is coming" and "has come near."
MRK 1 1 s8qp 0 General Information: The book of Mark begins with the prophet Isaiah's foretelling of the coming of John the Baptist, who baptizes Jesus. The author is Mark, also called John Mark, who is the son of one of the several women named Mary mentioned in the four Gospels. He is also the nephew of Barnabas. -MRK 1 1 i3bc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 1 2 gu7i figs-idiom 0 before your face This is an idiom that means "ahead of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 1 1 i3bc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 1 2 gu7i figs-idiom πρὸ σου προσώπου 1 before your face This is an idiom that means "ahead of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 1 2 s28q figs-you 0 your face ... your way Here the word "your" refers to Jesus and is singular. When you translate this, use the pronoun "your" because this is a quote from a prophet, and he did not use Jesus' name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MRK 1 2 wry5 0 the one This refers to the messenger. -MRK 1 2 kl12 figs-metaphor 0 will prepare your way Doing this represents preparing the people for the Lord's arrival. Alternate translation: "will prepare the people for your arrival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 3 lkm3 0 The voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" -MRK 1 3 v3n3 figs-parallelism 0 Make ready the way of the Lord ... make his paths straight These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 1 3 peh5 figs-metaphor 0 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents being prepared to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 2 wry5 ὃς 1 the one This refers to the messenger. +MRK 1 2 kl12 figs-metaphor κατασκευάσει σου τὴν ὁδόν 1 will prepare your way Doing this represents preparing the people for the Lord's arrival. Alternate translation: "will prepare the people for your arrival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 1 3 lkm3 φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 The voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" +MRK 1 3 v3n3 figs-parallelism ,' ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου; ποιεῖτε αὐτοῦ τὰς τρίβους εὐθείας.'" 1 Make ready the way of the Lord ... make his paths straight These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MRK 1 3 peh5 figs-metaphor ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου 1 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents being prepared to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 1 4 j798 0 General Information: In these verses the words "he," "him," and "his" refer to John. -MRK 1 4 yg66 0 John came Be sure your reader understands that John was the messenger spoken of by the prophet Isaiah in the previous verse. -MRK 1 5 u9yg figs-metaphor 0 The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem The words "whole country" are a metaphor for the people who live in the country and a generalization that refers to a great number of people, not to every single person. Alternate translation: "Many people from Judea and Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 1 5 h8h7 figs-activepassive 0 They were baptized by him in the Jordan River, confessing their sins They did these things at the same time. The people were baptized because they repented of their sins. Alternate translation: "When they repented of their sins, John baptized them in the Jordan River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 1 7 l7jd 0 He proclaimed "John proclaimed" +MRK 1 4 yg66 Ἰωάννης ἐγένετο 1 John came Be sure your reader understands that John was the messenger spoken of by the prophet Isaiah in the previous verse. +MRK 1 5 u9yg figs-metaphor ἡ πᾶσα χώρα Ἰουδαία καὶ πάντες οἱ Ἱεροσολυμεῖται 1 The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem The words "whole country" are a metaphor for the people who live in the country and a generalization that refers to a great number of people, not to every single person. Alternate translation: "Many people from Judea and Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 5 h8h7 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ ποταμῷ, ἐξομολογούμενοι αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 They were baptized by him in the Jordan River, confessing their sins They did these things at the same time. The people were baptized because they repented of their sins. Alternate translation: "When they repented of their sins, John baptized them in the Jordan River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 1 7 l7jd ἐκήρυσσεν 1 He proclaimed "John proclaimed" MRK 1 7 g8fw figs-metaphor 0 the strap of his sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie John is comparing himself to a servant to show how great Jesus is. Alternate translation: "I am not even worthy to do the lowly task of removing his shoes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 7 q5m4 0 the strap of his sandals At the time Jesus was on earth, people often wore sandals that were made of leather and tied to their feet with leather straps. -MRK 1 7 iz8v 0 stoop down "bend down" -MRK 1 8 e4qi figs-metaphor 0 but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit This metaphor compares John's baptism with water to the future baptism with the Holy Spirit. This means John's baptism only symbolically cleanses people of their sins. The baptism by the Holy Spirit will truly cleanse people of their sins. If possible, use the same word for "baptize" here as you used for John's baptism to keep the comparison between the two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 9 u65k writing-newevent 0 It happened in those days This marks the beginning of a new event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -MRK 1 9 gi39 figs-activepassive 0 he was baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 1 10 m5f6 figs-simile 0 the Spirit coming down on him like a dove Possible meanings are 1) this is a simile, and the Spirit descended upon Jesus as a bird descends from the sky toward the ground or 2) the Spirit literally looked like a dove as he descended upon Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 1 11 e6ke figs-metonymy 0 A voice came out of the heavens This represents God speaking. Sometimes people avoid referring directly to God because they respect him. Alternate translation: "God spoke from the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MRK 1 11 s6f4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 beloved Son This is an important title for Jesus. The Father calls Jesus his "beloved Son" because of his eternal love for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 1 7 q5m4 τὸν ἱμάντα τῶν ὑποδημάτων αὐτοῦ τῶν ὑποδημάτων 1 the strap of his sandals At the time Jesus was on earth, people often wore sandals that were made of leather and tied to their feet with leather straps. +MRK 1 7 iz8v κύψας 1 stoop down "bend down" +MRK 1 8 e4qi figs-metaphor δὲ αὐτὸς βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit This metaphor compares John's baptism with water to the future baptism with the Holy Spirit. This means John's baptism only symbolically cleanses people of their sins. The baptism by the Holy Spirit will truly cleanse people of their sins. If possible, use the same word for "baptize" here as you used for John's baptism to keep the comparison between the two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 1 9 u65k writing-newevent ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 It happened in those days This marks the beginning of a new event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +MRK 1 9 gi39 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθη ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου 1 he was baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 1 10 m5f6 figs-simile τὸ Πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον ἐπ’ αὐτόν ὡς περιστερὰν 1 the Spirit coming down on him like a dove Possible meanings are 1) this is a simile, and the Spirit descended upon Jesus as a bird descends from the sky toward the ground or 2) the Spirit literally looked like a dove as he descended upon Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 1 11 e6ke figs-metonymy φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν 1 A voice came out of the heavens This represents God speaking. Sometimes people avoid referring directly to God because they respect him. Alternate translation: "God spoke from the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MRK 1 11 s6f4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ ἀγαπητός ὁ Υἱός 1 beloved Son This is an important title for Jesus. The Father calls Jesus his "beloved Son" because of his eternal love for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MRK 1 12 yv6v 0 Connecting Statement: After Jesus' baptism, he is in the wilderness for 40 days and then goes to Galilee to teach and call his disciples. -MRK 1 12 gp1e 0 compelled him to go out "forced Jesus to go out" -MRK 1 13 w3ct 0 He was in the wilderness "He stayed in the wilderness" -MRK 1 13 k45w translate-numbers 0 forty days "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 1 13 siu3 0 He was with "He was among" -MRK 1 14 q12s figs-activepassive 0 after John was arrested "after John was placed in prison." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after they arrested John" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 1 14 ns6b 0 proclaiming the gospel "telling many people about the good news" -MRK 1 15 i9a9 0 The time is fulfilled "It is now time" -MRK 1 15 bs8j 0 the kingdom of God is near "it is almost time for God to begin to rule over his people" -MRK 1 16 wl35 0 he saw Simon and Andrew "Jesus saw Simon and Andrew" -MRK 1 16 z3j9 figs-explicit 0 casting a net in the sea The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "throwing a net into the water to catch fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 17 zui3 0 Come, follow me "Follow me" or "Come with me" -MRK 1 17 mlc6 figs-metaphor 0 I will make you fishers of men This metaphor means Simon and Andrew will teach people God's true message, so others will also follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "I will teach you to gather men to me like you gather fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 19 g41w figs-explicit 0 in the boat It can be assumed that this boat belongs to James and John. Alternate translation: "in their boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 19 xl2m 0 mending the nets "repairing the nets" -MRK 1 20 zjz5 figs-explicit 0 called them It may be helpful to state clearly why Jesus called to James and John. Alternate translation: "called them to come with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 20 jd8i 0 hired servants "servants who worked for them" -MRK 1 20 b2ci 0 they followed him James and John went with Jesus. +MRK 1 12 gp1e ἐκβάλλει αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει 1 compelled him to go out "forced Jesus to go out" +MRK 1 13 w3ct ἦν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 He was in the wilderness "He stayed in the wilderness" +MRK 1 13 k45w translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα ἡμέρας 1 forty days "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 1 13 siu3 ἦν μετὰ 1 He was with "He was among" +MRK 1 14 q12s figs-activepassive μετὰ τὸν Ἰωάννην τὸ παραδοθῆναι 1 after John was arrested "after John was placed in prison." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after they arrested John" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 1 14 ns6b κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 proclaiming the gospel "telling many people about the good news" +MRK 1 15 i9a9 ὁ καιρὸς πεπλήρωται 1 The time is fulfilled "It is now time" +MRK 1 15 bs8j ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἤγγικεν 1 the kingdom of God is near "it is almost time for God to begin to rule over his people" +MRK 1 16 wl35 εἶδεν Σίμωνα καὶ Ἀνδρέαν 1 he saw Simon and Andrew "Jesus saw Simon and Andrew" +MRK 1 16 z3j9 figs-explicit ἀμφιβάλλοντας ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 1 casting a net in the sea The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "throwing a net into the water to catch fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 17 zui3 δεῦτε, ὀπίσω μου 1 Come, follow me "Follow me" or "Come with me" +MRK 1 17 mlc6 figs-metaphor ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων 1 I will make you fishers of men This metaphor means Simon and Andrew will teach people God's true message, so others will also follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "I will teach you to gather men to me like you gather fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 1 19 g41w figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ 1 in the boat It can be assumed that this boat belongs to James and John. Alternate translation: "in their boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 19 xl2m καταρτίζοντας τὰ δίκτυα 1 mending the nets "repairing the nets" +MRK 1 20 zjz5 figs-explicit ἐκάλεσεν αὐτούς 1 called them It may be helpful to state clearly why Jesus called to James and John. Alternate translation: "called them to come with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 20 jd8i μισθωτῶν 1 hired servants "servants who worked for them" +MRK 1 20 b2ci ἀπῆλθον αὐτοῦ 1 they followed him James and John went with Jesus. MRK 1 21 ee4j 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus teaches in the synagogue of the town of Capernaum on the Sabbath. By sending a demon out of a man he amazes the people in all the nearby area around Galilee. -MRK 1 21 d4mr 0 came into Capernaum "arrived at Capernaum" -MRK 1 22 bsc9 figs-ellipsis 0 for he was teaching them as someone who has authority and not as the scribes The idea of "teach" can be stated clearly when talking about "someone who has authority" and "the scribes." Alternate translation: "for he was teaching them as someone who has authority teaches and not as the scribes teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 1 21 d4mr εἰσπορεύονται εἰς Καφαρναούμ 1 came into Capernaum "arrived at Capernaum" +MRK 1 22 bsc9 figs-ellipsis γὰρ ἦν διδάσκων αὐτοὺς ὡς ἔχων ἐξουσίαν καὶ οὐχ ὡς οἱ γραμματεῖς 1 for he was teaching them as someone who has authority and not as the scribes The idea of "teach" can be stated clearly when talking about "someone who has authority" and "the scribes." Alternate translation: "for he was teaching them as someone who has authority teaches and not as the scribes teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 1 24 ra8g figs-rquestion 0 What do we have to do with you, Jesus of Nazareth? The demons ask this rhetorical question meaning there is no reason for Jesus to interfere with them and that they desire him to leave them. Alternate translation: "Jesus of Nazareth, leave us alone! There is no reason for you to interfere with us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 1 24 m8gz figs-rquestion 0 Have you come to destroy us? The demons ask this rhetorical question to urge Jesus not to harm them. Alternate translation: "Do not destroy us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 1 26 ar6h 0 threw him down Here the word "him" refers to the demon-possessed man. -MRK 1 26 u7rn 0 while crying out with a loud voice The demon is the one who is crying out, not the man. +MRK 1 24 m8gz figs-rquestion ἦλθες ἀπολέσαι ἡμᾶς? 1 Have you come to destroy us? The demons ask this rhetorical question to urge Jesus not to harm them. Alternate translation: "Do not destroy us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 1 26 ar6h σπαράξαν αὐτὸν σπαράξαν 1 threw him down Here the word "him" refers to the demon-possessed man. +MRK 1 26 u7rn φωνῆσαν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 while crying out with a loud voice The demon is the one who is crying out, not the man. MRK 1 27 lqm1 figs-rquestion 0 they asked each other, "What is this? A new teaching with authority! ... and they obey him!" The people used the two questions to show how amazed they were. The questions can be expressed as exclamations. Alternate translation: "they said to each other, 'This is amazing! He gives a new teaching, and he speaks with authority! ... and they obey him!'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 1 27 nfv2 0 He even commands The word "He" refers to Jesus. +MRK 1 27 nfv2 ἐπιτάσσει καὶ ἐπιτάσσει 1 He even commands The word "He" refers to Jesus. MRK 1 29 ybs7 0 Connecting Statement: After healing the demon-possessed man, Jesus healed Simon's mother-in-law and many other people. -MRK 1 30 ng3t writing-participants 0 Now Simon's mother-in-law was lying sick with a fever The word "Now" introduces Simon's mother-in-law to the story and gives background information about her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 1 31 qtw2 0 raised her up "caused her to stand" or "made her able to get out of bed" -MRK 1 31 sff6 figs-explicit 0 the fever left her You may want to make explicit who healed her. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her of the fever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 31 i5br figs-explicit 0 she started serving them You may want to make explicit that she served food. Alternate translation: "she provided them with food and drinks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 30 ng3t writing-participants ἡ δὲ πενθερὰ Σίμωνος' Σίμωνος ἡ δὲ πενθερὰ- ἡ δὲ πενθερὰ- ἡ δὲ πενθερὰ κατέκειτο πυρέσσουσα 1 Now Simon's mother-in-law was lying sick with a fever The word "Now" introduces Simon's mother-in-law to the story and gives background information about her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +MRK 1 31 qtw2 ἤγειρεν αὐτὴν ἤγειρεν 1 raised her up "caused her to stand" or "made her able to get out of bed" +MRK 1 31 sff6 figs-explicit ὁ πυρετός ἀφῆκεν αὐτὴν 1 the fever left her You may want to make explicit who healed her. Alternate translation: "Jesus healed her of the fever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 31 i5br figs-explicit διηκόνει αὐτοῖς 1 she started serving them You may want to make explicit that she served food. Alternate translation: "she provided them with food and drinks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 1 32 b8sl 0 General Information: Here the words "him" and "he" refer to Jesus. -MRK 1 32 d1i7 figs-hyperbole 0 all who were sick or possessed by demons The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize the great number of people who came. Alternate translation: "many who were sick or possessed by demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 1 33 grp2 figs-metonymy 0 The whole city gathered together at the door The word "city" is a metonym for the people who lived in the city. Here the word "whole" is probably a generalization to emphasize that most people from the city gathered. Alternate translation: "Many people from that city gathered outside the door" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 32 d1i7 figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας καὶ τοὺς δαιμονιζομένους 1 all who were sick or possessed by demons The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize the great number of people who came. Alternate translation: "many who were sick or possessed by demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 33 grp2 figs-metonymy ἡ ὅλη πόλις ἐπισυνηγμένη πρὸς τὴν θύραν 1 The whole city gathered together at the door The word "city" is a metonym for the people who lived in the city. Here the word "whole" is probably a generalization to emphasize that most people from the city gathered. Alternate translation: "Many people from that city gathered outside the door" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 1 35 zi68 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "him" refer to Jesus. MRK 1 35 z4kt 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus takes time to pray in the midst of his time of healing people. He then goes to towns throughout Galilee to preach, heal, and cast out demons. -MRK 1 35 rbb9 0 a solitary place "a place where he could be alone" -MRK 1 36 eia3 0 Simon and those who were with him Here "him" refers to Simon. Also, those with him include Andrew, James, John, and possibly other people. -MRK 1 37 vgc7 figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone is looking for you The word "Everyone" is an exaggeration to emphasize the very many people who were looking for Jesus. Alternate translation: "Many people are looking for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 35 rbb9 τόπον ἔρημον τόπον 1 a solitary place "a place where he could be alone" +MRK 1 36 eia3 Σίμων καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 Simon and those who were with him Here "him" refers to Simon. Also, those with him include Andrew, James, John, and possibly other people. +MRK 1 37 vgc7 figs-hyperbole πάντες ζητοῦσίν σε 1 Everyone is looking for you The word "Everyone" is an exaggeration to emphasize the very many people who were looking for Jesus. Alternate translation: "Many people are looking for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 1 38 ve8a 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "I" refer to Jesus. -MRK 1 38 plm9 0 Let us go elsewhere "We need to go to some other place." Here Jesus uses the word "us" to refer to himself, along with Simon, Andrew, James, and John. -MRK 1 39 zs4i figs-hyperbole 0 He went throughout all of Galilee The words "throughout all" are an exaggeration used to emphasize that Jesus went to many locations during his ministry. Alternate translation: "He went to many places in Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 38 plm9 ἄγωμεν ἀλλαχοῦ 1 Let us go elsewhere "We need to go to some other place." Here Jesus uses the word "us" to refer to himself, along with Simon, Andrew, James, and John. +MRK 1 39 zs4i figs-hyperbole ἦλθεν εἰς ὅλην τὴν Γαλιλαίαν 1 He went throughout all of Galilee The words "throughout all" are an exaggeration used to emphasize that Jesus went to many locations during his ministry. Alternate translation: "He went to many places in Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 1 40 i2af 0 A leper came to him. He was begging him; he knelt down and said to him "A leper came to Jesus. He knelt down and was begging Jesus and said" -MRK 1 40 m4j7 figs-ellipsis 0 If you are willing, you can make me clean In the first phrase, the words "to make me clean" are understood because of the second phrase. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to make me clean, then you can make me clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 1 40 u9ew 0 are willing "want" or "desire" -MRK 1 40 e5am figs-metaphor 0 you can make me clean In biblical times, a person who had any of certain skin diseases was considered unclean until his skin had healed enough that he was no longer contagious. Alternate translation: "you can heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 41 l9jg figs-idiom 0 Moved with compassion, Jesus Here the word "moved" is an idiom meaning to feel emotion about another's need. Alternate translation: "Having compassion for him, Jesus" or "Jesus felt compassion for the man, so he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 1 41 qjz4 figs-ellipsis 0 I am willing It may be helpful to state what Jesus is willing to do. Alternate translation: "I am willing to make you clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 1 40 m4j7 figs-ellipsis ἐὰν θέλῃς, δύνασαί καθαρίσαι με καθαρίσαι 1 If you are willing, you can make me clean In the first phrase, the words "to make me clean" are understood because of the second phrase. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to make me clean, then you can make me clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 1 40 u9ew θέλῃς 1 are willing "want" or "desire" +MRK 1 40 e5am figs-metaphor θέλῃς δύνασαί καθαρίσαι με καθαρίσαι 1 you can make me clean In biblical times, a person who had any of certain skin diseases was considered unclean until his skin had healed enough that he was no longer contagious. Alternate translation: "you can heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 1 41 l9jg figs-idiom σπλαγχνισθεὶς, ἐκτείνας 1 Moved with compassion, Jesus Here the word "moved" is an idiom meaning to feel emotion about another's need. Alternate translation: "Having compassion for him, Jesus" or "Jesus felt compassion for the man, so he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 1 41 qjz4 figs-ellipsis θέλω 1 I am willing It may be helpful to state what Jesus is willing to do. Alternate translation: "I am willing to make you clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 1 43 iw7t 0 General Information: The word "him" used here refers to the leper whom Jesus healed. -MRK 1 44 a7hs 0 Be sure to say nothing to anyone "Be sure to not say anything to anyone" -MRK 1 44 xhu8 figs-explicit 0 show yourself to the priest Jesus told the man to show himself to the priest so that the priest could look at his skin to see if his leprosy was really gone. The law of Moses required people to present themselves to the priest if they had been unclean but were no longer unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 44 w6b2 figs-synecdoche 0 show yourself The word "yourself" here represents the skin of the leper. Alternate translation: "show your skin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 1 44 ish7 0 a testimony to them It is best to use the pronoun "them," if possible, in your language. Possible meanings are 1) "a testimony to the priests" or 2) "a testimony to the people." -MRK 1 45 m63p 0 But he went out The word "he" refers to the man Jesus healed. -MRK 1 45 i91a figs-metaphor 0 began to spread the news widely Here "spread the news widely" is a metaphor for telling people in many places about what had happened. Alternate translation: "began to tell people in many places about what Jesus had done" (See: and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 1 45 bn6r 0 so much that The man spread the news so much that -MRK 1 45 l9es figs-explicit 0 that Jesus could no longer enter a town openly This was the result of the man spreading the news so much. Here "openly" is a metaphor for "publicly." Jesus could not enter the towns because many people would crowd around him. Alternate translation: "that Jesus could no longer enter a town publicly" or "that Jesus could no longer enter the towns in a way that many people would see him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 1 45 d5lw 0 remote places "lonely places" or "places where no one lived" -MRK 1 45 z363 figs-hyperbole 0 from everywhere The word "everywhere" is a hyperbole used to emphasize how very many places the people came from. Alternate translation: "from all over the region" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 1 44 a7hs ὅρα εἴπῃς μηδενὶ μηδὲν 1 Be sure to say nothing to anyone "Be sure to not say anything to anyone" +MRK 1 44 xhu8 figs-explicit δεῖξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἱερεῖ 1 show yourself to the priest Jesus told the man to show himself to the priest so that the priest could look at his skin to see if his leprosy was really gone. The law of Moses required people to present themselves to the priest if they had been unclean but were no longer unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 44 w6b2 figs-synecdoche δεῖξον σεαυτὸν 1 show yourself The word "yourself" here represents the skin of the leper. Alternate translation: "show your skin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 1 44 ish7 μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς 1 a testimony to them It is best to use the pronoun "them," if possible, in your language. Possible meanings are 1) "a testimony to the priests" or 2) "a testimony to the people." +MRK 1 45 m63p δὲ ὁ ἐξελθὼν 1 But he went out The word "he" refers to the man Jesus healed. +MRK 1 45 i91a figs-metaphor ἤρξατο διαφημίζειν τὸν λόγον διαφημίζειν 1 began to spread the news widely Here "spread the news widely" is a metaphor for telling people in many places about what had happened. Alternate translation: "began to tell people in many places about what Jesus had done" (See: and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 1 45 bn6r ὥστε 1 so much that The man spread the news so much that +MRK 1 45 l9es figs-explicit ὥστε αὐτὸν δύνασθαι μηκέτι εἰσελθεῖν εἰς πόλιν φανερῶς 1 that Jesus could no longer enter a town openly This was the result of the man spreading the news so much. Here "openly" is a metaphor for "publicly." Jesus could not enter the towns because many people would crowd around him. Alternate translation: "that Jesus could no longer enter a town publicly" or "that Jesus could no longer enter the towns in a way that many people would see him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 1 45 d5lw ἐρήμοις τόποις 1 remote places "lonely places" or "places where no one lived" +MRK 1 45 z363 figs-hyperbole πάντοθεν 1 from everywhere The word "everywhere" is a hyperbole used to emphasize how very many places the people came from. Alternate translation: "from all over the region" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 2 intro zhb5 0 # Mark 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Sinners"

When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

##### Fasting and Feasting

People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions

The Jewish leaders used rhetorical questions to show that they were angry because of what Jesus said and did and that they did not believe that he was God's Son ([Mark 2:7](../../mrk/02/07.md)). Jesus used them to show the Jewish leaders that they were arrogant ([Mark 2:25-26](./25.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
MRK 2 1 se22 0 Connecting Statement: After preaching and healing people throughout Galilee, Jesus returns to Capernaum where he heals and forgives the sin of a paralyzed man. -MRK 2 1 ir5j figs-activepassive 0 it was heard that he was at home This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people there heard that he was staying at his home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 2 1 ir5j figs-activepassive ἠκούσθη ὅτι ἐστίν ἐν οἴκῳ 1 it was heard that he was at home This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people there heard that he was staying at his home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 2 2 d3iy figs-explicit 0 So many gathered there The word "there" refers to the house that Jesus stayed it in Capernaum. Alternate translation: "So many people gathered there" or "So many people came to the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 2 2 e7d4 figs-explicit 0 there was no more space This refers to there being no space inside the house. Alternate translation: "there was no more room for them inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 2 2 dps4 0 Jesus spoke the word to them "Jesus spoke his message to them" +MRK 2 2 dps4 ἐλάλει τὸν λόγον αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus spoke the word to them "Jesus spoke his message to them" MRK 2 3 n643 0 four people were carrying him "four of them were carrying him." It is likely that there were more than four people within the group that brought the man to Jesus. MRK 2 3 c1vr 0 were bringing a paralyzed man "were bringing a man who was unable to walk or use his arms" -MRK 2 4 h3yn 0 could not get near him "could not get close to where Jesus was" +MRK 2 4 h3yn δυνάμενοι μὴ προσενέγκαι αὐτῷ 1 could not get near him "could not get close to where Jesus was" MRK 2 4 v6ma 0 they removed the roof ... they lowered Houses where Jesus lived had flat roofs made of clay and covered with tiles. The process of making a hole in the roof can be explained more clearly or made more general so that it may be understood in your language. Alternate translation: "they removed the tiles from the part of the roof above where Jesus was. And when they had dug through the clay roof, they lowered" or "they made a hole in the roof above where Jesus was, and then they lowered" -MRK 2 5 trg9 figs-explicit 0 Seeing their faith "Seeing the men's faith." Possible meanings are 1) that only the men who carried the paralyzed man had faith or 2) that the paralyzed man and the men who brought him to Jesus all had faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 2 5 trg9 figs-explicit ἰδὼν αὐτῶν τὴν πίστιν 1 Seeing their faith "Seeing the men's faith." Possible meanings are 1) that only the men who carried the paralyzed man had faith or 2) that the paralyzed man and the men who brought him to Jesus all had faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 2 5 hzg6 figs-metaphor 0 Son The word "Son" here shows Jesus cared for the man as a father cares for a son. Alternate translation: "My son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 2 5 vd3i 0 your sins are forgiven If possible translate this in such a way that Jesus does not clearly say who forgives the man's sins. Alternate translation: "your sins are gone" or "you do not have to pay for your sins" or "your sins do not count against you" -MRK 2 6 le6v figs-metonymy 0 reasoned in their hearts Here "their hearts" is a metonym for the people's thoughts. Alternate translation: "were thinking to themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 2 5 vd3i σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνται 1 your sins are forgiven If possible translate this in such a way that Jesus does not clearly say who forgives the man's sins. Alternate translation: "your sins are gone" or "you do not have to pay for your sins" or "your sins do not count against you" +MRK 2 6 le6v figs-metonymy διαλογιζόμενοι ἐν αὐτῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 reasoned in their hearts Here "their hearts" is a metonym for the people's thoughts. Alternate translation: "were thinking to themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 2 7 yr5a figs-rquestion 0 How can this man speak this way? The scribes used this question to show their anger that Jesus said "Your sins are forgiven." Alternate translation: "This man should not speak this way!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 7 sj6j figs-rquestion 0 Who can forgive sins but God alone? The scribes used this question to say that since only God can forgive sins, then Jesus should not say "Your sins are forgiven." Alternate translation: "Only God can forgive sins!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 8 niy6 0 in his spirit "in his inner being" or "in himself" -MRK 2 8 t87i 0 they were thinking within themselves Each of the scribes was thinking to himself; they were not talking to each other. -MRK 2 8 wga7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you thinking this in your hearts? Jesus uses this question to tell the scribes that what they are thinking is wrong. Alternate translation: "What you are thinking is wrong." or "Do not think that I am blaspheming." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 8 s3m6 figs-metonymy 0 this in your hearts The word "hearts" is a metonym for their inner thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: "this inside yourselves" or "these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 2 7 sj6j figs-rquestion τίς δύναται ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας εἰ μὴ ὁ Θεός εἷς 1 Who can forgive sins but God alone? The scribes used this question to say that since only God can forgive sins, then Jesus should not say "Your sins are forgiven." Alternate translation: "Only God can forgive sins!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 2 8 niy6 τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ τῷ πνεύματι 1 in his spirit "in his inner being" or "in himself" +MRK 2 8 t87i διαλογίζονται ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 they were thinking within themselves Each of the scribes was thinking to himself; they were not talking to each other. +MRK 2 8 wga7 figs-rquestion τί διαλογίζεσθε ταῦτα ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις? 1 Why are you thinking this in your hearts? Jesus uses this question to tell the scribes that what they are thinking is wrong. Alternate translation: "What you are thinking is wrong." or "Do not think that I am blaspheming." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 2 8 s3m6 figs-metonymy ταῦτα ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 this in your hearts The word "hearts" is a metonym for their inner thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: "this inside yourselves" or "these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 2 9 wv5d figs-rquestion 0 What is easier to say to the paralyzed man ... take up your bed, and walk'? Jesus uses this question to make the scribes think about what might prove whether or not he could really forgive sins. Alternate translation: "I just said to the paralyzed man, 'Your sins are forgiven.' You may think that it is harder to say 'Get up, take up your bed, and walk,' because the proof of whether or not I can heal him will be shown by whether or not he gets up and walks." or "You may think that it is easier to say to the paralyzed man 'Your sins are forgiven' than it is to say 'Get up, take up your bed, and walk.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 10 g4jn 0 But in order that you may know "But so that you may know." The word "you" refers to the scribes and the crowd. -MRK 2 10 jw9z figs-123person 0 that the Son of Man has authority Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man." Alternate translation: "that I am the Son of Man and I have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MRK 2 12 ki94 0 in front of everyone "while all the people there were watching" +MRK 2 10 g4jn δὲ ἵνα εἰδῆτε 1 But in order that you may know "But so that you may know." The word "you" refers to the scribes and the crowd. +MRK 2 10 jw9z figs-123person ὅτι ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἔχει ἐξουσίαν 1 that the Son of Man has authority Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man." Alternate translation: "that I am the Son of Man and I have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MRK 2 12 ki94 ἔμπροσθεν πάντων 1 in front of everyone "while all the people there were watching" MRK 2 13 ma6f 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus is teaching the crowd beside the Sea of Galilee, and he calls Levi to follow him. -MRK 2 13 t2sc 0 the lake This is the Sea of Galilee, which is also known as the Lake of Gennesaret. -MRK 2 13 iw43 0 the crowd came to him "the people went where he was" -MRK 2 14 sc4g translate-names 0 Levi son of Alphaeus Alpheus was Levi's father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 2 13 t2sc τὴν θάλασσαν 1 the lake This is the Sea of Galilee, which is also known as the Lake of Gennesaret. +MRK 2 13 iw43 ὁ ὄχλος ἤρχετο πρὸς αὐτόν 1 the crowd came to him "the people went where he was" +MRK 2 14 sc4g translate-names Λευεὶν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου 1 Levi son of Alphaeus Alpheus was Levi's father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 2 15 udb2 0 Connecting Statement: It is now later in the day, and Jesus is at Levi's house for a meal. -MRK 2 15 if3i 0 Levi's house "the home of Levi" -MRK 2 15 qf38 0 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins -MRK 2 15 bwv2 0 for there were many and they followed him Possible meanings are 1) "for there were many tax collectors and sinful people who followed Jesus" or 2) "for Jesus had many disciples and they followed him." -MRK 2 16 b1bi figs-rquestion 0 Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners? The scribes and Pharisees asked this question to show they disapproved of Jesus' hospitality. This can be worded as a statement. Alternate translation: "He should not eat with sinners and tax collectors!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 2 15 if3i αὐτοῦ' αὐτοῦ τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 Levi's house "the home of Levi" +MRK 2 15 qf38 ἁμαρτωλοὶ 1 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins +MRK 2 15 bwv2 γὰρ ἦσαν πολλοὶ καὶ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ 1 for there were many and they followed him Possible meanings are 1) "for there were many tax collectors and sinful people who followed Jesus" or 2) "for Jesus had many disciples and they followed him." +MRK 2 16 b1bi figs-rquestion ὅτι ἐσθίει μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν 1 Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners? The scribes and Pharisees asked this question to show they disapproved of Jesus' hospitality. This can be worded as a statement. Alternate translation: "He should not eat with sinners and tax collectors!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 2 17 ba3n 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus responds to what the scribes had said to his disciples about his eating with tax collectors and sinful people. -MRK 2 17 q8r6 0 he said to them "he said to the scribes" +MRK 2 17 q8r6 λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 he said to them "he said to the scribes" MRK 2 17 ak1u writing-proverbs 0 People who are strong in body do not need a physician; only people who are sick need one Jesus used this proverb about sick people and doctors to teach them that only people who know that they are sinful realize that they need Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) MRK 2 17 mk6x 0 strong in body "healthy" -MRK 2 17 ca8h figs-irony 0 I did not come to call righteous people, but sinners Jesus expects his hearers to understand he came for those who want help. Alternate translation: "I came for people who understand they are sinful, not for people who believe they are righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MRK 2 17 ca4e figs-ellipsis 0 but sinners The words "I came to call" are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: "but I came to call sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 2 17 ca8h figs-irony ἦλθον οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους, ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς 1 I did not come to call righteous people, but sinners Jesus expects his hearers to understand he came for those who want help. Alternate translation: "I came for people who understand they are sinful, not for people who believe they are righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MRK 2 17 ca4e figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς 1 but sinners The words "I came to call" are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: "but I came to call sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 2 18 zkz9 figs-parables 0 Jesus tells parables to show why his disciples should not fast while he is with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MRK 2 18 f1ds 0 the Pharisees were fasting ... the disciples of the Pharisees These two phrases refer to the same group of people, but the second is more specific. Both refer to the followers of the Pharisee sect, but they do not focus on the leaders of the Pharisees. Alternate translation: "the disciples of the Pharisees were fasting ... the disciples of the Pharisees" MRK 2 18 z394 0 Some people "Some men." It is best to translate this phrase without specifying exactly who these men are. If in your language you have to be more specific, the possible meanings are 1) these men were not among John's disciples or the disciples of the Pharisees or 2) these men were among John's disciples. -MRK 2 18 vl3z 0 came and said to him "came and said to Jesus" +MRK 2 18 vl3z ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ 1 came and said to him "came and said to Jesus" MRK 2 19 eke3 figs-rquestion 0 Can the wedding attendants fast while the bridegroom is still with them? Jesus uses this question to remind the people of something they already know and to encourage them to apply it to him and his disciples. Alternate translation: "Wedding attendants do not fast while the bridegroom is with them. Rather they celebrate and feast." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 20 vg2u figs-activepassive 0 the bridegroom will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the bridegroom will go away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 2 20 vg2u figs-activepassive ὁ νυμφίος ἀπαρθῇ 1 the bridegroom will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the bridegroom will go away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 2 20 c7ik 0 away from them ... they will fast The word "them" and "they" refer to the wedding attendants. -MRK 2 21 v6xc figs-explicit 0 No one sews a piece of new cloth on an old garment Sewing a piece of new cloth on an old garment will make the hole on an old garment worse if the piece of new cloth has not yet shrunk. Both the new cloth and old garment will be ruined. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 2 21 v6xc figs-explicit οὐδεὶς ἐπιράπτει ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ῥάκους ἐπὶ ἱμάτιον παλαιόν ἱμάτιον 1 No one sews a piece of new cloth on an old garment Sewing a piece of new cloth on an old garment will make the hole on an old garment worse if the piece of new cloth has not yet shrunk. Both the new cloth and old garment will be ruined. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 2 22 dw15 figs-parables 0 Jesus begins to tell another parable. This one is about putting new wine into old wineskins rather than into new wineskins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 2 22 y7rw 0 new wine "grape juice." This refers to wine that has not fermented yet. If grapes are unknown in your area, use the general term for fruit juice. -MRK 2 22 n7ha 0 old wineskins This refers to wineskins that have been used many times. -MRK 2 22 fk15 0 wineskins These were bags made out of animal skins. They could also be called "wine bags" or "skin bags." -MRK 2 22 w35r 0 the wine will burst the skins New wine expands as it ferments, so it would cause old, brittle wineskins to tear open. +MRK 2 22 y7rw νέον οἶνον 1 new wine "grape juice." This refers to wine that has not fermented yet. If grapes are unknown in your area, use the general term for fruit juice. +MRK 2 22 n7ha παλαιούς ἀσκοὺς 1 old wineskins This refers to wineskins that have been used many times. +MRK 2 22 fk15 ἀσκοὺς 1 wineskins These were bags made out of animal skins. They could also be called "wine bags" or "skin bags." +MRK 2 22 w35r ὁ οἶνος ῥήξει τοὺς ἀσκούς 1 the wine will burst the skins New wine expands as it ferments, so it would cause old, brittle wineskins to tear open. MRK 2 22 bef2 0 are lost "will be ruined" -MRK 2 22 c9z6 0 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to wineskins that have never been used. +MRK 2 22 c9z6 καινούς ἀσκοὺς 1 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to wineskins that have never been used. MRK 2 23 t8ni 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus gives the Pharisees an example from scripture to show why the disciples were not wrong to pick grain on the Sabbath. -MRK 2 23 jya1 figs-explicit 0 pick heads of grain Plucking grain in others' fields and eating it was not considered stealing. The question was whether it was lawful to do this on the Sabbath. The disciples picked the heads of grain to eat the kernels, or seeds, in them. This can be worded to show the full meaning. Alternate translation: "pick heads of grain and eat the seeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 2 23 k3pa 0 heads of grain The "heads" are the topmost part of the wheat plant, which is a kind of tall grass. The heads hold the mature grain or seeds of the plant. +MRK 2 23 jya1 figs-explicit τίλλοντες τοὺς στάχυας 1 pick heads of grain Plucking grain in others' fields and eating it was not considered stealing. The question was whether it was lawful to do this on the Sabbath. The disciples picked the heads of grain to eat the kernels, or seeds, in them. This can be worded to show the full meaning. Alternate translation: "pick heads of grain and eat the seeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 2 23 k3pa τοὺς στάχυας 1 heads of grain The "heads" are the topmost part of the wheat plant, which is a kind of tall grass. The heads hold the mature grain or seeds of the plant. MRK 2 24 ng1d 0 Connecting Statement: The Pharisees ask a question about what the disciples were doing (verse 23). MRK 2 24 x5ll 0 doing something that is not lawful on the Sabbath day Plucking grain in others' fields and eating it (verse 23) was not considered stealing. The question was whether it was lawful to do this on the Sabbath. MRK 2 24 h41a figs-rquestion 0 Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful on the Sabbath day? The Pharisees ask Jesus a question to condemn him. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Look! They are breaking the Jewish law concerning the Sabbath." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 24 bf8w 0 Look "Look at this" or "Listen." This is a word used to get the attention of someone to show them something. If there is a word in your language that is used to draw a person's attention to something, you could use that here. +MRK 2 24 bf8w ἴδε 1 Look "Look at this" or "Listen." This is a word used to get the attention of someone to show them something. If there is a word in your language that is used to draw a person's attention to something, you could use that here. MRK 2 25 dd1z 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to scold the Pharisees by asking them a question. -MRK 2 25 g1xw 0 He said to them "Jesus said to the Pharisees" +MRK 2 25 g1xw λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to the Pharisees" MRK 2 25 d236 figs-rquestion 0 Have you never read what David ... the men who were with him Jesus asks this question to remind the scribes and Pharisees of something David did on the Sabbath. The question is very long, so it can be divided into two sentences. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 2 25 g8sf figs-rquestion 0 Have you never read what David did ... him This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: "Remember what you read about what David did ... him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 25 r14d figs-explicit 0 read what David Jesus refers to reading about David in the Old Testament. This can be translated showing the implicit information. Alternate translation: "read in the scriptures what David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 2 25 r14d figs-explicit ἀνέγνωτε τί Δαυεὶδ 1 read what David Jesus refers to reading about David in the Old Testament. This can be translated showing the implicit information. Alternate translation: "read in the scriptures what David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 2 26 x3bb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes asking the question he began in verse 25. MRK 2 26 zmd3 figs-rquestion 0 how he went into the house of God ... to those who were with him? This can be expressed as a statement separate from verse 25. Alternate translation: "He went into the house of God ... to those who were with him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 2 26 al82 0 how he went The word "he" refers to David. -MRK 2 26 y57j 0 bread of the presence This refers to the twelve loaves of bread that were placed on a golden table in the tabernacle or temple building as a sacrifice to God during Old Testament times. -MRK 2 27 i374 figs-activepassive 0 The Sabbath was made for mankind Jesus makes clear why God established the Sabbath. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made the Sabbath for mankind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 2 27 u83s figs-gendernotations 0 mankind "man" or "people" or "the needs of people." This word here refers to both men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -MRK 2 27 s2yd figs-ellipsis 0 not mankind for the Sabbath The words "was made" are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: "mankind was not made for the Sabbath" or "God did not make mankind for the Sabbath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 2 26 al82 πῶς εἰσῆλθεν 1 how he went The word "he" refers to David. +MRK 2 26 y57j ἄρτους τῆς Προθέσεως 1 bread of the presence This refers to the twelve loaves of bread that were placed on a golden table in the tabernacle or temple building as a sacrifice to God during Old Testament times. +MRK 2 27 i374 figs-activepassive τὸ Σάββατον ἐγένετο διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 The Sabbath was made for mankind Jesus makes clear why God established the Sabbath. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made the Sabbath for mankind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 2 27 u83s figs-gendernotations τὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 mankind "man" or "people" or "the needs of people." This word here refers to both men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +MRK 2 27 s2yd figs-ellipsis οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ Σάββατον 1 not mankind for the Sabbath The words "was made" are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: "mankind was not made for the Sabbath" or "God did not make mankind for the Sabbath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 3 intro x969 0 # Mark 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sabbath
It was against the law of Moses to do work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees believed healing a sick person on the Sabbath was "work," so they said that Jesus did wrong when he healed a person on the Sabbath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit"

No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### The twelve disciples

The following are the lists of the twelve disciples:

In Matthew:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James son of Zebedee, John son of Zebedee, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.

In Mark:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James the son of Zebedee and John the son of Zebedee (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder), Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot.

In Luke:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon (who was called the Zealot), Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot.

Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James.

##### Brothers and Sisters

Most people call those who have the same parents "brother" and "sister" and think of them as the most important people in their lives. Many people also call those with the same grandparents "brother" and "sister." In this chapter Jesus says that the most important people to him are those who obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/brother]])
MRK 3 1 cp3e 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus heals a man on the Sabbath in the synagogue and shows how he feels about what the Pharisees had done with the Sabbath rules. The Pharisees and Herodians begin to plan to put Jesus to death. MRK 3 1 y5l9 0 a man with a withered hand "a man with a crippled hand" MRK 3 2 v2yj 0 Some people watched him closely to see if he would heal him "Some people watched Jesus closely to see if he would heal the man with the withered hand" MRK 3 2 n5iz 0 Some people "Some of the Pharisees." Later, in [Mark 3:6](../03/06.md), these people are identified as Pharisees. -MRK 3 2 vr25 figs-explicit 0 so that they could accuse him If Jesus were to heal the man that day, the Pharisees would accuse him breaking the law by the working on the Sabbath. Alternate translation: "so that they could accuse him of wrongdoing" or "so that they could accuse him of breaking the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 3 2 vr25 figs-explicit ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ 1 so that they could accuse him If Jesus were to heal the man that day, the Pharisees would accuse him breaking the law by the working on the Sabbath. Alternate translation: "so that they could accuse him of wrongdoing" or "so that they could accuse him of breaking the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 3 3 nm6w 0 in the middle of everyone "in the middle of this crowd" MRK 3 4 mh3z figs-rquestion 0 Is it lawful to do good on the Sabbath ... or to kill? Jesus said this to challenge them. He wanted them to acknowledge that it is lawful to heal people on the Sabbath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 3 4 i71v figs-parallelism 0 to do good on the Sabbath day or to do harm ... to save a life or to kill These two phrases are similar in meaning, except that the second is more extreme. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 3 4 vz6c figs-ellipsis 0 to save a life or to kill It may be helpful to repeat "is it lawful," as that is the question Jesus is asking again in another way. Alternate translation: "is it lawful to save a life or to kill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 3 4 nut4 figs-metonymy 0 a life This refers to physical life and is a metonym for a person. Alternate translation: "someone from dying" or "someone's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 3 4 w683 0 But they were silent "But they refused to answer him" -MRK 3 5 vr8q 0 He looked around "Jesus looked around" -MRK 3 5 nkk8 0 was grieved "was deeply saddened" -MRK 3 5 xwp9 figs-metaphor 0 by their hardness of heart This metaphor describes how the Pharisees were unwilling to have compassion on the man with the withered hand. Alternate translation: "because they were unwilling to have compassion on the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 3 5 e7fz 0 Stretch out your hand "Reach out with your hand" -MRK 3 5 c3qe figs-activepassive 0 his hand was restored This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus restored his hand" or "Jesus made his hand the way it was before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 3 6 dy5j 0 began to plot "began to make a plan" -MRK 3 6 nvk1 0 the Herodians This is the name of an informal political party that supported Herod Antipas. +MRK 3 4 i71v figs-parallelism ἀγαθοποιῆσαι τοῖς Σάββασιν ἢ κακοποιῆσαι; σῶσαι ψυχὴν ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι?" 1 to do good on the Sabbath day or to do harm ... to save a life or to kill These two phrases are similar in meaning, except that the second is more extreme. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MRK 3 4 vz6c figs-ellipsis κακοποιῆσαι σῶσαι ψυχὴν ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι 1 to save a life or to kill It may be helpful to repeat "is it lawful," as that is the question Jesus is asking again in another way. Alternate translation: "is it lawful to save a life or to kill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 3 4 nut4 figs-metonymy ψυχὴν 1 a life This refers to physical life and is a metonym for a person. Alternate translation: "someone from dying" or "someone's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 3 4 w683 δὲ οἱ ἐσιώπων 1 But they were silent "But they refused to answer him" +MRK 3 5 vr8q περιβλεψάμενος 1 He looked around "Jesus looked around" +MRK 3 5 nkk8 συνλυπούμενος 1 was grieved "was deeply saddened" +MRK 3 5 xwp9 figs-metaphor ἐπὶ αὐτῶν τῇ πωρώσει τῆς καρδίας 1 by their hardness of heart This metaphor describes how the Pharisees were unwilling to have compassion on the man with the withered hand. Alternate translation: "because they were unwilling to have compassion on the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 3 5 e7fz ἔκτεινον σου τὴν χεῖρα 1 Stretch out your hand "Reach out with your hand" +MRK 3 5 c3qe figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ ἡ χεὶρ ἀπεκατεστάθη 1 his hand was restored This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus restored his hand" or "Jesus made his hand the way it was before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 3 6 dy5j συμβούλιον ἐποίουν 1 began to plot "began to make a plan" +MRK 3 6 nvk1 τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 the Herodians This is the name of an informal political party that supported Herod Antipas. MRK 3 6 gjw2 0 how they might put him to death "how they might kill Jesus" MRK 3 7 c13n 0 Connecting Statement: A great crowd of people follows Jesus, and he heals many people. -MRK 3 7 h2v6 0 the sea This refers to the Sea of Galilee. -MRK 3 8 bi1b 0 Idumea This is the region, previously known as Edom, which covered the southern half of the province of Judea. +MRK 3 7 h2v6 τὴν θάλασσαν 1 the sea This refers to the Sea of Galilee. +MRK 3 8 bi1b τῆς Ἰδουμαίας 1 Idumea This is the region, previously known as Edom, which covered the southern half of the province of Judea. MRK 3 8 mm5v 0 the things he was doing This refers to the miracles Jesus was performing. Alternate translation: "the great miracles that Jesus was performing" -MRK 3 8 gra8 0 came to him "came to where Jesus was" +MRK 3 8 gra8 ἦλθον πρὸς αὐτόν 1 came to him "came to where Jesus was" MRK 3 9 q65h figs-events 0 General Information: Verse 9 tells what Jesus asked his disciples to do because of the large crowd of people around him. Verse 10 tells why such a large crowd was around Jesus. The information in these verses can be reordered to present the events in the order they happened, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) MRK 3 9 zu5e 0 He told his disciples to have a small boat ... not press against him As the large crowd was pushing forward toward Jesus, he was in danger of being crushed by them. They would not crush him intentionally. It was just that there were so many people. MRK 3 10 e86s writing-connectingwords 0 For he healed many, so that everyone ... to touch him This tells why so many people were crowding around Jesus that he thought they might crush him. Alternate translation: "For, because Jesus had healed many people, everyone ... to touch him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -MRK 3 10 ei4n figs-ellipsis 0 For he healed many The word "many" refers to the large number of people Jesus had already healed. Alternate translation: "For he healed many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 3 10 ge71 figs-explicit 0 everyone who had afflictions eagerly approached him in order to touch him They did this because they believed that touching Jesus would make them well. This can be expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "all the sick people pushed forward eagerly trying to touch him so that they might be healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 3 11 g1r5 0 saw him "saw Jesus" +MRK 3 10 ei4n figs-ellipsis γὰρ ἐθεράπευσεν πολλοὺς 1 For he healed many The word "many" refers to the large number of people Jesus had already healed. Alternate translation: "For he healed many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 3 10 ge71 figs-explicit ὅσοι εἶχον μάστιγας ἐπιπίπτειν αὐτῷ ἵνα ἅψωνται αὐτοῦ 1 everyone who had afflictions eagerly approached him in order to touch him They did this because they believed that touching Jesus would make them well. This can be expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "all the sick people pushed forward eagerly trying to touch him so that they might be healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 3 11 g1r5 ἐθεώρουν αὐτὸν 1 saw him "saw Jesus" MRK 3 11 ca5i figs-explicit 0 they fell down ... cried out, and they said Here "they" refers to the unclean spirits. It is they who are causing the people they possess to do things. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "they caused the people they were possessing to fall down before him and to cry out to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 3 11 mcr9 0 they fell down before him The unclean spirits did not fall down before Jesus because they loved him or wanted to worship him. They fell down before him because they were afraid of him. -MRK 3 11 xjy4 0 You are the Son of God Jesus has power over unclean spirits because he is the "Son of God." -MRK 3 11 xf41 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 3 12 ay6j 0 He strictly ordered them "Jesus strictly ordered the unclean spirits" -MRK 3 12 npi9 0 not to make him known "not to reveal who he was" +MRK 3 11 mcr9 προσέπιπτον αὐτῷ 1 they fell down before him The unclean spirits did not fall down before Jesus because they loved him or wanted to worship him. They fell down before him because they were afraid of him. +MRK 3 11 xjy4 σὺ εἶ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 You are the Son of God Jesus has power over unclean spirits because he is the "Son of God." +MRK 3 11 xf41 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 3 12 ay6j ἐπετίμα πολλὰ ἐπετίμα αὐτοῖς 1 He strictly ordered them "Jesus strictly ordered the unclean spirits" +MRK 3 12 npi9 μὴ ποιήσωσιν αὐτὸν φανερὸν 1 not to make him known "not to reveal who he was" MRK 3 13 ue15 0 General Information: Jesus chooses the men he wants to be his apostles. MRK 3 14 xc5r 0 so that they might be with him and he might send them to proclaim the message "so that they would be with him and he would send them to proclaim the message" MRK 3 16 i7tf 0 Simon, to whom he gave the name Peter The author begins to list the names of the twelve apostles. Simon is the first man listed. MRK 3 17 cj3v 0 to whom he gave The phrase "to whom" refers to both James son of Zebedee and his brother John. -MRK 3 17 n4gy translate-names 0 the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder Jesus called them this because they were like thunder. Alternate translation: "the name Boanerges, which means men who are like thunder" or "the name Boanerges, which means thunder men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 3 18 mq9b translate-names 0 Thaddaeus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 3 19 r3zs 0 who would betray him "who would betray Jesus" The word "who" refers to Judas Iscariot. +MRK 3 17 n4gy translate-names ὀνόματα Βοανηργές, ὅ ἐστιν, υἱοὶ βροντῆς 1 the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder Jesus called them this because they were like thunder. Alternate translation: "the name Boanerges, which means men who are like thunder" or "the name Boanerges, which means thunder men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 3 18 mq9b translate-names Θαδδαῖον 1 Thaddaeus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 3 19 r3zs ὃς παρέδωκεν αὐτόν 1 who would betray him "who would betray Jesus" The word "who" refers to Judas Iscariot. MRK 3 20 jxr5 0 Then he went home "Then Jesus went to the house where he was staying." -MRK 3 20 rq6k figs-synecdoche 0 they could not even eat bread The word "bread" represents food. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples could not eat at all" or "they could not eat anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 3 21 bk6g 0 they went out to seize him Members of his family went to the house, so that they could take hold of him and force him to go home with them. -MRK 3 21 uyl8 0 for they said Possible meanings for the word "they" are 1) his relatives or 2) some people in the crowd. -MRK 3 21 mf5q figs-idiom 0 out of his mind Jesus' family uses this idiom to describe how they think he is acting. Alternate translation: "crazy" or "insane" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 3 22 yxd9 0 By the ruler of the demons he drives out demons "By the power of Beelzebul, who is the ruler of the demons, Jesus drives out demons" +MRK 3 20 rq6k figs-synecdoche αὐτοὺς δύνασθαι μὴ μηδὲ φαγεῖν ἄρτον 1 they could not even eat bread The word "bread" represents food. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples could not eat at all" or "they could not eat anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 3 21 bk6g ἐξῆλθον κρατῆσαι αὐτόν 1 they went out to seize him Members of his family went to the house, so that they could take hold of him and force him to go home with them. +MRK 3 21 uyl8 γὰρ ἔλεγον 1 for they said Possible meanings for the word "they" are 1) his relatives or 2) some people in the crowd. +MRK 3 21 mf5q figs-idiom ἐξέστη 1 out of his mind Jesus' family uses this idiom to describe how they think he is acting. Alternate translation: "crazy" or "insane" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 3 22 yxd9 ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια 1 By the ruler of the demons he drives out demons "By the power of Beelzebul, who is the ruler of the demons, Jesus drives out demons" MRK 3 23 ji69 figs-parables 0 Jesus explains with a parable why it is foolish for people to think that Jesus is controlled by Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 3 23 gcy5 0 Jesus called them to him "Jesus called the people to come to him" -MRK 3 23 q8f3 figs-rquestion 0 How can Satan cast out Satan? Jesus asked this rhetorical question in response to the scribes saying that he cast out demons by Beelzebul. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Satan cannot cast out himself!" or "Satan does not go against his own evil spirits!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 3 24 b4z4 figs-metonymy 0 If a kingdom is divided against itself The word "kingdom" is a metonym for the people who live in the kingdom. Alternate translation: "If the people who live in a kingdom are divided against each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 3 24 k3bz figs-metaphor 0 cannot stand This phrase is a metaphor meaning that the people will no longer be united and they will fall. Alternate translation: "cannot endure" or "will fall"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MRK 3 25 zcr1 figs-metonymy 0 house This is a metonym for the people who live in a house. Alternate translation: "family" or "household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 3 26 w7na figs-rpronouns 0 If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that refers back to Satan, and it is also a metonym for his evil spirits. Alternate translation: "If Satan and his evil spirits were fighting one another" or "If Satan and his evil spirits have risen up against each other and are divided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 3 26 df2f figs-metaphor 0 is not able to stand This is a metaphor meaning he will fall and cannot endure. Alternate translation: "will cease to be united" or "cannot endure and has come to an end" or "will fall and has come to an end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 3 27 mvr6 0 plunder to steal a person's valuables and possessions -MRK 3 28 f6fq 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. -MRK 3 28 p6sz 0 the sons of men "those who have been born of man." This expression is used to emphasize peoples' humanity. Alternate translation: "people" +MRK 3 23 gcy5 προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς προσκαλεσάμενος 1 Jesus called them to him "Jesus called the people to come to him" +MRK 3 23 q8f3 figs-rquestion πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς ἐκβάλλειν Σατανᾶν? 1 How can Satan cast out Satan? Jesus asked this rhetorical question in response to the scribes saying that he cast out demons by Beelzebul. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Satan cannot cast out himself!" or "Satan does not go against his own evil spirits!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 3 24 b4z4 figs-metonymy ἐὰν βασιλεία μερισθῇ ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν 1 If a kingdom is divided against itself The word "kingdom" is a metonym for the people who live in the kingdom. Alternate translation: "If the people who live in a kingdom are divided against each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 3 24 k3bz figs-metaphor οὐ δύναται σταθῆναι 1 cannot stand This phrase is a metaphor meaning that the people will no longer be united and they will fall. Alternate translation: "cannot endure" or "will fall"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 3 25 zcr1 figs-metonymy οἰκία 1 house This is a metonym for the people who live in a house. Alternate translation: "family" or "household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 3 26 w7na figs-rpronouns εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἀνέστη ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐμερίσθη 1 If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that refers back to Satan, and it is also a metonym for his evil spirits. Alternate translation: "If Satan and his evil spirits were fighting one another" or "If Satan and his evil spirits have risen up against each other and are divided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 3 26 df2f figs-metaphor ἐμερίσθη δύναται οὐ δύναται στῆναι 1 is not able to stand This is a metaphor meaning he will fall and cannot endure. Alternate translation: "will cease to be united" or "cannot endure and has come to an end" or "will fall and has come to an end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 3 27 mvr6 διαρπάσει 1 plunder to steal a person's valuables and possessions +MRK 3 28 f6fq ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. +MRK 3 28 p6sz τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 the sons of men "those who have been born of man." This expression is used to emphasize peoples' humanity. Alternate translation: "people" MRK 3 28 rf7r 0 utter speak -MRK 3 30 cm47 0 they were saying "the people were saying" -MRK 3 30 sfa2 figs-idiom 0 has an unclean spirit This is an idiom that means to be possessed by an unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "is possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 3 31 gef8 0 Then his mother and his brothers came "Then Jesus' mother and brothers came" -MRK 3 31 h5zr 0 They sent for him, summoning him "They sent someone inside to tell him that they were outside and to have him come out to them" -MRK 3 32 wms6 0 are looking for you "are asking for you" -MRK 3 33 qe8c figs-rquestion 0 Who are my mother and my brothers? Jesus uses this question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who are really my mother and brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 3 30 cm47 ἔλεγον 1 they were saying "the people were saying" +MRK 3 30 sfa2 figs-idiom ἔχει πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα 1 has an unclean spirit This is an idiom that means to be possessed by an unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "is possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 3 31 gef8 καὶ αὐτοῦ ἡ μήτηρ καὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἔρχονται 1 Then his mother and his brothers came "Then Jesus' mother and brothers came" +MRK 3 31 h5zr ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν, καλοῦντες αὐτόν 1 They sent for him, summoning him "They sent someone inside to tell him that they were outside and to have him come out to them" +MRK 3 32 wms6 ζητοῦσίν σε 1 are looking for you "are asking for you" +MRK 3 33 qe8c figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν μου ἡ μήτηρ καὶ μου οἱ ἀδελφοί 1 Who are my mother and my brothers? Jesus uses this question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who are really my mother and brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 3 35 dr45 0 whoever does ... that person is "those who do ... they are" -MRK 3 35 yr9i figs-metaphor 0 that person is my brother, and sister, and mother This is a metaphor that means Jesus' disciples belong to Jesus' spiritual family. This is more important than belonging to his physical family. Alternate translation: "that person is like a brother, sister, or mother to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 3 35 yr9i figs-metaphor οὗτος ἐστίν μου ἀδελφός, καὶ ἀδελφὴ, καὶ μήτηρ 1 that person is my brother, and sister, and mother This is a metaphor that means Jesus' disciples belong to Jesus' spiritual family. This is more important than belonging to his physical family. Alternate translation: "that person is like a brother, sister, or mother to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 intro f5ua 0 # Mark 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Mark 4:3-10 forms one parable. The parable is explained in 4:14-23.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:12, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Parables

The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth.
MRK 4 1 a6pk figs-parables 0 As Jesus taught from a boat at the seaside, he told them the parable of the soils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 4 1 i95e 0 the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. -MRK 4 3 vqh3 0 Listen! A farmer "Pay attention! A farmer" -MRK 4 3 dr34 0 his seed All of the seeds that the farmer sowed are spoken of here as if they are one seed. "his seeds" -MRK 4 4 si37 0 As he sowed, some seed fell on the road "As he threw seed over the soil." In different cultures people sow seeds differently. In this parable the seeds were sown by throwing the seeds over the land that was prepared for growing. +MRK 4 1 i95e τὴν θάλασσαν 1 the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. +MRK 4 3 vqh3 ἀκούετε! ὁ σπείρων 1 Listen! A farmer "Pay attention! A farmer" +MRK 4 3 dr34 σπεῖραι 1 his seed All of the seeds that the farmer sowed are spoken of here as if they are one seed. "his seeds" +MRK 4 4 si37 ἐν τῷ σπείρειν, ὃ ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν 1 As he sowed, some seed fell on the road "As he threw seed over the soil." In different cultures people sow seeds differently. In this parable the seeds were sown by throwing the seeds over the land that was prepared for growing. MRK 4 4 s95n 0 some seed ... devoured it All of the seeds that the farmer sowed are spoken of here as if they are one seed. "some seeds ... devoured them" MRK 4 5 w853 0 Other seed ... it did not have ... it sprang ... it did not have All of the seeds that the farmer sowed are spoken of here as if they are one seed. "Other seeds ... they did not have ... they sprang ... they did not have" -MRK 4 5 px9w 0 it sprang up "the seed that landed on the rocky soil began to grow quickly" -MRK 4 5 le2a 0 soil This refers to the loose dirt on the ground in which you can plant seeds. -MRK 4 6 ee49 figs-activepassive 0 the plants were scorched This refers to the young plants. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it scorched the young plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 4 6 hht3 0 because they had no root, they dried up "because the young plants had no roots, they dried up" +MRK 4 5 px9w ἐξανέτειλεν 1 it sprang up "the seed that landed on the rocky soil began to grow quickly" +MRK 4 5 le2a γῆν 1 soil This refers to the loose dirt on the ground in which you can plant seeds. +MRK 4 6 ee49 figs-activepassive ἐκαυματίσθη 1 the plants were scorched This refers to the young plants. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it scorched the young plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 4 6 hht3 διὰ ἔχειν μὴ ῥίζαν, ἐξηράνθη 1 because they had no root, they dried up "because the young plants had no roots, they dried up" MRK 4 7 bw62 0 Other seed ... choked it ... it did not produce All of the seeds that the farmer sowed are spoken of here as if they are one seed. See how you translated this in [Mark 4:3](../04/03.md). "Other seeds ... choked them ... they did not produce" MRK 4 8 v3sr figs-ellipsis 0 increasing thirty, sixty, and even a hundred times The amount of grain produced by each plant is being compared to the single seed from which it grew. Ellipsis is used here to shorten the phrases but they can be written out. Alternate translation: "Some plants bore thirty times as much as the seed that the man had planted, some produced sixty times as much grain, and some produced a hundred times as much grain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 4 8 u327 translate-numbers 0 thirty ... sixty ... a hundred "30 ... 60 ... 100." These may be written as numerals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 4 9 p2us figs-metonymy 0 Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Whoever is willing to listen, listen" or "Whoever is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 4 9 p2us figs-metonymy ὃς ἔχει ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω 1 Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has ears" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Whoever is willing to listen, listen" or "Whoever is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 4 9 qxy4 figs-123person 0 Whoever has ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MRK 4 10 u2nj 0 When Jesus was alone This does not mean that Jesus was completely alone; rather, that the crowds were gone and Jesus was only with the twelve and some of his other close followers. -MRK 4 11 t9ee figs-activepassive 0 To you is given This can be stated in active form. "God has given you" or "I have given you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 4 11 q2az 0 to those outside "but to those who are not among you." This refers to all the other people who were not among the twelve or Jesus' other close followers. -MRK 4 11 daw3 figs-ellipsis 0 everything is in parables It can be stated that Jesus gives the parables to the people. Alternate translation: "I have spoken everything in parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 4 10 u2nj ὅτε ἐγένετο μόνας 1 When Jesus was alone This does not mean that Jesus was completely alone; rather, that the crowds were gone and Jesus was only with the twelve and some of his other close followers. +MRK 4 11 t9ee figs-activepassive ὑμῖν δέδοται 1 To you is given This can be stated in active form. "God has given you" or "I have given you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 4 11 q2az ἐκείνοις ἔξω 1 to those outside "but to those who are not among you." This refers to all the other people who were not among the twelve or Jesus' other close followers. +MRK 4 11 daw3 figs-ellipsis πάντα γίνεται ἐν παραβολαῖς 1 everything is in parables It can be stated that Jesus gives the parables to the people. Alternate translation: "I have spoken everything in parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 4 12 aj7t figs-explicit 0 when they look ... when they hear It is assumed that Jesus is speaking about the people looking at what he shows them and hearing what he tells them. Alternate translation: "when they look at what I am doing ... when they hear what I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 4 12 p4fv figs-metaphor 0 they look, but do not see Jesus speaks of people understanding what they see as actually seeing. Alternate translation: "they look and do not understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 12 p9yr figs-metaphor 0 they would turn "turn to God." Here "turn" is a metaphor for "repent." Alternate translation: "they would repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 12 p4fv figs-metaphor βλέπωσι, καὶ ἴδωσιν μὴ ἴδωσιν 1 they look, but do not see Jesus speaks of people understanding what they see as actually seeing. Alternate translation: "they look and do not understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 12 p9yr figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψωσιν 1 they would turn "turn to God." Here "turn" is a metaphor for "repent." Alternate translation: "they would repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 13 xc29 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus explains the parable of the soils to his followers and then tells them about using a lamp to show that hidden things will become known. -MRK 4 13 qzt4 0 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples" +MRK 4 13 qzt4 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples" MRK 4 13 fs1v figs-rquestion 0 Do you not understand this parable? How then will you understand all the other parables? Jesus used these questions to show how sad he was that his disciples could not understand his parable. Alternate translation: "If you cannot understand this parable, think about how hard it will be for you to understand all the other parables." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 4 14 zu7y 0 The farmer who sows his seed is "The farmer who sows his seed represents" MRK 4 14 rp6h figs-metonymy 0 the one who sows the word The "word" represents God's message. Sowing the message represents teaching it. Alternate translation: "the one who teaches people God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 15 cy3i 0 These are the ones that fall beside the road "Some people are like the seeds that fall beside road" or "Some people are like the path where some of the seeds fell" -MRK 4 15 yf39 0 the road "the path" +MRK 4 15 yf39 τὴν ὁδὸν 1 the road "the path" MRK 4 15 q5th 0 when they hear it Here "it" refers to "the word" or "God's message." -MRK 4 16 ty3q figs-metaphor 0 These are the ones "And some people are like the seeds." Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that fell on the rocky soil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 17 p5fr figs-metaphor 0 They have no root in themselves This is a comparison to the young plants that have very shallow roots. This metaphor means that the people were first excited when they received the word, but they were not strongly devoted to it. Alternate translation: "And they are like the young plants that have no roots" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 17 s5mh figs-hyperbole 0 no root This is an exaggeration to emphasize how shallow the roots were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 4 17 h8zg figs-metaphor 0 endure In this parable, "endure" means "believe." Alternate translation: "continue in their belief" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 17 l8xa figs-explicit 0 tribulation or persecution comes because of the word It may be helpful to explain that tribulation comes because people believed God's message. Alternate translation: "tribulation or persecution comes because they believed God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 4 17 t21w figs-metaphor 0 they stumble In this parable, "stumble" means "stop believing God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 18 uu9b figs-metaphor 0 The others are the ones that were sown among the thorns Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that fell among the thorns. Alternate translation: "And other people are like the seeds that were sown among the thorns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 16 ty3q figs-metaphor οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ 1 These are the ones "And some people are like the seeds." Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that fell on the rocky soil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 17 p5fr figs-metaphor ἔχουσιν οὐκ ῥίζαν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 They have no root in themselves This is a comparison to the young plants that have very shallow roots. This metaphor means that the people were first excited when they received the word, but they were not strongly devoted to it. Alternate translation: "And they are like the young plants that have no roots" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 17 s5mh figs-hyperbole οὐκ ῥίζαν 1 no root This is an exaggeration to emphasize how shallow the roots were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 4 17 h8zg figs-metaphor εἰσιν 1 endure In this parable, "endure" means "believe." Alternate translation: "continue in their belief" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 17 l8xa figs-explicit θλίψεως ἢ διωγμοῦ γενομένης διὰ τὸν λόγον 1 tribulation or persecution comes because of the word It may be helpful to explain that tribulation comes because people believed God's message. Alternate translation: "tribulation or persecution comes because they believed God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 4 17 t21w figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζονται 1 they stumble In this parable, "stumble" means "stop believing God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 18 uu9b figs-metaphor ἄλλοι εἰσὶν οἱ σπειρόμενοι εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας 1 The others are the ones that were sown among the thorns Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that fell among the thorns. Alternate translation: "And other people are like the seeds that were sown among the thorns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 19 wa3k 0 the cares of the world "the worries in this life" or "the concerns about this present life" -MRK 4 19 jm32 0 the deceitfulness of riches "the desires for riches" +MRK 4 19 jm32 ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου 1 the deceitfulness of riches "the desires for riches" MRK 4 19 s7s7 figs-metaphor 0 enter in and choke the word As Jesus continues to talk about people who are like the seeds that fell among the thorns, he explains what the desires and worries do to the word in their lives. Alternate translation: "enter in and choke God's message in their lives like thorns choke young plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 19 f4ip 0 it does not produce a crop "the word does not produce a crop in them" -MRK 4 20 axh1 figs-metaphor 0 those that were sown in the good soil Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that were sown in good soil. Alternate translation: "like the seeds that were sown in the good soil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 20 axh1 figs-metaphor οἱ σπαρέντες ἐπὶ τὴν τὴν καλὴν γῆν 1 those that were sown in the good soil Jesus begins to explain how some people are like the seeds that were sown in good soil. Alternate translation: "like the seeds that were sown in the good soil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 4 20 d3r7 figs-ellipsis 0 thirty, sixty, or a hundred times what was sown This refers to the grain that the plants produce. Alternate translation: "some produce thirty grains, some produce sixty grains, and some produce a hundred grains" or "some produce 30 times the grain that was sown, some produce 60 times the grain that was sown, and some produce 100 times the grain that was sown" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 4 21 zzw7 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" +MRK 4 21 zzw7 ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" MRK 4 21 nn7e figs-rquestion 0 Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You certainly do not bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under a bed!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 4 22 y5kn figs-litotes 0 For nothing is hidden that will not be known ... come out into the open This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "For everything that is hidden will be made known, and everything that is secret will come out into to open" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) MRK 4 22 kc6k figs-parallelism 0 nothing is hidden ... nothing is secret "there is nothing that is hidden ... there is nothing that is secret" Both of the phrases have the same meaning. Jesus is emphasizing that everything that is secret will be made known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 4 23 k1a8 figs-metonymy 0 If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Mark 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: "If anyone is willing to listen, listen" or "If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 4 23 k1a8 figs-metonymy εἴ τις ἔχει ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω 1 If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Mark 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: "If anyone is willing to listen, listen" or "If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 4 23 izg1 figs-123person 0 If anyone ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Mark 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MRK 4 24 r2r1 0 He said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" -MRK 4 24 zis1 figs-metaphor 0 for the measure you use Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is talking about a literal measure and giving generously to others or 2) this is a metaphor in which Jesus speaks of "understanding" as if it were "measuring." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 4 24 c4xp figs-activepassive 0 will be measured to you, and more will be added to you. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will measure that amount for you, and he will add it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 4 24 r2r1 ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" +MRK 4 24 zis1 figs-metaphor ἐν ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε 1 for the measure you use Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is talking about a literal measure and giving generously to others or 2) this is a metaphor in which Jesus speaks of "understanding" as if it were "measuring." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 4 24 c4xp figs-activepassive μετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν, καὶ προστεθήσεται ὑμῖν. 1 will be measured to you, and more will be added to you. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will measure that amount for you, and he will add it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 4 25 i24l figs-activepassive 0 to him will be given more ... even what he has will be taken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to him God will give more ... from him God will take away" or "God will give more to him ... God will take away from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 4 26 n1mq figs-parables 0 Jesus then tells the people parables to explain the kingdom of God, which he later explains to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 4 26 r5n7 figs-simile 0 like a man who sows his seed Jesus likens the kingdom of God to a farmer who sows his seed. Alternate translation: "like a farmer who sows his seed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 4 27 y5m5 0 He sleeps at night and gets up by day This is something that the man habitually does. Alternate translation: "He sleeps each night and gets up each day" or "He sleeps each night and gets up the next day" -MRK 4 27 lq2e 0 gets up by day "is up during the day" or "is active during the day" +MRK 4 26 r5n7 figs-simile οὕτως ἄνθρωπος βάλῃ τὸν σπόρον 1 like a man who sows his seed Jesus likens the kingdom of God to a farmer who sows his seed. Alternate translation: "like a farmer who sows his seed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 4 27 y5m5 καθεύδῃ νύκτα καὶ ἐγείρηται ἡμέραν 1 He sleeps at night and gets up by day This is something that the man habitually does. Alternate translation: "He sleeps each night and gets up each day" or "He sleeps each night and gets up the next day" +MRK 4 27 lq2e ἐγείρηται ἡμέραν 1 gets up by day "is up during the day" or "is active during the day" MRK 4 27 c6jv 0 though he does not know how "though the man does not know how the seed sprouts and grows" -MRK 4 28 diz5 0 the blade the stalk or sprout -MRK 4 28 cew8 0 the ear the head on the stalk or the part of the plant that holds the fruit +MRK 4 28 diz5 χόρτον 1 the blade the stalk or sprout +MRK 4 28 cew8 στάχυν 1 the ear the head on the stalk or the part of the plant that holds the fruit MRK 4 29 ah9d figs-metonymy 0 he immediately sends in the sickle Here "the sickle" is a metonym that stands for the farmer or the people whom the farmer sends out to harvest the grain. Alternate translation: "he immediately goes into the field with a sickle to harvest the grain" or "he immediately sends people with sickles into the field to harvest the grain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 4 29 yd1d 0 sickle a curved blade or a sharp hook used to cut grain -MRK 4 29 hx6v figs-idiom 0 because the harvest has come Here the phrase "has come" is an idiom for the grain being ripe for harvest. Alternate translation: "because the grain is ready to be harvested" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 4 29 yd1d δρέπανον 1 sickle a curved blade or a sharp hook used to cut grain +MRK 4 29 hx6v figs-idiom ὅτι ὁ θερισμός παρέστηκεν 1 because the harvest has come Here the phrase "has come" is an idiom for the grain being ripe for harvest. Alternate translation: "because the grain is ready to be harvested" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 4 30 ivk2 figs-rquestion 0 To what can we compare the kingdom of God, or what parable can we use to explain it? Jesus asked this question to cause his hearers to think about what the kingdom of God is. Alternate translation: "With this parable I can explain what the kingdom of God is like." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 4 31 w4l5 0 when it is sown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when someone sows it" or "when someone plants it" -MRK 4 32 x1xh figs-personification 0 it forms large branches The mustard tree is described as causing its branches to grow large. Alternate translation: "with large branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -MRK 4 33 v2rp figs-synecdoche 0 he spoke the word to them "Word" here is a synecdoche for "the message of God." The word "them" refers to the crowds. Alternate translation: "he taught the message of God to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 4 33 vhe5 0 as much as they were able to understand "and if they were able to understand some, he kept telling them more" +MRK 4 31 w4l5 ὅταν σπαρῇ 1 when it is sown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when someone sows it" or "when someone plants it" +MRK 4 32 x1xh figs-personification ποιεῖ μεγάλους κλάδους 1 it forms large branches The mustard tree is described as causing its branches to grow large. Alternate translation: "with large branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MRK 4 33 v2rp figs-synecdoche ἐλάλει τὸν λόγον αὐτοῖς 1 he spoke the word to them "Word" here is a synecdoche for "the message of God." The word "them" refers to the crowds. Alternate translation: "he taught the message of God to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 4 33 vhe5 καθὼς ἠδύναντο ἀκούειν 1 as much as they were able to understand "and if they were able to understand some, he kept telling them more" MRK 4 34 q2ht 0 when he was alone This means that he was away from the crowds, but his disciples were still with him. -MRK 4 34 gp99 figs-hyperbole 0 he explained everything Here "everything" is an exaggeration. He explained all his parables. Alternate translation: "he explained all his parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 4 34 gp99 figs-hyperbole ἐπέλυεν πάντα 1 he explained everything Here "everything" is an exaggeration. He explained all his parables. Alternate translation: "he explained all his parables" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 4 35 qua2 0 Connecting Statement: As Jesus and his disciples take a boat to escape the crowds of people, a great storm arises. His disciples are afraid when they see that even the wind and the sea obey Jesus. -MRK 4 35 hc5b 0 he said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" -MRK 4 35 biy2 0 the other side "the other side of the Sea of Galilee" or "the other side of the sea" -MRK 4 37 sqj5 figs-idiom 0 a violent windstorm arose Here "arose" is an idiom for "began." Alternate translation: "a violent windstorm began" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 4 35 hc5b λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 he said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" +MRK 4 35 biy2 τὸ πέραν 1 the other side "the other side of the Sea of Galilee" or "the other side of the sea" +MRK 4 37 sqj5 figs-idiom λαῖλαψ μεγάλη ἀνέμου γίνεται 1 a violent windstorm arose Here "arose" is an idiom for "began." Alternate translation: "a violent windstorm began" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 4 37 at6u figs-ellipsis 0 the boat was almost full of water It may be helpful to state that the boat was filling up with water. Alternate translation: "the boat was in danger of being filled with water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 4 38 mv7y figs-rpronouns 0 Jesus himself Here "himself" emphasizes that Jesus was alone in the stern. Alternate translation: "Jesus himself was alone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -MRK 4 38 qy5l 0 the stern This is at the very back of the boat. "the stern of the boat" -MRK 4 38 xdm6 0 They woke him up The word "they" refers to the disciples. Compare a similar idea in the next verse, verse 39, "He got up." "He" refers to Jesus. +MRK 4 38 mv7y figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς 1 Jesus himself Here "himself" emphasizes that Jesus was alone in the stern. Alternate translation: "Jesus himself was alone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +MRK 4 38 qy5l τῇ πρύμνῃ 1 the stern This is at the very back of the boat. "the stern of the boat" +MRK 4 38 xdm6 ἐγείρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐγείρουσιν 1 They woke him up The word "they" refers to the disciples. Compare a similar idea in the next verse, verse 39, "He got up." "He" refers to Jesus. MRK 4 38 b4xb figs-rquestion 0 do you not care that we are about to die? The disciples asked this question to convey their fear. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "you need to pay attention to what is happening; we are all about to die!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 4 38 qtb3 figs-inclusive 0 we are about to die The word "we" includes the disciples and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) MRK 4 39 yym6 figs-doublet 0 Peace! Be still! These two phrases are similar and used to emphasize what Jesus wanted the wind and the sea to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MRK 4 39 ag41 0 a great calm "a great stillness over the sea" or "a great calm over the sea" -MRK 4 40 h7n3 0 Then he said to them "And Jesus said to his disciples" -MRK 4 40 w5n4 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid? Do you still not have faith? Jesus asks these questions to make his disciples consider why they are afraid when he is with them. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "You should not be afraid. You need to have more faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 4 41 u8e1 figs-rquestion 0 Who then is this, because even the wind and the sea obey him? The disciples ask this question in amazement at what Jesus did. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This man is not like ordinary men; even the wind and the sea obey him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 4 39 ag41 γαλήνη μεγάλη γαλήνη 1 a great calm "a great stillness over the sea" or "a great calm over the sea" +MRK 4 40 h7n3 καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 Then he said to them "And Jesus said to his disciples" +MRK 4 40 w5n4 figs-rquestion τί ἐστε δειλοί? ἔχετε οὔπω ἔχετε πίστιν 1 Why are you afraid? Do you still not have faith? Jesus asks these questions to make his disciples consider why they are afraid when he is with them. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "You should not be afraid. You need to have more faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 4 41 u8e1 figs-rquestion τίς ἄρα ἐστιν οὗτός, ὅτι καὶ ὁ ἄνεμος καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ὑπακούει αὐτῷ 1 Who then is this, because even the wind and the sea obey him? The disciples ask this question in amazement at what Jesus did. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This man is not like ordinary men; even the wind and the sea obey him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 5 intro lh25 0 # Mark 05 General Notes
#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Talitha, koum"

The words "Talitha, koum" ([Mark 5:41](../../mrk/05/41.md)) are from the Aramaic language. Mark writes them the way they sound and then translates them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 5 1 fix1 0 Connecting Statement: After Jesus calms the great storm, he heals a man who has many demons, but the local people in Gerasa are not glad about his healing, and they beg Jesus to leave. -MRK 5 1 gt8a 0 They came The word "They" refers to Jesus and his disciples. -MRK 5 1 ahx8 0 the sea This refers to the Sea of Galilee. -MRK 5 1 vsc7 translate-names 0 Gerasenes This name refers to the people who live in Gerasa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 5 2 pf16 figs-idiom 0 with an unclean spirit This is an idiom meaning that the man is "controlled" or "possessed" by the unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "controlled by an unclean spirit" or "that an unclean spirit possessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 5 4 da4x figs-activepassive 0 He had been bound many times This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "People had bound him many times" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 5 4 nep6 figs-activepassive 0 his shackles were shattered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "he shattered his shackles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 5 4 fk7t 0 shackles pieces of metal that people wrap around the arms and legs of prisoners and attach with chains to objects that do not move so the prisoners cannot move -MRK 5 4 tu2d figs-explicit 0 No one had the strength to subdue him The man was so strong that no one could subdue him. Alternate translation: "He was so strong that no one was strong enough to subdue him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 4 gp74 0 subdue him "control him" -MRK 5 5 z9ah 0 cut himself with sharp stones Often times when a person is possessed by a demon, the demon will cause the person to do self-destructive things, such as cutting himself. -MRK 5 6 y6c2 figs-explicit 0 When he saw Jesus from a distance When the man first saw Jesus, Jesus would have been getting out of the boat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 6 pw4y 0 bowed down This means that he knelt down before Jesus out of reverence and respect, not out of worship. +MRK 5 1 gt8a ἦλθον 1 They came The word "They" refers to Jesus and his disciples. +MRK 5 1 ahx8 τῆς θαλάσσης 1 the sea This refers to the Sea of Galilee. +MRK 5 1 vsc7 translate-names Γερασηνῶν 1 Gerasenes This name refers to the people who live in Gerasa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 5 2 pf16 figs-idiom ἐν πνεύματι ἀκαθάρτῳ πνεύματι 1 with an unclean spirit This is an idiom meaning that the man is "controlled" or "possessed" by the unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "controlled by an unclean spirit" or "that an unclean spirit possessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 5 4 da4x figs-activepassive αὐτὸν δεδέσθαι πολλάκις 1 He had been bound many times This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "People had bound him many times" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 5 4 nep6 figs-activepassive τὰς πέδας συντετρῖφθαι 1 his shackles were shattered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "he shattered his shackles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 5 4 fk7t πέδαις 1 shackles pieces of metal that people wrap around the arms and legs of prisoners and attach with chains to objects that do not move so the prisoners cannot move +MRK 5 4 tu2d figs-explicit οὐδεὶς ἴσχυεν δαμάσαι αὐτὸν 1 No one had the strength to subdue him The man was so strong that no one could subdue him. Alternate translation: "He was so strong that no one was strong enough to subdue him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 4 gp74 δαμάσαι αὐτὸν 1 subdue him "control him" +MRK 5 5 z9ah κατακόπτων ἑαυτὸν λίθοις 1 cut himself with sharp stones Often times when a person is possessed by a demon, the demon will cause the person to do self-destructive things, such as cutting himself. +MRK 5 6 y6c2 figs-explicit καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ μακρόθεν 1 When he saw Jesus from a distance When the man first saw Jesus, Jesus would have been getting out of the boat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 6 pw4y προσεκύνησεν 1 bowed down This means that he knelt down before Jesus out of reverence and respect, not out of worship. MRK 5 7 ux6u figs-events 0 General Information: The information in these two verses may be reordered to present the events in the order that they happened, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -MRK 5 7 tt7a 0 He cried out "The unclean spirit cried out" +MRK 5 7 tt7a κράξας 1 He cried out "The unclean spirit cried out" MRK 5 7 ppu5 figs-rquestion 0 What do I have to do with you, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? The unclean spirit asks this question out of fear. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Leave me alone, Jesus, Son of the Most High God! There is no reason for you to interfere with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 5 7 q8c8 0 Jesus ... do not torment me Jesus has the power to torment unclean spirits. -MRK 5 7 kd19 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of the Most High God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 5 7 kd19 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Ὑψίστου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of the Most High God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MRK 5 7 p768 0 I beg you by God himself Here the unclean spirit is swearing by God as he makes a request of Jesus. Consider how this type of request is made in your language. Alternate translation: "I beg you before God" or "I swear by God himself and beg you" -MRK 5 9 p6ye 0 He asked him "And Jesus asked the unclean spirit" +MRK 5 9 p6ye ἐπηρώτα αὐτόν 1 He asked him "And Jesus asked the unclean spirit" MRK 5 9 h6ch figs-metaphor 0 He answered him, "My name is Legion, for we are many." One spirit was speaking for many here. He spoke of them as if they were a legion, a Roman army unit of about 6,000 soldiers. Alternate translation: "And the spirit said to him, 'Call us an army, for many of us are inside the man.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 5 12 uk54 0 they begged him "the unclean spirits begged Jesus" -MRK 5 13 iff6 figs-explicit 0 he allowed them It may be helpful to state clearly what Jesus allowed them to do. Alternate translation: "Jesus allowed the unclean spirits to do what they asked permission to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 12 uk54 παρεκάλεσαν αὐτὸν 1 they begged him "the unclean spirits begged Jesus" +MRK 5 13 iff6 figs-explicit ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτοῖς 1 he allowed them It may be helpful to state clearly what Jesus allowed them to do. Alternate translation: "Jesus allowed the unclean spirits to do what they asked permission to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 5 13 b4s1 0 they rushed "the pigs rushed" MRK 5 13 g3xx 0 into the sea, and about two thousand pigs drowned in the sea You can make this a separate sentence: "into the sea. There were about two thousand pigs, and they drowned in the sea" MRK 5 13 a28z translate-numbers 0 about two thousand pigs "about 2,000 pigs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 5 14 lt8x figs-ellipsis 0 in the city and in the countryside It can be stated clearly that the men gave their report to the people who were in the city and countryside. Alternate translation: "to people in the city and in the countryside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 5 15 qih4 0 Legion This was the name of the many demons that were in the man. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:9](../05/09.md). -MRK 5 15 fb4b figs-idiom 0 in his right mind This is an idiom meaning that he is thinking clearly. Alternate translation: "of a normal mind" or "thinking clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 5 15 yv69 0 they were afraid The word "they" refers to the group of people who went out to see what had happened. -MRK 5 16 t4ez 0 Those who had seen what happened "The people who had witnessed what had happened" -MRK 5 18 mwg9 0 the demon-possessed man Though the man is no longer demon-possessed, he is still described in this way. Alternate translation: "the man who had been demon-possessed" -MRK 5 19 e21m figs-explicit 0 But Jesus did not permit him What Jesus did not allow the man to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "But he did not allow the man to come with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 20 g8ed translate-names 0 Decapolis This is the name of a region that means Ten Cities. It is located to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 5 20 y8vn figs-ellipsis 0 everyone was amazed It may be helpful to state why the people were amazed. Alternate translation: "all the people who heard what the man said were amazed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 5 14 lt8x figs-ellipsis εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀγρούς 1 in the city and in the countryside It can be stated clearly that the men gave their report to the people who were in the city and countryside. Alternate translation: "to people in the city and in the countryside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 5 15 qih4 τὸν λεγεῶνα 1 Legion This was the name of the many demons that were in the man. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:9](../05/09.md). +MRK 5 15 fb4b figs-idiom σωφρονοῦντα 1 in his right mind This is an idiom meaning that he is thinking clearly. Alternate translation: "of a normal mind" or "thinking clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 5 15 yv69 ἐφοβήθησαν 1 they were afraid The word "they" refers to the group of people who went out to see what had happened. +MRK 5 16 t4ez οἱ ἰδόντες πῶς ἐγένετο 1 Those who had seen what happened "The people who had witnessed what had happened" +MRK 5 18 mwg9 ὁ δαιμονισθεὶς- ὁ δαιμονισθεὶς 1 the demon-possessed man Though the man is no longer demon-possessed, he is still described in this way. Alternate translation: "the man who had been demon-possessed" +MRK 5 19 e21m figs-explicit καὶ ἀφῆκεν οὐκ ἀφῆκεν αὐτόν 1 But Jesus did not permit him What Jesus did not allow the man to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "But he did not allow the man to come with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 20 g8ed translate-names Δεκαπόλει 1 Decapolis This is the name of a region that means Ten Cities. It is located to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 5 20 y8vn figs-ellipsis πάντες ἐθαύμαζον 1 everyone was amazed It may be helpful to state why the people were amazed. Alternate translation: "all the people who heard what the man said were amazed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 5 21 wyl3 0 Connecting Statement: After healing the demon-possessed man in region of the Gerasenes, Jesus and his disciples return across the lake to Capernaum where the one of the rulers of the synagogue asks Jesus to heal his daughter. -MRK 5 21 t3dc figs-ellipsis 0 the other side It may be helpful to add information to this phrase. Alternate translation: "the other side of the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 5 21 lyt8 0 beside the sea "on the seashore" or "on the shore" -MRK 5 21 p4p7 0 the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. -MRK 5 22 v1dm translate-names 0 Jairus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 5 23 jd27 0 lay your hands "Laying on hands" refers to a prophet or teacher placing his hand on someone and imparting either healing or a blessing. In this case, Jarius is asking Jesus to heal his daughter. -MRK 5 23 kzz8 figs-activepassive 0 that she may be made well and live This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and heal her and make her live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 5 24 d7zg figs-explicit 0 So he went with him "So Jesus went with Jairus." Jesus' disciples also went with him. Alternate translation: "So Jesus and the disciples went with Jairus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 24 jgg5 0 pressed close around him This means they crowded around Jesus and pressed themselves together to be closer to Jesus. +MRK 5 21 t3dc figs-ellipsis τὸ πέραν 1 the other side It may be helpful to add information to this phrase. Alternate translation: "the other side of the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 5 21 lyt8 παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν 1 beside the sea "on the seashore" or "on the shore" +MRK 5 21 p4p7 τὴν θάλασσαν 1 the sea This is the Sea of Galilee. +MRK 5 22 v1dm translate-names Ἰάειρος 1 Jairus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 5 23 jd27 ἐπιθῇς τὰς χεῖρας 1 lay your hands "Laying on hands" refers to a prophet or teacher placing his hand on someone and imparting either healing or a blessing. In this case, Jarius is asking Jesus to heal his daughter. +MRK 5 23 kzz8 figs-activepassive ἵνα σωθῇ καὶ ζήσῃ 1 that she may be made well and live This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and heal her and make her live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 5 24 d7zg figs-explicit καὶ ἀπῆλθεν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 So he went with him "So Jesus went with Jairus." Jesus' disciples also went with him. Alternate translation: "So Jesus and the disciples went with Jairus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 24 jgg5 συνέθλιβον αὐτόν 1 pressed close around him This means they crowded around Jesus and pressed themselves together to be closer to Jesus. MRK 5 25 rn7h 0 Connecting Statement: While Jesus is on his way to heal the man's little 12-year-old girl, a woman who has been sick for 12 years interrupts by touching Jesus for her healing. MRK 5 25 e2cz writing-participants 0 Now a woman was there "Now" indicates that this woman is being introduced to the story. Consider how new people are introduced into a story in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -MRK 5 25 h58w figs-euphemism 0 who had a flow of blood for twelve years The woman did not have an open wound; rather, her monthly flow of blood would not stop. Your language may have a polite way to refer to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MRK 5 25 idh9 translate-numbers 0 for twelve years "for 12 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 5 26 vgh2 0 she grew worse "her sickness got worse" or "her bleeding increased" -MRK 5 27 z2hg figs-explicit 0 the reports about Jesus She had heard reports about Jesus of how he healed people. Alternate translation: "that Jesus healed people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 27 v7h8 0 cloak outer garment or coat -MRK 5 28 wge2 figs-activepassive 0 I will be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will heal me" or "his power will heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 5 29 c1vz figs-activepassive 0 she was healed from her affliction This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sickness had left her" or "she was no longer sick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 5 30 ma2b 0 that power had gone out from him When the woman touched Jesus, Jesus felt his power healing her. Jesus himself did not lose any of his power to heal people when he healed her. Alternate translation: "that his healing power had healed the woman" -MRK 5 31 hb58 0 this crowd pressed around you This means they crowded around Jesus and pressed themselves together to be closer to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:24](../05/24.md). -MRK 5 33 yn9g 0 fell down before him "knelt down before him." She knelt down before Jesus as an act of honor and submission. -MRK 5 33 b6kz figs-ellipsis 0 told him the whole truth The phrase "the whole truth" refers to how she had touched him and became well. Alternate translation: "told him the whole truth about how she had touched him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 5 34 gbk8 0 Daughter Jesus was using this term figuratively to refer to the woman as a believer. -MRK 5 34 a5qw 0 your faith "your faith in me" -MRK 5 35 kmm7 0 While he was speaking "While Jesus was speaking" +MRK 5 25 h58w figs-euphemism οὖσα ῥύσει αἵματος δώδεκα ἔτη 1 who had a flow of blood for twelve years The woman did not have an open wound; rather, her monthly flow of blood would not stop. Your language may have a polite way to refer to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MRK 5 25 idh9 translate-numbers δώδεκα ἔτη 1 for twelve years "for 12 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 5 26 vgh2 ἐλθοῦσα τὸ χεῖρον 1 she grew worse "her sickness got worse" or "her bleeding increased" +MRK 5 27 z2hg figs-explicit τὰ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 the reports about Jesus She had heard reports about Jesus of how he healed people. Alternate translation: "that Jesus healed people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 27 v7h8 τοῦ ἱματίου 1 cloak outer garment or coat +MRK 5 28 wge2 figs-activepassive σωθήσομαι 1 I will be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will heal me" or "his power will heal me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 5 29 c1vz figs-activepassive ἴαται ἀπὸ τῆς μάστιγος 1 she was healed from her affliction This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sickness had left her" or "she was no longer sick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 5 30 ma2b τὴν δύναμιν ἐξελθοῦσαν ἐξ αὐτοῦ 1 that power had gone out from him When the woman touched Jesus, Jesus felt his power healing her. Jesus himself did not lose any of his power to heal people when he healed her. Alternate translation: "that his healing power had healed the woman" +MRK 5 31 hb58 τὸν ὄχλον συνθλίβοντά σε 1 this crowd pressed around you This means they crowded around Jesus and pressed themselves together to be closer to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:24](../05/24.md). +MRK 5 33 yn9g προσέπεσεν αὐτῷ 1 fell down before him "knelt down before him." She knelt down before Jesus as an act of honor and submission. +MRK 5 33 b6kz figs-ellipsis εἶπεν αὐτῷ τὴν πᾶσαν ἀλήθειαν 1 told him the whole truth The phrase "the whole truth" refers to how she had touched him and became well. Alternate translation: "told him the whole truth about how she had touched him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 5 34 gbk8 θυγάτηρ 1 Daughter Jesus was using this term figuratively to refer to the woman as a believer. +MRK 5 34 a5qw σου ἡ πίστις 1 your faith "your faith in me" +MRK 5 35 kmm7 ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος 1 While he was speaking "While Jesus was speaking" MRK 5 35 ld5e 0 some people came from the leader of the synagogue Possible meanings are 1) these people had come from Jarius' house or 2) Jairus had previously given these people orders to go see Jesus or 3) these people had been sent by the man who was presiding as the synagogue leader in Jairus' absence. -MRK 5 35 akl8 0 the leader of the synagogue The "leader of the synagogue" is Jairus. -MRK 5 35 ip1p 0 synagogue, saying "synagogue, saying to Jairus" -MRK 5 35 t2wd figs-rquestion 0 Why trouble the teacher any longer? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is useless to bother the teacher any longer." or "There no need to bother the teacher any longer." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 5 35 c5c1 0 the teacher This refers to Jesus. +MRK 5 35 akl8 τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου 1 the leader of the synagogue The "leader of the synagogue" is Jairus. +MRK 5 35 ip1p ἀρχισυναγώγου, λέγοντες 1 synagogue, saying "synagogue, saying to Jairus" +MRK 5 35 t2wd figs-rquestion τί σκύλλεις τὸν διδάσκαλον ἔτι 1 Why trouble the teacher any longer? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is useless to bother the teacher any longer." or "There no need to bother the teacher any longer." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 5 35 c5c1 τὸν διδάσκαλον 1 the teacher This refers to Jesus. MRK 5 36 zei3 figs-events 0 General Information: The information in verses 37 and 38 may be reordered to present the events in the order that they happened, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -MRK 5 36 ge2r 0 Just believe If necessary, you can state what Jesus is commanding Jairus to believe. Alternate translation: "Just believe I can make you daughter live" -MRK 5 37 y884 0 He did not permit Jesus did not permit -MRK 5 37 ed49 figs-explicit 0 to accompany him "to come with him." It may be helpful to state where they were going. Alternate translation: "to accompany him to Jairus' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 38 t154 0 he saw Jesus saw -MRK 5 39 m7pu 0 he said to them "Jesus said to the people who were weeping" +MRK 5 36 ge2r μόνον πίστευε 1 Just believe If necessary, you can state what Jesus is commanding Jairus to believe. Alternate translation: "Just believe I can make you daughter live" +MRK 5 37 y884 ἀφῆκεν οὐκ ἀφῆκεν 1 He did not permit Jesus did not permit +MRK 5 37 ed49 figs-explicit συνακολουθῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 to accompany him "to come with him." It may be helpful to state where they were going. Alternate translation: "to accompany him to Jairus' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 38 t154 θεωρεῖ 1 he saw Jesus saw +MRK 5 39 m7pu λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 he said to them "Jesus said to the people who were weeping" MRK 5 39 a3ih figs-rquestion 0 Why are you upset and why do you weep? Jesus asked this question to help them see their lack of faith. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This is not a time to be upset and crying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 5 39 g83c 0 The child is not dead but sleeps Jesus uses the common word for sleep, and so should the translation. -MRK 5 40 jm38 0 They laughed at him Jesus used the common word for sleep (verse 39). The reader should understand that the people who hear Jesus laugh at him because they truly do know the difference between a dead person and a sleeping person and they think he does not. -MRK 5 40 tkl7 0 put them all outside "sent all the other people outside the house" -MRK 5 40 mi3u 0 those who were with him This refers to Peter, James, and John. -MRK 5 40 wca3 figs-explicit 0 went in where the child was It may be helpful to state where the child is. Alternate translation: "went into the room where the child was lying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 5 41 hx3c translate-transliterate 0 Talitha, koum This is an Aramaic sentence, which Jesus spoke to the little girl in her language. Write these words as is with your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -MRK 5 42 pt5t translate-numbers 0 she was twelve years of age "she was 12 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 5 43 i5ja figs-quotations 0 He strictly ordered them that no one should know about this. Then This can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "He ordered them strictly, 'No one should know about this!' Then" or "He ordered them strictly, 'Do not tell anyone about what I have done!' Then" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MRK 5 43 ij1k 0 He strictly ordered them "He strongly commanded them" +MRK 5 39 g83c τὸ παιδίον ἀπέθανεν οὐκ ἀπέθανεν ἀλλὰ καθεύδει 1 The child is not dead but sleeps Jesus uses the common word for sleep, and so should the translation. +MRK 5 40 jm38 κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ 1 They laughed at him Jesus used the common word for sleep (verse 39). The reader should understand that the people who hear Jesus laugh at him because they truly do know the difference between a dead person and a sleeping person and they think he does not. +MRK 5 40 tkl7 ἐκβαλὼν πάντας ἐκβαλὼν 1 put them all outside "sent all the other people outside the house" +MRK 5 40 mi3u τοὺς μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 those who were with him This refers to Peter, James, and John. +MRK 5 40 wca3 figs-explicit εἰσπορεύεται ὅπου τὸ παιδίον ἦν 1 went in where the child was It may be helpful to state where the child is. Alternate translation: "went into the room where the child was lying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 5 41 hx3c translate-transliterate ταλιθὰ, κοῦμ 1 Talitha, koum This is an Aramaic sentence, which Jesus spoke to the little girl in her language. Write these words as is with your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MRK 5 42 pt5t translate-numbers ἦν δώδεκα ἐτῶν 1 she was twelve years of age "she was 12 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 5 43 i5ja figs-quotations διεστείλατο πολλὰ διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς ἵνα μηδεὶς γνοῖ τοῦτο. καὶ 1 He strictly ordered them that no one should know about this. Then This can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "He ordered them strictly, 'No one should know about this!' Then" or "He ordered them strictly, 'Do not tell anyone about what I have done!' Then" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MRK 5 43 ij1k διεστείλατο πολλὰ διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς 1 He strictly ordered them "He strongly commanded them" MRK 5 43 n29k figs-quotations 0 Then he told them to give her something to eat. This can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "And he told them, 'Give her something to eat.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MRK 6 intro kl7n 0 # Mark 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Anointed with oil"

In the ancient Near East, people would try to heal sick people by putting olive oil on them.
MRK 6 1 mi7z 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus returns to his hometown, where he is not accepted. -MRK 6 1 mjr1 0 his hometown This refers to the town of Nazareth, where Jesus grew up and where his family lived. This does not mean that he owned land there. +MRK 6 1 mjr1 αὐτοῦ τὴν πατρίδα 1 his hometown This refers to the town of Nazareth, where Jesus grew up and where his family lived. This does not mean that he owned land there. MRK 6 2 y4xj 0 What is this wisdom that has been given to him? This question, which contains passive construction, can be asked in active form. Alternate translation: "What is this wisdom that he has gained?" -MRK 6 2 s1xy 0 that he does with his hands This phrase emphasizes that Jesus himself does the miracles. Alternate translation: "that he himself works" -MRK 6 3 s3wl figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the carpenter, the son of Mary and the brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? Are his sisters not here with us? These questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "He is just an ordinary carpenter! We know him and his family. We know Mary his mother. We know his younger brothers James, Joses, Judas and Simon. And his younger sisters also live here with us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 6 4 ni6w 0 to them "to the crowd" -MRK 6 4 l436 figs-doublenegatives 0 A prophet is not without honor, except This sentence uses a double negative to create emphasis of the positive equivalent. Alternate translation: "A prophet is always honored, except" or "The only place a prophet is not honored is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MRK 6 5 k9gh 0 to lay his hands on a few sick people Prophets and teachers would put their hands on people in order to heal them or bless them. In this case, Jesus was healing people. +MRK 6 2 s1xy γινόμεναι διὰ αὐτοῦ τῶν χειρῶν 1 that he does with his hands This phrase emphasizes that Jesus himself does the miracles. Alternate translation: "that he himself works" +MRK 6 3 s3wl figs-rquestion " ἐστιν οὗτός οὐχ ὁ τέκτων, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Μαρίας καὶ ἀδελφὸς Ἰακώβου καὶ Ἰωσῆτος καὶ Ἰούδα καὶ Σίμωνος? εἰσὶν αὐτοῦ αἱ ἀδελφαὶ οὐκ ὧδε πρὸς ἡμᾶς?" 1 Is this not the carpenter, the son of Mary and the brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? Are his sisters not here with us? These questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "He is just an ordinary carpenter! We know him and his family. We know Mary his mother. We know his younger brothers James, Joses, Judas and Simon. And his younger sisters also live here with us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 6 4 ni6w αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to the crowd" +MRK 6 4 l436 figs-doublenegatives προφήτης ἔστιν οὐκ ἄτιμος, εἰ μὴ 1 A prophet is not without honor, except This sentence uses a double negative to create emphasis of the positive equivalent. Alternate translation: "A prophet is always honored, except" or "The only place a prophet is not honored is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MRK 6 5 k9gh ἐπιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας ὀλίγοις ἀρρώστοις 1 to lay his hands on a few sick people Prophets and teachers would put their hands on people in order to heal them or bless them. In this case, Jesus was healing people. MRK 6 7 w7qq translate-versebridge 0 General Information: Jesus' instructions in verses 8 and 9 can be reordered to separate what he told the disciples to do from what he told them not to do, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) MRK 6 7 g5um 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus sends his disciples out in sets of two to preach and to heal. -MRK 6 7 pmq4 0 he called the twelve Here the word "called" means that he summoned the twelve to come to him. -MRK 6 7 d6sx translate-numbers 0 two by two "2 by 2" or "in pairs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 6 8 t9a2 figs-synecdoche 0 no bread Here "bread" is a synecdoche for food in general. Alternate translation: "no food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 6 10 wv9h 0 He said to them "Jesus said to the twelve" -MRK 6 10 h31d figs-metonymy 0 remain until you go away from there Here "remain" represents daily going back to that house to eat and sleep there. Alternate translation: "eat and sleep in that house until you leave that place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 6 11 b2kb figs-explicit 0 as a testimony to them "as a testimony against them." It may be helpful to explain how this action was a testimony to them. "as a testimony to them. By doing that, you will be testifying that they did not welcome you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 6 12 sqt2 figs-ellipsis 0 They went out The word "They" refers to the twelve and does not include Jesus. Also, it may be helpful to state that they went out to various towns. Alternate translation: "They went out to various towns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 6 7 pmq4 προσκαλεῖται τοὺς δώδεκα 1 he called the twelve Here the word "called" means that he summoned the twelve to come to him. +MRK 6 7 d6sx translate-numbers δύο δύο 1 two by two "2 by 2" or "in pairs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 6 8 t9a2 figs-synecdoche μὴ ἄρτον 1 no bread Here "bread" is a synecdoche for food in general. Alternate translation: "no food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 6 10 wv9h ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to the twelve" +MRK 6 10 h31d figs-metonymy μένετε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε ἐκεῖθεν 1 remain until you go away from there Here "remain" represents daily going back to that house to eat and sleep there. Alternate translation: "eat and sleep in that house until you leave that place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 6 11 b2kb figs-explicit εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς 1 as a testimony to them "as a testimony against them." It may be helpful to explain how this action was a testimony to them. "as a testimony to them. By doing that, you will be testifying that they did not welcome you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 12 sqt2 figs-ellipsis ἐξελθόντες 1 They went out The word "They" refers to the twelve and does not include Jesus. Also, it may be helpful to state that they went out to various towns. Alternate translation: "They went out to various towns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 6 12 ld7a figs-metaphor 0 turn away from their sins Here "turn away from" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "stop sinning" or "repent of their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 6 13 i7eq figs-ellipsis 0 They cast out many demons It may be helpful to state that they cast the demons out of people. Alternate translation: "They cast many demons out of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 6 13 i7eq figs-ellipsis ἐξέβαλλον πολλὰ δαιμόνια 1 They cast out many demons It may be helpful to state that they cast the demons out of people. Alternate translation: "They cast many demons out of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 6 14 y69r 0 Connecting Statement: When Herod hears about Jesus' miracles, he worries, thinking that someone has raised John the Baptist from the dead. (Herod had caused John the Baptist to be killed.) MRK 6 14 f9um 0 King Herod heard this The word "this" refers to everything that Jesus and his disciples had been doing in various towns, including casting out demons and healing people. MRK 6 14 sc6s figs-explicit 0 Some were saying, "John the Baptist has been Some people were saying that Jesus was John the Baptist. This can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "Some were saying, 'He is John the Baptist who has been" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 6 14 cb7p figs-activepassive 0 John the Baptist has been raised "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John the Baptist has been caused to live again" or "God has caused John the Baptist to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 6 15 fgy3 figs-explicit 0 Some others said, "He is Elijah." It may be helpful to state why some people thought he was Elijah. Alternate translation: "Some others said, 'He is Elijah, whom God promised to send back again.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 14 cb7p figs-activepassive Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων ἐγήγερται 1 John the Baptist has been raised "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John the Baptist has been caused to live again" or "God has caused John the Baptist to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 6 15 fgy3 figs-explicit ἄλλοι ἔλεγον," ἐστίν Ἠλείας." 1 Some others said, "He is Elijah." It may be helpful to state why some people thought he was Elijah. Alternate translation: "Some others said, 'He is Elijah, whom God promised to send back again.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 6 16 bg3k writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 17 the author begins to give background information about Herod and why he beheaded John the Baptist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 6 16 ym2w figs-metonymy 0 whom I beheaded Here Herod uses the word "I" to refer to himself. The word "I" is a metonym for Herod's soldiers. Alternate translation: "whom I commanded my soldiers to behead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 6 16 n6nq figs-activepassive 0 has been raised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 6 17 vpr7 figs-activepassive 0 Herod sent to have John arrested and he had him bound in prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Herod sent his soldiers to arrest John and had them bind him in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 6 17 i7bw 0 sent to have "ordered to have" -MRK 6 17 a5du 0 on account of Herodias "because of Herodias" -MRK 6 17 sf6r translate-names 0 his brother Philip's wife "the wife of his brother Philip." Herod's brother Philip is not the same Philip who was an evangelist in the book of Acts or the Philip who was one of Jesus' twelve disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 6 17 yn6x 0 because he had married her "because Herod had married her" -MRK 6 19 x35v figs-metonymy 0 wanted to kill him, but she could not Herodias is the subject of this phrase and "she" is a metonym as she wants someone else to execute John. Alternate translation: "she wanted someone to kill him, but she could not have him killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 6 20 k8wa writing-connectingwords 0 for Herod feared John; he knew These two clauses can be linked differently to show more clearly why Herod feared John. Alternate translation: "for Herod feared John because he knew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +MRK 6 16 ym2w figs-metonymy ὃν ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα 1 whom I beheaded Here Herod uses the word "I" to refer to himself. The word "I" is a metonym for Herod's soldiers. Alternate translation: "whom I commanded my soldiers to behead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 6 16 n6nq figs-activepassive ἠγέρθη 1 has been raised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 6 17 vpr7 figs-activepassive ὁ Ἡρῴδης ἀποστείλας τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐκράτησεν καὶ ἔδησεν αὐτὸν ἔδησεν ἐν φυλακῇ 1 Herod sent to have John arrested and he had him bound in prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Herod sent his soldiers to arrest John and had them bind him in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 6 17 i7bw ἀποστείλας 1 sent to have "ordered to have" +MRK 6 17 a5du διὰ Ἡρῳδιάδα 1 on account of Herodias "because of Herodias" +MRK 6 17 sf6r translate-names αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Φιλίππου' Φιλίππου τὴν γυναῖκα 1 his brother Philip's wife "the wife of his brother Philip." Herod's brother Philip is not the same Philip who was an evangelist in the book of Acts or the Philip who was one of Jesus' twelve disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 6 17 yn6x ὅτι ἐγάμησεν αὐτὴν 1 because he had married her "because Herod had married her" +MRK 6 19 x35v figs-metonymy ἤθελεν ἀποκτεῖναι αὐτὸν, καὶ ἠδύνατο οὐκ 1 wanted to kill him, but she could not Herodias is the subject of this phrase and "she" is a metonym as she wants someone else to execute John. Alternate translation: "she wanted someone to kill him, but she could not have him killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 6 20 k8wa writing-connectingwords ὁ γὰρ Ἡρῴδης ἐφοβεῖτο τὸν Ἰωάννην; εἰδὼς 1 for Herod feared John; he knew These two clauses can be linked differently to show more clearly why Herod feared John. Alternate translation: "for Herod feared John because he knew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) MRK 6 20 fj95 0 he knew that he was a righteous "Herod knew that John was a righteous" -MRK 6 20 i5de 0 Listening to him "Listening to John" +MRK 6 20 i5de ἀκούσας αὐτοῦ 1 Listening to him "Listening to John" MRK 6 21 xi2t writing-background 0 The author continues to give background information about Herod and the beheading of John the Baptist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 6 21 m54q 0 he made a dinner for his officials ... of Galilee Here the word "he" refers to Herod and is a metonym for his servant whom he would have commanded to prepare a meal. Alternate translation: "he had a dinner made for his officials ... of Galilee" or "he invited his officials ... of Galilee to eat and celebrate with him" -MRK 6 21 h5x9 0 a dinner a formal meal or banquet -MRK 6 22 a1d7 figs-rpronouns 0 Herodias herself The word "herself" is a reflexive pronoun used to emphasize that it was significant that it was Herodias' own daughter who danced at the dinner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -MRK 6 22 nir8 0 came in "came into the room" +MRK 6 21 h5x9 δεῖπνον 1 a dinner a formal meal or banquet +MRK 6 22 a1d7 figs-rpronouns Ἡρῳδιάδος αὐτοῦ 1 Herodias herself The word "herself" is a reflexive pronoun used to emphasize that it was significant that it was Herodias' own daughter who danced at the dinner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +MRK 6 22 nir8 εἰσελθούσης 1 came in "came into the room" MRK 6 23 qr1w 0 Whatever you ask ... my kingdom "I will give you up to half of what I own and rule, if you ask for it" -MRK 6 24 jky3 0 went out "went out of the room" +MRK 6 24 jky3 ἐξελθοῦσα 1 went out "went out of the room" MRK 6 25 ap2w 0 on a wooden platter "on a board" or "on a large wooden dish" MRK 6 26 c1gn figs-explicit 0 because of the oath he had made and because of his dinner guests The content of the oath, and the relationship between the oath and the dinner guests can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "because his dinner guests had heard him make the oath that he would give her anything she asked for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 6 28 k51v 0 on a platter "on a tray" -MRK 6 29 f3xg 0 When his disciples "When John's disciples" +MRK 6 28 k51v ἐπὶ πίνακι 1 on a platter "on a tray" +MRK 6 29 f3xg ἀκούσαντες αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ 1 When his disciples "When John's disciples" MRK 6 30 gm4a 0 Connecting Statement: After the disciples return from preaching and healing, they go somewhere to be alone, but there are many people who come to hear Jesus teach. When it becomes late, he feeds the people and then sends everyone away while he prays alone. -MRK 6 31 wu9z 0 a deserted place a place where there are no people -MRK 6 31 p1c9 0 many were coming and going This means that people were continually coming to the apostles and then going away from them. +MRK 6 31 wu9z τόπον ἔρημον τόπον 1 a deserted place a place where there are no people +MRK 6 31 p1c9 πολλοί ἦσαν ἐρχόμενοι καὶ ὑπάγοντες 1 many were coming and going This means that people were continually coming to the apostles and then going away from them. MRK 6 31 a8q1 0 they did not even The word "they" refers to the apostles. -MRK 6 32 dp4l 0 So they went away Here the word "they" includes both the apostles and Jesus. -MRK 6 33 x5un 0 they saw them leaving "the people saw Jesus and the apostles leaving" -MRK 6 33 r1jh 0 on foot The people are going on foot by land, which contrasts with how the disciples went by boat. -MRK 6 34 b7zp 0 he saw a great crowd "Jesus saw a great crowd" -MRK 6 34 j1td figs-simile 0 they were like sheep without a shepherd Jesus compares the people to sheep who are confused when they do not have their shepherd to lead them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 6 32 dp4l καὶ ἀπῆλθον 1 So they went away Here the word "they" includes both the apostles and Jesus. +MRK 6 33 x5un εἶδον αὐτοὺς ὑπάγοντας 1 they saw them leaving "the people saw Jesus and the apostles leaving" +MRK 6 33 r1jh πεζῇ 1 on foot The people are going on foot by land, which contrasts with how the disciples went by boat. +MRK 6 34 b7zp εἶδεν ὄχλον πολὺν ὄχλον 1 he saw a great crowd "Jesus saw a great crowd" +MRK 6 34 j1td figs-simile ἦσαν ὡς πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα 1 they were like sheep without a shepherd Jesus compares the people to sheep who are confused when they do not have their shepherd to lead them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MRK 6 35 sei9 figs-idiom 0 When the hour was late This means it was late in the day. Alternate translation: "When it was getting late" or "Late in the afternoon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 6 35 hz4h 0 a deserted place This refers to a place where there are no people. See how you translated this in [Mark 6:31](../06/31.md). +MRK 6 35 hz4h ὁ τόπος ἔρημός ὁ τόπος 1 a deserted place This refers to a place where there are no people. See how you translated this in [Mark 6:31](../06/31.md). MRK 6 37 am7m 0 But he answered and said to them "But Jesus answered and said to his disciples" MRK 6 37 cts5 figs-rquestion 0 Can we go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give it to them to eat? The disciples ask this question to say that there is no way they could afford to buy enough food for this crowd. Alternate translation: "We could not buy enough bread to feed this crowd, even if we had two hundred denarii!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 6 37 hs21 translate-bmoney 0 two hundred denarii "200 denarii." The singular form of the word "denarii" is "denarius." A denarius was a Roman silver coin worth one day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 6 38 h61r 0 loaves lumps of bread dough that have been shaped and baked -MRK 6 39 xgb6 0 green grass Describe the grass with the color word used in your language for healthy grass, which may or may not be the color green. -MRK 6 40 e4cb translate-numbers 0 groups of hundreds and fifties This refers to the number of people in each of the groups. Alternate translation: "about fifty people in some groups and about a hundred people in other groups" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 6 41 l8q3 0 looking up to heaven This means that he looked up toward the sky, which is associated with the place where God lives. -MRK 6 41 gr6v 0 he blessed "he spoke a blessing" or "he gave thanks" -MRK 6 41 r49p 0 He also divided the two fish among them all "he divided the two fish so that everyone could have some" -MRK 6 43 rq7a 0 They took up Possible meaning are 1) "The disciples took up" or 2) "The people took up." -MRK 6 43 sk2v 0 broken pieces of bread, twelve baskets full "twelve baskets full of broken pieces of bread" -MRK 6 43 xk9h translate-numbers 0 twelve baskets "12 baskets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 6 44 v4m3 translate-numbers 0 five thousand men "5,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 6 44 u413 figs-explicit 0 There were five thousand men who ate the loaves The number of women and children was not counted. If it would not be understood that women and children were present, it can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "And there were five thousand men who ate the loaves. They did not even count the women and children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 6 45 bc6z figs-ellipsis 0 to the other side This refers to the Sea of Galilee. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to the other side of the Sea of Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 6 45 y3ve translate-names 0 Bethsaida This is a town on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 6 46 l6az 0 When they were gone "When the people had left" +MRK 6 37 hs21 translate-bmoney διακοσίων δηναρίων 1 two hundred denarii "200 denarii." The singular form of the word "denarii" is "denarius." A denarius was a Roman silver coin worth one day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 6 38 h61r ἄρτους 1 loaves lumps of bread dough that have been shaped and baked +MRK 6 39 xgb6 χλωρῷ χόρτῳ 1 green grass Describe the grass with the color word used in your language for healthy grass, which may or may not be the color green. +MRK 6 40 e4cb translate-numbers πρασιαὶ πρασιαὶ κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα 1 groups of hundreds and fifties This refers to the number of people in each of the groups. Alternate translation: "about fifty people in some groups and about a hundred people in other groups" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 41 l8q3 ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looking up to heaven This means that he looked up toward the sky, which is associated with the place where God lives. +MRK 6 41 gr6v εὐλόγησεν 1 he blessed "he spoke a blessing" or "he gave thanks" +MRK 6 41 r49p ἐμέρισεν καὶ ἐμέρισεν τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας πᾶσιν 1 He also divided the two fish among them all "he divided the two fish so that everyone could have some" +MRK 6 43 rq7a ἦραν 1 They took up Possible meaning are 1) "The disciples took up" or 2) "The people took up." +MRK 6 43 sk2v κλάσματα, δώδεκα κοφίνων πληρώματα 1 broken pieces of bread, twelve baskets full "twelve baskets full of broken pieces of bread" +MRK 6 43 xk9h translate-numbers δώδεκα κοφίνων 1 twelve baskets "12 baskets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 6 44 v4m3 translate-numbers πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 1 five thousand men "5,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 6 44 u413 figs-explicit ἦσαν πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες οἱ φαγόντες τοὺς ἄρτους 1 There were five thousand men who ate the loaves The number of women and children was not counted. If it would not be understood that women and children were present, it can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "And there were five thousand men who ate the loaves. They did not even count the women and children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 45 bc6z figs-ellipsis εἰς τὸ πέραν 1 to the other side This refers to the Sea of Galilee. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to the other side of the Sea of Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 6 45 y3ve translate-names Βηθσαϊδάν 1 Bethsaida This is a town on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 6 46 l6az ἀποταξάμενος αὐτοῖς ἀποταξάμενος 1 When they were gone "When the people had left" MRK 6 48 rvu4 0 Connecting Statement: A storm arises while the disciples are trying to cross the lake. Seeing Jesus walking on the water terrifies them. They do not understand how Jesus can calm the storm. -MRK 6 48 g7ka translate-ordinal 0 fourth watch This is the time between 3 a.m. and sunrise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MRK 6 49 s8cd 0 a ghost the spirit of a dead person or some other kind of spirit +MRK 6 48 g7ka translate-ordinal τετάρτην φυλακὴν 1 fourth watch This is the time between 3 a.m. and sunrise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MRK 6 49 s8cd φάντασμά 1 a ghost the spirit of a dead person or some other kind of spirit MRK 6 50 et5c figs-parallelism 0 Be courageous! ... Do not be afraid! These two sentences are similar in meaning, emphasizing to his disciples that they did not need to be afraid. They can be combined into one if necessary. Alternate translation: "Do not fear me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 6 51 u2u6 figs-explicit 0 They were completely amazed If you need to be more specific, it can stated what they were amazed by. Alternate translation: "They were completely amazed at what he had done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 51 u2u6 figs-explicit ἐξίσταντο λείαν ἐξίσταντο 1 They were completely amazed If you need to be more specific, it can stated what they were amazed by. Alternate translation: "They were completely amazed at what he had done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 6 52 m53m figs-metonymy 0 what the loaves meant Here the phrase "the loaves" refers to when Jesus multiplied the loaves of bread. Alternate translation: "what it meant when Jesus multiplied the loaves of bread" or "what it meant when Jesus caused the few loaves to become many" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 6 52 t1qb figs-metaphor 0 their hearts were hardened Having a hard heart represents being too stubborn to understand. Alternate translation: "they were too stubborn to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 6 52 t1qb figs-metaphor αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία ἦν πεπωρωμένη 1 their hearts were hardened Having a hard heart represents being too stubborn to understand. Alternate translation: "they were too stubborn to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 6 53 rc3z 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus and his disciples arrive at Gennesaret in their boat, people see him and bring people for him to heal. This happens wherever they go. -MRK 6 53 p316 translate-names 0 Gennesaret This is the name of the region to the northwest of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 6 55 e7fh figs-explicit 0 they ran throughout the whole region It may be helpful to state why they ran through the region. Alternate translation: "they ran throughout the whole district in order to tell others that Jesus was there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 6 53 p316 translate-names Γεννησαρὲτ 1 Gennesaret This is the name of the region to the northwest of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 6 55 e7fh figs-explicit περιέδραμον τὴν ὅλην χώραν 1 they ran throughout the whole region It may be helpful to state why they ran through the region. Alternate translation: "they ran throughout the whole district in order to tell others that Jesus was there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 6 55 d9k9 0 they ran ... they heard The word "they" refers to the people who recognized Jesus, not to the disciples. -MRK 6 55 wr7f figs-nominaladj 0 the sick This phrase refers to people. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 6 56 bjv5 0 Wherever he entered "Wherever Jesus entered" -MRK 6 56 gi6y 0 they would put Here "they" refers to the people. It does not refer to Jesus' disciples. -MRK 6 56 y6hs figs-nominaladj 0 the sick This phrase refers to people. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 6 56 a3i3 0 They begged him Possible meanings are 1) "The sick begged him" or 2) "The people begged him." -MRK 6 56 m366 0 let them touch The word "them" refers to the sick. -MRK 6 56 wd2u 0 the edge of his garment "the hem of his robe" or "the edge of his clothes" -MRK 6 56 ugr3 0 as many as "all those who" +MRK 6 55 wr7f figs-nominaladj τοὺς κακῶς 1 the sick This phrase refers to people. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MRK 6 56 bjv5 ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο 1 Wherever he entered "Wherever Jesus entered" +MRK 6 56 gi6y ἐτίθεσαν 1 they would put Here "they" refers to the people. It does not refer to Jesus' disciples. +MRK 6 56 y6hs figs-nominaladj τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας 1 the sick This phrase refers to people. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MRK 6 56 a3i3 παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν 1 They begged him Possible meanings are 1) "The sick begged him" or 2) "The people begged him." +MRK 6 56 m366 ἅψωνται 1 let them touch The word "them" refers to the sick. +MRK 6 56 wd2u τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἱματίου 1 the edge of his garment "the hem of his robe" or "the edge of his clothes" +MRK 6 56 ugr3 ὅσοι ἂν 1 as many as "all those who" MRK 7 intro vq1j 0 # Mark 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:6-7, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Hand washing

The Pharisees washed many things that were not dirty because they were trying to make God think that they were good. They washed their hands before they ate, even when their hands were not dirty. and even though the law of Moses did not say that they had to do it. Jesus told them that they were wrong and that people make God happy by thinking and doing the right things. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Ephphatha"

This is an Aramaic word. Mark wrote it the way it sounds using Greek letters and then explained what it means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 7 1 hu3f 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus rebukes the Pharisees and scribes. -MRK 7 1 b9ul 0 gathered around him "gathered around Jesus" +MRK 7 1 b9ul συνάγονται πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 gathered around him "gathered around Jesus" MRK 7 2 b8qw writing-background 0 General Information: In verses verses 3 and 4, the author gives background information about the Pharisees' washing traditions in order to show why the Pharisees were bothered that Jesus' disciples did not wash their hands before eating. This information can be reordered in order to make it easier to understand, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -MRK 7 2 a2qf 0 They saw "The Pharisees and the scribes saw" -MRK 7 2 eea5 figs-activepassive 0 that is, unwashed The word "unwashed" explains why the disciples' hands were defiled. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "that is, with hands that they had not washed" or "that is, that they had not washed their hands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 7 3 mj6u 0 elders Jewish elders were leaders in their communities and were also judges for the people. -MRK 7 4 wsb8 0 copper vessels "copper kettles" or "metal containers" +MRK 7 2 a2qf ἰδόντες 1 They saw "The Pharisees and the scribes saw" +MRK 7 2 eea5 figs-activepassive τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, ἀνίπτοις 1 that is, unwashed The word "unwashed" explains why the disciples' hands were defiled. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "that is, with hands that they had not washed" or "that is, that they had not washed their hands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 7 3 mj6u πρεσβυτέρων 1 elders Jewish elders were leaders in their communities and were also judges for the people. +MRK 7 4 wsb8 ξεστῶν 1 copper vessels "copper kettles" or "metal containers" MRK 7 4 gf15 0 the couches upon which they eat "benches" or "beds." At that time, the Jews would recline when eating. MRK 7 5 hts4 figs-rquestion 0 Why do your disciples not walk according to the tradition of the elders, for they eat their bread with unwashed hands? "Walk in" here is a metaphor for "obey." The Pharisees and scribes asked this question to challenge Jesus' authority. This can be written as two statements. Alternate translation: "Your disciples disobey the traditions of our elders! They should wash their hands using our rituals." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 7 5 j7ht figs-synecdoche 0 bread This is a synecdoche, representing food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 7 5 j7ht figs-synecdoche ἄρτον 1 bread This is a synecdoche, representing food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MRK 7 6 t7px 0 General Information: Here Jesus quotes the prophet Isaiah, who had written scripture many years earlier. -MRK 7 6 ep7u figs-metonymy 0 with their lips Here "lips" is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: "by what they say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 7 6 ep7u figs-metonymy τοῖς χείλεσίν 1 with their lips Here "lips" is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: "by what they say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 7 6 zgt9 figs-metonymy 0 but their heart is far from me Here "heart" refers to a person's thoughts or emotions. This is a way of saying the people are not truly devoted to God. Alternate translation: "but they do not really love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 7 7 f8q5 0 Empty worship they offer me "They offer me useless worship" or "They worship me in vain" MRK 7 8 yqj3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to rebuke the scribes and Pharisees. -MRK 7 8 xz71 0 abandon refuse to obey -MRK 7 8 hnw4 0 hold fast to "hold strongly to" or "only keep" +MRK 7 8 xz71 ἀφέντες 1 abandon refuse to obey +MRK 7 8 hnw4 κρατεῖτε 1 hold fast to "hold strongly to" or "only keep" MRK 7 9 e3qv figs-irony 0 How well you reject the commandment ... keep your tradition Jesus uses this ironic statement to rebuke his listeners for forsaking God's commandment. Alternate translation: "You think you have done well in how you have rejected the commandment of God so you may keep your own traditions, but what you have done is not good at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MRK 7 9 r5li 0 How well you reject "How skillfully you reject" -MRK 7 10 d4sd 0 who speaks evil of "who curses" -MRK 7 10 ayl3 0 will surely die "must be put to death" -MRK 7 10 dv6e figs-activepassive 0 He who speaks evil of his father or mother will surely die This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The authorities must execute a person who speaks evil about his father or mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 7 10 d4sd ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα 1 who speaks evil of "who curses" +MRK 7 10 ayl3 θανάτῳ τελευτάτω 1 will surely die "must be put to death" +MRK 7 10 dv6e figs-activepassive ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα θανάτῳ τελευτάτω 1 He who speaks evil of his father or mother will surely die This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The authorities must execute a person who speaks evil about his father or mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 7 11 q76i 0 Whatever help you would have received from me is Corban The tradition of the scribes said that once money or other things were promised to the temple, they could not be used for any other purpose. MRK 7 11 cd57 translate-transliterate 0 is Corban "Corban" here is a Hebrew word that refers to things that people promise to give to God. Translators normally transliterate it using the target language alphabet. Some translators translate its meaning, and then leave out Mark's explanation of the meaning that follows. Alternate translation: "is a gift to God" or "belongs to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) MRK 7 11 ev2r figs-activepassive 0 Given to God This phrase explains the meaning of the Hebrew word "Corban." It can be stated in active form. Mark explained the meaning so that his non-Jewish readers could understand what Jesus said. Alternate translation: "I have given it to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 7 12 g18b translate-versebridge 0 General Information: In verses 11 and 12, Jesus shows how the Pharisees teach people that they do not have to obey God's commandment to honor their parents. In verse 11 Jesus tells what the Pharisees allow people to say about their possessions, and in verse 12 he tells how that shows the Pharisees' attitude toward people helping their parents. This information can be reordered to first tell about the Pharisees' attitude toward people helping their parents and then tell how that attitude is shown in what the Pharisees allow people to say about their possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) MRK 7 12 cb8c figs-explicit 0 then you no longer permit him to do anything for his father or his mother By doing this, the Pharisees are allowing people not to provide for their parents, if they promise to give to God what they would have given to them. You can order these words before the words that begin with "Whatever help" in verse 11: "You no longer permit a person to do anything for his father or his mother after he says, 'Whatever help you would have received from me is Corban.' (Corban means 'Given to God.')" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 7 13 df13 0 void canceled or done away with -MRK 7 13 ena5 0 many similar things you do "you are doing may other things similar to this" +MRK 7 13 df13 ἀκυροῦντες 1 void canceled or done away with +MRK 7 13 ena5 πολλὰ παρόμοια τοιαῦτα ποιεῖτε 1 many similar things you do "you are doing may other things similar to this" MRK 7 14 wp7p figs-parables 0 Jesus tells a parable to the crowd to help them understand what he has been saying to the scribes and Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 7 14 ts15 0 He called "Jesus called" -MRK 7 14 u3nk figs-doublet 0 Listen to me, all of you, and understand The words "Listen" and "understand" are related. Jesus uses them together to emphasize that his hearers should pay close attention to what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MRK 7 14 yni7 figs-ellipsis 0 understand It may be helpful to state what Jesus is telling them to understand. Alternate translation: "try to understand what I am about to tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 7 15 gk5i figs-explicit 0 nothing from outside of a person Jesus is speaking about what a person eats. This is in contrast to "what come out of the person." Alternate translation: "nothing from outside a person that he can eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 7 14 ts15 προσκαλεσάμενος 1 He called "Jesus called" +MRK 7 14 u3nk figs-doublet ἀκούσατέ μου, πάντες, καὶ σύνετε 1 Listen to me, all of you, and understand The words "Listen" and "understand" are related. Jesus uses them together to emphasize that his hearers should pay close attention to what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MRK 7 14 yni7 figs-ellipsis σύνετε 1 understand It may be helpful to state what Jesus is telling them to understand. Alternate translation: "try to understand what I am about to tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 7 15 gk5i figs-explicit οὐδέν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 nothing from outside of a person Jesus is speaking about what a person eats. This is in contrast to "what come out of the person." Alternate translation: "nothing from outside a person that he can eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 7 15 ms5c figs-explicit 0 It is what comes out of the person This refers to the things a person does or says. This is in contrast to "what is outside a person that enters into him." Alternate translation: "It is what comes out of a person that he says or does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 7 17 m42w 0 Connecting Statement: The disciples still do not understand what Jesus has just said to the scribes, Pharisees, and crowds. Jesus explains his meaning more thoroughly to them. MRK 7 17 l7d7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Jesus is now away from the crowd, in a house with his disciples. @@ -534,267 +534,267 @@ MRK 7 18 f5sf 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach his disciples by a MRK 7 18 z8w1 figs-rquestion 0 Are you also still without understanding? Jesus uses this question to express his disappointment that they do not understand. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "After all I have said and done, I would expect you to understand." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 7 19 wyw4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes asking the question he is using to teach his disciples. MRK 7 19 wi6y figs-rquestion 0 because ... latrine? This is the end of the question that begins with the words "Do you not see" in verse 18. Jesus uses this question to teach his disciples something they should already know. It can be expressed as a statement. "You should already understand that whatever enters into a person from outside cannot defile him, because it cannot go into his heart, but it goes into his stomach and then passes out into the latrine." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 7 19 y2cr figs-metonymy 0 it cannot go into his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. Here Jesus means that food does not affect a person's character. Alternate translation: "it cannot go into his inner being" or "it cannot go into his mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 7 19 he68 0 because it Here "it" refers to what goes into a person; that is, what a person eats. -MRK 7 19 hm98 figs-explicit 0 all foods clean It may be helpful to explain clearly what this phrase means. Alternate translation: "all foods clean, meaning that people can eat any food without God considering the eater defiled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 7 20 r12p 0 He said "Jesus said" +MRK 7 19 y2cr figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ οὐκ εἰσπορεύεται τὴν καρδίαν 1 it cannot go into his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. Here Jesus means that food does not affect a person's character. Alternate translation: "it cannot go into his inner being" or "it cannot go into his mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 7 19 he68 ὅτι αὐτοῦ 1 because it Here "it" refers to what goes into a person; that is, what a person eats. +MRK 7 19 hm98 figs-explicit πάντα τὰ βρώματα καθαρίζων 1 all foods clean It may be helpful to explain clearly what this phrase means. Alternate translation: "all foods clean, meaning that people can eat any food without God considering the eater defiled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 7 20 r12p ἔλεγεν 1 He said "Jesus said" MRK 7 20 eq3a 0 It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him "What defiles a person is what comes out of him" -MRK 7 21 lm51 figs-metonymy 0 out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. Alternate translation: "out of the inner being, come evil thoughts" or "out of the mind, come evil thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 7 22 y3md 0 sensuality not controlling one's lustful desires -MRK 7 23 h9ta figs-ellipsis 0 come from within Here the word "within" describes a person's heart. Alternate translation: "come from within a person's heart" or "come from within a person's thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 7 21 lm51 figs-metonymy ἐκ τῆς καρδίας, ἐκπορεύονται οἱ κακοὶ οἱ διαλογισμοὶ 1 out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. Alternate translation: "out of the inner being, come evil thoughts" or "out of the mind, come evil thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 7 22 y3md ἀσέλγεια 1 sensuality not controlling one's lustful desires +MRK 7 23 h9ta figs-ellipsis ἐκπορεύεται ἔσωθεν 1 come from within Here the word "within" describes a person's heart. Alternate translation: "come from within a person's heart" or "come from within a person's thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 7 24 k9bl 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus goes away to Tyre, he heals the daughter of a Gentile woman who has extraordinary faith. -MRK 7 25 j2k9 figs-idiom 0 had an unclean spirit This is an idiom meaning that she was possessed by the unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "was possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 7 25 q47q 0 fell down "knelt." This is an act of honor and submission. +MRK 7 25 j2k9 figs-idiom εἶχεν πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα 1 had an unclean spirit This is an idiom meaning that she was possessed by the unclean spirit. Alternate translation: "was possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 7 25 q47q προσέπεσεν 1 fell down "knelt." This is an act of honor and submission. MRK 7 26 aik7 writing-background 0 Now the woman was a Greek, a Syrophoenician by descent The word "Now" marks a break in the main story line, as this sentence gives us background information about the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 7 26 e39y translate-names 0 Syrophoenician This is the name of the woman's nationality. She was born in the Phoenician region in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 7 26 e39y translate-names Συροφοινίκισσα 1 Syrophoenician This is the name of the woman's nationality. She was born in the Phoenician region in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 7 27 gsj7 figs-metaphor 0 Let the children first be fed. For it is not right ... throw it to the dogs Here Jesus speaks about the Jews as if they are children and the Gentiles as if they are dogs. Alternate translation: "Let the children of Israel first be fed. For it is not right to take the children's bread and throw it to the Gentiles, who are like dogs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 7 27 r898 figs-activepassive 0 Let the children first be fed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We must first feed the children of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 7 27 k2wb figs-synecdoche 0 bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 7 27 yn61 0 dogs This refers to small dogs kept as pets. +MRK 7 27 r898 figs-activepassive ἄφες τὰ τέκνα πρῶτον χορτασθῆναι 1 Let the children first be fed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We must first feed the children of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 7 27 k2wb figs-synecdoche ἄρτον 1 bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 7 27 yn61 κυναρίοις 1 dogs This refers to small dogs kept as pets. MRK 7 29 sa9t figs-explicit 0 you are free to go Jesus was implying that she no longer needed to stay to ask him to help her daughter. He would do it. Alternate translation: "you may go now" or "you may go home in peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 7 29 pa3u figs-explicit 0 The demon has gone out of your daughter Jesus has caused the unclean spirit to leave the woman's daughter. This can be expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "I have caused the evil spirit to leave your daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 7 29 pa3u figs-explicit τὸ δαιμόνιον ἐξελήλυθεν ἐκ σου τῆς θυγατρός 1 The demon has gone out of your daughter Jesus has caused the unclean spirit to leave the woman's daughter. This can be expressed clearly. Alternate translation: "I have caused the evil spirit to leave your daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 7 31 g44h 0 Connecting Statement: After healing people in Tyre, Jesus goes to the Sea of Galilee. There he heals a deaf man, which amazes the people. -MRK 7 31 k9gy 0 went out again from the region of Tyre "left the region of Tyre" -MRK 7 31 paz4 0 up into the region Possible meanings are 1) "in the region" as Jesus is at the sea in the region of the Decapolis or 2) "through the region" as Jesus went through the region of the Decapolis to get to the sea. -MRK 7 31 cxa8 translate-names 0 Decapolis This is the name of a region that means Ten Cities. It is located to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:20](../05/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 7 32 bnq6 0 They brought "And people brought" +MRK 7 31 k9gy ἐξελθὼν πάλιν ἐκ τῶν ὁρίων Τύρου 1 went out again from the region of Tyre "left the region of Tyre" +MRK 7 31 paz4 ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ὁρίων 1 up into the region Possible meanings are 1) "in the region" as Jesus is at the sea in the region of the Decapolis or 2) "through the region" as Jesus went through the region of the Decapolis to get to the sea. +MRK 7 31 cxa8 translate-names Δεκαπόλεως 1 Decapolis This is the name of a region that means Ten Cities. It is located to the southeast of the Sea of Galilee. See how you translated this in [Mark 5:20](../05/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 7 32 bnq6 φέρουσιν 1 They brought "And people brought" MRK 7 32 i5gy 0 who was deaf "who was not able to hear" -MRK 7 32 jlj4 figs-explicit 0 they begged him to lay his hand on him Prophets and teachers would put their hands on people in order to heal them or bless them. In this case, people are begging Jesus to heal a man. Alternate translation: "they begged Jesus to put his hand on the man to heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 7 33 p3aa 0 He took him "Jesus took the man" -MRK 7 33 zb1w 0 he put his fingers into his ears Jesus is putting his own fingers in the man's ears. -MRK 7 33 jwi8 0 after spitting, he touched his tongue Jesus spits and then touches the man's tongue. -MRK 7 33 ld3f figs-explicit 0 after spitting It may be helpful to state that Jesus spit on his fingers. Alternate translation: "after spitting on his fingers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 7 34 vfn4 0 looked up to heaven This means that he looked up toward the sky, which is associated with the place where God lives. -MRK 7 34 lbw4 translate-transliterate 0 Ephphatha Here the author refers to something by an Aramaic word. This word should be copied as is into your language using your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -MRK 7 34 qiy7 0 he sighed This means that he groaned or that he let out a long deep breath that could be heard. It probably shows Jesus' sympathy for the man. -MRK 7 34 m4a8 0 said to him "said to the man" -MRK 7 35 yg15 0 his ears were opened This means he was able to hear. Alternate translation: "his ears were opened and he was able to hear" or "he was able to hear" -MRK 7 35 yj4j figs-activepassive 0 his tongue was released This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus took away what prevented his tongue from speaking" or "Jesus loosened his tongue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 7 36 eb2y figs-ellipsis 0 the more he ordered them The refers to him ordering them not to tell anyone about what he had done. Alternate translation: "the more he ordered them not to tell anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 7 36 zce7 0 the more abundantly "the more widely" or "the more" -MRK 7 37 iy76 0 were extremely astonished "were utterly amazed" or "were exceedingly astonished" or "were astonished beyond all measure" +MRK 7 32 jlj4 figs-explicit παρακαλοῦσιν αὐτὸν ἵνα ἐπιθῇ τὴν χεῖρα αὐτῷ 1 they begged him to lay his hand on him Prophets and teachers would put their hands on people in order to heal them or bless them. In this case, people are begging Jesus to heal a man. Alternate translation: "they begged Jesus to put his hand on the man to heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 7 33 p3aa ἀπολαβόμενος αὐτὸν 1 He took him "Jesus took the man" +MRK 7 33 zb1w ἔβαλεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς δακτύλους εἰς αὐτοῦ τὰ ὦτα 1 he put his fingers into his ears Jesus is putting his own fingers in the man's ears. +MRK 7 33 jwi8 πτύσας, ἥψατο αὐτοῦ τῆς γλώσσης 1 after spitting, he touched his tongue Jesus spits and then touches the man's tongue. +MRK 7 33 ld3f figs-explicit πτύσας 1 after spitting It may be helpful to state that Jesus spit on his fingers. Alternate translation: "after spitting on his fingers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 7 34 vfn4 ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looked up to heaven This means that he looked up toward the sky, which is associated with the place where God lives. +MRK 7 34 lbw4 translate-transliterate ἐφφαθά 1 Ephphatha Here the author refers to something by an Aramaic word. This word should be copied as is into your language using your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MRK 7 34 qiy7 ἐστέναξεν 1 he sighed This means that he groaned or that he let out a long deep breath that could be heard. It probably shows Jesus' sympathy for the man. +MRK 7 34 m4a8 λέγει αὐτῷ 1 said to him "said to the man" +MRK 7 35 yg15 αὐτοῦ αἱ ἀκοαί ἠνοίγησαν 1 his ears were opened This means he was able to hear. Alternate translation: "his ears were opened and he was able to hear" or "he was able to hear" +MRK 7 35 yj4j figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ τῆς γλώσσης ἐλύθη 1 his tongue was released This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus took away what prevented his tongue from speaking" or "Jesus loosened his tongue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 7 36 eb2y figs-ellipsis ὅσον αὐτοῖς διεστέλλετο αὐτοὶ 1 the more he ordered them The refers to him ordering them not to tell anyone about what he had done. Alternate translation: "the more he ordered them not to tell anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 7 36 zce7 μᾶλλον περισσότερον 1 the more abundantly "the more widely" or "the more" +MRK 7 37 iy76 ἐξεπλήσσοντο ὑπέρ περισσῶς ἐξεπλήσσοντο 1 were extremely astonished "were utterly amazed" or "were exceedingly astonished" or "were astonished beyond all measure" MRK 7 37 dh17 figs-metonymy 0 the deaf ... the mute These refer to people. Alternate translation: "deaf people ... mute people" or "people who cannot hear ... people who cannot speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 8 intro ry56 0 # Mark 08 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Bread
When Jesus worked a miracle and provided bread for a large crowd of people, they probably thought about when God miraculously provided food for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness.

Yeast is the ingredient that causes bread to become larger before it is baked. In this chapter, Jesus uses yeast as a metaphor for things that change the way people think, speak, and act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### "Adulterous generation"

When Jesus called the people an "adulterous generation," he was telling them that they were not faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions

Jesus used many rhetorical questions as a way of both teaching the disciples ([Mark 8:17-21](./17.md)) and scolding the people ([Mark 8:12](../../mrk/08/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Mark 8:35-37](./35.md)).
MRK 8 1 sgv6 0 Connecting Statement: A great, hungry crowd is with Jesus. He feeds them using only seven loaves and a few fish before Jesus and his disciples get in a boat to go to another place. -MRK 8 1 rmd8 writing-newevent 0 In those days This phrase is used to introduce a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +MRK 8 1 rmd8 writing-newevent ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 In those days This phrase is used to introduce a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) MRK 8 2 h8v8 0 they continue to be with me already for three days and have nothing to eat "this is this third day these people have been with me, and they have nothing to eat" -MRK 8 3 u3mu figs-hyperbole 0 they may faint Possible meanings are 1) literal, "they may lose consciousness temporarily" or 2) hyperbolic exaggeration, "they may become weak." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 8 3 u3mu figs-hyperbole ἐκλυθήσονται 1 they may faint Possible meanings are 1) literal, "they may lose consciousness temporarily" or 2) hyperbolic exaggeration, "they may become weak." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 8 4 jdk2 figs-rquestion 0 Where can we get enough loaves of bread in such a deserted place to satisfy these people? The disciples are expressing surprise that Jesus would expect them to be able to find enough food. Alternate translation: "This place is so deserted that there is no place here for us to get enough loaves of bread to satisfy these people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 8 4 b7tn 0 loaves of bread Loaves of bread are lumps of dough that have been shaped and baked. -MRK 8 5 m56c 0 He asked them "Jesus asked his disciples" +MRK 8 5 m56c ἠρώτα αὐτούς 1 He asked them "Jesus asked his disciples" MRK 8 6 x2jr figs-quotations 0 He commanded the crowd to sit down on the ground This can be written as a direct quote. "Jesus commanded the crowd, 'Sit down on the ground'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) MRK 8 6 x144 0 sit down Use your language's word for how people customarily eat when there is no table, whether sitting or lying down. -MRK 8 7 pzy6 0 They also had Here the word "they" is used to refer to Jesus and his disciples. -MRK 8 7 mb6v 0 he gave thanks for them "Jesus gave thanks for the fish" -MRK 8 8 m9k6 0 They ate "The people ate" -MRK 8 8 mxn1 0 they picked up "the disciples picked up" -MRK 8 8 v5zi figs-explicit 0 the remaining broken pieces, seven large baskets This refers to the broken pieces of fish and bread that were left over after the people ate. Alternate translation: "the remaining broken pieces of bread and fish, which filled seven large baskets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 9 m81z figs-explicit 0 Then he sent them away It may be helpful to clarify when he sent them away. Alternate translation: "After they ate, Jesus sent them away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 10 y8u3 figs-explicit 0 they went into the region of Dalmanutha It may be helpful to clarify how they got to Dalmanutha. Alternate translation: "they sailed around the Sea of Galilee to the region of Dalmanutha" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 10 x33a translate-names 0 Dalmanutha This is the name of a place on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 8 7 pzy6 εἶχαν καὶ εἶχαν 1 They also had Here the word "they" is used to refer to Jesus and his disciples. +MRK 8 7 mb6v εὐλογήσας αὐτὰ 1 he gave thanks for them "Jesus gave thanks for the fish" +MRK 8 8 m9k6 ἔφαγον 1 They ate "The people ate" +MRK 8 8 mxn1 ἦραν 1 they picked up "the disciples picked up" +MRK 8 8 v5zi figs-explicit περισσεύματα κλασμάτων, ἑπτὰ σπυρίδας 1 the remaining broken pieces, seven large baskets This refers to the broken pieces of fish and bread that were left over after the people ate. Alternate translation: "the remaining broken pieces of bread and fish, which filled seven large baskets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 9 m81z figs-explicit καὶ ἀπέλυσεν αὐτούς ἀπέλυσεν 1 Then he sent them away It may be helpful to clarify when he sent them away. Alternate translation: "After they ate, Jesus sent them away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 10 y8u3 figs-explicit ἦλθεν εἰς τὰ μέρη Δαλμανουθά 1 they went into the region of Dalmanutha It may be helpful to clarify how they got to Dalmanutha. Alternate translation: "they sailed around the Sea of Galilee to the region of Dalmanutha" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 10 x33a translate-names Δαλμανουθά 1 Dalmanutha This is the name of a place on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 8 11 cqy5 0 Connecting Statement: In Dalmanutha, Jesus refuses to give the Pharisees a sign before he and his disciples get in a boat and leave. -MRK 8 11 f9y8 0 They sought from him "They asked him for" -MRK 8 11 zi91 figs-metonymy 0 a sign from heaven They wanted a sign that would prove that Jesus' power and authority were from God. Possible meanings are 1) The word "heaven" is a metonym for God. Alternate translation: "a sign from God" or 2) the word "heaven" refers to the sky. Alternate translation: "a sign from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 8 11 cl3q figs-explicit 0 to test him The Pharisees tried to test Jesus to make him prove that he was from God. Some information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "to prove that God had sent him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 12 sn5a 0 He sighed deeply in his spirit This means that he groaned or that he let out a long deep breath that could be heard. It probably shows Jesus' deep sadness that the Pharisees refused to believe him. See how you translated this in [Mark 7:34](../07/34.md). -MRK 8 12 s8xl 0 in his spirit "in himself" -MRK 8 12 g4lz figs-rquestion 0 Why does this generation seek for a sign? Jesus is scolding them. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This generation should not seek a sign." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 12 l335 figs-explicit 0 this generation When Jesus speaks of "this generation," he is referring to the people who lived at that time. There Pharisees are included in this group. Alternate translation: "you and the people of this generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 12 a2x2 figs-activepassive 0 no sign will be given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will not give a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 8 13 i2se figs-explicit 0 he left them, got into a boat again Jesus' disciples went with him. Some information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "he left them, got into a boat again with his disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 13 u1qk figs-explicit 0 to the other side This describes the Sea of Galilee, which can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to the other side of the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 11 f9y8 ζητοῦντες παρ’ αὐτοῦ 1 They sought from him "They asked him for" +MRK 8 11 zi91 figs-metonymy σημεῖον ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 a sign from heaven They wanted a sign that would prove that Jesus' power and authority were from God. Possible meanings are 1) The word "heaven" is a metonym for God. Alternate translation: "a sign from God" or 2) the word "heaven" refers to the sky. Alternate translation: "a sign from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 8 11 cl3q figs-explicit πειράζοντες αὐτόν 1 to test him The Pharisees tried to test Jesus to make him prove that he was from God. Some information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "to prove that God had sent him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 12 sn5a ἀναστενάξας τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ τῷ πνεύματι 1 He sighed deeply in his spirit This means that he groaned or that he let out a long deep breath that could be heard. It probably shows Jesus' deep sadness that the Pharisees refused to believe him. See how you translated this in [Mark 7:34](../07/34.md). +MRK 8 12 s8xl τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ τῷ πνεύματι 1 in his spirit "in himself" +MRK 8 12 g4lz figs-rquestion τί ζητεῖ αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ ζητεῖ σημεῖον? 1 Why does this generation seek for a sign? Jesus is scolding them. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This generation should not seek a sign." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 12 l335 figs-explicit αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ 1 this generation When Jesus speaks of "this generation," he is referring to the people who lived at that time. There Pharisees are included in this group. Alternate translation: "you and the people of this generation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 12 a2x2 figs-activepassive εἰ σημεῖον δοθήσεται 1 no sign will be given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will not give a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 8 13 i2se figs-explicit ἀφεὶς αὐτοὺς, ἐμβὰς πάλιν 1 he left them, got into a boat again Jesus' disciples went with him. Some information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "he left them, got into a boat again with his disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 13 u1qk figs-explicit εἰς τὸ πέραν 1 to the other side This describes the Sea of Galilee, which can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "to the other side of the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 14 fl8d 0 Connecting Statement: While Jesus and his disciples are in a boat, they have a discussion about the lack of understanding among the Pharisees and Herod, though they had seen many signs. -MRK 8 14 m74g writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about the disciples forgetting to bring bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +MRK 8 14 m74g writing-background καὶ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about the disciples forgetting to bring bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 8 14 gtg6 figs-litotes 0 no more than one loaf The negative phrase "no more" is used to emphasize how small an amount of bread they had. Alternate translation: "only one loaf" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) MRK 8 15 bd2x figs-doublet 0 Keep watch and be on guard These two terms have a common meaning and are repeated here for emphasis. They can be combined. Alternate translation: "Keep watch" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MRK 8 15 ya88 figs-metaphor 0 yeast of the Pharisees and the yeast of Herod Here Jesus is speaking to his disciples in a metaphor they do not understand. Jesus is comparing the Pharisees' and Herod's teachings to yeast, but you should not explain this when you translate it because the disciples themselves did not understand it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 8 15 ya88 figs-metaphor ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ τῆς ζύμης Ἡρῴδου 1 yeast of the Pharisees and the yeast of Herod Here Jesus is speaking to his disciples in a metaphor they do not understand. Jesus is comparing the Pharisees' and Herod's teachings to yeast, but you should not explain this when you translate it because the disciples themselves did not understand it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 8 16 xs4p figs-explicit 0 It is because we have no bread In this statement, it may be helpful to state that "it" refers to what Jesus had said. Alternate translation: "He must have said that because we have no bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 16 zfw3 figs-hyperbole 0 no bread The word "no" is an exaggeration. The disciples did have one loaf of bread ([Mark 8:14](../08/14.md)), but that was not much different from having no bread at all. Alternate translation: "very little bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 8 17 hnh6 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you reasoning about not having bread? Here Jesus is mildly rebuking his disciples because they should have understood what he had been talking about. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not be thinking that I am talking about actual bread." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 17 dmt2 figs-parallelism 0 Do you not yet perceive? Do you not understand? These questions have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that they do not understand. This can be written as one question or as a statement. Alternate translation: "Do you not yet understand?" or "You should perceive and understand by now the things I say and do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 17 fn31 figs-metonymy 0 Have your hearts become so dull? Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "hearts become so dull" is a metaphor for not being able or willing to understand something. Jesus uses a question to scold the disciples. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Your thinking has become so dull!" or "You are so slow to understand what I mean!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 18 u1gh figs-rquestion 0 You have eyes, do you not see? You have ears, do you not hear? Do you not remember? Jesus continues to mildly rebuke his disciples. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "You have eyes, but you do not understand what you see. You have ears, but you do not understand what you hear. You should remember." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 19 e37p figs-metonymy 0 the five thousand This refers to the 5,000 people Jesus fed. Alternate translation: "the 5,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 8 19 e4zq figs-explicit 0 how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you take up It may be helpful to state when they collected the baskets of pieces. Alternate translation: "how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you collect after everyone finished eating" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 20 b5bm figs-metonymy 0 the four thousand This refers to the 4,000 people Jesus fed. Alternate translation: "the 4,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 8 20 ggl1 figs-explicit 0 how many basketfuls did you take up It may be helpful to state when they collected these. Alternate translation: "how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you collect after everyone finished eating" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 8 21 kh42 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not yet understand? Jesus is mildly rebuking his disciples for not understanding. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should understand by now the things I say and do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 17 hnh6 figs-rquestion τί διαλογίζεσθε ὅτι οὐκ ἔχετε ἄρτους? 1 Why are you reasoning about not having bread? Here Jesus is mildly rebuking his disciples because they should have understood what he had been talking about. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not be thinking that I am talking about actual bread." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 17 dmt2 figs-parallelism νοεῖτε οὔπω νοεῖτε? συνίετε οὐδὲ συνίετε? 1 Do you not yet perceive? Do you not understand? These questions have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that they do not understand. This can be written as one question or as a statement. Alternate translation: "Do you not yet understand?" or "You should perceive and understand by now the things I say and do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 17 fn31 figs-metonymy ἔχετε ὑμῶν τὴν καρδίαν πεπωρωμένην? 1 Have your hearts become so dull? Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "hearts become so dull" is a metaphor for not being able or willing to understand something. Jesus uses a question to scold the disciples. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Your thinking has become so dull!" or "You are so slow to understand what I mean!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 18 u1gh figs-rquestion ἔχοντες ὀφθαλμοὺς, βλέπετε οὐ βλέπετε? ἔχοντες ὦτα, ἀκούετε οὐκ ἀκούετε? μνημονεύετε οὐ μνημονεύετε? 1 You have eyes, do you not see? You have ears, do you not hear? Do you not remember? Jesus continues to mildly rebuke his disciples. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "You have eyes, but you do not understand what you see. You have ears, but you do not understand what you hear. You should remember." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 19 e37p figs-metonymy τοὺς πεντακισχιλίους 1 the five thousand This refers to the 5,000 people Jesus fed. Alternate translation: "the 5,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 8 19 e4zq figs-explicit πόσους κοφίνους πλήρεις κλασμάτων ἤρατε 1 how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you take up It may be helpful to state when they collected the baskets of pieces. Alternate translation: "how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you collect after everyone finished eating" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 20 b5bm figs-metonymy τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους 1 the four thousand This refers to the 4,000 people Jesus fed. Alternate translation: "the 4,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 8 20 ggl1 figs-explicit πόσων σπυρίδων πληρώματα ἤρατε 1 how many basketfuls did you take up It may be helpful to state when they collected these. Alternate translation: "how many baskets full of broken pieces of bread did you collect after everyone finished eating" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 21 kh42 figs-rquestion συνίετε οὔπω συνίετε 1 Do you not yet understand? Jesus is mildly rebuking his disciples for not understanding. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should understand by now the things I say and do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 8 22 c92c 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus and his disciples get out of their boat at Bethsaida, Jesus heals a blind man. -MRK 8 22 mul4 translate-names 0 Bethsaida This is a town on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. See how you translated the name of this town in [Mark 6:45](../06/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 8 22 mx9q figs-explicit 0 to touch him It may be helpful to state why they wanted Jesus to touch the man. Alternate translation: "to touch him in order to heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 22 mul4 translate-names Βηθσαϊδάν 1 Bethsaida This is a town on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. See how you translated the name of this town in [Mark 6:45](../06/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 8 22 mx9q figs-explicit ἵνα ἅψηται αὐτοῦ 1 to touch him It may be helpful to state why they wanted Jesus to touch the man. Alternate translation: "to touch him in order to heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 23 t5ud 0 When he had spit on his eyes ... he asked him "When Jesus had spit on the man's eyes ... Jesus asked the man" -MRK 8 24 jcv8 0 He looked up "The man looked up" +MRK 8 24 jcv8 ἀναβλέψας 1 He looked up "The man looked up" MRK 8 24 r6tk figs-simile 0 I see men who look like walking trees The man sees men walking around, yet they are not clear to him, so he compares them to trees. Alternate translation: "Yes, I see people! They are walking around, but I cannot see them clearly. They look like trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 8 25 png5 0 Then he again "Then Jesus again" +MRK 8 25 png5 εἶτα ἐπέθηκεν πάλιν 1 Then he again "Then Jesus again" MRK 8 25 td9l figs-activepassive 0 and the man opened his eyes, his sight was restored The phrase "his sight was restored" can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "restoring the man's sight, and then the man opened his eyes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 8 27 e4l3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus and his disciples talk on their way to the villages of Caesarea Philippi about who Jesus is and what will happen to him. MRK 8 28 bh7h 0 They answered him and said "They answered him, saying," -MRK 8 28 ac8h figs-explicit 0 John the Baptist The disciples answer that this was who some people said Jesus was. This can be shown more clearly. Alternate translation: "Some people say that you are John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 28 ac8h figs-explicit Ἰωάννην τὸν Βαπτιστήν 1 John the Baptist The disciples answer that this was who some people said Jesus was. This can be shown more clearly. Alternate translation: "Some people say that you are John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 28 nn1f figs-ellipsis 0 Others say ... others The word "others" refers to other people. This refers to their responses to Jesus' question. Alternate translation: "Other people say you are ... other people say you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 8 29 v4h4 0 He asked them "Jesus asked his disciples" +MRK 8 29 v4h4 αὐτὸς ἐπηρώτα αὐτούς 1 He asked them "Jesus asked his disciples" MRK 8 30 fk1z figs-explicit 0 Jesus warned them not to tell anyone about him Jesus did not want them to tell anyone that he was the Christ. This can be made more explicit. Also, this can also be written as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "Jesus warned them not to tell anyone that he is the Christ" or "Jesus warned them, 'Do not tell anyone that I am the Christ'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MRK 8 31 d4dc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of Man This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 8 31 d4dc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) MRK 8 31 m32p figs-activepassive 0 would be rejected by the elders ... and after three days rise up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the elders and the chief priests and the scribes would reject him, and that men would kill him, and that after three days he would rise up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 8 32 hl4a 0 He said this clearly "He said this in a way that was easy to understand" -MRK 8 32 te4z figs-explicit 0 began to rebuke him Peter rebuked Jesus for saying the things he said would happen to the Son of Man. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "began to rebuke him for saying these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 32 hl4a ἐλάλει τὸν παρρησίᾳ 1 He said this clearly "He said this in a way that was easy to understand" +MRK 8 32 te4z figs-explicit ἤρξατο ἐπιτιμᾶν αὐτῷ 1 began to rebuke him Peter rebuked Jesus for saying the things he said would happen to the Son of Man. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "began to rebuke him for saying these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 33 ev5s 0 Connecting Statement: After rebuking Peter for his not wanting Jesus to die and rise, Jesus tells both his disciples and the crowd how to follow him. MRK 8 33 nu32 figs-metaphor 0 Get behind me, Satan! You are not setting Jesus means that Peter is acting like Satan because Peter is trying to prevent Jesus from accomplishing what God sent him to do. Alternate translation: "Get behind me, because you are acting like Satan! You are not setting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 8 33 r9gy 0 Get behind me "Get away from me" -MRK 8 34 m732 figs-metaphor 0 follow me Following Jesus here represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 8 34 skl2 0 must deny himself "must not give in to his own desires" or "must forsake his own desires" -MRK 8 34 c6ll figs-metonymy 0 take up his cross, and follow me "carry his cross and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "must obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 8 34 zs3l figs-metaphor 0 follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 8 35 d5rj 0 For whoever wants "For anyone who wants" -MRK 8 35 a6g3 0 life This refers to both physical life and spiritual life. -MRK 8 35 mpq6 figs-explicit 0 for my sake and for the gospel "because of me and because of the gospel." Jesus is talking about people who lose their lives because they follow Jesus and the gospel. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "because he follows me and tells others the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 8 33 r9gy ὕπαγε ὀπίσω μου 1 Get behind me "Get away from me" +MRK 8 34 m732 figs-metaphor ἀκολουθεῖν μου 1 follow me Following Jesus here represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 8 34 skl2 ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν 1 must deny himself "must not give in to his own desires" or "must forsake his own desires" +MRK 8 34 c6ll figs-metonymy ἀράτω αὐτοῦ τὸν σταυρὸν, καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 take up his cross, and follow me "carry his cross and follow me." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "must obey me even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 8 34 zs3l figs-metaphor ἀκολουθεῖν μου 1 follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 8 35 d5rj ὃς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ 1 For whoever wants "For anyone who wants" +MRK 8 35 a6g3 τὴν ψυχὴν 1 life This refers to both physical life and spiritual life. +MRK 8 35 mpq6 figs-explicit ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ ἕνεκεν καὶ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for my sake and for the gospel "because of me and because of the gospel." Jesus is talking about people who lose their lives because they follow Jesus and the gospel. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "because he follows me and tells others the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 8 36 ua46 figs-rquestion 0 What does it profit a person to gain the whole world and then forfeit his life? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even if a person gains the whole world, it will not benefit him if he forfeits his life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 8 36 w7gm 0 to gain the whole world and then forfeit his life This can also be expressed as a condition starting with the word "if." Alternate translation: "if he gains the whole world and then forfeits his life" -MRK 8 36 jde6 figs-hyperbole 0 to gain the whole world The words "the whole world" are an exaggeration for great riches. Alternate translation: "to gain everything he ever wanted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 8 36 bu77 0 forfeit To forfeit something is to lose it or to have another person take it away. -MRK 8 37 wua4 figs-rquestion 0 What can a person give in exchange for his life? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing a person can give in exchange for his life." or "No one can give anything in exchange for his life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 8 37 zw4j 0 What can a person give If in your language "giving" requires someone to receive what is given, "God" can be stated as the receiver. Alternate translation: "What can a person give to God" -MRK 8 38 rvi6 0 ashamed of me and my words "ashamed of me and my message" -MRK 8 38 c53y figs-metaphor 0 in this adulterous and sinful generation Jesus speaks of this generation as "adulterous," meaning that they are unfaithful in their relationship with God. Alternate translation: "in this generation of people who have committed adultery against God and are very sinful" or "in this generation of people who are unfaithful to God and are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 8 38 s5tm guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of Man This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 8 38 xd58 0 when he comes "when he comes back" -MRK 8 38 vl69 0 in the glory of his Father When Jesus returns he will have the same glory as his Father. -MRK 8 38 vqk3 0 with the holy angels "accompanied by the holy angels" +MRK 8 36 jde6 figs-hyperbole κερδήσῃ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον 1 to gain the whole world The words "the whole world" are an exaggeration for great riches. Alternate translation: "to gain everything he ever wanted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MRK 8 36 bu77 ζημιωθῆναι 1 forfeit To forfeit something is to lose it or to have another person take it away. +MRK 8 37 wua4 figs-rquestion τί δοῖ ἄνθρωπος δοῖ ἀντάλλαγμα αὐτοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς? 1 What can a person give in exchange for his life? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing a person can give in exchange for his life." or "No one can give anything in exchange for his life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 8 37 zw4j τί δοῖ ἄνθρωπος δοῖ 1 What can a person give If in your language "giving" requires someone to receive what is given, "God" can be stated as the receiver. Alternate translation: "What can a person give to God" +MRK 8 38 rvi6 ἐπαισχυνθῇ με καὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους 1 ashamed of me and my words "ashamed of me and my message" +MRK 8 38 c53y figs-metaphor ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ μοιχαλίδι καὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ τῇ γενεᾷ 1 in this adulterous and sinful generation Jesus speaks of this generation as "adulterous," meaning that they are unfaithful in their relationship with God. Alternate translation: "in this generation of people who have committed adultery against God and are very sinful" or "in this generation of people who are unfaithful to God and are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 8 38 s5tm guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 8 38 xd58 ὅταν ἔλθῃ 1 when he comes "when he comes back" +MRK 8 38 vl69 ἐν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 in the glory of his Father When Jesus returns he will have the same glory as his Father. +MRK 8 38 vqk3 μετὰ τῶν τῶν ἁγίων ἀγγέλων 1 with the holy angels "accompanied by the holy angels" MRK 9 intro n92j 0 # Mark 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "transfigured"

Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Mark says in this chapter that Jesus' clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Hyperbole

Jesus said things that he did not expect his followers to understand literally. When he said, "If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off" ([Mark 9:43](../../mrk/09/43.md)), he was exaggerating so they would know that they should stay away from anything that caused them to sin, even if it was something they loved or thought they needed.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Elijah and Moses

Elijah and Moses suddenly appear to Jesus, James, John, and Peter, and then they disappear. All four of them saw Elijah and Moses, and because Elijah and Moses spoke with Jesus, the reader should understand that Elijah and Moses appeared physically.

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 9:31](../../mrk/09/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be last of all and servant of all" ([Mark 9:35](../../mrk/09/35.md)).
MRK 9 1 mt8p 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus has just been talking to the people and his disciples about following him. Six days later, Jesus goes with three of his disciples up a mountain where his appearance temporarily changes to what he will look like one day in the kingdom of God. -MRK 9 1 q4b6 0 He said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" -MRK 9 1 yjf6 figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of God come with power The kingdom of God coming represents God showing himself as king. Alternate translation: "God show himself with great power as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 2 uf5f figs-rpronouns 0 alone by themselves The author uses the reflexive pronoun "themselves" here to emphasize that they were alone and that only Jesus, Peter, James, and John went up the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -MRK 9 2 krt6 0 he was transfigured before them When they looked at him, his appearance was different from what it had been. -MRK 9 2 b3bb figs-activepassive 0 he was transfigured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his appearance had changed" or "he appeared very different" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 2 i9vm 0 before them "in front of them" or "so they could clearly him" +MRK 9 1 q4b6 ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" +MRK 9 1 yjf6 figs-metonymy τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐληλυθυῖαν ἐν δυνάμει 1 the kingdom of God come with power The kingdom of God coming represents God showing himself as king. Alternate translation: "God show himself with great power as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 2 uf5f figs-rpronouns μόνους κατ’ ἰδίαν 1 alone by themselves The author uses the reflexive pronoun "themselves" here to emphasize that they were alone and that only Jesus, Peter, James, and John went up the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +MRK 9 2 krt6 μετεμορφώθη ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν 1 he was transfigured before them When they looked at him, his appearance was different from what it had been. +MRK 9 2 b3bb figs-activepassive μετεμορφώθη 1 he was transfigured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his appearance had changed" or "he appeared very different" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 2 i9vm ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν 1 before them "in front of them" or "so they could clearly him" MRK 9 3 id6l 0 radiantly brilliant "shining" or "glowing." Jesus' garments were so white they were emitting or giving off light. -MRK 9 3 s2qf 0 extremely as much as possible or more than most +MRK 9 3 s2qf λείαν 1 extremely as much as possible or more than most MRK 9 3 gp48 0 whiter than any bleacher on earth could bleach them Bleaching describes the process of making natural white wool even whiter by using chemicals like bleach or ammonia. Alternate translation: "whiter than any person on earth could whiten them" -MRK 9 4 f2d6 figs-explicit 0 Elijah with Moses appeared It may be helpful to state who these men are. Alternate translation: "two prophets who had lived long ago, Elijah and Moses, appeared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 4 pj3i 0 they were talking The word "they" refers to Elijah and Moses. +MRK 9 4 f2d6 figs-explicit Ἠλείας σὺν Μωϋσεῖ ὤφθη 1 Elijah with Moses appeared It may be helpful to state who these men are. Alternate translation: "two prophets who had lived long ago, Elijah and Moses, appeared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 4 pj3i ἦσαν συνλαλοῦντες 1 they were talking The word "they" refers to Elijah and Moses. MRK 9 5 w6vs 0 Peter answered and said to Jesus "Peter said to Jesus." Here the word "answered" is used to introduce Peter into the conversation. Peter was not answering a question. -MRK 9 5 iqc9 figs-exclusive 0 it is good for us to be here It is not clear whether "us" refers only to Peter, James, and John, or if it refers to everyone there, including Jesus, Elijah, and Moses. If you can translate so that both options are possible, do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -MRK 9 5 k3y1 0 shelters simple, temporary places in which to sit or sleep -MRK 9 6 r3bn writing-background 0 For he did not know what to say, for they were terrified This parenthetical sentence tells background information about Peter, James, and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 9 6 f8hn 0 they were terrified "they were very frightened" or "they were very afraid" +MRK 9 5 iqc9 figs-exclusive ἐστιν καλόν ἡμᾶς εἶναι ὧδε 1 it is good for us to be here It is not clear whether "us" refers only to Peter, James, and John, or if it refers to everyone there, including Jesus, Elijah, and Moses. If you can translate so that both options are possible, do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +MRK 9 5 k3y1 σκηνάς 1 shelters simple, temporary places in which to sit or sleep +MRK 9 6 r3bn writing-background γὰρ ᾔδει οὐ ᾔδει τί ἀποκριθῇ, γὰρ ἐγένοντο ἔκφοβοι 1 For he did not know what to say, for they were terrified This parenthetical sentence tells background information about Peter, James, and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +MRK 9 6 f8hn ἐγένοντο ἔκφοβοι 1 they were terrified "they were very frightened" or "they were very afraid" MRK 9 7 e3id 0 came and overshadowed "appeared and covered" -MRK 9 7 x4mv figs-metonymy 0 Then a voice came out of the cloud Here "a voice came out" is a metonym for someone speaking. It can also be stated clearly who spoke. Alternate translation: "Then someone spoke from the cloud" or "Then God spoke from the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 7 hn9m 0 This is my beloved Son. Listen to him God the Father expresses his love for his "beloved Son," the Son of God. -MRK 9 7 ybu6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 beloved Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 9 8 hq73 0 when they looked Here "they" refers to Peter, James, and John. +MRK 9 7 x4mv figs-metonymy καὶ φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης 1 Then a voice came out of the cloud Here "a voice came out" is a metonym for someone speaking. It can also be stated clearly who spoke. Alternate translation: "Then someone spoke from the cloud" or "Then God spoke from the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 7 hn9m οὗτός ἐστιν μου ὁ ἀγαπητός ὁ Υἱός. ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ 1 This is my beloved Son. Listen to him God the Father expresses his love for his "beloved Son," the Son of God. +MRK 9 7 ybu6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ ἀγαπητός ὁ Υἱός 1 beloved Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 9 8 hq73 περιβλεψάμενοι 1 when they looked Here "they" refers to Peter, James, and John. MRK 9 9 dv4d figs-explicit 0 he commanded them to tell no one ... until the Son of Man had risen This implies that he was permitting them to tell people about what they had seen only after he rose from being dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 9 w98g figs-metonymy 0 risen from the dead "risen from among the dead." This speaks of becoming alive again. The phrase "the dead" refers to "dead people" and is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: "risen from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 10 wfu9 figs-metonymy 0 rising from the dead "to rise from among the dead." This speaks of becoming alive again. The phrase "the dead" refers to "dead people" and is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: "rising from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 10 b8y9 figs-idiom 0 So they kept the matter to themselves Here "kept the matter to themselves" is an idiom that means they did not tell anyone about what they had seen. Alternate translation: "So they did not tell anyone about what they had seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 9 9 w98g figs-metonymy ἀναστῇ ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 risen from the dead "risen from among the dead." This speaks of becoming alive again. The phrase "the dead" refers to "dead people" and is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: "risen from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 10 wfu9 figs-metonymy ἀναστῆναι ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 rising from the dead "to rise from among the dead." This speaks of becoming alive again. The phrase "the dead" refers to "dead people" and is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: "rising from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 10 b8y9 figs-idiom καὶ ἐκράτησαν τὸν λόγον πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς 1 So they kept the matter to themselves Here "kept the matter to themselves" is an idiom that means they did not tell anyone about what they had seen. Alternate translation: "So they did not tell anyone about what they had seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 9 11 pck1 0 Connecting Statement: Though Peter, James, and John wondered what Jesus might mean by "rising from the dead," they asked him instead about Elijah's coming. -MRK 9 11 s9zn 0 They asked him The word "they" refers to Peter, James, and John. +MRK 9 11 s9zn ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν 1 They asked him The word "they" refers to Peter, James, and John. MRK 9 11 h45a figs-explicit 0 Why do the scribes say that Elijah must come first? Prophecy foretold that Elijah would come again from heaven. Then the Messiah, who is the Son of Man, would come to rule and reign. The disciples are confused about how the Son of Man could die and rise again. Alternate translation: "Why do the scribes say that Elijah must come first before the Messiah comes?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 12 x5ep 0 Elijah does come first to restore all things By saying this, Jesus affirms that Elijah would come first. +MRK 9 12 x5ep Ἠλείας ἐλθὼν πρῶτον ἀποκατιστάνει πάντα 1 Elijah does come first to restore all things By saying this, Jesus affirms that Elijah would come first. MRK 9 12 s3q3 figs-rquestion 0 Why then is it written ... be despised? Jesus uses this question to remind his disciples that the scriptures also teach that the Son of Man must suffer and be despised. This may be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "But I also want you to consider what is written about the Son of Man. The scriptures say that he must suffer many things and be hated." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 9 12 i3j7 figs-activepassive 0 be despised This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people would hate him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 13 k3kj figs-explicit 0 they did whatever they wanted to him It may be helpful to state what people did to Elijah. Alternate translation: "our leaders treated him very badly, just as they wanted to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 12 i3j7 figs-activepassive ἐξουδενηθῇ 1 be despised This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people would hate him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 13 k3kj figs-explicit ἐποίησαν ὅσα ἤθελον αὐτῷ 1 they did whatever they wanted to him It may be helpful to state what people did to Elijah. Alternate translation: "our leaders treated him very badly, just as they wanted to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 9 14 qn7d 0 Connecting Statement: When Peter, James, John, and Jesus came down from the mountain, they found the scribes arguing with the other disciples. -MRK 9 14 n8fd 0 When they came to the disciples Jesus, Peter, James, and John returned to the other disciples who had not gone with them up the mountain. -MRK 9 14 cs1f 0 they saw a great crowd around them "Jesus and those three disciples saw a great crowd around the other disciples" -MRK 9 14 wp9z 0 scribes were arguing with them The scribes were arguing with the disciples who had not gone with Jesus. -MRK 9 15 lch5 figs-explicit 0 was amazed It may be helpful to state why they were amazed. Alternate translation: "was amazed that Jesus had come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 14 n8fd ἐλθόντες πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς 1 When they came to the disciples Jesus, Peter, James, and John returned to the other disciples who had not gone with them up the mountain. +MRK 9 14 cs1f εἶδον ὄχλον πολὺν ὄχλον περὶ αὐτοὺς 1 they saw a great crowd around them "Jesus and those three disciples saw a great crowd around the other disciples" +MRK 9 14 wp9z γραμματεῖς συνζητοῦντας πρὸς αὐτούς 1 scribes were arguing with them The scribes were arguing with the disciples who had not gone with Jesus. +MRK 9 15 lch5 figs-explicit ἐξεθαμβήθησαν 1 was amazed It may be helpful to state why they were amazed. Alternate translation: "was amazed that Jesus had come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 9 17 b7v8 0 Connecting Statement: To explain what the scribes and other disciples were arguing about, a father of a demon-possessed man tells Jesus that he has asked the disciples to send the demon out of his son, but they could not. Jesus then casts the demon out of the boy. Later the disciples ask why they were not able to send the demon away. -MRK 9 17 zqw9 figs-idiom 0 He has a spirit This means the boy is possessed by an unclean spirit. "He has an unclean spirit" or "He is possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 9 18 zhc9 0 he foams at the mouth A convulsion, or seizure, can cause a person to have trouble breathing or swallowing. This causes white foam to come out of the mouth. If your language has a way to describe that, you could use it. Alternate translation: "bubbles come out of his mouth" +MRK 9 17 zqw9 figs-idiom ἔχοντα πνεῦμα 1 He has a spirit This means the boy is possessed by an unclean spirit. "He has an unclean spirit" or "He is possessed by an unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 9 18 zhc9 ἀφρίζει 1 he foams at the mouth A convulsion, or seizure, can cause a person to have trouble breathing or swallowing. This causes white foam to come out of the mouth. If your language has a way to describe that, you could use it. Alternate translation: "bubbles come out of his mouth" MRK 9 18 h98h 0 he becomes rigid "he becomes stiff" or "his body becomes rigid" -MRK 9 18 zre6 figs-ellipsis 0 they could not This refers to the disciples not being about to drive the spirit out of the boy. Alternate translation: "they could not drive it out of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 9 19 tb67 figs-explicit 0 He answered them Though it was the boy's father who made a request of Jesus, Jesus responds to the whole crowd. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Jesus responded to the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 19 azc9 0 Unbelieving generation "You unbelieving generation." Jesus calls the crowd this, as he begins to respond to them. +MRK 9 18 zre6 figs-ellipsis ἴσχυσαν οὐκ 1 they could not This refers to the disciples not being about to drive the spirit out of the boy. Alternate translation: "they could not drive it out of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 19 tb67 figs-explicit ὁ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτοῖς 1 He answered them Though it was the boy's father who made a request of Jesus, Jesus responds to the whole crowd. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Jesus responded to the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 19 azc9 ἄπιστος γενεὰ 1 Unbelieving generation "You unbelieving generation." Jesus calls the crowd this, as he begins to respond to them. MRK 9 19 n4dq figs-rquestion 0 how long will I have to stay with you? ... bear with you? Jesus uses these questions to express his frustration. Both questions have the same meaning. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "I have become weary by your unbelief!" or "Your unbelief tires me! I wonder how long I must bear with you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 9 19 b7u5 0 bear with you "endure you" or "put up with you" -MRK 9 19 b7ee 0 Bring him to me "Bring the boy to me" -MRK 9 20 bw3l 0 spirit This refers to the unclean spirit. See how you translated this in [Mark 9:17](../09/17.md). -MRK 9 20 l4r5 0 convulsion This is a condition where a person has no control over his body, and his body shakes violently. -MRK 9 21 f5zm figs-ellipsis 0 Since childhood "Since he was a small child." It may be helpful to state this as a full sentence. Alternate translation: "He has been like this since he was a small child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 9 22 f5yu 0 have pity "have compassion" -MRK 9 23 vh6c figs-ellipsis 0 'If you are able'? Jesus repeated what the man had said to him. Alternate translation: "Do you say to me 'If you are able'?" or "Why do you say 'If you are able'?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 9 23 g3nd figs-rquestion 0 'If you are able'? Jesus used this question to rebuke the man's doubt. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not say to me, 'If you are able.'" or "You ask me if I am able. Of course I am able." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 9 23 kp1x 0 All things are possible for the one who believes "God can do anything for people who believe in him" -MRK 9 23 f3uj 0 for the one "for the person" or "for anyone" -MRK 9 23 e5kk 0 believes This refers to belief in God. Alternate translation: "believes in God" -MRK 9 24 h4y6 0 Help my unbelief The man is asking Jesus to help him overcome his unbelief and increase his faith. Alternate translation: "Help me when I do not believe" or "Help me have more faith" -MRK 9 25 qaw4 0 the crowd running to them This means that more people were running toward where Jesus was and that the crowd there was growing larger. +MRK 9 19 b7u5 ἀνέξομαι ὑμῶν 1 bear with you "endure you" or "put up with you" +MRK 9 19 b7ee φέρετε αὐτὸν πρός με 1 Bring him to me "Bring the boy to me" +MRK 9 20 bw3l πνεῦμα 1 spirit This refers to the unclean spirit. See how you translated this in [Mark 9:17](../09/17.md). +MRK 9 20 l4r5 συνεσπάραξεν 1 convulsion This is a condition where a person has no control over his body, and his body shakes violently. +MRK 9 21 f5zm figs-ellipsis ἐκ παιδιόθεν 1 Since childhood "Since he was a small child." It may be helpful to state this as a full sentence. Alternate translation: "He has been like this since he was a small child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 22 f5yu σπλαγχνισθεὶς 1 have pity "have compassion" +MRK 9 23 vh6c figs-ellipsis ,"' εἰ δύνῃ'? 1 'If you are able'? Jesus repeated what the man had said to him. Alternate translation: "Do you say to me 'If you are able'?" or "Why do you say 'If you are able'?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 23 g3nd figs-rquestion ,"' εἰ δύνῃ'? 1 'If you are able'? Jesus used this question to rebuke the man's doubt. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not say to me, 'If you are able.'" or "You ask me if I am able. Of course I am able." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 9 23 kp1x πάντα δυνατὰ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 All things are possible for the one who believes "God can do anything for people who believe in him" +MRK 9 23 f3uj τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 for the one "for the person" or "for anyone" +MRK 9 23 e5kk τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 believes This refers to belief in God. Alternate translation: "believes in God" +MRK 9 24 h4y6 βοήθει μου τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 Help my unbelief The man is asking Jesus to help him overcome his unbelief and increase his faith. Alternate translation: "Help me when I do not believe" or "Help me have more faith" +MRK 9 25 qaw4 ὄχλος ἐπισυντρέχει 1 the crowd running to them This means that more people were running toward where Jesus was and that the crowd there was growing larger. MRK 9 25 ul8k 0 You mute and deaf spirit The words "mute" and "deaf" can be explained. Alternate translation: "You unclean spirit, you who are causing the boy to be unable to speak and unable to hear" -MRK 9 26 adb6 0 It cried out "The unclean spirit cried out" -MRK 9 26 i8dz 0 convulsed the boy greatly "shook the boy violently" -MRK 9 26 ry3l figs-explicit 0 came out It is implied that the spirit came out of the boy. Alternate translation: "came out of the boy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 26 adb6 κράξας 1 It cried out "The unclean spirit cried out" +MRK 9 26 i8dz σπαράξας αὐτόν πολλὰ 1 convulsed the boy greatly "shook the boy violently" +MRK 9 26 ry3l figs-explicit ἐξῆλθεν 1 came out It is implied that the spirit came out of the boy. Alternate translation: "came out of the boy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 9 26 n7h8 figs-simile 0 The boy looked like one who was dead The boy's appearance is compared to that of a dead person. Alternate translation: "The boy appeared dead" or "The boy looked like a dead person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 9 26 ns4t 0 so that many "so that many people" +MRK 9 26 ns4t ὥστε τοὺς πολλοὺς 1 so that many "so that many people" MRK 9 27 g2lt figs-idiom 0 took him by the hand This means that Jesus grasped the boy's hand with his own hand. Alternate translation: "grasped the boy by the hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 9 27 r9zn 0 lifted him up "helped him get up" -MRK 9 28 sd45 0 privately This means they were alone. -MRK 9 28 x1ej figs-ellipsis 0 cast it out "cast the unclean spirit out." This refers to casting the spirit out of the boy. Alternate translation: "cast the unclean spirit out of the boy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 9 29 pdk2 figs-doublenegatives 0 This kind cannot be cast out except by prayer The words "cannot" and "except" are both negative words. In some languages it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "This kind can be cast out only by prayer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MRK 9 29 v2s7 figs-ellipsis 0 This kind This describes unclean spirits. Alternate translation: "This kind of unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 27 r9zn ἤγειρεν αὐτόν ἤγειρεν 1 lifted him up "helped him get up" +MRK 9 28 sd45 κατ’ ἰδίαν 1 privately This means they were alone. +MRK 9 28 x1ej figs-ellipsis ἐκβαλεῖν αὐτό ἐκβαλεῖν 1 cast it out "cast the unclean spirit out." This refers to casting the spirit out of the boy. Alternate translation: "cast the unclean spirit out of the boy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 29 pdk2 figs-doublenegatives τοῦτο τὸ γένος οὐδενὶ δύναται ἐξελθεῖν εἰ μὴ ἐν προσευχῇ 1 This kind cannot be cast out except by prayer The words "cannot" and "except" are both negative words. In some languages it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "This kind can be cast out only by prayer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MRK 9 29 v2s7 figs-ellipsis τοῦτο τὸ γένος 1 This kind This describes unclean spirits. Alternate translation: "This kind of unclean spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 9 30 q4iu 0 Connecting Statement: After he heals the demon-possessed boy, Jesus and his disciples leave the house where they are staying. He takes time to teach his disciples alone. -MRK 9 30 pp6z 0 They went out from there "Jesus and his disciples left that region" -MRK 9 30 f12g 0 passed through "traveled through" or "passed by" -MRK 9 31 ywi8 figs-explicit 0 for he was teaching his disciples Jesus was teaching his disciples privately, away from the crowd. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "for he was teaching his disciples privately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 31 w75k figs-activepassive 0 The Son of Man will be delivered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 31 y5cw guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 The Son of Man Here Jesus refers to himself as the Son of Man. This is an important title for Jesus. "I, the Son of Man," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 9 31 z8ud figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of men Here "hands" is a metonym for control. Alternate translation: "into the control of men" or "so that men will be able to control him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 31 s1n2 figs-activepassive 0 When he has been put to death, after three days he This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After they have put him to death and three days have passed, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 32 vtx1 figs-ellipsis 0 they were afraid to ask him They were afraid to ask Jesus what his statement meant. Alternate translation: "they were afraid to ask him what it meant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 9 30 pp6z ἐξελθόντες κἀκεῖθεν 1 They went out from there "Jesus and his disciples left that region" +MRK 9 30 f12g παρεπορεύοντο διὰ 1 passed through "traveled through" or "passed by" +MRK 9 31 ywi8 figs-explicit γὰρ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς μαθητὰς 1 for he was teaching his disciples Jesus was teaching his disciples privately, away from the crowd. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "for he was teaching his disciples privately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 31 w75k figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται 1 The Son of Man will be delivered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone will deliver the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 31 y5cw guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 The Son of Man Here Jesus refers to himself as the Son of Man. This is an important title for Jesus. "I, the Son of Man," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 9 31 z8ud figs-metonymy εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων 1 into the hands of men Here "hands" is a metonym for control. Alternate translation: "into the control of men" or "so that men will be able to control him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 31 s1n2 figs-activepassive ἀποκτανθεὶς, μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἀναστήσεται 1 When he has been put to death, after three days he This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After they have put him to death and three days have passed, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 32 vtx1 figs-ellipsis ἐφοβοῦντο ἐπερωτῆσαι αὐτὸν 1 they were afraid to ask him They were afraid to ask Jesus what his statement meant. Alternate translation: "they were afraid to ask him what it meant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 9 33 xv94 writing-newevent 0 When they come to Capernaum, Jesus teaches his disciples about being humble servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -MRK 9 33 swa7 0 they came to "they arrived at." The word "they" refers to Jesus and his disciples. -MRK 9 33 t717 0 were you discussing "were you discussing with one another" -MRK 9 34 sq3c figs-explicit 0 they were silent They were silent because they were ashamed to tell Jesus what they had been discussing. Alternate translation: "they were silent because they were ashamed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 33 swa7 ἦλθον εἰς 1 they came to "they arrived at." The word "they" refers to Jesus and his disciples. +MRK 9 33 t717 διελογίζεσθε 1 were you discussing "were you discussing with one another" +MRK 9 34 sq3c figs-explicit οἱ ἐσιώπων 1 they were silent They were silent because they were ashamed to tell Jesus what they had been discussing. Alternate translation: "they were silent because they were ashamed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 9 34 gdg3 figs-explicit 0 who was the greatest Here "the greatest" refers to "the greatest" among the disciples. Alternate translation: "who was the greatest among them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 35 jzl5 figs-metaphor 0 If anyone wants to be first, he must be last of all Here the words "first" and "last" are opposites of one another. Jesus speaks of being the "most important" as being "first" and of being the "least important" as being "last." Alternate translation: "If anyone wants God to consider him to be the most important person of all, he must consider himself to be the least important of all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 9 35 t526 0 of all ... of all "of all people ... of all people" -MRK 9 36 gmb1 0 in their midst "among them." The word "their" refers to the crowd. -MRK 9 36 idb8 0 He took him in his arms This means that he hugged the child or picked him up and placed him on his lap. +MRK 9 35 jzl5 figs-metaphor εἴ τις θέλει εἶναι πρῶτος, ἔσται ἔσχατος πάντων 1 If anyone wants to be first, he must be last of all Here the words "first" and "last" are opposites of one another. Jesus speaks of being the "most important" as being "first" and of being the "least important" as being "last." Alternate translation: "If anyone wants God to consider him to be the most important person of all, he must consider himself to be the least important of all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 9 35 t526 πάντων 2 of all ... of all "of all people ... of all people" +MRK 9 36 gmb1 ἐν αὐτῶν μέσῳ 1 in their midst "among them." The word "their" refers to the crowd. +MRK 9 36 idb8 ἐναγκαλισάμενος αὐτὸ ἐναγκαλισάμενος 1 He took him in his arms This means that he hugged the child or picked him up and placed him on his lap. MRK 9 37 h242 0 such a child "a child like this" -MRK 9 37 ul12 figs-idiom 0 in my name This means to do something because of love for Jesus. Alternate translation: "because he loves me" or "for my sake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 9 37 y24n figs-explicit 0 the one who sent me This refers to God, who has sent him to earth. Alternate translation: "God, who has sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 38 idn7 0 John said to him "John said to Jesus" -MRK 9 38 tn6s figs-explicit 0 driving out demons "sending away demons." This refers to casting demons out of people. Alternate translation: "driving demons out of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 38 dxq5 figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here "name" is associated with Jesus' authority and power. Alternate translation: "by the authority of your name" or "by the power of your name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 38 k2i2 figs-idiom 0 he does not follow us This means that he is not among their group of disciples. Alternate translation: "he is not one of us" or "he does not walk with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 9 40 tma4 0 is not against us "is not opposing us" -MRK 9 40 j8gq 0 is for us It can be explained clearly what this means. Alternate translation: "is trying to achieve the same goals that we are" +MRK 9 37 ul12 figs-idiom ἐπὶ μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in my name This means to do something because of love for Jesus. Alternate translation: "because he loves me" or "for my sake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 9 37 y24n figs-explicit τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με 1 the one who sent me This refers to God, who has sent him to earth. Alternate translation: "God, who has sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 38 idn7 ὁ Ἰωάννης ἔφη αὐτῷ 1 John said to him "John said to Jesus" +MRK 9 38 tn6s figs-explicit ἐκβάλλοντα δαιμόνια 1 driving out demons "sending away demons." This refers to casting demons out of people. Alternate translation: "driving demons out of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 38 dxq5 figs-metonymy ἐν σου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in your name Here "name" is associated with Jesus' authority and power. Alternate translation: "by the authority of your name" or "by the power of your name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 38 k2i2 figs-idiom ἠκολούθει οὐκ ἠκολούθει ἡμῖν 1 he does not follow us This means that he is not among their group of disciples. Alternate translation: "he is not one of us" or "he does not walk with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 9 40 tma4 ἔστιν οὐκ καθ’ ἡμῶν 1 is not against us "is not opposing us" +MRK 9 40 j8gq ἐστιν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 is for us It can be explained clearly what this means. Alternate translation: "is trying to achieve the same goals that we are" MRK 9 41 lz5d figs-metaphor 0 gives you a cup of water to drink because you belong to Christ Jesus speaks about giving someone a cup of water as an example of how one person may help another. This is a metaphor for helping someone in any way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 9 41 bgq1 figs-litotes 0 not lose This negative sentence emphasizes the positive meaning. In some languages, it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "definitely receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MRK 9 42 z6k5 0 millstone a large, round stone used for grinding grain into flour -MRK 9 43 g8dv figs-metonymy 0 If your hand causes you to stumble Here "hand" is a metonym for desiring to do something sinful that you would do with your hand. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful with one of your hands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 43 iku4 0 to enter into life maimed "to be maimed and then to enter into life" or "to be maimed before entering into life" -MRK 9 43 g6ww figs-metaphor 0 to enter into life Dying and then beginning to live eternally is spoken of as entering into life. Alternate translation: "to enter into eternal life" or "to die and begin to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 9 43 qjm9 0 maimed missing a body part as a result of having it removed or being injured. Here it refers to missing a hand. Alternate translation: "without a hand" or "missing a hand" -MRK 9 43 ttl7 0 into the unquenchable fire "where the fire cannot be put out" -MRK 9 45 lx2b figs-metonymy 0 If your foot causes you to stumble Here the word "foot" is a metonym for desiring to do something sinful that you would do with your feet, such as going to a place you should not go to. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful with one of your feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 45 vj49 0 to enter into life lame "to be lame and then to enter into life" or "to be lame before entering into life" -MRK 9 45 r1dy figs-metaphor 0 to enter into life Dying and then beginning to live eternally is spoken of as entering into life. Alternate translation: "to enter into eternal life" or "to die and begin to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 9 45 c2vw 0 lame "unable to walk easily." Here it refers not being able to walk well because of missing a foot. Alternate translation: "without a foot" or "missing a foot" -MRK 9 45 tmd6 figs-activepassive 0 be thrown into hell This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God to throw you into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 47 n5tw figs-metonymy 0 If your eye causes you to stumble, tear it out Here the word "eye" is a metonym for either 1) desiring to sin by looking at something. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful by looking at something, tear your eye out" or 2) Desiring to sin because of what you have looked at. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful because of what you look at, tear your eye out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 9 47 e52s figs-explicit 0 to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye than to have two eyes This refers to the state of a person's physical body when he dies. A person does not take his physical body with him into eternity. Alternate translation: "to enter into the kingdom of God after having lived on earth with only one eye than to have lived on earth with two eyes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 47 r2gn figs-activepassive 0 to be thrown into hell This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "for God to throw you into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 48 uh4p figs-explicit 0 where their worm does not die The meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "where worms that eat people there do not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 9 49 mr5y figs-activepassive 0 everyone will be salted with fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will salt everyone with fire" or "Just as salt purifies a sacrifice, God will purify everyone by allowing them to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 9 49 ma3s figs-metaphor 0 will be salted with fire Here "fire" is a metaphor for suffering, and putting salt on people is a metaphor for purifying them. So "will be salted with fire" is a metaphor for being purified through suffering. Alternate translation: "will be made pure in the fire of suffering" or "will suffer in order to be purified as a sacrifice is purified with salt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 9 50 rb7r 0 its saltiness "its salty taste" -MRK 9 50 fqb8 figs-rquestion 0 how can you make it salty again? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "you cannot make it salty again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 9 50 t76n 0 salty again "taste salty again" -MRK 9 50 f34y figs-metaphor 0 Have salt among yourselves Jesus speaks of doing good things for one another as if good things were salt that people possess. Alternate translation: "Do good to each other, like salt adds flavor to food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 9 41 bgq1 figs-litotes οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσῃ 1 not lose This negative sentence emphasizes the positive meaning. In some languages, it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "definitely receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 9 42 z6k5 μύλος 1 millstone a large, round stone used for grinding grain into flour +MRK 9 43 g8dv figs-metonymy ἐὰν σου ἡ χείρ σκανδαλίσῃ σε σκανδαλίσῃ 1 If your hand causes you to stumble Here "hand" is a metonym for desiring to do something sinful that you would do with your hand. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful with one of your hands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 43 iku4 εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν κυλλὸν 1 to enter into life maimed "to be maimed and then to enter into life" or "to be maimed before entering into life" +MRK 9 43 g6ww figs-metaphor εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν 1 to enter into life Dying and then beginning to live eternally is spoken of as entering into life. Alternate translation: "to enter into eternal life" or "to die and begin to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 9 43 qjm9 κυλλὸν 1 maimed missing a body part as a result of having it removed or being injured. Here it refers to missing a hand. Alternate translation: "without a hand" or "missing a hand" +MRK 9 43 ttl7 εἰς τὸ τὸ ἄσβεστον πῦρ 1 into the unquenchable fire "where the fire cannot be put out" +MRK 9 45 lx2b figs-metonymy ἐὰν σου ὁ πούς σκανδαλίζῃ σε σκανδαλίζῃ 1 If your foot causes you to stumble Here the word "foot" is a metonym for desiring to do something sinful that you would do with your feet, such as going to a place you should not go to. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful with one of your feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 45 vj49 εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν χωλὸν 1 to enter into life lame "to be lame and then to enter into life" or "to be lame before entering into life" +MRK 9 45 r1dy figs-metaphor εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν 1 to enter into life Dying and then beginning to live eternally is spoken of as entering into life. Alternate translation: "to enter into eternal life" or "to die and begin to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 9 45 c2vw χωλὸν 1 lame "unable to walk easily." Here it refers not being able to walk well because of missing a foot. Alternate translation: "without a foot" or "missing a foot" +MRK 9 45 tmd6 figs-activepassive βληθῆναι εἰς τὴν Γέενναν 1 be thrown into hell This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God to throw you into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 47 n5tw figs-metonymy ἐὰν σου ὁ ὀφθαλμός σκανδαλίζῃ σε σκανδαλίζῃ, ἔκβαλε αὐτόν ἔκβαλε 1 If your eye causes you to stumble, tear it out Here the word "eye" is a metonym for either 1) desiring to sin by looking at something. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful by looking at something, tear your eye out" or 2) Desiring to sin because of what you have looked at. Alternate translation: "If you want to do something sinful because of what you look at, tear your eye out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 9 47 e52s figs-explicit εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ μονόφθαλμον ἢ ἔχοντα δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye than to have two eyes This refers to the state of a person's physical body when he dies. A person does not take his physical body with him into eternity. Alternate translation: "to enter into the kingdom of God after having lived on earth with only one eye than to have lived on earth with two eyes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 47 r2gn figs-activepassive βληθῆναι εἰς τὴν Γέενναν 1 to be thrown into hell This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "for God to throw you into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 48 uh4p figs-explicit ὅπου αὐτῶν ὁ σκώληξ τελευτᾷ οὐ τελευτᾷ 1 where their worm does not die The meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "where worms that eat people there do not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 9 49 mr5y figs-activepassive πᾶς ἁλισθήσεται πυρὶ 1 everyone will be salted with fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will salt everyone with fire" or "Just as salt purifies a sacrifice, God will purify everyone by allowing them to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 9 49 ma3s figs-metaphor ἁλισθήσεται πυρὶ 1 will be salted with fire Here "fire" is a metaphor for suffering, and putting salt on people is a metaphor for purifying them. So "will be salted with fire" is a metaphor for being purified through suffering. Alternate translation: "will be made pure in the fire of suffering" or "will suffer in order to be purified as a sacrifice is purified with salt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 9 50 rb7r ἄναλον γένηται 1 its saltiness "its salty taste" +MRK 9 50 fqb8 figs-rquestion ἐν τίνι ἀρτύσετε αὐτὸ ἀρτύσετε? 1 how can you make it salty again? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "you cannot make it salty again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 9 50 t76n ἀρτύσετε 1 salty again "taste salty again" +MRK 9 50 f34y figs-metaphor ἔχετε ἅλα ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 Have salt among yourselves Jesus speaks of doing good things for one another as if good things were salt that people possess. Alternate translation: "Do good to each other, like salt adds flavor to food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 10 intro bq25 0 # Mark 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 10:7-8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Jesus' teaching about divorce

The Pharisees wanted to find a way to make Jesus say that it is good to break the law of Moses, so they asked him about divorce. Jesus tells how God originally designed marriage to show that the Pharisees taught wrongly about divorce.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. When Jesus spoke of "the cup which I will drink," he was speaking of the pain he would suffer on the cross as if it were a bitter, poisonous liquid in a cup.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wishes to become great among you must be your servant" ([Mark 10:43](../../mrk/10/43.md)).
MRK 10 1 vf86 0 Connecting Statement: After Jesus and his disciples leave Capernaum, Jesus reminds the Pharisees, as well as his disciples, what God really expects in marriage and divorce. -MRK 10 1 qq93 figs-explicit 0 Jesus left that place Jesus' disciples were traveling with him. They were leaving Capernaum. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples left Capernaum" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 1 j5wa 0 and to the area beyond the Jordan River "and to the land on the other side of the Jordan River" or "and to the area east of the Jordan River" -MRK 10 1 qyp5 0 He was teaching them again The word "them" refers to the crowds. +MRK 10 1 qq93 figs-explicit ἀναστὰς ἐκεῖθεν 1 Jesus left that place Jesus' disciples were traveling with him. They were leaving Capernaum. Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples left Capernaum" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 1 j5wa καὶ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου 1 and to the area beyond the Jordan River "and to the land on the other side of the Jordan River" or "and to the area east of the Jordan River" +MRK 10 1 qyp5 ἐδίδασκεν αὐτούς πάλιν 1 He was teaching them again The word "them" refers to the crowds. MRK 10 1 vzb4 0 he was accustomed to do "was his custom" or "he usually did" -MRK 10 3 p9nu 0 What did Moses command you Moses gave the law to their ancestors, which they now were also supposed to follow. Alternate translation: "What did Moses command your ancestors about this" -MRK 10 4 qu28 0 a certificate of divorce This was a paper saying that the woman was no longer his wife. +MRK 10 3 p9nu τί ἐνετείλατο Μωϋσῆς ἐνετείλατο ὑμῖν 1 What did Moses command you Moses gave the law to their ancestors, which they now were also supposed to follow. Alternate translation: "What did Moses command your ancestors about this" +MRK 10 4 qu28 βιβλίον ἀποστασίου 1 a certificate of divorce This was a paper saying that the woman was no longer his wife. MRK 10 5 djt9 writing-quotations 0 "It was because ... this law," Jesus said to them. In some languages speakers do not interrupt a quote to say who is speaking. Rather they say who is speaking at the beginning or end of the complete quote. Alternate translation: "Jesus said to them, 'It was because ... this law." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) MRK 10 5 jzb2 0 because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law Long before this time, Moses wrote this law for the Jews and their descendants because they had hard hearts. The Jews of Jesus' time also had hard hearts, so Jesus included them by using the words "your" and "you." Alternate translation: "because your ancestors and you had hard hearts that he wrote this law" -MRK 10 5 m73x figs-metonymy 0 your hard hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. The phrase "hard hearts" is a metaphor for "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "your stubbornness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 6 m6lj 0 God made them "God made people" +MRK 10 5 m73x figs-metonymy ὑμῶν τὴν σκληροκαρδίαν 1 your hard hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being or mind. The phrase "hard hearts" is a metaphor for "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "your stubbornness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 6 m6lj ἐποίησεν αὐτούς 1 God made them "God made people" MRK 10 7 k39e 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to quote what God said in the book of Genesis. -MRK 10 7 xr7h 0 For this reason "Therefore" or "Because of this" +MRK 10 7 xr7h ἕνεκεν τούτου 1 For this reason "Therefore" or "Because of this" MRK 10 7 ntz7 0 be united to his wife "join with his wife" MRK 10 8 rd63 0 and the two ... one flesh Jesus finishes quoting what God said in the book of Genesis. MRK 10 8 p7yc figs-metaphor 0 they are no longer two, but one flesh This is a metaphor to illustrate their close union as husband and wife. Alternate translation: "the two people are like one person" or "they are no longer two, but together they are one body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -802,639 +802,639 @@ MRK 10 9 ty4e figs-explicit 0 Therefore what God has joined together, let no ma MRK 10 10 ufw6 0 When they were "When Jesus and his disciples were" MRK 10 10 c2ya figs-explicit 0 were in the house Jesus' disciples were speaking to him privately. Alternate translation: were alone in the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 10 10 l8fu 0 asked him again about this The word "this" refers to the conversation that Jesus had just had with the Pharisees about divorce. -MRK 10 11 i5kp 0 Whoever "Anyone who" -MRK 10 11 vt25 0 commits adultery against her Here "her" refers to the first woman he was married to. -MRK 10 12 sn1m figs-explicit 0 she commits adultery In this situation she commits adultery again her previous husband. Alternate translation: "she commits adultery against him" or "she commits adultery against the first man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 11 i5kp ὃς ἂν 1 Whoever "Anyone who" +MRK 10 11 vt25 μοιχᾶται ἐπ’ αὐτήν 1 commits adultery against her Here "her" refers to the first woman he was married to. +MRK 10 12 sn1m figs-explicit μοιχᾶται 1 she commits adultery In this situation she commits adultery again her previous husband. Alternate translation: "she commits adultery against him" or "she commits adultery against the first man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 10 13 j3t9 0 Connecting Statement: When the disciples rebuke the people for bringing their little children to Jesus, he blesses the children and reminds the disciples that people must be as humble as a child to enter the kingdom of God. MRK 10 13 zx1f writing-newevent 0 Then they brought "Now people were bringing." This is the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -MRK 10 13 pk8a figs-explicit 0 he might touch them This means that Jesus would touch them with his hands and bless them. Alternate translation: "he might touch them with his hands and bless them" or "he might lay his hands on them and bless them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 13 w5lm 0 rebuked them "rebuked the people" +MRK 10 13 pk8a figs-explicit ἅψηται αὐτῶν 1 he might touch them This means that Jesus would touch them with his hands and bless them. Alternate translation: "he might touch them with his hands and bless them" or "he might lay his hands on them and bless them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 13 w5lm ἐπετίμησαν αὐτοῖς 1 rebuked them "rebuked the people" MRK 10 14 lsq4 0 Jesus noticed it The word "it" refers to the disciples rebuking the people who were bringing the children to Jesus. -MRK 10 14 rv7x 0 was very displeased "became angry" -MRK 10 14 yi5m figs-parallelism 0 Permit the little children to come to me, and do not forbid them These two clauses have similar meanings, repeated for emphasis. In some languages it is more natural to emphasize this in another way. Alternate translation: "Be sure to allow the little children to come to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 10 14 qj7i figs-doublenegatives 0 do not forbid This is a double negative. In some languages it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "allow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +MRK 10 14 rv7x ἠγανάκτησεν 1 was very displeased "became angry" +MRK 10 14 yi5m figs-parallelism ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με, καὶ κωλύετε μὴ κωλύετε αὐτά 1 Permit the little children to come to me, and do not forbid them These two clauses have similar meanings, repeated for emphasis. In some languages it is more natural to emphasize this in another way. Alternate translation: "Be sure to allow the little children to come to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MRK 10 14 qj7i figs-doublenegatives κωλύετε μὴ κωλύετε 1 do not forbid This is a double negative. In some languages it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "allow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) MRK 10 14 je6w figs-metaphor 0 for the kingdom of God belongs to those who are like them The kingdom belonging to people represents the kingdom including them. Alternate translation: "the kingdom of God includes people who are like them" or "because only people like them are members of the kingdom of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 10 15 y3a2 0 whoever will not receive ... child will definitely not enter it "if anyone will not recieve ... child, he will definitely not enter it" -MRK 10 15 a1e7 figs-simile 0 as a little child Jesus is comparing how people must receive the kingdom of God to how little children would receive it. Alternate translation: "in the same manner as a child would" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 10 15 h8pt 0 will not receive the kingdom of God "will not accept God as their king" -MRK 10 15 q3ck 0 definitely not enter it The word "it" refers to the kingdom of God. -MRK 10 16 jq4f 0 he took the children into his arms "he hugged the children" -MRK 10 17 fpp6 figs-metaphor 0 to inherit eternal life Here the man speaks of "receiving" as if it were "inheriting." This metaphor is used to emphasize the importance of receiving. Also, "inherit" here does not mean that someone has to die first. Alternate translation: to receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 18 lw1f figs-rquestion 0 Why do you call me good? Jesus asks this question to remind the man that no man is good the way God is good. Alternate translation: "You do not understand what you are saying when you call me good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 10 18 b5wg 0 good except God alone "good. Only God is good" -MRK 10 19 hj3v 0 do not testify falsely "do not testify falsely against anyone" or "do not lie about someone in court" -MRK 10 21 syq1 figs-metaphor 0 One thing you lack "There is one thing you are missing." Here "lack" is a metaphor for needing to do something. Alternate translation: "One thing you need to do" or "There is one thing you have not yet done" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 15 a1e7 figs-simile ὡς παιδίον 1 as a little child Jesus is comparing how people must receive the kingdom of God to how little children would receive it. Alternate translation: "in the same manner as a child would" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 10 15 h8pt δέξηται μὴ δέξηται τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 will not receive the kingdom of God "will not accept God as their king" +MRK 10 15 q3ck οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ αὐτήν 1 definitely not enter it The word "it" refers to the kingdom of God. +MRK 10 16 jq4f ἐναγκαλισάμενος αὐτὰ ἐναγκαλισάμενος 1 he took the children into his arms "he hugged the children" +MRK 10 17 fpp6 figs-metaphor ἵνα κληρονομήσω αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 to inherit eternal life Here the man speaks of "receiving" as if it were "inheriting." This metaphor is used to emphasize the importance of receiving. Also, "inherit" here does not mean that someone has to die first. Alternate translation: to receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 18 lw1f figs-rquestion τί λέγεις με ἀγαθόν? 1 Why do you call me good? Jesus asks this question to remind the man that no man is good the way God is good. Alternate translation: "You do not understand what you are saying when you call me good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 10 18 b5wg ἀγαθὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ Θεός εἷς 1 good except God alone "good. Only God is good" +MRK 10 19 hj3v ψευδομαρτυρήσῃς μὴ ψευδομαρτυρήσῃς 1 do not testify falsely "do not testify falsely against anyone" or "do not lie about someone in court" +MRK 10 21 syq1 figs-metaphor ἕν σε ὑστερεῖ 1 One thing you lack "There is one thing you are missing." Here "lack" is a metaphor for needing to do something. Alternate translation: "One thing you need to do" or "There is one thing you have not yet done" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 10 21 rd85 figs-metonymy 0 give it to the poor Here the word "it" refers to the things he sells and is a metonym for the money he receives when he sells them. Alternate translation: "give the money to the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 10 21 ux1l figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 10 21 iij4 0 treasure wealth, valuable things -MRK 10 22 v58f 0 had many possessions "owned many things" +MRK 10 21 ux1l figs-nominaladj τοῖς πτωχοῖς 1 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MRK 10 21 iij4 θησαυρὸν 1 treasure wealth, valuable things +MRK 10 22 v58f ἔχων πολλά κτήματα 1 had many possessions "owned many things" MRK 10 23 k5nk 0 How difficult it is "It is very difficult" -MRK 10 24 z9z1 0 Jesus said to them again "Jesus said to his disciples again" -MRK 10 24 fh1q figs-metaphor 0 Children, how "My children, how." Jesus is teaching them as a father would teach his children. Alternate translation: "My friends, how" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 24 jf83 0 how hard it is "it is very hard" +MRK 10 24 z9z1 ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς πάλιν 1 Jesus said to them again "Jesus said to his disciples again" +MRK 10 24 fh1q figs-metaphor τέκνα, πῶς 1 Children, how "My children, how." Jesus is teaching them as a father would teach his children. Alternate translation: "My friends, how" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 24 jf83 πῶς δύσκολόν ἐστιν 1 how hard it is "it is very hard" MRK 10 25 f15k figs-hyperbole 0 It is easier ... kingdom of God Jesus uses an exaggeration to emphasize how very difficult it is for rich people to get into the kingdom of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MRK 10 25 hl4s figs-hypo 0 It is easier for a camel This speaks of an impossible situation. If you cannot state this in this way in your language, it can be written as a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: "It would be easier for a camel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -MRK 10 25 t4y8 0 the eye of a needle "the hole of a needle." This refers to the small hole in the end of a sewing needle that thread passes through. -MRK 10 26 ly6b 0 They were "The disciples were" -MRK 10 26 q8b7 figs-rquestion 0 Then who can be saved? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "If that is so, then no one will be saved!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 10 25 t4y8 τρυμαλιᾶς ῥαφίδος 1 the eye of a needle "the hole of a needle." This refers to the small hole in the end of a sewing needle that thread passes through. +MRK 10 26 ly6b οἱ ἐξεπλήσσοντο 1 They were "The disciples were" +MRK 10 26 q8b7 figs-rquestion καὶ τίς δύναται σωθῆναι 1 Then who can be saved? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "If that is so, then no one will be saved!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 10 27 a7bi figs-ellipsis 0 With people it is impossible, but not with God The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: "It is impossible for people to save themselves, but God can save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 10 28 hcv3 0 Look, we have left everything and have followed you Here the word "Look" is used to draw attention to the words that come next. Similar emphasis can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: "We have left everything and have followed you" -MRK 10 28 cj3f 0 have left everything "have left everything behind" -MRK 10 29 m1w3 0 or lands "or plots of ground" or "or the land that he owns" -MRK 10 29 hr9y 0 for my sake "for my cause" or "for me" -MRK 10 29 pf2g 0 for the gospel "to proclaim the gospel" -MRK 10 30 zhx5 figs-doublenegatives 0 who will not receive Jesus finishes a sentenc that begins with the words "there is no one who has left" (verse 29). The whole sentence can be stated positively. "everyone who has left house, or brothers, or sisters, or mother, or father, or children, or lands, for my sake, and for the gospel, will receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 10 28 hcv3 ἰδοὺ, ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν πάντα καὶ ἠκολουθήκαμέν σοι 1 Look, we have left everything and have followed you Here the word "Look" is used to draw attention to the words that come next. Similar emphasis can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: "We have left everything and have followed you" +MRK 10 28 cj3f ἀφήκαμεν πάντα 1 have left everything "have left everything behind" +MRK 10 29 m1w3 ἢ ἀγροὺς 1 or lands "or plots of ground" or "or the land that he owns" +MRK 10 29 hr9y ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ ἕνεκεν 1 for my sake "for my cause" or "for me" +MRK 10 29 pf2g τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the gospel "to proclaim the gospel" +MRK 10 30 zhx5 figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν λάβῃ μὴ λάβῃ 1 who will not receive Jesus finishes a sentenc that begins with the words "there is no one who has left" (verse 29). The whole sentence can be stated positively. "everyone who has left house, or brothers, or sisters, or mother, or father, or children, or lands, for my sake, and for the gospel, will receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) MRK 10 30 heb4 0 this world "this life" or "this present age" -MRK 10 30 jev2 0 brothers, and sisters, and mothers, and children Like the list in verse 29, this describes the family in general. The word "fathers" is missing in verse 30, but it does not significantly change the meaning. +MRK 10 30 jev2 ἀδελφοὺς, καὶ ἀδελφὰς, καὶ μητέρας, καὶ τέκνα 1 brothers, and sisters, and mothers, and children Like the list in verse 29, this describes the family in general. The word "fathers" is missing in verse 30, but it does not significantly change the meaning. MRK 10 30 ae92 figs-abstractnouns 0 with persecutions, and in the world to come, eternal life This can be reworded so that the ideas in the abstract noun "persecution" are expressed with the verb "persecute." Because the sentence is so long and complicated, "will receive" can be repeated. Alternate translation: "and even though people persecute them, in the world to come, they will receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MRK 10 30 v8nr 0 in the world to come "in the future world" or "in the future MRK 10 31 ym7t figs-metaphor 0 are first will be last, and the last first Here the words "first" and "last" are opposites of one another. Jesus speaks of being the "important" as being "first" and of being the "unimportant" as being "last." Alternate translation: "are important will be unimportant, and those who are unimportant will be important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 31 xcj1 figs-nominaladj 0 the last first The phrase "the last" refers to people who are "last." Also, the understood verb in this clause may be supplied. Alternate translation: "those who are last will be first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 10 31 xcj1 figs-nominaladj ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι 1 the last first The phrase "the last" refers to people who are "last." Also, the understood verb in this clause may be supplied. Alternate translation: "those who are last will be first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 10 32 zc62 0 They were on the road ... and Jesus was going ahead of them "Jesus and his disciples were walking on the road ... and Jesus was in front of his disciples" -MRK 10 32 hq7y 0 those who were following behind "those who were following behind them." Some people were walking behind Jesus and his disciples. -MRK 10 33 pv4w 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -MRK 10 33 s1hp figs-explicit 0 the Son of Man will Jesus is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 33 ha2g figs-activepassive 0 the Son of Man will be delivered to This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will deliver the Son of Man to" or "they will hand the Son of Man over to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 10 33 zhf1 0 They will condemn The word "They" refers to the chief priests and the scribes. -MRK 10 33 ils2 0 deliver him to the Gentiles "put him under the control of the Gentiles"" -MRK 10 34 ccd3 0 They will mock "People will mock" -MRK 10 34 xa5b 0 put him to death "kill him" -MRK 10 34 xv2g figs-explicit 0 he will rise This refers to rising from the dead. Alternate translation: "he will rise from being dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 32 hq7y οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες 1 those who were following behind "those who were following behind them." Some people were walking behind Jesus and his disciples. +MRK 10 33 pv4w ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MRK 10 33 s1hp figs-explicit ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδοθήσεται 1 the Son of Man will Jesus is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 33 ha2g figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδοθήσεται τοῖς 1 the Son of Man will be delivered to This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will deliver the Son of Man to" or "they will hand the Son of Man over to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 10 33 zhf1 κατακρινοῦσιν 1 They will condemn The word "They" refers to the chief priests and the scribes. +MRK 10 33 ils2 παραδώσουσιν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 deliver him to the Gentiles "put him under the control of the Gentiles"" +MRK 10 34 ccd3 ἐμπαίξουσιν 1 They will mock "People will mock" +MRK 10 34 xa5b ἀποκτενοῦσιν 1 put him to death "kill him" +MRK 10 34 xv2g figs-explicit ἀναστήσεται 1 he will rise This refers to rising from the dead. Alternate translation: "he will rise from being dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 10 35 li9k figs-exclusive 0 we ... us These words refer only to James and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MRK 10 37 bb98 figs-metonymy 0 in your glory "when you are glorified." The phrase "in your glory" refers to when Jesus is glorified and rules over his kingdom. Alternate translation: "when you rule in your kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 10 38 v1bf 0 You do not know "You do not understand" -MRK 10 38 yvu8 figs-metaphor 0 drink the cup which I will drink Here "cup" refers to what Jesus must suffer. Suffering is often referred to as drinking from a cup. Alternate translation: "drink the cup of suffering that I will drink" or "drink from the cup of suffering that I will drink from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 37 bb98 figs-metonymy ἐν σου τῇ δόξῃ 1 in your glory "when you are glorified." The phrase "in your glory" refers to when Jesus is glorified and rules over his kingdom. Alternate translation: "when you rule in your kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 10 38 v1bf οἴδατε οὐκ οἴδατε 1 You do not know "You do not understand" +MRK 10 38 yvu8 figs-metaphor πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ὃ ἐγὼ πίνω 1 drink the cup which I will drink Here "cup" refers to what Jesus must suffer. Suffering is often referred to as drinking from a cup. Alternate translation: "drink the cup of suffering that I will drink" or "drink from the cup of suffering that I will drink from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 10 38 pd7l figs-metaphor 0 endure the baptism with which I will be baptized Here "baptism" and being baptized represent suffering. Just as water covers a person during baptism, suffering will overwhelm Jesus. Alternate translation: "endure the baptism of suffering which I will suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 39 r3pm figs-ellipsis 0 We are able They respond this way, meaning that they are able to drink the same cup and endure the same baptism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 10 39 hc1g 0 you will drink "you will drink as well" +MRK 10 39 r3pm figs-ellipsis δυνάμεθα 1 We are able They respond this way, meaning that they are able to drink the same cup and endure the same baptism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 10 39 hc1g πίεσθε 1 you will drink "you will drink as well" MRK 10 40 ig8f 0 But who is to sit at my right hand ... is not mine to give "But I am not the one who allows people to sit at my right hand or my left hand" MRK 10 40 pdc1 0 but it is for those for whom it has been prepared "but those places are for those for whom they have been prepared." The word "it" refers to the places to his right hand and to his left hand. -MRK 10 40 eu9v figs-activepassive 0 it has been prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has prepared it" or "God has prepared them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 10 40 eu9v figs-activepassive ἡτοίμασται 1 it has been prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has prepared it" or "God has prepared them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 10 41 ad19 0 heard about this The word "this" refers to James and John asking to sit at Jesus' right and left hands. -MRK 10 42 sbk8 0 Jesus called them "Jesus called his disciples" -MRK 10 42 sfs9 figs-activepassive 0 those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) people in general consider these people the rulers of the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "those whom people consider to be the rulers of the Gentiles" or 2) the Gentiles consider these people their rulers. Alternate translation: "those whom the Gentiles think of as their rulers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 10 42 hme7 0 dominate have control or power over -MRK 10 42 zfr3 0 exercise authority "flaunt their authority." This means that they show or use their authority in an overbearing way. +MRK 10 42 sbk8 ὁ Ἰησοῦς προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς 1 Jesus called them "Jesus called his disciples" +MRK 10 42 sfs9 figs-activepassive οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) people in general consider these people the rulers of the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "those whom people consider to be the rulers of the Gentiles" or 2) the Gentiles consider these people their rulers. Alternate translation: "those whom the Gentiles think of as their rulers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 10 42 hme7 κατακυριεύουσιν 1 dominate have control or power over +MRK 10 42 zfr3 κατεξουσιάζουσιν 1 exercise authority "flaunt their authority." This means that they show or use their authority in an overbearing way. MRK 10 43 zfz6 figs-explicit 0 But it shall not be this way among you This refers back to the previous verse about the Gentile rulers. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "But do not be like them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 43 fc3m 0 become great "be highly respected" -MRK 10 44 e7sn figs-metaphor 0 to be first This is a metaphor for being the most important. Alternate translation: "to be the most important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 10 45 a3fr figs-activepassive 0 For the Son of Man did not come to be served This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the Son of Man did not come to have people serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 10 45 rik1 0 to be served, but to serve "to be served by people, but to serve people" -MRK 10 45 d9jd 0 for many "for many people" +MRK 10 43 fc3m γενέσθαι μέγας 1 become great "be highly respected" +MRK 10 44 e7sn figs-metaphor εἶναι πρῶτος 1 to be first This is a metaphor for being the most important. Alternate translation: "to be the most important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 10 45 a3fr figs-activepassive γὰρ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἦλθεν οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι 1 For the Son of Man did not come to be served This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the Son of Man did not come to have people serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 10 45 rik1 διακονηθῆναι, ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι 1 to be served, but to serve "to be served by people, but to serve people" +MRK 10 45 d9jd ἀντὶ πολλῶν 1 for many "for many people" MRK 10 46 n4i3 0 Connecting Statement: As Jesus and his disciples continue walking toward Jerusalem, Jesus heals blind Bartimaeus, who then walks with them. -MRK 10 46 bq3j translate-names 0 the son of Timaeus, Bartimaeus, a blind beggar "a blind beggar named Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus." Bartimaeus is the name of a man. Timaeus is his father's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 10 47 ynr7 figs-ellipsis 0 When he heard that it was Jesus Bartimaeus heard people saying that it was Jesus. Alternate translation: "When he heard people saying that it was Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 10 47 vwz9 figs-explicit 0 Son of David Jesus is called the Son of David because he is a descendant of King David. Alternate translation: "You who are the Messiah descended from King David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 48 ca5u 0 Many rebuked "Many people rebuked" -MRK 10 48 m32u 0 all the more "even more" -MRK 10 49 t5ch figs-activepassive 0 commanded him to be called This can be translated in active form or as as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "commanded others to call him" or "commanded them, 'Call him to come over here.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MRK 10 49 ac7h 0 They called The word "They" refers to the crowd. -MRK 10 49 jvr1 0 Be brave "Have courage" or "Do not be afraid" +MRK 10 46 bq3j translate-names ὁ υἱὸς Τιμαίου, Βαρτιμαῖος, τυφλὸς προσαίτης 1 the son of Timaeus, Bartimaeus, a blind beggar "a blind beggar named Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus." Bartimaeus is the name of a man. Timaeus is his father's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 10 47 ynr7 figs-ellipsis ἀκούσας ὅτι ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς 1 When he heard that it was Jesus Bartimaeus heard people saying that it was Jesus. Alternate translation: "When he heard people saying that it was Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 10 47 vwz9 figs-explicit Υἱὲ Δαυεὶδ 1 Son of David Jesus is called the Son of David because he is a descendant of King David. Alternate translation: "You who are the Messiah descended from King David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 48 ca5u πολλοὶ ἐπετίμων 1 Many rebuked "Many people rebuked" +MRK 10 48 m32u πολλῷ μᾶλλον 1 all the more "even more" +MRK 10 49 t5ch figs-activepassive εἶπεν αὐτόν φωνήσατε 1 commanded him to be called This can be translated in active form or as as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "commanded others to call him" or "commanded them, 'Call him to come over here.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MRK 10 49 ac7h φωνοῦσι 1 They called The word "They" refers to the crowd. +MRK 10 49 jvr1 θάρσει 1 Be brave "Have courage" or "Do not be afraid" MRK 10 49 gnb9 0 He is calling for you "Jesus is calling for you" -MRK 10 50 z6ec 0 sprang up "jumped up" -MRK 10 51 i5an 0 answered him "answered the blind man" -MRK 10 51 dap1 0 to receive my sight "to be able to see" -MRK 10 52 s5d2 figs-explicit 0 Your faith has healed you This phrase is written this way to place emphasis on the man's faith. Jesus heals the man because he believes that Jesus can heal him. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "I am healing you because you believed in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 10 52 ub7w 0 he followed him "he followed Jesus" +MRK 10 50 z6ec ἀναπηδήσας 1 sprang up "jumped up" +MRK 10 51 i5an ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ 1 answered him "answered the blind man" +MRK 10 51 dap1 ἀναβλέψω 1 to receive my sight "to be able to see" +MRK 10 52 s5d2 figs-explicit σου ἡ πίστις σέσωκέν σε 1 Your faith has healed you This phrase is written this way to place emphasis on the man's faith. Jesus heals the man because he believes that Jesus can heal him. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "I am healing you because you believed in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 10 52 ub7w ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ 1 he followed him "he followed Jesus" MRK 11 intro xg3t 0 # Mark 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 11:9-10, 17, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The donkey and the colt

Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULT without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md))
MRK 11 1 ch4j 0 Now as they came to Jerusalem ... Bethphage and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives "When Jesus and his disciples came near to Jerusalem, they came to Bethphage and Bethany near the Mount of Olives" They have come to Bethphage and Bethany in the vicinity of Jerusalem. -MRK 11 1 g1fy translate-names 0 Bethphage This is the name of a village. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 11 2 bi22 0 opposite us "ahead of us" -MRK 11 2 r41g 0 a colt This refers to a young donkey that is large enough to carry a man. +MRK 11 1 g1fy translate-names Βηθφαγὴ 1 Bethphage This is the name of a village. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 11 2 bi22 τὴν κατέναντι ὑμῶν 1 opposite us "ahead of us" +MRK 11 2 r41g πῶλον 1 a colt This refers to a young donkey that is large enough to carry a man. MRK 11 2 yw78 figs-activepassive 0 that has never been ridden This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "that no one has ever ridden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 11 3 xw55 figs-explicit 0 Why are you doing this It can be written clearly what the word "this" refers to. Alternate translation: "Why are you untying and taking the colt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 3 k7fd 0 has need of it "needs it" +MRK 11 3 xw55 figs-explicit τί ποιεῖτε τοῦτο 1 Why are you doing this It can be written clearly what the word "this" refers to. Alternate translation: "Why are you untying and taking the colt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 3 k7fd ἔχει χρείαν αὐτοῦ 1 has need of it "needs it" MRK 11 3 yj5y figs-explicit 0 will immediately send it back here Jesus will send it back promptly when he is finished using it. Alternate translation: "will immediately send it back when he no longer needs it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 4 y381 0 They went "The two disciples went" -MRK 11 4 i2ml 0 colt This refers to a young donkey that is large enough to carry a man. See how you translated this in [Mark 11:2](../11/02.md). -MRK 11 6 j39z 0 They spoke "They responded" +MRK 11 4 y381 ἀπῆλθον 1 They went "The two disciples went" +MRK 11 4 i2ml πῶλον 1 colt This refers to a young donkey that is large enough to carry a man. See how you translated this in [Mark 11:2](../11/02.md). +MRK 11 6 j39z οἱ εἶπον 1 They spoke "They responded" MRK 11 6 ij7y 0 as Jesus told them "as Jesus had told them to respond." This refers to how Jesus had told them to respond to people's questions about taking the colt. MRK 11 6 m8pm figs-idiom 0 let them go their way This means that they allowed them to continue doing what they were doing. Alternate translation: "let them take the donkey with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 11 7 ice6 0 threw their cloaks on it so Jesus could ride it "laid their cloaks on its back so Jesus could ride it." It is easier to ride a colt or a horse when there is a blanket or something similar on its back. In this case, the disciples threw their cloaks on it. -MRK 11 7 k9g7 0 cloaks "coats" or "robes" -MRK 11 8 t8hy figs-explicit 0 Many people spread their garments on the road It was a tradition to lay garments on the road in front of important people to honor them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Many people spread their garments on the road to honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 7 k9g7 τὰ ἱμάτια 1 cloaks "coats" or "robes" +MRK 11 8 t8hy figs-explicit πολλοὶ ἔστρωσαν αὐτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια εἰς τὴν ὁδόν 1 Many people spread their garments on the road It was a tradition to lay garments on the road in front of important people to honor them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Many people spread their garments on the road to honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 11 8 nx3n figs-explicit 0 others spread branches they had cut from the fields It was a tradition to lay palm branches on the road in front of an important people to honor them. Alternate translation: "others spread branches on the road that they had cut from the fields, also to honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 9 ye41 0 who followed "who followed him" -MRK 11 9 d8se translate-transliterate 0 Hosanna This word means "save us," but people also shouted it joyfully when they wanted to praise God. You can translate it according to how it was used, or you can write "Hosanna" using your language's way of spelling that word. Alternate translation: "Praise God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MRK 11 9 ye41 οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες 1 who followed "who followed him" +MRK 11 9 d8se translate-transliterate ὡσαννά 1 Hosanna This word means "save us," but people also shouted it joyfully when they wanted to praise God. You can translate it according to how it was used, or you can write "Hosanna" using your language's way of spelling that word. Alternate translation: "Praise God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) MRK 11 9 x1bz figs-explicit 0 Blessed is the one This is referring to Jesus. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Blessed are you, the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 9 e2p6 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord This is a metonym for the Lord's authority. Alternate translation: "the authority of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 11 9 e2p6 figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord This is a metonym for the Lord's authority. Alternate translation: "the authority of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 11 9 el81 0 Blessed is "May God bless" MRK 11 10 a6b4 figs-explicit 0 Blessed is the coming kingdom of our father David "Blessed is our father David's coming kingdom." This refers to Jesus coming and ruling as king. The word "blessed" can be translated as an active verb. Alternate translation: "Blessed be the coming of your kingdom" or "May God bless you as you rule your coming kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 11 10 diq8 figs-metonymy 0 of our father David Here David's descendant who will rule is referred to as David himself. Alternate translation: "of the greatest descendant of our father David" or "that David's greatest descendant will rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 11 10 b1si 0 Hosanna in the highest Possible meanings are 1) "Praise God who is in heaven" or 2) "Let those who are in heaven shout 'Hosanna'." -MRK 11 10 vqm2 figs-metaphor 0 the highest Here heaven is spoken of as "the highest." Alternate translation: "the highest heaven" or "heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 11 10 diq8 figs-metonymy τοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Δαυείδ 1 of our father David Here David's descendant who will rule is referred to as David himself. Alternate translation: "of the greatest descendant of our father David" or "that David's greatest descendant will rule" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 11 10 b1si ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις 1 Hosanna in the highest Possible meanings are 1) "Praise God who is in heaven" or 2) "Let those who are in heaven shout 'Hosanna'." +MRK 11 10 vqm2 figs-metaphor τοῖς ὑψίστοις 1 the highest Here heaven is spoken of as "the highest." Alternate translation: "the highest heaven" or "heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 11 11 mz8r 0 the time being late "because it was late in the day" -MRK 11 11 t5nv 0 he went out to Bethany with the twelve "he and his twelve disciples left Jerusalem and went to Bethany" +MRK 11 11 t5nv ἐξῆλθεν εἰς Βηθανίαν μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα 1 he went out to Bethany with the twelve "he and his twelve disciples left Jerusalem and went to Bethany" MRK 11 12 zr8n 0 when they returned from Bethany "while they were going back to Jerusalem from Bethany" MRK 11 13 y447 0 Connecting Statement: This happens while Jesus and his disciples are walking to Jerusalem. -MRK 11 13 yg5n 0 if he could find any fruit on it "if there was any fruit on it" -MRK 11 13 j6cq figs-explicit 0 he found nothing but leaves This means that he did not find any figs. Alternate translation: "he found only leaves and no figs on the tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MRK 11 13 g76z 0 the season "the time of year" +MRK 11 13 yg5n εἰ εὑρήσει τι ἐν αὐτῇ 1 if he could find any fruit on it "if there was any fruit on it" +MRK 11 13 j6cq figs-explicit εὗρεν οὐδὲν εἰ μὴ φύλλα 1 he found nothing but leaves This means that he did not find any figs. Alternate translation: "he found only leaves and no figs on the tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 11 13 g76z ὁ καιρὸς 1 the season "the time of year" MRK 11 14 u3bk figs-apostrophe 0 He spoke to it, "No one will ever eat fruit from you again Jesus speaks to the fig tree and curses it. He speaks to it so that his disciples hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -MRK 11 14 b362 0 He spoke to it "He spoke to the tree" +MRK 11 14 b362 εἶπεν αὐτῇ 1 He spoke to it "He spoke to the tree" MRK 11 14 ij5h 0 his disciples heard it The word "it" refers to Jesus speaking to the fig tree. -MRK 11 15 hj7z 0 They came "Jesus and his disciples came" -MRK 11 15 md5l figs-explicit 0 began to cast out the sellers and the buyers in the temple Jesus is driving these people out of the temple. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "began to drive the sellers and buyers out of the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 15 s4m2 0 the sellers and the buyers "the people who were buying and selling" +MRK 11 15 hj7z ἔρχονται 1 They came "Jesus and his disciples came" +MRK 11 15 md5l figs-explicit ἤρξατο ἐκβάλλειν τοὺς πωλοῦντας καὶ τοὺς ἀγοράζοντας ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 began to cast out the sellers and the buyers in the temple Jesus is driving these people out of the temple. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "began to drive the sellers and buyers out of the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 15 s4m2 τοὺς πωλοῦντας καὶ τοὺς ἀγοράζοντας 1 the sellers and the buyers "the people who were buying and selling" MRK 11 17 ve56 0 General Information: God had said earlier in his word, through the prophet Isaiah, that his temple would be a house of prayer for all the nations. MRK 11 17 xrz2 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not written, 'My house will be called ... the nations'? Jesus is rebuking the Jewish leaders for their misuse of the temple. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is written in the scriptures that God said, 'I want my house to be called a house where people from all nations may pray.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 11 17 dpt1 figs-metaphor 0 But you have made it a den of robbers Jesus compares the people to robbers and the temple to a robbers' den. Alternate translation: "But you are like robbers who have made my house into a robbers' den" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 11 17 qc6k 0 a den of robbers "a cave where robbers hide" -MRK 11 18 k6dv 0 they looked for a way "they were seeking a way" -MRK 11 19 h4hg 0 When evening came "In the evening" -MRK 11 19 y7la 0 they left the city "Jesus and his disciples left the city" +MRK 11 18 k6dv ἐζήτουν πῶς 1 they looked for a way "they were seeking a way" +MRK 11 19 h4hg ὅταν ὀψὲ ἐγένετο 1 When evening came "In the evening" +MRK 11 19 y7la ἐξεπορεύοντο τῆς πόλεως 1 they left the city "Jesus and his disciples left the city" MRK 11 20 m27r 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus uses the example of the fig tree to remind the disciples to have faith in God. -MRK 11 20 b56h 0 walked by "were walking along the road" -MRK 11 20 s8ki figs-explicit 0 the fig tree withered away to its roots Translate this statement to clarify that the tree died. Alternate translation: "the fig tree withered away down to its roots and died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 20 a83v 0 withered away "dried up" -MRK 11 21 jt3h figs-explicit 0 Peter remembered It may be helpful to state what Peter remembered. Alternate translation: "Peter remembered what Jesus had said to the fig tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 22 ry5v 0 Jesus answered them "Jesus replied to his disciples" -MRK 11 23 sy61 0 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. -MRK 11 23 c3cj 0 whoever says "if anyone says" +MRK 11 20 b56h παραπορευόμενοι 1 walked by "were walking along the road" +MRK 11 20 s8ki figs-explicit τὴν συκῆν ἐξηραμμένην ἐκ ῥιζῶν 1 the fig tree withered away to its roots Translate this statement to clarify that the tree died. Alternate translation: "the fig tree withered away down to its roots and died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 20 a83v ἐξηραμμένην 1 withered away "dried up" +MRK 11 21 jt3h figs-explicit ὁ Πέτρος ἀναμνησθεὶς 1 Peter remembered It may be helpful to state what Peter remembered. Alternate translation: "Peter remembered what Jesus had said to the fig tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 22 ry5v ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus answered them "Jesus replied to his disciples" +MRK 11 23 sy61 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. +MRK 11 23 c3cj ὃς ἂν εἴπῃ 1 whoever says "if anyone says" MRK 11 23 y76p figs-metonymy 0 if he does not doubt in his heart but believes Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "if he truly believes in his heart" or "if he does not doubt but believes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 11 23 fzp5 0 God will do "God will make happen" -MRK 11 24 pn9x writing-connectingwords 0 Therefore I say to you "So I tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -MRK 11 24 tu5z figs-explicit 0 it will be yours It is understood that this will happen because God will provide what you ask for. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "God will give it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 24 pn9x writing-connectingwords διὰ τοῦτο λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Therefore I say to you "So I tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +MRK 11 24 tu5z figs-explicit ἔσται ὑμῖν 1 it will be yours It is understood that this will happen because God will provide what you ask for. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "God will give it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 11 25 m7xi 0 When you stand and pray It is common in Hebrew culture to stand when praying to God. Alternate translation: "When you pray" -MRK 11 25 f6ex 0 whatever you have against anyone "whatever grudge you have against anyone." Here the word "whatever" refers to any grudge you hold against someone for sinning against you or any anger you have against someone. +MRK 11 25 f6ex εἴ τι ἔχετε κατά τινος 1 whatever you have against anyone "whatever grudge you have against anyone." Here the word "whatever" refers to any grudge you hold against someone for sinning against you or any anger you have against someone. MRK 11 27 n3ei 0 Connecting Statement: The next day when Jesus returns to temple, he gives the chief priests, scribes, and elders an answer to their question about his casting the money changers out of the temple area, by asking them another question, which they were not willing to answer. -MRK 11 27 s2ac 0 They came to "Jesus and his disciples came to" -MRK 11 27 alh5 0 Jesus was walking in the temple This means that Jesus was walking around inside of the temple; he was not walking into the temple. -MRK 11 28 r3ik 0 They said to him The word "They" refers to the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders. -MRK 11 28 se9b figs-parallelism 0 By what authority do you do these things, and who gave you the authority to do them? Possible meanings: 1) Both of these questions have the same meaning and are asked together to strongly question Jesus' authority and so can be combined. Alternate translation: "Who gave you authority to do these things?" 2) They are two separate questions, the first asking about the nature of the authority and the second about who gave it to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 11 28 p5u3 figs-explicit 0 you do these things The words "these things" refer to Jesus turning over the sellers' tables in the temple and speaking against what the chief priests and scribes taught. Alternate translation: "things like those you did here yesterday" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 27 s2ac ἔρχονται εἰς 1 They came to "Jesus and his disciples came to" +MRK 11 27 alh5 αὐτοῦ περιπατοῦντος ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 Jesus was walking in the temple This means that Jesus was walking around inside of the temple; he was not walking into the temple. +MRK 11 28 r3ik ἔλεγον αὐτῷ 1 They said to him The word "They" refers to the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders. +MRK 11 28 se9b figs-parallelism ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ποιεῖς ταῦτα, ἢ τίς ἔδωκεν σοι τὴν ἐξουσίαν ποιῇς ταῦτα 1 By what authority do you do these things, and who gave you the authority to do them? Possible meanings: 1) Both of these questions have the same meaning and are asked together to strongly question Jesus' authority and so can be combined. Alternate translation: "Who gave you authority to do these things?" 2) They are two separate questions, the first asking about the nature of the authority and the second about who gave it to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MRK 11 28 p5u3 figs-explicit ποιεῖς ταῦτα 1 you do these things The words "these things" refer to Jesus turning over the sellers' tables in the temple and speaking against what the chief priests and scribes taught. Alternate translation: "things like those you did here yesterday" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 11 29 v7q9 0 Tell me "Answer me" -MRK 11 30 jj91 0 The baptism of John "The baptism that John performed" -MRK 11 30 fr1b 0 was it from heaven or from men "was it authorized by heaven or by men" -MRK 11 30 sh7b figs-metonymy 0 from heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. Alternate translation: "from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 11 30 i5is 0 from men "from people" -MRK 11 31 s9vv figs-ellipsis 0 If we say, 'From heaven,' This refers to the source of the baptism of John. Alternate translation: "If we say, 'It was from heaven,'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 11 31 nu1m figs-metonymy 0 From heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. See how you translated this in [Mark 11:30](../11/30.md). Alternate translation: "From God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 11 31 t9er 0 not believe him The word "him" refers to John the Baptist. -MRK 11 32 aus1 figs-ellipsis 0 But if we say, 'From men,' This refers to the source of the baptism of John. Alternate translation: "But if we say, 'It was from men,'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 11 32 v2gs 0 From men "From people" -MRK 11 32 b5qb figs-explicit 0 But if we say, 'From men,' ... . The religious leaders imply that they will suffer from the people if they give this answer. Alternate translation: "But if we say, 'From men,' that would not be good." or "But we do not want to say that it was from men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 11 32 z998 figs-explicit 0 They were afraid of the people The author, Mark, explains why the religious leaders did not want to say that John's baptism was from men. This can be stated clearly. "They said this to each other because they were afraid of the people" or "They did not want to say that John's baptism was from men because they were afraid of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 11 33 us4a figs-ellipsis 0 We do not know This refers to the baptism of John. This understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: "We do not know where the baptism of John came from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 11 30 jj91 τὸ βάπτισμα τὸ Ἰωάννου 1 The baptism of John "The baptism that John performed" +MRK 11 30 fr1b ἦν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἢ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 was it from heaven or from men "was it authorized by heaven or by men" +MRK 11 30 sh7b figs-metonymy ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 from heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. Alternate translation: "from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 11 30 i5is ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 from men "from people" +MRK 11 31 s9vv figs-ellipsis ," ἐὰν εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ οὐρανοῦ,' 1 If we say, 'From heaven,' This refers to the source of the baptism of John. Alternate translation: "If we say, 'It was from heaven,'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 11 31 nu1m figs-metonymy ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 From heaven Here "heaven" refers to God. See how you translated this in [Mark 11:30](../11/30.md). Alternate translation: "From God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 11 31 t9er οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε αὐτῷ 1 not believe him The word "him" refers to John the Baptist. +MRK 11 32 aus1 figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ ἀνθρώπων,'...." 1 But if we say, 'From men,' This refers to the source of the baptism of John. Alternate translation: "But if we say, 'It was from men,'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 11 32 v2gs ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 From men "From people" +MRK 11 32 b5qb figs-explicit ἀλλὰ εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ ἀνθρώπων,'...." 1 But if we say, 'From men,' ... . The religious leaders imply that they will suffer from the people if they give this answer. Alternate translation: "But if we say, 'From men,' that would not be good." or "But we do not want to say that it was from men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 11 32 z998 figs-explicit ἐφοβοῦντο τὸν ὄχλον 1 They were afraid of the people The author, Mark, explains why the religious leaders did not want to say that John's baptism was from men. This can be stated clearly. "They said this to each other because they were afraid of the people" or "They did not want to say that John's baptism was from men because they were afraid of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 11 33 us4a figs-ellipsis οἴδαμεν οὐκ οἴδαμεν 1 We do not know This refers to the baptism of John. This understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: "We do not know where the baptism of John came from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 12 intro ne55 0 # Mark 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:10-11, 36, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Hypothetical Situations

Hypothetical situations are situations that have not actually happened. People describe these situations so they learn what their hearers think is good and bad or right and wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
MRK 12 1 w2hb figs-parables 0 Jesus speaks this parable against the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) MRK 12 1 qa93 0 Then Jesus began to teach them The word "them" here refers to the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders to whom Jesus had been talking in the previous chapter. MRK 12 1 qap8 0 put a hedge around it He put a barrier around the vineyard. It could have been a row of shrubs, a fence, or a stone wall. -MRK 12 1 ns9e figs-explicit 0 dug a pit for a winepress This means that he carved a pit on the rock, which would be the bottom part of the winepress used for collecting the squeezed grape juice. Alternate translation: "carved a pit into rock for the winepress" or "he made a vat to collect the juice from the winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 1 l2i2 0 leased the vineyard to vine growers The owner still owned the vineyard, but he allowed the vine growers to take care of it. When the grapes became ripe, they were to give some of them to the owner and keep the rest. -MRK 12 2 s83v figs-explicit 0 At the right time This refers to the time of harvest. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "When the time came to harvest the grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 3 vz7k 0 But they took him "But the vine growers took the servant" -MRK 12 3 c321 figs-explicit 0 with nothing This means that they did not give him any of the fruit. Alternate translation: "without any grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 4 f3f4 0 he sent to them "the owner of the vineyard sent to the vine growers" +MRK 12 1 ns9e figs-explicit ὤρυξεν ὑπολήνιον 1 dug a pit for a winepress This means that he carved a pit on the rock, which would be the bottom part of the winepress used for collecting the squeezed grape juice. Alternate translation: "carved a pit into rock for the winepress" or "he made a vat to collect the juice from the winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 1 l2i2 ἐξέδετο αὐτὸν γεωργοῖς 1 leased the vineyard to vine growers The owner still owned the vineyard, but he allowed the vine growers to take care of it. When the grapes became ripe, they were to give some of them to the owner and keep the rest. +MRK 12 2 s83v figs-explicit τῷ καιρῷ 1 At the right time This refers to the time of harvest. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "When the time came to harvest the grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 3 vz7k καὶ λαβόντες αὐτὸν 1 But they took him "But the vine growers took the servant" +MRK 12 3 c321 figs-explicit κενόν 1 with nothing This means that they did not give him any of the fruit. Alternate translation: "without any grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 4 f3f4 ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 he sent to them "the owner of the vineyard sent to the vine growers" MRK 12 4 w1ge figs-explicit 0 they wounded him in the head This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "they beat that one on the head, and they hurt him terribly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 12 5 l1yw figs-ellipsis 0 yet another ... many others These phrases refer to other servants. Alternate translation: "yet another servant ... many other servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 12 5 p16h figs-explicit 0 They treated many others in the same way This refers to servants that the owner sent. The phrase "in the same way" refers to them being mistreated. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "They also mistreated many other servants whom he sent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 6 z5hz figs-explicit 0 a beloved son It is implied that this is the owner's son. Alternate translation: "his beloved son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 7 m63e figs-explicit 0 the heir This is the owner's heir, who would inherit the vineyard after his father died. Alternate translation: "the owner's heir" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 7 s5dc figs-synecdoche 0 the inheritance The tenants are referring to the vineyard as "the inheritance." Alternate translation: "this vineyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 12 6 z5hz figs-explicit υἱὸν ἀγαπητόν υἱὸν 1 a beloved son It is implied that this is the owner's son. Alternate translation: "his beloved son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 7 m63e figs-explicit ὁ κληρονόμος 1 the heir This is the owner's heir, who would inherit the vineyard after his father died. Alternate translation: "the owner's heir" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 7 s5dc figs-synecdoche ἡ κληρονομία 1 the inheritance The tenants are referring to the vineyard as "the inheritance." Alternate translation: "this vineyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MRK 12 8 gx6l 0 They seized him "The vine growers seized the son" -MRK 12 9 r4md figs-rquestion 0 Therefore, what will the owner of the vineyard do? Jesus asks a question and then gives the answer to teach the people. The question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "So I will tell you what the owner of the vineyard will do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 12 9 rde6 writing-connectingwords 0 Therefore Jesus has finished telling the parable and is now asking the people what they think will happen next. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -MRK 12 9 g4ce 0 destroy kill -MRK 12 9 mc5y figs-explicit 0 will give the vineyard to others The word "others" refers to other vine growers who will care for the vineyard. Alternate translation: "he will give the vineyard to vine growers to care for it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 9 r4md figs-rquestion οὖν, τί ποιήσει ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος ποιήσει? 1 Therefore, what will the owner of the vineyard do? Jesus asks a question and then gives the answer to teach the people. The question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "So I will tell you what the owner of the vineyard will do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 12 9 rde6 writing-connectingwords οὖν 1 Therefore Jesus has finished telling the parable and is now asking the people what they think will happen next. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +MRK 12 9 g4ce ἀπολέσει 1 destroy kill +MRK 12 9 mc5y figs-explicit δώσει τὸν ἀμπελῶνα ἄλλοις 1 will give the vineyard to others The word "others" refers to other vine growers who will care for the vineyard. Alternate translation: "he will give the vineyard to vine growers to care for it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 12 10 v6ta 0 General Information: This scripture was written long before in God's word. -MRK 12 10 xj9j figs-rquestion 0 Have you not read this scripture? Jesus reminds the people of a scripture passage. He uses a rhetorical question here to rebuke them. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Surely you have read this scripture." or "You should remember this scripture." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 12 10 xj9j figs-rquestion ἀνέγνωτε οὐδὲ ἀνέγνωτε ταύτην τὴν Γραφὴν?' 1 Have you not read this scripture? Jesus reminds the people of a scripture passage. He uses a rhetorical question here to rebuke them. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Surely you have read this scripture." or "You should remember this scripture." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 12 10 jpa3 0 has been made the cornerstone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord made into the cornerstone" -MRK 12 11 r8z8 0 This was from the Lord "The Lord has done this" -MRK 12 11 k5w6 figs-metaphor 0 it is marvelous in our eyes Here "in our eyes" stands for seeing, which is a metaphor for the people's opinion. Alternate translation: "we have seen it and think that it is marvelous" or "we think that it is wonderful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 12 b1vz 0 They sought to arrest Jesus "They" refers to the chief priests, scribes, and elders. This group may be referred to as the "Jewish leaders." -MRK 12 12 sl74 0 sought "wanted" -MRK 12 12 lx62 figs-explicit 0 but they feared the crowd They were afraid of what the crowd would do to them if they arrested Jesus. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "but they feared what the crowd would do if they arrested him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 12 v9wb 0 against them "to accuse them" +MRK 12 11 r8z8 αὕτη ἐγένετο παρὰ Κυρίου 1 This was from the Lord "The Lord has done this" +MRK 12 11 k5w6 figs-metaphor ἔστιν θαυμαστὴ ἐν ἡμῶν ὀφθαλμοῖς 1 it is marvelous in our eyes Here "in our eyes" stands for seeing, which is a metaphor for the people's opinion. Alternate translation: "we have seen it and think that it is marvelous" or "we think that it is wonderful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 12 12 b1vz ἐζήτουν κρατῆσαι αὐτὸν 1 They sought to arrest Jesus "They" refers to the chief priests, scribes, and elders. This group may be referred to as the "Jewish leaders." +MRK 12 12 sl74 ἐζήτουν 1 sought "wanted" +MRK 12 12 lx62 figs-explicit καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν τὸν ὄχλον 1 but they feared the crowd They were afraid of what the crowd would do to them if they arrested Jesus. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "but they feared what the crowd would do if they arrested him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 12 v9wb πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 against them "to accuse them" MRK 12 13 s1hb 0 Connecting Statement: In an effort to trap Jesus, some of the Pharisees and Herodians, and then the Sadducees, come to Jesus with questions. -MRK 12 13 z2sf 0 Then they sent "Then the Jewish leaders sent" -MRK 12 13 pj3c 0 the Herodians This was the name of an informal political party that supported Herod Antipas. -MRK 12 13 kuy5 figs-metaphor 0 to trap him Here the author describes tricking Jesus as "trapping him." Alternate translation: "to trick him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 14 dh3d 0 When they came, they said Here "they" refers to those sent from among the Pharisees and the Herodians. -MRK 12 14 cp3x figs-litotes 0 you care for no one's opinion This means that Jesus is not concerned. The negation can modify the verb instead. Alternate translation: "you do not care about people's opinions" or "you are not concerned with earning people's favor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MRK 12 15 g48w figs-explicit 0 Jesus knew their hypocrisy They were acting hypocritically. This can be explained more clearly. Alternate translation: "Jesus knew that they did not really want to know what God wanted them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 15 c7nj figs-rquestion 0 Why do you test me? Jesus rebukes the Jewish leaders because they were trying to trick him. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "I know you are trying to make me say something wrong so you can accuse me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 12 15 wl34 translate-bmoney 0 denarius This coin was worth a day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MRK 12 13 z2sf καὶ ἀποστέλλουσιν 1 Then they sent "Then the Jewish leaders sent" +MRK 12 13 pj3c τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 the Herodians This was the name of an informal political party that supported Herod Antipas. +MRK 12 13 kuy5 figs-metaphor ἵνα ἀγρεύσωσιν αὐτὸν 1 to trap him Here the author describes tricking Jesus as "trapping him." Alternate translation: "to trick him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 12 14 dh3d ἐλθόντες, λέγουσιν 1 When they came, they said Here "they" refers to those sent from among the Pharisees and the Herodians. +MRK 12 14 cp3x figs-litotes σοι μέλει περὶ οὐδενός' οὐδενός 1 you care for no one's opinion This means that Jesus is not concerned. The negation can modify the verb instead. Alternate translation: "you do not care about people's opinions" or "you are not concerned with earning people's favor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 12 15 g48w figs-explicit ὁ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπόκρισιν 1 Jesus knew their hypocrisy They were acting hypocritically. This can be explained more clearly. Alternate translation: "Jesus knew that they did not really want to know what God wanted them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 15 c7nj figs-rquestion τί πειράζετε με? 1 Why do you test me? Jesus rebukes the Jewish leaders because they were trying to trick him. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "I know you are trying to make me say something wrong so you can accuse me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 12 15 wl34 translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 denarius This coin was worth a day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MRK 12 16 ev6s 0 They brought one "The Pharisees and the Herodians brought a denarius" -MRK 12 16 wd1n 0 likeness and inscription "picture and name" -MRK 12 16 gi96 figs-ellipsis 0 They said, "Caesar's Here "Caesar's" refers to his likeness and inscription. Alternate translation: "They said, 'They are Caesar's likeness and inscription" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 12 16 wd1n ἡ εἰκὼν καὶ ἡ ἐπιγραφή 1 likeness and inscription "picture and name" +MRK 12 16 gi96 figs-ellipsis ?" οἱ εἶπαν," Καίσαρος' Καίσαρος." 1 They said, "Caesar's Here "Caesar's" refers to his likeness and inscription. Alternate translation: "They said, 'They are Caesar's likeness and inscription" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 12 17 fl4l figs-metonymy 0 Give to Caesar the things that are Caesar's Jesus is teaching that his people must respect the government by paying taxes. This figure of speech can be clarified by changing Caesar to Roman government. Alternate translation: "Give to the Roman government the things that belong to the Roman government" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 12 17 la16 figs-ellipsis 0 and to God The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: "and give to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 12 17 pw4r figs-explicit 0 They marveled at him They were amazed at what Jesus had said. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "They marveled at him and at what he had said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 18 rdl7 figs-explicit 0 who say there is no resurrection This phrase explains who the Sadducees were. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "who say there is no resurrection from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 19 e8x2 figs-quotations 0 Moses wrote for us, 'If a man's brother dies The Sadducees are quoting what Moses had written in the law. Moses' quote can be expressed as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote for us that if a man's brother dies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MRK 12 19 m8fh 0 wrote for us "wrote for us Jews." The Sadducees were a group of Jews. Here they use the word "us" to refer to themselves and all Jews. -MRK 12 19 g49e 0 the man should take the brother's wife "the man should marry his brother's wife" -MRK 12 19 m2um figs-explicit 0 raise up a descendant for his brother "have a son for his brother." The man's first son would be considered to be the dead brother's son, and the son's descendants would be considered to be the dead brother's descendants. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "have a son who will be considered to be the dead brother's son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 20 wz27 figs-hypo 0 There were seven brothers The Sadducees talk about a situation that did not really happen because they want Jesus to tell them what he thinks is right and wrong. Alternate translation: "Suppose there were seven brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -MRK 12 20 pj71 0 the first the first brother -MRK 12 20 af1t 0 the first took a wife "the first married a woman." Here marrying a woman is spoken of as "taking" her. +MRK 12 17 la16 figs-ellipsis καὶ τῷ Θεῷ 1 and to God The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: "and give to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 12 17 pw4r figs-explicit ἐξεθαύμαζον ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 They marveled at him They were amazed at what Jesus had said. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "They marveled at him and at what he had said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 18 rdl7 figs-explicit οἵτινες λέγουσιν εἶναι μὴ ἀνάστασιν 1 who say there is no resurrection This phrase explains who the Sadducees were. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "who say there is no resurrection from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 19 e8x2 figs-quotations , Μωϋσῆς ἔγραψεν ἡμῖν,' ἐάν τινος' τινος ἀδελφὸς ἀποθάνῃ 1 Moses wrote for us, 'If a man's brother dies The Sadducees are quoting what Moses had written in the law. Moses' quote can be expressed as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote for us that if a man's brother dies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +MRK 12 19 m8fh ἔγραψεν ἡμῖν 1 wrote for us "wrote for us Jews." The Sadducees were a group of Jews. Here they use the word "us" to refer to themselves and all Jews. +MRK 12 19 g49e λάβῃ ὁ ἀδελφὸς' ἀδελφὸς τὴν γυναῖκα 1 the man should take the brother's wife "the man should marry his brother's wife" +MRK 12 19 m2um figs-explicit ἐξαναστήσῃ σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ τῷ ἀδελφῷ 1 raise up a descendant for his brother "have a son for his brother." The man's first son would be considered to be the dead brother's son, and the son's descendants would be considered to be the dead brother's descendants. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "have a son who will be considered to be the dead brother's son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 20 wz27 figs-hypo ἦσαν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοὶ 1 There were seven brothers The Sadducees talk about a situation that did not really happen because they want Jesus to tell them what he thinks is right and wrong. Alternate translation: "Suppose there were seven brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +MRK 12 20 pj71 ὁ πρῶτος 1 the first the first brother +MRK 12 20 af1t ὁ πρῶτος ἔλαβεν γυναῖκα 1 the first took a wife "the first married a woman." Here marrying a woman is spoken of as "taking" her. MRK 12 21 d61g figs-ellipsis 0 the second ... the third These numbers refer to each of the brothers and can be expressed as such. Alternate translation: "the second brother ... the third brother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 12 21 na6s 0 the second took her "the second married her." Here marrying a woman is spoken of as "taking" her. -MRK 12 21 l1ds figs-explicit 0 the third likewise It may be helpful to explain what "likewise" means. Alternate translation: "the third brother married her as his other bothers did, and he also died leaving no children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 22 wjq8 figs-ellipsis 0 The seven This refers to all the brothers. Alternate translation: "The seven brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 12 21 na6s ὁ δεύτερος ἔλαβεν αὐτήν 1 the second took her "the second married her." Here marrying a woman is spoken of as "taking" her. +MRK 12 21 l1ds figs-explicit ὁ τρίτος ὡσαύτως 1 the third likewise It may be helpful to explain what "likewise" means. Alternate translation: "the third brother married her as his other bothers did, and he also died leaving no children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 22 wjq8 figs-ellipsis οἱ ἑπτὰ 1 The seven This refers to all the brothers. Alternate translation: "The seven brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 12 22 l3dg figs-explicit 0 The seven left no children Each of the brothers married the woman and then died before he had any children with her. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Eventually all seven brothers married that woman one by one, but none of them had any children with her, and one by one they died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 23 w4wu figs-rquestion 0 In the resurrection, when they rise again, whose wife will she be? The Sadducees are testing Jesus by asking this question. If your readers can only understand this as a request for information, this can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Now tell us whose wife she will be in the resurrection, when they all rise again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 12 23 w4wu figs-rquestion ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει, ὅταν ἀναστῶσιν, τίνος αὐτῶν γυνή ἔσται? 1 In the resurrection, when they rise again, whose wife will she be? The Sadducees are testing Jesus by asking this question. If your readers can only understand this as a request for information, this can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Now tell us whose wife she will be in the resurrection, when they all rise again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 12 24 zp2p figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the reason you are mistaken ... power of God? Jesus rebukes the Sadducees because they are mistaken about God's law. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are mistaken because ... power of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 12 24 li2y 0 you do not know the scriptures This means that they do not understand what is written in the Old Testament scriptures. -MRK 12 24 i8il 0 the power of God "how powerful God is" -MRK 12 25 nvh6 0 For when they rise Here the word "they" refers to the brothers and the woman from the example. -MRK 12 25 y8vz figs-metaphor 0 rise Waking and getting up from sleep is a metaphor for becoming alive after having been dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 25 vh7r 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -MRK 12 25 p5ak 0 they neither marry nor are given in marriage "they do not marry, and they are not given in marriage" -MRK 12 25 h7ii figs-activepassive 0 are given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and no one gives them in marriage" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 12 25 pi8l 0 heaven This refers to the place where God lives. -MRK 12 26 z36n figs-activepassive 0 that are raised This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "who rise" or "who rise to live again" [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 12 26 jc5a 0 the book of Moses "the book that Moses wrote" -MRK 12 26 w2lj figs-explicit 0 the account about the bush This refers to the part of the Book of Moses that tells about when God spoke to Moses out of a bush that was burning but that did not burn up. Alternate translation: "the passage about the burning bush" or "the words about the fiery bush" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 26 si2b 0 the bush This refers to a shrub, a woody plant that is smaller than a tree. -MRK 12 26 y35v 0 how God spoke to him "about when God spoke to Moses" +MRK 12 24 li2y εἰδότες μὴ εἰδότες τὰς Γραφὰς 1 you do not know the scriptures This means that they do not understand what is written in the Old Testament scriptures. +MRK 12 24 i8il τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the power of God "how powerful God is" +MRK 12 25 nvh6 γὰρ ὅταν ἀναστῶσιν 1 For when they rise Here the word "they" refers to the brothers and the woman from the example. +MRK 12 25 y8vz figs-metaphor ἀναστῶσιν 1 rise Waking and getting up from sleep is a metaphor for becoming alive after having been dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 12 25 vh7r ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +MRK 12 25 p5ak γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμίζονται 1 they neither marry nor are given in marriage "they do not marry, and they are not given in marriage" +MRK 12 25 h7ii figs-activepassive γαμίζονται 1 are given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and no one gives them in marriage" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 12 25 pi8l τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 heaven This refers to the place where God lives. +MRK 12 26 z36n figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐγείρονται 1 that are raised This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "who rise" or "who rise to live again" [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 12 26 jc5a τῇ βίβλῳ Μωϋσέως 1 the book of Moses "the book that Moses wrote" +MRK 12 26 w2lj figs-explicit τοῦ βάτου 1 the account about the bush This refers to the part of the Book of Moses that tells about when God spoke to Moses out of a bush that was burning but that did not burn up. Alternate translation: "the passage about the burning bush" or "the words about the fiery bush" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 26 si2b τοῦ βάτου 1 the bush This refers to a shrub, a woody plant that is smaller than a tree. +MRK 12 26 y35v πῶς ὁ Θεὸς εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 how God spoke to him "about when God spoke to Moses" MRK 12 26 re82 0 I am the God of Abraham ... Isaac ... Jacob This means that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob worship God. These men have died physically, but they are still alive spiritually and still worship God. -MRK 12 27 dgc9 figs-nominaladj 0 not the God of the dead, but of the living Here "the dead" refers to people who are dead, and "the living" refers to people who are alive. Also, the words "the God" can be stated clearly in the second phrase. Alternate translation: "not the God of dead people, but the God of living people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 12 27 l22e 0 the living This includes people who are alive physically and spiritually. -MRK 12 27 wmz2 figs-explicit 0 You are quite mistaken It may be helpful to state what they are mistaken about. Alternate translation: "When you say that dead people do not rise again, you are quite mistaken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 27 sp7x 0 quite mistaken "completely mistaken" or "very wrong" -MRK 12 28 q1u5 0 He asked him "The scribe asked Jesus" +MRK 12 27 dgc9 figs-nominaladj οὐκ Θεὸς νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 not the God of the dead, but of the living Here "the dead" refers to people who are dead, and "the living" refers to people who are alive. Also, the words "the God" can be stated clearly in the second phrase. Alternate translation: "not the God of dead people, but the God of living people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 12 27 l22e ζώντων 1 the living This includes people who are alive physically and spiritually. +MRK 12 27 wmz2 figs-explicit πλανᾶσθε πολὺ πλανᾶσθε 1 You are quite mistaken It may be helpful to state what they are mistaken about. Alternate translation: "When you say that dead people do not rise again, you are quite mistaken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 27 sp7x πολὺ πλανᾶσθε 1 quite mistaken "completely mistaken" or "very wrong" +MRK 12 28 q1u5 ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν 1 He asked him "The scribe asked Jesus" MRK 12 29 n74y figs-nominaladj 0 The most important is "The most important" refers to the most important commandment. Alternate translation: "The most important commandment is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 12 29 mq92 0 Hear, Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one "Listen, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord" -MRK 12 30 q49v figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. These four phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MRK 12 31 tp6p figs-simile 0 love your neighbor as yourself Jesus uses this simile to compare how people are to love each other with the same love as they love themselves. Alternate translation: "love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 12 31 pyc1 0 than these Here the word "these" refers to the two commandments that Jesus had just told the people. -MRK 12 32 qqm4 0 Good, Teacher "Good answer, Teacher" or "Well said, Teacher" -MRK 12 32 awe3 figs-idiom 0 God is one This means that there is only one God. Alternate translation: "there is only one God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 12 29 mq92 ἄκουε, Ἰσραήλ, Κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ Θεὸς, Κύριος ἐστιν εἷς 1 Hear, Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one "Listen, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord" +MRK 12 30 q49v figs-metonymy ἐξ ὅλης σου τῆς καρδίας, ἐξ ὅλης σου τῆς ψυχῆς, ἐξ ὅλης σου τῆς διανοίας, καὶ ἐξ ὅλης σου τῆς ἰσχύος 1 with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. These four phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +MRK 12 31 tp6p figs-simile ἀγαπήσεις σου τὸν πλησίον ὡς σεαυτόν 1 love your neighbor as yourself Jesus uses this simile to compare how people are to love each other with the same love as they love themselves. Alternate translation: "love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 12 31 pyc1 τούτων 1 than these Here the word "these" refers to the two commandments that Jesus had just told the people. +MRK 12 32 qqm4 καλῶς, Διδάσκαλε 1 Good, Teacher "Good answer, Teacher" or "Well said, Teacher" +MRK 12 32 awe3 figs-idiom ἐστιν εἷς 1 God is one This means that there is only one God. Alternate translation: "there is only one God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 12 32 as2j figs-ellipsis 0 that there is no other The word "God" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "that there is no other God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 12 33 xnq9 figs-metonymy 0 with all the heart ... all the understanding ... all the strength Here "heart" is a metonym for person's thoughts, feelings, or inner being. These three phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 12 33 tw15 figs-simile 0 to love one's neighbor as oneself This simile compares how people are to love each other with the same love that they love themselves. Alternate translation: "to love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MRK 12 33 ll9t figs-idiom 0 is even more than This idiom means that something is more important than something else. In this case, these two commandments are more pleasing to God that burnt offering and sacrifices. This may be written clearly. Alternate translation: "is even more important than" or "is even more pleasing to God than" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 12 34 b144 figs-litotes 0 You are not far from the kingdom of God This can be stated in positive form. Here Jesus speaks of the man being ready to submit to God as king as being physically close to the kingdom of God, as if it where a physical place. Alternate translation: "You are close to submitting to God as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 34 rgh8 figs-litotes 0 no one dared This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "everyone was afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -MRK 12 35 ptc8 figs-explicit 0 While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he said Some time has passed and Jesus is now in the temple. This is not part of the previous conversation. Alternate translation: "Later, while Jesus was teaching in the temple area, he said to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 33 tw15 figs-simile ἀγαπᾶν τὸν' τὸν πλησίον ὡς ἑαυτὸν 1 to love one's neighbor as oneself This simile compares how people are to love each other with the same love that they love themselves. Alternate translation: "to love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MRK 12 33 ll9t figs-idiom ἐστιν περισσότερόν πάντων 1 is even more than This idiom means that something is more important than something else. In this case, these two commandments are more pleasing to God that burnt offering and sacrifices. This may be written clearly. Alternate translation: "is even more important than" or "is even more pleasing to God than" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 12 34 b144 figs-litotes εἶ οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 You are not far from the kingdom of God This can be stated in positive form. Here Jesus speaks of the man being ready to submit to God as king as being physically close to the kingdom of God, as if it where a physical place. Alternate translation: "You are close to submitting to God as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 12 34 rgh8 figs-litotes οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμα 1 no one dared This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "everyone was afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +MRK 12 35 ptc8 figs-explicit καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς διδάσκων ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, ἔλεγεν 1 While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he said Some time has passed and Jesus is now in the temple. This is not part of the previous conversation. Alternate translation: "Later, while Jesus was teaching in the temple area, he said to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 12 35 q6e4 figs-rquestion 0 How is it that the scribes say the Christ is the son of David? Jesus uses this question to get the people to think deeply about the Psalm he is about to quote. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Consider why the scribes say the Christ is the son of David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 12 35 i6a4 0 the son of David "a descendant of David" -MRK 12 36 e1zq figs-rpronouns 0 David himself This word "himself" refers to David and is used to place emphasis on him and what he said. Alternate translation: "It was David who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -MRK 12 36 ejy2 figs-idiom 0 in the Holy Spirit This means that he was inspired by the Holy Spirit. That is, the Holy Spirit directed David in what he said. Alternate translation: "inspired by the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 12 36 dv7b figs-explicit 0 said, 'The Lord said to my Lord Here David calls God "The Lord" and calls the Christ "my Lord." This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "said about the Christ, 'The Lord God said to my Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 12 36 v53p translate-symaction 0 Sit at my right hand Jesus is quoting a psalm. Here God is speaking to the Christ. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MRK 12 36 mml8 figs-metaphor 0 until I make your enemies your footstool In this quote, God speaks of defeating enemies as making them into a footstool. Alternate translation: "until I completely defeat your enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 37 ka5u 0 calls him 'Lord,' Here the word "him" refers to the Christ. +MRK 12 35 i6a4 υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 the son of David "a descendant of David" +MRK 12 36 e1zq figs-rpronouns Δαυεὶδ αὐτὸς 1 David himself This word "himself" refers to David and is used to place emphasis on him and what he said. Alternate translation: "It was David who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +MRK 12 36 ejy2 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 in the Holy Spirit This means that he was inspired by the Holy Spirit. That is, the Holy Spirit directed David in what he said. Alternate translation: "inspired by the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 12 36 dv7b figs-explicit , εἶπεν,' ὁ Κύριος εἶπεν τῷ Κυρίῳ μου τῷ Κυρίῳ," 1 said, 'The Lord said to my Lord Here David calls God "The Lord" and calls the Christ "my Lord." This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "said about the Christ, 'The Lord God said to my Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 36 v53p translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ μου δεξιῶν 1 Sit at my right hand Jesus is quoting a psalm. Here God is speaking to the Christ. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MRK 12 36 mml8 figs-metaphor ἕως ἂν θῶ σου τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν 1 until I make your enemies your footstool In this quote, God speaks of defeating enemies as making them into a footstool. Alternate translation: "until I completely defeat your enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 12 37 ka5u λέγει αὐτὸν' Κύριον,' 1 calls him 'Lord,' Here the word "him" refers to the Christ. MRK 12 37 rh2t figs-rquestion 0 so how can the Christ be David's son? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "so consider how the Christ can be a descendant of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 12 38 k31m figs-abstractnouns 0 the greetings they receive in the marketplaces The noun "greetings" can be expressed with the verb "greet." These greetings showed that the people respected the scribes. Alternate translation: "to be greeted respectfully in the marketplaces" or "people to greet them respectfully in the marketplaces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 12 40 jtw4 figs-metaphor 0 They also devour widows' houses Here Jesus describes the scribes' cheating of widows and stealing of their houses as "devouring" their houses. Alternate translation: "They also cheat widows in order to steal their houses from them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 12 40 j27b figs-synecdoche 0 widows' houses The words "widows" and "houses" are synecdoches for helpless people and all of a person's important possessions, respectively. Alternate translation: "everything from helpless people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 12 40 qm52 figs-activepassive 0 These men will receive greater condemnation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly punish them with greater condemnation" or "God will certainly punish them severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 12 40 h36x figs-explicit 0 will receive greater condemnation The word "greater" implies a comparison. Here the comparison is to other men who are punished. Alternate translation: "will receive greater condemnation than other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 12 40 j27b figs-synecdoche τῶν χηρῶν' τὰς οἰκίας 1 widows' houses The words "widows" and "houses" are synecdoches for helpless people and all of a person's important possessions, respectively. Alternate translation: "everything from helpless people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 12 40 qm52 figs-activepassive οὗτοι λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 These men will receive greater condemnation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly punish them with greater condemnation" or "God will certainly punish them severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 12 40 h36x figs-explicit λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 will receive greater condemnation The word "greater" implies a comparison. Here the comparison is to other men who are punished. Alternate translation: "will receive greater condemnation than other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 12 41 r69x 0 Connecting Statement: Still in the temple area, Jesus comments on the value of the widow's offering. -MRK 12 41 p2kp 0 an offering box This box, which everyone could use, held temple offerings. -MRK 12 42 g6ry translate-bmoney 0 two mites "two small copper coins." These were the least valuable coins available. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +MRK 12 41 p2kp τοῦ γαζοφυλακίου 1 an offering box This box, which everyone could use, held temple offerings. +MRK 12 42 g6ry translate-bmoney δύο λεπτὰ 1 two mites "two small copper coins." These were the least valuable coins available. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) MRK 12 42 n29e 0 worth about a penny "worth very little." A penny is worth very little. Translate "penny" with the name of the smallest coin in your language if you have one that is worth very little. MRK 12 43 ipl1 translate-versebridge 0 General Information: In verse 43 Jesus says that the widow put more money in the offering than the rich people put in, and in verse 44 he tells his reason for saying that. The information can be reordered so that Jesus tells his reason first and then says that the widow put in more, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -MRK 12 43 n7su 0 He called "Jesus called" -MRK 12 43 q124 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 12 43 n8z5 0 all of them who contributed to "all the other people who put money into" -MRK 12 44 ui9a 0 abundance much wealth, many valuable things -MRK 12 44 l4tp 0 her poverty "lack" or "the little she had" +MRK 12 43 n7su προσκαλεσάμενος 1 He called "Jesus called" +MRK 12 43 q124 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 12 43 n8z5 πάντων τῶν βαλλόντων εἰς 1 all of them who contributed to "all the other people who put money into" +MRK 12 44 ui9a τοῦ περισσεύοντος 1 abundance much wealth, many valuable things +MRK 12 44 l4tp αὐτῆς τῆς ὑστερήσεως 1 her poverty "lack" or "the little she had" MRK 12 44 p3as 0 to live on "to survive on" MRK 13 intro ti7d 0 # Mark 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 13:24-25, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The return of Christ

Jesus said much about what would happen before he returned ([Mark 13:6-37](./06.md)). He told his followers that bad things would happen to the world and bad things would happen to them before he returned, but they needed to be ready for him to return at any time.
MRK 13 1 rrv1 0 General Information: As they leave the temple area, Jesus tells his disciples what will happen in the future to the wonderful temple that Herod the Great has built. MRK 13 1 ql81 figs-explicit 0 the wonderful stones and wonderful buildings The "stones" refer to the stones that the buildings were built with. Alternate translation: "the wonderful buildings and the wonderful stones that they are made of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 2 rez6 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone This question is used to draw attention to the buildings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Look at these great buildings! Not one stone" or "You see these great buildings now, but not one stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 13 2 rez6 figs-rquestion βλέπεις ταύτας τὰς μεγάλας οἰκοδομάς? οὐ μὴ λίθος 1 Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone This question is used to draw attention to the buildings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Look at these great buildings! Not one stone" or "You see these great buildings now, but not one stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 13 2 zu46 figs-explicit 0 Not one stone will be left on another which will not be torn down It is implied that enemy soldiers will tear down the stones. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Not one stone will remain on top of another, for enemy soldiers will come and destroy these buildings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 13 3 e913 0 Connecting Statement: In answer to the disciples' questions about the temple's destruction and what was going to happen, Jesus tells them what was going to take place in the future. -MRK 13 3 izt8 figs-explicit 0 As he sat on the Mount of Olives opposite the temple, Peter It can be expressed clearly that Jesus and his disciples had walked to the Mount of Olives. Alternate translation: "After arriving at the Mount of Olives, which is opposite the temple, Jesus sat down. Then Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 3 u7ju 0 privately when they were alone +MRK 13 3 izt8 figs-explicit καθημένου αὐτοῦ καθημένου εἰς τὸ Ὄρος τῶν Ἐλαιῶν κατέναντι τοῦ ἱεροῦ, Πέτρος 1 As he sat on the Mount of Olives opposite the temple, Peter It can be expressed clearly that Jesus and his disciples had walked to the Mount of Olives. Alternate translation: "After arriving at the Mount of Olives, which is opposite the temple, Jesus sat down. Then Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 3 u7ju κατ’ ἰδίαν 1 privately when they were alone MRK 13 4 uf37 figs-explicit 0 these things happen ... are about to happen This refers to what Jesus had just said will happen to the stones of the temple. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "these things happen to the buildings of the temple ... are about to happen to the temple buildings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 4 lw1n 0 when all these things "that all these things" -MRK 13 5 fe42 0 to them "to his disciples" -MRK 13 5 u79c 0 leads you astray Here "leads you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe what is not true. Alternate translation: "deceives you" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 13 6 wv12 0 they will lead many astray Here "lead ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe what is not true. Alternate translation: "they will deceive many people" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 13 6 z63u figs-metonymy 0 in my name Possible meanings are 1) "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 13 4 lw1n ὅταν πάντα ταῦτα 1 when all these things "that all these things" +MRK 13 5 fe42 λέγειν αὐτοῖς 1 to them "to his disciples" +MRK 13 5 u79c πλανήσῃ ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ 1 leads you astray Here "leads you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe what is not true. Alternate translation: "deceives you" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 6 wv12 πλανήσουσιν πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν 1 they will lead many astray Here "lead ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe what is not true. Alternate translation: "they will deceive many people" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 6 z63u figs-metonymy ἐπὶ μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in my name Possible meanings are 1) "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 13 6 l7f9 0 I am he "I am the Christ" -MRK 13 7 fl5h 0 hear of wars and rumors of wars "hear of wars and reports about wars." Possible meanings are 1) "hear the sounds of wars close by and news of wars far away" or 2) "hear of wars that have started and reports about wars that are about to start" +MRK 13 7 fl5h ἀκούσητε πολέμους καὶ ἀκοὰς πολέμων 1 hear of wars and rumors of wars "hear of wars and reports about wars." Possible meanings are 1) "hear the sounds of wars close by and news of wars far away" or 2) "hear of wars that have started and reports about wars that are about to start" MRK 13 7 d1k9 0 but the end is not yet "but it is not yet the end" or "but the end will not happen until later" or "but the end will be later" -MRK 13 7 mi4d figs-explicit 0 the end This probably refers to the end of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 8 xln4 figs-idiom 0 will rise against This idiom means to fight against one another. Alternate translation: "will fight against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 13 8 e2ln figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words "will rise" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "kingdom will rise against kingdom" or "the people of one kingdom will fight against the people of another kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 13 7 mi4d figs-explicit τὸ τέλος 1 the end This probably refers to the end of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 8 xln4 figs-idiom ἐγερθήσεται ἐπ’ 1 will rise against This idiom means to fight against one another. Alternate translation: "will fight against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 13 8 e2ln figs-ellipsis βασιλεία ἐπὶ βασιλείαν 1 kingdom against kingdom The words "will rise" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "kingdom will rise against kingdom" or "the people of one kingdom will fight against the people of another kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 13 8 dz8g figs-metaphor 0 These are the beginnings of birth pains Jesus speaks of these disasters as the beginnings of birth pains because more severe things will happen after them. Alternate translation: "These events will be like the first pains a woman suffers when she is about to bear a child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 13 9 c2cl 0 Be on your guard "Be ready for what people will do to you" -MRK 13 9 xsy1 0 will deliver you up to councils "take you and put you under the control of councils" -MRK 13 9 zdp8 figs-activepassive 0 you will be beaten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will beat you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 13 9 gbb4 figs-idiom 0 You will stand before This means to be put on trial and judged. Alternate translation: "You will be put on trial before" or "You will be brought to trial and judged by" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 13 9 j5n2 0 for my sake "because of me" or "on account of me" -MRK 13 9 y6p6 figs-explicit 0 as a testimony to them This means they will testify about Jesus. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "and testify to them about me" or "and you will tell them about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 10 ruk9 figs-explicit 0 But the gospel must first be proclaimed to all the nations Jesus is still speaking about things that must happen before the end comes. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "But the gospel must first be proclaimed to all the nations before the end will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 11 uy91 figs-idiom 0 hand you over Here this means to put people under the control of the authorities. Alternate translation: "give you over to the authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 13 11 a9b6 figs-ellipsis 0 but the Holy Spirit The words "will speak" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but the Holy Spirit will speak through you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 13 12 py9u 0 Brother will deliver up brother to death "One brother will put another brother under the control of people who will kill him" or "Brothers will put their brothers under the control of people who will kill them." This will happen many times to many different people. Jesus is not speaking of just one person and his brother. +MRK 13 9 xsy1 παραδώσουσιν ὑμᾶς παραδώσουσιν εἰς συνέδρια 1 will deliver you up to councils "take you and put you under the control of councils" +MRK 13 9 zdp8 figs-activepassive δαρήσεσθε 1 you will be beaten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will beat you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 13 9 gbb4 figs-idiom σταθήσεσθε ἐπὶ 1 You will stand before This means to be put on trial and judged. Alternate translation: "You will be put on trial before" or "You will be brought to trial and judged by" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 13 9 j5n2 ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ ἕνεκεν 1 for my sake "because of me" or "on account of me" +MRK 13 9 y6p6 figs-explicit εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς 1 as a testimony to them This means they will testify about Jesus. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "and testify to them about me" or "and you will tell them about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 10 ruk9 figs-explicit καὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον δεῖ πρῶτον κηρυχθῆναι εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 But the gospel must first be proclaimed to all the nations Jesus is still speaking about things that must happen before the end comes. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "But the gospel must first be proclaimed to all the nations before the end will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 11 uy91 figs-idiom παραδιδόντες 1 hand you over Here this means to put people under the control of the authorities. Alternate translation: "give you over to the authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 13 11 a9b6 figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα 1 but the Holy Spirit The words "will speak" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but the Holy Spirit will speak through you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 13 12 py9u ἀδελφὸς παραδώσει ἀδελφὸν εἰς θάνατον 1 Brother will deliver up brother to death "One brother will put another brother under the control of people who will kill him" or "Brothers will put their brothers under the control of people who will kill them." This will happen many times to many different people. Jesus is not speaking of just one person and his brother. MRK 13 12 g3jv figs-gendernotations 0 Brother ... brother This refers to both brothers and sisters. Alternate translation: "People ... their siblings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -MRK 13 12 b9ux figs-ellipsis 0 a father his child The words "will deliver up to death" are understood from the previous phrase. This means that some fathers will betray their children, and this betrayal will cause their children to be killed. Alternate translation: "fathers will deliver up their children to death" or "fathers will betray their children, handing them over to be killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 13 12 r66s figs-idiom 0 Children will rise up against their parents This means that children will oppose their parents and betray them. Alternate translation: "Children will oppose their parents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 13 12 b9ux figs-ellipsis πατὴρ τέκνον 1 a father his child The words "will deliver up to death" are understood from the previous phrase. This means that some fathers will betray their children, and this betrayal will cause their children to be killed. Alternate translation: "fathers will deliver up their children to death" or "fathers will betray their children, handing them over to be killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 13 12 r66s figs-idiom τέκνα ἐπαναστήσονται ἐπὶ γονεῖς 1 Children will rise up against their parents This means that children will oppose their parents and betray them. Alternate translation: "Children will oppose their parents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 13 12 si65 figs-activepassive 0 cause them to be put to death This means that the authorities will sentence the parents to be put to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "cause the authorities to sentence the parents to die" or "the authorities will kill the parents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 13 13 pk3g figs-activepassive 0 You will be hated by everyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 13 13 jhp6 figs-metonymy 0 because of my name Jesus uses the metonym "my name" to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 13 13 w28q figs-activepassive 0 whoever endures to the end, that person will be saved This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whoever endures to the end, God will save that person" or "God will save whoever endures to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 13 13 c33n figs-explicit 0 whoever endures to the end Here "endures" represents continuing to be faithful to God even while suffering. Alternate translation: "whoever suffers and stays faithful to God to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 13 vcz4 0 to the end Possible meanings are 1) "to the end of his life" or 2) "to the end of that time of trouble" -MRK 13 14 d4nw figs-metaphor 0 the abomination of desolation This phrase is from the book of Daniel. His audience would have been familiar with this passage and the prophecy about the abomination entering the temple and defiling it. Alternate translation: "the shameful thing that defiles the things of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 13 pk3g figs-activepassive ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων 1 You will be hated by everyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 13 13 jhp6 figs-metonymy διὰ μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 because of my name Jesus uses the metonym "my name" to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 13 13 w28q figs-activepassive ὁ ὑπομείνας εἰς τέλος, οὗτος σωθήσεται 1 whoever endures to the end, that person will be saved This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whoever endures to the end, God will save that person" or "God will save whoever endures to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 13 13 c33n figs-explicit ὁ ὑπομείνας εἰς τέλος 1 whoever endures to the end Here "endures" represents continuing to be faithful to God even while suffering. Alternate translation: "whoever suffers and stays faithful to God to the end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 13 vcz4 εἰς τέλος 1 to the end Possible meanings are 1) "to the end of his life" or 2) "to the end of that time of trouble" +MRK 13 14 d4nw figs-metaphor τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως 1 the abomination of desolation This phrase is from the book of Daniel. His audience would have been familiar with this passage and the prophecy about the abomination entering the temple and defiling it. Alternate translation: "the shameful thing that defiles the things of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 13 14 vx3c figs-explicit 0 standing where it should not be standing Jesus' audience would have known that this refers to the temple. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "standing in the temple, where it should not be standing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 14 ck7a figs-explicit 0 let the reader understand This is not Jesus speaking. Matthew added this to get the readers' attention, so that they would listen to this warning. Alternate translation: "may everyone who is reading this pay attention to this warning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 15 m1hq 0 on the housetop Housetops where Jesus lived were flat, and people could stand on them. -MRK 13 16 y1e9 figs-ellipsis 0 not return This refers to returning to his house. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "not return to his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 13 16 hv49 0 to take his cloak "to get his cloak" +MRK 13 14 ck7a figs-explicit νοείτω ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω 1 let the reader understand This is not Jesus speaking. Matthew added this to get the readers' attention, so that they would listen to this warning. Alternate translation: "may everyone who is reading this pay attention to this warning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 15 m1hq ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος 1 on the housetop Housetops where Jesus lived were flat, and people could stand on them. +MRK 13 16 y1e9 figs-ellipsis μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω 1 not return This refers to returning to his house. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "not return to his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 13 16 hv49 ἆραι αὐτοῦ τὸ ἱμάτιον 1 to take his cloak "to get his cloak" MRK 13 17 bi8n figs-euphemism 0 are with child This is a polite way to say that someone is pregnant. Alternate translation: "are pregnant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -MRK 13 18 w47v 0 Pray that it "Pray that these times" or "Pray that these things" +MRK 13 18 w47v προσεύχεσθε ἵνα γένηται 1 Pray that it "Pray that these times" or "Pray that these things" MRK 13 18 w91r 0 the winter "the cold season" or "the cold, rainy season." This refers to the time of year when it is cold and unpleasant and difficult to travel. -MRK 13 19 e98e 0 such as has not been "greater than there has ever been." This describes how great and terrible the tribulation will be. There has never been a tribulation as terrible as this one will be. +MRK 13 19 e98e οἵα γέγονεν οὐ γέγονεν 1 such as has not been "greater than there has ever been." This describes how great and terrible the tribulation will be. There has never been a tribulation as terrible as this one will be. MRK 13 19 c5sz 0 no, nor ever will be again "and greater than there will ever be again" or "and after that tribulation, there will never again be a tribulation like it" -MRK 13 20 y7g6 figs-explicit 0 had shortened the days "had shortened the time." It may be helpful to specify which "days" are referred to. Alternate translation: "had reduced the days of suffering" or "had shortened the time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 20 kda6 figs-synecdoche 0 no flesh would be saved The word "flesh" refers to people, and "saved" refers to physical salvation. Alternate translation: "no one would be saved" or "everyone would die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 13 20 q8hm 0 for the sake of the elect "in order to help the elect" +MRK 13 20 y7g6 figs-explicit ἐκολόβωσεν τὰς ἡμέρας 1 had shortened the days "had shortened the time." It may be helpful to specify which "days" are referred to. Alternate translation: "had reduced the days of suffering" or "had shortened the time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 20 kda6 figs-synecdoche οὐκ σάρξ ἂν ἐσώθη 1 no flesh would be saved The word "flesh" refers to people, and "saved" refers to physical salvation. Alternate translation: "no one would be saved" or "everyone would die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 13 20 q8hm διὰ τοὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς 1 for the sake of the elect "in order to help the elect" MRK 13 20 er43 figs-doublet 0 the elect, those whom he chose The phrase "those whom he chose" means the same thing as "the elect." Together, they emphasize that God chose these people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) MRK 13 21 d9gr translate-versebridge 0 General Information: In verse 21 Jesus gives a command, and in 22 he tells the reason for the command. This can be reordered with the reason first, and the command second, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -MRK 13 22 n81i 0 false Christs "people who claim they are Christ" -MRK 13 22 yw81 0 so as to deceive "in order to deceive" or "hoping to deceive" or "trying to deceive" +MRK 13 22 n81i ψευδόχριστοι 1 false Christs "people who claim they are Christ" +MRK 13 22 yw81 πρὸς ἀποπλανᾶν 1 so as to deceive "in order to deceive" or "hoping to deceive" or "trying to deceive" MRK 13 22 j198 figs-ellipsis 0 so as to deceive, if possible, even the elect The phrase "even the elect" implies that the false Christs and false prophets will expect to deceive some people, but they will not know if they will be able to deceive the elect. Alternate translation: "in order to deceive people, and even deceive the elect, if that is possible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 13 22 eq7b 0 the elect "the people whom God has chosen" -MRK 13 23 jq8p 0 Be on guard "Be watchful" or "Be alert" -MRK 13 23 va6h figs-explicit 0 I have told you all these things ahead of time Jesus told them these things to warn them. Alternate translation: "I have told you all these things ahead of time to warn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 13 24 zy2f figs-activepassive 0 the sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sun will become dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 13 24 a3qv figs-personification 0 the moon will not give its light Here the moon is spoken of as if it were alive and able to give something to someone else. Alternate translation: "the moon will not shine" or "the moon will be dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MRK 13 22 eq7b τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς 1 the elect "the people whom God has chosen" +MRK 13 23 jq8p βλέπετε 1 Be on guard "Be watchful" or "Be alert" +MRK 13 23 va6h figs-explicit προείρηκα ὑμῖν πάντα προείρηκα 1 I have told you all these things ahead of time Jesus told them these things to warn them. Alternate translation: "I have told you all these things ahead of time to warn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 24 zy2f figs-activepassive ὁ ἥλιος σκοτισθήσεται 1 the sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sun will become dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 13 24 a3qv figs-personification ἡ σελήνη δώσει οὐ δώσει αὐτῆς τὸ φέγγος 1 the moon will not give its light Here the moon is spoken of as if it were alive and able to give something to someone else. Alternate translation: "the moon will not shine" or "the moon will be dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MRK 13 25 z1sh figs-explicit 0 the stars will fall from the sky This does not mean that they will fall to earth but that they will fall from where the are now. Alternate translation: "the stars will fall from their places in the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 13 25 au6l figs-activepassive 0 the powers that are in the heavens will be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the powers in the heavens will shake" or "God will shake the powers that are in the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 13 25 hge7 0 the powers that are in the heavens "the powerful things in the heavens." Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the sun, moon, and stars or 2) this refers to powerful spiritual beings -MRK 13 25 h5k1 0 in the heavens "in the sky" -MRK 13 26 kl95 0 Then they will see "Then people will see" -MRK 13 26 h4z1 0 with great power and glory "powerfully and gloriously" -MRK 13 27 a1z2 figs-metonymy 0 he will gather The word "he" refers to God and is a metonym for his angels, as they are the ones who will gather the elect. Alternate translation: "they will gather" or "his angels will gather" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 13 27 vpb6 figs-metaphor 0 the four winds The whole earth is spoken of as "the four winds," which refer to the four directions: north, south, east, and west. Alternate translation: "the north, south, east, and west" or "all parts of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 25 h5k1 ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 in the heavens "in the sky" +MRK 13 26 kl95 τότε ὄψονται 1 Then they will see "Then people will see" +MRK 13 26 h4z1 μετὰ πολλῆς δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης 1 with great power and glory "powerfully and gloriously" +MRK 13 27 a1z2 figs-metonymy ἐπισυνάξει 1 he will gather The word "he" refers to God and is a metonym for his angels, as they are the ones who will gather the elect. Alternate translation: "they will gather" or "his angels will gather" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 13 27 vpb6 figs-metaphor τῶν τεσσάρων ἀνέμων 1 the four winds The whole earth is spoken of as "the four winds," which refer to the four directions: north, south, east, and west. Alternate translation: "the north, south, east, and west" or "all parts of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 13 27 u1vp figs-merism 0 from the ends of the earth to the ends of the sky These two extremes are given to emphasize that the elect will be gathered from the entire earth. Alternate translation: "from every place on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) MRK 13 28 c99s figs-parables 0 Jesus gives two short parables here to remind people to be aware when the things that he has been explaining happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -MRK 13 28 c8r7 0 the branch becomes tender and puts out its leaves The phrase "the branch" refers to the branches of the fig tree. Alternate translation: "its branches become tender and put out their leaves" -MRK 13 28 u8ha 0 tender "green and soft" -MRK 13 28 q6yc figs-personification 0 puts out its leaves Here the fig tree is spoken of as if it were alive and able to willingly cause its leaves to grow. Alternate translation: "its leaves begin to sprout" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -MRK 13 28 z417 0 summer the warm part of the year or the growing season -MRK 13 29 q53b figs-explicit 0 these things This refers to the days of tribulation. Alternate translation: "these things I have just described" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 28 c8r7 ὁ κλάδος γένηται ἁπαλὸς καὶ ἐκφύῃ τὰ φύλλα 1 the branch becomes tender and puts out its leaves The phrase "the branch" refers to the branches of the fig tree. Alternate translation: "its branches become tender and put out their leaves" +MRK 13 28 u8ha ἁπαλὸς 1 tender "green and soft" +MRK 13 28 q6yc figs-personification ἐκφύῃ τὰ φύλλα 1 puts out its leaves Here the fig tree is spoken of as if it were alive and able to willingly cause its leaves to grow. Alternate translation: "its leaves begin to sprout" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MRK 13 28 z417 τὸ θέρος 1 summer the warm part of the year or the growing season +MRK 13 29 q53b figs-explicit ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to the days of tribulation. Alternate translation: "these things I have just described" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 13 29 aul8 0 he is near "the Son of Man is near" MRK 13 29 z2pf figs-idiom 0 close to the gates This idiom means that he is very near and has almost arrived, referring to a traveler being close to arriving at the city gates. Alternate translation: "and is almost here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 13 30 tg35 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 13 30 h72r figs-euphemism 0 will not pass away This is a polite way to talk about someone dying. Alternate translation: "will not die" or "will not end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +MRK 13 30 tg35 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 13 30 h72r figs-euphemism παρέλθῃ οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ 1 will not pass away This is a polite way to talk about someone dying. Alternate translation: "will not die" or "will not end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) MRK 13 30 t66q 0 until all of these things The phrase "these things" refers to the days of tribulation. -MRK 13 31 k4zb figs-merism 0 Heaven and earth The two extremes are given to refer to all of the sky, including the sun, moon, stars, and planets, and all of the earth. Alternate translation: "The sky, the earth, and everything in them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -MRK 13 31 bjr8 0 will pass away "will cease to exist." Here this phrase refers to the world ending. -MRK 13 31 ah6w figs-metaphor 0 my words will never pass away Jesus speaks of words not losing their power as if they were something that will never physically die. Alternate translation: "my words will never lose their power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 13 32 km5z figs-explicit 0 that day or that hour This refers to the time that the Son of Man will return. Alternate translation: "that day or that hour that the Son of Man will return" or "the day or the hour that I will return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 31 k4zb figs-merism ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ 1 Heaven and earth The two extremes are given to refer to all of the sky, including the sun, moon, stars, and planets, and all of the earth. Alternate translation: "The sky, the earth, and everything in them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +MRK 13 31 bjr8 παρελεύσονται 1 will pass away "will cease to exist." Here this phrase refers to the world ending. +MRK 13 31 ah6w figs-metaphor μου οἱ δὲ λόγοι παρελεύσονται οὐ μὴ παρελεύσονται 1 my words will never pass away Jesus speaks of words not losing their power as if they were something that will never physically die. Alternate translation: "my words will never lose their power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 32 km5z figs-explicit ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας ἢ τῆς ὥρας 1 that day or that hour This refers to the time that the Son of Man will return. Alternate translation: "that day or that hour that the Son of Man will return" or "the day or the hour that I will return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 13 32 btq5 figs-ellipsis 0 no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but the Father These words specify some of those who do not know when the Son of Man will return, different from the Father, who does know. Alternate translation: "no one knows—neither the angels in heaven nor the Son know—but the Father" or "neither the angels in heaven nor the Son know; no one knows but the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 13 32 z3q9 0 the angels in heaven Here "heaven" refers to the place where God lives. +MRK 13 32 z3q9 οἱ ἄγγελοι ἐν οὐρανῷ 1 the angels in heaven Here "heaven" refers to the place where God lives. MRK 13 32 gwh2 figs-ellipsis 0 but the Father It is best to translate "Father" with the same word that your language naturally uses to refer to a human father. Also, this is an ellipsis, stating that the Father knows when the Son will return. Alternate translation: "but only the Father knows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 13 33 i43k figs-explicit 0 what time it is It can be stated clearly what "time" refers to here. Alternate translation: "when all these events will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 13 33 i43k figs-explicit πότε ὁ καιρός ἐστιν 1 what time it is It can be stated clearly what "time" refers to here. Alternate translation: "when all these events will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 13 34 a8ku 0 each one with his work "telling each one what work he should do" MRK 13 35 z7wi 0 it could be in the evening "he could return in the evening" -MRK 13 35 s8j9 0 rooster crows The rooster is a bird that "crows" very early in the morning by making a loud call. -MRK 13 36 mh8t figs-metaphor 0 find you sleeping Here Jesus speaks of not being ready as "sleeping." Alternate translation: "find you not ready for his return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 13 35 s8j9 ἀλεκτοροφωνίας 1 rooster crows The rooster is a bird that "crows" very early in the morning by making a loud call. +MRK 13 36 mh8t figs-metaphor εὕρῃ ὑμᾶς καθεύδοντας 1 find you sleeping Here Jesus speaks of not being ready as "sleeping." Alternate translation: "find you not ready for his return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 14 intro uk36 0 # Mark 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:27, 62, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The eating of the body and blood

[Mark 14:22-25](./22.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Abba, Father

"Abba" is an Aramaic word that the Jews used to speak to their fathers. Mark writes it as it sounds and then translates it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 14:20](../../mrk/14/20.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
MRK 14 1 hwb4 0 Connecting Statement: Just two days before the Passover, the chief priests and scribes are secretly plotting to kill Jesus. -MRK 14 1 gd33 0 stealthily without people noticing -MRK 14 2 em4q 0 For they were saying The word "they" refers to the chief priests and the scribes. -MRK 14 2 fk19 figs-ellipsis 0 Not during the feast This refers to them not arresting Jesus during the feast. Alternate translation: "We must not do it during the feast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 14 1 gd33 ἐν δόλῳ 1 stealthily without people noticing +MRK 14 2 em4q γάρ ἔλεγον 1 For they were saying The word "they" refers to the chief priests and the scribes. +MRK 14 2 fk19 figs-ellipsis μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ 1 Not during the feast This refers to them not arresting Jesus during the feast. Alternate translation: "We must not do it during the feast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 14 3 m95w 0 Connecting Statement: Though some were angry that the oil was used to anoint Jesus, Jesus says that the woman has anointed his body for burial before he will die. -MRK 14 3 bf84 translate-names 0 Simon the leper This man previously had leprosy but was no longer ill. This is a different man than Simon Peter and Simon the Zealot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 14 3 sh4s 0 he was reclining at the table In Jesus' culture, when people gathered to eat, they reclined on their sides, propping themselves up on pillows beside a low table. -MRK 14 3 hk2p translate-unknown 0 alabaster jar This is a jar made from alabaster. Alabaster was a very expensive yellow-white stone. Alternate translation: "beautiful white stone jar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +MRK 14 3 bf84 translate-names Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ 1 Simon the leper This man previously had leprosy but was no longer ill. This is a different man than Simon Peter and Simon the Zealot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 14 3 sh4s αὐτοῦ κατακειμένου 1 he was reclining at the table In Jesus' culture, when people gathered to eat, they reclined on their sides, propping themselves up on pillows beside a low table. +MRK 14 3 hk2p translate-unknown ἀλάβαστρον 1 alabaster jar This is a jar made from alabaster. Alabaster was a very expensive yellow-white stone. Alternate translation: "beautiful white stone jar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MRK 14 3 fqa9 translate-unknown 0 of very costly liquid, which was pure nard "that contained expensive, fragrant perfume called nard." Nard was a very expensive, sweet-smelling oil used to make perfume. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -MRK 14 3 tk9r 0 on his head "on Jesus' head" +MRK 14 3 tk9r τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ τῆς κεφαλῆς 1 on his head "on Jesus' head" MRK 14 4 v57p figs-rquestion 0 What is the reason for this waste? They asked this question to show that they disapproved of the woman pouring the perfume on Jesus. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is terrible that she wasted that perfume!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 14 5 y113 figs-activepassive 0 This perfume could have been sold Mark wants to show his readers that those present were more concerned about money. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We could have sold this perfume" or "She could have sold this perfume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 14 5 t4p8 translate-bmoney 0 three hundred denarii "300 denarii." Denarii are Roman silver coins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -MRK 14 5 h62k figs-ellipsis 0 given to the poor The phrase "the poor" refers to poor people. This refers to giving the money from the sale of the perfume to the poor. Alternate translation: "the money given to poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 14 6 r9wt figs-rquestion 0 Why are you troubling her? Jesus rebukes the guests for questioning this woman's action. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not trouble her!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 14 7 tc3j figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -MRK 14 9 vr3w 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 14 9 ysc5 figs-activepassive 0 wherever the gospel is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "wherever my followers preach the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 14 9 ljh1 0 what this woman has done will be spoken of "what this woman has done will also be spoken of" +MRK 14 5 y113 figs-activepassive τοῦτο τὸ μύρον ἠδύνατο πραθῆναι 1 This perfume could have been sold Mark wants to show his readers that those present were more concerned about money. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We could have sold this perfume" or "She could have sold this perfume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 14 5 t4p8 translate-bmoney τριακοσίων δηναρίων 1 three hundred denarii "300 denarii." Denarii are Roman silver coins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MRK 14 5 h62k figs-ellipsis δοθῆναι τοῖς πτωχοῖς 1 given to the poor The phrase "the poor" refers to poor people. This refers to giving the money from the sale of the perfume to the poor. Alternate translation: "the money given to poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MRK 14 6 r9wt figs-rquestion τί κόπους παρέχετε αὐτῇ? 1 Why are you troubling her? Jesus rebukes the guests for questioning this woman's action. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not trouble her!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 14 7 tc3j figs-nominaladj τοὺς πτωχοὺς 1 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +MRK 14 9 vr3w ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 14 9 ysc5 figs-activepassive ὅπου ἐὰν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον κηρυχθῇ 1 wherever the gospel is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "wherever my followers preach the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 14 9 ljh1 ὃ αὕτη ἐποίησεν λαληθήσεται 1 what this woman has done will be spoken of "what this woman has done will also be spoken of" MRK 14 10 pdm5 0 Connecting Statement: After the woman anoints Jesus with perfume, Judas promises to deliver Jesus to the chief priests. -MRK 14 10 z71f figs-explicit 0 so that he might deliver him over to them Judas did not deliver Jesus over to them yet, rather he went to make arrangements with them. Alternate translation: "in order to arrange with them that he would deliver Jesus over to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 10 dq6r 0 deliver him over "bring Jesus to them so they could capture him" +MRK 14 10 z71f figs-explicit ἵνα παραδοῖ αὐτὸν παραδοῖ αὐτοῖς 1 so that he might deliver him over to them Judas did not deliver Jesus over to them yet, rather he went to make arrangements with them. Alternate translation: "in order to arrange with them that he would deliver Jesus over to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 10 dq6r παραδοῖ αὐτὸν παραδοῖ 1 deliver him over "bring Jesus to them so they could capture him" MRK 14 11 kzk1 figs-explicit 0 When the chief priests heard it It may be helpful to state clearly what the chief priests heard. Alternate translation: "When the chief priests heard what he was willing to do for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 12 bn76 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus sends two of the disciples to prepare the Passover meal. -MRK 14 12 wpe7 figs-explicit 0 when they sacrificed the Passover lamb At the beginning of the Festival of Unleavened Bread, it was customary to sacrifice a lamb. Alternate translation: "when it was customary to sacrifice the Passover lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 12 bel5 figs-metonymy 0 eat the Passover Here the "Passover" refers to the Passover meal. Alternate translation: "eat the Passover meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 14 13 a7xg 0 bearing a pitcher of water "carrying a large jar full of water" +MRK 14 12 wpe7 figs-explicit ὅτε ἔθυον τὸ Πάσχα 1 when they sacrificed the Passover lamb At the beginning of the Festival of Unleavened Bread, it was customary to sacrifice a lamb. Alternate translation: "when it was customary to sacrifice the Passover lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 12 bel5 figs-metonymy φάγῃς τὸ Πάσχα 1 eat the Passover Here the "Passover" refers to the Passover meal. Alternate translation: "eat the Passover meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 14 13 a7xg βαστάζων κεράμιον ὕδατος 1 bearing a pitcher of water "carrying a large jar full of water" MRK 14 14 i344 figs-quotations 0 The Teacher says, "Where is my guest room ... with my disciples?" This can be written as an indirect quote. Translate this so that it is a polite request. Alternate translation: "Our Teacher would like to know where the guest room is where he may eat the Passover with his disciples." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -MRK 14 14 q3pn 0 guest room a room for visitors -MRK 14 15 x3zk figs-explicit 0 Make the preparations for us there They were to prepare the meal for Jesus and his disciples to eat. Alternate translation: "Prepare the meal for us there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 16 sb35 0 The disciples left "The two disciples left" -MRK 14 16 m339 0 as he had said "as Jesus had said" +MRK 14 14 q3pn τὸ κατάλυμά 1 guest room a room for visitors +MRK 14 15 x3zk figs-explicit ἑτοιμάσατε ἡμῖν ἐκεῖ 1 Make the preparations for us there They were to prepare the meal for Jesus and his disciples to eat. Alternate translation: "Prepare the meal for us there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 16 sb35 οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐξῆλθον 1 The disciples left "The two disciples left" +MRK 14 16 m339 καθὼς εἶπεν 1 as he had said "as Jesus had said" MRK 14 17 n7z4 0 Connecting Statement: That evening as Jesus and the disciples eat the Passover meal, Jesus tells them that one of them will betray him. -MRK 14 17 i1q1 figs-explicit 0 he came with the twelve It may be helpful to state where they came to. Alternate translation: "he came with the twelve to the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 17 i1q1 figs-explicit ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα 1 he came with the twelve It may be helpful to state where they came to. Alternate translation: "he came with the twelve to the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 18 cwl8 0 lying down at the table In Jesus' culture, when people gathered to eat, they lay down on their sides, propping themselves up on pillows beside a low table. -MRK 14 18 dg95 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 14 19 v3a1 0 one by one This means that "one at a time" each disciple asked him. -MRK 14 19 f13p figs-rquestion 0 Surely not I? Possible meanings are 1) this was a question for which the disciples expected the answer to be no or 2) this was a rhetorical question that did not require a response. Alternate translation: "Surely I am not the one who will betray you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 18 dg95 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 14 19 v3a1 εἷς κατὰ εἷς 1 one by one This means that "one at a time" each disciple asked him. +MRK 14 19 f13p figs-rquestion μήτι ἐγώ 1 Surely not I? Possible meanings are 1) this was a question for which the disciples expected the answer to be no or 2) this was a rhetorical question that did not require a response. Alternate translation: "Surely I am not the one who will betray you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 20 b25j 0 It is one of the twelve, the one now "He is one of the twelve of you, the one now" -MRK 14 20 htn4 0 dipping bread with me in the bowl In Jesus' culture, people would often eat bread, dipping it in a shared bowl of sauce or of oil mixed with herbs. +MRK 14 20 htn4 ὁ ἐμβαπτόμενος μετ’ ἐμοῦ εἰς τὸ τρύβλιον 1 dipping bread with me in the bowl In Jesus' culture, people would often eat bread, dipping it in a shared bowl of sauce or of oil mixed with herbs. MRK 14 21 q5l3 0 For the Son of Man will go the way that the scripture says about him Here Jesus refers to the scriptures prophesying about his death. If you have a polite way to talk about death in your language, use it here. Alternate translation: "For the Son of Man will die in the way that the scriptures say" -MRK 14 21 ct78 figs-explicit 0 through whom the Son of Man is betrayed This can be stated more directly. Alternate translation: "who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 22 y8j7 0 bread This was a flat loaf of unleavened bread, which was eaten as part of the Passover meal. +MRK 14 21 ct78 figs-explicit δι’ οὗ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται 1 through whom the Son of Man is betrayed This can be stated more directly. Alternate translation: "who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 22 y8j7 ἄρτον 1 bread This was a flat loaf of unleavened bread, which was eaten as part of the Passover meal. MRK 14 22 ula2 figs-explicit 0 broke it This means that he broke the bread into pieces for the people to eat. Alternate translation: "broke it into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 22 adb2 writing-symlanguage 0 Take this. This is my body "Take this bread. It is my body." Though most understand this to mean that the bread is a symbol of Jesus' body and that it is not actual flesh, it is best to translate this statement literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -MRK 14 23 u6rc figs-synecdoche 0 He took a cup Here "cup" is a metonym for wine. Alternate translation: "He took the cup of wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 14 24 q5hn figs-explicit 0 This is my blood of the covenant, the blood that is poured out for many The covenant is for the forgiveness of sins. This can be written more explicitly. Alternate translation: "This is my blood that confirms the covenant, the blood that is poured out so that many may receive the forgiveness of sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 24 hs24 writing-symlanguage 0 This is my blood "This wine is my blood." Though most understand this to mean that the wine is a symbol of Jesus' blood and that it is not actual blood, it is best to translate this statement literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -MRK 14 25 i9yk 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 14 25 t7ai 0 fruit of the vine "wine." This is a descriptive way to refer to wine. -MRK 14 25 y1pf 0 new Possible meanings are 1) "again" or 2) "in a new way" -MRK 14 26 l996 0 hymn A hymn is a type of song. It was traditional for them to sing an Old Testament psalm. -MRK 14 27 pu4s 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" -MRK 14 27 lty4 figs-idiom 0 will fall away This is an idiom that means leave. Alternate translation: "will leave me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 14 27 lze6 0 I will strike "kill." Here "I" refers to God. -MRK 14 27 w2az figs-activepassive 0 the sheep will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will scatter the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 14 23 u6rc figs-synecdoche λαβὼν ποτήριον 1 He took a cup Here "cup" is a metonym for wine. Alternate translation: "He took the cup of wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 14 24 q5hn figs-explicit τοῦτό ἐστιν μου τὸ αἷμά τῆς διαθήκης, τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ πολλῶν 1 This is my blood of the covenant, the blood that is poured out for many The covenant is for the forgiveness of sins. This can be written more explicitly. Alternate translation: "This is my blood that confirms the covenant, the blood that is poured out so that many may receive the forgiveness of sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 24 hs24 writing-symlanguage τοῦτό ἐστιν μου τὸ αἷμά 1 This is my blood "This wine is my blood." Though most understand this to mean that the wine is a symbol of Jesus' blood and that it is not actual blood, it is best to translate this statement literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +MRK 14 25 i9yk ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 14 25 t7ai γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου 1 fruit of the vine "wine." This is a descriptive way to refer to wine. +MRK 14 25 y1pf καινὸν 1 new Possible meanings are 1) "again" or 2) "in a new way" +MRK 14 26 l996 ὑμνήσαντες 1 hymn A hymn is a type of song. It was traditional for them to sing an Old Testament psalm. +MRK 14 27 pu4s ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" +MRK 14 27 lty4 figs-idiom σκανδαλισθήσεσθε 1 will fall away This is an idiom that means leave. Alternate translation: "will leave me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 14 27 lze6 πατάξω 1 I will strike "kill." Here "I" refers to God. +MRK 14 27 w2az figs-activepassive τὰ πρόβατα διασκορπισθήσονται 1 the sheep will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will scatter the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 14 28 lv2u 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus clearly tells Peter he will deny him. Peter and all of the disciples are certain they will not deny Jesus. -MRK 14 28 dm1q figs-idiom 0 I am raised up This idiom means that God will cause Jesus to become alive again after he has died. This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "God raises me from the dead" or "God makes me alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 14 28 nwg8 0 I will go ahead of you "I will go before you" +MRK 14 28 dm1q figs-idiom με ἐγερθῆναί 1 I am raised up This idiom means that God will cause Jesus to become alive again after he has died. This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "God raises me from the dead" or "God makes me alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 14 28 nwg8 προάξω ὑμᾶς 1 I will go ahead of you "I will go before you" MRK 14 29 div5 figs-ellipsis 0 Even if all fall away, I will not "I will not" can be fully expressed as "I will not fall away." The phrase "not fall away" is a double negative and carries a positive meaning. This can be expressed in the positive if needed. Alternate translation: "Even if everyone else leaves you, I will stay with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -MRK 14 30 z2q9 0 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). -MRK 14 30 i4g3 0 rooster crows The rooster is a bird that calls out very early in the morning. The loud sound he makes is "crowing." -MRK 14 30 e8sh 0 twice two times -MRK 14 30 um1m 0 you will deny me "you will say that you do not know me" -MRK 14 31 y9el 0 If I must die "Even if I must die" +MRK 14 30 z2q9 ἀμὴν λέγω σοι 1 Truly I say to you This indicates that the statement that follows is especially true and important. See how you translated this in [Mark 3:28](../03/28.md). +MRK 14 30 i4g3 ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 rooster crows The rooster is a bird that calls out very early in the morning. The loud sound he makes is "crowing." +MRK 14 30 e8sh ἢ δὶς 1 twice two times +MRK 14 30 um1m ἀπαρνήσῃ με 1 you will deny me "you will say that you do not know me" +MRK 14 31 y9el ἐὰν με δέῃ συναποθανεῖν 1 If I must die "Even if I must die" MRK 14 31 z9le 0 They all made the same promise This means that all of the disciples said the same thing that Peter said. MRK 14 32 ni66 0 Connecting Statement: When they go to Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives, Jesus encourages three of his disciples to stay awake while he prays. Twice he awakens them, and the third time he tells them to wake up because it is time for the betrayal. -MRK 14 32 deg7 0 They came to the place The word "they" refers to Jesus and his disciples. -MRK 14 33 ps7u 0 distressed overwhelmed with sorrow -MRK 14 33 n279 figs-metaphor 0 deeply troubled The word "deeply" refers to Jesus being greatly troubled in his soul. Alternate translation: "extremely troubled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 14 34 eyw3 figs-synecdoche 0 My soul is Jesus speaks of himself as his "soul." Alternate translation: "I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 14 32 deg7 ἔρχονται εἰς χωρίον 1 They came to the place The word "they" refers to Jesus and his disciples. +MRK 14 33 ps7u ἐκθαμβεῖσθαι 1 distressed overwhelmed with sorrow +MRK 14 33 n279 figs-metaphor ἀδημονεῖν 1 deeply troubled The word "deeply" refers to Jesus being greatly troubled in his soul. Alternate translation: "extremely troubled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 34 eyw3 figs-synecdoche μου ἡ ψυχή ἐστιν 1 My soul is Jesus speaks of himself as his "soul." Alternate translation: "I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MRK 14 34 ic1g figs-hyperbole 0 even to the point of death Jesus is exaggerating because he feels so much distress and sorrow that he feels like he is about to die, though he knows he will not die until after the sun rises. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -MRK 14 34 a54k 0 watch The disciples were to stay alert while Jesus prayed. This does not mean that they were supposed to watch Jesus pray. -MRK 14 35 nk8l figs-explicit 0 if it were possible This means that if God would allow it to happen. Alternate translation: "if God would allow it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 35 wc6d figs-explicit 0 the hour might pass Here "this hour" refers to Jesus' time of suffering, both now in the garden and later. Alternate translation: "that he would not have to go through this time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 36 c11w translate-transliterate 0 Abba a term used by Jewish children to address their father. Since it is followed by "Father," it is best to transliterate this word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -MRK 14 36 t9r2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 14 36 jk6a figs-metonymy 0 Remove this cup from me Jesus speaks of the suffering that he must endure as if it were a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +MRK 14 34 a54k γρηγορεῖτε 1 watch The disciples were to stay alert while Jesus prayed. This does not mean that they were supposed to watch Jesus pray. +MRK 14 35 nk8l figs-explicit εἰ ἐστιν δυνατόν 1 if it were possible This means that if God would allow it to happen. Alternate translation: "if God would allow it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 35 wc6d figs-explicit ἡ ὥρα παρέλθῃ 1 the hour might pass Here "this hour" refers to Jesus' time of suffering, both now in the garden and later. Alternate translation: "that he would not have to go through this time of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 36 c11w translate-transliterate Ἀββά 1 Abba a term used by Jewish children to address their father. Since it is followed by "Father," it is best to transliterate this word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MRK 14 36 t9r2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 14 36 jk6a figs-metonymy παρένεγκε τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 Remove this cup from me Jesus speaks of the suffering that he must endure as if it were a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 14 36 ha77 figs-ellipsis 0 But not my will, but yours Jesus is asking God to do what he wants to be done and not what Jesus wants. Alternate translation: "But do not do what I want, do what you want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -MRK 14 37 ja6d 0 found them sleeping The word "them" refers to Peter, James, and John. -MRK 14 37 kp33 figs-rquestion 0 Simon, are you asleep? Could you not watch for one hour? Jesus rebukes Simon Peter for sleeping. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Simon, you are asleep when I told you to stay awake. You could not even stay awake for one hour." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 14 38 zrp4 figs-metaphor 0 that you do not enter into temptation Jesus speaks of being tempted as if it were entering into a physical place. Alternate translation: "that you are not tempted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 37 ja6d εὑρίσκει αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας 1 found them sleeping The word "them" refers to Peter, James, and John. +MRK 14 37 kp33 figs-rquestion Σίμων, καθεύδεις? ἴσχυσας γρηγορῆσαι οὐκ γρηγορῆσαι μίαν ὥραν? 1 Simon, are you asleep? Could you not watch for one hour? Jesus rebukes Simon Peter for sleeping. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Simon, you are asleep when I told you to stay awake. You could not even stay awake for one hour." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 14 38 zrp4 figs-metaphor ἵνα ἔλθητε μὴ ἔλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν 1 that you do not enter into temptation Jesus speaks of being tempted as if it were entering into a physical place. Alternate translation: "that you are not tempted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 14 38 xk5y 0 The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak Jesus warns Simon Peter that he is not strong enough to do what he wants to do in his own strength. Alternate translation: "You are willing in your spirit, but you are too weak to do what you want to do" or "You want to do what I say, but you are weak" MRK 14 38 c1je figs-metonymy 0 The spirit ... the flesh These refer to two different aspects of Peter. "The spirit" is his inmost desires. "The flesh" is his human ability and strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 14 39 l9nj 0 used the same words "prayed again what he prayed before" -MRK 14 40 v49m 0 found them sleeping The word "them" refers to Peter, James, and John. -MRK 14 40 ht2p figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes were heavy Here the author speaks of a sleepy person having a hard time keeping his eyes open as having "heavy eyes." Alternate translation: "for they were so sleepy they were having a hard time keeping their eyes open" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 14 41 x7qd figs-explicit 0 He came the third time Jesus had gone and prayed again. Then he returned to them a third time. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Then he went and prayed again. He returned the third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 40 v49m εὗρεν αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας 1 found them sleeping The word "them" refers to Peter, James, and John. +MRK 14 40 ht2p figs-metaphor γὰρ αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἦσαν καταβαρυνόμενοι 1 for their eyes were heavy Here the author speaks of a sleepy person having a hard time keeping his eyes open as having "heavy eyes." Alternate translation: "for they were so sleepy they were having a hard time keeping their eyes open" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 41 x7qd figs-explicit ἔρχεται τὸ τρίτον 1 He came the third time Jesus had gone and prayed again. Then he returned to them a third time. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Then he went and prayed again. He returned the third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 41 lw7w figs-rquestion 0 Are you still sleeping and taking your rest? Jesus rebukes his disciples for not staying awake and praying. You can translate this rhetorical question as a statement if needed. Alternate translation: "You are still sleeping and resting!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 14 41 ae53 0 The hour has come The time of Jesus' suffering and betrayal is about to begin. -MRK 14 41 msb2 0 Look! "Listen!" -MRK 14 41 eg9m figs-activepassive 0 The Son of Man is being betrayed Jesus warns his disciples that his betrayer is approaching them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, am being betrayed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 14 41 ae53 ἡ ὥρα ἦλθεν 1 The hour has come The time of Jesus' suffering and betrayal is about to begin. +MRK 14 41 msb2 ἰδοὺ! 1 Look! "Listen!" +MRK 14 41 eg9m figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται 1 The Son of Man is being betrayed Jesus warns his disciples that his betrayer is approaching them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, am being betrayed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 14 43 r9cp writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 44 gives background information about how Judas had arranged with the Jewish leaders to betray Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 14 43 nz4t 0 Connecting Statement: Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss, and the disciples all flee. MRK 14 44 bzj2 0 Now his betrayer This refers to Judas. MRK 14 44 lsh3 figs-explicit 0 he is the one Here "the one" refers to the man that Judas was going to identify. Alternate translation: "he is the one you want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 45 tpd4 0 he kissed him "Judas kissed him" -MRK 14 46 y5qv figs-parallelism 0 laid hands on him and seized him These two phrases have the same meaning to emphasize that they seized Jesus. Alternate translation: "grabbed Jesus and seized him" or "seized him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -MRK 14 47 m6b9 0 who stood by "who was standing nearby" -MRK 14 48 gv6e 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" -MRK 14 48 eq25 figs-rquestion 0 Do you come out, as against a robber, with swords and clubs to capture me? Jesus is rebuking the crowd. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is ridiculous that you come here to seize me with swords and clubs, as if I were a robber!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MRK 14 45 tpd4 κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν 1 he kissed him "Judas kissed him" +MRK 14 46 y5qv figs-parallelism ἐπέβαλαν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκράτησαν αὐτόν 1 laid hands on him and seized him These two phrases have the same meaning to emphasize that they seized Jesus. Alternate translation: "grabbed Jesus and seized him" or "seized him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +MRK 14 47 m6b9 τῶν παρεστηκότων 1 who stood by "who was standing nearby" +MRK 14 48 gv6e ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the crowd" +MRK 14 48 eq25 figs-rquestion ἐξήλθατε, ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν, μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συνλαβεῖν με? 1 Do you come out, as against a robber, with swords and clubs to capture me? Jesus is rebuking the crowd. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is ridiculous that you come here to seize me with swords and clubs, as if I were a robber!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MRK 14 49 s63a 0 But this was done that "But this has happened so that" MRK 14 50 gqz8 0 All those with Jesus This refers to the disciples. -MRK 14 51 y5yt 0 linen cloth made from the fibers of a flax plant +MRK 14 51 y5yt σινδόνα 1 linen cloth made from the fibers of a flax plant MRK 14 51 u9k3 figs-activepassive 0 that was wrapped around him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that he had wrapped around himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 14 51 nag4 0 When the men seized him "When the men seized that man" -MRK 14 52 eud7 0 he left the linen garment As the man was trying to run away, the others would have grabbed at his clothing, trying to stop him. +MRK 14 52 eud7 ὁ καταλιπὼν τὴν σινδόνα 1 he left the linen garment As the man was trying to run away, the others would have grabbed at his clothing, trying to stop him. MRK 14 53 qu33 0 Connecting Statement: After the crowd of the chief priests, scribes, and elders lead Jesus to the high priest, Peter watches nearby while some stand to give false testimony against Jesus. MRK 14 53 s7t1 0 There were gathered with him all the chief priests, the elders, and the scribes This can be reordered so that it is easier to understand. "All of the chief priests, the elders, and the scribes had gathered there together" MRK 14 54 bzg7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a shift in the story line as the author begins telling us about Peter. -MRK 14 54 l5gl figs-explicit 0 as far as the courtyard of the high priest As Peter followed Jesus, he stopped at the high priest's courtyard. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "and he went as far as the courtyard of the high priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 54 l5gl figs-explicit ἕως τὴν αὐλὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 as far as the courtyard of the high priest As Peter followed Jesus, he stopped at the high priest's courtyard. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "and he went as far as the courtyard of the high priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 54 x2g5 figs-explicit 0 He sat among the guards Peter sat with the guards who were working at the courtyard. Alternate translation: "He sat in the courtyard among the guards" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 55 w23n 0 Now This word is used here to mark a shift in the story line as the author continues telling us about Jesus being put on trial. +MRK 14 55 w23n δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a shift in the story line as the author continues telling us about Jesus being put on trial. MRK 14 55 fu1l figs-metonymy 0 they might put him to death They were not the ones who would execute Jesus; rather, they would order someone else to do it. Alternate translation: "they might have Jesus executed" or "they might have someone execute Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 14 55 d9gn figs-explicit 0 But they did not find any They did not find testimony against Jesus with which they could convict him and have him put to death. Alternate translation: "But they did not find any testimony with which to convict him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 56 cew3 figs-metaphor 0 brought false testimony against him Here speaking false testimony is described as if it were a physical object that someone can carry. Alternate translation: "accused him by speaking false testimony against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 14 56 jpc7 0 their testimony did not agree This can be written in positive form. "but their testimony contradicted each other" -MRK 14 57 pr71 figs-metaphor 0 brought false testimony against him Here speaking false testimony is described as if it were a physical object that someone can carry. Alternate translation: "accused him by speaking false testimony against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 14 58 f82e figs-exclusive 0 We heard him say "We heard Jesus say." The word "we" refers to the people who brought false testimony against Jesus and does not include the people to whom they are speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -MRK 14 58 e94y figs-synecdoche 0 made with hands Here "hands" refers to men. Alternate translation: "made by men ... without man's help" or "built by men ... without man's help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MRK 14 58 k1vs 0 in three days "within three days." This means that the temple would be built within a three-day period. -MRK 14 58 hm5e figs-ellipsis 0 will build another The word "temple" is understood from the previous phrase. It may be repeated. Alternate translation: "will build another temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 14 56 cew3 figs-metaphor ἐψευδομαρτύρουν κατ’ αὐτοῦ 1 brought false testimony against him Here speaking false testimony is described as if it were a physical object that someone can carry. Alternate translation: "accused him by speaking false testimony against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 56 jpc7 αἱ μαρτυρίαι ἦσαν οὐκ ἴσαι 1 their testimony did not agree This can be written in positive form. "but their testimony contradicted each other" +MRK 14 57 pr71 figs-metaphor ἐψευδομαρτύρουν κατ’ αὐτοῦ 1 brought false testimony against him Here speaking false testimony is described as if it were a physical object that someone can carry. Alternate translation: "accused him by speaking false testimony against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 58 f82e figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος 1 We heard him say "We heard Jesus say." The word "we" refers to the people who brought false testimony against Jesus and does not include the people to whom they are speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +MRK 14 58 e94y figs-synecdoche τὸν χειροποίητον 1 made with hands Here "hands" refers to men. Alternate translation: "made by men ... without man's help" or "built by men ... without man's help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +MRK 14 58 k1vs διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν 1 in three days "within three days." This means that the temple would be built within a three-day period. +MRK 14 58 hm5e figs-ellipsis οἰκοδομήσω ἄλλον 1 will build another The word "temple" is understood from the previous phrase. It may be repeated. Alternate translation: "will build another temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 14 59 x6hk 0 did not agree "contradicted each other." This can be written in positive form. MRK 14 60 d7i8 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus answers that he is the Christ, the high priest and all of the leaders there condemn him as one who deserves to die. MRK 14 60 q2u1 figs-explicit 0 stood up among them Jesus stands up in the middle of the angry crowd to speak to them. Translate this to show who was present when Jesus stood up to speak. Alternate translation: "stood up among the chief priests, scribes, and elders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 60 af5e figs-explicit 0 Have you no answer? What is it these men testify against you? The chief priest is not asking Jesus for information about what the witnesses said. He is asking Jesus to prove what the witnesses said is wrong. Alternate translation: "Are you not going to reply? What do you say in response to the testimony these men are speaking against you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 61 x6ey figs-nominaladj 0 the Son of the Blessed Here God is called "the Blessed." It is best to translate "Son" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a "son" of a human father. Alternate translation: "the Son of the Blessed One" or "the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 14 62 z5rv 0 I am This likely has a double meaning: 1) to respond to the high priest's question and 2) to call himself "I Am," which is what God called himself in the Old Testament. -MRK 14 62 e1xd figs-metonymy 0 he sits at the right hand of power Here "power" is a metonnymm that represents God. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "he sits in the place of honor beside the all-powerful God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MRK 14 62 z55c figs-metaphor 0 comes with the clouds of heaven Here the clouds are described as accompanying Jesus when he returns. Alternate translation: "when he comes down through the clouds in the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 14 63 jz48 0 tore his garments The high priest tore his clothes purposefully to show his outrage and horror at what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "tore his garments in outrage" +MRK 14 61 x6ey figs-nominaladj ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ 1 the Son of the Blessed Here God is called "the Blessed." It is best to translate "Son" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a "son" of a human father. Alternate translation: "the Son of the Blessed One" or "the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 14 62 z5rv ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I am This likely has a double meaning: 1) to respond to the high priest's question and 2) to call himself "I Am," which is what God called himself in the Old Testament. +MRK 14 62 e1xd figs-metonymy καθήμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως 1 he sits at the right hand of power Here "power" is a metonnymm that represents God. To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "he sits in the place of honor beside the all-powerful God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +MRK 14 62 z55c figs-metaphor ἐρχόμενον μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 comes with the clouds of heaven Here the clouds are described as accompanying Jesus when he returns. Alternate translation: "when he comes down through the clouds in the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 14 63 jz48 διαρρήξας αὐτοῦ τοὺς χιτῶνας 1 tore his garments The high priest tore his clothes purposefully to show his outrage and horror at what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "tore his garments in outrage" MRK 14 63 afd3 figs-rquestion 0 Do we still need witnesses? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "We certainly do not need any more people who will testify against this man!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MRK 14 64 zwf9 figs-explicit 0 You have heard the blasphemy This refers to what Jesus said, which the high priest called blasphemy. Alternate translation: "You have heard the blasphemy he has spoken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 64 fu4g 0 They all all the people in the room -MRK 14 65 y1s4 0 Some began to some of the people in the room -MRK 14 65 bj5e figs-explicit 0 to cover his face They covered his face with a cloth or blindfold, so he could not see. Alternate translation: "to cover his face with a blindfold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 65 gvq3 figs-explicit 0 Prophesy They mocked him, asking him to prophesy who was hitting him. Alternate translation: "Prophesy who hit you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 65 y68i 0 officers men who guarded the governor's house +MRK 14 64 zwf9 figs-explicit ἠκούσατε τῆς βλασφημίας 1 You have heard the blasphemy This refers to what Jesus said, which the high priest called blasphemy. Alternate translation: "You have heard the blasphemy he has spoken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 64 fu4g οἱ πάντες 1 They all all the people in the room +MRK 14 65 y1s4 τινες ἤρξαντό ἐμπτύειν 1 Some began to some of the people in the room +MRK 14 65 bj5e figs-explicit περικαλύπτειν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον 1 to cover his face They covered his face with a cloth or blindfold, so he could not see. Alternate translation: "to cover his face with a blindfold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 65 gvq3 figs-explicit προφήτευσον 1 Prophesy They mocked him, asking him to prophesy who was hitting him. Alternate translation: "Prophesy who hit you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 65 y68i ὑπηρέται 1 officers men who guarded the governor's house MRK 14 66 fj8d 0 Connecting Statement: As Jesus had predicted, Peter denies Jesus three times before the rooster crows. -MRK 14 66 m8g8 0 below in the courtyard "outside in the courtyard" -MRK 14 66 t2mx figs-explicit 0 one of the servant girls of the high priest The servant girls worked for the high priest. Alternate translation: "one of the servant girls who worked for the high priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 14 68 l5i1 0 denied This means to claim that something is not true. In this case, Peter was saying that what the servant girl said about him was not true. +MRK 14 66 m8g8 κάτω ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ 1 below in the courtyard "outside in the courtyard" +MRK 14 66 t2mx figs-explicit μία τῶν παιδισκῶν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 one of the servant girls of the high priest The servant girls worked for the high priest. Alternate translation: "one of the servant girls who worked for the high priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 68 l5i1 ἠρνήσατο 1 denied This means to claim that something is not true. In this case, Peter was saying that what the servant girl said about him was not true. MRK 14 68 d3ch figs-doublet 0 neither know nor understand what you are talking about Both "know" and "understand" have the same meaning here. The meaning is repeated to add emphasis to what Peter is saying. Alternate translation: "I really do not understand what you are talking about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -MRK 14 69 l137 0 the servant girl This is the same servant girl who identified Peter previously. -MRK 14 69 v5kr figs-explicit 0 one of them The people were identifying Peter as one of Jesus' disciples. This can be made more clear. Alternate translation: "one of Jesus' disciples" or "one of those who have been with that man they arrested" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 14 69 l137 ἡ παιδίσκη 1 the servant girl This is the same servant girl who identified Peter previously. +MRK 14 69 v5kr figs-explicit ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 one of them The people were identifying Peter as one of Jesus' disciples. This can be made more clear. Alternate translation: "one of Jesus' disciples" or "one of those who have been with that man they arrested" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 14 71 ce6r figs-idiom 0 to put himself under curses If in your language you have to name the person who curses someone, state God. Alternate translation: "to say for God to curse him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 14 72 i7u2 0 rooster immediately crowed The rooster is a bird that calls out very early in the morning. The loud sound he makes is "crowing." -MRK 14 72 ja3e translate-ordinal 0 a second time "Second" here is an ordinal number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -MRK 14 72 zr4p figs-idiom 0 he broke down This idiom means that he was overwhelmed with grief and lost control of his emotions. Alternate translation: "he was overwhelmed with grief" or "he lost control of his emotions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 14 72 i7u2 ἀλέκτωρ εὐθὺς ἐφώνησεν 1 rooster immediately crowed The rooster is a bird that calls out very early in the morning. The loud sound he makes is "crowing." +MRK 14 72 ja3e translate-ordinal δευτέρου 1 a second time "Second" here is an ordinal number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MRK 14 72 zr4p figs-idiom ἐπιβαλὼν 1 he broke down This idiom means that he was overwhelmed with grief and lost control of his emotions. Alternate translation: "he was overwhelmed with grief" or "he lost control of his emotions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 15 intro d823 0 # Mark 15 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two"

The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus' people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins.

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Sarcasm

Both by pretending to worship Jesus ([Mark 15:19](../../mrk/15/19.md)) and by pretending to speak to a king ([Mark 15:18](../../mrk/15/18.md)), the soldiers and the Jews showed that they hated Jesus and did not believe that he was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?
This is a phrase in Aramaic. Mark transliterates its sounds by writing them using Greek letters. He then explains its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 15 1 mps2 0 Connecting Statement: When the chief priests, the elders, the scribes, and the council gave Jesus over to Pilate, they accused Jesus of doing many bad things. When Pilate asked if what they said was true, Jesus did not answer him. MRK 15 1 xz7c figs-metonymy 0 they bound Jesus and led him away They commanded for Jesus to be bound, but it would have been the guards who actually bound him and led him away. Alternate translation: "they commanded for Jesus to be bound and then he was led away" or "they commanded the guards to bind Jesus and then they led him away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 15 1 v2yf 0 They handed him over to Pilate They had Jesus led to Pilate and transferred control of Jesus over to him. MRK 15 2 dh6n figs-explicit 0 You say so Possible meanings are 1) by saying this, Jesus was saying that Pilate, not Jesus, was the one calling him the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "You yourself have said so" or 2) by saying this, Jesus implied that he is the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "Yes, as you said, I am" or "Yes. It is as you said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 15 3 ue18 0 were presenting many charges against Jesus "were accusing Jesus of many things" or "were saying that Jesus had done many bad things" -MRK 15 4 c9uc 0 Pilate again asked him "Pilate asked Jesus again" +MRK 15 4 c9uc Πειλᾶτος πάλιν ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν 1 Pilate again asked him "Pilate asked Jesus again" MRK 15 4 s2as 0 Do you give no answer This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Do you have an answer" -MRK 15 4 pm6k 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +MRK 15 4 pm6k ἴδε 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" MRK 15 5 way9 0 that amazed him It surprised Pilate that Jesus did not reply and defend himself. MRK 15 6 ul5e 0 Connecting Statement: Pilate, hoping the crowd will choose Jesus, offers to release a prisoner, but the crowd asks for Barabbas instead. -MRK 15 6 ul19 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line as the author shifts to telling background information about Pilate's tradition of releasing a prisoner at feasts and about Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +MRK 15 6 ul19 writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line as the author shifts to telling background information about Pilate's tradition of releasing a prisoner at feasts and about Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 15 7 fa7t 0 There with the rebels in prison ... in the rebellion, was a man named Barabbas "At that time there was a man called Barabbas, who was in prison with some other men. They had committed murder when they rebelled against the Roman government" MRK 15 8 a4xb figs-explicit 0 to do for them as he had done in the past This refers to Pilate releasing a prisoner at feasts. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "to release a prisoner to them as he had done in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 15 10 i4ib writing-background 0 For he knew that it was because of envy ... Jesus over to him This is background information about why Jesus was handed over to Pilate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 15 10 u647 figs-explicit 0 it was because of envy that the chief priests They envied Jesus, probably because so many people were following him and becoming his disciples. Alternate translation: "the chief priests were envious of Jesus. This is why they" or "the chief priests were envious of Jesus' popularity among the people. This is why they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 11 y5w3 figs-metaphor 0 stirred up the crowd The author speaks of the chief priests rousing or urging the crowd as if the crowd were a bowl of something that they were stirring. Alternate translation: "roused the crowd" or "urged the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 15 11 pvu6 figs-ellipsis 0 released instead They requested Barabbas to be released instead of Jesus. Alternate translation: "released instead of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +MRK 15 11 y5w3 figs-metaphor ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον 1 stirred up the crowd The author speaks of the chief priests rousing or urging the crowd as if the crowd were a bowl of something that they were stirring. Alternate translation: "roused the crowd" or "urged the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 15 11 pvu6 figs-ellipsis ἀπολύσῃ μᾶλλον 1 released instead They requested Barabbas to be released instead of Jesus. Alternate translation: "released instead of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MRK 15 12 keq2 0 Connecting Statement: The crowd asks for Jesus' death, so Pilate turns him over to the soldiers, who mock him, crown him with thorns, strike him, and lead him out to crucify him. MRK 15 12 vlm3 figs-explicit 0 What then should I do with the King of the Jews Pilate asks what he should do with Jesus if he releases Barabbas to them. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "If I release Barabbas, what then should I do with the King of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 14 e55i 0 Pilate said to them "Pilate said to the crowd" +MRK 15 14 e55i Πειλᾶτος ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 Pilate said to them "Pilate said to the crowd" MRK 15 15 qt8y 0 to satisfy the crowd "make the crowd happy by doing what they wanted him to do" MRK 15 15 fwg6 0 He scourged Jesus Pilate did not actually scourge Jesus but rather his soldiers did. -MRK 15 15 yzn5 0 scourged "flogged." To "scourge" is to beat with an especially painful whip. -MRK 15 15 r9id figs-activepassive 0 then handed him over to be crucified Pilate told his soliders to take Jesus away to crucify him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "told his soldiers to take him away and crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 15 16 eg6x 0 the courtyard (which is the government headquarters) This was where the Roman soldiers in Jerusalem lived, and where the governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the courtyard of the soldiers' barracks" or "the courtyard of the governor's residence" -MRK 15 16 b5gs 0 the whole cohort of soldiers "the whole unit of soldiers" -MRK 15 17 tn33 0 They put a purple robe on Jesus Purple was a color worn by royalty. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was king. They clothed him this way to mock him because others said that he was the King of the Jews. -MRK 15 17 xfk8 0 a crown of thorns "a crown made of thorny branches" -MRK 15 18 ft1j figs-irony 0 Hail, King of the Jews The greeting "Hail" with a raised hand was only used to greet the Roman emperor. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was the king of the Jews. Rather they said this to mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MRK 15 19 gz3b 0 a reed "a stick" or "a staff" -MRK 15 19 a8a9 figs-metaphor 0 bent their knees A person who kneels bends his knees, so those who kneel are sometimes said to "bend their knees." Alternate translation: "kneeled" or "knelt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 15 15 yzn5 φραγελλώσας 1 scourged "flogged." To "scourge" is to beat with an especially painful whip. +MRK 15 15 r9id figs-activepassive καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρέδωκεν ἵνα σταυρωθῇ 1 then handed him over to be crucified Pilate told his soliders to take Jesus away to crucify him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "told his soldiers to take him away and crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 15 16 eg6x τῆς αὐλῆς( ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον), 1 the courtyard (which is the government headquarters) This was where the Roman soldiers in Jerusalem lived, and where the governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the courtyard of the soldiers' barracks" or "the courtyard of the governor's residence" +MRK 15 16 b5gs τὴν ὅλην σπεῖραν 1 the whole cohort of soldiers "the whole unit of soldiers" +MRK 15 17 tn33 ἐνδιδύσκουσιν πορφύραν αὐτὸν 1 They put a purple robe on Jesus Purple was a color worn by royalty. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was king. They clothed him this way to mock him because others said that he was the King of the Jews. +MRK 15 17 xfk8 στέφανον ἀκάνθινον 1 a crown of thorns "a crown made of thorny branches" +MRK 15 18 ft1j figs-irony Χαῖρε, Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Hail, King of the Jews The greeting "Hail" with a raised hand was only used to greet the Roman emperor. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was the king of the Jews. Rather they said this to mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MRK 15 19 gz3b καλάμῳ 1 a reed "a stick" or "a staff" +MRK 15 19 a8a9 figs-metaphor τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα 1 bent their knees A person who kneels bends his knees, so those who kneel are sometimes said to "bend their knees." Alternate translation: "kneeled" or "knelt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 15 21 cj4l 0 they forced him to carry his cross According to Roman law, a solider could force a man he came upon along the road to carry a load. In this case, they forced Simon to carry Jesus' cross. -MRK 15 21 s4j3 0 from the country "from outside the city" +MRK 15 21 s4j3 ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 from the country "from outside the city" MRK 15 21 cyn6 writing-background 0 A certain man, ... Rufus), and This is background information about the man whom the soldiers forced to carry Jesus' cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) MRK 15 21 rtz2 translate-names 0 Simon ... Alexander ... Rufus These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 15 21 py16 translate-names 0 Cyrene This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 15 21 py16 translate-names Κυρηναῖον 1 Cyrene This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 15 22 w6c7 0 Connecting Statement: The soldiers bring Jesus to Golgotha, where they crucify him with two others. Many people mock him. -MRK 15 22 e49p translate-names 0 Place of a Skull "Skull Place" or "Place of the Skull." This the name of a place. It does not mean that there are lots of skulls there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 15 22 m1dd 0 Skull A skull is the head bones, or a head without any flesh on it. -MRK 15 23 e9xd figs-explicit 0 wine mixed with myrrh It may be helpful to explain that myrrh is a pain-relieving medicine. Alternate translation: "wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh" or "wine mixed with a pain-relieving medicine called myrrh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 25 q1ze translate-ordinal 0 the third hour "Third" here is a ordinal number. This refers to nine o'clock in the morning. Alternate translation: "nine o'clock in the morning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +MRK 15 22 e49p translate-names Τόπος Κρανίου 1 Place of a Skull "Skull Place" or "Place of the Skull." This the name of a place. It does not mean that there are lots of skulls there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 15 22 m1dd Κρανίου 1 Skull A skull is the head bones, or a head without any flesh on it. +MRK 15 23 e9xd figs-explicit οἶνον ἐσμυρνισμένον 1 wine mixed with myrrh It may be helpful to explain that myrrh is a pain-relieving medicine. Alternate translation: "wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh" or "wine mixed with a pain-relieving medicine called myrrh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 15 25 q1ze translate-ordinal ὥρα τρίτη ὥρα 1 the third hour "Third" here is a ordinal number. This refers to nine o'clock in the morning. Alternate translation: "nine o'clock in the morning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) MRK 15 26 r2g6 figs-explicit 0 On a sign The soldiers attached this sign to the cross above Jesus. Alternate translation: "They attached to the cross above Jesus' head a sign on which" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 26 b84a 0 the charge against him "the crime they were accusing him of doing" +MRK 15 26 b84a τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ 1 the charge against him "the crime they were accusing him of doing" MRK 15 27 mgf3 figs-explicit 0 one on the right of him and one on his left This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: "one on a cross on the right side of him and one on a cross on the left side of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 29 v8nu 0 shaking their heads This is an action people do to show that they disapproved of Jesus. -MRK 15 29 a7ft figs-exclamations 0 Aha! This is a exclamation of mockery. Use the appropriate exclamation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +MRK 15 29 v8nu κινοῦντες αὐτῶν τὰς κεφαλὰς 1 shaking their heads This is an action people do to show that they disapproved of Jesus. +MRK 15 29 a7ft figs-exclamations οὐὰ! 1 Aha! This is a exclamation of mockery. Use the appropriate exclamation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) MRK 15 29 hy37 figs-explicit 0 You who would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days The people refer to Jesus by what he earlier prophesied that he would do. Alternate translation: "You who said you would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 31 n13x 0 In the same way This refers to the way that the people who were walking by Jesus were mocking him. +MRK 15 31 n13x ὁμοίως 1 In the same way This refers to the way that the people who were walking by Jesus were mocking him. MRK 15 31 d5se 0 were mocking him with each other "were saying mocking things about Jesus among themselves" MRK 15 32 t1vm figs-irony 0 Let the Christ, the King of Israel, come down The leaders did not believe that Jesus is the Christ, the King of Israel. Alternate translation: "He calls himself the Christ and the King of Israel. So let him come down" or "If he is really the Christ and the King of Israel, he should come down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MRK 15 32 r6c4 figs-explicit 0 believe The means to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: "believe in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 32 dcb9 0 taunted mocked, insulted +MRK 15 32 r6c4 figs-explicit πιστεύσωμεν 1 believe The means to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: "believe in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 15 32 dcb9 ὠνείδιζον 1 taunted mocked, insulted MRK 15 33 zc37 0 Connecting Statement: At noon darkness covers the whole land until three o'clock, when Jesus cries out with a loud voice and dies. When Jesus dies, the temple curtain rips from the top to the bottom. -MRK 15 33 q1gh 0 the sixth hour This refers to noon or 12 p.m. -MRK 15 33 jl1i figs-metaphor 0 darkness came over the whole land Here the author describes it becoming dark outside as if the darkness were a wave that moved over the land. Alternate translation: "the whole land became dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MRK 15 34 r6tj 0 At the ninth hour This refers to three o'clock in the afternoon. Alternate translation: "At three o'clock in the afternoon" or "In the middle of the afternoon" -MRK 15 34 ls1n translate-transliterate 0 Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani These are Aramaic words that should be copied as is into your language with similar sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -MRK 15 34 qw71 0 is interpreted "means" +MRK 15 33 q1gh ὥρας ἕκτης ὥρας 1 the sixth hour This refers to noon or 12 p.m. +MRK 15 33 jl1i figs-metaphor σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ’ τὴν ὅλην γῆν 1 darkness came over the whole land Here the author describes it becoming dark outside as if the darkness were a wave that moved over the land. Alternate translation: "the whole land became dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 15 34 r6tj τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ 1 At the ninth hour This refers to three o'clock in the afternoon. Alternate translation: "At three o'clock in the afternoon" or "In the middle of the afternoon" +MRK 15 34 ls1n translate-transliterate Ἐλωῒ, Ἐλωῒ, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνει 1 Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani These are Aramaic words that should be copied as is into your language with similar sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +MRK 15 34 qw71 ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 is interpreted "means" MRK 15 35 apg3 figs-explicit 0 Some of those standing by heard his words and said It can be stated clearly that they misunderstood what Jesus said. Alternate translation: "When some of those standing there heard his words, they misunderstood and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 15 36 a8qx 0 sour wine "vinegar" -MRK 15 36 un73 0 reed staff "stick." This was a staff made from a reed. +MRK 15 36 un73 καλάμῳ 1 reed staff "stick." This was a staff made from a reed. MRK 15 36 yb55 figs-explicit 0 gave it to him "gave it to Jesus." The man held up the staff so that Jesus could drink wine from the sponge. Alternate translation: "held it up to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 38 ni8j figs-activepassive 0 The curtain of the temple was split in two Mark is showing that God himself split the temple curtain. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God split the curtain of the temple in two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 15 39 lg4u 0 the centurion This is the centurion who supervised the soldiers who crucified Jesus. +MRK 15 38 ni8j figs-activepassive τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο 1 The curtain of the temple was split in two Mark is showing that God himself split the temple curtain. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God split the curtain of the temple in two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 15 39 lg4u ὁ κεντυρίων 1 the centurion This is the centurion who supervised the soldiers who crucified Jesus. MRK 15 39 y4wn figs-idiom 0 who stood and faced Jesus Here "faced" is an idiom that means to look towards someone. Alternate translation: "who stood in front of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -MRK 15 39 t828 0 that he had died in this way "how Jesus had died" or "the way Jesus had died" -MRK 15 39 nqv8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -MRK 15 40 i1ee 0 looked on from a distance "watched from far away" +MRK 15 39 t828 ὅτι ἐξέπνευσεν οὕτως 1 that he had died in this way "how Jesus had died" or "the way Jesus had died" +MRK 15 39 nqv8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 15 40 i1ee θεωροῦσαι ἀπὸ μακρόθεν 1 looked on from a distance "watched from far away" MRK 15 40 zc9b 0 (the mother of James ... and of Joses) "who was the mother of James ... and of Joses." This can be written without the parentheses. -MRK 15 40 p9xk 0 James the younger "the younger James." This man was referred to as "the younger" probably to distinguish him from another man named James. -MRK 15 40 izn7 translate-names 0 Joses This Joses was not that same person as the younger brother of Jesus. See how you translated the same name in [Mark 6:3](../06/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -MRK 15 40 tw5s translate-names 0 Salome Salome is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 15 40 p9xk Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ 1 James the younger "the younger James." This man was referred to as "the younger" probably to distinguish him from another man named James. +MRK 15 40 izn7 translate-names Ἰωσῆ 1 Joses This Joses was not that same person as the younger brother of Jesus. See how you translated the same name in [Mark 6:3](../06/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 15 40 tw5s translate-names Σαλώμη 1 Salome Salome is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 15 41 j15z writing-background 0 When he was in Galilee they followed him ... with him to Jerusalem "When Jesus was in Galilee these women followed him ... with him to Jerusalem." This is background information about the women who watched the crucifixion from a distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 15 41 a3qk 0 came up with him to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going up to Jerusalem and going down from it. +MRK 15 41 a3qk συναναβᾶσαι αὐτῷ εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 came up with him to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going up to Jerusalem and going down from it. MRK 15 42 lxm5 0 Connecting Statement: Joseph of Arimathea asks Pilate for the body of Jesus, which he wraps in linen and puts in a tomb. -MRK 15 42 ug97 figs-metaphor 0 evening had come Here evening is spoken of as if it were something that is able to "come" from one place to another. Alternate translation: "it had become evening" or "it was evening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MRK 15 42 ug97 figs-metaphor ὀψίας γενομένης 1 evening had come Here evening is spoken of as if it were something that is able to "come" from one place to another. Alternate translation: "it had become evening" or "it was evening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 15 43 xn8t writing-participants 0 Joseph of Arimathea came there. He was a respected The phrase "came there" refers to Joseph coming to Pilate, which is also described after the background information is given, but his coming is referenced before for emphasis and to help introduce him to the story. There may be a different way to do this in your language. Alternate translation: "Joseph of Arimathea was a respected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) MRK 15 43 wgz8 translate-names 0 Joseph of Arimathea "Joseph from Arimathea." Joseph is the name of a man, and Arimathea is the name of the place his is from. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 15 43 u7ll writing-background 0 He was a respected member of the council ... for the kingdom of God This is background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -MRK 15 43 zm1u 0 went in to Pilate "went to Pilate" or "went in to where Pilate was" -MRK 15 43 zvw4 figs-explicit 0 asked for the body of Jesus It can be stated clearly that he wanted to get the body so that he could bury it. Alternate translation: "asked for permission to get the body of Jesus in order to bury it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MRK 15 43 zm1u εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν Πειλᾶτον 1 went in to Pilate "went to Pilate" or "went in to where Pilate was" +MRK 15 43 zvw4 figs-explicit ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 asked for the body of Jesus It can be stated clearly that he wanted to get the body so that he could bury it. Alternate translation: "asked for permission to get the body of Jesus in order to bury it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MRK 15 44 z3gl figs-explicit 0 Pilate was amazed that Jesus was already dead; he called the centurion Pilate heard people saying that Jesus was dead. This surprised him, so he asked the centurion if it was true. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Pilate was amazed when he heard that Jesus was already dead, so he called the centurion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MRK 15 45 v5ys 0 he gave the body to Joseph "he permitted Joseph to take Jesus' body" -MRK 15 46 g4c9 0 linen Linen is cloth made from the fibers of a flax plant. See how you translated this in [Mark 14:51](../14/51.md). +MRK 15 45 v5ys ἐδωρήσατο τὸ πτῶμα τῷ Ἰωσήφ 1 he gave the body to Joseph "he permitted Joseph to take Jesus' body" +MRK 15 46 g4c9 σινδόνα 1 linen Linen is cloth made from the fibers of a flax plant. See how you translated this in [Mark 14:51](../14/51.md). MRK 15 46 eb9h figs-metonymy 0 He took him down ... Then he rolled a stone You may need to make explicit that Joseph probably had help from other people when he took Jesus' body down from the cross, prepared it for the tomb, and closed the tomb. Alternate translation: "He and others took him down ... Then they rolled a stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MRK 15 46 g9hf figs-activepassive 0 a tomb that had been cut out of a rock This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a tomb that someone had previously cut out of solid rock" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 15 46 bw4k 0 a stone against "a huge flat stone in front of" -MRK 15 47 m782 translate-names 0 Joses This Joses was not that same person as the younger brother of Jesus. See how you translated the same name in [Mark 6:3](../06/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MRK 15 46 g9hf figs-activepassive μνήματι ὃ ἦν λελατομημένον ἐκ πέτρας 1 a tomb that had been cut out of a rock This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a tomb that someone had previously cut out of solid rock" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 15 46 bw4k λίθον ἐπὶ 1 a stone against "a huge flat stone in front of" +MRK 15 47 m782 translate-names Ἰωσῆτος 1 Joses This Joses was not that same person as the younger brother of Jesus. See how you translated the same name in [Mark 6:3](../06/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MRK 15 47 v3wu figs-activepassive 0 the place where Jesus was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the place where Joseph and the others buried Jesus' body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 16 intro j5yz 0 # Mark 16 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### A young man dressed in a white robe

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md))
MRK 16 1 cw1b 0 Connecting Statement: On the first day of the week, women come early because they expect to use spices to anoint Jesus' body. They are surprised to see a young man who tells them Jesus is alive, but they are afraid and do not tell anyone. -MRK 16 1 p61n 0 When the Sabbath day was over That is, after the Sabbath, the seventh day of the week, had ended and the first day of the week had begun. -MRK 16 4 kld9 figs-activepassive 0 the stone had been rolled away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had rolled away the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 16 6 x9m8 figs-activepassive 0 He is risen! The angel is emphatically stating that Jesus has risen from the dead. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "He arose!" or "God raised him from the dead!" or "He raised himself from the dead!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 16 1 p61n διαγενομένου τοῦ Σαββάτου διαγενομένου 1 When the Sabbath day was over That is, after the Sabbath, the seventh day of the week, had ended and the first day of the week had begun. +MRK 16 4 kld9 figs-activepassive ὁ λίθος ἀποκεκύλισται 1 the stone had been rolled away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had rolled away the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 16 6 x9m8 figs-activepassive ἠγέρθη! 1 He is risen! The angel is emphatically stating that Jesus has risen from the dead. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "He arose!" or "God raised him from the dead!" or "He raised himself from the dead!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 16 9 mxj6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus appears first to Mary Magdalene, who tells the disciples, then he appears to two others as they walk in the country, and later he appears to the eleven disciples. MRK 16 9 v3ph 0 on the first day of the week "on Sunday" MRK 16 11 l7it 0 They heard "They heard Mary Magdalene say" @@ -1455,4 +1455,4 @@ MRK 16 17 sfq4 0 In my name they Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is giving a ge MRK 16 17 s4kv figs-metonymy 0 In my name Here "name" is associated with Jesus' authority and power. See how "in your name" is translated in [Mark 9:38](../09/38.md). Alternate translation: "By the authority of my name" or "By the power of my name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MRK 16 19 m649 figs-activepassive 0 he was taken up into heaven and sat This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God took him up into heaven, and he sat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MRK 16 19 rzf4 translate-symaction 0 sat down at the right hand of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "sat in the place of honor beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -MRK 16 20 pg9a figs-idiom 0 confirmed the word This idiom means they proved that their message was true. Alternate translation: "showed that his message, which they were speaking, was true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MRK 16 20 pg9a figs-idiom 0 confirmed the word This idiom means they proved that their message was true. Alternate translation: "showed that his message, which they were speaking, was true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_43-LUK.tsv b/en_tn_43-LUK.tsv index a505610048..b6e44182d5 100644 --- a/en_tn_43-LUK.tsv +++ b/en_tn_43-LUK.tsv @@ -2,1656 +2,1656 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo LUK front intro uk55 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Luke
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Luke

1. Introduction and purpose for writing (1:1-–4)
1. Birth of Jesus and his preparation for his ministry (1:5-–4:13)
1. Jesus' ministry in Galilee (4:14–-9:50)
1. Jesus' journey to Jerusalem
- Discipleship (9:51–-11:13)
- Conflict and Jesus' grief (11:14–-14:35)
- Parables about things that are lost and found. Parables about honesty and dishonesty (15:1–-16:31)
- Kingdom of God (17:1–-19:27)
- Jesus' entry into Jerusalem (19:28–-44)
1. Jesus in Jerusalem (19:45–-21:4)
1. Jesus' teaching about his second coming (21:5–-36)
1. Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection (22:1–-24:53)

#### What is the Gospel of Luke about?

The Gospel of Luke is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Luke wrote his gospel for a person named Theophilus. Luke wrote an accurate description of the life of Jesus so that Theophilus would be certain of what is true. However, Luke expected the gospel to encourage all believers, not just Theophilus.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Luke" or "The Gospel according to Luke." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Good News about Jesus that Luke wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

#### Who wrote the Book of Luke?

This book does not give the name of the author. The same person who wrote this book also wrote the Book of Acts. In parts of the Book of Acts, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke was the author of both the Book of Luke and the Book of Acts.

Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. He was probably a Gentile. Luke himself probably did not witness what Jesus said and did. But he said that he talked to many people who did.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What are the roles of women in the Gospel of Luke?

Luke described women in a very positive way in his gospel. For example, he often showed women being more faithful to God than most men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

#### Why does Luke write so much about the final week of Jesus' life?

Luke wrote much about Jesus' final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus' final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What are the Synoptic Gospels?

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together."

The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible.

#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"?

In the gospels, Jesus called himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever.

Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Jesus used it for himself to help them understand who he truly was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]])

Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Luke?

The following verses are not in the earliest manuscripts. The ULT and UST include these verses, but some other versions do not.

* "Then an angel from heaven appeared to him, strengthening him. Being in agony, he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down upon the ground." (22:43–44)
* "Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing." (23:34)

The following verse is not included in many modern versions. Some versions put it into square brackets. Translators are advised not to translate this verse. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include this verse, the translators can include it. If they are translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it was probably not original to Luke's Gospel.

* "For he was required to release one prisoner during the feast" (23:17)

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
LUK 1 intro f1b5 0 # Luke 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:46-55, 68-79.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "He will be called John"

Most people in the ancient Near East would give a child the same name as someone in their families. People were surprised that Elizabeth and Zechariah named their son John because there was no one else in their family with that name.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

Luke's language is simple and straightforward. He does not use many figures of speech.
LUK 1 1 br8r 0 General Information: Luke explains why he writes to Theophilus. -LUK 1 1 qhd9 0 of the things that have been fulfilled among us "about those things that have happened among us" or "about those events that have happened among us" -LUK 1 1 hyp6 figs-inclusive 0 among us No one knows for sure who Theophilus was. If he was a Christian, the word "us" here would include him and so be inclusive, and if not, it would be exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 1 2 hud2 figs-explicit 0 were eyewitnesses and servants of the word An "eyewitness" is a person who saw something happen, and a servant of the word is a person who serves God by telling people God's message. You may need to make it clear how they were servants of the word. Alternate translation: "saw what had happened and served God by telling people his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 2 z9dq figs-synecdoche 0 servants of the word The word "word" is a synecdoche for a message made up of many words. Alternate translation: "servants of the message" or "servants of God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 1 3 fud1 0 accurately investigated "carefully researched." Luke was careful to find out exactly what happened. He probably talked to the different people who saw what happened to make sure that what he wrote down about these events was correct. -LUK 1 3 nr63 0 most excellent Theophilus Luke said this to show honor and respect for Theophilus. This may mean that Theophilus was an important government official. This section should use the style that your culture uses to address people of high status. Some people may prefer to also put this greeting at the beginning and say, "To ... Theophilus" or "Dear ... Theophilus." -LUK 1 3 vhj8 0 most excellent "honorable" or "noble" -LUK 1 3 h7q1 translate-names 0 Theophilus This name means "friend of God." It may describe this man's character or it may have been his actual name. Most translations have it as a name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 1 1 qhd9 περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν 1 of the things that have been fulfilled among us "about those things that have happened among us" or "about those events that have happened among us" +LUK 1 1 hyp6 figs-inclusive ἐν ἡμῖν 1 among us No one knows for sure who Theophilus was. If he was a Christian, the word "us" here would include him and so be inclusive, and if not, it would be exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 1 2 hud2 figs-explicit γενόμενοι αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται τοῦ λόγου 1 were eyewitnesses and servants of the word An "eyewitness" is a person who saw something happen, and a servant of the word is a person who serves God by telling people God's message. You may need to make it clear how they were servants of the word. Alternate translation: "saw what had happened and served God by telling people his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 2 z9dq figs-synecdoche ὑπηρέται τοῦ λόγου 1 servants of the word The word "word" is a synecdoche for a message made up of many words. Alternate translation: "servants of the message" or "servants of God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 1 3 fud1 παρηκολουθηκότι 1 accurately investigated "carefully researched." Luke was careful to find out exactly what happened. He probably talked to the different people who saw what happened to make sure that what he wrote down about these events was correct. +LUK 1 3 nr63 κράτιστε Θεόφιλε 1 most excellent Theophilus Luke said this to show honor and respect for Theophilus. This may mean that Theophilus was an important government official. This section should use the style that your culture uses to address people of high status. Some people may prefer to also put this greeting at the beginning and say, "To ... Theophilus" or "Dear ... Theophilus." +LUK 1 3 vhj8 κράτιστε 1 most excellent "honorable" or "noble" +LUK 1 3 h7q1 translate-names Θεόφιλε 1 Theophilus This name means "friend of God." It may describe this man's character or it may have been his actual name. Most translations have it as a name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 1 5 b4z8 writing-background 0 General Information: Zechariah and Elizabeth are introduced. These verses give background information about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 1 5 kf5y 0 Connecting Statement: The angel prophesies the birth of John. -LUK 1 5 gb16 writing-newevent 0 In the days of Herod, king of Judea The phrase "In the days of" is used to indicate a new event. Alternate translation: "During the time that King Herod ruled over Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 1 5 a4q9 writing-participants 0 there was a certain "there was a particular" or "there was a." This is a way of introducing a new character in a story. Consider how your language does this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 1 5 l228 figs-explicit 0 division It is understood that this refers to the priests. Alternate translation: "division of priests" or "group of priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 5 gzw1 0 of Abijah "who descended from Abijah." Abijah was an ancestor of this group of priests and all of them were descended from Aaron, who was the first Israelite priest. +LUK 1 5 gb16 writing-newevent ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου, βασιλέως τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 In the days of Herod, king of Judea The phrase "In the days of" is used to indicate a new event. Alternate translation: "During the time that King Herod ruled over Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 1 5 a4q9 writing-participants ἐγένετο ἱερεύς τις 1 there was a certain "there was a particular" or "there was a." This is a way of introducing a new character in a story. Consider how your language does this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 1 5 l228 figs-explicit ἐφημερίας 1 division It is understood that this refers to the priests. Alternate translation: "division of priests" or "group of priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 5 gzw1 Ἀβιά 1 of Abijah "who descended from Abijah." Abijah was an ancestor of this group of priests and all of them were descended from Aaron, who was the first Israelite priest. LUK 1 5 nnu9 figs-explicit 0 His wife was from the daughters of Aaron "His wife was descended from Aaron." This means she was from the same line of priests as Zechariah. Alternate translation: "His wife was also descended from Aaron" or "Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were both descended from Aaron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 5 d3ua 0 from the daughters of Aaron "descended from Aaron" -LUK 1 6 uu87 0 before God "in God's sight" or "in God's opinion" -LUK 1 6 csc9 0 all the commandments and statutes of the Lord "all that the Lord had commanded and required" -LUK 1 7 c7cj 0 But This contrast word shows that what follows here is the opposite of what is expected. People expected that if they did what was right, God would allow them to have children. Although this couple did what was right, they did not have any children. -LUK 1 8 jr7f 0 Now it came about This phrase is used to mark a shift in the story from the background information to the participants. -LUK 1 8 vyl8 figs-explicit 0 Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties It is implied that Zechariah was in God's temple and that these priestly duties were part of worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 8 wed9 0 in the order of his division "when it was his group's turn" or "when the time came for his group to serve" +LUK 1 5 d3ua ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων Ἀαρών 1 from the daughters of Aaron "descended from Aaron" +LUK 1 6 uu87 ἐναντίον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 before God "in God's sight" or "in God's opinion" +LUK 1 6 csc9 πάσαις ταῖς ἐντολαῖς καὶ δικαιώμασιν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 all the commandments and statutes of the Lord "all that the Lord had commanded and required" +LUK 1 7 c7cj καὶ 1 But This contrast word shows that what follows here is the opposite of what is expected. People expected that if they did what was right, God would allow them to have children. Although this couple did what was right, they did not have any children. +LUK 1 8 jr7f δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it came about This phrase is used to mark a shift in the story from the background information to the participants. +LUK 1 8 vyl8 figs-explicit αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερατεύειν ἔναντι τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔναντι, ἐν τῷ ἱερατεύειν 1 Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties It is implied that Zechariah was in God's temple and that these priestly duties were part of worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 8 wed9 ἐν τῇ τάξει τῆς ἐφημερίας αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐφημερίας 1 in the order of his division "when it was his group's turn" or "when the time came for his group to serve" LUK 1 9 vq5g writing-background 0 According to the customary way of choosing which priest would ... burn incense This sentence gives us information about priestly duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 1 9 s2vv 0 the customary way "the traditional method" or "their usual way" -LUK 1 9 pa9c 0 chosen by lot A lot was a marked stone that was thrown or rolled on the ground in order to help them decide something. The priests believed that God guided the lot to show them which priest he wanted them to choose. -LUK 1 9 ph9z 0 to burn incense The priests were to burn sweet-smelling incense as an offering to God each morning and evening on a special altar inside the temple. -LUK 1 10 bjl6 0 The whole crowd of people "A large number of people" or "Many people" -LUK 1 10 ntl8 figs-explicit 0 outside The courtyard was the enclosed area surrounding the temple. Alternate translation: "outside the temple building" or "in the courtyard outside the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 10 uwu7 0 at the hour "at the set time." It is unclear if this was the morning or evening time for the incense offering. +LUK 1 9 s2vv τὸ ἔθος 1 the customary way "the traditional method" or "their usual way" +LUK 1 9 pa9c ἔλαχε 1 chosen by lot A lot was a marked stone that was thrown or rolled on the ground in order to help them decide something. The priests believed that God guided the lot to show them which priest he wanted them to choose. +LUK 1 9 ph9z τοῦ θυμιᾶσαι 1 to burn incense The priests were to burn sweet-smelling incense as an offering to God each morning and evening on a special altar inside the temple. +LUK 1 10 bjl6 τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος τοῦ λαοῦ 1 The whole crowd of people "A large number of people" or "Many people" +LUK 1 10 ntl8 figs-explicit ἔξω 1 outside The courtyard was the enclosed area surrounding the temple. Alternate translation: "outside the temple building" or "in the courtyard outside the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 10 uwu7 τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 at the hour "at the set time." It is unclear if this was the morning or evening time for the incense offering. LUK 1 11 qyk5 0 Connecting Statement: While Zechariah does his duty in the temple, an angel comes from God to give him a message. -LUK 1 11 b8b7 0 Now This word marks the beginning of the action in the story. -LUK 1 11 c8ss 0 appeared to him "suddenly came to him" or "was suddenly there with Zechariah." This expresses that the angel was present with Zechariah, and not simply a vision. +LUK 1 11 b8b7 δὲ 1 Now This word marks the beginning of the action in the story. +LUK 1 11 c8ss ὤφθη αὐτῷ 1 appeared to him "suddenly came to him" or "was suddenly there with Zechariah." This expresses that the angel was present with Zechariah, and not simply a vision. LUK 1 12 r3aa 0 Zechariah ... was terrified ... fear fell on him These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize how afraid Zechariah was. LUK 1 12 d1zm 0 When Zechariah saw him "When Zechariah saw the angel." Zechariah was afraid because the appearance of the angel was frightening. He had not done anything wrong, so he was not afraid that the angel would punish him. -LUK 1 12 sfb1 figs-metaphor 0 fear fell on him Fear is described as if it was something that attacked or overpowered Zechariah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 13 ki8l 0 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid of me" or "You do not need to be afraid of me" -LUK 1 13 es4l figs-activepassive 0 your prayer has been heard This can be stated in active form. It is implied that God will give Zechariah what he has asked for. Alternate translation: "God has heard your prayer and will give you what you have asked for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 13 p98p 0 bear you a son "have a son for you" or "give birth to your son" -LUK 1 14 n654 figs-doublet 0 You will have joy and gladness The words "joy" and "gladness" mean the same thing and are used to emphasize how great the joy will be. Alternate translation: "you will have great joy" or "you will be very glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 1 14 q1p8 0 at his birth "because of his birth" -LUK 1 15 td57 0 For he will be great "This is because. he will be great" Zechariah and the "many" will rejoice because John will be "great in the sight of the Lord." The rest of verse 15 tells how God wants John to live. -LUK 1 15 sz79 0 he will be great in the sight of the Lord "he will be a very important person for the Lord" or "God will consider him to be very important" -LUK 1 15 hgb9 figs-activepassive 0 he will be filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit will empower him" or "the Holy Spirit will guide him" Make sure it does not sound similar to what an evil spirit might do to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 15 ie95 0 from his mother's womb "even while he is in his mother's womb" or "even before he is born" +LUK 1 12 sfb1 figs-metaphor φόβος ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 fear fell on him Fear is described as if it was something that attacked or overpowered Zechariah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 13 ki8l φοβοῦ μὴ φοβοῦ 1 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid of me" or "You do not need to be afraid of me" +LUK 1 13 es4l figs-activepassive σου ἡ δέησίς εἰσηκούσθη 1 your prayer has been heard This can be stated in active form. It is implied that God will give Zechariah what he has asked for. Alternate translation: "God has heard your prayer and will give you what you have asked for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 13 p98p γεννήσει σοι υἱόν 1 bear you a son "have a son for you" or "give birth to your son" +LUK 1 14 n654 figs-doublet σοι ἔσται χαρά καὶ ἀγαλλίασις 1 You will have joy and gladness The words "joy" and "gladness" mean the same thing and are used to emphasize how great the joy will be. Alternate translation: "you will have great joy" or "you will be very glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 1 14 q1p8 ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ γενέσει 1 at his birth "because of his birth" +LUK 1 15 td57 γὰρ ἔσται μέγας 1 For he will be great "This is because. he will be great" Zechariah and the "many" will rejoice because John will be "great in the sight of the Lord." The rest of verse 15 tells how God wants John to live. +LUK 1 15 sz79 ἔσται μέγας ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 he will be great in the sight of the Lord "he will be a very important person for the Lord" or "God will consider him to be very important" +LUK 1 15 hgb9 figs-activepassive πλησθήσεται Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 he will be filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit will empower him" or "the Holy Spirit will guide him" Make sure it does not sound similar to what an evil spirit might do to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 15 ie95 ἐκ αὐτοῦ μητρὸς' μητρὸς κοιλίας 1 from his mother's womb "even while he is in his mother's womb" or "even before he is born" LUK 1 16 x36x figs-metaphor 0 Many of the people of Israel will be turned to the Lord their God Here "be turned" is a metaphor for a person repenting and worshiping the Lord. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will cause many of the people of Israel to repent and worship the Lord their God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 1 17 c52s 0 will go before the face of the Lord Before the Lord comes, he will go and announce to the people that the Lord will come to them. LUK 1 17 wc9f figs-idiom 0 the face of the Lord Here "the face of" someone can be an idiom that refers to the that person's presence. It is sometimes omitted in translation. Alternate translation: "the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 17 p472 0 in the spirit and power of Elijah "with the same spirit and power that Elijah had." The word "spirit" either refers to God's Holy Spirit or to Elijah's attitude or way of thinking. Make sure that the word "spirit" does not mean ghost or evil spirit. -LUK 1 17 qe48 0 turn the hearts of the fathers to the children "persuade fathers to care about their children again" or "cause fathers to restore their relationships with their children" -LUK 1 17 w32h figs-metaphor 0 turn the hearts The heart is spoken of as if it is something that can be turned to go in a different direction. This refers to changing someone's attitude toward something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 17 j49j 0 the disobedient Here this refers to people who do not obey the Lord. +LUK 1 17 p472 ἐν πνεύματι καὶ δυνάμει Ἠλεία 1 in the spirit and power of Elijah "with the same spirit and power that Elijah had." The word "spirit" either refers to God's Holy Spirit or to Elijah's attitude or way of thinking. Make sure that the word "spirit" does not mean ghost or evil spirit. +LUK 1 17 qe48 ἐπιστρέψαι καρδίας πατέρων ἐπὶ τέκνα 1 turn the hearts of the fathers to the children "persuade fathers to care about their children again" or "cause fathers to restore their relationships with their children" +LUK 1 17 w32h figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψαι καρδίας 1 turn the hearts The heart is spoken of as if it is something that can be turned to go in a different direction. This refers to changing someone's attitude toward something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 17 j49j ἀπειθεῖς 1 the disobedient Here this refers to people who do not obey the Lord. LUK 1 17 ujs1 figs-explicit 0 make ready for the Lord a people prepared for him What the people will be prepared to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "make ready for the Lord a people who are prepared to believe his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 18 asn2 0 How can I know this? "How can I know for sure that what you said will happen?" Here, "know" means to learn by experience, suggesting Zechariah was asking for a sign as proof. Alternate translation: "What can you do to prove to me that this will happen?" -LUK 1 19 p3jn 0 I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God This is stated as a rebuke to Zechariah. The presence of Gabriel, coming directly from God, should be enough proof for Zechariah. -LUK 1 19 yp6z 0 who stands "who serves" -LUK 1 19 pd7h figs-activepassive 0 I was sent to speak to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God sent me to speak to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 20 x9qk 0 Behold "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important" -LUK 1 20 g5t1 figs-doublet 0 silent, unable to speak These mean the same thing, and are repeated to emphasize the completeness of his silence. Alternate translation: "completely unable to speak" or "not able to speak at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 1 20 q6y3 0 not believe my words "not believe what I said" -LUK 1 20 hgu3 0 at the right time "at the appointed time" -LUK 1 21 e14e 0 Now This marks a shift in the story from what happened inside the temple to what happened outside. Alternate translation: "While that was happening" or "While the angel and Zechariah were talking" +LUK 1 18 asn2 κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο? 1 How can I know this? "How can I know for sure that what you said will happen?" Here, "know" means to learn by experience, suggesting Zechariah was asking for a sign as proof. Alternate translation: "What can you do to prove to me that this will happen?" +LUK 1 19 p3jn ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριὴλ, ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God This is stated as a rebuke to Zechariah. The presence of Gabriel, coming directly from God, should be enough proof for Zechariah. +LUK 1 19 yp6z ὁ παρεστηκὼς 1 who stands "who serves" +LUK 1 19 pd7h figs-activepassive ἀπεστάλην λαλῆσαι πρὸς σὲ 1 I was sent to speak to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God sent me to speak to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 20 x9qk ἰδοὺ 1 Behold "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important" +LUK 1 20 g5t1 figs-doublet σιωπῶν, μὴ δυνάμενος λαλῆσαι 1 silent, unable to speak These mean the same thing, and are repeated to emphasize the completeness of his silence. Alternate translation: "completely unable to speak" or "not able to speak at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 1 20 q6y3 οὐκ ἐπίστευσας μου τοῖς λόγοις 1 not believe my words "not believe what I said" +LUK 1 20 hgu3 εἰς τὸν καιρὸν αὐτῶν 1 at the right time "at the appointed time" +LUK 1 21 e14e καὶ 1 Now This marks a shift in the story from what happened inside the temple to what happened outside. Alternate translation: "While that was happening" or "While the angel and Zechariah were talking" LUK 1 22 h6vt 0 They realized that he had seen a vision while he was in the temple. He kept on making signs to them and remained silent These things probably happened at the same time, and Zechariah's signs helped the people understand that he had had a vision. It might be helpful to your audience to change the order to show that. Alternate translation: "He kept on making signs to them and remained silent. So they realized that he had seen a vision while he was in the temple" -LUK 1 22 r2ak 0 a vision The earlier description indicated that Gabriel actually came to Zechariah in the temple. The people, not knowing that, assumed Zechariah saw a vision. -LUK 1 23 duy9 0 It came about This phrase moves the story ahead to when Zechariah's service was ended. -LUK 1 23 sa5y 0 he went to his house Zechariah did not live in Jerusalem, where the temple was located. He traveled to his home town. -LUK 1 24 cda2 writing-newevent 0 After these days The phrase "these days" refers to the time Zechariah was serving in the temple. It is possible to state more clearly what this refers to. Alternate translation: "After Zechariah's time of serving at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 24 hc8d 0 his wife "Zechariah's wife" -LUK 1 24 kpw1 0 kept herself hidden "did not leave her house" or "stayed inside by herself" -LUK 1 25 z1xr 0 This is what the Lord has done for me This phrase refers to the fact that the Lord allowed her to become pregnant. -LUK 1 25 w8yq 0 This is what This is a positive exclamation. She is very happy with what the Lord has done for her. +LUK 1 22 r2ak ὀπτασίαν 1 a vision The earlier description indicated that Gabriel actually came to Zechariah in the temple. The people, not knowing that, assumed Zechariah saw a vision. +LUK 1 23 duy9 ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase moves the story ahead to when Zechariah's service was ended. +LUK 1 23 sa5y ἀπῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν οἶκον 1 he went to his house Zechariah did not live in Jerusalem, where the temple was located. He traveled to his home town. +LUK 1 24 cda2 writing-newevent μετὰ ταύτας τὰς ἡμέρας 1 After these days The phrase "these days" refers to the time Zechariah was serving in the temple. It is possible to state more clearly what this refers to. Alternate translation: "After Zechariah's time of serving at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 24 hc8d αὐτοῦ ἡ γυνὴ 1 his wife "Zechariah's wife" +LUK 1 24 kpw1 περιέκρυβεν ἑαυτὴν περιέκρυβεν 1 kept herself hidden "did not leave her house" or "stayed inside by herself" +LUK 1 25 z1xr οὕτως Κύριος πεποίηκεν μοι 1 This is what the Lord has done for me This phrase refers to the fact that the Lord allowed her to become pregnant. +LUK 1 25 w8yq οὕτως 1 This is what This is a positive exclamation. She is very happy with what the Lord has done for her. LUK 1 25 pn2a figs-idiom 0 looked at me with favor "to look at" here is an idiom that means "to treat" or "to deal with." Alternate translation: "regarded me kindly" or "had pity on me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 25 lx3p 0 my shame This refers to the shame she felt when she was not able to have children. +LUK 1 25 lx3p μου ὄνειδός 1 my shame This refers to the shame she felt when she was not able to have children. LUK 1 26 qyv8 0 General Information: The angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she is going to be the mother of the one who is the Son of God. -LUK 1 26 v9w2 figs-explicit 0 In the sixth month "in the sixth month of Elizabeth's pregnancy." It may be necessary to state this clearly if it would be confused with the sixth month of the year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 26 rl4c figs-activepassive 0 the angel Gabriel was sent from God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God told the angel Gabriel to go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 26 v9w2 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ τῷ ἕκτῳ μηνὶ 1 In the sixth month "in the sixth month of Elizabeth's pregnancy." It may be necessary to state this clearly if it would be confused with the sixth month of the year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 26 rl4c figs-activepassive ὁ ἄγγελος Γαβριὴλ ἀπεστάλη ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the angel Gabriel was sent from God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God told the angel Gabriel to go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 1 27 is22 0 a virgin engaged to ... Joseph Mary's parents had agreed that Mary would marry Joseph. Though they had not had sexual relations, Joseph would have thought and spoken of her as his wife. -LUK 1 27 tzh2 0 He belonged to the house of David "He belonged to the same tribe as David" or "He was a descendant of King David" +LUK 1 27 tzh2 ἐξ οἴκου Δαυεὶδ 1 He belonged to the house of David "He belonged to the same tribe as David" or "He was a descendant of King David" LUK 1 27 w9tm writing-participants 0 the virgin's name was Mary This introduces Mary as a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 1 28 v9ih 0 He came to her "The angel came to Mary" -LUK 1 28 i7h4 0 Greetings This was a common greeting. It means: "Rejoice" or "Be glad." -LUK 1 28 bp2n 0 you who are highly favored! "you who have received great grace!" or "you who have received special kindness!" +LUK 1 28 i7h4 χαῖρε 1 Greetings This was a common greeting. It means: "Rejoice" or "Be glad." +LUK 1 28 bp2n κεχαριτωμένη! 1 you who are highly favored! "you who have received great grace!" or "you who have received special kindness!" LUK 1 28 jmq9 figs-idiom 0 The Lord is with you "with you" here is an idiom that implies support and acceptance. Alternate translation: "The Lord is pleased with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 1 29 ytx7 0 she was very confused ... wondered what kind of greeting this could be Mary understood the meaning of the individual words, but she did not understand why the angel said this amazing greeting to her. -LUK 1 30 d3rx 0 Do not be afraid, Mary The angel does not want Mary to be afraid of his appearance, because God sent him with a positive message. -LUK 1 30 a3eb figs-idiom 0 you have found favor with God The idiom "to find favor" means to be positively received by someone. The sentence can be altered to show God as the actor. Alternate translation: "God has decided to give you his grace" or "God is showing you his kindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 30 d3rx φοβοῦ μὴ φοβοῦ, Μαριάμ 1 Do not be afraid, Mary The angel does not want Mary to be afraid of his appearance, because God sent him with a positive message. +LUK 1 30 a3eb figs-idiom εὗρες χάριν παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 you have found favor with God The idiom "to find favor" means to be positively received by someone. The sentence can be altered to show God as the actor. Alternate translation: "God has decided to give you his grace" or "God is showing you his kindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 1 31 fi5q 0 you will conceive in your womb and bear a son ... Jesus Mary will bear "a son" who will be called "the Son of the Most High." Jesus is therefore a human son born of a human mother, and he is also the Son of God. These terms should be translated very carefully. -LUK 1 32 z74z 0 the Son of the Most High Mary will bear "a son" who will be called "the Son of the Most High." Jesus is therefore a human son born of a human mother, and he is also the Son of God. These terms should be translated very carefully. -LUK 1 32 ip26 figs-activepassive 0 will be called Possible meanings are 1) "people will call him" or 2) "God will call him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 32 hl55 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of the Most High This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 1 32 lwd9 figs-metonymy 0 give him the throne of his ancestor David The throne represents the king's authority to rule. Alternate translation: "give him authority to rule as king as his ancestor David did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 33 q516 figs-litotes 0 there will be no end to his kingdom The negative phrase "no end" emphasizes that it continues forever. It could also be stated with a positive phrase. Alternate translation: "his kingdom will never end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -LUK 1 34 cf3b 0 How will this happen Though Mary did not understand how it could happen, she did not doubt that it would happen. -LUK 1 34 fqt7 figs-euphemism 0 I have not known any man Mary used this polite expression to say that she had not engaged in sexual activity. Alternate translation: "I am a virgin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -LUK 1 35 nd3z 0 The Holy Spirit will come upon you The process of Mary's conception would begin with the Holy Spirit coming to her. -LUK 1 35 fty4 0 will come upon "will overtake" -LUK 1 35 x53s 0 the power of the Most High It was God's "power" that would supernaturally cause Mary to become pregnant even while she still remained a virgin. Make sure this does not imply any physical or sexual union—this was a miracle. -LUK 1 35 mmw4 0 will come over you "will cover you like a shadow" -LUK 1 35 vrz6 figs-activepassive 0 So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So they will call the holy one who will be born the Son of God" or "So the baby that will be born will be holy, and people will call him the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 35 jwj3 0 the holy one "the holy child" or "the holy baby" -LUK 1 35 k866 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 1 36 lx9k 0 See, your relative "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: your relative" -LUK 1 36 ve23 0 your relative Elizabeth If you need to state a specific relationship, Elizabeth was probably Mary's aunt or great-aunt. -LUK 1 36 f88l 0 has also conceived a son in her old age "Elizabeth has also become pregnant with a son, even though she is already very old" or "Elizabeth, even though she is old, has also become pregnant and will bear a son." Make sure it does not sound as though both Mary and Elizabeth were old when they conceived. -LUK 1 36 hck2 0 the sixth month for her "the sixth month of her pregnancy" -LUK 1 37 v42f 0 For nothing "Because nothing" or "This shows that nothing" -LUK 1 37 g7yt figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing will be impossible for God Elizabeth's pregnancy was proof that God was able to do anything—even enable Mary to become pregnant without her sleeping with a man. The double negatives in this statement can be stated with positive terms. Alternate translation: "God can do anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +LUK 1 32 z74z Υἱὸς Ὑψίστου 1 the Son of the Most High Mary will bear "a son" who will be called "the Son of the Most High." Jesus is therefore a human son born of a human mother, and he is also the Son of God. These terms should be translated very carefully. +LUK 1 32 ip26 figs-activepassive κληθήσεται 1 will be called Possible meanings are 1) "people will call him" or 2) "God will call him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 32 hl55 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Ὑψίστου 1 Son of the Most High This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 1 32 lwd9 figs-metonymy δώσει αὐτῷ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ αὐτοῦ πατρὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 give him the throne of his ancestor David The throne represents the king's authority to rule. Alternate translation: "give him authority to rule as king as his ancestor David did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 33 q516 figs-litotes ἔσται οὐκ τέλος τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ τῆς βασιλείας 1 there will be no end to his kingdom The negative phrase "no end" emphasizes that it continues forever. It could also be stated with a positive phrase. Alternate translation: "his kingdom will never end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +LUK 1 34 cf3b πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο ἔσται 1 How will this happen Though Mary did not understand how it could happen, she did not doubt that it would happen. +LUK 1 34 fqt7 figs-euphemism γινώσκω οὐ γινώσκω ἄνδρα 1 I have not known any man Mary used this polite expression to say that she had not engaged in sexual activity. Alternate translation: "I am a virgin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +LUK 1 35 nd3z Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ σέ 1 The Holy Spirit will come upon you The process of Mary's conception would begin with the Holy Spirit coming to her. +LUK 1 35 fty4 ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ 1 will come upon "will overtake" +LUK 1 35 x53s δύναμις Ὑψίστου 1 the power of the Most High It was God's "power" that would supernaturally cause Mary to become pregnant even while she still remained a virgin. Make sure this does not imply any physical or sexual union—this was a miracle. +LUK 1 35 mmw4 ἐπισκιάσει σοι 1 will come over you "will cover you like a shadow" +LUK 1 35 vrz6 figs-activepassive διὸ τὸ Ἅγιον γεννώμενον κληθήσεται Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So they will call the holy one who will be born the Son of God" or "So the baby that will be born will be holy, and people will call him the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 35 jwj3 τὸ Ἅγιον 1 the holy one "the holy child" or "the holy baby" +LUK 1 35 k866 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 1 36 lx9k ἰδοὺ, σου ἡ συγγενίς 1 See, your relative "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: your relative" +LUK 1 36 ve23 σου ἡ συγγενίς Ἐλεισάβετ 1 your relative Elizabeth If you need to state a specific relationship, Elizabeth was probably Mary's aunt or great-aunt. +LUK 1 36 f88l συνείληφεν καὶ συνείληφεν υἱὸν ἐν αὐτῆς γήρει 1 has also conceived a son in her old age "Elizabeth has also become pregnant with a son, even though she is already very old" or "Elizabeth, even though she is old, has also become pregnant and will bear a son." Make sure it does not sound as though both Mary and Elizabeth were old when they conceived. +LUK 1 36 hck2 ἕκτος μὴν αὐτῇ 1 the sixth month for her "the sixth month of her pregnancy" +LUK 1 37 v42f ὅτι οὐκ 1 For nothing "Because nothing" or "This shows that nothing" +LUK 1 37 g7yt figs-doublenegatives οὐκ ἀδυνατήσει παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 nothing will be impossible for God Elizabeth's pregnancy was proof that God was able to do anything—even enable Mary to become pregnant without her sleeping with a man. The double negatives in this statement can be stated with positive terms. Alternate translation: "God can do anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) LUK 1 38 tef1 0 See, I am the female servant "Here I am, the female servant" or "I am glad to be the female servant." She is responding humbly and willingly. LUK 1 38 kw3g 0 I am the female servant of the Lord Choose an expression that shows her humility and obedience to the Lord. She was not boasting about being the Lord's servant. -LUK 1 38 b9ax 0 Let it be for me "Let this happen to me." Mary was expressing her willingness for the things to happen that the angel had told her were about to happen. +LUK 1 38 b9ax γένοιτό μοι 1 Let it be for me "Let this happen to me." Mary was expressing her willingness for the things to happen that the angel had told her were about to happen. LUK 1 39 ka5b writing-newevent 0 Mary goes to visit her relative Elizabeth, who is going to give birth to John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 1 39 wj5i figs-idiom 0 arose This idiom means she not only stood up, but also "got ready." Alternate translation: "started out" or "got ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 39 sii5 0 the hill country "the hilly area" or "the mountainous part of Israel" -LUK 1 40 ee51 figs-explicit 0 She went It is implied that Mary finished her journey before she went in to Zechariah's house. This could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "When she arrived, she went" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 41 bx82 0 Now it happened The phrase is used to mark a new event in this part of the story. -LUK 1 41 v99g 0 in her womb "in Elizabeth's womb" -LUK 1 41 ya5v 0 jumped moved suddenly +LUK 1 39 wj5i figs-idiom ἀναστᾶσα 1 arose This idiom means she not only stood up, but also "got ready." Alternate translation: "started out" or "got ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 39 sii5 τὴν ὀρινὴν 1 the hill country "the hilly area" or "the mountainous part of Israel" +LUK 1 40 ee51 figs-explicit εἰσῆλθεν 1 She went It is implied that Mary finished her journey before she went in to Zechariah's house. This could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "When she arrived, she went" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 41 bx82 καὶ ἐγένετο 1 Now it happened The phrase is used to mark a new event in this part of the story. +LUK 1 41 v99g ἐν αὐτῆς τῇ κοιλίᾳ 1 in her womb "in Elizabeth's womb" +LUK 1 41 ya5v ἐσκίρτησεν 1 jumped moved suddenly LUK 1 42 r4ka figs-doublet 0 raised her voice ... said loudly These two phrases mean the same thing, and are used to emphasize how excited Elizabeth was. They could be combined into one phrase. Alternate translation: "exclaimed loudly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 1 42 f69c figs-idiom 0 raised her voice This idiom means "increased the volume of her voice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 42 t5e8 figs-idiom 0 Blessed are you among women The idiom "among women" means "more than any other woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 42 bnl2 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of your womb Mary's baby is spoken of as if it is the fruit that a plant produces. Alternate translation: "the baby in your womb" or "the baby you will bear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 43 k63f figs-rquestion 0 Why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? Elizabeth is not asking for information. She was showing how surprised and happy she was that the mother of the Lord had come to her. Alternate translation: "How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 1 43 tiu4 figs-123person 0 the mother of my Lord It can be made clear that Elizabeth was calling Mary "the mother of my Lord" by adding the word "you." Alternate translation: "you, the mother of my Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 1 44 uq3j 0 For see This phrase alerts Mary to pay attention to Elizabeth's surprising statement that follows. -LUK 1 44 h54t figs-metonymy 0 when the sound of your greeting came to my ears Hearing a sound is spoken of as if the sound came to the ears. Alternate translation: "when I heard the sound of your greeting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 44 u9db 0 jumped for joy "moved suddenly with joy" or "turned forcefully because he was so happy" +LUK 1 42 f69c figs-idiom ἀνεφώνησεν φωνῇ 1 raised her voice This idiom means "increased the volume of her voice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 42 t5e8 figs-idiom εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξίν 1 Blessed are you among women The idiom "among women" means "more than any other woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 42 bnl2 figs-metaphor ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου τῆς κοιλίας 1 the fruit of your womb Mary's baby is spoken of as if it is the fruit that a plant produces. Alternate translation: "the baby in your womb" or "the baby you will bear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 43 k63f figs-rquestion πόθεν μοι τοῦτο ἵνα ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Κυρίου μου τοῦ Κυρίου ἔλθῃ πρὸς ἐμέ? 1 Why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? Elizabeth is not asking for information. She was showing how surprised and happy she was that the mother of the Lord had come to her. Alternate translation: "How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 1 43 tiu4 figs-123person ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Κυρίου μου τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the mother of my Lord It can be made clear that Elizabeth was calling Mary "the mother of my Lord" by adding the word "you." Alternate translation: "you, the mother of my Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 1 44 uq3j γὰρ ἰδοὺ 1 For see This phrase alerts Mary to pay attention to Elizabeth's surprising statement that follows. +LUK 1 44 h54t figs-metonymy ὡς ἡ φωνὴ τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ σου τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ ἐγένετο εἰς μου τὰ ὦτά 1 when the sound of your greeting came to my ears Hearing a sound is spoken of as if the sound came to the ears. Alternate translation: "when I heard the sound of your greeting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 44 u9db ἐσκίρτησεν ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει 1 jumped for joy "moved suddenly with joy" or "turned forcefully because he was so happy" LUK 1 45 kf73 figs-123person 0 Blessed is she who believed ... that were told her from the Lord Elizabeth is talking about Mary to Mary. Alternate translation: "Blessed are you who believed ... that were told you from the Lord"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 1 45 gc1e figs-activepassive 0 Blessed is she who believed The passive verb can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless her because she believed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 45 lu4t 0 there would be a fulfillment of the things "the things would actually happen" or "the things would come true" -LUK 1 45 g8rc figs-activepassive 0 the things that were told her from the Lord The word "from" is used here instead of "by" because it was the angel Gabriel whom Mary actually heard speak (see [Luke 1:26] (../01/26.md)), but the message ("the things") came ultimately from the Lord. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the message that she heard from the Lord" or "the Lord's message that the angel told her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 45 lu4t ἔσται τελείωσις τοῖς λελαλημένοις 1 there would be a fulfillment of the things "the things would actually happen" or "the things would come true" +LUK 1 45 g8rc figs-activepassive τοῖς λελαλημένοις αὐτῇ παρὰ Κυρίου 1 the things that were told her from the Lord The word "from" is used here instead of "by" because it was the angel Gabriel whom Mary actually heard speak (see [Luke 1:26] (../01/26.md)), but the message ("the things") came ultimately from the Lord. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the message that she heard from the Lord" or "the Lord's message that the angel told her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 1 46 g7ta 0 General Information: Mary begins a song of praise to the Lord her Savior. -LUK 1 46 vxj4 figs-synecdoche 0 My soul praises The word "soul" refers to the spiritual part of a person. Mary is saying that her worship comes from deep inside her. Alternate translation: "My inner being praises" or "I praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 1 47 jp51 figs-synecdoche 0 my spirit has rejoiced Both "soul" and "spirit" refer to the spiritual part of a person. Mary is saying that her worship comes from deep inside her. Alternate translation: "my heart has rejoiced" or "I rejoice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 1 47 hgz7 0 has rejoiced in "has felt very joyful about" or "was very happy about" -LUK 1 47 usu3 0 God my Savior "God, the One who saves me" or "God, who saves me" -LUK 1 48 zhr5 0 For he "This is because he" -LUK 1 48 k3fv 0 looked at "looked at with concern" or "cared about" -LUK 1 48 tg6y 0 low condition "poverty." Mary's family was not rich. -LUK 1 48 gsy2 0 For see This phrase calls attention to the statement that follows. -LUK 1 48 jz61 0 from now on "now and in the future" -LUK 1 48 l37l 0 all generations "the people in all generations" -LUK 1 49 xng2 0 he who is mighty "God, the Powerful One" -LUK 1 49 ze9y figs-metonymy 0 his name Here "name" refers to the entire person of God. Alternate translation: "he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 50 pz6t 0 His mercy "God's mercy" -LUK 1 50 ijs2 0 from generation to generation "from one generation to the next generation" or "throughout every generation" or "to people in every time period" -LUK 1 51 pb8u figs-metonymy 0 displayed strength with his arm Here "his arm" is a metonym that stands for God's power. Alternate translation: "shown that he is very powerful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 46 vxj4 figs-synecdoche μου ἡ ψυχή μεγαλύνει 1 My soul praises The word "soul" refers to the spiritual part of a person. Mary is saying that her worship comes from deep inside her. Alternate translation: "My inner being praises" or "I praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 1 47 jp51 figs-synecdoche μου τὸ πνεῦμά ἠγαλλίασεν 1 my spirit has rejoiced Both "soul" and "spirit" refer to the spiritual part of a person. Mary is saying that her worship comes from deep inside her. Alternate translation: "my heart has rejoiced" or "I rejoice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 1 47 hgz7 ἠγαλλίασεν ἐπὶ 1 has rejoiced in "has felt very joyful about" or "was very happy about" +LUK 1 47 usu3 τῷ Θεῷ μου τῷ Σωτῆρί 1 God my Savior "God, the One who saves me" or "God, who saves me" +LUK 1 48 zhr5 ὅτι ἐπέβλεψεν 1 For he "This is because he" +LUK 1 48 k3fv ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ 1 looked at "looked at with concern" or "cared about" +LUK 1 48 tg6y ταπείνωσιν 1 low condition "poverty." Mary's family was not rich. +LUK 1 48 gsy2 γὰρ ἰδοὺ 1 For see This phrase calls attention to the statement that follows. +LUK 1 48 jz61 ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν 1 from now on "now and in the future" +LUK 1 48 l37l πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί 1 all generations "the people in all generations" +LUK 1 49 xng2 ὁ δυνατός 1 he who is mighty "God, the Powerful One" +LUK 1 49 ze9y figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 his name Here "name" refers to the entire person of God. Alternate translation: "he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 50 pz6t αὐτοῦ τὸ ἔλεος 1 His mercy "God's mercy" +LUK 1 50 ijs2 εἰς γενεὰς καὶ γενεὰς 1 from generation to generation "from one generation to the next generation" or "throughout every generation" or "to people in every time period" +LUK 1 51 pb8u figs-metonymy ἐποίησεν κράτος ἐν αὐτοῦ βραχίονι 1 displayed strength with his arm Here "his arm" is a metonym that stands for God's power. Alternate translation: "shown that he is very powerful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 1 51 s51c 0 has scattered those ... hearts "has caused those ... hearts to run away in different directions" -LUK 1 51 nt8x figs-idiom 0 who were proud about the thoughts of their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. Alternate translation: "who were proud in their thoughts" or "who were proud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 52 ty2j figs-synecdoche 0 He has thrown down princes from their thrones A throne is a chair that a ruler sits on, and it is a symbol of his authority. If a prince is brought down from his throne, it means he no longer has the authority to reign. Alternate translation: "He has taken away the authority of princes" or "He has made rulers stop ruling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 1 52 ee3q figs-metaphor 0 raised up those of low condition In this word picture, people who are important are higher than people who are less important. Alternate translation: "has has made humble people important" or "has given honor to people whom others have not honored" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 52 yuu2 0 of low condition "in poverty." See how you translated this in [Luke 1:48](../01/48.md). +LUK 1 51 nt8x figs-idiom ὑπερηφάνους διανοίᾳ καρδίας αὐτῶν καρδίας 1 who were proud about the thoughts of their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. Alternate translation: "who were proud in their thoughts" or "who were proud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 52 ty2j figs-synecdoche καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀπὸ θρόνων 1 He has thrown down princes from their thrones A throne is a chair that a ruler sits on, and it is a symbol of his authority. If a prince is brought down from his throne, it means he no longer has the authority to reign. Alternate translation: "He has taken away the authority of princes" or "He has made rulers stop ruling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 1 52 ee3q figs-metaphor ὕψωσεν ταπεινούς 1 raised up those of low condition In this word picture, people who are important are higher than people who are less important. Alternate translation: "has has made humble people important" or "has given honor to people whom others have not honored" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 52 yuu2 ταπεινούς 1 of low condition "in poverty." See how you translated this in [Luke 1:48](../01/48.md). LUK 1 53 z2he 0 He has filled the hungry ... the rich he has sent away empty The contrast between these two opposite actions should be made clear in the translation if possible. -LUK 1 53 l2t3 0 filled the hungry with good things Possible meanings are 1) "given the hungry good food to eat" or 2) "given the needy good things." +LUK 1 53 l2t3 ἐνέπλησεν πεινῶντας ἀγαθῶν 1 filled the hungry with good things Possible meanings are 1) "given the hungry good food to eat" or 2) "given the needy good things." LUK 1 54 d8g6 translate-versebridge 0 General Information: The UST rearranges these verses into a verse bridge in order to keep the information about Israel together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) LUK 1 54 xp39 0 He has given help to "The Lord has helped" -LUK 1 54 g5u1 0 Israel his servant If readers confuse this with the man named Israel, it could be translated as "his servant, the nation of Israel" or "Israel, his servants." +LUK 1 54 g5u1 Ἰσραὴλ αὐτοῦ παιδὸς 1 Israel his servant If readers confuse this with the man named Israel, it could be translated as "his servant, the nation of Israel" or "Israel, his servants." LUK 1 54 ve6n 0 so as to "in order to" -LUK 1 54 hyt3 figs-idiom 0 to remember God cannot forget. When God "remembers," it is an idiom that means God acts upon his earlier promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 55 qc9k writing-background 0 as he said to our fathers "just as he promised our ancestors he would do." This phrase supplies background information about God's promise to Abraham. Alternate translation: "because he promised our ancestors he would be merciful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 1 55 by4a 0 his descendants "Abraham's descendants" +LUK 1 54 hyt3 figs-idiom ἐλέους 1 to remember God cannot forget. When God "remembers," it is an idiom that means God acts upon his earlier promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 55 qc9k writing-background καθὼς ἐλάλησεν πρὸς ἡμῶν τοὺς πατέρας 1 as he said to our fathers "just as he promised our ancestors he would do." This phrase supplies background information about God's promise to Abraham. Alternate translation: "because he promised our ancestors he would be merciful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 1 55 by4a αὐτοῦ τῷ σπέρματι 1 his descendants "Abraham's descendants" LUK 1 56 qi11 0 Connecting Statement: Elizabeth delivers her baby and then Zechariah names their baby. -LUK 1 56 nt87 0 returned to her house "Mary returned to her (Mary's) house" or "Mary returned to her own house" -LUK 1 57 hfk3 0 Now This word marks the beginning of the next event in the story. -LUK 1 57 dd2i 0 deliver her baby "give birth to her baby" -LUK 1 58 ep8k 0 Her neighbors and her relatives "Elizabeth's neighbors and relatives" -LUK 1 58 j2xc 0 shown his great mercy to her "been very kind to her" -LUK 1 59 f4ul writing-newevent 0 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 1 59 gm1k translate-ordinal 0 on the eighth day Here "eighth day" refers to the time after the birth of the baby, counted from the first day, which was the day he was born. Alternate translation: "on the eighth day of the baby's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 1 59 ya7d figs-explicit 0 they came to circumcise the child This was often a ceremony where one person circumcised the baby and friends were there to celebrate with the family. Alternate translation: "they came for the baby's circumcision ceremony" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 59 ip8w 0 They would have called him "They were going to name him" or "They wanted to give him the name" -LUK 1 59 fzu1 0 after the name of his father "his father's name" -LUK 1 61 t4e7 0 by this name "by that name" or "by the same name" -LUK 1 62 y652 0 They This refers to the people who were there for the circumcision ceremony. -LUK 1 62 ium2 0 made signs "motioned." Either Zechariah was unable to hear, as well as speak, or the people assumed that he could not hear. -LUK 1 62 nf8w 0 to his father "to the baby's father" -LUK 1 62 w3kq 0 how he wanted him to be named "what name Zechariah wanted to give the baby" -LUK 1 63 gn28 figs-explicit 0 His father asked for a writing tablet It may be helpful to state how Zechariah "asked," since he could not speak. Alternate translation: "His father used his hands to show the people that he wanted them to give him a writing tablet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 63 qu93 0 a writing tablet "something on which to write" -LUK 1 63 pkc8 0 astonished greatly surprised or amazed +LUK 1 56 nt87 ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς αὐτῆς τὸν οἶκον 1 returned to her house "Mary returned to her (Mary's) house" or "Mary returned to her own house" +LUK 1 57 hfk3 δὲ 1 Now This word marks the beginning of the next event in the story. +LUK 1 57 dd2i τεκεῖν αὐτήν τεκεῖν 1 deliver her baby "give birth to her baby" +LUK 1 58 ep8k οἱ περίοικοι καὶ αὐτῆς οἱ συγγενεῖς 1 Her neighbors and her relatives "Elizabeth's neighbors and relatives" +LUK 1 58 j2xc ἐμεγάλυνεν αὐτοῦ τὸ ἔλεος μετ’ αὐτῆς 1 shown his great mercy to her "been very kind to her" +LUK 1 59 f4ul writing-newevent καὶ ἐγένετο 1 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 1 59 gm1k translate-ordinal ἐν τῇ τῇ ὀγδόῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 on the eighth day Here "eighth day" refers to the time after the birth of the baby, counted from the first day, which was the day he was born. Alternate translation: "on the eighth day of the baby's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 1 59 ya7d figs-explicit ἦλθον περιτεμεῖν τὸ παιδίον 1 they came to circumcise the child This was often a ceremony where one person circumcised the baby and friends were there to celebrate with the family. Alternate translation: "they came for the baby's circumcision ceremony" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 59 ip8w ἐκάλουν αὐτὸ 1 They would have called him "They were going to name him" or "They wanted to give him the name" +LUK 1 59 fzu1 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ τοῦ πατρὸς 1 after the name of his father "his father's name" +LUK 1 61 t4e7 τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 by this name "by that name" or "by the same name" +LUK 1 62 y652 ἐνένευον 1 They This refers to the people who were there for the circumcision ceremony. +LUK 1 62 ium2 ἐνένευον 1 made signs "motioned." Either Zechariah was unable to hear, as well as speak, or the people assumed that he could not hear. +LUK 1 62 nf8w τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ τῷ πατρὶ 1 to his father "to the baby's father" +LUK 1 62 w3kq ἂν θέλοι αὐτό καλεῖσθαι 1 how he wanted him to be named "what name Zechariah wanted to give the baby" +LUK 1 63 gn28 figs-explicit αἰτήσας πινακίδιον 1 His father asked for a writing tablet It may be helpful to state how Zechariah "asked," since he could not speak. Alternate translation: "His father used his hands to show the people that he wanted them to give him a writing tablet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 63 qu93 πινακίδιον 1 a writing tablet "something on which to write" +LUK 1 63 pkc8 ἐθαύμασαν 1 astonished greatly surprised or amazed LUK 1 64 sdg1 figs-idiom 0 his mouth was opened ... his tongue was freed These two phrases are word pictures that together emphasize that Zechariah was suddenly able to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LUK 1 64 mi2u figs-activepassive 0 his mouth was opened and his tongue was freed These phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God opened his mouth and freed his tongue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 65 qw1j figs-explicit 0 Fear came on all who lived around them "All who lived around Zechariah and Elizabeth were afraid." It may be helpful to state clearly why they were afraid. Alternate translation: "All who lived around them were in awe of God because he had done this to Zechariah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 65 g7uh figs-hyperbole 0 all who lived around them The word "all" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "those who lived around them" or "many who lived in that area" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 1 65 pz97 figs-metaphor 0 All these matters were spread throughout all the hill country of Judea The phrase "these matters were spread" is a metaphor for people talking about them. The passive verb here can also be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "All these matters were talked about by people throughout all the hill country of Judea" or "People throughout the hill country of Judea talked about all these matters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 65 qw1j figs-explicit φόβος ἐγένετο πάντας τοὺς περιοικοῦντας αὐτούς 1 Fear came on all who lived around them "All who lived around Zechariah and Elizabeth were afraid." It may be helpful to state clearly why they were afraid. Alternate translation: "All who lived around them were in awe of God because he had done this to Zechariah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 65 g7uh figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς περιοικοῦντας αὐτούς 1 all who lived around them The word "all" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "those who lived around them" or "many who lived in that area" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 1 65 pz97 figs-metaphor πάντα ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα διελαλεῖτο ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ὀρεινῇ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 All these matters were spread throughout all the hill country of Judea The phrase "these matters were spread" is a metaphor for people talking about them. The passive verb here can also be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "All these matters were talked about by people throughout all the hill country of Judea" or "People throughout the hill country of Judea talked about all these matters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 1 66 c7xf 0 All who heard them "All who heard about these matters" LUK 1 66 l6lt figs-metaphor 0 stored them in their hearts Thinking often about things that have happened is spoken of as putting those things safely in their hearts. Alternate translation: "thought carefully about these matters" or "thought a lot about these events" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 66 dj7y 0 hearts, saying "hearts. They asked" -LUK 1 66 dgq4 figs-rquestion 0 What then will this child become? "What kind of great person will this baby grow up to be?" It is also possible that this question was meant to be a statement of their surprise at what they had heard about the baby. Alternate translation: "What a great man this child will be!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 1 66 xm9c figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Lord was with him The phrase "the hand of the Lord" refers to the Lord's power. Alternate translation: "the Lord's power was with him" or "the Lord was working in him powerfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 66 dj7y τῇ καρδίᾳ, λέγοντες 1 hearts, saying "hearts. They asked" +LUK 1 66 dgq4 figs-rquestion ," τί ἄρα ἔσται τοῦτο τὸ παιδίον ἔσται?" 1 What then will this child become? "What kind of great person will this baby grow up to be?" It is also possible that this question was meant to be a statement of their surprise at what they had heard about the baby. Alternate translation: "What a great man this child will be!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 1 66 xm9c figs-metonymy χεὶρ Κυρίου ἦν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 the hand of the Lord was with him The phrase "the hand of the Lord" refers to the Lord's power. Alternate translation: "the Lord's power was with him" or "the Lord was working in him powerfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 1 67 khf6 0 Connecting Statement: Zechariah tells what will happen with his son John. -LUK 1 67 lvd6 figs-activepassive 0 His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled his father Zechariah, and Zachariah prophesied" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 67 ibw6 0 His father John's father -LUK 1 67 fs5y figs-quotations 0 prophesied, saying Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotes in your language. Alternate translation: "prophesied and said" or "prophesied, and this is what he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 1 68 jx5n figs-explicit 0 the God of Israel "Israel" here refers to the nation of Israel. The relationship between God and Israel could be stated more directly. Alternate translation: "the God who reigns over Israel" or "the God whom Israel worships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 68 d67v 0 his people "God's people" -LUK 1 69 g11u figs-metaphor 0 He has raised up a horn of salvation for us The horn of an animal is a symbol of its power to defend itself. To raise up here is to bring into existence or to enable to act. The Messiah is spoken of as if he were a horn with the power to save Israel. Alternate translation: "He has brought to us someone with the power to save us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 69 fb9f figs-metonymy 0 in the house of his servant David David's "house" here represents his family, specifically, his descendants. Alternate translation: "in the family of his servant David" or "who is a descendant of his servant David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 70 w7sf 0 as he spoke "just as God said" -LUK 1 70 x1q1 figs-metonymy 0 he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets from long ago God speaking by the prophets' mouths represents God causing his prophets to say what he wanted them to say. Alternate translation: "he caused his holy prophets who lived long ago to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 71 d13g figs-abstractnouns 0 salvation from our enemies The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with the verbs "save" or "rescue." Alternate translation: "from long ago). He will save us from our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 1 67 lvd6 figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ ὁ πατὴρ Ζαχαρίας ἐπλήσθη Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος καὶ ἐπροφήτευσεν 1 His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled his father Zechariah, and Zachariah prophesied" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 67 ibw6 αὐτοῦ ὁ πατὴρ 1 His father John's father +LUK 1 67 fs5y figs-quotations ἐπροφήτευσεν, λέγων 1 prophesied, saying Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotes in your language. Alternate translation: "prophesied and said" or "prophesied, and this is what he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 1 68 jx5n figs-explicit Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ 1 the God of Israel "Israel" here refers to the nation of Israel. The relationship between God and Israel could be stated more directly. Alternate translation: "the God who reigns over Israel" or "the God whom Israel worships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 68 d67v αὐτοῦ τῷ λαῷ 1 his people "God's people" +LUK 1 69 g11u figs-metaphor ἤγειρεν κέρας σωτηρίας ἡμῖν 1 He has raised up a horn of salvation for us The horn of an animal is a symbol of its power to defend itself. To raise up here is to bring into existence or to enable to act. The Messiah is spoken of as if he were a horn with the power to save Israel. Alternate translation: "He has brought to us someone with the power to save us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 69 fb9f figs-metonymy ἐν οἴκῳ Δαυεὶδ αὐτοῦ παιδὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 in the house of his servant David David's "house" here represents his family, specifically, his descendants. Alternate translation: "in the family of his servant David" or "who is a descendant of his servant David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 70 w7sf καθὼς ἐλάλησεν 1 as he spoke "just as God said" +LUK 1 70 x1q1 figs-metonymy ἐλάλησεν διὰ στόματος τῶν ἁγίων αὐτοῦ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν ἀπ’ αἰῶνος 1 he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets from long ago God speaking by the prophets' mouths represents God causing his prophets to say what he wanted them to say. Alternate translation: "he caused his holy prophets who lived long ago to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 71 d13g figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίαν ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐχθρῶν 1 salvation from our enemies The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with the verbs "save" or "rescue." Alternate translation: "from long ago). He will save us from our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 1 71 aye3 figs-parallelism 0 our enemies ... all who hate us These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how strongly their enemies are against them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 1 71 c6n9 figs-metonymy 0 hand The hand is a metonym for the power that the person uses the hand to exercise. Alternate translation: "power" or "control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 72 w97a 0 to show mercy to "to be merciful to" or "to act according to his mercy toward" -LUK 1 72 z5wj 0 remember Here the word "remember" means to keep a commitment or fulfill something. -LUK 1 73 fv4b 0 the oath that he spoke These words refer to "his holy covenant" (verse 72). +LUK 1 71 c6n9 figs-metonymy χειρὸς 1 hand The hand is a metonym for the power that the person uses the hand to exercise. Alternate translation: "power" or "control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 72 w97a ἔλεος μετὰ 1 to show mercy to "to be merciful to" or "to act according to his mercy toward" +LUK 1 72 z5wj μνησθῆναι 1 remember Here the word "remember" means to keep a commitment or fulfill something. +LUK 1 73 fv4b ὅρκον ὃν ὤμοσεν 1 the oath that he spoke These words refer to "his holy covenant" (verse 72). LUK 1 74 sk92 0 to grant to us "to make it possible for us" LUK 1 74 f4e4 figs-activepassive 0 that we, having been delivered out of the hand of our enemies, would serve him without fear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that we would serve him without fear after he rescued us from the hand of our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 74 gm55 figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of our enemies Here "hand" refers to the control or power a person. This could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "from the control of our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 1 74 v55j figs-ellipsis 0 without fear This refers back to the fear of their enemies. Alternate translation: "without being afraid of our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 1 75 l5n2 figs-abstractnouns 0 in holiness and righteousness This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "holiness" and "righteousness." Possible meanings are 1) we would serve God in holy and righteous ways. Alternate translation: "doing what is holy and righteous" or 2) we would be holy and righteous. Alternate translation: "being holy and righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 1 75 tn5i figs-idiom 0 before him This is an idiom which means "in his presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 74 gm55 figs-metonymy ἐκ χειρὸς ἐχθρῶν 1 out of the hand of our enemies Here "hand" refers to the control or power a person. This could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "from the control of our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 1 74 v55j figs-ellipsis ἀφόβως 1 without fear This refers back to the fear of their enemies. Alternate translation: "without being afraid of our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 1 75 l5n2 figs-abstractnouns ἐν ὁσιότητι καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 in holiness and righteousness This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "holiness" and "righteousness." Possible meanings are 1) we would serve God in holy and righteous ways. Alternate translation: "doing what is holy and righteous" or 2) we would be holy and righteous. Alternate translation: "being holy and righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 1 75 tn5i figs-idiom ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 before him This is an idiom which means "in his presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 1 76 f6r1 0 Yes, and you Zechariah uses this phrase to begin his direct address to his son. You may have a similar way to direct speech in your language. -LUK 1 76 h2vh figs-activepassive 0 you, child, will be called a prophet People will realize that he is a prophet. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will know that you are a prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 1 76 bb3g figs-euphemism 0 of the Most High These words are a euphemism for God. Alternate translation: "who serves the Most High" or "who speaks for God Most High" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +LUK 1 76 h2vh figs-activepassive σὺ, παιδίον, κληθήσῃ προφήτης 1 you, child, will be called a prophet People will realize that he is a prophet. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will know that you are a prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 1 76 bb3g figs-euphemism Ὑψίστου 1 of the Most High These words are a euphemism for God. Alternate translation: "who serves the Most High" or "who speaks for God Most High" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) LUK 1 76 i1z5 0 will go before the face of the Lord Before the Lord comes, he will go and announce to the people that the Lord will come to them. See how you translated this in [Luke 1:17](../01/17.md). LUK 1 76 de7t figs-idiom 0 the face of the Lord "the face of" someone can be an idiom that refers to the that person's presence. It is sometimes omitted in translation. Alternate translation: "the Lord" See how you translated this in [Luke 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 76 z5fg figs-metaphor 0 to prepare his paths This is a metaphor that means that John will prepare the people to listen to and believe the Lord's message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 76 z5fg figs-metaphor ἑτοιμάσαι αὐτοῦ ὁδοὺς 1 to prepare his paths This is a metaphor that means that John will prepare the people to listen to and believe the Lord's message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 1 77 t6d3 figs-metonymy 0 to give knowledge of salvation ... by the forgiveness of their sins The phrase "give knowledge" is a metaphor for teaching. The abstract nouns "salvation" and "forgiveness" can be expressed with the verbs "save" and "forgive." Alternate translation: "to teach his people salvation through the forgiveness of their sins" or "to teach his people how God saves people by forgiving their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 1 78 vnp1 figs-explicit 0 because of the tender mercy of our God It might be helpful to state that God's mercy helps people. Alternate translation: "because God is compassionate and merciful to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 1 78 z861 figs-metaphor 0 the sunrise from on high Light is often a metaphor for truth. Here, the spiritual truth the Savior will provide is spoken of as if it is a sunrise that lights up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 79 sh2q figs-metaphor 0 to shine Light is often a metaphor for truth. Here, the spiritual truth that the Savior will provide is spoken of as if it is a sunrise that lights up the earth (verse 78). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 1 79 bdp4 0 shine on "give knowledge to" or "give spiritual light to" -LUK 1 79 fu3r figs-metaphor 0 those who sit in darkness Darkness is here a metaphor for the absence of spiritual truth. Here, people who lack spiritual truth are spoken of as if they are sitting in darkness. Alternate translation: "people who do not know the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 78 vnp1 figs-explicit διὰ σπλάγχνα ἐλέους Θεοῦ ἡμῶν Θεοῦ 1 because of the tender mercy of our God It might be helpful to state that God's mercy helps people. Alternate translation: "because God is compassionate and merciful to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 1 78 z861 figs-metaphor ἀνατολὴ ἐξ ὕψους 1 the sunrise from on high Light is often a metaphor for truth. Here, the spiritual truth the Savior will provide is spoken of as if it is a sunrise that lights up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 79 sh2q figs-metaphor ἐπιφᾶναι 1 to shine Light is often a metaphor for truth. Here, the spiritual truth that the Savior will provide is spoken of as if it is a sunrise that lights up the earth (verse 78). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 1 79 bdp4 ἐπιφᾶναι 1 shine on "give knowledge to" or "give spiritual light to" +LUK 1 79 fu3r figs-metaphor τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν σκότει 1 those who sit in darkness Darkness is here a metaphor for the absence of spiritual truth. Here, people who lack spiritual truth are spoken of as if they are sitting in darkness. Alternate translation: "people who do not know the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 1 79 cnh7 figs-doublet 0 darkness ... shadow of death These two phrases work together to emphasize the deep spiritual darkness of people before God shows them mercy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 1 79 k46q figs-idiom 0 in the shadow of death The shadow often represents something that is about to happen. Here, it refers to approaching death. Alternate translation: "who are about to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 1 79 s3eb figs-metaphor 0 guide our feet into the path of peace Here "guide" is a metaphor for teaching, and "path of peace" is a metaphor for living at peace with God. The phrase "our feet" is a synecdoche that represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "teach us how to live at peace with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 1 79 k46q figs-idiom σκιᾷ θανάτου 1 in the shadow of death The shadow often represents something that is about to happen. Here, it refers to approaching death. Alternate translation: "who are about to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 1 79 s3eb figs-metaphor κατευθῦναι ἡμῶν τοὺς πόδας εἰς ὁδὸν εἰρήνης 1 guide our feet into the path of peace Here "guide" is a metaphor for teaching, and "path of peace" is a metaphor for living at peace with God. The phrase "our feet" is a synecdoche that represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "teach us how to live at peace with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 1 80 a324 0 General Information: This tells briefly about John's growing years. -LUK 1 80 q2ax 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Luke quickly moves from the birth of John to the beginning of his ministry as an adult. -LUK 1 80 a8bz 0 became strong in spirit "became spiritually mature" or "strengthened his relationship with God" -LUK 1 80 eh9j 0 was in the wilderness "lived in the wilderness." Luke does not say at what age John began to live in the wilderness. -LUK 1 80 qu12 0 until This does not necessarily mark a stopping point. John continued to live out in the desert even after he started preaching publicly. -LUK 1 80 s1nm 0 the day of his public appearance "when he began to preach in public" -LUK 1 80 ie4l 0 the day This is used here in the general sense of "the time" or "the occasion." +LUK 1 80 q2ax δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Luke quickly moves from the birth of John to the beginning of his ministry as an adult. +LUK 1 80 a8bz ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι 1 became strong in spirit "became spiritually mature" or "strengthened his relationship with God" +LUK 1 80 eh9j ἦν ἐν ταῖς ἐρήμοις 1 was in the wilderness "lived in the wilderness." Luke does not say at what age John began to live in the wilderness. +LUK 1 80 qu12 ἕως 1 until This does not necessarily mark a stopping point. John continued to live out in the desert even after he started preaching publicly. +LUK 1 80 s1nm ἡμέρας ἀναδείξεως αὐτοῦ ἀναδείξεως 1 the day of his public appearance "when he began to preach in public" +LUK 1 80 ie4l ἡμέρας 1 the day This is used here in the general sense of "the time" or "the occasion." LUK 2 intro dw6t 0 # Luke 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:14, 29-32.
LUK 2 1 u9xq 0 General Information: This gives background to show why Mary and Joseph have to move at the time of Jesus' birth. -LUK 2 1 c887 writing-newevent 0 Now This word marks the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 2 1 c887 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word marks the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) LUK 2 1 e9m5 0 it came about that This phrase is used to show that this is the beginning of an account. If your language has a way of showing the start of an account, you may use that. Some versions do not include this phrase. -LUK 2 1 jtz3 translate-names 0 Caesar Augustus "King Augustus" or "Emperor Augustus." Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 2 1 gda6 figs-idiom 0 sent out a decree ordering This command was probably carried by messengers throughout the empire. Alternate translation: "sent messengers with a decree ordering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 2 1 jtz3 translate-names Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου 1 Caesar Augustus "King Augustus" or "Emperor Augustus." Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 2 1 gda6 figs-idiom ἐξῆλθεν δόγμα ἀπογράφεσθαι 1 sent out a decree ordering This command was probably carried by messengers throughout the empire. Alternate translation: "sent messengers with a decree ordering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 2 1 tk59 figs-activepassive 0 that a census be taken of all the people living in the world This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that they register all the people living in the world" or "that they count all the people in the world and write down their names" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 1 m39d figs-synecdoche 0 the world Here the word "world" represents only the part of the world that Caesar August ruled. Alternate translation: "the Empire" or "the Roman world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 2 2 q9zw translate-names 0 Quirinius Quirinius was appointed to be the governor of Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 2 3 s4im 0 everyone went "everyone started off" or "everyone was going" -LUK 2 3 h5e2 figs-explicit 0 his own city This refers to the cities where people's ancestors lived. People may have lived in a different city. Alternate translation: "the city in which his ancestors lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 1 m39d figs-synecdoche οἰκουμένην 1 the world Here the word "world" represents only the part of the world that Caesar August ruled. Alternate translation: "the Empire" or "the Roman world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 2 2 q9zw translate-names Κυρηνίου 1 Quirinius Quirinius was appointed to be the governor of Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 2 3 s4im πάντες ἐπορεύοντο 1 everyone went "everyone started off" or "everyone was going" +LUK 2 3 h5e2 figs-explicit τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν 1 his own city This refers to the cities where people's ancestors lived. People may have lived in a different city. Alternate translation: "the city in which his ancestors lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 2 3 d64g 0 to be registered for the census "to have their names written in the register" or "to be included in the official count" LUK 2 4 r81u translate-versebridge 0 General Information: The UST rearranges these two verses into a verse bridge in order to make it easier to shorten the sentences. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -LUK 2 4 tp65 writing-participants 0 Joseph also This introduces Joseph as a new participant in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 2 4 kz78 figs-explicit 0 to the city of David which is called Bethlehem The phrase "the city of David" was a name for Bethlehem that tells why Bethlehem was important. Although it was a small town, King David was born there, and there was a prophecy that the Messiah would be born there. Alternate translation: "to Bethlehem, the city of King David" or "to Bethlehem, the town where King David was born" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 4 s7a7 0 because he was of the house and family line of David "because Joseph was a descendant of David" -LUK 2 5 ktz2 0 to register This means to report to the officials there so they could include him in the count. Use a term for an official government count if possible. -LUK 2 5 t5as writing-participants 0 along with Mary Mary traveled with Joseph from Nazareth. It is likely that women were also taxed, so Mary would have needed to travel and be registered as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 2 5 ne7a 0 who was engaged to him "his fiancee" or "who was promised to him." An engaged couple was considered legally married, but there would not have been physical intimacy between them. +LUK 2 4 tp65 writing-participants Ἰωσὴφ καὶ 1 Joseph also This introduces Joseph as a new participant in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 2 4 kz78 figs-explicit εἰς πόλιν Δαυεὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ 1 to the city of David which is called Bethlehem The phrase "the city of David" was a name for Bethlehem that tells why Bethlehem was important. Although it was a small town, King David was born there, and there was a prophecy that the Messiah would be born there. Alternate translation: "to Bethlehem, the city of King David" or "to Bethlehem, the town where King David was born" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 4 s7a7 διὰ αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυείδ 1 because he was of the house and family line of David "because Joseph was a descendant of David" +LUK 2 5 ktz2 ἀπογράψασθαι 1 to register This means to report to the officials there so they could include him in the count. Use a term for an official government count if possible. +LUK 2 5 t5as writing-participants σὺν Μαριὰμ 1 along with Mary Mary traveled with Joseph from Nazareth. It is likely that women were also taxed, so Mary would have needed to travel and be registered as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 2 5 ne7a τῇ ἐμνηστευμένῃ αὐτῷ 1 who was engaged to him "his fiancee" or "who was promised to him." An engaged couple was considered legally married, but there would not have been physical intimacy between them. LUK 2 6 ti1x translate-versebridge 0 General Information: The UST rearranges these verses into a verse bridge in order to keep together the details about the place they stayed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) LUK 2 6 yj96 0 Connecting Statement: This tells of the birth of Jesus and the announcement by the angels to the shepherds. -LUK 2 6 qw6j writing-newevent 0 Now it came about This phrase marks the beginning of the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 2 6 w4is 0 while they were there "while Mary and Joseph were in Bethlehem" -LUK 2 6 zr62 0 the time came for her to deliver her baby "it was time to give birth to her baby" -LUK 2 7 qq48 figs-explicit 0 wrapped him in long strips of cloth In some cultures mothers comfort their babies by wrapping them tightly in cloth or a blanket. Alternate translation: "wrapped cloths firmly around him" or "wrapped him tightly in a blanket" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 7 s97r 0 laid him in a manger This was some kind of box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. It was most likely clean and may have had something soft and dry like hay in it as a cushion for the baby. Animals were often kept near the home to keep them secure and to feed them easily. Mary and Joseph stayed in a room that was used for animals. -LUK 2 7 yj6j writing-background 0 there was no room for them in the inn "there was no space for them to stay in the guest room." This was probably because so many people went to Bethlehem to register. Luke adds this as background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 2 9 x1y4 0 An angel of the Lord "An angel from the Lord" or "An angel who served the Lord" -LUK 2 9 u2di 0 appeared to them "came to the shepherds" -LUK 2 9 ca2k 0 the glory of the Lord The source of the bright light was the glory of the Lord, which appeared at the same time as the angel. -LUK 2 10 hnr7 0 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid" -LUK 2 10 pw8t 0 that will bring great joy to all the people "that will make all the people very happy" -LUK 2 10 adz8 0 all the people Some understand this to refer to the Jewish people. Others understand it to refer to all people. -LUK 2 11 z9m2 0 the city of David This refers to Bethlehem. +LUK 2 6 qw6j writing-newevent δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it came about This phrase marks the beginning of the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 2 6 w4is ἐν τῷ αὐτοὺς εἶναι ἐκεῖ 1 while they were there "while Mary and Joseph were in Bethlehem" +LUK 2 6 zr62 αἱ ἡμέραι ἐπλήσθησαν αὐτήν τοῦ τεκεῖν 1 the time came for her to deliver her baby "it was time to give birth to her baby" +LUK 2 7 qq48 figs-explicit ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν ἐσπαργάνωσεν 1 wrapped him in long strips of cloth In some cultures mothers comfort their babies by wrapping them tightly in cloth or a blanket. Alternate translation: "wrapped cloths firmly around him" or "wrapped him tightly in a blanket" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 7 s97r ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν φάτνῃ 1 laid him in a manger This was some kind of box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. It was most likely clean and may have had something soft and dry like hay in it as a cushion for the baby. Animals were often kept near the home to keep them secure and to feed them easily. Mary and Joseph stayed in a room that was used for animals. +LUK 2 7 yj6j writing-background ἦν οὐκ τόπος αὐτοῖς ἐν τῷ καταλύματι 1 there was no room for them in the inn "there was no space for them to stay in the guest room." This was probably because so many people went to Bethlehem to register. Luke adds this as background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 2 9 x1y4 ἄγγελος Κυρίου 1 An angel of the Lord "An angel from the Lord" or "An angel who served the Lord" +LUK 2 9 u2di ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς 1 appeared to them "came to the shepherds" +LUK 2 9 ca2k δόξα Κυρίου 1 the glory of the Lord The source of the bright light was the glory of the Lord, which appeared at the same time as the angel. +LUK 2 10 hnr7 φοβεῖσθε μὴ φοβεῖσθε 1 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid" +LUK 2 10 pw8t ἥτις ἔσται μεγάλην χαρὰν παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 that will bring great joy to all the people "that will make all the people very happy" +LUK 2 10 adz8 παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 all the people Some understand this to refer to the Jewish people. Others understand it to refer to all people. +LUK 2 11 z9m2 πόλει Δαυείδ 1 the city of David This refers to Bethlehem. LUK 2 12 yj15 figs-activepassive 0 This is the sign that will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give you this sign" or "You will see this sign from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 12 snr9 0 the sign "the proof." This could either be a sign to prove that what the angel was saying was true, or it could be a sign that would help the shepherds recognize the baby. -LUK 2 12 xx57 figs-explicit 0 wrapped in strips of cloth This was the normal way that mothers protected and cared for their babies in that culture. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "wrapped firmly in a warm blanket" or "wrapped comfortably in a blanket" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 12 bua3 0 lying in a manger This was some kind of box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). +LUK 2 12 snr9 τὸ σημεῖον 1 the sign "the proof." This could either be a sign to prove that what the angel was saying was true, or it could be a sign that would help the shepherds recognize the baby. +LUK 2 12 xx57 figs-explicit ἐσπαργανωμένον 1 wrapped in strips of cloth This was the normal way that mothers protected and cared for their babies in that culture. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "wrapped firmly in a warm blanket" or "wrapped comfortably in a blanket" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 12 bua3 κείμενον ἐν φάτνῃ 1 lying in a manger This was some kind of box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). LUK 2 13 b54a figs-metaphor 0 a great multitude from heaven These words could refer to a literal army of angels, or it could be a metaphor for an organized group of angels. Alternate translation: "a large group of angels from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 2 13 e2gp 0 praising God "giving praise to God" -LUK 2 14 p1fm 0 Glory to God in the highest Possible meanings are 1) "Give honor to God in the highest place" or 2) "Give the highest honor to God." +LUK 2 13 e2gp αἰνούντων τὸν Θεὸν 1 praising God "giving praise to God" +LUK 2 14 p1fm δόξα Θεῷ ἐν ὑψίστοις 1 Glory to God in the highest Possible meanings are 1) "Give honor to God in the highest place" or 2) "Give the highest honor to God." LUK 2 14 y2b3 0 may there be peace on earth among people with whom he is pleased "may those people on earth with whom God is pleased have peace" -LUK 2 15 au2m 0 It came about This phrase is used to mark a shift in the story to what the shepherds did after the angels left. -LUK 2 15 t355 0 from them "from the shepherds" -LUK 2 15 r1mp 0 to each other "to one another" +LUK 2 15 au2m ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase is used to mark a shift in the story to what the shepherds did after the angels left. +LUK 2 15 t355 ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 from them "from the shepherds" +LUK 2 15 r1mp πρὸς ἀλλήλους 1 to each other "to one another" LUK 2 15 s4js figs-inclusive 0 Let us ... to us Since the shepherds were speaking to one another, languages that have inclusive forms for "we" and "us" should use the inclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -LUK 2 15 ps2r 0 Let us "We should" -LUK 2 15 b5xu 0 this thing that has happened This refers to the birth of the baby, and not to the appearance of the angels. -LUK 2 16 rdi2 0 lying in the manger A manger is a box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). -LUK 2 17 n2qz figs-activepassive 0 what had been said to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the angels had told the shepherds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 17 zr1i 0 this child "the baby" -LUK 2 18 vh9d figs-activepassive 0 what was spoken to them by the shepherds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the shepherds told them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 15 ps2r διέλθωμεν 1 Let us "We should" +LUK 2 15 b5xu τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ γεγονὸς 1 this thing that has happened This refers to the birth of the baby, and not to the appearance of the angels. +LUK 2 16 rdi2 κείμενον ἐν τῇ φάτνῃ 1 lying in the manger A manger is a box or frame that people put hay or other food in for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [Luke 2:7](../02/07.md). +LUK 2 17 n2qz figs-activepassive τοῦ ῥήματος τοῦ λαληθέντος αὐτοῖς 1 what had been said to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the angels had told the shepherds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 17 zr1i τούτου τοῦ παιδίου 1 this child "the baby" +LUK 2 18 vh9d figs-activepassive τῶν λαληθέντων πρὸς αὐτούς ὑπὸ τῶν ποιμένων 1 what was spoken to them by the shepherds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the shepherds told them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 2 19 reb7 figs-metaphor 0 treasuring them in her heart A person who thinks is something is very valuable or precious is "treasuring" it. Mary considered the things she was told about her son to be very precious. Alternate translation: "carefully remembering them" or "joyfully remembering them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 2 20 nqv7 0 shepherds returned "shepherds went back to the sheep" -LUK 2 20 c9x5 figs-doublet 0 glorifying and praising God These are very similar and emphasize how excited they were about what God had done. Alternate translation: "talking about and praising God's greatness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 2 20 nqv7 ποιμένες ὑπέστρεψαν 1 shepherds returned "shepherds went back to the sheep" +LUK 2 20 c9x5 figs-doublet δοξάζοντες καὶ αἰνοῦντες τὸν Θεὸν 1 glorifying and praising God These are very similar and emphasize how excited they were about what God had done. Alternate translation: "talking about and praising God's greatness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LUK 2 21 y6ih 0 General Information: The laws God gave the Jewish believers told them when to circumcise a boy baby and what sacrifice the parents had to bring. -LUK 2 21 ud24 writing-newevent 0 When it was the end of the eighth day This phrase shows the passing of time before this new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 2 21 b2k2 0 the end of the eighth day "the end of the eighth day of his life." The day he was born was counted as the first day. -LUK 2 21 u6sw 0 he was named Joseph and Mary gave him his name. +LUK 2 21 ud24 writing-newevent ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ ἡμέραι 1 When it was the end of the eighth day This phrase shows the passing of time before this new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 2 21 b2k2 ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ ἡμέραι 1 the end of the eighth day "the end of the eighth day of his life." The day he was born was counted as the first day. +LUK 2 21 u6sw αὐτόν περιτεμεῖν αὐτοῦ ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα 1 he was named Joseph and Mary gave him his name. LUK 2 21 km8b figs-activepassive 0 the name he had been given by the angel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the name the angel had called him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 2 22 a2t3 writing-newevent 0 When the required number ... had passed This shows the passing of time before this new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 2 22 q9yb figs-activepassive 0 the required number of days This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the number of days that God required" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 22 b65l figs-explicit 0 for their purification "for them to become ceremonially clean." You can also state God's role. Alternate translation: "for God to consider them to be clean again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 22 q9yb figs-activepassive αἱ ἡμέραι 1 the required number of days This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the number of days that God required" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 22 b65l figs-explicit τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ αὐτῶν τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ 1 for their purification "for them to become ceremonially clean." You can also state God's role. Alternate translation: "for God to consider them to be clean again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 2 22 lr25 0 to present him to the Lord "to bring him to the Lord" or "to bring him into the Lord's presence." This was a ceremony acknowledging God's claim on the firstborn children who were male. -LUK 2 23 vlb3 figs-activepassive 0 As it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As Moses wrote" or "They did this because Moses wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 23 lnn1 figs-idiom 0 Every male who opens the womb "open the womb" here is an idiom that refers to the first baby coming out of the womb. This referred to both animals and people. Alternate translation: "Every firstborn offspring who is a male" or "Every firstborn son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 2 24 ni3s 0 what was said in the law of the Lord "that which the law of the Lord also says." This is a different place in the law. It refers to all males, whether firstborn or not. +LUK 2 23 vlb3 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 As it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As Moses wrote" or "They did this because Moses wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 23 lnn1 figs-idiom πᾶν ἄρσεν διανοῖγον μήτραν 1 Every male who opens the womb "open the womb" here is an idiom that refers to the first baby coming out of the womb. This referred to both animals and people. Alternate translation: "Every firstborn offspring who is a male" or "Every firstborn son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 2 24 ni3s τὸ εἰρημένον ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Κυρίου 1 what was said in the law of the Lord "that which the law of the Lord also says." This is a different place in the law. It refers to all males, whether firstborn or not. LUK 2 25 st2e 0 Connecting Statement: When Mary and Joseph are at the temple, they meet two people: Simeon, who praises God and gives a prophecy about the child, and the prophetess Anna. -LUK 2 25 ytp9 writing-participants 0 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 2 25 ytp9 writing-participants ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 2 25 n263 0 was righteous and devout These abstract terms can be expressed as actions. Alternate translation: "did what was right and feared God" or "obeyed God's laws and feared God" -LUK 2 25 m5au figs-metonymy 0 consolation of Israel The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people of Israel. To "console" someone is to give them comfort, or "consolation." The words "consolation of Israel" are a metonym for the Christ or Messiah who would comfort or bring consolation to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "the one who would comfort the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 2 25 xxw9 0 the Holy Spirit was upon him "the Holy Spirit was with him." God was with him in a special way and gave him wisdom and direction in his life. -LUK 2 26 psf8 figs-activepassive 0 It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit had shown him" or "The Holy Spirit had told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 25 m5au figs-metonymy παράκλησιν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ 1 consolation of Israel The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people of Israel. To "console" someone is to give them comfort, or "consolation." The words "consolation of Israel" are a metonym for the Christ or Messiah who would comfort or bring consolation to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "the one who would comfort the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 2 25 xxw9 Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἦν ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 the Holy Spirit was upon him "the Holy Spirit was with him." God was with him in a special way and gave him wisdom and direction in his life. +LUK 2 26 psf8 figs-activepassive ἦν κεχρηματισμένον αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit had shown him" or "The Holy Spirit had told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 2 26 e6vu 0 he would not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ "he would see the Lord's Messiah before he died" -LUK 2 27 k53l figs-activepassive 0 Led by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As the Holy Spirit directed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 27 uqr6 0 came Some languages may say "went." -LUK 2 27 y8la figs-explicit 0 into the temple "into the temple courtyard." Only priests could enter the temple building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 27 wt3r 0 the parents "Jesus' parents" -LUK 2 27 h444 0 the custom of the law "the custom of the law of God" -LUK 2 28 y5g6 0 he took him into his arms "Simeon took the infant Jesus into his arms" or "Simeon held Jesus in his arms" -LUK 2 29 m6eg 0 Now let your servant depart in peace "I am your servant; let me depart in peace." Simeon was referring to himself. -LUK 2 29 g3wn figs-euphemism 0 depart This is a euphemism meaning "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -LUK 2 29 e8fk figs-metonymy 0 according to your word "Word" here is a metonym for "promise." Alternate translation: "as you have promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 2 30 b7i6 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes have seen This expression means, "I have personally seen" or "I, myself, have seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 2 30 ekw3 figs-metonymy 0 your salvation This expression refers to the person who would bring salvation—the infant Jesus—whom Simeon was holding. Alternate translation: "the savior whom you sent" or "the one whom you sent to save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 2 31 zv1j 0 which you Depending on how you translate the previous phrase, this may need to be changed to "whom you." -LUK 2 31 qa1y 0 have prepared "have planned" or "caused to happen" -LUK 2 32 n4k3 figs-metaphor 0 A light for revelation to the Gentiles This metaphor means that the child will help people to understand God's will. The Gentiles understanding God's will is spoken of as if it were people using physical light to see a solid object. You may need to make explicit what it is that the Gentiles will see. Alternate translation: "This child will enable the Gentiles to understand God's will as light allows people to see clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 32 s5lu figs-explicit 0 for revelation It may be necessary to state what is to be revealed. Alternate translation: "that will reveal God's truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 32 ur8y 0 glory to your people Israel "he will be the reason that glory will come to your people Israel" -LUK 2 33 pp9f figs-activepassive 0 what was said about him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Simeon said about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 34 xly1 0 said to Mary his mother "said to the child's mother, Mary." Make sure it does not sound like Mary is the mother of Simeon. -LUK 2 34 p2cy 0 Behold Simeon used this expression to tell Mary that what he is about to say is extremely important to her. -LUK 2 34 rs67 figs-metaphor 0 this child is appointed for the downfall and rising up of many people in Israel The words "downfall" and "rising up" express turning away from God and drawing closer to God. Alternate translation: "this child will cause many people in Israel to fall away from God or to rise closer to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 35 hak5 figs-metonymy 0 the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he may reveal the thoughts of many people" or "he may reveal what many people secretly think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 27 k53l figs-activepassive ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι 1 Led by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As the Holy Spirit directed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 27 uqr6 ἦλθεν 1 came Some languages may say "went." +LUK 2 27 y8la figs-explicit εἰς τὸ ἱερόν 1 into the temple "into the temple courtyard." Only priests could enter the temple building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 27 wt3r τοὺς γονεῖς 1 the parents "Jesus' parents" +LUK 2 27 h444 τὸ εἰθισμένον τοῦ νόμου 1 the custom of the law "the custom of the law of God" +LUK 2 28 y5g6 αὐτὸς ἐδέξατο αὐτὸ εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας 1 he took him into his arms "Simeon took the infant Jesus into his arms" or "Simeon held Jesus in his arms" +LUK 2 29 m6eg νῦν ἀπολύεις σου τὸν δοῦλόν ἀπολύεις ἐν εἰρήνῃ 1 Now let your servant depart in peace "I am your servant; let me depart in peace." Simeon was referring to himself. +LUK 2 29 g3wn figs-euphemism ἀπολύεις 1 depart This is a euphemism meaning "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +LUK 2 29 e8fk figs-metonymy κατὰ σου τὸ ῥῆμά 1 according to your word "Word" here is a metonym for "promise." Alternate translation: "as you have promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 2 30 b7i6 figs-synecdoche μου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί εἶδον 1 my eyes have seen This expression means, "I have personally seen" or "I, myself, have seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 2 30 ekw3 figs-metonymy σου τὸ σωτήριόν 1 your salvation This expression refers to the person who would bring salvation—the infant Jesus—whom Simeon was holding. Alternate translation: "the savior whom you sent" or "the one whom you sent to save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 2 31 zv1j ὃ ἡτοίμασας 1 which you Depending on how you translate the previous phrase, this may need to be changed to "whom you." +LUK 2 31 qa1y ἡτοίμασας 1 have prepared "have planned" or "caused to happen" +LUK 2 32 n4k3 figs-metaphor φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν 1 A light for revelation to the Gentiles This metaphor means that the child will help people to understand God's will. The Gentiles understanding God's will is spoken of as if it were people using physical light to see a solid object. You may need to make explicit what it is that the Gentiles will see. Alternate translation: "This child will enable the Gentiles to understand God's will as light allows people to see clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 32 s5lu figs-explicit εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν 1 for revelation It may be necessary to state what is to be revealed. Alternate translation: "that will reveal God's truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 32 ur8y δόξαν λαοῦ σου λαοῦ Ἰσραήλ 1 glory to your people Israel "he will be the reason that glory will come to your people Israel" +LUK 2 33 pp9f figs-activepassive τοῖς λαλουμένοις περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 what was said about him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Simeon said about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 34 xly1 εἶπεν πρὸς Μαριὰμ αὐτοῦ τὴν μητέρα 1 said to Mary his mother "said to the child's mother, Mary." Make sure it does not sound like Mary is the mother of Simeon. +LUK 2 34 p2cy ἰδοὺ 1 Behold Simeon used this expression to tell Mary that what he is about to say is extremely important to her. +LUK 2 34 rs67 figs-metaphor οὗτος κεῖται εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀνάστασιν πολλῶν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 this child is appointed for the downfall and rising up of many people in Israel The words "downfall" and "rising up" express turning away from God and drawing closer to God. Alternate translation: "this child will cause many people in Israel to fall away from God or to rise closer to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 2 35 hak5 figs-metonymy διαλογισμοί ἐκ πολλῶν καρδιῶν ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν 1 the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he may reveal the thoughts of many people" or "he may reveal what many people secretly think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 2 36 kd1y writing-participants 0 A prophetess named Anna was there This introduces a new participant into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 2 36 c7wx translate-names 0 Phanuel This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 2 36 h4ql translate-numbers 0 seven years "7 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 2 36 b9xe 0 after her virginity "after she married him" -LUK 2 37 byk6 translate-numbers 0 a widow for eighty-four years Possible meanings are 1) she had been a widow for 84 years or 2) she was a widow and was now 84 years old. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 2 37 f2lt figs-hyperbole 0 never left the temple This is probably an exaggeration meaning that she spent so much time in the temple that it seemed as though she never left it. Alternate translation: "was always at the temple" or "was often at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 2 37 a1cg 0 with fastings and prayers "by abstaining from food on many occasions and by offering many prayers" +LUK 2 36 c7wx translate-names Φανουήλ 1 Phanuel This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 2 36 h4ql translate-numbers ἑπτὰ ἔτη 1 seven years "7 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 2 36 b9xe ἀπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς παρθενίας 1 after her virginity "after she married him" +LUK 2 37 byk6 translate-numbers χήρα ἕως ὀγδοήκοντα- τεσσάρων ἐτῶν 1 a widow for eighty-four years Possible meanings are 1) she had been a widow for 84 years or 2) she was a widow and was now 84 years old. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 2 37 f2lt figs-hyperbole οὐκ ἀφίστατο τοῦ ἱεροῦ 1 never left the temple This is probably an exaggeration meaning that she spent so much time in the temple that it seemed as though she never left it. Alternate translation: "was always at the temple" or "was often at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 2 37 a1cg νηστείαις καὶ δεήσεσιν 1 with fastings and prayers "by abstaining from food on many occasions and by offering many prayers" LUK 2 38 c9e4 0 came near to them "approached them" or "went to Mary and Joseph" -LUK 2 38 q1ak figs-metonymy 0 the redemption of Jerusalem Here the word "redemption" is used to refer to the person who would do it. Alternate translation: "the one who would redeem Jerusalem" or "the person who would bring God's blessings and favor back to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 2 38 q1ak figs-metonymy λύτρωσιν Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 the redemption of Jerusalem Here the word "redemption" is used to refer to the person who would do it. Alternate translation: "the one who would redeem Jerusalem" or "the person who would bring God's blessings and favor back to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 2 39 xmw8 0 Connecting Statement: Mary, Joseph, and Jesus leave the town of Bethlehem and return to the city of Nazareth for his childhood. LUK 2 39 pk9z figs-activepassive 0 they were required to do according to the law of the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the law of the Lord required them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 2 39 g5vg figs-explicit 0 their own town of Nazareth This phrase means they lived in Nazareth. Make sure it does not sound like they owned the town. Alternate translation: "the town of Nazareth, where they lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 40 qm1q 0 increasing in wisdom "becoming more wise" or "learning what was wise" -LUK 2 40 xr2p 0 the grace of God was upon him "God blessed him" or "God was with him in a special way" +LUK 2 39 g5vg figs-explicit ἑαυτῶν πόλιν Ναζαρέτ 1 their own town of Nazareth This phrase means they lived in Nazareth. Make sure it does not sound like they owned the town. Alternate translation: "the town of Nazareth, where they lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 40 qm1q πληρούμενον σοφίᾳ 1 increasing in wisdom "becoming more wise" or "learning what was wise" +LUK 2 40 xr2p χάρις Θεοῦ ἦν ἐπ’ αὐτό 1 the grace of God was upon him "God blessed him" or "God was with him in a special way" LUK 2 41 eg4f 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus is 12 years old, he goes to Jerusalem with his family. While he is there, he asks and answers questions of the temple teachers. LUK 2 41 h6fr writing-background 0 His parents went ... Festival of the Passover This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 2 41 q3f4 0 His parents "Jesus' parents" -LUK 2 42 f7e7 0 they again went up Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. -LUK 2 42 d52y 0 at the customary time "at the normal time" or "as they did every year" -LUK 2 42 g8aa 0 the feast This was another name for the Festival of the Passover, since it involved eating a ceremonial meal. +LUK 2 41 q3f4 αὐτοῦ οἱ γονεῖς 1 His parents "Jesus' parents" +LUK 2 42 f7e7 αὐτῶν ἀναβαινόντων 1 they again went up Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. +LUK 2 42 d52y κατὰ τὸ ἔθος 1 at the customary time "at the normal time" or "as they did every year" +LUK 2 42 g8aa τῆς ἑορτῆς 1 the feast This was another name for the Festival of the Passover, since it involved eating a ceremonial meal. LUK 2 43 e5en 0 After they had stayed the full number of days for the feast "When the entire time for celebrating the feast was over" or "After celebrating the feast for the required number of days" -LUK 2 44 y77i 0 They assumed "They thought" -LUK 2 44 jcz4 0 they traveled a day's journey "they traveled one day" or "they went as far as people walk in one day" -LUK 2 46 llz4 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -LUK 2 46 yy11 figs-explicit 0 in the temple This refers to the courtyard around the temple. Only the priests were allowed in the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 2 46 n1tl 0 in the middle of This does not mean the exact center. Rather, it means "among" or "together with" or "surrounded by." -LUK 2 46 fzz6 0 the teachers "the religious teachers" or "those who taught people about God" -LUK 2 47 y1i2 0 All who heard him were amazed They could not understand how a twelve-year-old boy with no religious education could answer so well. -LUK 2 47 pgu4 0 at his understanding "at how much he understood" or "that he understood so much about God" -LUK 2 47 c8z3 0 his answers "at how well he answered them" or "that he answered their questions so well" -LUK 2 48 llk9 0 When they saw him "When Mary and Joseph found Jesus" -LUK 2 48 f1ry figs-rquestion 0 why have you treated us this way? This was an indirect rebuke because he had not gone with them on the way back home. This caused them to worry about him. Alternate translation: "you should not have done this to us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 2 48 w361 0 Look This word is often used to show the beginning of a new or important event. It also can be used to show where the action begins. If your language has a phrase that is used in this way, consider whether it would be natural to use it here. -LUK 2 49 r8eh figs-rquestion 0 Why were you searching for me? Jesus uses two questions to mildly rebuke his parents, and to begin to tell them that he had a purpose from his heavenly Father that they did not understand. Alternate translation: "You did not need to be concerned about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 2 44 y77i νομίσαντες 1 They assumed "They thought" +LUK 2 44 jcz4 ἦλθον ἡμέρας' ἡμέρας ὁδὸν 1 they traveled a day's journey "they traveled one day" or "they went as far as people walk in one day" +LUK 2 46 llz4 ἐγένετο 1 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +LUK 2 46 yy11 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple This refers to the courtyard around the temple. Only the priests were allowed in the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 2 46 n1tl ἐν μέσῳ τῶν 1 in the middle of This does not mean the exact center. Rather, it means "among" or "together with" or "surrounded by." +LUK 2 46 fzz6 μέσῳ τῶν διδασκάλων 1 the teachers "the religious teachers" or "those who taught people about God" +LUK 2 47 y1i2 πάντες οἱ ἀκούοντες αὐτοῦ ἐξίσταντο 1 All who heard him were amazed They could not understand how a twelve-year-old boy with no religious education could answer so well. +LUK 2 47 pgu4 ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει 1 at his understanding "at how much he understood" or "that he understood so much about God" +LUK 2 47 c8z3 αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν 1 his answers "at how well he answered them" or "that he answered their questions so well" +LUK 2 48 llk9 ἰδόντες αὐτὸν 1 When they saw him "When Mary and Joseph found Jesus" +LUK 2 48 f1ry figs-rquestion τί ἐποίησας ἡμῖν οὕτως? 1 why have you treated us this way? This was an indirect rebuke because he had not gone with them on the way back home. This caused them to worry about him. Alternate translation: "you should not have done this to us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 2 48 w361 ἰδοὺ 1 Look This word is often used to show the beginning of a new or important event. It also can be used to show where the action begins. If your language has a phrase that is used in this way, consider whether it would be natural to use it here. +LUK 2 49 r8eh figs-rquestion τί ἐζητεῖτέ με? 1 Why were you searching for me? Jesus uses two questions to mildly rebuke his parents, and to begin to tell them that he had a purpose from his heavenly Father that they did not understand. Alternate translation: "You did not need to be concerned about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 2 49 va82 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not know ... business? Jesus uses this second question to try to say that his parents should have known about the purpose for which his Father sent him. Alternate translation: "You should have known ... business" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 2 49 p6aj 0 about my Father's business Possible meanings are 1) Jesus meant these words literally, to indicate that he was doing the work that his Father had given him, or 2) these words are an idiom that indicate where Jesus was, "in my Father's house." Since the next verse says that his parents did not understand what he was telling them, it would be best not to explain it more. -LUK 2 49 n76z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father's business At age 12, Jesus, the Son of God, understood that God was his real Father (not Joseph, Mary's husband). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 2 49 p6aj ἐν μου τοῦ πατρός' τοῖς 1 about my Father's business Possible meanings are 1) Jesus meant these words literally, to indicate that he was doing the work that his Father had given him, or 2) these words are an idiom that indicate where Jesus was, "in my Father's house." Since the next verse says that his parents did not understand what he was telling them, it would be best not to explain it more. +LUK 2 49 n76z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ πατρός' τοῖς 1 my Father's business At age 12, Jesus, the Son of God, understood that God was his real Father (not Joseph, Mary's husband). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) LUK 2 51 h2i9 0 he went back home with them "Jesus went back home with Mary and Joseph" -LUK 2 51 zl2q 0 was obedient to them "obeyed them" or "was always obeying them" -LUK 2 51 ceu3 figs-metonymy 0 treasured all these things in her heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "carefully remembered all these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 2 52 gb25 0 grow in wisdom and stature "become wiser and stronger." These refer to mental and physical growth. +LUK 2 51 zl2q ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος αὐτοῖς 1 was obedient to them "obeyed them" or "was always obeying them" +LUK 2 51 ceu3 figs-metonymy διετήρει πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν αὐτῆς τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 treasured all these things in her heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "carefully remembered all these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 2 52 gb25 προέκοπτεν τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ 1 grow in wisdom and stature "become wiser and stronger." These refer to mental and physical growth. LUK 2 52 y5qk 0 increased in favor with God and people This refers to spiritual and social growth. These could be stated separately. Alternate translation: "God blessed him more and more, and people liked him more and more" LUK 3 intro tkg5 0 # Luke 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:4-6, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Justice
John's instructions to the soldiers and tax collectors in this chapter are not complicated. They are things that should have been obvious to them. He instructed them to live justly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [Luke 3:12-15](./12.md))

##### Genealogy
A genealogy is a list which records a person's ancestors or descendants. Such lists were very important in determining who had the right be king, because the king's authority was usually passed down or inherited from his father. It was also common for other important people to have a recorded genealogy.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Prophecy often involves the use of metaphors to express its meaning. Spiritual discernment is needed for proper interpretation of the prophecy. The prophecy of Isaiah is an extended metaphor describing the ministry of John the Baptist ([Luke 3:4-6](./04.md)). Translation is difficult. It is suggested that the translator treat each line of the ULT as a separate metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "(Herod) had John locked up in prison"
This event can cause confusion because the author says John was imprisoned and then says he was baptizing Jesus. The author probably uses this phrase in anticipation of Herod's imprisonment of John. This would mean that this statement is still in the future at the time of the narrative.
LUK 3 1 rk9i 0 General Information: These verses give background information to tell what is happening when Jesus' cousin John begins his ministry. LUK 3 1 m1zu 0 Connecting Statement: As the prophet Isaiah had foretold, John begins to preach good news to the people. LUK 3 1 v22w translate-names 0 Philip ... Lysanias These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 3 1 uv8h translate-names 0 Ituraea and Trachonitis ... Abilene These are names of territories. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 2 d3m8 0 during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas "while Annas and Caiaphas were serving together as the high priest." Annas was the high priest, and the Jews continued to recognize him as such even after the Romans appointed his son-in-law, Caiaphas, to replace him as high priest. -LUK 3 2 dg8p figs-metaphor 0 the word of God came The writer speaks of God's message as though it were a person who moved toward those who heard it. Alternate translation: "God spoke his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 3 3 w2pu figs-abstractnouns 0 preaching a baptism of repentance The terms "baptism" and "repentance" could be stated as actions. Alternate translation: "and he preached that people should be baptized to show that they were repenting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 3 3 cnm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 for the forgiveness of sins They would repent so that God would forgive their sins. The term "forgiveness" can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "so that their sins would be forgiven" or "so that God would forgive their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 3 2 d3m8 ἐπὶ ἀρχιερέως Ἅννα καὶ Καϊάφα 1 during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas "while Annas and Caiaphas were serving together as the high priest." Annas was the high priest, and the Jews continued to recognize him as such even after the Romans appointed his son-in-law, Caiaphas, to replace him as high priest. +LUK 3 2 dg8p figs-metaphor ῥῆμα Θεοῦ ἐγένετο 1 the word of God came The writer speaks of God's message as though it were a person who moved toward those who heard it. Alternate translation: "God spoke his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 3 3 w2pu figs-abstractnouns κηρύσσων βάπτισμα μετανοίας 1 preaching a baptism of repentance The terms "baptism" and "repentance" could be stated as actions. Alternate translation: "and he preached that people should be baptized to show that they were repenting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 3 3 cnm1 figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 for the forgiveness of sins They would repent so that God would forgive their sins. The term "forgiveness" can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "so that their sins would be forgiven" or "so that God would forgive their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 3 4 e1k1 0 General Information: The author, Luke, quotes a passage from Isaiah the prophet concerning John the Baptist. -LUK 3 4 zf6m figs-activepassive 0 As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet These words introduce a quotation from the prophet Isaiah. They can be stated in active form, and the missing words can be supplied. Alternate translation: "This happened as Isaiah the prophet had written in the book that contains his words" or "John fulfilled the message that the prophet Isaiah had written in his book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 3 4 b86g 0 A voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" -LUK 3 4 rzv1 0 Make ready the way of the Lord, make his paths straight The second command explains or adds more detail to the first. -LUK 3 4 h9xl figs-metaphor 0 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents preparing to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 3 4 v967 0 the way "the path" or "the road" +LUK 3 4 zf6m figs-activepassive ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου 1 As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet These words introduce a quotation from the prophet Isaiah. They can be stated in active form, and the missing words can be supplied. Alternate translation: "This happened as Isaiah the prophet had written in the book that contains his words" or "John fulfilled the message that the prophet Isaiah had written in his book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 3 4 b86g φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 A voice of one calling out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" +LUK 3 4 rzv1 ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, ποιεῖτε αὐτοῦ τὰς τρίβους εὐθείας 1 Make ready the way of the Lord, make his paths straight The second command explains or adds more detail to the first. +LUK 3 4 h9xl figs-metaphor ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου 1 Make ready the way of the Lord "Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents preparing to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 4 v967 τὴν ὁδὸν 1 the way "the path" or "the road" LUK 3 5 wk8m figs-metaphor 0 Every valley will be filled ... every mountain and hill will be made low When people prepare the road for an important person who is coming, they cut down the high places and fill in the low places so that the road will be level. This is part of the metaphor started in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 3 5 e52x figs-activepassive 0 Every valley will be filled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They will fill in every low place in the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 3 5 s66m figs-activepassive 0 every mountain and hill will be made low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will level every mountain and hill" or "they will remove every high place in the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 3 6 du1b figs-abstractnouns 0 see the salvation of God This can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "learn how God saves people from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 3 7 sxn9 figs-activepassive 0 to be baptized by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for John to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 3 7 b724 figs-metaphor 0 You offspring of vipers This is a metaphor. Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are poisonous snakes that are dangerous and represent evil. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "You are evil, like poisonous snakes (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 3 5 e52x figs-activepassive πᾶσα φάραγξ πληρωθήσεται 1 Every valley will be filled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They will fill in every low place in the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 5 s66m figs-activepassive πᾶν ὄρος καὶ βουνὸς ταπεινωθήσεται 1 every mountain and hill will be made low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will level every mountain and hill" or "they will remove every high place in the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 6 du1b figs-abstractnouns ὄψεται τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 see the salvation of God This can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "learn how God saves people from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 3 7 sxn9 figs-activepassive βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 to be baptized by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for John to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 7 b724 figs-metaphor γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν 1 You offspring of vipers This is a metaphor. Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are poisonous snakes that are dangerous and represent evil. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "You are evil, like poisonous snakes (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 3 7 mcq5 figs-rquestion 0 Who warned you ... coming? He was not really expecting them to answer. John was rebuking the people because they were asking him to baptize them so that God would not punish them, but they did not want to stop sinning. Alternate translation: "You cannot flee from God's wrath like this!" or "You cannot escape from God's wrath just by being baptized!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 3 7 g7tw figs-metonymy 0 from the wrath that is coming The word "wrath" is used here to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "from the punishment that God is sending" or "from God's wrath on which he is about to act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 7 g7tw figs-metonymy ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς μελλούσης 1 from the wrath that is coming The word "wrath" is used here to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "from the punishment that God is sending" or "from God's wrath on which he is about to act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 3 8 pz16 figs-metaphor 0 produce fruits that are worthy of repentance In this metaphor, a person's behavior is compared to fruit. Just as a plant is expected to produce fruit that is appropriate for that kind of plant, a person who says that he has repented is expected to live righteously. Alternate translation: "produce the kind of fruit that shows that you have repented" or "do the good things that show that you have turned away from your sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 3 8 uqz3 0 to say within yourselves "saying to yourselves" or "thinking" -LUK 3 8 pft3 figs-explicit 0 We have Abraham for our father "Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are Abraham's descendants." If it is unclear why they would say this, you may also add the implied information: "so God will not punish us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 3 8 gbp2 0 raise up children for Abraham "create children for Abraham" -LUK 3 8 pi82 0 from these stones John was probably referring to the actual stones along the Jordan River. -LUK 3 9 r5pa figs-activepassive 0 the ax is set against the root of the trees The ax that is in position so it can cut the roots of a tree is a metaphor for the punishment that is about to begin. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is like the man who has placed his ax against the root of the trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 3 8 uqz3 λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 to say within yourselves "saying to yourselves" or "thinking" +LUK 3 8 pft3 figs-explicit ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ πατέρα 1 We have Abraham for our father "Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are Abraham's descendants." If it is unclear why they would say this, you may also add the implied information: "so God will not punish us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 8 gbp2 ἐγεῖραι τέκνα τῷ Ἀβραάμ 1 raise up children for Abraham "create children for Abraham" +LUK 3 8 pi82 ἐκ τούτων τῶν λίθων 1 from these stones John was probably referring to the actual stones along the Jordan River. +LUK 3 9 r5pa figs-activepassive ἡ ἀξίνη κεῖται πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων 1 the ax is set against the root of the trees The ax that is in position so it can cut the roots of a tree is a metaphor for the punishment that is about to begin. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is like the man who has placed his ax against the root of the trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 3 9 l8it figs-activepassive 0 every tree ... is chopped down and thrown into the fire "fire" here is a metaphor for punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he chops down every tree ... and throws it into the fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 3 10 yf3b 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to respond to questions that people in the crowd ask him. -LUK 3 10 ak6i 0 asking him, saying "asking him and said" or "asking John" +LUK 3 10 ak6i ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν, λέγοντες 1 asking him, saying "asking him and said" or "asking John" LUK 3 11 g3ip 0 answered and said to them "answered them, saying" or "answered them" or "said" -LUK 3 11 vuk3 figs-ellipsis 0 do the same "share extra food just as you shared the extra tunic." This refers back to giving food to those in need. Alternate translation: "give food to someone who does not have any" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 3 12 pp3s figs-activepassive 0 to be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for John to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 11 vuk3 figs-ellipsis ποιείτω ὁμοίως 1 do the same "share extra food just as you shared the extra tunic." This refers back to giving food to those in need. Alternate translation: "give food to someone who does not have any" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 3 12 pp3s figs-activepassive βαπτισθῆναι 1 to be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for John to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 3 13 v9ls 0 Do not collect more money "Do not ask for more money" or "Do not demand more money." Tax collectors had been collecting more money than they should have been collecting. John tells them to stop doing that. -LUK 3 13 m136 figs-activepassive 0 than you have been ordered to collect This is passive to show that the tax collector's authority comes from Rome. Alternate translation: "than what the Romans have authorized you to take" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 13 m136 figs-activepassive τὸ διατεταγμένον ὑμῖν τὸ διατεταγμένον πράσσετε 1 than you have been ordered to collect This is passive to show that the tax collector's authority comes from Rome. Alternate translation: "than what the Romans have authorized you to take" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 3 14 w2d8 figs-exclusive 0 What about us? What must we do? "How about us soldiers, what must we do?" John is not included in the words "us" and "we." The soldiers have implied that John had told the crowd and the tax collector what they must do and want to know what they as soldiers are to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) LUK 3 14 l3mz 0 do not accuse anyone falsely It seems that the soldiers were making false charges against people in order to get money. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "in the same way, do not accuse anyone falsely in order to get money from them" or "do not say that an innocent person has done something illegal" -LUK 3 14 bvy5 0 Be content with your wages "Be satisfied with your pay" -LUK 3 15 pgp3 0 as the people "because the people." This refers to the same people who came to John. -LUK 3 15 czb7 0 everyone was wondering in their hearts concerning John, whether he might be the Christ. "everyone was unsure what to think about John; they asked themselves, 'Could he be the Christ?'" or "no one was sure what to think about John because they were wondering whether he might be the Christ." -LUK 3 16 fn1u figs-explicit 0 John answered by saying to them all John's answer about a greater person coming clearly implies that John is not the Christ. It may be helpful to state this clearly for your audience. Alternate translation: "John clarified that he was not the Christ by saying to them all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 3 16 wj3h 0 I baptize you with water "I baptize using water" or "I baptize by means of water" +LUK 3 14 bvy5 ἀρκεῖσθε τοῖς ὀψωνίοις ὑμῶν τοῖς ὀψωνίοις 1 Be content with your wages "Be satisfied with your pay" +LUK 3 15 pgp3 δὲ τοῦ λαοῦ 1 as the people "because the people." This refers to the same people who came to John. +LUK 3 15 czb7 πάντων διαλογιζομένων ἐν αὐτῶν ταῖς καρδίαις περὶ τοῦ Ἰωάννου, μήποτε αὐτὸς εἴη ὁ Χριστός. 1 everyone was wondering in their hearts concerning John, whether he might be the Christ. "everyone was unsure what to think about John; they asked themselves, 'Could he be the Christ?'" or "no one was sure what to think about John because they were wondering whether he might be the Christ." +LUK 3 16 fn1u figs-explicit ὁ Ἰωάννης ἀπεκρίνατο λέγων πᾶσιν 1 John answered by saying to them all John's answer about a greater person coming clearly implies that John is not the Christ. It may be helpful to state this clearly for your audience. Alternate translation: "John clarified that he was not the Christ by saying to them all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 16 wj3h βαπτίζω ὑμᾶς ὕδατι 1 I baptize you with water "I baptize using water" or "I baptize by means of water" LUK 3 16 k3hg 0 not worthy even to untie the strap of his sandals "not important enough even to loosen the straps of his sandals." Untying the straps of sandals was a duty of a slave. John was saying that the one who would come is so great that John was not even worthy enough to be his slave. -LUK 3 16 jjp1 figs-metaphor 0 He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire This metaphor compares literal baptism that brings a person into contact with water to a spiritual baptism that brings them into contact with the Holy Spirit and with fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 3 16 c1an figs-metaphor 0 fire Here the word "fire" may refer to 1) judgment or 2) purification. It is preferred to leave it as "fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 3 16 jjp1 figs-metaphor αὐτὸς βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι καὶ πυρί 1 He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire This metaphor compares literal baptism that brings a person into contact with water to a spiritual baptism that brings them into contact with the Holy Spirit and with fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 3 16 c1an figs-metaphor πυρί 1 fire Here the word "fire" may refer to 1) judgment or 2) purification. It is preferred to leave it as "fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 3 17 jzm4 figs-metaphor 0 His winnowing fork is in his hand "He is holding a winnowing fork because he is ready." John speaks of the Christ coming to judge people as if he were a farmer who is ready to separate wheat grain from chaff. Alternate translation: "He is ready to judge people like a farmer who is ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 3 17 b1ap 0 winnowing fork This is a tool for tossing wheat into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. It is similar to a pitchfork. -LUK 3 17 gf8n 0 to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor The threshing floor was the place where wheat was stacked in preparation for threshing. To "clear off" the floor is to finish threshing the grain. Alternate translation: "to finish threshing his grain" -LUK 3 17 gt3q 0 to gather the wheat The wheat is the acceptable harvest that is kept and stored. -LUK 3 17 ky8j 0 will burn up the chaff The chaff is not useful for anything, so people burn it up. +LUK 3 17 b1ap τὸ πτύον 1 winnowing fork This is a tool for tossing wheat into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. It is similar to a pitchfork. +LUK 3 17 gf8n διακαθᾶραι αὐτοῦ τὴν ἅλωνα 1 to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor The threshing floor was the place where wheat was stacked in preparation for threshing. To "clear off" the floor is to finish threshing the grain. Alternate translation: "to finish threshing his grain" +LUK 3 17 gt3q συναγαγεῖν τὸν σῖτον 1 to gather the wheat The wheat is the acceptable harvest that is kept and stored. +LUK 3 17 ky8j κατακαύσει τὸ ἄχυρον 1 will burn up the chaff The chaff is not useful for anything, so people burn it up. LUK 3 18 vpz7 writing-background 0 General Information: The story tells what is going to happen to John but has not happened at this time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 3 18 tyj9 0 With many other exhortations "With many other strong urgings" -LUK 3 19 jj3q 0 Herod the tetrarch Herod was a tetrarch, not a king. He had only limited rule over the region of Galilee. -LUK 3 19 cu4v figs-explicit 0 for marrying his brother's wife Herodias "because Herod married Herodias, his own brother's wife." This was evil because Herod's brother was still alive. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "because he married his brother's wife, Herodias, while his brother was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 3 20 p2xw figs-explicit 0 he locked John up in prison Because Herod was tetrarch, he probably locked John up by ordering his soldiers to lock John up. Alternate translation: "he had his soldiers lock John up in prison" or "he told his soldiers to put John in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 19 jj3q ὁ δὲ Ἡρῴδης ὁ τετράρχης 1 Herod the tetrarch Herod was a tetrarch, not a king. He had only limited rule over the region of Galilee. +LUK 3 19 cu4v figs-explicit περὶ Ἡρῳδιάδος αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ' τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τῆς γυναικὸς περὶ Ἡρῳδιάδος 1 for marrying his brother's wife Herodias "because Herod married Herodias, his own brother's wife." This was evil because Herod's brother was still alive. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "because he married his brother's wife, Herodias, while his brother was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 20 p2xw figs-explicit κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην κατέκλεισεν ἐν φυλακῇ 1 he locked John up in prison Because Herod was tetrarch, he probably locked John up by ordering his soldiers to lock John up. Alternate translation: "he had his soldiers lock John up in prison" or "he told his soldiers to put John in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 3 21 st4g figs-events 0 General Information: The previous verse says that Herod put John in prison. It might be helpful to make it clear that the account starting in verse 21 happened before John was arrested. The UST does this by starting verse 21 with "But before John was put in prison." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) LUK 3 21 his1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins his ministry with his baptism. -LUK 3 21 phe6 writing-newevent 0 Now it came about This phrase marks the beginning of a new event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 3 21 r2x1 figs-activepassive 0 when all the people were baptized "while John baptized all the people." The phrase "all the people" refers to the people present with John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 3 21 phe6 writing-newevent δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it came about This phrase marks the beginning of a new event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 3 21 r2x1 figs-activepassive βαπτισθῆναι ἅπαντα τὸν λαὸν βαπτισθῆναι 1 when all the people were baptized "while John baptized all the people." The phrase "all the people" refers to the people present with John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 3 21 nw1s figs-activepassive 0 Jesus also was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized Jesus also" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 3 21 i5zg 0 the heavens opened "the sky opened" or "the sky became open." This is more than a simple clearing of clouds, but it's not clear what it means. It possibly means that a hole appeared in the sky. -LUK 3 22 b1iz 0 the Holy Spirit in bodily form came down on him like a dove "in physical form the Holy Spirit came down like a dove onto Jesus" -LUK 3 22 q2yh figs-metonymy 0 a voice came from heaven Here "a voice came from heaven" represents people on earth hearing God in heaven speaking. It can be made clear that God spoke to Jesus. Alternate translation: "a voice from heaven said" or "God spoke to Jesus from heaven, saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 3 22 h7tn guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 3 21 i5zg τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳχθῆναι 1 the heavens opened "the sky opened" or "the sky became open." This is more than a simple clearing of clouds, but it's not clear what it means. It possibly means that a hole appeared in the sky. +LUK 3 22 b1iz τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα σωματικῷ εἴδει καταβῆναι ἐπ’ αὐτόν ὡς περιστερὰν 1 the Holy Spirit in bodily form came down on him like a dove "in physical form the Holy Spirit came down like a dove onto Jesus" +LUK 3 22 q2yh figs-metonymy φωνὴν γενέσθαι ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 a voice came from heaven Here "a voice came from heaven" represents people on earth hearing God in heaven speaking. It can be made clear that God spoke to Jesus. Alternate translation: "a voice from heaven said" or "God spoke to Jesus from heaven, saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 3 22 h7tn guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Υἱός 1 my Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) LUK 3 23 e9wd 0 General Information: Luke lists the ancestors of Jesus through the line of his supposed father, Joseph. -LUK 3 23 uvm3 writing-background 0 When This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 3 23 d3sh translate-numbers 0 thirty years of age "30 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 3 23 z2xa 0 He was the son (as it was assumed) of Joseph "It was thought that he was the son of Joseph" or "People assumed that he was the son of Joseph" -LUK 3 24 f8pm translate-names 0 the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph This continues the list that begins with the words "He was the son ... of Joseph, the son of Heli" in verse 24. Consider how people normally list ancestors in your language. You should use the same wording throughout the whole list. Possible formats are 1) "He was the son ... of Joseph, the son of Heli, who was the son of Matthat, who was the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph" or 2) "He was the son ... of Joseph. Joseph was the son of Heli. Heli was the son of Matthat. Matthat was the son of Levi. Levi was the son of Melchi. Melchi was the son of Jannai. Jannai was the son of Joseph" or 3) "His father ... was Joseph. Joseph's father was Heli. Heli's father was Matthat. Matthat's father was Levi. Levi's father was Melchi. Melchi's father was Jannai. Jannai's father was Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 25 xdc5 translate-names 0 the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos ... Naggai This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 26 vt9z translate-names 0 the son of Maath ... Joda This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 23 uvm3 writing-background καὶ 1 When This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 3 23 d3sh translate-numbers τριάκοντα ἐτῶν 1 thirty years of age "30 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 3 23 z2xa ὢν υἱός( ὡς ἐνομίζετο) Ἰωσὴφ 1 He was the son (as it was assumed) of Joseph "It was thought that he was the son of Joseph" or "People assumed that he was the son of Joseph" +LUK 3 24 f8pm translate-names τοῦ Μαθθὰτ, τοῦ Λευεὶ, τοῦ Μελχεὶ, τοῦ Ἰανναὶ, τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ 1 the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph This continues the list that begins with the words "He was the son ... of Joseph, the son of Heli" in verse 24. Consider how people normally list ancestors in your language. You should use the same wording throughout the whole list. Possible formats are 1) "He was the son ... of Joseph, the son of Heli, who was the son of Matthat, who was the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph" or 2) "He was the son ... of Joseph. Joseph was the son of Heli. Heli was the son of Matthat. Matthat was the son of Levi. Levi was the son of Melchi. Melchi was the son of Jannai. Jannai was the son of Joseph" or 3) "His father ... was Joseph. Joseph's father was Heli. Heli's father was Matthat. Matthat's father was Levi. Levi's father was Melchi. Melchi's father was Jannai. Jannai's father was Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 25 xdc5 translate-names τοῦ Ματταθίου, τοῦ Ἀμὼς τοῦ Ναοὺμ τοῦ Ἑσλεὶ τοῦ Ναγγαὶ 1 the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos ... Naggai This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 26 vt9z translate-names τοῦ Μάαθ τοῦ Ματταθίου τοῦ Σεμεεῒν τοῦ Ἰωσὴχ τοῦ Ἰωδὰ 1 the son of Maath ... Joda This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 3 27 z85v translate-names 0 Joda was the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa ... Neri This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that begins in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 27 c2wj 0 the son of Salathiel The name Salathiel may be a different spelling of the name Shealtiel (as some versions have it), but identification is difficult. -LUK 3 28 yf2b translate-names 0 the son of Melchi ... Er This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 29 led5 translate-names 0 the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer ... Levi This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 30 s7aw translate-names 0 the son of Simeon, the son of Judah ... Eliakim This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 31 w1m5 translate-names 0 the son of Melea ... David This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 32 ed2t translate-names 0 the son of Jesse ... the son of Nahshon This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 33 ur9a translate-names 0 the son of Amminadab, the son of Admin ... Judah This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 34 wkq5 translate-names 0 the son of Jacob ... Nahor This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 35 jbl1 translate-names 0 the son of Serug ... Shelah This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 36 xit8 translate-names 0 the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad ... Lamech This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 37 qev8 translate-names 0 the son of Methuselah ... Cainan This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 38 ni8x translate-names 0 the son of Enos ... Adam This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 3 38 ck3f 0 Adam, the son of God "Adam, created by God" or "Adam, who was from God" or "Adam, the son, we could say, of God" +LUK 3 27 c2wj τοῦ Ἰωανὰν τοῦ Ῥησὰ τοῦ Ζοροβαβὲλ τοῦ Σαλαθιὴλ 1 the son of Salathiel The name Salathiel may be a different spelling of the name Shealtiel (as some versions have it), but identification is difficult. +LUK 3 28 yf2b translate-names τοῦ Μελχεὶ τοῦ Ἀδδεὶ τοῦ Κωσὰμ τοῦ Ἐλμαδὰμ τοῦ Ἢρ 1 the son of Melchi ... Er This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 29 led5 translate-names τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, τοῦ Ἐλιέζερ τοῦ Ἰωρεὶμ τοῦ Μαθθὰτ τοῦ Λευεὶ 1 the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer ... Levi This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 30 s7aw translate-names τοῦ Συμεὼν, τοῦ Ἰούδα τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ἰωνὰμ τοῦ Ἐλιακεὶμ 1 the son of Simeon, the son of Judah ... Eliakim This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 31 w1m5 translate-names τοῦ Μελεὰ τοῦ Μεννὰ τοῦ Ματταθὰ τοῦ Ναθὰμ τοῦ Δαυεὶδ 1 the son of Melea ... David This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 32 ed2t translate-names τοῦ Βόος τοῦ Σαλὰ τοῦ Ναασσὼν 1 the son of Jesse ... the son of Nahshon This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 33 ur9a translate-names τοῦ Ἀμιναδὰβ, τοῦ Ἀδμεὶν τοῦ Ἀρνεὶ τοῦ Ἑσρὼμ τοῦ Φαρὲς τοῦ Ἰούδα 1 the son of Amminadab, the son of Admin ... Judah This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 34 wkq5 translate-names τοῦ Ἰακὼβ τοῦ Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ τοῦ Θάρα τοῦ Ναχὼρ 1 the son of Jacob ... Nahor This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 35 jbl1 translate-names τοῦ Σεροὺχ τοῦ Ῥαγαὺ τοῦ Φάλεκ τοῦ Ἔβερ τοῦ Σαλὰ 1 the son of Serug ... Shelah This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 36 xit8 translate-names τοῦ Καϊνὰμ, τοῦ Ἀρφαξὰδ τοῦ Σὴμ τοῦ Νῶε τοῦ Λάμεχ 1 the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad ... Lamech This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 37 qev8 translate-names τοῦ Μαθουσαλὰ τοῦ Ἑνὼχ τοῦ Ἰάρετ τοῦ Μαλελεὴλ τοῦ Καϊνὰμ 1 the son of Methuselah ... Cainan This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 38 ni8x translate-names τοῦ Ἐνὼς τοῦ Σὴθ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the son of Enos ... Adam This is a continuation of the list of Jesus' ancestors that began in [Luke 3:23](./23.md). Use the same format as you used in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 3 38 ck3f Ἀδὰμ, τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Adam, the son of God "Adam, created by God" or "Adam, who was from God" or "Adam, the son, we could say, of God" LUK 4 intro r3vy 0 # Luke 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:10-11, 18-19, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Jesus was tempted by the devil
While it is true that the devil sincerely believed that he could persuade Jesus to obey him, it is important not to imply that Jesus actually ever really wanted to obey him.
LUK 4 1 j249 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus fasts for 40 days, and the devil meets him to try to persuade him to sin. -LUK 4 1 n1xx writing-newevent 0 Then Jesus After John had baptized Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 4 1 v18k figs-activepassive 0 was led by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit led him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 2 bls8 0 for forty days he was tempted Most versions say that the temptation was throughout the forty days. The UST states "While he was there, the devil kept tempting him" to make this clear. -LUK 4 2 pht2 translate-numbers 0 forty days "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 4 2 hg5p figs-activepassive 0 he was tempted by the devil This can be stated in active form, and you can make explicit what it was the devil tempted him to do. Alternate translation: "the devil tried to persuade him disobey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 2 k47d 0 He ate nothing The word "he" refers to Jesus. -LUK 4 3 y7yf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 If you are the Son of God The devil challenges Jesus to do this miracle in order to prove that he is "the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 4 3 bg52 0 this stone The devil either holds a stone in his hand or points to a nearby stone. +LUK 4 1 n1xx writing-newevent δὲ Ἰησοῦς 1 Then Jesus After John had baptized Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 4 1 v18k figs-activepassive ἤγετο ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι 1 was led by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit led him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 2 bls8 ἡμέρας τεσσεράκοντα ἡμέρας πειραζόμενος 1 for forty days he was tempted Most versions say that the temptation was throughout the forty days. The UST states "While he was there, the devil kept tempting him" to make this clear. +LUK 4 2 pht2 translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα ἡμέρας 1 forty days "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 4 2 hg5p figs-activepassive πειραζόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου 1 he was tempted by the devil This can be stated in active form, and you can make explicit what it was the devil tempted him to do. Alternate translation: "the devil tried to persuade him disobey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 2 k47d ἔφαγεν οὐδὲν 1 He ate nothing The word "he" refers to Jesus. +LUK 4 3 y7yf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples εἰ εἶ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If you are the Son of God The devil challenges Jesus to do this miracle in order to prove that he is "the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 4 3 bg52 τούτῳ τῷ λίθῳ 1 this stone The devil either holds a stone in his hand or points to a nearby stone. LUK 4 4 kde3 figs-explicit 0 Jesus answered him, "It is written ... alone.'" Jesus' rejection of the devil's challenge is clearly implied in his answer. It may be helpful to state this clearly for your audience, as the UST does. Alternate translation: "Jesus replied, 'No, I will not do that because it is written ... alone.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 4 hr5a figs-activepassive 0 It is written The quotation is from Moses' writings in the Old Testament. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has written in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 4 ek2z figs-synecdoche 0 Man does not live on bread alone The word "bread" refers to food in general. Food as compared to God, by itself, is not enough to sustain a person. Jesus quotes the scripture to say why he would not turn the stone into bread. Alternate translation: "People cannot live on just bread" or "It is not just food that makes a person live" or "God says there are more important things than food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 4 5 wm17 figs-explicit 0 led Jesus up He led Jesus up a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 5 jxi9 0 in an instant of time "in an instant" or "instantly" -LUK 4 6 dcx6 figs-explicit 0 they have been given to me This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are that "them" refers to 1) the authority and splendor of the kingdoms or 2) the kingdoms. Alternate translation: "God has given them to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 4 hr5a figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 It is written The quotation is from Moses' writings in the Old Testament. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has written in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 4 ek2z figs-synecdoche ὁ ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται οὐκ ζήσεται ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ 1 Man does not live on bread alone The word "bread" refers to food in general. Food as compared to God, by itself, is not enough to sustain a person. Jesus quotes the scripture to say why he would not turn the stone into bread. Alternate translation: "People cannot live on just bread" or "It is not just food that makes a person live" or "God says there are more important things than food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 4 5 wm17 figs-explicit ἀναγαγὼν αὐτὸν ἀναγαγὼν 1 led Jesus up He led Jesus up a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 5 jxi9 ἐν στιγμῇ χρόνου 1 in an instant of time "in an instant" or "instantly" +LUK 4 6 dcx6 figs-explicit παραδέδοται ἐμοὶ 1 they have been given to me This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are that "them" refers to 1) the authority and splendor of the kingdoms or 2) the kingdoms. Alternate translation: "God has given them to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 4 7 g7h9 figs-doublet 0 if you will bow down ... worship me These two phrases are very similar. They can be combined. Alternate translation: "if you will bow down in worship to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 4 7 uca7 0 it will be yours "I will give you all these kingdoms, with their splendor" -LUK 4 8 m4tc figs-explicit 0 It is written Jesus refused to do what the devil asked. It may be helpful to state this clearly. Alternate translation: "No, I will not worship you, because it is written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 7 uca7 ἔσται σοῦ 1 it will be yours "I will give you all these kingdoms, with their splendor" +LUK 4 8 m4tc figs-explicit γέγραπται 1 It is written Jesus refused to do what the devil asked. It may be helpful to state this clearly. Alternate translation: "No, I will not worship you, because it is written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 4 8 v8ca 0 answered and said to him "responded to him" or "replied to him" -LUK 4 8 xj35 figs-activepassive 0 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has written in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 8 bch3 0 You will worship the Lord your God Jesus was quoting a command from the scriptures to say why he would not worship the devil. -LUK 4 8 q8ni figs-you 0 You This refers to the people in the Old Testament who received God's Law. You could use the singular form of 'you' because each person was to obey it, or you could use the plural form of 'you' because all of the people were to obey it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 4 8 zt2b 0 him The word "him" refers to the Lord God. -LUK 4 9 j8r6 0 the very highest point This was the corner of the temple roof. If someone fell from there, they would be seriously injured or die. -LUK 4 9 g2n5 0 If you are the Son of God The devil is challenging Jesus to prove that he is the Son of God. -LUK 4 9 j9nx guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 4 9 i81s 0 throw yourself down "jump down to the ground" -LUK 4 10 f5dn figs-explicit 0 For it is written The devil implies that his quote from the Psalms means Jesus will not be hurt if he is the Son of God. This can be stated clearly, as the UST does. Alternate translation: "You will not be hurt, because it is written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 10 s2g4 figs-activepassive 0 it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the writer has written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 10 nld8 0 He will give orders "He" refers to God. The devil partially quoted from the Psalms in an effort to persuade Jesus to jump off the building. -LUK 4 12 fy8d figs-explicit 0 It is said Jesus tells the devil why he will not do what the devil told him to do. His refusal to do it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "No, I will not do that, because it is said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 12 cf6c figs-activepassive 0 It is said Jesus quotes from the writings of Moses in Deuteronomy. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has said" or "Moses has said in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 8 xj35 figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 It is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has written in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 8 bch3 προσκυνήσεις Κύριον σου τὸν Θεόν 1 You will worship the Lord your God Jesus was quoting a command from the scriptures to say why he would not worship the devil. +LUK 4 8 q8ni figs-you προσκυνήσεις 1 You This refers to the people in the Old Testament who received God's Law. You could use the singular form of 'you' because each person was to obey it, or you could use the plural form of 'you' because all of the people were to obey it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 4 8 zt2b αὐτῷ 1 him The word "him" refers to the Lord God. +LUK 4 9 j8r6 τὸ πτερύγιον 1 the very highest point This was the corner of the temple roof. If someone fell from there, they would be seriously injured or die. +LUK 4 9 g2n5 εἰ εἶ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If you are the Son of God The devil is challenging Jesus to prove that he is the Son of God. +LUK 4 9 j9nx guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 4 9 i81s βάλε σεαυτὸν κάτω 1 throw yourself down "jump down to the ground" +LUK 4 10 f5dn figs-explicit γὰρ γέγραπται 1 For it is written The devil implies that his quote from the Psalms means Jesus will not be hurt if he is the Son of God. This can be stated clearly, as the UST does. Alternate translation: "You will not be hurt, because it is written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 10 s2g4 figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the writer has written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 10 nld8 ἐντελεῖται 1 He will give orders "He" refers to God. The devil partially quoted from the Psalms in an effort to persuade Jesus to jump off the building. +LUK 4 12 fy8d figs-explicit εἴρηται 1 It is said Jesus tells the devil why he will not do what the devil told him to do. His refusal to do it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "No, I will not do that, because it is said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 12 cf6c figs-activepassive εἴρηται 1 It is said Jesus quotes from the writings of Moses in Deuteronomy. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses has said" or "Moses has said in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 4 12 gf8h 0 Do not put the Lord your God to the test Possible meanings are 1) Jesus should not test God by jumping off the temple, or 2) the devil should not test Jesus to see if he is the Son of God. It is best to translate the verse as stated rather than to try to explain the meaning. -LUK 4 13 qqd7 0 until another time "until another occasion" +LUK 4 13 qqd7 ἄχρι καιροῦ 1 until another time "until another occasion" LUK 4 13 nc2c figs-explicit 0 had finished testing Jesus This does not imply that the devil was successful in his temptation—Jesus resisted every attempt. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "had finished trying to persuade Jesus to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 4 14 h3fr 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus returns to Galilee, teaches in the synagogue, and tells the people there that he is fulfilling scripture of Isaiah the prophet. -LUK 4 14 yfc3 writing-newevent 0 Then Jesus returned This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 4 14 ht5k 0 in the power of the Spirit "and the Spirit was giving him power." God was with Jesus in a special way, enabling him to do things that humans usually could not. -LUK 4 14 dhj7 0 news about him spread "people spread the news about Jesus" or "people told other people about Jesus" or "knowledge about him was passed on from person to person." Those who heard Jesus told other people about him, and then those other people told even more people about him. -LUK 4 14 hah9 0 throughout the entire surrounding region This refers to the areas or places around Galilee. -LUK 4 15 ik8g 0 he was praised by all "everyone said great things about him" or "all the people spoke about him in a good way" -LUK 4 16 ulb1 0 where he had been raised "where his parents had raised him" or "where he lived when he was a child" or "where he grew up" -LUK 4 16 g4sv 0 as was his custom "as he did each Sabbath." It was his usual practice to go to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. -LUK 4 17 i9hn figs-activepassive 0 The scroll of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone gave him the scroll of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 17 x52a 0 scroll of the prophet Isaiah This refers to the book of Isaiah written on a scroll. Isaiah had written the words many years before, and someone else had copied them onto a scroll. -LUK 4 17 w5s9 0 the place where it was written "the place in the scroll with these words." This sentence continues on into the next verse. -LUK 4 18 h1rm 0 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me "The Holy Spirit is with me in a special way." When someone says this, he is claiming to speak the words of God. -LUK 4 18 q96y figs-metaphor 0 he anointed me In the Old Testament, ceremonial oil was poured on a person when they were given power and authority to do a special task. Jesus uses this metaphor to refer to the Holy Spirit being on him to prepare him for this work. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit is upon me to empower me" or "the Holy Spirit gave me power and authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 4 18 l6ac 0 the poor "the poor people"" -LUK 4 18 a9wn 0 proclaim freedom to the captives "tell people who are being held captive that they can go free" or "set free the prisoners of war" -LUK 4 18 mzp4 0 recovery of sight to the blind "give sight to the blind" or "make the blind be able to see again" -LUK 4 18 utq5 0 set free those who are oppressed "set free those who are treated harshly" -LUK 4 19 z262 0 to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor "tell everyone that the Lord is ready to bless his people" or "announce that this is the year that the Lord will show his kindness" -LUK 4 20 sm11 0 rolled up the scroll A scroll was closed by rolling it like a tube to protect the writing inside it. -LUK 4 20 ehx3 0 attendant This refers to a synagogue worker who brought out and put away with proper care and reverence the scrolls containing the scriptures. -LUK 4 20 pu89 figs-idiom 0 were fixed on him This idiom means "were focused on him" or "were looking intently at him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 4 21 b1ix figs-activepassive 0 this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing Jesus was saying that he was fulfilling that prophecy by his actions and speech at that very time. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am fulfilling what this scripture said right now as you are listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 21 iij8 figs-idiom 0 in your hearing This idiom means "while you are listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 4 22 k2xi 0 amazed at the gracious words which were coming out of his mouth "surprised about the gracious things that he was saying." Here "gracious" may refer to 1) how well or how persuasively Jesus spoke, or 2) that Jesus spoke words about God's grace. -LUK 4 22 ty6d figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the son of Joseph? People thought that Joseph was Jesus' father. Joseph was not a religious leader, so they were surprised that his son would preach what he did. Alternate translation: "This is just Joseph's son!" or "His father is only Joseph!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 4 14 yfc3 writing-newevent καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὑπέστρεψεν 1 Then Jesus returned This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 4 14 ht5k ἐν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 in the power of the Spirit "and the Spirit was giving him power." God was with Jesus in a special way, enabling him to do things that humans usually could not. +LUK 4 14 dhj7 φήμη περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐξῆλθεν 1 news about him spread "people spread the news about Jesus" or "people told other people about Jesus" or "knowledge about him was passed on from person to person." Those who heard Jesus told other people about him, and then those other people told even more people about him. +LUK 4 14 hah9 καθ’ τῆς ὅλης περιχώρου 1 throughout the entire surrounding region This refers to the areas or places around Galilee. +LUK 4 15 ik8g δοξαζόμενος ὑπὸ πάντων 1 he was praised by all "everyone said great things about him" or "all the people spoke about him in a good way" +LUK 4 16 ulb1 οὗ ἦν τεθραμμένος 1 where he had been raised "where his parents had raised him" or "where he lived when he was a child" or "where he grew up" +LUK 4 16 g4sv κατὰ αὐτῷ τὸ εἰωθὸς 1 as was his custom "as he did each Sabbath." It was his usual practice to go to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. +LUK 4 17 i9hn figs-activepassive βιβλίον τοῦ προφήτου Ἠσαΐου ἐπεδόθη αὐτῷ 1 The scroll of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone gave him the scroll of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 17 x52a βιβλίον τοῦ προφήτου Ἠσαΐου 1 scroll of the prophet Isaiah This refers to the book of Isaiah written on a scroll. Isaiah had written the words many years before, and someone else had copied them onto a scroll. +LUK 4 17 w5s9 τὸν τόπον οὗ ἦν γεγραμμένον 1 the place where it was written "the place in the scroll with these words." This sentence continues on into the next verse. +LUK 4 18 h1rm Πνεῦμα Κυρίου ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me "The Holy Spirit is with me in a special way." When someone says this, he is claiming to speak the words of God. +LUK 4 18 q96y figs-metaphor ἔχρισέν με 1 he anointed me In the Old Testament, ceremonial oil was poured on a person when they were given power and authority to do a special task. Jesus uses this metaphor to refer to the Holy Spirit being on him to prepare him for this work. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit is upon me to empower me" or "the Holy Spirit gave me power and authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 4 18 l6ac εὐαγγελίσασθαι πτωχοῖς 1 the poor "the poor people"" +LUK 4 18 a9wn κηρύξαι ἄφεσιν αἰχμαλώτοις 1 proclaim freedom to the captives "tell people who are being held captive that they can go free" or "set free the prisoners of war" +LUK 4 18 mzp4 ἀνάβλεψιν τυφλοῖς 1 recovery of sight to the blind "give sight to the blind" or "make the blind be able to see again" +LUK 4 18 utq5 ἀποστεῖλαι ἐν ἀφέσει τεθραυσμένους 1 set free those who are oppressed "set free those who are treated harshly" +LUK 4 19 z262 κηρύξαι ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου' Κυρίου δεκτόν 1 to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor "tell everyone that the Lord is ready to bless his people" or "announce that this is the year that the Lord will show his kindness" +LUK 4 20 sm11 πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον 1 rolled up the scroll A scroll was closed by rolling it like a tube to protect the writing inside it. +LUK 4 20 ehx3 ὑπηρέτῃ 1 attendant This refers to a synagogue worker who brought out and put away with proper care and reverence the scrolls containing the scriptures. +LUK 4 20 pu89 figs-idiom ἦσαν ἀτενίζοντες αὐτῷ 1 were fixed on him This idiom means "were focused on him" or "were looking intently at him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 4 21 b1ix figs-activepassive αὕτη ἡ Γραφὴ πεπλήρωται ἐν ὑμῶν τοῖς ὠσὶν 1 this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing Jesus was saying that he was fulfilling that prophecy by his actions and speech at that very time. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am fulfilling what this scripture said right now as you are listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 21 iij8 figs-idiom ἐν ὑμῶν τοῖς ὠσὶν 1 in your hearing This idiom means "while you are listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 4 22 k2xi ἐθαύμαζον ἐπὶ τοῖς τῆς χάριτος λόγοις τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ἐκ αὐτοῦ τοῦ στόματος 1 amazed at the gracious words which were coming out of his mouth "surprised about the gracious things that he was saying." Here "gracious" may refer to 1) how well or how persuasively Jesus spoke, or 2) that Jesus spoke words about God's grace. +LUK 4 22 ty6d figs-rquestion ἐστιν οὗτος οὐχὶ υἱός Ἰωσὴφ 1 Is this not the son of Joseph? People thought that Joseph was Jesus' father. Joseph was not a religious leader, so they were surprised that his son would preach what he did. Alternate translation: "This is just Joseph's son!" or "His father is only Joseph!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 4 23 dp7g 0 General Information: Nazareth is the town in which Jesus grew up. LUK 4 23 is8a 0 Surely "Certainly" or "There is no doubt that" -LUK 4 23 u4ps writing-proverbs 0 Doctor, heal yourself If someone claims to be able to heal diseases that he himself has, there is no reason to believe he is really a doctor. People will speak this proverb to Jesus to say that they will only believe he is a prophet if they see him do what they have heard that he did in other places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) +LUK 4 23 u4ps writing-proverbs ἰατρέ, θεράπευσον σεαυτόν 1 Doctor, heal yourself If someone claims to be able to heal diseases that he himself has, there is no reason to believe he is really a doctor. People will speak this proverb to Jesus to say that they will only believe he is a prophet if they see him do what they have heard that he did in other places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) LUK 4 23 ww1w 0 Whatever we heard ... do the same in your hometown The people of Nazareth do not believe Jesus is a prophet because of his low status as Joseph's son. They will not believe unless they personally see him do miracles. -LUK 4 24 q3a9 0 Truly I say to you "It is certainly true." This is an emphatic statement about what follows. -LUK 4 24 n2cp writing-proverbs 0 no prophet is received in his own hometown Jesus makes this general statement in order to rebuke the people. He means that they are refusing to believe the reports of his miracles in Capernaum. They think they already know all about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -LUK 4 24 tes2 0 own hometown "homeland" or "native city" or "country where he grew up" +LUK 4 24 q3a9 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "It is certainly true." This is an emphatic statement about what follows. +LUK 4 24 n2cp writing-proverbs οὐδεὶς προφήτης ἐστιν δεκτός ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ πατρίδι 1 no prophet is received in his own hometown Jesus makes this general statement in order to rebuke the people. He means that they are refusing to believe the reports of his miracles in Capernaum. They think they already know all about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) +LUK 4 24 tes2 αὐτοῦ τῇ πατρίδι 1 own hometown "homeland" or "native city" or "country where he grew up" LUK 4 25 pk9q writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus reminds the people who are listening to him in the synagogue about Elijah and Elisha, who were prophets about whom they knew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 4 25 u896 0 But in truth I tell you "I tell you truthfully." Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance, truth, and accuracy of the statement that follows. -LUK 4 25 f2qt 0 widows Widows are women whose husbands have died. -LUK 4 25 g8r3 figs-explicit 0 during the time of Elijah The people to whom Jesus was speaking would have known that Elijah was one of God's prophets. If your readers would not know that, you can make this implicit information explicit as in the UST. Alternate translation: "when Elijah was prophesying in Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 25 spq7 figs-metaphor 0 when the sky was shut up This is a metaphor. The sky is pictured as a ceiling that was closed, and so no rain would fall from it. Alternate translation: "when no rain fell down from the sky" or "when there was no rain at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 4 25 ukl6 0 a great famine "a serious lack of food." A famine is a long period of time when the crops do not produce enough food for the people. +LUK 4 25 u896 δὲ ἐπ’ ἀληθείας λέγω ὑμῖν 1 But in truth I tell you "I tell you truthfully." Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance, truth, and accuracy of the statement that follows. +LUK 4 25 f2qt χῆραι 1 widows Widows are women whose husbands have died. +LUK 4 25 g8r3 figs-explicit ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἠλείου 1 during the time of Elijah The people to whom Jesus was speaking would have known that Elijah was one of God's prophets. If your readers would not know that, you can make this implicit information explicit as in the UST. Alternate translation: "when Elijah was prophesying in Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 25 spq7 figs-metaphor ὅτε ὁ οὐρανὸς ἐκλείσθη 1 when the sky was shut up This is a metaphor. The sky is pictured as a ceiling that was closed, and so no rain would fall from it. Alternate translation: "when no rain fell down from the sky" or "when there was no rain at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 4 25 ukl6 λιμὸς μέγας λιμὸς 1 a great famine "a serious lack of food." A famine is a long period of time when the crops do not produce enough food for the people. LUK 4 26 zsi6 figs-explicit 0 to Zarephath ... to a widow living there The people living in the town of Zarephath were Gentiles, not Jews. The people listening to Jesus would have understood that the people of Zarephath were Gentiles. Alternate translation: "to a Gentile widow living in Zarephath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 4 27 mbs2 translate-names 0 Naaman the Syrian A Syrian is a person from the country of Syria. The people of Syria were Gentiles, not Jews. Alternate translation: "the Gentile Naaman from Syria" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 4 28 ca1k 0 All the people in the synagogue were filled with rage when they heard these things The people of Nazareth were deeply offended that Jesus had cited scriptures where God had helped Gentiles instead of Jews. -LUK 4 29 iw5x 0 forced him out of the town "forced him to leave the town" or "shoved him out of the city" -LUK 4 29 b6mp 0 cliff of the hill "edge of the cliff" -LUK 4 30 k7dg 0 he passed through the middle of them "through the middle of the crowd" or "between the people who were trying to kill him." -LUK 4 30 m45c 0 he went to another place "he went away" or "he went on his way" Jesus went where he had planned to go instead of where the people were trying to force him to go. +LUK 4 27 mbs2 translate-names Ναιμὰν ὁ Σύρος 1 Naaman the Syrian A Syrian is a person from the country of Syria. The people of Syria were Gentiles, not Jews. Alternate translation: "the Gentile Naaman from Syria" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 4 28 ca1k πάντες ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ἐπλήσθησαν θυμοῦ ἀκούοντες ταῦτα 1 All the people in the synagogue were filled with rage when they heard these things The people of Nazareth were deeply offended that Jesus had cited scriptures where God had helped Gentiles instead of Jews. +LUK 4 29 iw5x ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως 1 forced him out of the town "forced him to leave the town" or "shoved him out of the city" +LUK 4 29 b6mp ὀφρύος τοῦ ὄρους 1 cliff of the hill "edge of the cliff" +LUK 4 30 k7dg αὐτὸς διελθὼν διὰ μέσου αὐτῶν 1 he passed through the middle of them "through the middle of the crowd" or "between the people who were trying to kill him." +LUK 4 30 m45c ἐπορεύετο 1 he went to another place "he went away" or "he went on his way" Jesus went where he had planned to go instead of where the people were trying to force him to go. LUK 4 31 wk65 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus then goes to Capernaum, teaches the people in the synagogue there, and commands a demon to leave a man. -LUK 4 31 ynf3 writing-newevent 0 Then he "Then Jesus." This indicates a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 4 31 ib1l 0 went down to Capernaum The phrase "went down" is used here because Capernaum is lower in elevation than Nazareth. -LUK 4 31 ky4y 0 Capernaum, a city in Galilee "Capernaum, another city in Galilee" -LUK 4 32 qk28 0 astonished greatly surprised, greatly amazed +LUK 4 31 ynf3 writing-newevent καὶ κατῆλθεν 1 Then he "Then Jesus." This indicates a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 4 31 ib1l κατῆλθεν εἰς Καφαρναοὺμ 1 went down to Capernaum The phrase "went down" is used here because Capernaum is lower in elevation than Nazareth. +LUK 4 31 ky4y Καφαρναοὺμ, πόλιν τῆς Γαλιλαίας 1 Capernaum, a city in Galilee "Capernaum, another city in Galilee" +LUK 4 32 qk28 ἐξεπλήσσοντο 1 astonished greatly surprised, greatly amazed LUK 4 32 j4ee 0 he spoke with authority "he spoke as one with authority" or "his words had great power" LUK 4 33 fax1 writing-participants 0 Now ... there was a man This phrase is used to mark the introduction of a new character into the story; in this case, a demon-possessed man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 4 33 i93n 0 who had the spirit of an unclean demon "who was possessed by an unclean demon" or "who was controlled by an evil spirit" -LUK 4 33 e539 0 he cried out with a loud voice "he shouted loudly" +LUK 4 33 i93n ἔχων πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου δαιμονίου 1 who had the spirit of an unclean demon "who was possessed by an unclean demon" or "who was controlled by an evil spirit" +LUK 4 33 e539 ἀνέκραξεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 he cried out with a loud voice "he shouted loudly" LUK 4 34 fkp2 figs-idiom 0 What do we have to do with you This belligerent response is an idiom that means: "What do we have in common?" or "What right do you have to bother us?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 4 34 y1xh figs-rquestion 0 What do we have to do with you, Jesus of Nazareth? This question could be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "What do you, Jesus of Nazareth, have to do with us!" or We have nothing to do with you, Jesus of Nazareth!" or "You have no right to bother us, Jesus of Nazareth!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 4 35 m8es 0 Jesus rebuked the demon, saying "Jesus scolded the demon, saying" or "Jesus sternly said to the demon" -LUK 4 35 me6n 0 Come out of him He commanded the demon to stop controlling the man. Alternate translation: "leave him alone" or "do not live in this man any longer" +LUK 4 35 m8es ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπετίμησεν αὐτῷ, λέγων 1 Jesus rebuked the demon, saying "Jesus scolded the demon, saying" or "Jesus sternly said to the demon" +LUK 4 35 me6n ἔξελθε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 Come out of him He commanded the demon to stop controlling the man. Alternate translation: "leave him alone" or "do not live in this man any longer" LUK 4 36 h7wx figs-rquestion 0 What kind of words are these? The people were expressing how amazed they were that Jesus had the authority to command demons to leave a person. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "These are amazing words!" or "His words are amazing!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 4 36 dgz3 0 He commands the unclean spirits with authority and power "He has authority and power to command the unclean spirits" +LUK 4 36 dgz3 ἐπιτάσσει τοῖς ἀκαθάρτοις πνεύμασιν ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει 1 He commands the unclean spirits with authority and power "He has authority and power to command the unclean spirits" LUK 4 37 q25f writing-endofstory 0 So news about him began to spread ... the surrounding region This is a comment about what happened after the story that was caused by the events within the story itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 4 37 xca8 0 news about him began to spread "reports about Jesus began to spread" or "people began to spread the news about Jesus" +LUK 4 37 xca8 ἦχος περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐξεπορεύετο 1 news about him began to spread "reports about Jesus began to spread" or "people began to spread the news about Jesus" LUK 4 38 uwy1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus is still in Capernaum, but he is now at the house of Simon, where he heals Simon's mother-in-law and many people. -LUK 4 38 jn3a writing-newevent 0 Then Jesus left This introduces a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 4 38 tf3d 0 Simon's mother-in-law "the mother of Simon's wife" -LUK 4 38 lls1 figs-idiom 0 was suffering with This is an idiom that means "was very sick with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 4 38 cp21 0 a high fever "very hot skin" -LUK 4 38 z3qz figs-explicit 0 pleaded with him on her behalf This means they asked Jesus to heal her from the fever. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "asked Jesus to heal her from the fever" or "asked Jesus to cure her fever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 39 pla1 0 So he stood The word "So" makes it clear that he did this because the people pleaded with him on behalf of Simon's mother-in-law. -LUK 4 39 v8uf 0 stood over her "went to her and leaned over her" -LUK 4 39 ed8r figs-explicit 0 rebuked the fever, and it left her "spoke sternly to the fever, and it left her" or "commanded the fever to leave her, and it did." It may be helpful to state clearly what he told the fever to do. Alternate translation: "commanded that her skin should become cool, and it did" or "commanded the sickness to leave her, and it did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 39 i1gr 0 rebuked the fever "rebuked the hotness" -LUK 4 39 qtn7 0 started serving them Here this means she began to prepare food for Jesus and the other people in the house. -LUK 4 40 zpk9 0 laid his hands on "placed his hands on" or "touched" -LUK 4 41 bp7b figs-explicit 0 Demons also came out It is implied that Jesus made the demons leave the demon-possessed people. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Jesus also forced demons to come out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 4 41 ag15 figs-doublet 0 crying out and saying These mean about the same thing, and probably refer to cries of fear or anger. Some translations use only one term. Alternate translation: "screaming" or "shouting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 4 41 dik3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 4 41 r6pv 0 rebuked the demons "spoke sternly to the demons" +LUK 4 38 jn3a writing-newevent δὲ ἀναστὰς 1 Then Jesus left This introduces a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 4 38 tf3d τοῦ Σίμωνος' τοῦ Σίμωνος πενθερὰ- πενθερὰ- πενθερὰ 1 Simon's mother-in-law "the mother of Simon's wife" +LUK 4 38 lls1 figs-idiom ἦν συνεχομένη 1 was suffering with This is an idiom that means "was very sick with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 4 38 cp21 πυρετῷ μεγάλῳ πυρετῷ 1 a high fever "very hot skin" +LUK 4 38 z3qz figs-explicit ἠρώτησαν αὐτὸν περὶ αὐτῆς 1 pleaded with him on her behalf This means they asked Jesus to heal her from the fever. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "asked Jesus to heal her from the fever" or "asked Jesus to cure her fever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 39 pla1 καὶ ἐπιστὰς 1 So he stood The word "So" makes it clear that he did this because the people pleaded with him on behalf of Simon's mother-in-law. +LUK 4 39 v8uf ἐπιστὰς ἐπάνω αὐτῆς 1 stood over her "went to her and leaned over her" +LUK 4 39 ed8r figs-explicit ἐπετίμησεν τῷ πυρετῷ, καὶ ἀφῆκεν αὐτήν 1 rebuked the fever, and it left her "spoke sternly to the fever, and it left her" or "commanded the fever to leave her, and it did." It may be helpful to state clearly what he told the fever to do. Alternate translation: "commanded that her skin should become cool, and it did" or "commanded the sickness to leave her, and it did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 39 i1gr ἐπετίμησεν τῷ πυρετῷ 1 rebuked the fever "rebuked the hotness" +LUK 4 39 qtn7 διηκόνει αὐτοῖς 1 started serving them Here this means she began to prepare food for Jesus and the other people in the house. +LUK 4 40 zpk9 ἐπιτιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας ἑνὶ 1 laid his hands on "placed his hands on" or "touched" +LUK 4 41 bp7b figs-explicit δαιμόνια καὶ ἐξήρχετο 1 Demons also came out It is implied that Jesus made the demons leave the demon-possessed people. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Jesus also forced demons to come out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 4 41 ag15 figs-doublet κραυγάζοντα καὶ λέγοντα 1 crying out and saying These mean about the same thing, and probably refer to cries of fear or anger. Some translations use only one term. Alternate translation: "screaming" or "shouting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 4 41 dik3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 4 41 r6pv ἐπιτιμῶν αὐτὰ 1 rebuked the demons "spoke sternly to the demons" LUK 4 41 z7ru 0 would not let them "did not allow them to" LUK 4 42 r8zn 0 Connecting Statement: Though the people want Jesus to stay in Capernaum, he goes to preach in other Judean synagogues. -LUK 4 42 rt5n 0 When daybreak came "At sunrise" or "At dawn" -LUK 4 42 d1pr 0 a solitary place "a deserted place" or "a place where there were no people" -LUK 4 43 sjy1 0 to many other cities "to the people in many other cities" -LUK 4 43 b45z figs-activepassive 0 this is the reason I was sent here This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is the reason God sent me here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 4 44 s5mb 0 Judea Since Jesus had been in Galilee, the term "Judea" here probably refers to the entire region where the Jews lived at that time. Alternate translation: "where the Jews lived" +LUK 4 42 rt5n γενομένης ἡμέρας ἐξελθὼν 1 When daybreak came "At sunrise" or "At dawn" +LUK 4 42 d1pr ἔρημον τόπον 1 a solitary place "a deserted place" or "a place where there were no people" +LUK 4 43 sjy1 ταῖς ἑτέραις πόλεσιν 1 to many other cities "to the people in many other cities" +LUK 4 43 b45z figs-activepassive ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἀπεστάλην 1 this is the reason I was sent here This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is the reason God sent me here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 4 44 s5mb τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 Judea Since Jesus had been in Galilee, the term "Judea" here probably refers to the entire region where the Jews lived at that time. Alternate translation: "where the Jews lived" LUK 5 intro axr7 0 # Luke 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "You will catch men"

Peter, James, and John were fishermen. When Jesus told them that they would catch men, he was using a metaphor to tell them he wanted them to help people believe the good news about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Sinners

When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

##### Fasting and Feasting

People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Hypothetical Situation

Jesus uses a hypothetical situation to condemn the Pharisees. This passage includes "people in good health" and "righteous people." This does not mean that there are people who do not need Jesus. There are no "righteous people," everybody needs Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [Luke 5:31-32](./31.md))

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Implicit information

In several parts of this chapter the author left some information implicit that his original readers would have understood and thought about. Modern readers might not know some of those things, so they might have trouble understanding all that the author was communicating. The UST often shows how that information can be presented so that modern readers will be able to understand those passages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Past Events

Parts of this chapter are sequences of events that have already happened. In a given passage, Luke sometimes writes as if the events have already happened while other events are still in progress (even though they are complete at the time he writes). This can cause difficulty in translation by creating an illogical order of events. It may be necessary to make these consistent by writing as if all the events have already happened.

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 5:24](../../luk/05/24.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 5 1 l5gy 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus preaches from Simon Peter's boat at the lake of Gennesaret. -LUK 5 1 zc8q writing-newevent 0 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 5 1 wsf8 0 listening to the word of God Possible meanings are 1) "listening to the message God wanted them to hear" or 2) "listening to Jesus' message about God" -LUK 5 1 p6im 0 the lake of Gennesaret These words refer to the Sea of Galilee. Galilee was on the west side of the lake, and the land of Gennesaret was on the east side, so it was called by both names. Some English versions translate this as the proper name of the body of water, "the Lake of Gennesaret." -LUK 5 2 t96r 0 washing their nets They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish. -LUK 5 3 f7z8 0 one of the boats, which was Simon's "the boat belonging to Simon" +LUK 5 1 zc8q writing-newevent δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 5 1 wsf8 ἀκούειν τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 listening to the word of God Possible meanings are 1) "listening to the message God wanted them to hear" or 2) "listening to Jesus' message about God" +LUK 5 1 p6im τὴν λίμνην Γεννησαρέτ 1 the lake of Gennesaret These words refer to the Sea of Galilee. Galilee was on the west side of the lake, and the land of Gennesaret was on the east side, so it was called by both names. Some English versions translate this as the proper name of the body of water, "the Lake of Gennesaret." +LUK 5 2 t96r ἔπλυνον τὰ δίκτυα 1 washing their nets They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish. +LUK 5 3 f7z8 εἰς ἓν τῶν πλοίων, ὃ ἦν Σίμωνος' Σίμωνος 1 one of the boats, which was Simon's "the boat belonging to Simon" LUK 5 3 liq1 0 asked him to put it out in the water a short distance from the land "asked Simon to move the boat farther from the shore" LUK 5 3 rc1z 0 he sat down and taught the people Sitting was the normal position for a teacher. -LUK 5 3 vbx7 0 taught the people out of the boat "taught the people while he sat in the boat." Jesus was in the boat a short distance from the shore and he was speaking to the people who were on the shore. -LUK 5 4 rk9p 0 When he had finished speaking "When Jesus had finished teaching the people" -LUK 5 5 wbb1 0 at your word "because you have told me to do this" -LUK 5 7 n2fp 0 motioned They were too far from shore to call, so they made gestures, probably by waving their arms. -LUK 5 7 pr7m figs-explicit 0 they began to sink "the boats began to sink." The reason could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the boats began to sink because the fish were so heavy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 8 r8j9 translate-symaction 0 fell down at Jesus' knees Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 5 8 j67m 0 sinful man The word here for "man" means "adult male" and not the more general "human being." -LUK 5 9 c2eh 0 the catch of fish "the large number of fish" -LUK 5 10 k4ft 0 partners with Simon "Simon's partners in his fishing business" -LUK 5 10 u6zs figs-metaphor 0 you will catch men The image of catching fish is being used as a metaphor for gathering people to follow Christ. Alternate translation: "you will fish for people" or "you will gather people for me" or "you will bring people to be my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 5 3 vbx7 ἐδίδασκεν τοὺς ὄχλους ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου 1 taught the people out of the boat "taught the people while he sat in the boat." Jesus was in the boat a short distance from the shore and he was speaking to the people who were on the shore. +LUK 5 4 rk9p ὡς ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν 1 When he had finished speaking "When Jesus had finished teaching the people" +LUK 5 5 wbb1 ἐπὶ σου τῷ ῥήματί 1 at your word "because you have told me to do this" +LUK 5 7 n2fp κατένευσαν 1 motioned They were too far from shore to call, so they made gestures, probably by waving their arms. +LUK 5 7 pr7m figs-explicit αὐτά βυθίζεσθαι 1 they began to sink "the boats began to sink." The reason could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the boats began to sink because the fish were so heavy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 8 r8j9 translate-symaction προσέπεσεν τοῖς γόνασιν Ἰησοῦ' τοῖς γόνασιν 1 fell down at Jesus' knees Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 5 8 j67m ἁμαρτωλός ἀνὴρ 1 sinful man The word here for "man" means "adult male" and not the more general "human being." +LUK 5 9 c2eh τῇ ἄγρᾳ τῶν ἰχθύων 1 the catch of fish "the large number of fish" +LUK 5 10 k4ft κοινωνοὶ τῷ Σίμωνι 1 partners with Simon "Simon's partners in his fishing business" +LUK 5 10 u6zs figs-metaphor ἔσῃ ζωγρῶν ἀνθρώπους 1 you will catch men The image of catching fish is being used as a metaphor for gathering people to follow Christ. Alternate translation: "you will fish for people" or "you will gather people for me" or "you will bring people to be my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 5 12 sta8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus heals a leper in a different city that is not named. -LUK 5 12 j1xy writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 5 12 r35h writing-participants 0 a man full of leprosy "a man who was covered with leprosy." This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 5 12 i3zk figs-idiom 0 he fell on his face Here "fell on his face" is an idiom that means to bow down. Alternate translation: "he knelt and touched the ground with his face" or "he bowed down to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 5 12 m4k2 0 if you are willing "if you want to" -LUK 5 12 x7ss figs-explicit 0 you can make me clean It is understood that he was asking Jesus to heal him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "please make me clean, because you are able" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 12 ys5f figs-explicit 0 make me clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "heal me from leprosy so I will be clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 13 ziz1 figs-explicit 0 Be clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Be healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 13 l48a 0 the leprosy left him "he no longer had leprosy" -LUK 5 14 q18t figs-quotations 0 to tell no one This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 14 v1wn 0 sacrifice for your cleansing The law required a person to make a specific sacrifice after they were healed. This allowed the person to be ceremonially clean, and able to again participate in religious rituals. -LUK 5 14 jk14 0 for a testimony "as proof of your healing" -LUK 5 14 nz37 0 to them Possible meanings are 1) "to the priests" or 2) "to all the people." -LUK 5 15 q4t2 0 the report about him "the news about Jesus." This could mean either "the report about Jesus' healing the man with leprosy" or "the report about Jesus' healing people." -LUK 5 15 ng3z figs-activepassive 0 the report about him spread even farther "the report about him went out even farther." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people kept telling the news about him in other places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 5 16 sv6f 0 the deserted places "lonely places" or "places where there were no other people" +LUK 5 12 j1xy writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 5 12 r35h writing-participants ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας 1 a man full of leprosy "a man who was covered with leprosy." This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 5 12 i3zk figs-idiom πεσὼν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον 1 he fell on his face Here "fell on his face" is an idiom that means to bow down. Alternate translation: "he knelt and touched the ground with his face" or "he bowed down to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 5 12 m4k2 ἐὰν θέλῃς 1 if you are willing "if you want to" +LUK 5 12 x7ss figs-explicit θέλῃς δύνασαί καθαρίσαι με καθαρίσαι 1 you can make me clean It is understood that he was asking Jesus to heal him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "please make me clean, because you are able" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 12 ys5f figs-explicit καθαρίσαι με καθαρίσαι 1 make me clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "heal me from leprosy so I will be clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 13 ziz1 figs-explicit καθαρίσθητι 1 Be clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Be healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 13 l48a ἡ λέπρα ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 the leprosy left him "he no longer had leprosy" +LUK 5 14 q18t figs-quotations εἰπεῖν μηδενὶ 1 to tell no one This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 5 14 v1wn προσένεγκε περὶ σου τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ 1 sacrifice for your cleansing The law required a person to make a specific sacrifice after they were healed. This allowed the person to be ceremonially clean, and able to again participate in religious rituals. +LUK 5 14 jk14 εἰς μαρτύριον 1 for a testimony "as proof of your healing" +LUK 5 14 nz37 αὐτοῖς 1 to them Possible meanings are 1) "to the priests" or 2) "to all the people." +LUK 5 15 q4t2 ὁ λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 the report about him "the news about Jesus." This could mean either "the report about Jesus' healing the man with leprosy" or "the report about Jesus' healing people." +LUK 5 15 ng3z figs-activepassive ὁ λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ διήρχετο μᾶλλον 1 the report about him spread even farther "the report about him went out even farther." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people kept telling the news about him in other places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 5 16 sv6f ταῖς ἐρήμοις 1 the deserted places "lonely places" or "places where there were no other people" LUK 5 17 et1v 0 Connecting Statement: One day when Jesus was teaching in a building, some men brought a paralyzed man for Jesus to heal. -LUK 5 17 mb8m writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 5 17 mb8m writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) LUK 5 18 cl7s writing-participants 0 Now some men came These are new people in the story. Your language may have a way of showing that these are new people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 5 18 l9q8 0 mat sleeping pad or bed or stretcher -LUK 5 18 z2n2 0 was paralyzed "could not move himself" +LUK 5 18 l9q8 κλίνης 1 mat sleeping pad or bed or stretcher +LUK 5 18 z2n2 ἦν παραλελυμένος 1 was paralyzed "could not move himself" LUK 5 19 y491 0 They could not find a way to bring him in because of the crowd, so In some languages it might be more natural to reorder this. Alternate translation: "But because of the crowd of people, they could not find a way to bring the man inside. So" -LUK 5 19 rkm6 figs-ellipsis 0 because of the crowd It is clear that the reason they could not enter was that the crowd was so large that there was no room for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 19 s7bm figs-explicit 0 they went up to the housetop Houses had flat roofs, and some houses had a ladder or staircase outside to make it easy to go up there. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "they went up to the flat roof of the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 19 l85u 0 right in front of Jesus "directly in front of Jesus" or "immediately in front of Jesus" -LUK 5 20 l83a figs-ellipsis 0 Seeing their faith, Jesus said It is understood that they believe Jesus can heal the paralyzed man. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "When Jesus perceived that they believed that he could heal the man, he said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 20 z4ek 0 Man This is a general word that people used when speaking to a man whose name they did not know. It was not rude, but it also did not show special respect. Some languages might use a word like "friend" or "sir." -LUK 5 20 c7r7 figs-activepassive 0 your sins are forgiven you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are forgiven" or "I forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 5 19 rkm6 figs-ellipsis διὰ τὸν ὄχλον 1 because of the crowd It is clear that the reason they could not enter was that the crowd was so large that there was no room for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 5 19 s7bm figs-explicit ἀναβάντες ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα 1 they went up to the housetop Houses had flat roofs, and some houses had a ladder or staircase outside to make it easy to go up there. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "they went up to the flat roof of the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 19 l85u ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 right in front of Jesus "directly in front of Jesus" or "immediately in front of Jesus" +LUK 5 20 l83a figs-ellipsis ἰδὼν αὐτῶν τὴν πίστιν, εἶπεν 1 Seeing their faith, Jesus said It is understood that they believe Jesus can heal the paralyzed man. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "When Jesus perceived that they believed that he could heal the man, he said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 5 20 z4ek ἄνθρωπε 1 Man This is a general word that people used when speaking to a man whose name they did not know. It was not rude, but it also did not show special respect. Some languages might use a word like "friend" or "sir." +LUK 5 20 c7r7 figs-activepassive σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνταί σοι 1 your sins are forgiven you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are forgiven" or "I forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 5 21 ie5h figs-ellipsis 0 question this "discuss this" or "reason about this." What they questioned can be stated. Alternate translation: "discuss whether or not Jesus had authority to forgive sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 21 a86c figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who speaks blasphemies? This question shows how shocked and angry they were at what Jesus said. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This man is blaspheming God!" or "He blasphemes God by saying that!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 5 21 s21n figs-rquestion 0 Who can forgive sins but God alone? The implied information is that if a person claims to forgive sins he says he is God. This can be written as a clear statement. Alternate translation: "No one can forgive sins but God alone!" or "God is the only one who can forgive sins!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 22 z4k5 0 perceiving what they were thinking This phrase indicates that they were reasoning silently, so that Jesus sensed rather then heard what they were thinking. +LUK 5 21 a86c figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὃς λαλεῖ βλασφημίας? 1 Who is this who speaks blasphemies? This question shows how shocked and angry they were at what Jesus said. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This man is blaspheming God!" or "He blasphemes God by saying that!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 5 21 s21n figs-rquestion τίς δύναται ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας εἰ μὴ ὁ Θεός μόνος 1 Who can forgive sins but God alone? The implied information is that if a person claims to forgive sins he says he is God. This can be written as a clear statement. Alternate translation: "No one can forgive sins but God alone!" or "God is the only one who can forgive sins!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 22 z4k5 ἐπιγνοὺς τοὺς αὐτῶν διαλογισμοὺς 1 perceiving what they were thinking This phrase indicates that they were reasoning silently, so that Jesus sensed rather then heard what they were thinking. LUK 5 22 et8f figs-rquestion 0 Why are you questioning this in your hearts? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not argue about this in your hearts." or "You should not doubt that I have the authority to forgive sins." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 5 22 p2hj figs-metonymy 0 in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds or inner beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 5 22 p2hj figs-metonymy ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds or inner beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 5 23 zid2 figs-rquestion 0 Which is easier to say ... walk? Jesus uses this question to make the scribes think about what might prove whether or not he could really forgive sins. Alternate translation: "I just said 'Your sins are forgiven you.' You may think that it is harder to say 'Get up and walk,' because the proof of whether or not I can heal the man will be shown by whether or not he gets up and walks." or "You may think that it is easier to say 'Your sins are forgiven' than it is to say 'Get up and walk.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 5 23 ysw3 figs-ellipsis 0 easier to say The unspoken implication is that one thing is "easier to say because no one will know what has happened," but the other thing is "harder to say because everyone will know what has happened." People could not see if the man's sins were forgiven, but they would all know he was healed if he got up and walked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 24 ceg8 figs-you 0 you may know Jesus was speaking to the scribes and Pharisees. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 5 24 f1lu 0 the Son of Man Jesus was referring to himself. -LUK 5 24 k8mk 0 I tell you Jesus was saying this to the paralyzed man. The word "you" is singular. -LUK 5 25 tn13 0 Immediately he got up "At once he got up" or "Right away he got up" -LUK 5 25 agg3 0 he got up It may be helpful to clearly say that he was healed. Alternate translation: "the man was healed! He got up" -LUK 5 26 f6tp 0 filled with fear "very afraid" or "filled with awe" -LUK 5 26 s3l6 0 extraordinary things "amazing things" or "strange things" +LUK 5 23 ysw3 figs-ellipsis εὐκοπώτερον εἰπεῖν 1 easier to say The unspoken implication is that one thing is "easier to say because no one will know what has happened," but the other thing is "harder to say because everyone will know what has happened." People could not see if the man's sins were forgiven, but they would all know he was healed if he got up and walked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 5 24 ceg8 figs-you εἰδῆτε 1 you may know Jesus was speaking to the scribes and Pharisees. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 5 24 f1lu ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus was referring to himself. +LUK 5 24 k8mk λέγω σοὶ 1 I tell you Jesus was saying this to the paralyzed man. The word "you" is singular. +LUK 5 25 tn13 παραχρῆμα ἀναστὰς 1 Immediately he got up "At once he got up" or "Right away he got up" +LUK 5 25 agg3 ἀναστὰς 1 he got up It may be helpful to clearly say that he was healed. Alternate translation: "the man was healed! He got up" +LUK 5 26 f6tp ἐπλήσθησαν φόβου 1 filled with fear "very afraid" or "filled with awe" +LUK 5 26 s3l6 παράδοξα 1 extraordinary things "amazing things" or "strange things" LUK 5 27 w3i5 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus leaves the house, he calls Levi, the Jewish tax collector, to follow him. Jesus annoys the Pharisees and scribes because he attends a big meal that Levi prepares for him. LUK 5 27 k6r2 writing-newevent 0 After these things happened The phrase "these things" refers to what happened in the previous verses. This signals a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 5 27 xf15 0 saw a tax collector "looked at a tax collector with attention" or "looked carefully at a tax collector" -LUK 5 27 b3tr figs-idiom 0 Follow me To "follow" someone is to become that person's disciple. Alternate translation: "Be my disciple" or "Come, follow me as your teacher" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 5 28 phw9 0 leaving everything behind "left his work as a tax collector" +LUK 5 27 xf15 ἐθεάσατο τελώνην 1 saw a tax collector "looked at a tax collector with attention" or "looked carefully at a tax collector" +LUK 5 27 b3tr figs-idiom ἀκολούθει μοι 1 Follow me To "follow" someone is to become that person's disciple. Alternate translation: "Be my disciple" or "Come, follow me as your teacher" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 5 28 phw9 καταλιπὼν πάντα καταλιπὼν 1 leaving everything behind "left his work as a tax collector" LUK 5 29 t2j7 0 Connecting Statement: At the meal, Jesus speaks with the Pharisees and scribes. -LUK 5 29 g6yt 0 in his house "in Levi's house" -LUK 5 29 ip2m figs-explicit 0 reclining at the table The Greek style of eating at a feast was to lie on a couch and prop oneself up with the left arm on some pillows. Alternate translation: "eating together" or "eating at the table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 30 n82u 0 to his disciples "to Jesus' disciples" +LUK 5 29 g6yt ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 in his house "in Levi's house" +LUK 5 29 ip2m figs-explicit κατακείμενοι 1 reclining at the table The Greek style of eating at a feast was to lie on a couch and prop oneself up with the left arm on some pillows. Alternate translation: "eating together" or "eating at the table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 30 n82u πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοὺς μαθητὰς 1 to his disciples "to Jesus' disciples" LUK 5 30 tmm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you eat ... sinners? The Pharisees and scribes ask this question to express their disapproval that Jesus' disciples are eating with sinners. Alternate translation: "You should not eat with sinners!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 5 30 ze7y 0 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins +LUK 5 30 ze7y ἁμαρτωλῶν 1 sinners people who did not obey the law of Moses but committed what others thought were very bad sins LUK 5 30 pi2x figs-explicit 0 you eat and drink with ... sinners The Pharisees and scribes believed that religious people should separate themselves from people they consider to be sinners. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 5 31 t6iv writing-proverbs 0 People who are well ... sick Jesus uses this proverb to begin to tell them that he calls sinners to repentance the way a physician calls sick people to be healed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -LUK 5 31 bc8t 0 physician doctor +LUK 5 31 bc8t ἰατροῦ 1 physician doctor LUK 5 31 i9gn figs-ellipsis 0 only those who are sick You may need to supply the words that have been omitted. Alternate translation: "only those who are sick need a physician" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 5 32 jf2v 0 I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance Anyone who wants to follow Jesus has to think of himself as a sinner, not as righteous. -LUK 5 32 g993 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: "righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -LUK 5 33 f6g6 0 They said to him "The religious leaders said to Jesus" +LUK 5 32 jf2v ἐλήλυθα οὐκ ἐλήλυθα καλέσαι δικαίους, δικαίους ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς μετάνοιαν 1 I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance Anyone who wants to follow Jesus has to think of himself as a sinner, not as righteous. +LUK 5 32 g993 figs-nominaladj δικαίους 1 the righteous This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: "righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +LUK 5 33 f6g6 οἱ εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν 1 They said to him "The religious leaders said to Jesus" LUK 5 34 hxe1 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone make ... with them? Jesus uses this question to cause the people to think about a situation that they already know. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one tells the wedding attendants of the bridegroom to fast while he is still with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 5 34 q9k2 0 wedding attendants "guests" or "friends." These are friends who celebrate with a man who is getting married. -LUK 5 34 h58m figs-explicit 0 the wedding attendants of the bridegroom fast Fasting is a sign of sadness. The religious leaders understood that the wedding attendants would not fast while the bridegroom was with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 35 z8ex 0 the days will come when "soon" or "some day" -LUK 5 35 he9p figs-metaphor 0 the bridegroom will be taken away from them Jesus is comparing himself to the bridegroom, and the disciples to the wedding attendants. He does not explain the metaphor, so the translation should explain it only if necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 5 34 q9k2 υἱοὺς 1 wedding attendants "guests" or "friends." These are friends who celebrate with a man who is getting married. +LUK 5 34 h58m figs-explicit τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ υἱοὺς νυμφῶνος νηστεύειν 1 the wedding attendants of the bridegroom fast Fasting is a sign of sadness. The religious leaders understood that the wedding attendants would not fast while the bridegroom was with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 35 z8ex ἡμέραι ἐλεύσονται ὅταν 1 the days will come when "soon" or "some day" +LUK 5 35 he9p figs-metaphor ὁ νυμφίος ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 the bridegroom will be taken away from them Jesus is comparing himself to the bridegroom, and the disciples to the wedding attendants. He does not explain the metaphor, so the translation should explain it only if necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 5 36 a4zs figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus tells a story to the scribes and pharisees who were at Levi's house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) LUK 5 36 bem7 0 No one tears ... uses it ... he ... he "No one rips ... uses it ... he ... he" or "People never tear ... use it ... they ... they" -LUK 5 36 qz5e 0 mend repair -LUK 5 36 xj2y figs-hypo 0 If he did that This hypothetical statement explains the reason why a person would not actually mend a garment in that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 5 36 xu7q 0 would not fit with "would not match" or "would not be the same as" -LUK 5 37 e516 0 new wine "grape juice." This refers to wine that has not yet fermented. -LUK 5 37 n35t 0 wineskins These were bags made out of animal skins. They could also be called "wine bags" or "bags made of skin." -LUK 5 37 ac7w figs-explicit 0 the new wine would burst the skins When the new wine ferments and expands, it breaks the old skins because they can no longer stretch out. Jesus' audience would have understood the information about the wine's fermenting and expanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 5 37 dw18 figs-activepassive 0 the wine would be spilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the wine would spill out of the bags" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 5 38 ijm3 0 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to new wineskins, unused. -LUK 5 39 pvn9 figs-metaphor 0 drinking old wine ... wants the new This metaphor contrasts the old teaching of the religious leaders against the new teaching of Jesus. The point is that people who are used to the old teaching are not willing to listen to the new things that Jesus is teaching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 5 39 uan9 figs-explicit 0 for he says, 'The old is better.' It may be helpful to add: "and he is therefore not willing to try the new wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 36 qz5e ἐπιβάλλει 1 mend repair +LUK 5 36 xj2y figs-hypo εἰ μή γε 1 If he did that This hypothetical statement explains the reason why a person would not actually mend a garment in that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 5 36 xu7q συμφωνήσει οὐ συμφωνήσει τῷ 1 would not fit with "would not match" or "would not be the same as" +LUK 5 37 e516 νέον οἶνον 1 new wine "grape juice." This refers to wine that has not yet fermented. +LUK 5 37 n35t ἀσκοὺς 1 wineskins These were bags made out of animal skins. They could also be called "wine bags" or "bags made of skin." +LUK 5 37 ac7w figs-explicit ὁ ὁ νέος οἶνος ῥήξει τοὺς ἀσκούς 1 the new wine would burst the skins When the new wine ferments and expands, it breaks the old skins because they can no longer stretch out. Jesus' audience would have understood the information about the wine's fermenting and expanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 5 37 dw18 figs-activepassive αὐτὸς ἐκχυθήσεται 1 the wine would be spilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the wine would spill out of the bags" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 5 38 ijm3 καινοὺς ἀσκοὺς 1 fresh wineskins "new wineskins" or "new wine bags." This refers to new wineskins, unused. +LUK 5 39 pvn9 figs-metaphor πιὼν παλαιὸν θέλει νέον, 1 drinking old wine ... wants the new This metaphor contrasts the old teaching of the religious leaders against the new teaching of Jesus. The point is that people who are used to the old teaching are not willing to listen to the new things that Jesus is teaching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 5 39 uan9 figs-explicit , γάρ λέγει,' ὁ παλαιὸς ἐστιν χρηστός.'" 1 for he says, 'The old is better.' It may be helpful to add: "and he is therefore not willing to try the new wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 6 intro vv2y 0 # Luke 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Luke 6:20-49 contains many blessings and woes that appear to correspond to Matthew 5-7. This part of Matthew has traditionally been called the "Sermon on the Mount." In Luke, they are not as connected to a teaching on the kingdom of God as they are in Matthew's gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Eating the grain"

When the disciples plucked and ate the grain in a field they were walking through on the Sabbath ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)), the Pharisees said that they were breaking the law of Moses. The Pharisees said that the disciples were doing work by picking the grain and so disobeying God's command to rest and not work on the Sabbath.

The Pharisees did not think the disciples were stealing. That is because the law of Moses required farmers to allow travelers to pluck and eat small amounts of grain from plants in fields they traveled through or near. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. Jesus used a metaphor of a generous grain merchant to teach his people to be generous ([Luke 6:38](../../luk/06/38.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Rhetorical Questions

Rhetorical questions are questions to which the speaker already knows the answer. The Pharisees scolded Jesus by asking him a rhetorical question when they thought he was breaking the Sabbath ([Luke 6:2](../../luk/06/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Implicit information

Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Luke wrote that the disciples were rubbing the heads of grain between their hands, he expected his reader to know that they were separating the part they would eat from what they would throw away ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### The twelve disciples

The following are the lists of the twelve disciples:

In Matthew:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James son of Zebedee, John son of Zebedee, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.

In Mark:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James the son of Zebedee and John the son of Zebedee (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder), Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot.

In Luke:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon (who was called the Zealot), Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot.

Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James.
LUK 6 1 dum1 figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" here is plural, and refers to the disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 6 1 sw1e 0 Connecting Statement: While Jesus and his disciples are walking through grainfields, some Pharisees begin to question the disciples about what they are doing on the Sabbath, which, in God's law, has been set aside for God. -LUK 6 1 c4sa writing-newevent 0 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you can consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 6 1 x5zk 0 grainfields In this case, these are large sections of land where the people had scattered wheat seed to grow more wheat. -LUK 6 1 rl46 0 heads of grain This is the topmost part of the grain plant, which is a kind of large grass. It holds the mature, edible seeds of the plant. +LUK 6 1 c4sa writing-newevent δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you can consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 6 1 x5zk σπορίμων 1 grainfields In this case, these are large sections of land where the people had scattered wheat seed to grow more wheat. +LUK 6 1 rl46 στάχυας 1 heads of grain This is the topmost part of the grain plant, which is a kind of large grass. It holds the mature, edible seeds of the plant. LUK 6 1 h9fy figs-explicit 0 rubbing them between their hands They did this to separate the grain seeds. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "They rubbed them in their hands to separate the grains from the husks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 6 2 z32z figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing something that is not lawful to do on the Sabbath day? They asked this question to accuse the disciples of breaking the law. It can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Picking grain on the Sabbath is against God's law!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 2 m76z figs-explicit 0 doing something The Pharisees considered even the small action of rubbing a handful of grain to be unlawful work. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "doing work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 2 m76z figs-explicit ποιεῖτε ὃ 1 doing something The Pharisees considered even the small action of rubbing a handful of grain to be unlawful work. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "doing work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 6 3 vih6 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not even read ... him? Jesus is rebuking the Pharisees for not learning from the scriptures. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should learn from what you have read ... him!" or "Certainly you have read ... him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 4 yyh2 0 the bread of the presence "the holy bread" or "the bread that was offered to God" -LUK 6 5 h453 0 Son of Man Jesus was referring to himself. This can be stated: Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" -LUK 6 5 xy9h 0 is Lord of the Sabbath The title "Lord" here emphasizes his authority over the Sabbath. Alternate translation: "has the authority to determine what is right for people to do on the Sabbath!" +LUK 6 4 yyh2 τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς Προθέσεως 1 the bread of the presence "the holy bread" or "the bread that was offered to God" +LUK 6 5 h453 Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus was referring to himself. This can be stated: Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" +LUK 6 5 xy9h ἐστιν Κύριός τοῦ Σαββάτου 1 is Lord of the Sabbath The title "Lord" here emphasizes his authority over the Sabbath. Alternate translation: "has the authority to determine what is right for people to do on the Sabbath!" LUK 6 6 pj2m 0 General Information: It is now another Sabbath day and Jesus is in the synagogue. LUK 6 6 ua7d 0 Connecting Statement: The scribes and Pharisees watch as Jesus heals a man on the Sabbath. -LUK 6 6 p1ee writing-newevent 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 6 6 d44q writing-participants 0 A man was there This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 6 6 t77y 0 hand was withered The man's hand was damaged in such a way that he could not stretch it. It was probably bent into almost a fist, making it look smaller and wrinkled. -LUK 6 7 q3sh 0 were watching him closely "were watching Jesus carefully" -LUK 6 7 c1qe 0 so that they might find "because they wanted to find" -LUK 6 8 d7zu 0 in the middle of everyone "in front of everyone." Jesus wanted the man to stand where everyone there could see him. -LUK 6 9 j8y7 0 to them "to the Pharisees" +LUK 6 6 p1ee writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 6 6 d44q writing-participants ἄνθρωπος ἦν ἐκεῖ 1 A man was there This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 6 6 t77y ἡ χεὶρ ἦν ξηρά 1 hand was withered The man's hand was damaged in such a way that he could not stretch it. It was probably bent into almost a fist, making it look smaller and wrinkled. +LUK 6 7 q3sh παρετηροῦντο αὐτὸν παρετηροῦντο 1 were watching him closely "were watching Jesus carefully" +LUK 6 7 c1qe ἵνα εὕρωσιν 1 so that they might find "because they wanted to find" +LUK 6 8 d7zu εἰς τὸ μέσον 1 in the middle of everyone "in front of everyone." Jesus wanted the man to stand where everyone there could see him. +LUK 6 9 j8y7 πρὸς αὐτούς 1 to them "to the Pharisees" LUK 6 9 m5yz figs-rquestion 0 I ask you, is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do harm, to save a life or to destroy it? Jesus asks this question to force the Pharisees to admit that he was right to heal on the Sabbath. The intent of the question is thus rhetorical: to get them to admit what they all know is true rather than to obtain information. However, Jesus says, "I ask you," so this question is not like other rhetorical questions that might need to be translated as statements. This should be translated as a question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 9 dc6f 0 to do good or to do harm "to help someone or to harm someone" -LUK 6 10 x77k 0 Stretch out your hand "Hold out your hand" or "Extend your hand" -LUK 6 10 hce1 0 restored healed +LUK 6 9 dc6f ἀγαθοποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι 1 to do good or to do harm "to help someone or to harm someone" +LUK 6 10 x77k ἔκτεινον σου τὴν χεῖρά 1 Stretch out your hand "Hold out your hand" or "Extend your hand" +LUK 6 10 hce1 ἀποκατεστάθη 1 restored healed LUK 6 12 ay59 0 General Information: Jesus chooses twelve apostles after he prays all night. -LUK 6 12 e4s7 writing-newevent 0 It happened in those days This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 6 12 gzn1 0 in those days "around that time" or "not long after" or "one day around then" -LUK 6 12 l7by 0 he went out "Jesus went out" -LUK 6 13 vep8 0 When it was day "When it was morning" or "The next day" -LUK 6 13 j9w7 0 he chose twelve of them "he chose twelve of the disciples" -LUK 6 13 zgh6 0 whom he also named apostles "whom he also made apostles" or "and he appointed them to be apostles" +LUK 6 12 e4s7 writing-newevent ἐγένετο ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 It happened in those days This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 6 12 gzn1 ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 in those days "around that time" or "not long after" or "one day around then" +LUK 6 12 l7by αὐτὸν ἐξελθεῖν 1 he went out "Jesus went out" +LUK 6 13 vep8 ὅτε ἐγένετο ἡμέρα 1 When it was day "When it was morning" or "The next day" +LUK 6 13 j9w7 ἐκλεξάμενος δώδεκα ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 he chose twelve of them "he chose twelve of the disciples" +LUK 6 13 zgh6 οὓς ὠνόμασεν καὶ ὠνόμασεν ἀποστόλους 1 whom he also named apostles "whom he also made apostles" or "and he appointed them to be apostles" LUK 6 14 p5xe figs-explicit 0 The names of the apostles were Luke wrote a list of the names of the apostles. The ULT uses these words to introduce the list. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 6 14 zdq3 0 his brother Andrew "Simon's brother, Andrew" -LUK 6 15 et48 0 Zealot Possible meanings are 1) "the Zealot" is a title that indicates he was part of the group of people who wanted to free the Jewish people from Roman rule. Alternate translation: "the patriot" or "the nationalist" or 2) "the Zealot" is a description that indicates he was zealous for God to be honored. Alternate translation: "the passionate one" -LUK 6 16 g24m figs-explicit 0 became a traitor It may be necessary to explain what "traitor" means in this context. Alternate translation: "betrayed his friend" or "turned his friend over to enemies" (usually in return for money paid) or "exposed a friend to danger by telling enemies about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 14 zdq3 αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀνδρέαν 1 his brother Andrew "Simon's brother, Andrew" +LUK 6 15 et48 Ζηλωτὴν 1 Zealot Possible meanings are 1) "the Zealot" is a title that indicates he was part of the group of people who wanted to free the Jewish people from Roman rule. Alternate translation: "the patriot" or "the nationalist" or 2) "the Zealot" is a description that indicates he was zealous for God to be honored. Alternate translation: "the passionate one" +LUK 6 16 g24m figs-explicit ἐγένετο προδότης 1 became a traitor It may be necessary to explain what "traitor" means in this context. Alternate translation: "betrayed his friend" or "turned his friend over to enemies" (usually in return for money paid) or "exposed a friend to danger by telling enemies about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 6 17 t33z 0 Connecting Statement: Though Jesus especially addresses his disciples, there are many people around who listen. -LUK 6 17 i5gv 0 with them "with the twelve he had chosen" or "with his twelve apostles" -LUK 6 18 dpj5 figs-activepassive 0 to be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Jesus to heal them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 17 i5gv μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 with them "with the twelve he had chosen" or "with his twelve apostles" +LUK 6 18 dpj5 figs-activepassive ἰαθῆναι 1 to be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Jesus to heal them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 6 18 wfm9 figs-activepassive 0 People who were troubled with unclean spirits were also healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus also healed people who were troubled with unclean spirits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 6 18 t8ac 0 troubled with unclean spirits "bothered by unclean spirits" or "controlled by evil spirits" +LUK 6 18 t8ac οἱ ἐνοχλούμενοι ἀπὸ ἀκαθάρτων πνευμάτων 1 troubled with unclean spirits "bothered by unclean spirits" or "controlled by evil spirits" LUK 6 19 y2cl 0 power to heal was coming out from him "he had power to heal people" or "he was using his power to heal people" LUK 6 20 ymg7 0 Blessed are you This phrase is repeated three times. Each time, it indicates that God gives favor to certain people or that their situation is positive or good. LUK 6 20 xj9v 0 Blessed are you who are poor "You who are poor receive God's favor" or "You who are poor benefit" -LUK 6 20 y18c 0 for yours is the kingdom of God Languages that do not have a word for kingdom might say, "for God is your king" or "because God is your ruler." -LUK 6 20 k34r 0 yours is the kingdom of God "the kingdom of God belongs to you." This could mean 1) "you belong to God's kingdom" or 2) "you will have authority in God's kingdom." -LUK 6 21 tg8m 0 you will laugh "you will laugh with joy" or "you will be joyful" -LUK 6 22 h8ii 0 Blessed are you "You receive God's favor" or "You benefit" or "How good it is for you" -LUK 6 22 r5cg 0 exclude you "reject you" -LUK 6 22 jz7x 0 because of the Son of Man "because you associate with the Son of Man" or "because they reject the Son of Man" -LUK 6 23 bw14 0 in that day "when they do those things" or "when that happens" -LUK 6 23 d97t figs-idiom 0 leap for joy This idiom means "be extremely joyful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 6 23 e3kb 0 a great reward "a large payment" or "good gifts" -LUK 6 24 c6lu 0 woe to you "how terrible it is for you." This phrase is repeated three times. It is the opposite of "blessed are you." Each time, it indicates that God's anger is directed at the people, or that something negative or bad awaits them. -LUK 6 24 v1bp 0 woe to you who are rich "how terrible it is for you who are rich" or "trouble will come to you who are rich" -LUK 6 24 cs2e 0 your comfort "what comforts you" or "what satisfies you" or "what makes you happy" -LUK 6 25 de8m 0 who are full now "whose stomachs are full now" or "who eat much now" -LUK 6 25 l8nr 0 who laugh now "who are happy now" +LUK 6 20 y18c ὅτι ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 for yours is the kingdom of God Languages that do not have a word for kingdom might say, "for God is your king" or "because God is your ruler." +LUK 6 20 k34r ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 yours is the kingdom of God "the kingdom of God belongs to you." This could mean 1) "you belong to God's kingdom" or 2) "you will have authority in God's kingdom." +LUK 6 21 tg8m γελάσετε 1 you will laugh "you will laugh with joy" or "you will be joyful" +LUK 6 22 h8ii μακάριοί ἐστε 1 Blessed are you "You receive God's favor" or "You benefit" or "How good it is for you" +LUK 6 22 r5cg ἀφορίσωσιν ὑμᾶς 1 exclude you "reject you" +LUK 6 22 jz7x ἕνεκα τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 because of the Son of Man "because you associate with the Son of Man" or "because they reject the Son of Man" +LUK 6 23 bw14 ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 in that day "when they do those things" or "when that happens" +LUK 6 23 d97t figs-idiom σκιρτήσατε 1 leap for joy This idiom means "be extremely joyful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 6 23 e3kb ὁ μισθὸς πολὺς ὁ μισθὸς 1 a great reward "a large payment" or "good gifts" +LUK 6 24 c6lu οὐαὶ ὑμῖν 1 woe to you "how terrible it is for you." This phrase is repeated three times. It is the opposite of "blessed are you." Each time, it indicates that God's anger is directed at the people, or that something negative or bad awaits them. +LUK 6 24 v1bp οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς πλουσίοις 1 woe to you who are rich "how terrible it is for you who are rich" or "trouble will come to you who are rich" +LUK 6 24 cs2e ὑμῶν τὴν παράκλησιν 1 your comfort "what comforts you" or "what satisfies you" or "what makes you happy" +LUK 6 25 de8m οἱ ἐμπεπλησμένοι νῦν 1 who are full now "whose stomachs are full now" or "who eat much now" +LUK 6 25 l8nr οἱ γελῶντες νῦν 1 who laugh now "who are happy now" LUK 6 26 tn96 0 Woe to you "How terrible it is for you" or "How sad you should be" -LUK 6 26 j9yy figs-gendernotations 0 when all men speak Here "men" is used in the generic sense the includes all people. Alternate translation: "when all people speak" or "when everyone speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 6 26 y29d 0 that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets "their ancestors also spoke well of the false prophets" +LUK 6 26 j9yy figs-gendernotations ὅταν πάντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἴπωσιν 1 when all men speak Here "men" is used in the generic sense the includes all people. Alternate translation: "when all people speak" or "when everyone speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +LUK 6 26 y29d κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ αὐτῶν οἱ πατέρες ἐποίουν τοῖς ψευδοπροφήταις 1 that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets "their ancestors also spoke well of the false prophets" LUK 6 27 wr76 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak to his disciples and the crowd who is listening to him as well. -LUK 6 27 l5rz writing-participants 0 to you who are listening Jesus now begins to speak to the entire crowd, rather than just to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 6 27 l5rz writing-participants ὑμῖν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν 1 to you who are listening Jesus now begins to speak to the entire crowd, rather than just to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 6 27 pz5r 0 love ... do good Each of these commands is to be followed continually, not just a single time. -LUK 6 27 pqh7 figs-ellipsis 0 love your enemies This does not mean they were to only love their enemies and not their friends. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "Love your enemies, not only your friends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 6 27 pqh7 figs-ellipsis ἀγαπᾶτε ὑμῶν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς 1 love your enemies This does not mean they were to only love their enemies and not their friends. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "Love your enemies, not only your friends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 6 28 c83m 0 Bless ... pray Each of these commands is to be followed continually, not just a single time. -LUK 6 28 t43h figs-explicit 0 Bless those God is the one who blesses. This can made explicit. Alternate translation: "Ask God to bless those" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 6 28 x2iy 0 those who curse you "those who habitually curse you" -LUK 6 28 tjn7 0 those who mistreat you "those who habitually mistreat you" -LUK 6 29 a7ri 0 To him who strikes you "If anyone hits you" -LUK 6 29 d5qi 0 on the one cheek "on one side of your face" +LUK 6 28 t43h figs-explicit εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους 1 Bless those God is the one who blesses. This can made explicit. Alternate translation: "Ask God to bless those" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 28 x2iy τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς 1 those who curse you "those who habitually curse you" +LUK 6 28 tjn7 τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ὑμᾶς 1 those who mistreat you "those who habitually mistreat you" +LUK 6 29 a7ri τῷ τύπτοντί σε 1 To him who strikes you "If anyone hits you" +LUK 6 29 d5qi ἐπὶ τὴν σιαγόνα 1 on the one cheek "on one side of your face" LUK 6 29 eq83 figs-ellipsis 0 offer him also the other It may be helpful to state what the attacker will do to the person. Alternate translation: "turn your face so that he can strike the other cheek also" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 6 29 ic4n 0 do not withhold "do not prevent him from taking" -LUK 6 30 d8y6 0 Give to everyone who asks you "If anyone asks you for something, give it to him" +LUK 6 29 ic4n κωλύσῃς μὴ κωλύσῃς 1 do not withhold "do not prevent him from taking" +LUK 6 30 d8y6 δίδου παντὶ αἰτοῦντί σε 1 Give to everyone who asks you "If anyone asks you for something, give it to him" LUK 6 30 ts8c 0 do not ask him to give "do not require him to give" or "do not demand that he give" -LUK 6 31 te6e 0 As you want people to do to you, you should do the same to them In some languages it may be more natural to reverse the order. Alternate translation: "You should do to people the same as what you want them to do to you" or "Treat people they way you want them to treat you" +LUK 6 31 te6e καθὼς θέλετε οἱ ἄνθρωποι ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν, ποιεῖτε ὁμοίως αὐτοῖς 1 As you want people to do to you, you should do the same to them In some languages it may be more natural to reverse the order. Alternate translation: "You should do to people the same as what you want them to do to you" or "Treat people they way you want them to treat you" LUK 6 32 qh81 figs-rquestion 0 what credit is that to you? "what reward will you receive?" or "what praise will you receive for doing that?" This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "you will not receive any reward for that." or "God will not reward you for that." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 34 kgc9 figs-explicit 0 to get back the same amount The law of Moses commanded the Jews not to receive interest on money they loaned to each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 6 35 s8j7 0 expecting nothing in return "not expecting the person to return what you have given him" or "not expecting the person to give you anything" -LUK 6 35 ly98 0 your reward will be great "you will receive a great reward" or "you will receive good payment" or "you will get good gifts because of it" -LUK 6 35 zw5k 0 you will be sons of the Most High It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human son or child. -LUK 6 35 qr5x 0 sons of the Most High Make sure that the word "sons" is plural so it is not confused with Jesus' title "The Son of the Most High." -LUK 6 35 ku6l 0 unthankful and evil people "people who do not thank him and who are evil" -LUK 6 36 n28w 0 your Father This refers to God. It is best to translate "Father" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human father. -LUK 6 37 a8c7 0 Do not judge "Do not judge people" or "Do not harshly criticize people" -LUK 6 37 i2ft 0 and you "and as a result you" -LUK 6 37 e8fb figs-activepassive 0 you will not be judged Jesus does not say who would not judge. Possible meanings are 1) "God will not judge you" or 2) "no one will judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 6 37 vkl8 0 Do not condemn "Do not condemn people" -LUK 6 37 gz37 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be condemned Jesus does not say who would not condemn. Possible meanings are 1) "God will not condemn you" or 2) "no one will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 6 37 a22w figs-activepassive 0 you will be forgiven Jesus does not say who would forgive. Possible meanings are 1) "God will forgive you" or 2) "people will forgive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 6 38 ryf8 figs-activepassive 0 it will be given to you Jesus does not say exactly who will give. Possible meanings are 1) "someone will give it to you" or 2) "God will give it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 34 kgc9 figs-explicit ἁμαρτωλοῖς ἵνα ἀπολάβωσιν τὰ ἴσα 1 to get back the same amount The law of Moses commanded the Jews not to receive interest on money they loaned to each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 35 s8j7 ἀπελπίζοντες μηδὲν ἀπελπίζοντες 1 expecting nothing in return "not expecting the person to return what you have given him" or "not expecting the person to give you anything" +LUK 6 35 ly98 ὑμῶν ὁ μισθὸς ἔσται πολύς 1 your reward will be great "you will receive a great reward" or "you will receive good payment" or "you will get good gifts because of it" +LUK 6 35 zw5k ἔσεσθε υἱοὶ Ὑψίστου 1 you will be sons of the Most High It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human son or child. +LUK 6 35 qr5x υἱοὶ Ὑψίστου 1 sons of the Most High Make sure that the word "sons" is plural so it is not confused with Jesus' title "The Son of the Most High." +LUK 6 35 ku6l τοὺς ἀχαρίστους καὶ πονηρούς 1 unthankful and evil people "people who do not thank him and who are evil" +LUK 6 36 n28w ὑμῶν ὁ Πατὴρ 1 your Father This refers to God. It is best to translate "Father" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human father. +LUK 6 37 a8c7 κρίνετε μὴ κρίνετε 1 Do not judge "Do not judge people" or "Do not harshly criticize people" +LUK 6 37 i2ft καὶ κριθῆτε 1 and you "and as a result you" +LUK 6 37 e8fb figs-activepassive κριθῆτε οὐ μὴ κριθῆτε 1 you will not be judged Jesus does not say who would not judge. Possible meanings are 1) "God will not judge you" or 2) "no one will judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 37 vkl8 καταδικάζετε μὴ καταδικάζετε 1 Do not condemn "Do not condemn people" +LUK 6 37 gz37 figs-activepassive καταδικασθῆτε οὐ μὴ καταδικασθῆτε 1 you will not be condemned Jesus does not say who would not condemn. Possible meanings are 1) "God will not condemn you" or 2) "no one will condemn you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 37 a22w figs-activepassive ἀπολυθήσεσθε 1 you will be forgiven Jesus does not say who would forgive. Possible meanings are 1) "God will forgive you" or 2) "people will forgive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 38 ryf8 figs-activepassive δοθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be given to you Jesus does not say exactly who will give. Possible meanings are 1) "someone will give it to you" or 2) "God will give it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 6 38 q8sq figs-metaphor 0 A generous amount—pressed down, shaken together and spilling over—will pour into your lap Jesus speaks either of God or of people giving generously as if he were speaking of a generous grain merchant. Alternate translation: "God will pour into your lap a generous amount—pressed down, shaken together and spilling over" or "Like a generous grain merchant who presses down the grain and shakes it together and pours in so much grain that it spills over, they will give generously to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 6 38 rxl6 0 A generous amount "A large amount" -LUK 6 38 fp26 figs-activepassive 0 it will be measured back to you Jesus does not say exactly who will measure. Possible meanings are 1) "they will measure things back to you" or 2) "God will measure things back to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 38 rxl6 μέτρον καλὸν μέτρον 1 A generous amount "A large amount" +LUK 6 38 fp26 figs-activepassive ἀντιμετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be measured back to you Jesus does not say exactly who will measure. Possible meanings are 1) "they will measure things back to you" or 2) "God will measure things back to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 6 39 bw7f figs-parables 0 Jesus includes some examples to make his point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 6 39 kyt1 figs-rquestion 0 Can a blind person guide another blind person? Jesus used this question to get the people to think about something that they already know. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "We all know that a blind person cannot guide another blind person." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 39 nm4v figs-metaphor 0 blind person The person who is "blind" is a metaphor for a person who has not been taught as a disciple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 6 39 kyt1 figs-rquestion μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς ὁδηγεῖν τυφλὸν? 1 Can a blind person guide another blind person? Jesus used this question to get the people to think about something that they already know. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "We all know that a blind person cannot guide another blind person." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 6 39 nm4v figs-metaphor τυφλὸς 1 blind person The person who is "blind" is a metaphor for a person who has not been taught as a disciple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 6 39 p27p figs-hypo 0 If he did Some languages might prefer, "if one did." This is an absurd situation that is not likely to actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 6 39 f4xj figs-rquestion 0 they would both fall into a pit, would they not? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "both of them would fall into a hole." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 40 ipr9 0 A disciple is not greater than his teacher "A disciple does not surpass his teacher." Possible meanings are 1) "A disciple does not have more knowledge than his teacher" or 2) "A disciple does not have more authority than his teacher." -LUK 6 40 a6ym 0 everyone when he is fully trained "every disciple who has been trained well" or "every disciple whose teacher has fully taught him" +LUK 6 39 f4xj figs-rquestion ἐμπεσοῦνται ἀμφότεροι ἐμπεσοῦνται εἰς βόθυνον, οὐχὶ? 1 they would both fall into a pit, would they not? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "both of them would fall into a hole." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 6 40 ipr9 μαθητὴς ἔστιν οὐκ ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον 1 A disciple is not greater than his teacher "A disciple does not surpass his teacher." Possible meanings are 1) "A disciple does not have more knowledge than his teacher" or 2) "A disciple does not have more authority than his teacher." +LUK 6 40 a6ym πᾶς ἔσται κατηρτισμένος 1 everyone when he is fully trained "every disciple who has been trained well" or "every disciple whose teacher has fully taught him" LUK 6 41 l7vj figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look ... brother's eye, but you do not notice the log that is in your own eye? Jesus uses this question to challenge the people to pay attention to their own sins before they pay attention to another person's sins. Alternate translation: "Do not look ... brothers eye while you ignore the log that is in your own eye." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 6 41 jpt3 figs-metaphor 0 the tiny piece of straw that is in your brother's eye This is a metaphor that refers to the less important faults of a fellow believer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 6 41 j1r5 0 tiny piece of straw "speck" or "splinter" or "bit of dust." Use a word for the smallest thing that commonly falls into a person's eyes. -LUK 6 41 ud6q 0 brother Here "brother" refers to a fellow Jew or a fellow believer in Jesus. -LUK 6 41 ssu3 figs-metaphor 0 the log that is in your own eye This is a metaphor for a person's most important faults. A log could not literally go into a person's eye. Jesus exaggerates to emphasize that a person should pay attention to his own more important faults before he deals with another person's less important faults. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 6 41 h9a4 0 log "beam" or "plank" +LUK 6 41 jpt3 figs-metaphor τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν σου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ' τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ 1 the tiny piece of straw that is in your brother's eye This is a metaphor that refers to the less important faults of a fellow believer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 6 41 j1r5 κάρφος 1 tiny piece of straw "speck" or "splinter" or "bit of dust." Use a word for the smallest thing that commonly falls into a person's eyes. +LUK 6 41 ud6q τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ 1 brother Here "brother" refers to a fellow Jew or a fellow believer in Jesus. +LUK 6 41 ssu3 figs-metaphor τὴν δοκὸν τὴν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ 1 the log that is in your own eye This is a metaphor for a person's most important faults. A log could not literally go into a person's eye. Jesus exaggerates to emphasize that a person should pay attention to his own more important faults before he deals with another person's less important faults. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 6 41 h9a4 δοκὸν 1 log "beam" or "plank" LUK 6 42 rkk6 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say ... eye? Jesus asks this question to challenge the people to pay attention to their own sins before they pay attention to another person's sins. Alternate translation: "You should not say ... eye." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 6 43 x5uu figs-metaphor 0 General Information: People can tell if a tree is good or bad, and what type of tree it is, by the fruit it produces. Jesus uses this as an unexplained metaphor—we know what kind of person someone is when we see his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 6 43 ezb4 0 For there is "This is because there is." This indicates that what follows is the reason why we should not judge our brother. -LUK 6 43 u159 0 good tree "healthy tree" -LUK 6 43 pi3u 0 rotten fruit fruit that is decaying or bad or worthless -LUK 6 44 z1vz figs-activepassive 0 each tree is known People recognize the kind of tree by the fruit it bears. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people know the type of a tree" or "people recognize a tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 6 44 ns81 0 thornbush a plant or shrub that has thorns -LUK 6 44 ux87 0 briar bush a vine or shrub that has thorns +LUK 6 43 ezb4 γάρ ἐστιν 1 For there is "This is because there is." This indicates that what follows is the reason why we should not judge our brother. +LUK 6 43 u159 καλὸν δένδρον 1 good tree "healthy tree" +LUK 6 43 pi3u σαπρόν καρπὸν 1 rotten fruit fruit that is decaying or bad or worthless +LUK 6 44 z1vz figs-activepassive ἕκαστον δένδρον γινώσκεται 1 each tree is known People recognize the kind of tree by the fruit it bears. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people know the type of a tree" or "people recognize a tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 44 ns81 ἀκανθῶν 1 thornbush a plant or shrub that has thorns +LUK 6 44 ux87 βάτου 1 briar bush a vine or shrub that has thorns LUK 6 45 kz5k figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Jesus compares the thoughts of a person to his good or evil treasure. When a good person has good thoughts, he engages in good actions. When an evil person thinks evil thoughts, he engages in evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 6 45 d9n4 0 The good man The word "good" here means righteous or moral. -LUK 6 45 fd19 figs-gendernotations 0 good man The word "man" here refers to a person, male or female. Alternate translation: "good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 6 45 i93l figs-metaphor 0 the good treasure of his heart Here the good thoughts of a person are spoken of as if they are treasures stored in the heart of that person, and "his heart" is a metonym for the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "the good things he keeps deep inside himself" or "the good things he values very intensely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 6 45 gpn9 figs-metaphor 0 produces what is good Producing what is good is a metaphor for doing what is good. Alternate translation: "does what is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 6 45 y2cj figs-metaphor 0 the evil treasure of his heart Here the evil thoughts of a person are spoken of as if they are evil things stored in the heart of that person, and "his heart" is a metonym the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "the evil things he keeps deep inside himself" or "the evil things he values very intensely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 6 45 jc6z figs-metonymy 0 out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks Here "heart" represents the person's mind or inner being. The phrase "his mouth" represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "what he thinks in his heart affects what he says with his mouth" or "a person will speak aloud what truly values inside of himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 6 45 d9n4 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος 1 The good man The word "good" here means righteous or moral. +LUK 6 45 fd19 figs-gendernotations ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος 1 good man The word "man" here refers to a person, male or female. Alternate translation: "good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +LUK 6 45 i93l figs-metaphor τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ τῆς καρδίας 1 the good treasure of his heart Here the good thoughts of a person are spoken of as if they are treasures stored in the heart of that person, and "his heart" is a metonym for the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "the good things he keeps deep inside himself" or "the good things he values very intensely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 6 45 gpn9 figs-metaphor προφέρει τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 produces what is good Producing what is good is a metaphor for doing what is good. Alternate translation: "does what is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 6 45 y2cj figs-metaphor τοῦ πονηροῦ 1 the evil treasure of his heart Here the evil thoughts of a person are spoken of as if they are evil things stored in the heart of that person, and "his heart" is a metonym the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "the evil things he keeps deep inside himself" or "the evil things he values very intensely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 6 45 jc6z figs-metonymy ἐκ περισσεύματος καρδίας αὐτοῦ τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ 1 out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks Here "heart" represents the person's mind or inner being. The phrase "his mouth" represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "what he thinks in his heart affects what he says with his mouth" or "a person will speak aloud what truly values inside of himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 6 46 i3tg figs-simile 0 General Information: Jesus compares the person who obeys his teaching to a man who builds a house on rock where it will be safe from floods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 6 46 a4av 0 Lord, Lord The repetition of these words indicates that they regularly called Jesus "Lord." +LUK 6 46 a4av Κύριε, Κύριε 1 Lord, Lord The repetition of these words indicates that they regularly called Jesus "Lord." LUK 6 47 wwu5 0 Every person who comes to me ... I will tell you what he is like It may be clearer to change the order of this sentence. Alternate translation: "I will tell you what every person is like who comes to me and hears my words and obeys them" -LUK 6 48 cw41 figs-explicit 0 built the house's foundation on solid rock "dug the foundation of the house deep enough to reach a foundation of solid rock." Some cultures may not be familiar with building on bedrock, and may need to use another image for a stable foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 6 48 cjp8 0 foundation the part of a house that connects it to the ground. People in Jesus' time dug down into the ground to the solid rock and then began to build on the rock. That solid rock was the foundation. -LUK 6 48 dp2a 0 solid rock "bedrock." This is the very large, hard rock that is deep under the soil. -LUK 6 48 qc2z 0 torrent of water "fast-moving water" or "river" -LUK 6 48 d3gs 0 flowed against "crashed against" -LUK 6 48 h75u 0 shake it Possible meanings are 1) "cause it to shake" or 2) "destroy it." -LUK 6 48 tu5j figs-activepassive 0 because it had been well built This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the man had built it well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 6 48 cw41 figs-explicit ἔθηκεν θεμέλιον' θεμέλιον ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν 1 built the house's foundation on solid rock "dug the foundation of the house deep enough to reach a foundation of solid rock." Some cultures may not be familiar with building on bedrock, and may need to use another image for a stable foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 48 cjp8 θεμέλιον 1 foundation the part of a house that connects it to the ground. People in Jesus' time dug down into the ground to the solid rock and then began to build on the rock. That solid rock was the foundation. +LUK 6 48 dp2a τὴν πέτραν 1 solid rock "bedrock." This is the very large, hard rock that is deep under the soil. +LUK 6 48 qc2z ποταμὸς 1 torrent of water "fast-moving water" or "river" +LUK 6 48 d3gs προσέρηξεν 1 flowed against "crashed against" +LUK 6 48 h75u σαλεῦσαι αὐτὴν 1 shake it Possible meanings are 1) "cause it to shake" or 2) "destroy it." +LUK 6 48 tu5j figs-activepassive διὰ αὐτήν οἰκοδομῆσθαι τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι 1 because it had been well built This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the man had built it well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 6 49 wg4w figs-simile 0 General Information: Jesus compares the person who hears but does not obey his teaching to a man who builds a house that has no foundation and so will collapse when the flood comes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 6 49 sjf5 0 But the person "But" shows a strong contrast to the previous person who built with a foundation. -LUK 6 49 yu5r figs-explicit 0 on top of the ground without a foundation Some cultures may not know that a house with a foundation is stronger. Additional information may be helpful. Alternate translation: "but he did not dig down and build first a foundation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 6 49 d8m3 0 foundation the part of a house that connects it to the ground. People in Jesus' time dug down into the ground to the solid rock and then began to build on the rock. That solid rock was the foundation. -LUK 6 49 l5jj 0 torrent of water "fast-moving water" or "river" -LUK 6 49 bs8c 0 flowed against "crashed against" -LUK 6 49 q98t 0 collapsed fell down or came apart -LUK 6 49 jm86 0 the ruin of that house was complete "that house was completely destroyed" +LUK 6 49 sjf5 δὲ ὁ 1 But the person "But" shows a strong contrast to the previous person who built with a foundation. +LUK 6 49 yu5r figs-explicit ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν θεμελίου χωρὶς 1 on top of the ground without a foundation Some cultures may not know that a house with a foundation is stronger. Additional information may be helpful. Alternate translation: "but he did not dig down and build first a foundation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 6 49 d8m3 χωρὶς 1 foundation the part of a house that connects it to the ground. People in Jesus' time dug down into the ground to the solid rock and then began to build on the rock. That solid rock was the foundation. +LUK 6 49 l5jj ποταμός 1 torrent of water "fast-moving water" or "river" +LUK 6 49 bs8c προσέρρηξεν 1 flowed against "crashed against" +LUK 6 49 q98t συνέπεσεν 1 collapsed fell down or came apart +LUK 6 49 jm86 τὸ ῥῆγμα τῆς οἰκίας ἐκείνης τῆς οἰκίας ἐγένετο μέγα 1 the ruin of that house was complete "that house was completely destroyed" LUK 7 intro u8gj 0 # Luke 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 7:27.

Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Centurion

The centurion who asked Jesus to heal his slave ([Luke 7:2](../../luk/07/02.md) was doing many unusual things. A Roman soldier would almost never go to a Jew for anything, and most wealthy people did not love or care for their slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/centurion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### John's Baptism

John baptized people to show that those he was baptizing knew they were sinners and were sorry for their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

##### "Sinners"

Luke refers to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders considered these people to be hopelessly ignorant of the law of Moses, and so called them "sinners." In reality, the leaders were sinful. This situation can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

##### "Feet"

The feet of the people in the ancient Near East were very dirty because they wore sandals and the roads and trails were dusty and muddy. Only slaves washed other people's feet. The woman who washed Jesus' feet was showing him great honor.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 7:34](../../luk/07/34.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 7 1 e1by 0 General Information: Jesus enters Capernaum where Jesus heals a centurian's servant. -LUK 7 1 zi6w figs-idiom 0 in the hearing of the people The idiom "in the hearing" emphasizes that he wanted them to hear what he said. Alternate translation: "to the people who were listening to him" or "to the people who were present" or "for the people to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 7 1 l2zp writing-newevent 0 he entered Capernaum This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 7 2 zm98 0 who was highly regarded by him "whom the centurion valued" or "whom he respected" -LUK 7 4 hm7l 0 asked him earnestly "pleaded with him" or "begged him" -LUK 7 4 y6vt 0 He is worthy "The centurion is worthy" -LUK 7 5 cny7 0 our nation "our people." This refers to the Jewish people. +LUK 7 1 zi6w figs-idiom εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς τοῦ λαοῦ 1 in the hearing of the people The idiom "in the hearing" emphasizes that he wanted them to hear what he said. Alternate translation: "to the people who were listening to him" or "to the people who were present" or "for the people to hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 7 1 l2zp writing-newevent εἰσῆλθεν εἰς Καφαρναούμ 1 he entered Capernaum This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 7 2 zm98 ὃς ἦν ἔντιμος αὐτῷ 1 who was highly regarded by him "whom the centurion valued" or "whom he respected" +LUK 7 4 hm7l παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν σπουδαίως 1 asked him earnestly "pleaded with him" or "begged him" +LUK 7 4 y6vt ἐστιν ἄξιός 1 He is worthy "The centurion is worthy" +LUK 7 5 cny7 ἡμῶν τὸ ἔθνος 1 our nation "our people." This refers to the Jewish people. LUK 7 6 s5xg 0 continued on his way "went along" -LUK 7 6 el4w figs-doublenegatives 0 not far from the house The double negative can be replaced. Alternate translation: "near the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -LUK 7 6 i6kv 0 do not trouble yourself The centurion was speaking politely to Jesus. Alternate translation: "do not trouble yourself by coming to my house" or "I do not wish to bother you" -LUK 7 6 ez29 figs-idiom 0 come under my roof This phrase is an idiom that means "come into my house." If your language has an idiom that means "come into my house," think about whether it would be good to use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 7 6 el4w figs-doublenegatives οὐ μακρὰν ἀπέχοντος ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας 1 not far from the house The double negative can be replaced. Alternate translation: "near the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +LUK 7 6 i6kv σκύλλου μὴ σκύλλου 1 do not trouble yourself The centurion was speaking politely to Jesus. Alternate translation: "do not trouble yourself by coming to my house" or "I do not wish to bother you" +LUK 7 6 ez29 figs-idiom εἰσέλθῃς ὑπὸ μου τὴν στέγην 1 come under my roof This phrase is an idiom that means "come into my house." If your language has an idiom that means "come into my house," think about whether it would be good to use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 7 7 m9ue figs-synecdoche 0 just say a word The servant understood that Jesus could heal the servant just by speaking. Here "word" refers to a command. Alternate translation: "just give the order" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 7 7 m6v8 0 my servant will be healed The word that is translated here as "servant" is normally translated as "boy." It may indicate that the servant was very young or show the centurion's affection for him. -LUK 7 8 tkd5 0 I also am a man who is under authority "I also have someone over me that I must obey" -LUK 7 8 q2ep 0 under me "under my authority" -LUK 7 8 mdd5 0 to my servant The word that is translated here as "servant" is the typical word for a servant. +LUK 7 7 m6v8 μου ὁ παῖς ἰαθήτω 1 my servant will be healed The word that is translated here as "servant" is normally translated as "boy." It may indicate that the servant was very young or show the centurion's affection for him. +LUK 7 8 tkd5 ἐγὼ καὶ εἰμι ἄνθρωπός τασσόμενος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν 1 I also am a man who is under authority "I also have someone over me that I must obey" +LUK 7 8 q2ep ὑπ’ ἐμαυτὸν 1 under me "under my authority" +LUK 7 8 mdd5 τῷ δούλῳ μου τῷ δούλῳ 1 to my servant The word that is translated here as "servant" is the typical word for a servant. LUK 7 9 tpz9 0 he was amazed at him "he was amazed at the centurion" -LUK 7 9 w8pi 0 I say to you Jesus said this to emphasize the surprising thing that he was about to tell them. -LUK 7 9 j76u figs-explicit 0 not even in Israel have I found such faith. The implication is that Jesus expected Jewish people to have this kind of faith, but they did not. He did not expect Gentiles to have this kind of faith, yet this man did. You may need to add this implied information. Alternate translation: "I have not found any Israelite who trusts me as much as this Gentile does!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 10 g4ny figs-ellipsis 0 those who had been sent It is understood that these were the people the centurion sent. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "the people whom the Roman officer had sent to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 7 9 w8pi λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus said this to emphasize the surprising thing that he was about to tell them. +LUK 7 9 j76u figs-explicit οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ εὗρον τοσαύτην πίστιν 1 not even in Israel have I found such faith. The implication is that Jesus expected Jewish people to have this kind of faith, but they did not. He did not expect Gentiles to have this kind of faith, yet this man did. You may need to add this implied information. Alternate translation: "I have not found any Israelite who trusts me as much as this Gentile does!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 10 g4ny figs-ellipsis οἱ πεμφθέντες 1 those who had been sent It is understood that these were the people the centurion sent. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "the people whom the Roman officer had sent to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 7 11 tn2d 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus goes to the city of Nain, where he heals a man who had died. -LUK 7 11 dmz7 translate-names 0 Nain This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 7 12 sq27 writing-participants 0 behold, a man who had died The word "behold" alerts us to the introduction of the dead man into the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "there was a dead man who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 7 12 zr69 figs-activepassive 0 a man who had died was being carried out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people were carrying out of the city a man who had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 7 12 n96r writing-background 0 carried out, the only son of his mother (who was a widow), and a rather large crowd "carried out. He was his mother's only son, and she was a widow. A rather large crowd." This is background information about the dead man and his mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 7 12 i5iv 0 widow a woman whose husband has died and who has not remarried -LUK 7 13 fa42 0 was deeply moved with compassion for her "felt very sorry for her" -LUK 7 14 xt2t 0 he went up "he went forward" or "he approached the dead man" -LUK 7 14 quy9 0 the wooden frame on which they carried the body This was a stretcher or bed used to move the body to the burial place. It did not have to be something in which the body was buried. Other translations may have the less common "bier" or "funeral couch." -LUK 7 14 lex4 0 I say to you, arise Jesus says this to emphasize that the young man needs to obey him. "Listen to me! Arise" -LUK 7 15 er34 0 The dead man The man was not still dead; he was now alive. It may be necessary to state this clearly. Alternate translation: "The man who had been dead" +LUK 7 11 dmz7 translate-names Ναΐν 1 Nain This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 7 12 sq27 writing-participants ἰδοὺ, τεθνηκὼς 1 behold, a man who had died The word "behold" alerts us to the introduction of the dead man into the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "there was a dead man who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 7 12 zr69 figs-activepassive τεθνηκὼς ἐξεκομίζετο 1 a man who had died was being carried out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people were carrying out of the city a man who had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 7 12 n96r writing-background ἐξεκομίζετο, μονογενὴς υἱὸς τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ μητρὶ( αὐτὴ ἦν χήρα), καὶ ὄχλος ἱκανὸς ὄχλος 1 carried out, the only son of his mother (who was a widow), and a rather large crowd "carried out. He was his mother's only son, and she was a widow. A rather large crowd." This is background information about the dead man and his mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 7 12 i5iv χήρα 1 widow a woman whose husband has died and who has not remarried +LUK 7 13 fa42 ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἐπ’ αὐτῇ 1 was deeply moved with compassion for her "felt very sorry for her" +LUK 7 14 xt2t προσελθὼν 1 he went up "he went forward" or "he approached the dead man" +LUK 7 14 quy9 τῆς σοροῦ 1 the wooden frame on which they carried the body This was a stretcher or bed used to move the body to the burial place. It did not have to be something in which the body was buried. Other translations may have the less common "bier" or "funeral couch." +LUK 7 14 lex4 λέγω σοὶ, ἐγέρθητι 1 I say to you, arise Jesus says this to emphasize that the young man needs to obey him. "Listen to me! Arise" +LUK 7 15 er34 ὁ νεκρὸς 1 The dead man The man was not still dead; he was now alive. It may be necessary to state this clearly. Alternate translation: "The man who had been dead" LUK 7 16 fr41 0 Connecting Statement: This tells what happens as a result of Jesus' healing the man who had died. -LUK 7 16 rf1k figs-activepassive 0 fear overcame all of them "fear filled all of them." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they all became very afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 7 16 jf1j figs-activepassive 0 A great prophet has been raised among us They were referring to Jesus, not to some unidentified prophet. "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to become." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has caused one of us to become a great prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 7 16 wn5b figs-idiom 0 looked upon This idiom means "cared for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 7 17 a7l7 0 This news about Jesus spread "This news" refers to the things people were saying in verse 16. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People spread this report about Jesus" or "People told others this report about Jesus" -LUK 7 17 g4zt 0 This news "This report" or "This message" +LUK 7 16 rf1k figs-activepassive φόβος ἔλαβεν πάντας 1 fear overcame all of them "fear filled all of them." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they all became very afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 7 16 jf1j figs-activepassive προφήτης μέγας προφήτης ἠγέρθη ἐν ἡμῖν 1 A great prophet has been raised among us They were referring to Jesus, not to some unidentified prophet. "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to become." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has caused one of us to become a great prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 7 16 wn5b figs-idiom ἐπεσκέψατο 1 looked upon This idiom means "cared for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 7 17 a7l7 οὗτος ὁ λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐξῆλθεν 1 This news about Jesus spread "This news" refers to the things people were saying in verse 16. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People spread this report about Jesus" or "People told others this report about Jesus" +LUK 7 17 g4zt οὗτος ὁ λόγος 1 This news "This report" or "This message" LUK 7 18 p9nd 0 Connecting Statement: John sends two of his disciples to question Jesus. -LUK 7 18 xt3i writing-newevent 0 John's disciples told him about all these things This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 7 18 r11g 0 told him "told John" -LUK 7 18 jf5m 0 all these things "all the things Jesus was doing" +LUK 7 18 xt3i writing-newevent Ἰωάννῃ' Ἰωάννῃ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτοῦ περὶ πάντων τούτων 1 John's disciples told him about all these things This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 7 18 r11g ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτοῦ 1 told him "told John" +LUK 7 18 jf5m πάντων τούτων 1 all these things "all the things Jesus was doing" LUK 7 20 ftb7 figs-quotations 0 the men said, "John the Baptist has sent us to you to say, 'Are you ... or should we look for another?'" This sentence can be rewritten so that it only has one direct quote. Alternate translation: "the men said that John the Baptist had sent them to him to ask, 'Are you the one who is coming, or should we look for another?'" or "the men said, 'John the Baptist has sent us to you to ask if you are the one who is coming, or if we should look for another.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 7 21 ys1b 0 In that hour "At that time" -LUK 7 21 a7sm figs-ellipsis 0 from evil spirits It may be helpful to restate the healing. Alternate translation: "he healed them from evil spirits" or "he set people free from evil spirits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 7 22 lcm2 0 said to them "said to John's messengers" or "said to the messengers that John sent" -LUK 7 22 b9n6 0 report to John "tell John" +LUK 7 21 ys1b ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 In that hour "At that time" +LUK 7 21 a7sm figs-ellipsis πνευμάτων πονηρῶν πνευμάτων 1 from evil spirits It may be helpful to restate the healing. Alternate translation: "he healed them from evil spirits" or "he set people free from evil spirits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 7 22 lcm2 εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 said to them "said to John's messengers" or "said to the messengers that John sent" +LUK 7 22 b9n6 ἀπαγγείλατε Ἰωάννῃ 1 report to John "tell John" LUK 7 22 fvz7 0 people who have died are being raised back to life "dead people are being caused to live again" -LUK 7 22 qbe3 0 needy people "poor people" +LUK 7 22 qbe3 πτωχοὶ 1 needy people "poor people" LUK 7 23 y4px figs-activepassive 0 The person who does not stop believing in me because of my actions is blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless the person who does not stop believing in me because of my actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 7 23 i5dl 0 The person who does not ... is blessed "People who do not ... are blessed" or "Anyone who does not ... is blessed" or "Whoever does not ... is blessed." This is not a specific person. LUK 7 23 i7zh figs-doublenegatives 0 not stop believing in me because of This double negative means "continues to believe in me despite" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) LUK 7 23 wk59 0 believing in me "trusting me completely" LUK 7 24 k1zb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to speak to the crowd about John the Baptist. He asks rhetorical questions to lead them to think about what John the Baptist is really like. LUK 7 24 h9dw figs-rquestion 0 What ... A reed shaken by the wind? This expects a negative answer. "Did you go out to see a reed shaken by the wind? Of course not!" It can also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Surely you did not go out to see a reed being shaken by the wind!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 7 24 gbv9 figs-metaphor 0 A reed shaken by the wind Possible meanings of this metaphor are 1) a person who easily changes his mind, as reeds are easily moved by the wind, or 2) a person who talks a lot but does not say anything important, as reeds rattle when the wind blows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 7 24 gbv9 figs-metaphor κάλαμον σαλευόμενον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου 1 A reed shaken by the wind Possible meanings of this metaphor are 1) a person who easily changes his mind, as reeds are easily moved by the wind, or 2) a person who talks a lot but does not say anything important, as reeds rattle when the wind blows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 7 25 tcp3 figs-rquestion 0 But what ... A man dressed in soft clothes? This also expects a negative answer, since John wore rough garments. "Did you go out to see a man dressed in soft clothes? Of course not!" This can also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: You certainly did not go out to see a man dressed in soft clothes!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 7 25 a1wu figs-explicit 0 dressed in soft clothes This refers to expensive clothing. Normal clothing was rough. Alternate translation: "wearing expensive clothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 25 nn75 0 kings' palaces A palace is a large, expensive house that a king lives in. +LUK 7 25 a1wu figs-explicit ἠμφιεσμένον ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις 1 dressed in soft clothes This refers to expensive clothing. Normal clothing was rough. Alternate translation: "wearing expensive clothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 25 nn75 τοῖς βασιλείοις' τοῖς βασιλείοις 1 kings' palaces A palace is a large, expensive house that a king lives in. LUK 7 26 ym8l figs-rquestion 0 But what ... A prophet? This leads to a positive answer. "Did you go out to see a prophet? Of course you did!" This can also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "But you actually went out to see a prophet!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 7 26 ix16 0 Yes, I say to you Jesus says this to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. -LUK 7 26 r7ud 0 more than a prophet This phrase means that John was indeed a prophet, but that he was even greater than a typical prophet. Alternate translation: "not just an ordinary prophet" or "much more important than a normal prophet" -LUK 7 27 cg3r 0 This is he of whom it is written "That prophet is the one the prophets wrote about" or "John is the one the prophets wrote about long ago" -LUK 7 27 wt2m 0 See, I am sending In this verse, Jesus is quoting the prophet Malachi and saying that John is the messenger of which Malachi spoke. -LUK 7 27 s8hg figs-idiom 0 before your face This idiom means "in front of you" or "to go ahead of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 7 27 cc5u figs-you 0 your The word "your" is singular because God was speaking to the Messiah in the quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 7 28 yz6b figs-you 0 I say to you Jesus is speaking to the crowd, so "you" is plural. Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the truth of the surprising thing he is about to say next. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 7 28 rr11 figs-metaphor 0 among those born of women "among those to whom a woman has given birth." This is a metaphor that refers to all people. Alternate translation: "of all the people who have ever lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 7 28 gfz7 0 none is greater than John "John is the greatest" -LUK 7 28 c33u 0 the one who is least in the kingdom of God This refers to anyone who is part of the kingdom that God will establish. +LUK 7 26 ix16 ναί, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Yes, I say to you Jesus says this to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. +LUK 7 26 r7ud περισσότερον προφήτου 1 more than a prophet This phrase means that John was indeed a prophet, but that he was even greater than a typical prophet. Alternate translation: "not just an ordinary prophet" or "much more important than a normal prophet" +LUK 7 27 cg3r οὗτός ἐστιν περὶ οὗ γέγραπται 1 This is he of whom it is written "That prophet is the one the prophets wrote about" or "John is the one the prophets wrote about long ago" +LUK 7 27 wt2m ἰδοὺ, ἀποστέλλω 1 See, I am sending In this verse, Jesus is quoting the prophet Malachi and saying that John is the messenger of which Malachi spoke. +LUK 7 27 s8hg figs-idiom πρὸ σου προσώπου 1 before your face This idiom means "in front of you" or "to go ahead of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 7 27 cc5u figs-you σου 1 your The word "your" is singular because God was speaking to the Messiah in the quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 7 28 yz6b figs-you λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus is speaking to the crowd, so "you" is plural. Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the truth of the surprising thing he is about to say next. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 7 28 rr11 figs-metaphor ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν 1 among those born of women "among those to whom a woman has given birth." This is a metaphor that refers to all people. Alternate translation: "of all the people who have ever lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 7 28 gfz7 οὐδείς ἐστιν μείζων Ἰωάννου 1 none is greater than John "John is the greatest" +LUK 7 28 c33u ὁ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ Βασιλείᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the one who is least in the kingdom of God This refers to anyone who is part of the kingdom that God will establish. LUK 7 28 r81b figs-explicit 0 is greater than he is The spiritual state of people in the kingdom of God will be higher than that of the people before the kingdom was established. Alternate translation: "has higher spiritual status than John" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 7 29 b6y2 0 General Information: Luke, the author of this book, comments on how people responded to John and Jesus. LUK 7 29 idv8 0 When all the people ... baptism of John This verse could be reordered to be more clear. Alternate translation: "When all the people who had been baptized by John, including the tax collectors, heard this, they declared that God is righteous" LUK 7 29 m5cn 0 they declared that God is righteous "they said that God had shown himself to be righteous" or "they declared that God had acted righteously" LUK 7 29 s9v6 figs-activepassive 0 because they had been baptized with the baptism of John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because they had let John baptize them" or "because John had baptized them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 7 30 v8f5 0 rejected God's purpose for themselves "rejected what God wanted them to do" or "chose to disobey what God told them" -LUK 7 30 wqc3 figs-activepassive 0 they had not been baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they did not let John baptize them" or "they rejected John's baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 7 30 v8f5 ἠθέτησαν τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν βουλὴν εἰς ἑαυτούς 1 rejected God's purpose for themselves "rejected what God wanted them to do" or "chose to disobey what God told them" +LUK 7 30 wqc3 figs-activepassive βαπτισθέντες μὴ βαπτισθέντες ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 they had not been baptized by John This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they did not let John baptize them" or "they rejected John's baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 7 31 k99s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the people about John the Baptist. LUK 7 31 cs1j figs-rquestion 0 To what, then, can I compare ... they like? Jesus uses these questions to introduce a comparison. They can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This is what I compare this generation to, and what they are like." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 7 31 ix8z figs-parallelism 0 I compare ... What are they like These are two ways of saying that this is a comparison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 7 31 ec4k 0 the people of this generation The people living when Jesus spoke. -LUK 7 32 n8yp figs-simile 0 They are like These words are the beginning of Jesus' comparison. Jesus is saying that the people are like children who are never satisfied with the way other children act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 7 32 f7hg 0 marketplace a large, open-air area where people come to sell their goods -LUK 7 32 xgg9 0 and you did not dance "but you did not dance to the music" -LUK 7 32 m2k3 0 and you did not cry "but you did not cry with us" -LUK 7 33 kbc7 0 eating no bread Possible meanings are 1) "frequently fasting" or 2) "not eating normal food." -LUK 7 33 wka1 figs-quotations 0 you say, 'He has a demon.' Jesus was quoting what people were saying about John. This can be stated without the direct quote. Alternate translation: "you say that he has a demon." or "you accuse him of having a demon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 7 34 k33e figs-123person 0 The Son of Man Jesus expected the people to understand that he was referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 7 31 ec4k τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης τῆς γενεᾶς 1 the people of this generation The people living when Jesus spoke. +LUK 7 32 n8yp figs-simile εἰσιν ὅμοιοί 1 They are like These words are the beginning of Jesus' comparison. Jesus is saying that the people are like children who are never satisfied with the way other children act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 7 32 f7hg ἀγορᾷ 1 marketplace a large, open-air area where people come to sell their goods +LUK 7 32 xgg9 καὶ ὠρχήσασθε οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε 1 and you did not dance "but you did not dance to the music" +LUK 7 32 m2k3 καὶ ἐκλαύσατε οὐκ ἐκλαύσατε 1 and you did not cry "but you did not cry with us" +LUK 7 33 kbc7 ἐσθίων μὴ ἄρτον 1 eating no bread Possible meanings are 1) "frequently fasting" or 2) "not eating normal food." +LUK 7 33 wka1 figs-quotations λέγετε,' ἔχει δαιμόνιον.' 1 you say, 'He has a demon.' Jesus was quoting what people were saying about John. This can be stated without the direct quote. Alternate translation: "you say that he has a demon." or "you accuse him of having a demon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 7 34 k33e figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 The Son of Man Jesus expected the people to understand that he was referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 7 34 s1um figs-quotations 0 you say, 'Look, he is a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners!' This can be translated as an indirect quote. If you translated "The Son of Man" as "I, the Son of man," you can state this as an indirect statement and use the first person. Alternate translation: "you say that he is a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners." or "you accuse him of eating and drinking too much and of being ... sinners." or "you say that I am a gluttonous man and a drunkard ... sinners." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 7 34 am9s 0 he is a gluttonous man "he is a greedy eater" or "he continually eats too much food" -LUK 7 34 chu4 0 a drunkard "a drunk" or "he continually drinks too much alcohol" -LUK 7 35 ba4g 0 wisdom is justified by all her children This appears to be a proverb that Jesus applied to this situation, probably to teach that wise people would understand that the people should not have rejected Jesus and John. +LUK 7 34 chu4 οἰνοπότης 1 a drunkard "a drunk" or "he continually drinks too much alcohol" +LUK 7 35 ba4g ἡ σοφία ἐδικαιώθη ἀπὸ πάντων αὐτῆς τῶν τέκνων 1 wisdom is justified by all her children This appears to be a proverb that Jesus applied to this situation, probably to teach that wise people would understand that the people should not have rejected Jesus and John. LUK 7 36 q5p4 0 General Information: It was a custom in that time for onlookers to attend dinners without eating. LUK 7 36 fd2c 0 Connecting Statement: A Pharisee invites Jesus to eat at his house. -LUK 7 36 lhd4 writing-newevent 0 Now one of the Pharisees The marks the beginning of a new part of the story and introduces the Pharisee into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 7 36 dy31 0 reclined at the table to eat "sat down at the table for the meal." It was the custom at a relaxed meal such as this dinner for men to eat while lying down comfortably around the table. +LUK 7 36 lhd4 writing-newevent δέ τις τῶν Φαρισαίων 1 Now one of the Pharisees The marks the beginning of a new part of the story and introduces the Pharisee into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 7 36 dy31 κατεκλίθη 1 reclined at the table to eat "sat down at the table for the meal." It was the custom at a relaxed meal such as this dinner for men to eat while lying down comfortably around the table. LUK 7 37 a9iu writing-participants 0 Behold, there was a woman The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 7 37 x4sk 0 who was a sinner "who lived a sinful lifestyle" or "who had a reputation for living a sinful life." She may have been a prostitute. -LUK 7 37 apx8 0 an alabaster jar "a jar made of soft stone." Alabaster is a soft, white rock. People stored precious things in alabaster jars. -LUK 7 37 a954 0 of perfumed oil "with perfume in it." The oil had something in it that made it smell nice. People rubbed it on themselves or sprinkled their clothing with it in order to smell nice. -LUK 7 38 v5xh 0 with the hair of her head "with her hair" +LUK 7 37 x4sk ἥτις ἦν ἁμαρτωλός 1 who was a sinner "who lived a sinful lifestyle" or "who had a reputation for living a sinful life." She may have been a prostitute. +LUK 7 37 apx8 ἀλάβαστρον 1 an alabaster jar "a jar made of soft stone." Alabaster is a soft, white rock. People stored precious things in alabaster jars. +LUK 7 37 a954 μύρου 1 of perfumed oil "with perfume in it." The oil had something in it that made it smell nice. People rubbed it on themselves or sprinkled their clothing with it in order to smell nice. +LUK 7 38 v5xh ταῖς θριξὶν τῆς κεφαλῆς 1 with the hair of her head "with her hair" LUK 7 38 i93v 0 anointed them with perfumed oil "poured perfume on them" -LUK 7 39 u455 0 he thought to himself, saying "he said to himself" +LUK 7 39 u455 εἶπεν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, λέγων 1 he thought to himself, saying "he said to himself" LUK 7 39 xc9v 0 If this man were a prophet, then he would know ... a sinner The Pharisee thought that Jesus was not a prophet because he allowed the sinful woman to touch him. Alternate translation: "Apparently Jesus is not a prophet, because a prophet would know that this woman who is touching him is a sinner" -LUK 7 39 tbq3 figs-explicit 0 that she is a sinner Simon assumed that a prophet would never allow a sinner to touch him. This part of his assumption can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "that she is a sinner, and he would not allow her to touch him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 40 u3cg 0 Simon This was the name of the Pharisee who invited Jesus into his home. This was not Simon Peter. +LUK 7 39 tbq3 figs-explicit ὅτι ἐστιν ἁμαρτωλός 1 that she is a sinner Simon assumed that a prophet would never allow a sinner to touch him. This part of his assumption can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "that she is a sinner, and he would not allow her to touch him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 40 u3cg Σίμων 1 Simon This was the name of the Pharisee who invited Jesus into his home. This was not Simon Peter. LUK 7 41 sv92 figs-parables 0 General Information: To emphasize what he is going to tell Simon the Pharisee, Jesus tells him a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 7 41 fcq6 0 A certain moneylender had two debtors "Two men owed money to a certain moneylender" -LUK 7 41 snz6 translate-bmoney 0 five hundred denarii "500 days' wages." "Denarii" is the plural of "denarius." A "denarius" was a silver coin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 7 41 i92j 0 the other fifty "the other debtor owed fifty denarii" or "50 days' wages" -LUK 7 42 lbq6 0 he forgave them both "he forgave their debts" or "he canceled their debts" -LUK 7 43 uyj6 0 I suppose Simon was cautious about his answer. Alternate translation: "Probably" -LUK 7 43 zqz4 0 You have judged correctly "You are right" -LUK 7 44 s7g6 0 Jesus turned to the woman Jesus directed Simon's attention to the woman by turning to her. -LUK 7 44 mw7d figs-explicit 0 You gave me no water for my feet It was a basic responsibility of a host to provide water and a towel for guests to wash and dry their feet after walking on dusty roads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 41 fcq6 δανιστῇ τινι δανιστῇ ἦσαν δύο χρεοφιλέται 1 A certain moneylender had two debtors "Two men owed money to a certain moneylender" +LUK 7 41 snz6 translate-bmoney πεντακόσια δηνάρια 1 five hundred denarii "500 days' wages." "Denarii" is the plural of "denarius." A "denarius" was a silver coin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 7 41 i92j ὁ ἕτερος πεντήκοντα 1 the other fifty "the other debtor owed fifty denarii" or "50 days' wages" +LUK 7 42 lbq6 ἐχαρίσατο ἀμφοτέροις 1 he forgave them both "he forgave their debts" or "he canceled their debts" +LUK 7 43 uyj6 ὑπολαμβάνω 1 I suppose Simon was cautious about his answer. Alternate translation: "Probably" +LUK 7 43 zqz4 ἔκρινας ὀρθῶς 1 You have judged correctly "You are right" +LUK 7 44 s7g6 στραφεὶς πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα 1 Jesus turned to the woman Jesus directed Simon's attention to the woman by turning to her. +LUK 7 44 mw7d figs-explicit ἔδωκας μοι οὐκ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ πόδας 1 You gave me no water for my feet It was a basic responsibility of a host to provide water and a towel for guests to wash and dry their feet after walking on dusty roads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 7 44 mw58 0 You ... but she Jesus twice uses these phrases to contrast Simon's lack of courtesy with the woman's extreme actions of gratitude. -LUK 7 44 am5z 0 she has wet my feet with her tears The woman used her tears in place of the missing water. +LUK 7 44 am5z αὕτη ἔβρεξέν μου τοὺς πόδας τοῖς δάκρυσιν 1 she has wet my feet with her tears The woman used her tears in place of the missing water. LUK 7 44 ld62 0 wiped them with her hair The woman used her hair in place of the missing towel. -LUK 7 45 xj92 figs-explicit 0 You did not give me a kiss A good host in that culture would greet his guest with a kiss on the cheek. Simon did not do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 45 r2jj 0 did not stop kissing my feet "has continued to kiss my feet" -LUK 7 45 u3er 0 kissing my feet The woman kissed the feet of Jesus rather than his cheek as a sign of extreme repentance and humility. +LUK 7 45 xj92 figs-explicit ἔδωκας οὐκ ἔδωκας μοι φίλημά 1 You did not give me a kiss A good host in that culture would greet his guest with a kiss on the cheek. Simon did not do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 45 r2jj διέλιπεν οὐ διέλιπεν καταφιλοῦσά μου τοὺς πόδας 1 did not stop kissing my feet "has continued to kiss my feet" +LUK 7 45 u3er καταφιλοῦσά μου τοὺς πόδας 1 kissing my feet The woman kissed the feet of Jesus rather than his cheek as a sign of extreme repentance and humility. LUK 7 46 j8wj 0 You did not ... but she Jesus continues to contrast Simon's poor hospitality with the actions of the woman. -LUK 7 46 le9a figs-explicit 0 anoint my head with oil "put oil on my head." This was the custom to welcome an honored guest. Alternate translation: "welcome me by anointing my head with oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 46 g6va 0 anointed my feet The woman greatly honored Jesus by doing this. She demonstrated humility by anointing his feet instead of his head. -LUK 7 47 kwc5 0 I say to you This emphasizes the importance of the statement that follows. -LUK 7 47 clu2 figs-activepassive 0 her sins, which were many, have been forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has forgiven her many sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 7 47 jql4 0 for she loved much Her love was the evidence that her sins were forgiven. Some languages require that the object of "love" be stated. Alternate translation: "for she greatly loves the one who forgave her" or "for she loves God very much" -LUK 7 47 qd9q figs-explicit 0 the one who is forgiven little "anyone who is forgiven only a few things." In this sentence Jesus states a general principle. However, he expected Simon to understand that he showed very little love for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 48 c7hj 0 Then he said to her "Then he said to the woman" -LUK 7 48 lq5v figs-activepassive 0 Your sins are forgiven "You are forgiven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 7 49 enw4 0 reclining together "reclining together around the table" or "eating together" -LUK 7 49 ie4z figs-rquestion 0 Who is this that even forgives sins? The religious leaders knew that only God could forgive sins and did not believe that Jesus was God. This question was probably intended to be an accusation. Alternate translation: "Who does this man think he is? Only God can forgive sins!" or "Why is this man pretending to be God, who alone can forgive sins?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 7 50 lje8 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your faith has saved you "Because of your faith, you are saved." The abstract noun "faith" could be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "Because you believe, you are saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 7 50 sp2u 0 Go in peace This is a way of saying good-bye while giving a blessing at the same time. Alternate translation: "As you go, do not worry anymore" or "May God give you peace as you go" +LUK 7 46 le9a figs-explicit ἤλειψας μου τὴν κεφαλήν ἐλαίῳ 1 anoint my head with oil "put oil on my head." This was the custom to welcome an honored guest. Alternate translation: "welcome me by anointing my head with oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 46 g6va ἤλειψεν μου τοὺς πόδας 1 anointed my feet The woman greatly honored Jesus by doing this. She demonstrated humility by anointing his feet instead of his head. +LUK 7 47 kwc5 λέγω σοι 1 I say to you This emphasizes the importance of the statement that follows. +LUK 7 47 clu2 figs-activepassive αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι, αἱ πολλαί, ἀφέωνται 1 her sins, which were many, have been forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has forgiven her many sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 7 47 jql4 ὅτι ἠγάπησεν πολύ 1 for she loved much Her love was the evidence that her sins were forgiven. Some languages require that the object of "love" be stated. Alternate translation: "for she greatly loves the one who forgave her" or "for she loves God very much" +LUK 7 47 qd9q figs-explicit ᾧ ἀφίεται ὀλίγον 1 the one who is forgiven little "anyone who is forgiven only a few things." In this sentence Jesus states a general principle. However, he expected Simon to understand that he showed very little love for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 48 c7hj δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῇ 1 Then he said to her "Then he said to the woman" +LUK 7 48 lq5v figs-activepassive σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνταί 1 Your sins are forgiven "You are forgiven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 7 49 enw4 συνανακείμενοι 1 reclining together "reclining together around the table" or "eating together" +LUK 7 49 ie4z figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν οὗτός ὃς καὶ ἀφίησιν ἁμαρτίας 1 Who is this that even forgives sins? The religious leaders knew that only God could forgive sins and did not believe that Jesus was God. This question was probably intended to be an accusation. Alternate translation: "Who does this man think he is? Only God can forgive sins!" or "Why is this man pretending to be God, who alone can forgive sins?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 7 50 lje8 figs-abstractnouns σου ἡ πίστις σέσωκέν σε 1 Your faith has saved you "Because of your faith, you are saved." The abstract noun "faith" could be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "Because you believe, you are saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 7 50 sp2u πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην 1 Go in peace This is a way of saying good-bye while giving a blessing at the same time. Alternate translation: "As you go, do not worry anymore" or "May God give you peace as you go" LUK 8 intro ba3i 0 # Luke 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Miracles

Jesus made a storm stop by speaking to it, he made a dead girl alive by speaking to her, and he made evil spirits leave a man by speaking to them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Parables

The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Luke 8:4-15](./04.md)).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Brothers and sisters

Most people call those who have the same parents "brother" and "sister" and think of them as the most important people in their lives. Many people also call those with the same grandparents "brother" and "sister." In this chapter Jesus says that the most important people to him are those who obey his Father in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/brother]])
LUK 8 1 f72n 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Jesus' preaching while traveling. -LUK 8 1 i6mi writing-newevent 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 8 2 g99l figs-activepassive 0 who had been healed of evil spirits and diseases This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom Jesus had set free from evil spirits and healed of diseases" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 2 jq4g translate-names 0 Mary One of the "certain women." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 8 1 i6mi writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 8 2 g99l figs-activepassive αἳ ἦσαν τεθεραπευμέναι ἀπὸ πονηρῶν πνευμάτων καὶ ἀσθενειῶν 1 who had been healed of evil spirits and diseases This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom Jesus had set free from evil spirits and healed of diseases" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 2 jq4g translate-names Μαρία 1 Mary One of the "certain women." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 8 2 n4x6 figs-activepassive 0 Mary who was called Magdalene ... seven demons had been driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Mary, whom people called Magdalene ... Jesus had driven out seven demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 8 3 tfz5 translate-names 0 Joanna ... Susanna Two of the "certain women" (verse 2). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 8 3 w9kl translate-names 0 Joanna, the wife of Chuza, Herod's manager Joanna was Chuza's wife, and Chuza was Herod's manager. "Joanna, the wife of Herod's manager, Chuza" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 8 3 k9m5 0 provided for their needs "financially supported Jesus and his twelve disciples" +LUK 8 3 w9kl translate-names Ἰωάννα, γυνὴ Χουζᾶ, Ἡρῴδου' Ἡρῴδου ἐπιτρόπου 1 Joanna, the wife of Chuza, Herod's manager Joanna was Chuza's wife, and Chuza was Herod's manager. "Joanna, the wife of Herod's manager, Chuza" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 8 3 k9m5 διηκόνουν αὐτοῖς 1 provided for their needs "financially supported Jesus and his twelve disciples" LUK 8 4 yet7 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus tells the parable of the soils to the crowd. He explains its meaning to his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 8 4 r1qk 0 coming to him "coming to Jesus" -LUK 8 5 ndc3 0 A farmer went out to sow his seed "A farmer went out to scatter some seed in a field" or "A farmer went out to scatter some seeds in a field" -LUK 8 5 cv1h 0 some fell "some of the seed fell" or "some of the seeds fell" -LUK 8 5 a5mz figs-activepassive 0 it was trampled underfoot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people walked on it" or "people walked on them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 5 n8bw 0 birds of the sky This idiom can be translated simply as "birds" or as "birds flew down and" to keep the sense of "sky." -LUK 8 5 lt8n 0 devoured it "ate it all" or "ate them all" -LUK 8 6 k6a4 0 it withered away "each plant became dry and shriveled up" or "the plants became dry and shriveled up" -LUK 8 6 ktz7 0 it had no moisture "it was too dry" or "they were too dry." The cause can also be stated. Alternate translation: "the ground was too dry" +LUK 8 4 r1qk ἐπιπορευομένων πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 coming to him "coming to Jesus" +LUK 8 5 ndc3 ὁ σπείρων ἐξῆλθεν τοῦ σπεῖραι αὐτοῦ τὸν σπόρον 1 A farmer went out to sow his seed "A farmer went out to scatter some seed in a field" or "A farmer went out to scatter some seeds in a field" +LUK 8 5 cv1h ὃ μὲν ἔπεσεν 1 some fell "some of the seed fell" or "some of the seeds fell" +LUK 8 5 a5mz figs-activepassive κατεπατήθη 1 it was trampled underfoot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people walked on it" or "people walked on them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 5 n8bw πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 birds of the sky This idiom can be translated simply as "birds" or as "birds flew down and" to keep the sense of "sky." +LUK 8 5 lt8n κατέφαγεν αὐτό 1 devoured it "ate it all" or "ate them all" +LUK 8 6 k6a4 φυὲν ἐξηράνθη 1 it withered away "each plant became dry and shriveled up" or "the plants became dry and shriveled up" +LUK 8 6 ktz7 ἔχειν μὴ ἰκμάδα 1 it had no moisture "it was too dry" or "they were too dry." The cause can also be stated. Alternate translation: "the ground was too dry" LUK 8 7 f6m8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling the parable to the crowd. -LUK 8 7 xzq2 0 choked it The thorn plants took all the nutrients, water, and sunlight, so the farmer's plants could not grow well. -LUK 8 8 scs9 0 produced a crop "grew a harvest" or "grew more seeds" -LUK 8 8 q12t figs-ellipsis 0 a hundred times greater This means a hundred times more than the seeds that were sown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 8 8 b92z figs-metonymy 0 Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" or "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] ... [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 8 7 xzq2 ἀπέπνιξαν αὐτό 1 choked it The thorn plants took all the nutrients, water, and sunlight, so the farmer's plants could not grow well. +LUK 8 8 scs9 ἐποίησεν καρπὸν 1 produced a crop "grew a harvest" or "grew more seeds" +LUK 8 8 q12t figs-ellipsis ἑκατονταπλασίονα 1 a hundred times greater This means a hundred times more than the seeds that were sown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 8 8 b92z figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω 1 Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" or "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] ... [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 8 9 vnc7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to speak to his disciples. LUK 8 10 je1f figs-activepassive 0 The knowledge of ... God has been given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has given to you the knowledge of ... God" or "God has made you able to understand ... God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 10 s7xp 0 the secrets of the kingdom of God These are truths that have been hidden, but Jesus is now revealing them. -LUK 8 10 l6sk 0 for others "for other people." This refers to the people who rejected the teaching of Jesus and did not follow him. -LUK 8 10 xtu6 0 seeing they may not see "though they see, they will not perceive." This is a quote from the prophet Isaiah. Some languages may need to state the object of the verbs. Alternate translation: "though they see things, they will not understand them" or "though they see things happen, they will not understand what they mean" -LUK 8 10 k4es 0 hearing they may not understand "though they hear, they will not understand." This is a quote from the prophet Isaiah. Some languages may need to state the object of the verbs. Alternate translation: "though they hear instruction, they will not understand the truth" +LUK 8 10 s7xp τὰ μυστήρια τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the secrets of the kingdom of God These are truths that have been hidden, but Jesus is now revealing them. +LUK 8 10 l6sk τοῖς δὲ λοιποῖς 1 for others "for other people." This refers to the people who rejected the teaching of Jesus and did not follow him. +LUK 8 10 xtu6 βλέποντες βλέπωσιν μὴ βλέπωσιν 1 seeing they may not see "though they see, they will not perceive." This is a quote from the prophet Isaiah. Some languages may need to state the object of the verbs. Alternate translation: "though they see things, they will not understand them" or "though they see things happen, they will not understand what they mean" +LUK 8 10 k4es ἀκούοντες συνιῶσιν μὴ συνιῶσιν 1 hearing they may not understand "though they hear, they will not understand." This is a quote from the prophet Isaiah. Some languages may need to state the object of the verbs. Alternate translation: "though they hear instruction, they will not understand the truth" LUK 8 11 vp8a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to explain the meaning of the parable of the soils to his disciples. -LUK 8 11 hb1t 0 The seed is the word of God "The seed is the message from God" -LUK 8 12 xsa7 figs-metonymy 0 The ones along the path are those "The seeds that fell along the path are those." Jesus tells what happens to the seeds as it relates to people. Alternate translation: "The seeds that fell along the path represent people" or "In the parable, the seeds that fell along the path represent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 12 c26l figs-metonymy 0 are those who Jesus speaks of the seeds showing something about people as if the seeds were the people. Alternate translation: "show what happens to people who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 12 jb9t figs-metonymy 0 the devil comes and takes away the word from their hearts Here "hearts is a metonym for people's minds or inner beings. Alternate translation: "the devil comes and takes away the message of God from their inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 12 h969 figs-metaphor 0 takes away In the parable this was a metaphor of a bird snatching away the seeds. Try to use words in your language that keep that image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 8 12 g7r7 figs-activepassive 0 so they may not believe and be saved This is the devil's purpose. Alternate translation: "because the devil thinks, 'They must not believe and they must not be saved'" or "so it will not be that they believe and God saves them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 11 hb1t ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The seed is the word of God "The seed is the message from God" +LUK 8 12 xsa7 figs-metonymy οἱ παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες 1 The ones along the path are those "The seeds that fell along the path are those." Jesus tells what happens to the seeds as it relates to people. Alternate translation: "The seeds that fell along the path represent people" or "In the parable, the seeds that fell along the path represent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 8 12 c26l figs-metonymy εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες 1 are those who Jesus speaks of the seeds showing something about people as if the seeds were the people. Alternate translation: "show what happens to people who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 8 12 jb9t figs-metonymy ὁ διάβολος ἔρχεται καὶ αἴρει τὸν λόγον ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τῆς καρδίας 1 the devil comes and takes away the word from their hearts Here "hearts is a metonym for people's minds or inner beings. Alternate translation: "the devil comes and takes away the message of God from their inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 8 12 h969 figs-metaphor αἴρει 1 takes away In the parable this was a metaphor of a bird snatching away the seeds. Try to use words in your language that keep that image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 8 12 g7r7 figs-activepassive ἵνα πιστεύσαντες μὴ πιστεύσαντες σωθῶσιν 1 so they may not believe and be saved This is the devil's purpose. Alternate translation: "because the devil thinks, 'They must not believe and they must not be saved'" or "so it will not be that they believe and God saves them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 8 13 juq1 figs-metonymy 0 The ones on the rock are those "The seeds that fell on the rocky soil are those." Jesus tells what happens to the seeds as it relates to people. Alternate translation: "The seeds that fell on the rocky soil represent people" or "In the parable the seeds that fell on the rocky soil represent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 13 ar4x 0 the rock "the rocky soil" -LUK 8 13 bm51 0 in a time of testing "when they experience hardship" -LUK 8 13 e5rw figs-idiom 0 they fall away This idiom means "they stop believing" or "they stop following Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 8 14 k4u4 figs-metonymy 0 The seeds that fell among the thorns are people "The seeds that fell among the thorns represent people" or "In the parable the seeds that fell among the thorns represent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 8 13 ar4x τῆς πέτρας 1 the rock "the rocky soil" +LUK 8 13 bm51 ἐν καιρῷ πειρασμοῦ 1 in a time of testing "when they experience hardship" +LUK 8 13 e5rw figs-idiom ἀφίστανται 1 they fall away This idiom means "they stop believing" or "they stop following Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 8 14 k4u4 figs-metonymy τὸ πεσόν εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας εἰσιν οὗτοί 1 The seeds that fell among the thorns are people "The seeds that fell among the thorns represent people" or "In the parable the seeds that fell among the thorns represent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 8 14 y3ue figs-activepassive 0 they are choked ... pleasures of this life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the cares and riches and pleasures of this life choke them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 14 uut6 0 cares things that people worry about -LUK 8 14 b384 0 pleasures of this life "the things in this life that people enjoy" -LUK 8 14 cz7w figs-metaphor 0 they are choked by the cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and their fruit does not mature This metaphor refers to the way weeds cut off light and nutrients from plants and keep them from growing. Alternate translation: "as weeds prevent good plants from growing, the cares, riches, and pleasures of this life keep these people from becoming mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 8 14 xhv7 figs-metaphor 0 their fruit does not mature "they do not bear ripe fruit." Mature fruit is a metaphor for good works. Alternate translation: "so like a plant that does not produce mature fruit, they do not produce good works" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 8 14 uut6 μεριμνῶν 1 cares things that people worry about +LUK 8 14 b384 ἡδονῶν τοῦ βίου 1 pleasures of this life "the things in this life that people enjoy" +LUK 8 14 cz7w figs-metaphor πορευόμενοι συνπνίγονται ὑπὸ μεριμνῶν καὶ πλούτου καὶ ἡδονῶν τοῦ βίου, καὶ τελεσφοροῦσιν οὐ τελεσφοροῦσιν 1 they are choked by the cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and their fruit does not mature This metaphor refers to the way weeds cut off light and nutrients from plants and keep them from growing. Alternate translation: "as weeds prevent good plants from growing, the cares, riches, and pleasures of this life keep these people from becoming mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 8 14 xhv7 figs-metaphor τελεσφοροῦσιν οὐ τελεσφοροῦσιν 1 their fruit does not mature "they do not bear ripe fruit." Mature fruit is a metaphor for good works. Alternate translation: "so like a plant that does not produce mature fruit, they do not produce good works" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 8 15 m2hb figs-metonymy 0 the seed that fell on the good soil, these are the ones "the seed that fell on the good soil represents the people" or "in the parable the seed that fell on the good soil represents the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 15 l62d 0 hearing the word "hearing the message" -LUK 8 15 pbi7 figs-metonymy 0 with an honest and good heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: "with an honest and good desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 8 15 i51s figs-metaphor 0 bear fruit with patient endurance "produce fruit by enduring patiently" or "produce fruit by continued effort." Fruit is a metaphor for good works. Alternate translation: "like healthy plants that produce good fruit, they produce good works by persevering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 8 15 l62d ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον 1 hearing the word "hearing the message" +LUK 8 15 pbi7 figs-metonymy ἐν καρδίᾳ καλῇ καὶ ἀγαθῇ καρδίᾳ 1 with an honest and good heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: "with an honest and good desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 8 15 i51s figs-metaphor καρποφοροῦσιν ἐν ὑπομονῇ 1 bear fruit with patient endurance "produce fruit by enduring patiently" or "produce fruit by continued effort." Fruit is a metaphor for good works. Alternate translation: "like healthy plants that produce good fruit, they produce good works by persevering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 8 16 p1rb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues with another parable then he finishes speaking to his disciples as he emphasizes the role of his family in his work. -LUK 8 16 n86n figs-parables 0 No one This marks the beginning of another parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 8 17 n5ca figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing is hidden that will not be made known This double negative can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: "everything that is hidden will be made known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +LUK 8 16 n86n figs-parables οὐδεὶς 1 No one This marks the beginning of another parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +LUK 8 17 n5ca figs-doublenegatives οὐ ἐστιν κρυπτὸν ὃ γενήσεται οὐ γενήσεται φανερὸν 1 nothing is hidden that will not be made known This double negative can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: "everything that is hidden will be made known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) LUK 8 17 iv9q figs-doublenegatives 0 nor is anything secret that will not be known and come into the light This double negative can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: "and everything that is secret will be made known and will come into the light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) LUK 8 18 bq9f figs-ellipsis 0 to the one who has, more will be given to him It is clear from the context that Jesus is talking about understanding and believing. This can be stated clearly and changed to active form. Alternate translation: "whoever has understanding will be given more understanding" or "God will enable those who believe the truth to understand even more" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 8 18 ihh9 figs-ellipsis 0 the one who does not have ... will be taken away from him It is clear from the context that Jesus is talking about understanding and believing. This can be stated clearly and changed to active form. Alternate translation: "But whoever does not have understanding will lose even what understanding he thinks he has" or "But God will cause those who do not believe the truth not to understand even the little that they think they have understood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 19 dw3m 0 brothers These were Jesus' younger brothers—the other sons of Mary and Joseph who were born after Jesus. Since the Father of Jesus was God, and their father was Joseph, they were technically his half-brothers. This detail is not normally translated. -LUK 8 20 wr4t figs-activepassive 0 He was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People told him" or "Someone told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 20 un5d 0 wanting to see you "and they want to see you" -LUK 8 21 b97u figs-metaphor 0 My mother and my brothers are those who hear the word of God and do it This metaphor expresses that the people who were coming to listen to Jesus were as important to him as his own family was. Alternate translation: "Those who hear the word of God and obey it are like a mother and brothers to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 8 21 edk3 0 the word of God "the message God has spoken" +LUK 8 19 dw3m οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers These were Jesus' younger brothers—the other sons of Mary and Joseph who were born after Jesus. Since the Father of Jesus was God, and their father was Joseph, they were technically his half-brothers. This detail is not normally translated. +LUK 8 20 wr4t figs-activepassive αὐτῷ ἀπηγγέλη 1 He was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People told him" or "Someone told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 20 un5d θέλοντές ἰδεῖν σε 1 wanting to see you "and they want to see you" +LUK 8 21 b97u figs-metaphor μου μήτηρ καὶ μου ἀδελφοί εἰσιν οὗτοί οἱ ἀκούοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ποιοῦντες 1 My mother and my brothers are those who hear the word of God and do it This metaphor expresses that the people who were coming to listen to Jesus were as important to him as his own family was. Alternate translation: "Those who hear the word of God and obey it are like a mother and brothers to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 8 21 edk3 τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God "the message God has spoken" LUK 8 22 x3qi 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus and his disciples use a boat to cross Lake Genneseret. The disciples learn more about Jesus' power through the storm that arises. -LUK 8 22 w1pk 0 the lake This is the lake of Genneseret, which is also called the Sea of Galilee. -LUK 8 22 btk8 0 They set sail This expression means they began to travel across the lake in their sailboat. -LUK 8 23 vh2v 0 as they sailed "as they went" -LUK 8 23 sf8z 0 fell asleep "began to sleep" -LUK 8 23 mdb5 0 A terrible windstorm came down "a storm of very strong winds began" or "very strong winds suddenly began to blow" -LUK 8 23 uki7 figs-explicit 0 their boat was filling with water The strong winds caused high waves which pushed water over the sides of the boat. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the winds caused high waves that started to fill up their boat with water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 24 uhe4 0 rebuked spoke sharply to -LUK 8 24 t1yy 0 the raging of the water "the violent waves" -LUK 8 24 v1c3 0 they ceased "the wind and the waves stopped" or "they became still" +LUK 8 22 w1pk τῆς λίμνης 1 the lake This is the lake of Genneseret, which is also called the Sea of Galilee. +LUK 8 22 btk8 ἀνήχθησαν 1 They set sail This expression means they began to travel across the lake in their sailboat. +LUK 8 23 vh2v πλεόντων αὐτῶν πλεόντων 1 as they sailed "as they went" +LUK 8 23 sf8z ἀφύπνωσεν 1 fell asleep "began to sleep" +LUK 8 23 mdb5 λαῖλαψ ἀνέμου κατέβη 1 A terrible windstorm came down "a storm of very strong winds began" or "very strong winds suddenly began to blow" +LUK 8 23 uki7 figs-explicit συνεπληροῦντο 1 their boat was filling with water The strong winds caused high waves which pushed water over the sides of the boat. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the winds caused high waves that started to fill up their boat with water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 24 uhe4 ἐπετίμησεν 1 rebuked spoke sharply to +LUK 8 24 t1yy τῷ κλύδωνι τοῦ ὕδατος 1 the raging of the water "the violent waves" +LUK 8 24 v1c3 ἐπαύσαντο 1 they ceased "the wind and the waves stopped" or "they became still" LUK 8 25 d8c3 figs-rquestion 0 Where is your faith? Jesus rebukes them mildly because they do not trust him to take care of them. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should have faith!" or "You should trust me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 8 25 f2wp figs-rquestion 0 Who then is this ... obey him? "What kind of man is this ... obey him?" This question expresses shock and confusion over how Jesus is able to control the storm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 8 25 wjv3 0 Who then is this, that he commands ... obey him? This can be turned into two sentences: "Who then is this? He commands ... obey him!" LUK 8 26 ubb1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus and his disciples come ashore at Gerasa where Jesus removes many demons from a man. -LUK 8 26 f17p translate-names 0 region of the Gerasenes Gerasenes were people from the city called Gerasa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 8 26 p9zp 0 across the lake from Galilee "on the other side of the lake from Galilee" -LUK 8 27 hjh5 0 a certain man from the city "a man from the city of Gerasa" -LUK 8 27 rnl4 0 a certain man from the city who had demons The man had demons; it was not the city that had demons. Alternate translation: "a certain man from the city, and this man had demons" -LUK 8 27 ji6p 0 who had demons "who was controlled by demons" or "whom demons controlled" +LUK 8 26 f17p translate-names χώραν τῶν Γερασηνῶν 1 region of the Gerasenes Gerasenes were people from the city called Gerasa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 8 26 p9zp ἀντιπέρα τῆς Γαλιλαίας 1 across the lake from Galilee "on the other side of the lake from Galilee" +LUK 8 27 hjh5 ἀνήρ τις ἀνήρ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως 1 a certain man from the city "a man from the city of Gerasa" +LUK 8 27 rnl4 ἀνήρ τις ἀνήρ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἔχων δαιμόνια 1 a certain man from the city who had demons The man had demons; it was not the city that had demons. Alternate translation: "a certain man from the city, and this man had demons" +LUK 8 27 ji6p ἔχων δαιμόνια 1 who had demons "who was controlled by demons" or "whom demons controlled" LUK 8 27 xhw7 writing-background 0 For a long time he had worn no clothes ... but among the tombs This is background information about the man who had demons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 8 27 ah29 0 he had worn no clothes "he had not worn clothes" -LUK 8 27 we6n 0 tombs These are places where people put dead bodies, possibly caves or small buildings that the man could use for shelter. -LUK 8 28 ip59 0 When he saw Jesus "When the man who had the demon saw Jesus" -LUK 8 28 n4ex 0 he cried out "he screamed" or "he shrieked" -LUK 8 28 fak9 translate-symaction 0 fell down before him "lay down on the ground before Jesus." He did not fall accidentally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 8 28 m21e 0 he said with a loud voice "he said loudly" or "he shouted out" +LUK 8 27 ah29 ἐνεδύσατο οὐκ ἱμάτιον 1 he had worn no clothes "he had not worn clothes" +LUK 8 27 we6n μνήμασιν 1 tombs These are places where people put dead bodies, possibly caves or small buildings that the man could use for shelter. +LUK 8 28 ip59 ἰδὼν τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 When he saw Jesus "When the man who had the demon saw Jesus" +LUK 8 28 n4ex ἀνακράξας 1 he cried out "he screamed" or "he shrieked" +LUK 8 28 fak9 translate-symaction προσέπεσεν αὐτῷ 1 fell down before him "lay down on the ground before Jesus." He did not fall accidentally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 8 28 m21e εἶπεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 he said with a loud voice "he said loudly" or "he shouted out" LUK 8 28 lv2b figs-idiom 0 What have you to do with me This idiom means "Why are you bothering me?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 8 28 ptt1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of the Most High God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 8 29 j3yj 0 many times it had seized him "many times it had taken control of the man" or "many times it had gone into him." This tells about what the demon had done many times before Jesus met the man. +LUK 8 28 ptt1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὲ τοῦ τοῦ Ὑψίστου Θεοῦ 1 Son of the Most High God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 8 29 j3yj πολλοῖς χρόνοις συνηρπάκει αὐτόν 1 many times it had seized him "many times it had taken control of the man" or "many times it had gone into him." This tells about what the demon had done many times before Jesus met the man. LUK 8 29 bxz4 figs-activepassive 0 though he was bound ... and kept under guard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "though the people had bound him with chains and shackles and guarded him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 29 bey5 figs-activepassive 0 he would be driven by the demon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the demon would make him go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 30 p31w 0 Legion Translate this with a word that refers to a large number of soldiers or people. Some other translations say "Army." Alternate translation: "Battalion" or "Brigade" -LUK 8 31 qcn1 0 kept begging him "kept begging Jesus" -LUK 8 32 b3vt writing-background 0 Now a large herd of pigs was there feeding on the hillside This is supplied as background information to introduce the pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 8 32 q8w5 0 was there feeding on the hillside "was nearby eating grass on a hill" -LUK 8 33 na38 0 So the demons came out The word "so" is used here to explain that the reason the demons came of out the man was because Jesus had told them that they could go into the pigs. -LUK 8 33 gz5x 0 rushed ran very fast +LUK 8 29 bey5 figs-activepassive ἠλαύνετο ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου 1 he would be driven by the demon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the demon would make him go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 30 p31w λεγεών 1 Legion Translate this with a word that refers to a large number of soldiers or people. Some other translations say "Army." Alternate translation: "Battalion" or "Brigade" +LUK 8 31 qcn1 παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν 1 kept begging him "kept begging Jesus" +LUK 8 32 b3vt writing-background δὲ ἀγέλη ἱκανῶν ἀγέλη χοίρων ἦν ἐκεῖ βοσκομένη ἐν τῷ ὄρει 1 Now a large herd of pigs was there feeding on the hillside This is supplied as background information to introduce the pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 8 32 q8w5 ἦν ἐκεῖ βοσκομένη ἐν τῷ ὄρει 1 was there feeding on the hillside "was nearby eating grass on a hill" +LUK 8 33 na38 δὲ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξελθόντα 1 So the demons came out The word "so" is used here to explain that the reason the demons came of out the man was because Jesus had told them that they could go into the pigs. +LUK 8 33 gz5x ὥρμησεν 1 rushed ran very fast LUK 8 33 ja6x 0 the herd ... was drowned "the herd ... drowned." No one caused the pigs to drown once they were in the water. -LUK 8 35 ju71 0 found the man from whom the demons had gone out "saw the man whom the demons had left" -LUK 8 35 w3tq 0 in his right mind "sane" or "behaving normally" -LUK 8 35 x9lp figs-idiom 0 sitting at the feet of Jesus "sitting at the feet" here is an idiom that means "sitting humbly nearby" or "sitting in front of." Alternate translation: "sitting on the ground in front of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 8 35 j89t figs-ellipsis 0 they were afraid It may be helpful to state explicitly that they were afraid of Jesus. Alternate translation: "they were afraid of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 8 35 ju71 εὗραν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀφ’ οὗ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξῆλθεν 1 found the man from whom the demons had gone out "saw the man whom the demons had left" +LUK 8 35 w3tq σωφρονοῦντα 1 in his right mind "sane" or "behaving normally" +LUK 8 35 x9lp figs-idiom καθήμενον παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 sitting at the feet of Jesus "sitting at the feet" here is an idiom that means "sitting humbly nearby" or "sitting in front of." Alternate translation: "sitting on the ground in front of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 8 35 j89t figs-ellipsis ἐφοβήθησαν 1 they were afraid It may be helpful to state explicitly that they were afraid of Jesus. Alternate translation: "they were afraid of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 8 36 xtf3 0 those who had seen it "those who had seen what had happened" -LUK 8 36 kv18 figs-activepassive 0 the man who had been possessed by demons had been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus had healed the man whom demons had possessed" or "Jesus had healed the man whom demons had controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 37 ai7m 0 the region of the Gerasenes "that area of the Gerasenes" or "the area where the Gerasene people lived" -LUK 8 37 jbh5 figs-activepassive 0 they were overwhelmed with great fear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they became very afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 37 ue8c figs-ellipsis 0 start back The destination can be stated. Alternate translation: "go back across the lake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 8 38 s25w 0 The man The events in these verses happened before Jesus left in the boat. It may be helpful to state this clearly at the beginning. Alternate translation: "Before Jesus and his disciples left, the man" or "Before Jesus and his disciples set sail, the man" -LUK 8 39 zl3v 0 your home "your household" or "your family" -LUK 8 39 c9nh 0 give a full account of what God has done for you "tell them everything about what God has done for you" +LUK 8 36 kv18 figs-activepassive ὁ δαιμονισθείς ἐσώθη 1 the man who had been possessed by demons had been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus had healed the man whom demons had possessed" or "Jesus had healed the man whom demons had controlled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 37 ai7m τῆς περιχώρου τῶν Γερασηνῶν 1 the region of the Gerasenes "that area of the Gerasenes" or "the area where the Gerasene people lived" +LUK 8 37 jbh5 figs-activepassive συνείχοντο φόβῳ μεγάλῳ φόβῳ 1 they were overwhelmed with great fear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they became very afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 37 ue8c figs-ellipsis ὑπέστρεψεν 1 start back The destination can be stated. Alternate translation: "go back across the lake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 8 38 s25w ὁ ἀνὴρ 1 The man The events in these verses happened before Jesus left in the boat. It may be helpful to state this clearly at the beginning. Alternate translation: "Before Jesus and his disciples left, the man" or "Before Jesus and his disciples set sail, the man" +LUK 8 39 zl3v σου τὸν οἶκόν 1 your home "your household" or "your family" +LUK 8 39 c9nh διηγοῦ ὅσα ὁ Θεός ὁ σοι ἐποίησεν 1 give a full account of what God has done for you "tell them everything about what God has done for you" LUK 8 40 w2wn writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Jairus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 8 40 m81w 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus and his disciples return to Galilee on the other side of the lake, he heals the 12-year-old daughter of the ruler of the synagogue as well as a woman who has been bleeding for 12 years. -LUK 8 40 yd57 0 the crowd welcomed him "the crowd joyfully greeted him" -LUK 8 41 avi8 0 one of the leaders of the synagogue "one of the leaders at the local synagogue" or "a leader of the people who met at the synagogue in that city" -LUK 8 41 epa2 translate-symaction 0 fell down at Jesus' feet Possible meanings are 1) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 2) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Jairus did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 8 42 kq2v 0 was dying "was about to die" -LUK 8 42 ymb1 figs-explicit 0 As Jesus was on his way Some translators may need to first say that Jesus had agreed to go with Jairus. Alternate translation: "So Jesus agreed to go with him. As he was on his way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 42 kw2y 0 the crowds of people pressed together around him "the people were crowding tightly around Jesus" -LUK 8 43 l7pu writing-participants 0 a woman was there This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 8 43 h9uq figs-euphemism 0 had been bleeding "had a flow of blood." She was probably bleeding from her womb even when it was not the normal time for it. Some cultures may have a polite way of referring to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -LUK 8 43 zb4a figs-activepassive 0 and could not be healed by anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but no one could heal her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 8 44 vwe6 0 touched the edge of his coat "touched the fringe of his robe." Jewish men wore tassels on the edges of their robes as a part of their ceremonial dress as commanded in God's Law. This is likely what she touched. +LUK 8 40 yd57 ὁ ὄχλος ἀπεδέξατο αὐτὸν 1 the crowd welcomed him "the crowd joyfully greeted him" +LUK 8 41 avi8 ἄρχων τῆς συναγωγῆς 1 one of the leaders of the synagogue "one of the leaders at the local synagogue" or "a leader of the people who met at the synagogue in that city" +LUK 8 41 epa2 translate-symaction πεσὼν παρὰ Ἰησοῦ' τοὺς πόδας 1 fell down at Jesus' feet Possible meanings are 1) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 2) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Jairus did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 8 42 kq2v ἀπέθνῃσκεν 1 was dying "was about to die" +LUK 8 42 ymb1 figs-explicit ἐν αὐτὸν ὑπάγειν 1 As Jesus was on his way Some translators may need to first say that Jesus had agreed to go with Jairus. Alternate translation: "So Jesus agreed to go with him. As he was on his way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 42 kw2y οἱ ὄχλοι συνέπνιγον αὐτόν 1 the crowds of people pressed together around him "the people were crowding tightly around Jesus" +LUK 8 43 l7pu writing-participants γυνὴ οὖσα 1 a woman was there This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 8 43 h9uq figs-euphemism ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος 1 had been bleeding "had a flow of blood." She was probably bleeding from her womb even when it was not the normal time for it. Some cultures may have a polite way of referring to this condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +LUK 8 43 zb4a figs-activepassive οὐκ ἴσχυσεν οὐκ θεραπευθῆναι ἀπ’ οὐδενὸς 1 and could not be healed by anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but no one could heal her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 8 44 vwe6 ἥψατο τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἱματίου 1 touched the edge of his coat "touched the fringe of his robe." Jewish men wore tassels on the edges of their robes as a part of their ceremonial dress as commanded in God's Law. This is likely what she touched. LUK 8 45 c3wm figs-explicit 0 the crowds of people ... are pressing in against you By saying this, Peter was implying that anyone could have touched Jesus. This implicit information can be made explicit if necessary. Alternate translation: "there are many people crowding around you and pressing in against you, so any one of them might have touched you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 46 u6am figs-explicit 0 Someone did touch me It may be helpful to distinguish this intentional "touch" from the accidental touches of the crowd. Alternate translation: "Someone deliberately touched me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 46 zmu9 figs-explicit 0 I know that power has gone out from me Jesus did not lose power or become weak, but his power healed the woman. Alternate translation: "I know that healing power went out from me" or "I felt my power heal someone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 47 cwn4 figs-ellipsis 0 that she could not escape notice "that she could not keep secret what she had done." It may be helpful to state what she did. Alternate translation: "that she could not keep it a secret that she was the one who had touched Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 8 47 vua6 0 she came trembling "she came trembling with fear" -LUK 8 47 vxl7 0 fell down before him Possible meanings are 1) "bowed down in front of Jesus" or 2) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." She did not fall accidentally. This was a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. -LUK 8 47 f5mz 0 In the presence of all the people "In the sight of all the people" -LUK 8 48 v4m9 0 Daughter This was a kind way of speaking to a woman. Your language may have another way of showing this kindness. -LUK 8 48 uja4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your faith has made you well "because of your faith, you have become well." The abstract noun "faith" could be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "because you believe, you are healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 8 48 ch7m figs-idiom 0 Go in peace This idiom is a way of saying, "Goodbye" and giving a blessing at the same time. Alternate translation: "As you go, do not worry anymore" or "May God give you peace as you go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 8 49 m58z 0 While he was still speaking "While Jesus was still speaking to the woman" -LUK 8 49 deu3 0 synagogue leader This refers to Jairus ([Luke 8:41](../08/41.md)). -LUK 8 49 id9v figs-explicit 0 Do not trouble the teacher This statement implies that Jesus will not be able to do anything to help now that the girl is dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 49 n6ez 0 the teacher This refers to Jesus. -LUK 8 50 ej1b 0 she will be healed "she will be well" or "she will live again" -LUK 8 51 gl9g 0 When he came to the house "When they came to the house." Jesus went there with Jairus. Also some of Jesus' disciples went with them. +LUK 8 46 u6am figs-explicit τις ἥψατό μού 1 Someone did touch me It may be helpful to distinguish this intentional "touch" from the accidental touches of the crowd. Alternate translation: "Someone deliberately touched me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 46 zmu9 figs-explicit ἐγὼ ἔγνων δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 I know that power has gone out from me Jesus did not lose power or become weak, but his power healed the woman. Alternate translation: "I know that healing power went out from me" or "I felt my power heal someone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 47 cwn4 figs-ellipsis ὅτι ἔλαθεν οὐκ ἔλαθεν 1 that she could not escape notice "that she could not keep secret what she had done." It may be helpful to state what she did. Alternate translation: "that she could not keep it a secret that she was the one who had touched Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 8 47 vua6 ἦλθεν τρέμουσα 1 she came trembling "she came trembling with fear" +LUK 8 47 vxl7 προσπεσοῦσα αὐτῷ 1 fell down before him Possible meanings are 1) "bowed down in front of Jesus" or 2) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." She did not fall accidentally. This was a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. +LUK 8 47 f5mz ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ 1 In the presence of all the people "In the sight of all the people" +LUK 8 48 v4m9 θύγατερ 1 Daughter This was a kind way of speaking to a woman. Your language may have another way of showing this kindness. +LUK 8 48 uja4 figs-abstractnouns σου ἡ πίστις σέσωκέν σε σέσωκέν 1 your faith has made you well "because of your faith, you have become well." The abstract noun "faith" could be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "because you believe, you are healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 8 48 ch7m figs-idiom πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην 1 Go in peace This idiom is a way of saying, "Goodbye" and giving a blessing at the same time. Alternate translation: "As you go, do not worry anymore" or "May God give you peace as you go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 8 49 m58z λαλοῦντος αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἔτι λαλοῦντος 1 While he was still speaking "While Jesus was still speaking to the woman" +LUK 8 49 deu3 ἀρχισυναγώγου 1 synagogue leader This refers to Jairus ([Luke 8:41](../08/41.md)). +LUK 8 49 id9v figs-explicit σκύλλε μηκέτι σκύλλε τὸν διδάσκαλον 1 Do not trouble the teacher This statement implies that Jesus will not be able to do anything to help now that the girl is dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 49 n6ez τὸν διδάσκαλον 1 the teacher This refers to Jesus. +LUK 8 50 ej1b σωθήσεται 1 she will be healed "she will be well" or "she will live again" +LUK 8 51 gl9g δὲ ἐλθὼν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν 1 When he came to the house "When they came to the house." Jesus went there with Jairus. Also some of Jesus' disciples went with them. LUK 8 51 qal2 0 he allowed no one ... except Peter and John and James, and the father of the child and her mother This could be stated positively. Alternate translation: "Jesus allowed only Peter, John, James, and the girl's father and mother to go inside with him" -LUK 8 51 i4v1 0 the father of the child This refers to Jairus. -LUK 8 52 tt9v figs-explicit 0 all were mourning and wailing for her This was the normal way of showing grief in that culture. Alternate translation: "all the people there were showing how sad they were and crying loudly because the girl had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 53 nu8w 0 laughed at him, knowing that she "laughed at him because they knew the girl" -LUK 8 54 e7zt 0 he took her by the hand "Jesus took hold of the girl's hand" -LUK 8 55 k6w2 figs-explicit 0 Her spirit returned "Her spirit returned to her body." The Jews understood that life was the result of the spirit coming into a person. Alternate translation: "She started breathing again" or "She came back to life" or "She became alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 8 56 c6mp 0 to tell no one This could be stated differently. Alternate translation: "not to tell anyone" +LUK 8 51 i4v1 τὸν πατέρα τῆς παιδὸς 1 the father of the child This refers to Jairus. +LUK 8 52 tt9v figs-explicit πάντες ἔκλαιον καὶ ἐκόπτοντο αὐτήν 1 all were mourning and wailing for her This was the normal way of showing grief in that culture. Alternate translation: "all the people there were showing how sad they were and crying loudly because the girl had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 53 nu8w κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ, εἰδότες ὅτι ἀπέθανεν 1 laughed at him, knowing that she "laughed at him because they knew the girl" +LUK 8 54 e7zt αὐτὸς κρατήσας αὐτῆς τῆς χειρὸς 1 he took her by the hand "Jesus took hold of the girl's hand" +LUK 8 55 k6w2 figs-explicit αὐτῆς τὸ πνεῦμα ἐπέστρεψεν 1 Her spirit returned "Her spirit returned to her body." The Jews understood that life was the result of the spirit coming into a person. Alternate translation: "She started breathing again" or "She came back to life" or "She became alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 8 56 c6mp εἰπεῖν μηδενὶ 1 to tell no one This could be stated differently. Alternate translation: "not to tell anyone" LUK 9 intro uc1r 0 # Luke 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "To preach the kingdom of God"

No one knows for sure what the words "kingdom of God" here refer to. Some say it refers to the reign of God on earth, and others say it refers to the gospel message that Jesus died to pay for the his people's sins. It is best to translate this as "to preach about the kingdom of God" or "to teach them about how God was going to show himself as king." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Elijah

God had promised the Jews that the prophet Elijah would return before the Messiah came, so some people who saw Jesus do miracles thought Jesus was Elijah ([Luke 9:9](../../luk/09/09.md), [Luke 9:19](../../luk/09/19.md)). However, Elijah did come to earth to speak with Jesus ([Luke 9:30](../../luk/09/30.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/elijah]])

##### "Kingdom of God"

The term "kingdom of God" is used in this chapter to refer to a kingdom that was still in the future when the words were spoken. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]])

##### Glory

Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Luke says in this chapter that Jesus' clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. An example in this chapter is: "Whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake will save it." ([Luke 9:24](../../luk/09/24.md)).

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 9:22](../../luk/09/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])

##### "Receiving"

This word appears several times in this chapter and means different things. When Jesus says, "If someone receives a little child like this in my name, he also is receiving me, and if someone receives me, he is also receiving the one who sent me" ([Luke 9:48](../../luk/09/48.md)), he is speaking of people serving the child. When Luke says, "the people there did not receive him" ([Luke 9:53](../../luk/09/53.md)), he means that the people did not believe in or accept Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
LUK 9 1 s7fw 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus reminds his disciples not to depend on money and their things, gives them power, and then sends them out to various places. -LUK 9 1 zqq6 0 power and authority These two terms are used together to show that the twelve had both the ability and the right to heal people. Translate this phrase with a combination of words that include both of these ideas. -LUK 9 1 fuj7 0 all the demons Possible meanings are 1) "every demon" or 2) "every kind of demon." -LUK 9 1 h8ql 0 diseases sicknesses -LUK 9 2 j5n3 0 sent them out "sent them to various places" or "told them to go" -LUK 9 3 m7c5 0 He said to them "Jesus said to the twelve." It may be helpful to state that this happened before they went out. Alternate translation: "Before they left, Jesus said to them" -LUK 9 3 aui6 0 Take nothing "Do not take anything with you" or "Do not bring anything with you" -LUK 9 3 qm2p 0 staff large stick that people use for balance when climbing or walking on uneven ground, as well as for defense against attackers -LUK 9 3 pp64 0 wallet a bag a traveler uses for carrying what he needs on a journey -LUK 9 3 n237 0 bread This is here used as a general reference to "food." -LUK 9 4 kyw3 0 Whatever house you enter "Any house you enter" -LUK 9 4 sa5w 0 stay there "remain there" or "temporarily live in that house as a guest" -LUK 9 4 ksb3 0 until you leave "until you leave that town" or "until you leave that place" +LUK 9 1 zqq6 δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν 1 power and authority These two terms are used together to show that the twelve had both the ability and the right to heal people. Translate this phrase with a combination of words that include both of these ideas. +LUK 9 1 fuj7 πάντα τὰ δαιμόνια 1 all the demons Possible meanings are 1) "every demon" or 2) "every kind of demon." +LUK 9 1 h8ql νόσους 1 diseases sicknesses +LUK 9 2 j5n3 ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς ἀπέστειλεν 1 sent them out "sent them to various places" or "told them to go" +LUK 9 3 m7c5 εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to the twelve." It may be helpful to state that this happened before they went out. Alternate translation: "Before they left, Jesus said to them" +LUK 9 3 aui6 αἴρετε μηδὲν 1 Take nothing "Do not take anything with you" or "Do not bring anything with you" +LUK 9 3 qm2p ῥάβδον 1 staff large stick that people use for balance when climbing or walking on uneven ground, as well as for defense against attackers +LUK 9 3 pp64 πήραν 1 wallet a bag a traveler uses for carrying what he needs on a journey +LUK 9 3 n237 ἄρτον 1 bread This is here used as a general reference to "food." +LUK 9 4 kyw3 εἰς ἣν ἂν οἰκίαν εἰσέλθητε 1 Whatever house you enter "Any house you enter" +LUK 9 4 sa5w μένετε ἐκεῖ 1 stay there "remain there" or "temporarily live in that house as a guest" +LUK 9 4 ksb3 ἐκεῖθεν ἐξέρχεσθε 1 until you leave "until you leave that town" or "until you leave that place" LUK 9 5 ux5m 0 Wherever they do not receive you, when you leave "Here is what you should do in any town where people do not receive you: When you leave" -LUK 9 5 ze2w translate-symaction 0 shake off the dust from your feet as a testimony against them To "shake off the dust from your feet" was an expression of strong rejection in that culture. It showed they did not want even the dust of that town to remain on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 9 6 afj9 0 they departed "they left the place were Jesus was" -LUK 9 6 ycy4 0 healing everywhere "healing wherever they went" +LUK 9 5 ze2w translate-symaction ἀποτινάσσετε τὸν κονιορτὸν ἀπὸ ὑμῶν τῶν ποδῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 shake off the dust from your feet as a testimony against them To "shake off the dust from your feet" was an expression of strong rejection in that culture. It showed they did not want even the dust of that town to remain on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 9 6 afj9 ἐξερχόμενοι 1 they departed "they left the place were Jesus was" +LUK 9 6 ycy4 θεραπεύοντες πανταχοῦ 1 healing everywhere "healing wherever they went" LUK 9 7 izd5 0 General Information: These verses interrupt to give information about Herod. -LUK 9 7 z45t writing-background 0 Now Herod This phrase marks a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about Herod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 9 7 s2k4 0 Herod the tetrarch This refers to Herod Antipas, who was the ruler of one-fourth of Israel. -LUK 9 7 c4vy 0 perplexed unable to understand, confused -LUK 9 7 tcp1 figs-activepassive 0 it was said by some This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some people said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 9 8 ekf7 figs-ellipsis 0 still others that one of the prophets of long ago had risen The word "said" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "still others said that one of the prophets of long ago had risen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 9 9 flw3 figs-explicit 0 I beheaded John. Who is this Herod assumes that it is impossible for John to rise from the dead. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "It cannot be John because I had his head cut off. So who is this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 9 r98f figs-explicit 0 I beheaded John Herod's soldiers would have carried out executions. Alternate translation: "I commanded my soldiers to cut off John's head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 7 z45t writing-background δὲ Ἡρῴδης 1 Now Herod This phrase marks a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about Herod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 9 7 s2k4 Ἡρῴδης ὁ τετράρχης 1 Herod the tetrarch This refers to Herod Antipas, who was the ruler of one-fourth of Israel. +LUK 9 7 c4vy διηπόρει 1 perplexed unable to understand, confused +LUK 9 7 tcp1 figs-activepassive τὸ λέγεσθαι ὑπό τινων 1 it was said by some This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some people said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 8 ekf7 figs-ellipsis δὲ ἄλλων ὅτι τις τῶν προφήτης ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη 1 still others that one of the prophets of long ago had risen The word "said" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "still others said that one of the prophets of long ago had risen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 9 9 flw3 figs-explicit ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα Ἰωάννην. τίς ἐστιν οὗτος 1 I beheaded John. Who is this Herod assumes that it is impossible for John to rise from the dead. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "It cannot be John because I had his head cut off. So who is this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 9 r98f figs-explicit ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα Ἰωάννην 1 I beheaded John Herod's soldiers would have carried out executions. Alternate translation: "I commanded my soldiers to cut off John's head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 9 10 k89y 0 Connecting Statement: Though the disciples return to Jesus and they go to Bethsaida to spend time together, the crowds follow Jesus for healing and to listen to his teaching. He performs a miracle to provide bread and fish to the crowds as they return home. -LUK 9 10 p7gf 0 apostles returned "apostles came back to where Jesus was" -LUK 9 10 aal8 0 everything they had done This refers to the teaching and healing that they did when they went to the other cities. -LUK 9 10 r2bq translate-names 0 Bethsaida This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 9 12 btc8 0 the day was about to come to an end "the day was about to end" or it was near the end of the day" -LUK 9 13 tay4 0 five loaves of bread A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. +LUK 9 10 p7gf ἀπόστολοι ὑποστρέψαντες 1 apostles returned "apostles came back to where Jesus was" +LUK 9 10 aal8 ὅσα ἐποίησαν 1 everything they had done This refers to the teaching and healing that they did when they went to the other cities. +LUK 9 10 r2bq translate-names Βηθσαϊδά 1 Bethsaida This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 9 12 btc8 ἡ ἡμέρα ἤρξατο κλίνειν 1 the day was about to come to an end "the day was about to end" or it was near the end of the day" +LUK 9 13 tay4 πέντε ἄρτοι 1 five loaves of bread A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. LUK 9 13 vuc1 0 two fish—unless we go and buy food for all these people If "unless" is difficult to understand in your language, you could make a new sentence. "two fish. In order to feed all these people, we would have to go and buy food" -LUK 9 14 c9z5 translate-numbers 0 about five thousand men "about 5,000 men." This number does not include the women and children who might have been present. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 9 14 v44h 0 Have them sit down "Tell them to sit down" -LUK 9 14 tw3v translate-numbers 0 fifty each "50 each" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 9 15 xq6k 0 So they did this "This" refers to what Jesus told them to do [Luke 9:14](../09/14.md). They told the people to sit down in groups of about fifty people. -LUK 9 16 j39h 0 Taking the five loaves "Jesus took the five loaves of bread" -LUK 9 16 j8y3 figs-explicit 0 up to heaven This refers to looking up, toward the sky. The Jews believed that heaven was located above the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 16 gm2v 0 he blessed them This refers to the loaves of bread and the fish. -LUK 9 16 s4ij 0 to set before "to pass out to" or "to give to" -LUK 9 17 l5ml figs-idiom 0 were satisfied This idiom means they ate enough food so they were not hungry. Alternate translation: "they had as much as they wanted to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 9 14 c9z5 translate-numbers ὡσεὶ πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 1 about five thousand men "about 5,000 men." This number does not include the women and children who might have been present. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 9 14 v44h κατακλίνατε αὐτοὺς κατακλίνατε 1 Have them sit down "Tell them to sit down" +LUK 9 14 tw3v translate-numbers ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα 1 fifty each "50 each" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 9 15 xq6k καὶ ἐποίησαν οὕτως 1 So they did this "This" refers to what Jesus told them to do [Luke 9:14](../09/14.md). They told the people to sit down in groups of about fifty people. +LUK 9 16 j39h λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους 1 Taking the five loaves "Jesus took the five loaves of bread" +LUK 9 16 j8y3 figs-explicit ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 up to heaven This refers to looking up, toward the sky. The Jews believed that heaven was located above the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 16 gm2v εὐλόγησεν αὐτοὺς 1 he blessed them This refers to the loaves of bread and the fish. +LUK 9 16 s4ij παραθεῖναι 1 to set before "to pass out to" or "to give to" +LUK 9 17 l5ml figs-idiom ἐχορτάσθησαν 1 were satisfied This idiom means they ate enough food so they were not hungry. Alternate translation: "they had as much as they wanted to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 9 18 nm87 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus is praying, with only his disciples near him, and they begin to talk about who Jesus is. Jesus tells them that he will soon die and resurrect and urges them to follow him even if it becomes very hard to do that. -LUK 9 18 y5a5 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 9 18 l91t 0 praying by himself "praying alone." The disciples were with Jesus, but he was praying personally and privately by himself. -LUK 9 19 f2kh figs-ellipsis 0 John the Baptist It may be helpful to restate part of the question here. Alternate translation: "Some say you are John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 9 19 ewu4 figs-explicit 0 that one of the prophets from long ago has risen It may be helpful to clarify how this answer relates to Jesus' question. Alternate translation: "that you are one of the prophets from long ago and have risen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 19 x3px 0 has risen "has come back to life" -LUK 9 20 vy4u 0 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples" -LUK 9 21 z55q figs-quotations 0 them to tell this to no one. "not to tell anyone" or "that they should not tell anyone." This could be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: them, "'Do not tell anyone.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 9 22 ytn1 0 The Son of Man must suffer many things "People will cause the Son of Man to suffer greatly" +LUK 9 18 y5a5 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 9 18 l91t προσευχόμενον κατὰ μόνας 1 praying by himself "praying alone." The disciples were with Jesus, but he was praying personally and privately by himself. +LUK 9 19 f2kh figs-ellipsis Ἰωάννην τὸν Βαπτιστήν 1 John the Baptist It may be helpful to restate part of the question here. Alternate translation: "Some say you are John the Baptist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 9 19 ewu4 figs-explicit ὅτι τις τῶν προφήτης ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη 1 that one of the prophets from long ago has risen It may be helpful to clarify how this answer relates to Jesus' question. Alternate translation: "that you are one of the prophets from long ago and have risen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 19 x3px ἀνέστη 1 has risen "has come back to life" +LUK 9 20 vy4u δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples" +LUK 9 21 z55q figs-quotations αὐτοῖς λέγειν τοῦτο μηδενὶ 1 them to tell this to no one. "not to tell anyone" or "that they should not tell anyone." This could be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: them, "'Do not tell anyone.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 9 22 ytn1 τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου δεῖ παθεῖν πολλὰ 1 The Son of Man must suffer many things "People will cause the Son of Man to suffer greatly" LUK 9 22 m2v8 figs-123person 0 The Son of Man ... and he will Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man ... and I will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 9 22 j5k8 figs-activepassive 0 be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the elders, chief priests, and scribes will reject him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 9 22 d5je figs-activepassive 0 he will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 9 22 mfe8 translate-ordinal 0 on the third day "three days after he dies" or "on the third day after his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 9 22 j5k8 figs-activepassive ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων 1 be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the elders, chief priests, and scribes will reject him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 22 d5je figs-activepassive ἀποκτανθῆναι 1 he will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 22 mfe8 translate-ordinal τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 on the third day "three days after he dies" or "on the third day after his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LUK 9 22 lw6f figs-activepassive 0 he will ... be raised "he will ... be made alive again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will ... make him alive again" or "he will ... live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 9 23 i2hh 0 he said "Jesus said" -LUK 9 23 h1u1 0 to them all This refers to the disciples who were with Jesus. -LUK 9 23 h46s figs-metaphor 0 come after me "follow me." Coming after Jesus represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 9 23 fnk7 0 must deny himself "must not give in to his own desires" or "must forsake his own desires" -LUK 9 23 h7j1 figs-metonymy 0 take up his cross daily and follow me "carry his cross and follow me every day." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "must obey me every day even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 9 23 pk72 figs-metaphor 0 follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 9 23 m6kz 0 follow me "go along with me" or "begin to follow me and keep on following me" +LUK 9 23 i2hh ἔλεγεν 1 he said "Jesus said" +LUK 9 23 h1u1 πρὸς πάντας 1 to them all This refers to the disciples who were with Jesus. +LUK 9 23 h46s figs-metaphor ἔρχεσθαι ὀπίσω μου 1 come after me "follow me." Coming after Jesus represents being one of his disciples. Alternate translation: "be my disciple" or "be one of my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 9 23 fnk7 ἀρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν 1 must deny himself "must not give in to his own desires" or "must forsake his own desires" +LUK 9 23 h7j1 figs-metonymy ἀράτω αὐτοῦ τὸν σταυρὸν καθ’ ἡμέραν καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 take up his cross daily and follow me "carry his cross and follow me every day." The cross represents suffering and death. Taking up the cross represents being willing to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "must obey me every day even to the point of suffering and dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 9 23 pk72 figs-metaphor ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 follow me Following Jesus here represents obeying him. Alternate translation: "obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 9 23 m6kz ἀκολουθείτω μοι 1 follow me "go along with me" or "begin to follow me and keep on following me" LUK 9 25 lx8i figs-rquestion 0 What good is it ... forfeit himself? The implied answer to this question is that it is not good. Alternate translation: "It will not benefit someone at all to gain the whole world, and yet lose himself." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 9 25 hpp5 0 to gain the whole world "to get everything in the world" -LUK 9 25 xsk5 0 lose or forfeit himself "ruin himself or give up his life" -LUK 9 26 yrr4 0 my words "what I say" or "what I teach" -LUK 9 26 r5n5 figs-activepassive 0 of him will the Son of Man be ashamed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Son of Man will also be ashamed of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 25 hpp5 κερδήσας τὸν ὅλον κόσμον 1 to gain the whole world "to get everything in the world" +LUK 9 25 xsk5 ἀπολέσας ἢ ζημιωθείς ἑαυτὸν 1 lose or forfeit himself "ruin himself or give up his life" +LUK 9 26 yrr4 τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους 1 my words "what I say" or "what I teach" +LUK 9 26 r5n5 figs-activepassive τοῦτον ἐπαισχυνθήσεται ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐπαισχυνθήσεται 1 of him will the Son of Man be ashamed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Son of Man will also be ashamed of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 9 26 tx1k figs-123person 0 the Son of Man ... when he comes Jesus was speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man ... when I come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 9 26 dl2i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 9 27 ef6j 0 But I say to you truly Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. -LUK 9 27 t1ar 0 there are some standing here who will not taste death "some of you who are standing here will not taste death" -LUK 9 27 m113 figs-123person 0 before they see Jesus was speaking to the people he was talking about. Alternate translation: "before you see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 9 27 j7fc 0 will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God This idea with "not ... until" can be expressed positively with "before." Alternate translation: "will see the kingdom of God before they die" or "will see the kingdom of God before you die" -LUK 9 27 gj8t figs-idiom 0 taste death This idiom means "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 9 26 dl2i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 9 27 ef6j δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ἀληθῶς 1 But I say to you truly Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. +LUK 9 27 t1ar εἰσίν τινες ἑστηκότων οἳ γεύσωνται οὐ μὴ γεύσωνται θανάτου 1 there are some standing here who will not taste death "some of you who are standing here will not taste death" +LUK 9 27 m113 figs-123person ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν 1 before they see Jesus was speaking to the people he was talking about. Alternate translation: "before you see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 9 27 j7fc γεύσωνται οὐ μὴ γεύσωνται θανάτου ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God This idea with "not ... until" can be expressed positively with "before." Alternate translation: "will see the kingdom of God before they die" or "will see the kingdom of God before you die" +LUK 9 27 gj8t figs-idiom γεύσωνται θανάτου 1 taste death This idiom means "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 9 28 xb3k 0 Connecting Statement: Eight days after Jesus tells his disciples that some would not die before they saw the kingdom of God, Jesus goes up the mountain to pray with Peter, James, and John, who all fall asleep while Jesus is changed to a dazzling appearance. -LUK 9 28 si9j 0 these words This refers to what Jesus said to his disciples in the preceding verses. -LUK 9 30 p3cd 0 Behold The word "Behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: "Suddenly" -LUK 9 31 g28p figs-distinguish 0 who appeared in glory This phrase gives information about how Moses and Elijah looked. Some languages would translate it as a separate clause. Alternate translation: "and they appeared in glorious splendor" or "and they were shining brightly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -LUK 9 31 cur1 figs-euphemism 0 his departure "his leaving" or "how Jesus would leave this world." This was a polite way of talking about his death. Alternate translation: "his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -LUK 9 32 i29n writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells information about Peter, James, and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 9 32 f8ip 0 heavy with sleep This idiom means "very sleepy." -LUK 9 32 tw7e 0 they saw his glory This refers to the brilliant light that surrounded them. Alternate translation: "they saw brilliant light coming from Jesus" or "they saw very bright light coming out of Jesus" -LUK 9 32 tsj6 0 the two men who were standing with him This refers to Moses and Elijah. -LUK 9 33 npk9 0 As they were going away "As Moses and Elijah were going away" -LUK 9 33 mby6 0 shelters simple, temporary places in which to sit or sleep -LUK 9 34 ct1w 0 As he was saying this "While Peter was saying these things" -LUK 9 34 e75d figs-explicit 0 they were afraid These adult disciples were not afraid of clouds. This phrase indicates that some kind of unusual fear came over them with the cloud. Alternate translation: "they were terrified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 34 asa6 0 they entered into the cloud This can be expressed in terms of what the cloud did. Alternate translation: "the cloud surrounded them" -LUK 9 35 q8xy figs-explicit 0 A voice came out of the cloud It is understood that the voice could only have belonged to God. Alternate translation: "God spoke to them from the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 35 c3gt guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 9 35 l733 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is chosen This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "the one I have chosen" or "I have chosen him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 28 si9j τούτους τοὺς λόγους 1 these words This refers to what Jesus said to his disciples in the preceding verses. +LUK 9 30 p3cd ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word "Behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: "Suddenly" +LUK 9 31 g28p figs-distinguish οἳ ὀφθέντες ἐν δόξῃ 1 who appeared in glory This phrase gives information about how Moses and Elijah looked. Some languages would translate it as a separate clause. Alternate translation: "and they appeared in glorious splendor" or "and they were shining brightly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +LUK 9 31 cur1 figs-euphemism αὐτοῦ τὴν ἔξοδον 1 his departure "his leaving" or "how Jesus would leave this world." This was a polite way of talking about his death. Alternate translation: "his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +LUK 9 32 i29n writing-background ὁ δὲ Πέτρος 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells information about Peter, James, and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 9 32 f8ip βεβαρημένοι ὕπνῳ 1 heavy with sleep This idiom means "very sleepy." +LUK 9 32 tw7e διαγρηγορήσαντες εἶδον αὐτοῦ τὴν δόξαν 1 they saw his glory This refers to the brilliant light that surrounded them. Alternate translation: "they saw brilliant light coming from Jesus" or "they saw very bright light coming out of Jesus" +LUK 9 32 tsj6 τοὺς δύο ἄνδρας τοὺς συνεστῶτας αὐτῷ 1 the two men who were standing with him This refers to Moses and Elijah. +LUK 9 33 npk9 ἐν τῷ αὐτοὺς διαχωρίζεσθαι 1 As they were going away "As Moses and Elijah were going away" +LUK 9 33 mby6 σκηνὰς 1 shelters simple, temporary places in which to sit or sleep +LUK 9 34 ct1w λέγοντος αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ταῦτα 1 As he was saying this "While Peter was saying these things" +LUK 9 34 e75d figs-explicit ἐφοβήθησαν 1 they were afraid These adult disciples were not afraid of clouds. This phrase indicates that some kind of unusual fear came over them with the cloud. Alternate translation: "they were terrified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 34 asa6 αὐτοὺς εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν νεφέλην 1 they entered into the cloud This can be expressed in terms of what the cloud did. Alternate translation: "the cloud surrounded them" +LUK 9 35 q8xy figs-explicit φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης 1 A voice came out of the cloud It is understood that the voice could only have belonged to God. Alternate translation: "God spoke to them from the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 35 c3gt guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱός 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 9 35 l733 figs-activepassive ἐκλελεγμένος 1 the one who is chosen This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "the one I have chosen" or "I have chosen him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 9 36 g7ge writing-endofstory 0 They kept silent ... what they had seen This is information that tells what happened after the story as a result of the events in the story itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) LUK 9 36 v9uy 0 kept silent ... told no one The first phrase refers to their immediate response, and the second refers to what they did in the following days. LUK 9 37 q5f5 0 Connecting Statement: The next day after Jesus' dazzling appearance, Jesus heals a demon-possessed boy that the disciples were unable to make better. -LUK 9 38 k35b writing-participants 0 Behold, a man from the crowd The word "behold" alerts us to the new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. English uses "There was a man in the crowd who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 9 39 ka7j writing-participants 0 You see, a spirit The phrase "You see" introduces us to the evil spirit in the man's story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There is an evil spirit that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 9 39 abm3 0 he foams at the mouth "foam comes out of his mouth." When a person has a seizure, they can have trouble breathing or swallowing. This causes white foam to form around their mouths. +LUK 9 38 k35b writing-participants ἰδοὺ, ἀνὴρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχλου 1 Behold, a man from the crowd The word "behold" alerts us to the new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. English uses "There was a man in the crowd who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 9 39 ka7j writing-participants ἰδοὺ, πνεῦμα 1 You see, a spirit The phrase "You see" introduces us to the evil spirit in the man's story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There is an evil spirit that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 9 39 abm3 μετὰ ἀφροῦ 1 he foams at the mouth "foam comes out of his mouth." When a person has a seizure, they can have trouble breathing or swallowing. This causes white foam to form around their mouths. LUK 9 41 sdu1 0 Jesus answered and said "Jesus answered by saying" -LUK 9 41 bi9m 0 You unbelieving and depraved generation Jesus said this to the crowd that had gathered, and not to his disciples. -LUK 9 41 apa3 0 depraved generation "corrupt generation" -LUK 9 41 qk1w figs-you 0 how long must I be with you and put up with you? Here "you" is plural. Jesus uses these questions to express his sadness that the people did not believe. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "I have been with you so long, yet you do not believe. I wonder how long I must put up with you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 9 41 ls7b figs-you 0 Bring your son here Here "your" is singular. Jesus is speaking directly to the father who addressed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 9 43 hz1l 0 they were all amazed at the greatness of God Jesus performed the miracle, but the crowd recognized that God was the power behind the healing. -LUK 9 43 d61c 0 everything he was doing "everything Jesus was doing" -LUK 9 44 gah9 figs-idiom 0 Let these words go deeply into your ears This is an idiom that means they should pay attention. Alternate translation: "Listen carefully and remember" or "Do not forget this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 9 41 bi9m ὦ ἄπιστος καὶ διεστραμμένη γενεὰ 1 You unbelieving and depraved generation Jesus said this to the crowd that had gathered, and not to his disciples. +LUK 9 41 apa3 διεστραμμένη γενεὰ 1 depraved generation "corrupt generation" +LUK 9 41 qk1w figs-you ἕως πότε ἔσομαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ ἀνέξομαι ὑμῶν? 1 how long must I be with you and put up with you? Here "you" is plural. Jesus uses these questions to express his sadness that the people did not believe. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "I have been with you so long, yet you do not believe. I wonder how long I must put up with you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 9 41 ls7b figs-you προσάγαγε σου τὸν υἱόν ὧδε 1 Bring your son here Here "your" is singular. Jesus is speaking directly to the father who addressed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 9 43 hz1l ἐξεπλήσσοντο πάντες ἐξεπλήσσοντο ἐπὶ τῇ μεγαλειότητι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 they were all amazed at the greatness of God Jesus performed the miracle, but the crowd recognized that God was the power behind the healing. +LUK 9 43 d61c πᾶσιν ἐποίει 1 everything he was doing "everything Jesus was doing" +LUK 9 44 gah9 figs-idiom θέσθε τούτους τοὺς λόγους θέσθε εἰς ὑμῶν τὰ ὦτα 1 Let these words go deeply into your ears This is an idiom that means they should pay attention. Alternate translation: "Listen carefully and remember" or "Do not forget this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 9 44 im3l figs-activepassive 0 The Son of Man will be betrayed into the hands of men This can be stated with an active clause. Here "hands" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "they will betray the Son of Man and put him in the control of men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 9 44 ygr3 figs-123person 0 The Son of Man will be betrayed into the hands of men Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. The word "hands" is a synecdoche for the people whose hands they are or a metonym for the power that uses those hands. You may need to make explicit who these men are. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man will be betrayed into the hands of men" or "The Son of Man will be betrayed into the power of his enemies" or "I, the Son of Man will be betrayed to my enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 45 ub1r figs-activepassive 0 It was hidden from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God hid the meaning from them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 9 45 ub1r figs-activepassive ἦν παρακεκαλυμμένον ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 It was hidden from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God hid the meaning from them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 9 46 fj6n 0 General Information: The disciples begin to argue about who will be the most powerful among them. -LUK 9 46 dh3w 0 among them "among the disciples" -LUK 9 47 cx62 figs-metonymy 0 knowing the reasoning in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for their minds. Alternate translation: "knowing the reasoning in their minds" or "knowing what they were thinking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 9 48 afx5 figs-metonymy 0 in my name This refers to a person doing something as a representative of Jesus. Alternate translation: "because of me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 9 48 mav1 figs-metaphor 0 in my name, welcomes me This metaphor could also be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "in my name, it is like he is welcoming me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 9 48 awc6 0 the one who sent me "God, who sent me" -LUK 9 48 zw5t 0 the one who is great "the ones whom God considers to be most important" -LUK 9 49 uwr3 0 John answered "In reply, John said" or "John replied to Jesus." John was responding to what Jesus had said about being the greatest. He was not answering a question. -LUK 9 49 bj41 figs-exclusive 0 we saw John speaks of himself but not Jesus, so "we" here is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 9 49 py8i figs-metonymy 0 in your name This means the person was speaking with the power and authority of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 9 50 hw85 0 Do not stop him This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "Allow him to continue" -LUK 9 50 f6ag 0 whoever is not against you is for you Some modern languages have sayings that mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "if a person does not keep you from working, it is as if he were helping you" or "if someone is not working against you, he is working with you" +LUK 9 46 dh3w ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 among them "among the disciples" +LUK 9 47 cx62 figs-metonymy εἰδὼς τὸν διαλογισμὸν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν τῆς καρδίας 1 knowing the reasoning in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for their minds. Alternate translation: "knowing the reasoning in their minds" or "knowing what they were thinking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 9 48 afx5 figs-metonymy ἐπὶ μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in my name This refers to a person doing something as a representative of Jesus. Alternate translation: "because of me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 9 48 mav1 figs-metaphor ἐπὶ μου τῷ ὀνόματί, δέχεται ἐμὲ 1 in my name, welcomes me This metaphor could also be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "in my name, it is like he is welcoming me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 9 48 awc6 τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με 1 the one who sent me "God, who sent me" +LUK 9 48 zw5t οὗτός ἐστιν μέγας 1 the one who is great "the ones whom God considers to be most important" +LUK 9 49 uwr3 Ἰωάννης ἀποκριθεὶς 1 John answered "In reply, John said" or "John replied to Jesus." John was responding to what Jesus had said about being the greatest. He was not answering a question. +LUK 9 49 bj41 figs-exclusive εἴδομέν 1 we saw John speaks of himself but not Jesus, so "we" here is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 9 49 py8i figs-metonymy ἐν σου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in your name This means the person was speaking with the power and authority of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 9 50 hw85 κωλύετε μὴ κωλύετε πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 Do not stop him This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "Allow him to continue" +LUK 9 50 f6ag ὃς ἔστιν οὐκ καθ’ ὑμῶν ἐστιν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 whoever is not against you is for you Some modern languages have sayings that mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "if a person does not keep you from working, it is as if he were helping you" or "if someone is not working against you, he is working with you" LUK 9 51 plt7 0 General Information: It is now obvious that Jesus has decided to go to Jerusalem. -LUK 9 51 c8gx 0 When the days drew near for him to be taken up "When the time was coming for him to go up" or "When it was almost time for him to go up" -LUK 9 51 mq2d figs-idiom 0 set his face This idiom means he "firmly decided." Alternate translation: "made up his mind" or "decided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 9 51 c8gx ἐν τῷ τὰς ἡμέρας συνπληροῦσθαι τῆς ἀναλήμψεως αὐτοῦ τῆς ἀναλήμψεως 1 When the days drew near for him to be taken up "When the time was coming for him to go up" or "When it was almost time for him to go up" +LUK 9 51 mq2d figs-idiom ἐστήρισεν τὸ πρόσωπον 1 set his face This idiom means he "firmly decided." Alternate translation: "made up his mind" or "decided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 9 52 b6ct 0 to prepare everything for him This means to make arrangements for his arrival there, possibly including a place to speak, a place to stay, and food. -LUK 9 53 v61k 0 did not welcome him "did not want him to stay" -LUK 9 53 n62j figs-explicit 0 because he had set his face to go to Jerusalem The Samaritans and the Jews hated each other. Therefore the Samaritans would not help Jesus on his journey to Jerusalem, the Jewish capital. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 53 v61k ἐδέξαντο οὐκ ἐδέξαντο αὐτόν 1 did not welcome him "did not want him to stay" +LUK 9 53 n62j figs-explicit ὅτι ἦν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον πορευόμενον εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 because he had set his face to go to Jerusalem The Samaritans and the Jews hated each other. Therefore the Samaritans would not help Jesus on his journey to Jerusalem, the Jewish capital. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 9 54 a8sf 0 saw this "saw that the Samaritans did not receive Jesus" -LUK 9 54 y4rq figs-explicit 0 command fire to come down from heaven and destroy them James and John suggested this method of judgment because they knew that this was how the prophets such as Elijah had judged people who rejected God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 9 54 y4rq figs-explicit εἴπωμεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀναλῶσαι αὐτούς 1 command fire to come down from heaven and destroy them James and John suggested this method of judgment because they knew that this was how the prophets such as Elijah had judged people who rejected God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 9 55 pj6b 0 he turned and rebuked them "Jesus turned and rebuked James and John." Jesus did not condemn the Samaritans as the disciples expected. -LUK 9 57 qa3h 0 someone This was not one of the disciples. +LUK 9 57 qa3h τις 1 someone This was not one of the disciples. LUK 9 58 yq5n writing-proverbs 0 Foxes have holes ... nowhere to lay his head Jesus responds with a proverb to teach the man about being Jesus' disciple. Jesus implies that if the man were to follow him, that man too might not have a home. Alternate translation: "Foxes have holes ... nowhere to lay his head. So do not expect that you will have a home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 58 anv9 0 Foxes These are land animals similar to small dogs. They sleep in a den or a burrow in the ground. -LUK 9 58 c88m 0 birds in the sky "birds that fly in the air" +LUK 9 58 anv9 αἱ ἀλώπεκες 1 Foxes These are land animals similar to small dogs. They sleep in a den or a burrow in the ground. +LUK 9 58 c88m τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 birds in the sky "birds that fly in the air" LUK 9 58 r7vq figs-123person 0 the Son of Man has ... his head Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, have ... my head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 9 58 ff62 figs-hyperbole 0 nowhere to lay his head "nowhere to rest my head" or "nowhere to sleep." Jesus exaggerates to emphasize that he has no permanent home and that people did not often invite him to stay with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) LUK 9 59 ee68 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk with the people along the road. -LUK 9 59 u1nl 0 Follow me By saying this Jesus is asking the person to become his disciple and to go with him. +LUK 9 59 u1nl ἀκολούθει μοι 1 Follow me By saying this Jesus is asking the person to become his disciple and to go with him. LUK 9 59 li7w 0 first let me go and bury my father It is unclear whether the man's father has died and he will bury him immediately, or if the man wants to stay for a longer amount of time until his father dies so he can bury him then. The main point is the man wants to do something else first before he follows Jesus. -LUK 9 59 sy4y 0 first let me go "before I do that, let me go" -LUK 9 60 ta92 figs-metaphor 0 Leave the dead to bury their own dead Jesus does not mean literally that dead people will bury other dead people. Possible meanings of "the dead" are 1) it is a metaphor for those who will soon die, or 2) it is a metaphor for those who do not follow Jesus and are spiritually dead. The main point is that a disciple must not let anything delay him from following Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 9 60 a4tc figs-nominaladj 0 the dead This refers to dead people in general. Alternate translation: "the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -LUK 9 61 r84e 0 I will follow you "I will join you as a disciple" or "I am ready to follow you" -LUK 9 61 cne4 0 first let me say goodbye to those in my home "before I do that, let me tell my people at my home that I am leaving" +LUK 9 59 sy4y πρῶτον ἐπίτρεψόν μοι ἀπελθόντι 1 first let me go "before I do that, let me go" +LUK 9 60 ta92 figs-metaphor ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκρούς 1 Leave the dead to bury their own dead Jesus does not mean literally that dead people will bury other dead people. Possible meanings of "the dead" are 1) it is a metaphor for those who will soon die, or 2) it is a metaphor for those who do not follow Jesus and are spiritually dead. The main point is that a disciple must not let anything delay him from following Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 9 60 a4tc figs-nominaladj τοὺς νεκροὺς 1 the dead This refers to dead people in general. Alternate translation: "the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +LUK 9 61 r84e ἀκολουθήσω σοι 1 I will follow you "I will join you as a disciple" or "I am ready to follow you" +LUK 9 61 cne4 πρῶτον ἐπίτρεψόν μοι ἀποτάξασθαι τοῖς εἰς μου τὸν οἶκόν 1 first let me say goodbye to those in my home "before I do that, let me tell my people at my home that I am leaving" LUK 9 62 j8xt writing-proverbs 0 No one ... fit for the kingdom of God Jesus responds with a proverb to teach the man about being his disciple. Jesus means that a person is not suitable for the kingdom to God if he focuses on people in his past instead of following Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 9 62 zdz4 figs-idiom 0 No one who puts his hand to the plow Here "puts his hand to" something is an idiom that means the person starts to do something. Alternate translation: "No one who starts to plow his field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 9 62 pv99 0 looks back Anyone who is looking back while plowing cannot guide the plow where it needs to go. That person must focus on looking forward in order to plow well. -LUK 9 62 k2kn 0 fit for the kingdom of God "useful for the kingdom of God" or "suitable for the kingdom of God" +LUK 9 62 zdz4 figs-idiom οὐδεὶς ἐπιβαλὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν χεῖρα ἐπ’ ἄροτρον 1 No one who puts his hand to the plow Here "puts his hand to" something is an idiom that means the person starts to do something. Alternate translation: "No one who starts to plow his field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 9 62 pv99 βλέπων εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω 1 looks back Anyone who is looking back while plowing cannot guide the plow where it needs to go. That person must focus on looking forward in order to plow well. +LUK 9 62 k2kn εὔθετός τῇ Βασιλείᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 fit for the kingdom of God "useful for the kingdom of God" or "suitable for the kingdom of God" LUK 10 intro z899 0 # Luke 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Harvest

Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### Neighbor

A neighbor is anyone who lives nearby. The Jews helped their Jewish neighbors who needed help, and they expected their Jewish neighbors to help them. Jesus wanted them to understand that people who were not Jews were also their neighbors, so he told them a parable ([Luke 10:29-36](./29.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
LUK 10 1 c5vi 0 General Information: Jesus sends out 70 more people ahead of him. Those 70 return with joy, and Jesus responds with praise to his heavenly Father. -LUK 10 1 u8l6 writing-newevent 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 10 1 m75c translate-numbers 0 seventy "70." Some versions say "seventy-two" or "72." You may want to include a footnote that says that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 10 1 g8ka 0 sent them out two by two "sent them out in groups of two" or "sent them out with two people in each group" -LUK 10 2 fx9w figs-events 0 He said to them This was before the men actually went out. Alternate translation: "He had said to them" or "Before they went out he told them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) +LUK 10 1 u8l6 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 10 1 m75c translate-numbers ἑβδομήκοντα 1 seventy "70." Some versions say "seventy-two" or "72." You may want to include a footnote that says that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 10 1 g8ka ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς ἀπέστειλεν δύο ἀνὰ δύο 1 sent them out two by two "sent them out in groups of two" or "sent them out with two people in each group" +LUK 10 2 fx9w figs-events ἔλεγεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 He said to them This was before the men actually went out. Alternate translation: "He had said to them" or "Before they went out he told them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) LUK 10 2 ju6z figs-metaphor 0 The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few "There is a big crop, but not enough workers to bring it in." Jesus means there are many people ready to enter God's kingdom, but there are not enough disciples to go teach and help the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 10 3 x732 0 Go on your way "Go to the cities" or "Go to the people" -LUK 10 3 u8h7 figs-simile 0 I send you out as lambs in the midst of wolves Wolves attack and kill sheep. This metaphor therefore means that there are people who would attempt to harm the disciples that Jesus is sending out. The names of other animals could be substituted. Alternate translation: "when I send you out, people will want to harm you, as wolves attack sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 4 fz6p 0 Do not carry a money bag, or a traveler's bag, or sandals "Do not take with you a bag, a traveler's bag, or sandals" -LUK 10 4 tj52 0 greet no one on the road "do not greet anyone on the road." Jesus was emphasizing that they should go quickly to the towns and do this work. He was not telling them to be rude. +LUK 10 3 u8h7 figs-simile ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς ἀποστέλλω ὡς ἄρνας ἐν μέσῳ λύκων 1 I send you out as lambs in the midst of wolves Wolves attack and kill sheep. This metaphor therefore means that there are people who would attempt to harm the disciples that Jesus is sending out. The names of other animals could be substituted. Alternate translation: "when I send you out, people will want to harm you, as wolves attack sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 4 fz6p βαστάζετε μὴ βαστάζετε βαλλάντιον, μὴ πήραν' πήραν, μὴ ὑποδήματα 1 Do not carry a money bag, or a traveler's bag, or sandals "Do not take with you a bag, a traveler's bag, or sandals" +LUK 10 4 tj52 ἀσπάσησθε μηδένα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν 1 greet no one on the road "do not greet anyone on the road." Jesus was emphasizing that they should go quickly to the towns and do this work. He was not telling them to be rude. LUK 10 5 zk69 figs-metonymy 0 May peace be on this house This was both a greeting and a blessing. Here "house" refers to those who live in the house. Alternate translation: "May the people in this household receive peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 10 6 x5e4 0 a person of peace "a peaceful person." This is a person who wants peace with God and with people. -LUK 10 6 pq5j figs-personification 0 your peace will rest upon him Here "peace" is described as a living thing that can choose where to stay. Alternate translation: "he will have the peace you blessed him with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LUK 10 6 it4v figs-ellipsis 0 if not It may be helpful to restate the entire phrase. Alternate translation: "if there is no person of peace there" or "if the owner of the house is not a peaceful person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 10 6 zpx9 figs-personification 0 it will return to you Here "peace" is described as a living thing that can choose to leave. Alternate translation: "you will have that peace" or "he will not receive the peace you blessed him with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LUK 10 7 ki3k 0 Remain in that same house Jesus was not saying that they should stay in the house all day, but that they should sleep at the same house every night they were there. Alternate translation: "Continue to sleep at that house" +LUK 10 6 pq5j figs-personification ὑμῶν ἡ εἰρήνη ἐπαναπαήσεται ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 your peace will rest upon him Here "peace" is described as a living thing that can choose where to stay. Alternate translation: "he will have the peace you blessed him with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +LUK 10 6 it4v figs-ellipsis εἰ μή γε 1 if not It may be helpful to restate the entire phrase. Alternate translation: "if there is no person of peace there" or "if the owner of the house is not a peaceful person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 10 6 zpx9 figs-personification ἀνακάμψει ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 it will return to you Here "peace" is described as a living thing that can choose to leave. Alternate translation: "you will have that peace" or "he will not receive the peace you blessed him with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +LUK 10 7 ki3k μένετε ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 Remain in that same house Jesus was not saying that they should stay in the house all day, but that they should sleep at the same house every night they were there. Alternate translation: "Continue to sleep at that house" LUK 10 7 u3vs 0 for the laborer is worthy of his wages This is a general principle that Jesus was applying to the men he was sending out. Since they would be teaching and healing the people, the people should provide them with a place to stay and with food. LUK 10 7 kd8i figs-idiom 0 Do not move around from house to house Moving around from house to house means going to different houses. It can be made clear that he was talking about staying overnight at different houses. "Do not go sleep at a different house each night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 8 k8yb 0 and they receive you "if they welcome you" -LUK 10 8 wd2x figs-activepassive 0 eat what is set before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "eat whatever food they give you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 9 ws6g figs-nominaladj 0 the sick This refers to sick people in general. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -LUK 10 9 e1he figs-abstractnouns 0 The kingdom of God has come close to you The abstract noun "kingdom" can be expressed with the verbs "reign" or "rule." Possible meanings are 1) the kingdom of God will begin soon. Alternate translation: "God will soon rule everywhere as king" or 2) the activities of kingdom of God are happening all around you. Alternate translation: "The proof that God is reigning is all around you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 10 10 nt9n 0 and they do not receive you "if the people of the city reject you" -LUK 10 11 bc9h translate-symaction 0 Even the dust from your town that clings to our feet we wipe off against you This is a symbolic action to show that they reject the people of the city. Alternate translation: "Just as you rejected us, we thoroughly reject you. We even reject the dust from your town that clings to our feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 10 11 yg83 figs-exclusive 0 we wipe off Since Jesus was sending these people out in groups of two, it would be two people saying this. So languages that have a dual form of "we" would use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 10 11 s7ks 0 But know this: The kingdom of God has come near The phrase "But know this" introduces a warning. It means "Even though you reject us, it does not change the fact that the kingdom of God is near!" -LUK 10 11 fdk3 figs-abstractnouns 0 The kingdom of God has come near The abstract noun "kingdom" can be expressed with the verbs "reign" or "rule." See how you translated a similar sentence in [Luke 10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: "God will soon rule everywhere as king" or "The proof that God is reigning is all around you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LUK 10 12 hhl1 0 I say to you Jesus was saying this to the 70 people he was sending out. He said this to show that he was about to say something very important. -LUK 10 12 m7ch figs-explicit 0 the judgment day The disciples would have understood that this refers to the time of final judgment of sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 12 qg62 figs-metonymy 0 it will be more tolerable for Sodom than for that town "God will not judge Sodom as severely as he will judge that town." Alternate translation: "God will judge the people of that town more severely than he will judge the people of Sodom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 10 13 sf42 figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! Jesus speaks as if the people of the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida are there listening to him, but they are not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 10 13 mvq5 figs-hypo 0 If the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon Jesus is describing a situation that could have happened in the past but did not. Alternate translation: "If someone had performed the miracles for the people of Tyre and Sidon that I performed for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 13 it4x 0 they would have repented long ago, sitting "the wicked people who lived there would have shown that they were sorry for their sins by sitting" -LUK 10 13 xh7f 0 sitting in sackcloth and ashes "wearing sackcloth and sitting in ashes" -LUK 10 14 ikt3 figs-explicit 0 But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the judgment than for you It may be helpful to clearly state the reason for their judgment. Alternate translation: "But because you did not repent and believe in me even though you saw me do miracles, God will judge you more severely than he will judge the people of Tyre and Sidon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 10 14 txw5 0 at the judgment "on that final day when God judges everyone" -LUK 10 15 h28u figs-apostrophe 0 You, Capernaum Jesus now speaks to the people in the city of Capernaum as if they are listening to him, but they are not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 8 k8yb καὶ δέχωνται ὑμᾶς 1 and they receive you "if they welcome you" +LUK 10 8 wd2x figs-activepassive ἐσθίετε τὰ παρατιθέμενα ὑμῖν 1 eat what is set before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "eat whatever food they give you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 9 ws6g figs-nominaladj τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς 1 the sick This refers to sick people in general. Alternate translation: "the sick people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +LUK 10 9 e1he figs-abstractnouns ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἤγγικεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 The kingdom of God has come close to you The abstract noun "kingdom" can be expressed with the verbs "reign" or "rule." Possible meanings are 1) the kingdom of God will begin soon. Alternate translation: "God will soon rule everywhere as king" or 2) the activities of kingdom of God are happening all around you. Alternate translation: "The proof that God is reigning is all around you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 10 10 nt9n καὶ δέχωνται μὴ δέχωνται ὑμᾶς 1 and they do not receive you "if the people of the city reject you" +LUK 10 11 bc9h translate-symaction καὶ τὸν κονιορτὸν ἐκ ὑμῶν τῆς πόλεως τὸν κολληθέντα εἰς ἡμῖν τοὺς πόδας ἀπομασσόμεθα ὑμῖν 1 Even the dust from your town that clings to our feet we wipe off against you This is a symbolic action to show that they reject the people of the city. Alternate translation: "Just as you rejected us, we thoroughly reject you. We even reject the dust from your town that clings to our feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 10 11 yg83 figs-exclusive ἀπομασσόμεθα 1 we wipe off Since Jesus was sending these people out in groups of two, it would be two people saying this. So languages that have a dual form of "we" would use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 10 11 s7ks πλὴν γινώσκετε τοῦτο: ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἤγγικεν 1 But know this: The kingdom of God has come near The phrase "But know this" introduces a warning. It means "Even though you reject us, it does not change the fact that the kingdom of God is near!" +LUK 10 11 fdk3 figs-abstractnouns ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἤγγικεν 1 The kingdom of God has come near The abstract noun "kingdom" can be expressed with the verbs "reign" or "rule." See how you translated a similar sentence in [Luke 10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: "God will soon rule everywhere as king" or "The proof that God is reigning is all around you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 10 12 hhl1 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus was saying this to the 70 people he was sending out. He said this to show that he was about to say something very important. +LUK 10 12 m7ch figs-explicit τῇ ἐκείνῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the judgment day The disciples would have understood that this refers to the time of final judgment of sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 12 qg62 figs-metonymy ἔσται ἀνεκτότερον Σοδόμοις ἢ τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ τῇ πόλει 1 it will be more tolerable for Sodom than for that town "God will not judge Sodom as severely as he will judge that town." Alternate translation: "God will judge the people of that town more severely than he will judge the people of Sodom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 13 sf42 figs-apostrophe οὐαί σοι, Χοραζείν! οὐαί σοι, Βηθσαϊδά! 1 Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! Jesus speaks as if the people of the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida are there listening to him, but they are not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 13 mvq5 figs-hypo εἰ αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν ὑμῖν ἐγενήθησαν ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι 1 If the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon Jesus is describing a situation that could have happened in the past but did not. Alternate translation: "If someone had performed the miracles for the people of Tyre and Sidon that I performed for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 13 it4x μετενόησαν πάλαι ἂν, καθήμενοι 1 they would have repented long ago, sitting "the wicked people who lived there would have shown that they were sorry for their sins by sitting" +LUK 10 13 xh7f καθήμενοι ἐν σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ 1 sitting in sackcloth and ashes "wearing sackcloth and sitting in ashes" +LUK 10 14 ikt3 figs-explicit πλὴν ἔσται ἀνεκτότερον Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ἐν τῇ κρίσει ἢ ὑμῖν 1 But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the judgment than for you It may be helpful to clearly state the reason for their judgment. Alternate translation: "But because you did not repent and believe in me even though you saw me do miracles, God will judge you more severely than he will judge the people of Tyre and Sidon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 14 txw5 ἐν τῇ κρίσει 1 at the judgment "on that final day when God judges everyone" +LUK 10 15 h28u figs-apostrophe σύ, Καφαρναούμ 1 You, Capernaum Jesus now speaks to the people in the city of Capernaum as if they are listening to him, but they are not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 10 15 enp6 figs-rquestion 0 do you think you will be exalted to heaven? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the people of Capernaum for their pride. Alternate translation: "you will certainly not go up to heaven!" or "God will not honor you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 15 gk9v 0 exalted to heaven This expression means "greatly exalted." -LUK 10 15 bjh5 figs-activepassive 0 you will be brought down to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will go down to Hades" or "God will send you to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 16 i786 figs-simile 0 The one who listens to you listens to me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "When someone listens to you, it is as if they were listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 16 q56b figs-simile 0 the one who rejects you rejects me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "when someone rejects you, it is as if they were rejecting me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 16 g3fx figs-simile 0 the one who rejects me rejects the one who sent me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "when someone rejects me, it is as if they were rejecting the one who sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 16 eus8 figs-explicit 0 the one who sent me This refers to God the Father, who appointed Jesus for this special task. Alternate translation: "God, who sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 17 m7nh figs-explicit 0 The seventy returned Some languages will need to say that the seventy actually went out first as the UST does. This is implicit information that can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 17 prj8 translate-numbers 0 seventy You may want to add a footnote: "Some versions have '72' instead of '70.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 10 17 cx7b figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 10 18 a37w figs-simile 0 I was watching Satan fall from heaven as lightning Jesus used a simile to compare how God was defeating Satan when his 70 disciples were preaching in the towns to the way lightning strikes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 18 v8fl 0 fall from heaven as lightning Possible meanings are 1) fell as quickly as lighting strikes, or 2) fell down from heaven as lightning strikes downward. Since both meaning are possible, it may be best to keep the image. -LUK 10 19 xl7q figs-metaphor 0 authority to tread on serpents and scorpions "authority to trample on snakes and crush scorpions." Possible meanings are 1) snakes and scorpions are a metaphor for evil spirits. Alternate translation: "the right to defeat evil spirits" or 2) this refers to actual snakes and scorpions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 10 19 cq5x figs-ellipsis 0 tread on serpents and scorpions This implies that they would do this and not be injured. Alternate translation: "walk on snakes and scorpions and they will not hurt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 10 19 mla6 0 scorpions Scorpions are small animals with two claws and a poisonous stinger on their tail. -LUK 10 19 uvt4 figs-ellipsis 0 over all the power of the enemy "I have given you authority to crush the power of the enemy" or "I have given you authority to defeat the enemy." The enemy is Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 15 gk9v ὑψωθήσῃ ἕως οὐρανοῦ 1 exalted to heaven This expression means "greatly exalted." +LUK 10 15 bjh5 figs-activepassive καταβήσῃ τοῦ ᾍδου 1 you will be brought down to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will go down to Hades" or "God will send you to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 16 i786 figs-simile ὁ ἀκούων ὑμῶν ἀκούει ἐμοῦ 1 The one who listens to you listens to me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "When someone listens to you, it is as if they were listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 16 q56b figs-simile ὁ ἀθετῶν ὑμᾶς ἀθετεῖ ἐμὲ 1 the one who rejects you rejects me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "when someone rejects you, it is as if they were rejecting me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 16 g3fx figs-simile ὁ ἀθετῶν ἐμὲ ἀθετεῖ τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με 1 the one who rejects me rejects the one who sent me The comparison can be clearly stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "when someone rejects me, it is as if they were rejecting the one who sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 16 eus8 figs-explicit τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με 1 the one who sent me This refers to God the Father, who appointed Jesus for this special task. Alternate translation: "God, who sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 17 m7nh figs-explicit οἱ ἑβδομήκοντα ὑπέστρεψαν 1 The seventy returned Some languages will need to say that the seventy actually went out first as the UST does. This is implicit information that can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 17 prj8 translate-numbers ἑβδομήκοντα 1 seventy You may want to add a footnote: "Some versions have '72' instead of '70.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 10 17 cx7b figs-metonymy ἐν σου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in your name Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 18 a37w figs-simile ἐθεώρουν τὸν Σατανᾶν πεσόντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς ἀστραπὴν 1 I was watching Satan fall from heaven as lightning Jesus used a simile to compare how God was defeating Satan when his 70 disciples were preaching in the towns to the way lightning strikes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 18 v8fl πεσόντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς ἀστραπὴν 1 fall from heaven as lightning Possible meanings are 1) fell as quickly as lighting strikes, or 2) fell down from heaven as lightning strikes downward. Since both meaning are possible, it may be best to keep the image. +LUK 10 19 xl7q figs-metaphor τὴν ἐξουσίαν πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων καὶ σκορπίων 1 authority to tread on serpents and scorpions "authority to trample on snakes and crush scorpions." Possible meanings are 1) snakes and scorpions are a metaphor for evil spirits. Alternate translation: "the right to defeat evil spirits" or 2) this refers to actual snakes and scorpions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 10 19 cq5x figs-ellipsis πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων καὶ σκορπίων 1 tread on serpents and scorpions This implies that they would do this and not be injured. Alternate translation: "walk on snakes and scorpions and they will not hurt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 10 19 mla6 σκορπίων 1 scorpions Scorpions are small animals with two claws and a poisonous stinger on their tail. +LUK 10 19 uvt4 figs-ellipsis ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ ἐχθροῦ 1 over all the power of the enemy "I have given you authority to crush the power of the enemy" or "I have given you authority to defeat the enemy." The enemy is Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 20 cs52 0 do not rejoice only in this, that the spirits submit to you, but rejoice even more that your names are engraved in heaven "do not rejoice only because the spirits submit to you" can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "rejoice that your names are written in heaven even more than you rejoice that the spirits submit to you" LUK 10 20 s4cj figs-activepassive 0 your names are engraved in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has written your names in heaven" or "your names are on the list of people who are citizens of heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 21 mf9d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 10 21 rs3w figs-merism 0 Lord of heaven and earth "heaven" and "earth" represent everything that exists. Alternate translation: "Master over everyone and everything in heaven and earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -LUK 10 21 n6xb 0 these things This refers to Jesus' previous teaching about the authority of the disciples. It may be best to simply say "these things" and let the reader determine the meaning. -LUK 10 21 i2zf figs-irony 0 the wise and understanding The words "wise" and "understanding" are nominal adjectives that refer to people with these qualities. Because God had concealed truth from them, these people were not actually wise and understanding, even though they thought they were. Alternate translation: "from people who think they are wise and have understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +LUK 10 21 mf9d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 10 21 rs3w figs-merism Κύριε τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς 1 Lord of heaven and earth "heaven" and "earth" represent everything that exists. Alternate translation: "Master over everyone and everything in heaven and earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +LUK 10 21 n6xb ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to Jesus' previous teaching about the authority of the disciples. It may be best to simply say "these things" and let the reader determine the meaning. +LUK 10 21 i2zf figs-irony σοφῶν καὶ συνετῶν 1 the wise and understanding The words "wise" and "understanding" are nominal adjectives that refer to people with these qualities. Because God had concealed truth from them, these people were not actually wise and understanding, even though they thought they were. Alternate translation: "from people who think they are wise and have understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) LUK 10 21 a175 figs-ellipsis 0 those who are untaught, like little children This refers to those who may not have much education but who are willing to accept Jesus' teachings in the same way that little children willingly listen to those they trust. Alternate translation: "people who may have little education, but who listen to God as little children do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 21 nm6t 0 for so it was well pleasing in your sight "for it pleased you to do this" -LUK 10 22 e47e figs-activepassive 0 All things have been entrusted to me from my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My Father has handed everything over to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 21 nm6t ὅτι οὕτως ἐγένετο εὐδοκία ἔμπροσθέν σου ἔμπροσθέν 1 for so it was well pleasing in your sight "for it pleased you to do this" +LUK 10 22 e47e figs-activepassive πάντα παρεδόθη μοι ὑπὸ μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 All things have been entrusted to me from my Father This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My Father has handed everything over to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 10 22 fp68 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 10 22 six4 0 knows who the Son is The word that is translated as "knows" means to know from personal experience. God the Father knows Jesus in this way. -LUK 10 22 xm3s figs-123person 0 the Son Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 10 22 k9qs 0 except the Father This means only the Father knows who the Son is. +LUK 10 22 six4 γινώσκει τίς ὁ Υἱὸς ἐστιν 1 knows who the Son is The word that is translated as "knows" means to know from personal experience. God the Father knows Jesus in this way. +LUK 10 22 xm3s figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς 1 the Son Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 10 22 k9qs εἰ μὴ ὁ Πατήρ 1 except the Father This means only the Father knows who the Son is. LUK 10 22 zg14 0 knows who the Father is The word that is translated as "knows" means to know from personal experience. Jesus knows God his Father in this way. -LUK 10 22 rkt2 0 except the Son This means only the Son knows who the Father is. +LUK 10 22 rkt2 εἰ μὴ ὁ Υἱὸς 1 except the Son This means only the Son knows who the Father is. LUK 10 22 evw3 0 those to whom the Son chooses to reveal him "whoever the Son desires to show the Father to" LUK 10 23 yd5s figs-explicit 0 Then he turned around to the disciples and said privately The word "privately" indicates that he was alone with his disciples. Alternate translation: "Later, when he was alone with his disciples, he turned to them and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 23 mq23 figs-explicit 0 Blessed are those who see the things that you see This probably refers to the good works and miracles that Jesus was doing. Alternate translation: "How good it is for those who see the things that you see me doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 24 f32w figs-explicit 0 and they did not see them This implies that Jesus was not yet doing those things. Alternate translation: "but could not see them because I was not doing them yet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 24 q61s figs-explicit 0 the things that you hear This probably refers to the teaching of Jesus. Alternate translation: "the things that you have heard me say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 24 q61s figs-explicit ἃ ἀκούετε 1 the things that you hear This probably refers to the teaching of Jesus. Alternate translation: "the things that you have heard me say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 24 mb4b figs-explicit 0 and they did not hear them This implies that Jesus was not yet teaching. Alternate translation: "but could not hear them because I had not yet started to teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 25 c82w figs-parables 0 Jesus replies with a story to an expert in the Jewish law who wants to test Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 10 25 klh4 writing-newevent 0 Behold, a certain expert This alerts us to a new event and a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 10 25 c6ac 0 test him "challenge Jesus" -LUK 10 25 dh16 0 to inherit "so that God will give me" -LUK 10 26 nj77 figs-rquestion 0 What is written in the law? How do you read it? Jesus is not seeking information. He uses these questions to test the Jewish law expert's knowledge. Alternate translation: "Tell me what Moses wrote in the law and what you think it means." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 10 26 m2nl figs-activepassive 0 What is written in the law? This can be asked in active form. Alternate translation: "What did Moses write in the law?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 10 26 a8nt 0 How do you read it? "What have you read in it?" or "What do you understand it to say?" +LUK 10 25 klh4 writing-newevent ἰδοὺ, νομικός τις νομικός 1 Behold, a certain expert This alerts us to a new event and a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 10 25 c6ac ἐκπειράζων αὐτὸν 1 test him "challenge Jesus" +LUK 10 25 dh16 κληρονομήσω 1 to inherit "so that God will give me" +LUK 10 26 nj77 figs-rquestion τί γέγραπται ἐν τῷ νόμῳ? πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις 1 What is written in the law? How do you read it? Jesus is not seeking information. He uses these questions to test the Jewish law expert's knowledge. Alternate translation: "Tell me what Moses wrote in the law and what you think it means." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 10 26 m2nl figs-activepassive τί γέγραπται ἐν τῷ νόμῳ? 1 What is written in the law? This can be asked in active form. Alternate translation: "What did Moses write in the law?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 26 a8nt πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις 1 How do you read it? "What have you read in it?" or "What do you understand it to say?" LUK 10 27 hxk1 0 You will love ... neighbor as yourself The man is quoting what Moses wrote in the law. -LUK 10 27 fzb6 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. These four phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LUK 10 27 k1el figs-simile 0 your neighbor as yourself This simile can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 10 28 xd4n 0 you will live "God will give you eternal life" -LUK 10 29 xt23 0 But he, desiring to justify himself, said "But the expert wanted to find a way to justify himself, so he said" or "But wanting to appear righteous, the expert said" -LUK 10 29 lr4m figs-explicit 0 who is my neighbor? The man wanted to know whom he was required to love. Alternate translation: "Whom should I consider to be my neighbor and love as I love myself?" or "Which people are my neighbors that I should love?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 30 bh6g figs-parables 0 In reply, Jesus said Jesus answers the man's question by telling a parable. Alternate translation: "As an answer to the man's question, Jesus told him this story" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 10 30 e1lv writing-participants 0 A certain man This introduces a new character in the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 10 30 v2ms 0 He fell among robbers, who "He was surrounded by robbers, who" or "Some robbers attacked him. They" -LUK 10 30 heb5 0 stripped "taken everything he had" or "stolen all his things" -LUK 10 30 r3gd figs-idiom 0 half dead This idiom means "almost dead." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 10 27 fzb6 figs-metonymy ἐξ ὅλης σου καρδίας, ἐν ὅλῃ σου τῇ ψυχῇ, ἐν ὅλῃ σου τῇ ἰσχύϊ, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ σου τῇ διανοίᾳ 1 with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind Here "heart" and "soul" are metonyms for a person's inner being. These four phrases are used together to mean "completely" or "earnestly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 10 27 k1el figs-simile σου τὸν πλησίον ὡς σεαυτόν 1 your neighbor as yourself This simile can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "love your neighbor as much as you love yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 10 28 xd4n ζήσῃ 1 you will live "God will give you eternal life" +LUK 10 29 xt23 δὲ ὁ, θέλων δικαιῶσαι ἑαυτὸν, εἶπεν 1 But he, desiring to justify himself, said "But the expert wanted to find a way to justify himself, so he said" or "But wanting to appear righteous, the expert said" +LUK 10 29 lr4m figs-explicit τίς ἐστίν μου πλησίον 1 who is my neighbor? The man wanted to know whom he was required to love. Alternate translation: "Whom should I consider to be my neighbor and love as I love myself?" or "Which people are my neighbors that I should love?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 30 bh6g figs-parables ὑπολαβὼν, Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν 1 In reply, Jesus said Jesus answers the man's question by telling a parable. Alternate translation: "As an answer to the man's question, Jesus told him this story" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +LUK 10 30 e1lv writing-participants ἄνθρωπός τις ἄνθρωπός 1 A certain man This introduces a new character in the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 10 30 v2ms . περιέπεσεν λῃσταῖς οἳ, 1 He fell among robbers, who "He was surrounded by robbers, who" or "Some robbers attacked him. They" +LUK 10 30 heb5 ἐκδύσαντες 1 stripped "taken everything he had" or "stolen all his things" +LUK 10 30 r3gd figs-idiom ἡμιθανῆ 1 half dead This idiom means "almost dead." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 10 31 i3sf 0 By chance This was not something that any person had planned. -LUK 10 31 plr2 writing-participants 0 a certain priest This expression introduces a new person in the story, but does not identify him by name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 10 31 gh79 figs-explicit 0 when he saw him "when the priest saw the injured man." A priest is a very religious person, so the audience would assume that he would help the injured man. Since he did not, this phrase could be stated as "but when he saw him" to call attention to this unexpected result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 31 xiu7 figs-explicit 0 he passed by on the other side It is implied that he did not help the man. Alternate translation: "he did not help the injured man but instead walked past him on the other side of the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 31 plr2 writing-participants ἱερεύς τις ἱερεύς 1 a certain priest This expression introduces a new person in the story, but does not identify him by name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 10 31 gh79 figs-explicit ἰδὼν αὐτὸν 1 when he saw him "when the priest saw the injured man." A priest is a very religious person, so the audience would assume that he would help the injured man. Since he did not, this phrase could be stated as "but when he saw him" to call attention to this unexpected result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 31 xiu7 figs-explicit ἀντιπαρῆλθεν 1 he passed by on the other side It is implied that he did not help the man. Alternate translation: "he did not help the injured man but instead walked past him on the other side of the road" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 32 lf3l figs-explicit 0 a Levite ... the other side The Levite served in the temple. He would be expected to help his fellow Jewish man. Since he did not, it may are helpful to state that. Alternate translation: "a Levite ... the other side and did not help him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 33 z3ct writing-participants 0 But a certain Samaritan This introduces a new person in the story without giving his name. We know only that he was from Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 10 33 cyp5 figs-explicit 0 a certain Samaritan The Jews despised the Samaritans and would have assumed that he would not help the injured Jewish man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 33 z3ct writing-participants δέ Σαμαρείτης τις Σαμαρείτης 1 But a certain Samaritan This introduces a new person in the story without giving his name. We know only that he was from Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 10 33 cyp5 figs-explicit Σαμαρείτης τις Σαμαρείτης 1 a certain Samaritan The Jews despised the Samaritans and would have assumed that he would not help the injured Jewish man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 10 33 tu1c 0 When he saw him "When the Samaritan saw the injured man" -LUK 10 33 w8qm 0 he was moved with compassion "he felt sorry for him" -LUK 10 34 emq5 figs-events 0 bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine He would have put the oil and wine on the wounds first, and then bound the wounds. Alternate translation: "he put wine and oil on the wounds and wrapped them with cloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -LUK 10 34 um21 figs-explicit 0 pouring on oil and wine Wine was used to clean the wound, and oil was probably used to prevent infection. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "pouring oil and wine on them to help heal them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 34 ktz4 0 his own animal "his own pack animal." This was an animal that he used to carry heavy loads. It was probably a donkey. -LUK 10 35 z9w5 translate-bmoney 0 two denarii "two day's wages." "Denarii" is the plural of "denarius." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -LUK 10 35 nu6t 0 the host "the innkeeper" or "the person who took care of the inn" -LUK 10 35 f5dz 0 whatever more you might spend, when I return, I will repay you This could be reordered. Alternate translation: "when I return, I will repay you whatever amount you may need to spend that is more than this" +LUK 10 33 w8qm ἐσπλαγχνίσθη 1 he was moved with compassion "he felt sorry for him" +LUK 10 34 emq5 figs-events κατέδησεν αὐτοῦ τὰ τραύματα, ἐπιχέων ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον 1 bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine He would have put the oil and wine on the wounds first, and then bound the wounds. Alternate translation: "he put wine and oil on the wounds and wrapped them with cloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) +LUK 10 34 um21 figs-explicit ἐπιχέων ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον 1 pouring on oil and wine Wine was used to clean the wound, and oil was probably used to prevent infection. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "pouring oil and wine on them to help heal them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 10 34 ktz4 τὸ ἴδιον κτῆνος 1 his own animal "his own pack animal." This was an animal that he used to carry heavy loads. It was probably a donkey. +LUK 10 35 z9w5 translate-bmoney δύο δηνάρια 1 two denarii "two day's wages." "Denarii" is the plural of "denarius." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +LUK 10 35 nu6t τῷ πανδοχεῖ 1 the host "the innkeeper" or "the person who took care of the inn" +LUK 10 35 f5dz ὅ τι ἂν προσδαπανήσῃς, ἐν τῷ ἐγὼ ἐπανέρχεσθαί, με ἀποδώσω σοι 1 whatever more you might spend, when I return, I will repay you This could be reordered. Alternate translation: "when I return, I will repay you whatever amount you may need to spend that is more than this" LUK 10 36 pa6a 0 Which of these three do you think ... robbers? This could be written as two questions. Alternate translation: "What do you think? Which of these three men was a neighbor ... robbers?" -LUK 10 36 v31w 0 was a neighbor "showed himself to be a true neighbor" -LUK 10 36 kv4z 0 to him who fell among the robbers "to the man whom the robbers attacked" -LUK 10 37 ig9x figs-ellipsis 0 Go and you do the same It might be helpful to give more information. Alternate translation: "In the same way, you should also go and help people as much as you can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 10 36 v31w γεγονέναι πλησίον 1 was a neighbor "showed himself to be a true neighbor" +LUK 10 36 kv4z τοῦ ἐμπεσόντος εἰς τοὺς λῃστάς 1 to him who fell among the robbers "to the man whom the robbers attacked" +LUK 10 37 ig9x figs-ellipsis πορεύου καὶ σὺ ποίει ὁμοίως 1 Go and you do the same It might be helpful to give more information. Alternate translation: "In the same way, you should also go and help people as much as you can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 10 38 g8u4 0 General Information: Jesus comes to Martha's house where her sister Mary listens to Jesus with great attention. -LUK 10 38 kv4q writing-newevent 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 10 38 x6b2 0 as they were traveling along "as Jesus and his disciples were traveling along" -LUK 10 38 e79m 0 a certain village This introduces the village as a new location, but does not name it. -LUK 10 38 i17j writing-participants 0 a certain woman named Martha This introduces Martha as a new character. Your language may have a way of introducing new people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 10 38 kv4q writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 10 38 x6b2 ἐν αὐτοὺς τῷ πορεύεσθαι 1 as they were traveling along "as Jesus and his disciples were traveling along" +LUK 10 38 e79m κώμην τινά κώμην 1 a certain village This introduces the village as a new location, but does not name it. +LUK 10 38 i17j writing-participants γυνὴ τις γυνὴ ὀνόματι Μάρθα 1 a certain woman named Martha This introduces Martha as a new character. Your language may have a way of introducing new people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 10 39 fal8 figs-explicit 0 sat at the Lord's feet This was the normal and respectful position for a learner at that time. Alternate translation: "sat on the floor near Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 39 i74b figs-metonymy 0 heard his word This refers to everything that Jesus taught while at Martha's house. Alternate translation: "listened to the Lord teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 10 40 adr5 0 overly busy "very busy" or "too busy" +LUK 10 39 i74b figs-metonymy ἤκουεν αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 heard his word This refers to everything that Jesus taught while at Martha's house. Alternate translation: "listened to the Lord teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 10 40 adr5 περιεσπᾶτο 1 overly busy "very busy" or "too busy" LUK 10 40 jd9a figs-rquestion 0 do you not care ... alone? Martha is complaining that the Lord is allowing Mary to sit listening to him when there is so much work to do. She respects the Lord, so she uses a rhetorical question to make her complaint more polite. Alternate translation: "it seems like you do not care ... alone." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 10 41 dsw3 0 Martha, Martha Jesus repeats Martha's name for emphasis. Alternate translation: "Dear Martha" or "You, Martha" +LUK 10 41 dsw3 Μάρθα, Μάρθα 1 Martha, Martha Jesus repeats Martha's name for emphasis. Alternate translation: "Dear Martha" or "You, Martha" LUK 10 42 hqt4 figs-explicit 0 only one thing is necessary Jesus is contrasting what Mary is doing with what Martha is doing. It may be helpful to make this explicit. Alternate translation: "the only thing that is really necessary is to listen to my teaching" or "listening to my teaching is more necessary than preparing a meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 10 42 nzn8 figs-activepassive 0 which will not be taken away from her Possible meanings are 1) "I will not take this opportunity away from her" or 2) "she will not lose what she has gained as she was listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 10 42 nzn8 figs-activepassive ἥτις ἀφαιρεθήσεται οὐκ ἀφαιρεθήσεται ἀπ’ αὐτῆς 1 which will not be taken away from her Possible meanings are 1) "I will not take this opportunity away from her" or 2) "she will not lose what she has gained as she was listening to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 11 intro j6le 0 # Luke 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 11:2-4 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a special prayer.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The Lord's Prayer

When Jesus' followers asked him to teach them how to pray, he taught them this prayer. He did not expect them to use the same words every time they prayed, but he did want them to know what God wanted them to pray about.

##### Jonah

Jonah was an Old Testament prophet who was sent to the Gentile city of Nineveh to tell them to repent. When he told them to repent, they repented. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### Washing

The Pharisees would wash themselves and the things they ate with. They would even wash things that were not dirty. The law of Moses did not tell them to wash these things, but they would wash them anyway. This was because they thought that if they obeyed both the rules that God had made and some rules that God had not made, God would think that they were better people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LUK 11 1 rkn4 0 General Information: The is the beginning of the next part of the story. Jesus teaches his disciples to pray. -LUK 11 1 fl3j writing-newevent 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 11 1 fl3j writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) LUK 11 1 c9n4 0 when Jesus was praying ... one of It may be more natural to state that Jesus finished praying before the disciple asked the question. Alternate translation: "that Jesus was praying in a certain place. When he finished praying, one of" -LUK 11 2 fzc6 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" -LUK 11 2 n3pz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father Jesus is commanding the disciples to honor the name of God the Father by addressing him as "Father" when praying to him. This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 11 2 b6sr figs-metonymy 0 may your name be honored as holy "cause everyone to honor your name." "Name" often refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "may all people honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 2 tm1a figs-metonymy 0 May your kingdom come The action of God ruling over everyone is spoken of as if it were God himself. Alternate translation: "May you come and rule over everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 2 fzc6 εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to his disciples" +LUK 11 2 n3pz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father Jesus is commanding the disciples to honor the name of God the Father by addressing him as "Father" when praying to him. This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 11 2 b6sr figs-metonymy ἁγιασθήτω σου τὸ ὄνομά ἁγιασθήτω 1 may your name be honored as holy "cause everyone to honor your name." "Name" often refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "may all people honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 2 tm1a figs-metonymy ἐλθέτω σου ἡ βασιλεία ἐλθέτω 1 May your kingdom come The action of God ruling over everyone is spoken of as if it were God himself. Alternate translation: "May you come and rule over everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 11 3 d3bw 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples how to pray. -LUK 11 3 q89w 0 Give us This is an imperative, but it should be translated as a request, rather than as a command. It may be helpful to add something such as "please" to them to make this clear. Alternate translation: "Please give us" -LUK 11 3 s6qp figs-synecdoche 0 our daily bread Bread was an inexpensive food that people ate every day. It is used here to refer to food in general. Alternate translation: "the food we need each day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 11 3 q89w δίδου ἡμῖν 1 Give us This is an imperative, but it should be translated as a request, rather than as a command. It may be helpful to add something such as "please" to them to make this clear. Alternate translation: "Please give us" +LUK 11 3 s6qp figs-synecdoche ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον τὸν ἄρτον 1 our daily bread Bread was an inexpensive food that people ate every day. It is used here to refer to food in general. Alternate translation: "the food we need each day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 11 4 iid7 0 Forgive us ... Do not lead us These are imperatives, but they should be translated as requests, rather than as commands. It may be helpful to add something such as "please" to them to make this clear. Alternate translation: "Please forgive us ... Please do not lead us" -LUK 11 4 d9w3 0 Forgive us our sins "Forgive us for sinning against you" or "Forgive our sins" +LUK 11 4 d9w3 ἄφες ἡμῖν ἡμῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 Forgive us our sins "Forgive us for sinning against you" or "Forgive our sins" LUK 11 4 m7ej 0 as we forgive "since we also forgive" -LUK 11 4 wi99 0 who is in debt to us "who has sinned against us" or "who has done wrong things to us" -LUK 11 4 db55 0 Do not lead us into temptation This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Lead us away from temptation" +LUK 11 4 wi99 ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν 1 who is in debt to us "who has sinned against us" or "who has done wrong things to us" +LUK 11 4 db55 εἰσενέγκῃς μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν 1 Do not lead us into temptation This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Lead us away from temptation" LUK 11 5 sa5c 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples about prayer. -LUK 11 5 y1s9 0 lend to me three loaves of bread "let me borrow three loaves of bread" or "give me three loaves of bread and I will pay you later." The host does not have any food ready to give to his guest. -LUK 11 5 fu6a figs-synecdoche 0 three loaves of bread Bread is often used to represent food in general. Alternate translation: "enough cooked food for a meal" or "enough prepared food for a person to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 11 5 y1s9 χρῆσόν μοι τρεῖς ἄρτους 1 lend to me three loaves of bread "let me borrow three loaves of bread" or "give me three loaves of bread and I will pay you later." The host does not have any food ready to give to his guest. +LUK 11 5 fu6a figs-synecdoche τρεῖς ἄρτους 1 three loaves of bread Bread is often used to represent food in general. Alternate translation: "enough cooked food for a meal" or "enough prepared food for a person to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 11 6 ggn1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes asking a question that begins in verse 5. LUK 11 6 ua8t figs-rquestion 0 since a friend ... to set before him'? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. "Suppose one of you has ... to set before him'." or "Suppose you have ... to set before him'." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 11 6 zl5w figs-explicit 0 just came in from the road It is implied that the visitor has come far from his home. Alternate translation: "was traveling and just came to my house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 6 zp7j 0 anything to set before him "any food ready to give him" -LUK 11 7 vhf7 0 I am not able to get up "It is not convenient for me to get up" -LUK 11 8 zl2k figs-you 0 I say to you Jesus was speaking to the disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 11 6 zl5w figs-explicit παρεγένετο ἐξ ὁδοῦ 1 just came in from the road It is implied that the visitor has come far from his home. Alternate translation: "was traveling and just came to my house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 6 zp7j ὃ παραθήσω αὐτῷ 1 anything to set before him "any food ready to give him" +LUK 11 7 vhf7 δύναμαι οὐ δύναμαι ἀναστὰς 1 I am not able to get up "It is not convenient for me to get up" +LUK 11 8 zl2k figs-you λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus was speaking to the disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 11 8 qyu7 0 give bread to you because you are ... your ... you ... you need Jesus addresses the disciples as if they were the ones asking for bread. Alternate translation: "give bread to him because he is ... his ... he ... he needs" LUK 11 8 prx6 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your shameless persistence The phrase can be reworded to eliminate the abstract noun "persistence." Alternate translation: "because you persist shamelessly" or "because you boldly continue to ask him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 11 9 j4ef figs-you 0 ask ... seek ... knock Jesus gives these commands to encourage his disciples to pray continually. Some languages may also require more information with these verbs. Use the form of "you" that would be most appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: "keep asking for what you need ... keep seeking what you need from God ... find it ... keep knocking on the door" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 9 i7j9 figs-activepassive 0 it will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give it to you" or "you will receive it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 11 9 l1f6 figs-metaphor 0 knock To knock at a door is to hit it a few times to let a person inside the house know you are standing outside. It can also be translated using the way people in your culture show that they have arrived, such as "call out" or "cough" or "clap." Here, it means a person should keep praying to God until he answers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 9 kp3h figs-activepassive 0 it will be opened to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will open the door for you" or "God will welcome you inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 9 i7j9 figs-activepassive δοθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will give it to you" or "you will receive it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 9 l1f6 figs-metaphor κρούετε 1 knock To knock at a door is to hit it a few times to let a person inside the house know you are standing outside. It can also be translated using the way people in your culture show that they have arrived, such as "call out" or "cough" or "clap." Here, it means a person should keep praying to God until he answers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 11 9 kp3h figs-activepassive ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be opened to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will open the door for you" or "God will welcome you inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 11 11 km3x 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching his disciples about prayer. LUK 11 11 q63d figs-rquestion 0 Which father among you ... a fish? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. It could also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "None of you fathers ... a fish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 11 12 r52w figs-rquestion 0 Or if he asks ... scorpion to him? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. It could also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "And you would never give him a scorpion if he asks for an egg" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 11 12 e8hr translate-unknown 0 scorpion A scorpion is similar to a spider, but it has a tail with a poisonous sting. If scorpions are not known where you are, you could translate this as "poisonous spider" or "spider that stings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 11 13 g99r 0 if you who are evil know "since you who are evil know" or "even though you are sinful, you know" +LUK 11 12 e8hr translate-unknown σκορπίον 1 scorpion A scorpion is similar to a spider, but it has a tail with a poisonous sting. If scorpions are not known where you are, you could translate this as "poisonous spider" or "spider that stings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 11 13 g99r εἰ ὑμεῖς ὑπάρχοντες πονηροὶ οἴδατε 1 if you who are evil know "since you who are evil know" or "even though you are sinful, you know" LUK 11 13 aww7 figs-rquestion 0 how much more will your Father from heaven give the Holy Spirit ... him? "how much more certain is it that your Father in heaven will give the Holy Spirit ... him?" Jesus again uses a question to teach his disciples. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you can be sure that your Father from heaven will give the Holy Spirit ... him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 11 14 r2sx 0 General Information: Jesus is questioned after he drives a demon out of a mute man. -LUK 11 14 uyu1 writing-newevent 0 Now The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 11 14 cly7 figs-ellipsis 0 Jesus was driving out a demon It may be helpful to add extra information. Alternate translation: "Jesus was driving a demon out of a person" or "Jesus was making a demon leave a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 11 14 uyu1 writing-newevent καὶ 1 Now The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 11 14 cly7 figs-ellipsis ἦν ἐκβάλλων δαιμόνιον 1 Jesus was driving out a demon It may be helpful to add extra information. Alternate translation: "Jesus was driving a demon out of a person" or "Jesus was making a demon leave a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 11 14 afa8 figs-explicit 0 demon that was mute The demon has power to prevent people from speaking. Alternate translation: "demon that caused the man to be unable to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 14 l6cg 0 Now This word is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. When the demon comes out of the man, some of the people criticize Jesus, and that leads to Jesus teaching about evil spirits. -LUK 11 14 p72b figs-ellipsis 0 When the demon had gone out It may be helpful to add extra information. Alternate translation: "when the demon had gone out of the man" or "when the demon left the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 11 14 tnq3 0 the man who had been mute spoke "the man who had been unable to speak now spoke" -LUK 11 15 y6zi 0 By Beelzebul, the ruler of demons, he is driving out demons "He is driving out demons by the power of Beelzebul, the ruler of demons" +LUK 11 14 l6cg καὶ 1 Now This word is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. When the demon comes out of the man, some of the people criticize Jesus, and that leads to Jesus teaching about evil spirits. +LUK 11 14 p72b figs-ellipsis ἐγένετο τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐξελθόντος 1 When the demon had gone out It may be helpful to add extra information. Alternate translation: "when the demon had gone out of the man" or "when the demon left the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 11 14 tnq3 ὁ κωφός ἐλάλησεν 1 the man who had been mute spoke "the man who had been unable to speak now spoke" +LUK 11 15 y6zi ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ, τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων, ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια 1 By Beelzebul, the ruler of demons, he is driving out demons "He is driving out demons by the power of Beelzebul, the ruler of demons" LUK 11 16 w41v 0 General Information: Jesus begins to respond to the crowd. LUK 11 16 r519 0 Others tested him "Other people tested Jesus." They wanted him to prove that his authority was from God. LUK 11 16 x9fw 0 and sought from him a sign from heaven "and asked him to give a sign from heaven" or "by demanding that he give a sign from heaven." This was how they wanted him to prove that his authority was from God. -LUK 11 17 e36g figs-metonymy 0 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate "kingdom" here refers to the people in it. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If people of a kingdom fight among themselves, they will destroy their kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 11 17 rc4h figs-metonymy 0 a house divided against itself falls Here "house" refers to a family. Alternate translation: "if family members fight each other, they will ruin their family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 17 ze6p figs-metaphor 0 falls "crashes down and is destroyed." This image of the house collapsing refers to the destruction of a family when the members fight each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 18 i74u figs-metonymy 0 If Satan is divided against himself "Satan" here is referring to the demons who follow Satan as well as to Satan himself. Alternate translation: "If Satan and members of his kingdom are fighting among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 17 e36g figs-metonymy πᾶσα βασιλεία διαμερισθεῖσα ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν ἐρημοῦται 1 Every kingdom divided against itself is made desolate "kingdom" here refers to the people in it. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If people of a kingdom fight among themselves, they will destroy their kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 17 rc4h figs-metonymy οἶκος ἐπὶ οἶκον πίπτει 1 a house divided against itself falls Here "house" refers to a family. Alternate translation: "if family members fight each other, they will ruin their family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 17 ze6p figs-metaphor πίπτει 1 falls "crashes down and is destroyed." This image of the house collapsing refers to the destruction of a family when the members fight each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 11 18 i74u figs-metonymy εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς διεμερίσθη ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν 1 If Satan is divided against himself "Satan" here is referring to the demons who follow Satan as well as to Satan himself. Alternate translation: "If Satan and members of his kingdom are fighting among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 11 18 jd5t figs-rquestion 0 If Satan ... how will his kingdom stand? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If Satan ... his kingdom will not last." or "If Satan ... his kingdom will fall apart." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 11 18 vnt9 figs-explicit 0 For you say I cast out demons by Beelzebul "For you say that it is by the power of Beelzebul that I make demons leave people." The next part of his argument can be stated explicitly: Alternate translation: "For you say that it is by the power of Beelzebul that I make demons leave people. That would mean that Satan is divided against himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 18 vnt9 figs-explicit ὅτι λέγετε με ἐκβάλλειν τὰ δαιμόνια ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ 1 For you say I cast out demons by Beelzebul "For you say that it is by the power of Beelzebul that I make demons leave people." The next part of his argument can be stated explicitly: Alternate translation: "For you say that it is by the power of Beelzebul that I make demons leave people. That would mean that Satan is divided against himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 11 19 i48v figs-rquestion 0 If I ... by whom do your followers drive them out? "If I ... by whose power do your followers force demons to leave people?" Jesus uses a question to teach the people. The meaning of Jesus' question can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "If I ... then we must agree that your followers also drive out demons by Beelzebul's power. But you do not believe that it is true." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 19 bs8x 0 they will be your judges "your followers who cast out demons by God's power will judge you for saying that I cast out demons by Beelzebul's power" -LUK 11 20 y643 figs-metonymy 0 by the finger of God The "finger of God" refers to God's power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 20 ja3u 0 then the kingdom of God has come to you "this shows that God's kingdom has come to you" +LUK 11 19 bs8x αὐτοὶ ἔσονται ὑμῶν κριταὶ 1 they will be your judges "your followers who cast out demons by God's power will judge you for saying that I cast out demons by Beelzebul's power" +LUK 11 20 y643 figs-metonymy ἐν δακτύλῳ Θεοῦ 1 by the finger of God The "finger of God" refers to God's power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 20 ja3u ἄρα ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔφθασεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 then the kingdom of God has come to you "this shows that God's kingdom has come to you" LUK 11 21 e4d1 figs-metaphor 0 When a strong man ... are safe This speaks about Jesus defeating Satan and his demons as if Jesus were a stronger man who takes what belongs to a strong man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 21 pb5v 0 his goods are safe "no one can steal his things" +LUK 11 21 pb5v αὐτοῦ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα ἐστὶν ἐν εἰρήνῃ 1 his goods are safe "no one can steal his things" LUK 11 22 g1hx figs-metaphor 0 when a stronger man ... man's possessions This speaks about Jesus defeating Satan and his demons as if Jesus were a stronger man who takes what belongs to a strong man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 22 my6r 0 takes away the armor from the man "removes the man's weapons and protection" -LUK 11 22 zv57 0 plunders the man's possessions "steals his possessions" or "takes away anything that he wants" -LUK 11 23 yw6h 0 The one who is not with me is against me, and the one who does not gather with me scatters This refers to any person or any group of people. "Anyone who is not with me is against me, and anyone who does not gather with me scatters" or "Those who are not with me are against me, and those who do not gather with me scatter" -LUK 11 23 h3kb 0 one who is not with me "one who does not support me" or "one who does not work with me" -LUK 11 23 t7zn 0 is against me "works against me" -LUK 11 23 wa13 figs-explicit 0 the one who does not gather with me scatters Jesus is referring to gathering disciples who follow him. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "anyone who does not cause people to come and follow me causes them to go away from me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 24 fpj5 0 waterless places This refers to "desolate places" where the evil spirits wander. -LUK 11 24 yvp4 0 Finding none "If the spirit does not find any rest there" -LUK 11 24 s89t figs-metaphor 0 my house from which I came This refers to the person in which he used to live. Alternate translation: "the person in whom I used to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 11 22 my6r αἴρει τὴν πανοπλίαν αὐτοῦ 1 takes away the armor from the man "removes the man's weapons and protection" +LUK 11 22 zv57 διαδίδωσιν αὐτοῦ' αὐτοῦ τὰ σκῦλα 1 plunders the man's possessions "steals his possessions" or "takes away anything that he wants" +LUK 11 23 yw6h ὁ ὢν μὴ μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν κατ’ ἐμοῦ, καὶ ὁ συνάγων μὴ συνάγων μετ’ ἐμοῦ σκορπίζει 1 The one who is not with me is against me, and the one who does not gather with me scatters This refers to any person or any group of people. "Anyone who is not with me is against me, and anyone who does not gather with me scatters" or "Those who are not with me are against me, and those who do not gather with me scatter" +LUK 11 23 h3kb ὁ ὢν μὴ μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 one who is not with me "one who does not support me" or "one who does not work with me" +LUK 11 23 t7zn ἐστιν κατ’ ἐμοῦ 1 is against me "works against me" +LUK 11 23 wa13 figs-explicit ὁ συνάγων μὴ συνάγων μετ’ ἐμοῦ σκορπίζει 1 the one who does not gather with me scatters Jesus is referring to gathering disciples who follow him. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "anyone who does not cause people to come and follow me causes them to go away from me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 24 fpj5 ἀνύδρων τόπων 1 waterless places This refers to "desolate places" where the evil spirits wander. +LUK 11 24 yvp4 εὑρίσκον μὴ 1 Finding none "If the spirit does not find any rest there" +LUK 11 24 s89t figs-metaphor μου τὸν οἶκόν ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον 1 my house from which I came This refers to the person in which he used to live. Alternate translation: "the person in whom I used to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 11 25 b4u3 figs-activepassive 0 finds that house swept out and put in order This metaphor speaks about the person as if he were a house that is swept clean and things put in their places. It is implied that the house is still empty. This can be stated in active form with that information made explicit. Alternate translation: "finds that the person is like a house that someone has swept clean and organized by putting everything where it belongs, but has left empty" or "finds that the person is like a house that is clean and organized, but empty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 26 wqq4 figs-ellipsis 0 worse than the first The word "first" refers to the condition of the man while he had the unclean spirit before it left him. Alternate translation: "worse than his condition was before the spirit left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 11 26 wqq4 figs-ellipsis χείρονα τῶν πρώτων 1 worse than the first The word "first" refers to the condition of the man while he had the unclean spirit before it left him. Alternate translation: "worse than his condition was before the spirit left" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 11 27 bui3 0 General Information: This is a break in Jesus' teachings. A woman speaks a blessing and Jesus responds. -LUK 11 27 m86m writing-newevent 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 11 27 pk7m figs-idiom 0 raised her voice above the crowd This idiom means "spoke loudly above the noise of the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 11 27 m86m writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 11 27 pk7m figs-idiom ἐπάρασά φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ ὄχλου 1 raised her voice above the crowd This idiom means "spoke loudly above the noise of the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 11 27 vjt7 figs-synecdoche 0 Blessed is the womb that bore you and the breasts that nursed you The parts of a woman's body are used to refer to the whole woman. Alternate translation: "How good it is for the woman who bore you and nursed you at her breasts" or "How happy the woman who bore you and nursed you at her breasts must be" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 11 28 c7e8 0 Rather, blessed are they "It is even better for those" -LUK 11 28 c3f2 0 hear the word of God "hear the message God has spoken" +LUK 11 28 c3f2 οἱ ἀκούοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 hear the word of God "hear the message God has spoken" LUK 11 29 u6eq 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching the crowd. LUK 11 29 cf2t 0 As the crowds were increasing "As more people were joining the crowd" or "As the crowd was growing larger" LUK 11 29 kt6k 0 This generation is an evil generation. It seeks ... to it Here "generation" refers to the people in it. Alternate translation: "The people living at this time are evil people. They seek ... to them" or "You people living at this time are evil people. You seek ... to you" -LUK 11 29 q19q figs-explicit 0 It seeks a sign The information about what kind of sign it seeks can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "It wants me to perform a miracle as proof that I have come from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 29 s29w figs-activepassive 0 no sign will be given to it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not give it a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 11 29 ft6z 0 the sign of Jonah "what happened to Jonah" or "the miracle that God did for Jonah" +LUK 11 29 q19q figs-explicit ζητεῖ σημεῖον 1 It seeks a sign The information about what kind of sign it seeks can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "It wants me to perform a miracle as proof that I have come from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 29 s29w figs-activepassive οὐ σημεῖον δοθήσεται αὐτῇ 1 no sign will be given to it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not give it a sign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 29 ft6z τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ 1 the sign of Jonah "what happened to Jonah" or "the miracle that God did for Jonah" LUK 11 30 vj9m 0 For just as Jonah became a sign ... so too ... this generation This means that Jesus will serve as a sign from God for the Jews of that day in exactly the same way as Jonah served as a sign from God to the people of Nineveh. -LUK 11 30 il7p 0 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. -LUK 11 30 ax7q 0 this generation "the people living today" -LUK 11 31 t1mw 0 Queen of the South This refers to the Queen of Sheba. Sheba was a kingdom south of Israel. -LUK 11 31 bx3c 0 will rise up at the judgment with the men of this generation "will stand up and judge the people of this time" -LUK 11 31 rnq9 figs-idiom 0 she came from the ends of the earth This idiom means that she came from very far away. Alternate translation: "she came a very great distance" or "she came from a place very far away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 11 30 il7p Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. +LUK 11 30 ax7q ταύτῃ τῇ γενεᾷ 1 this generation "the people living today" +LUK 11 31 t1mw βασίλισσα νότου 1 Queen of the South This refers to the Queen of Sheba. Sheba was a kingdom south of Israel. +LUK 11 31 bx3c ἐγερθήσεται ἐν τῇ κρίσει μετὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης τῆς γενεᾶς 1 will rise up at the judgment with the men of this generation "will stand up and judge the people of this time" +LUK 11 31 rnq9 figs-idiom ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν περάτων τῆς γῆς 1 she came from the ends of the earth This idiom means that she came from very far away. Alternate translation: "she came a very great distance" or "she came from a place very far away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 11 31 cwa7 figs-explicit 0 someone greater than Solomon is here Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, who am greater than Solomon, am here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 11 31 p75h figs-explicit 0 someone greater than Solomon Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I am greater than Solomon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 32 pkh5 figs-explicit 0 The men of Nineveh It may be helpful to state explicitly that this refers to the ancient city of Nineveh. Alternate translation: "The men who lived in the ancient city of Nineveh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 32 g456 figs-gendernotations 0 The men This includes both men and woman. Alternate translation: "The people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +LUK 11 32 pkh5 figs-explicit ἄνδρες Νινευεῖται 1 The men of Nineveh It may be helpful to state explicitly that this refers to the ancient city of Nineveh. Alternate translation: "The men who lived in the ancient city of Nineveh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 32 g456 figs-gendernotations ἄνδρες 1 The men This includes both men and woman. Alternate translation: "The people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) LUK 11 32 uwp5 0 this generation of people "the people of this time" -LUK 11 32 lrw7 0 for they repented "for the people of Nineveh repented" +LUK 11 32 lrw7 ὅτι μετενόησαν 1 for they repented "for the people of Nineveh repented" LUK 11 32 ac61 figs-explicit 0 someone greater than Jonah is here Jesus is speaking about himself. It may be helpful to explicitly state that they have not listened to him. Alternate translation: "even though I am greater than Jonah, you still have not repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 11 33 lf3j figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Verses 33-36 are a metaphor where Jesus speaks of his teaching as "light" that he wants his disciples to obey and share with others. He speaks of people who do not know or accept his teaching as being in "darkness." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 11 33 rl2i 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching the crowd. -LUK 11 33 ht3v 0 puts it in a hidden place or under a basket "hides it or puts in under a basket" -LUK 11 33 hz46 figs-ellipsis 0 but on a lampstand The understood subject and verb in this clause may be supplied. Alternate translation: "but a person places it on a lampstand" or "but a person puts it on a table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 11 34 n1pg figs-metaphor 0 Your eye is the lamp of the body In this part of the metaphor, the things they saw Jesus do provided understanding just as an eye provides light for the body. Alternate translation: "Your eye is like the lamp of the body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 34 w2up figs-metonymy 0 Your eye The eye is a metonym for vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 34 s4ep figs-synecdoche 0 the body The body is a synecdoche for a person's life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 11 34 rm2n figs-metonymy 0 When your eye is good Here "eye" here is a metonym for vision. Alternate translation: "When your vision is good" or "when you see well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 34 e9g2 figs-activepassive 0 the whole body is filled with light This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the light will fill your whole body" or "you will be able to see everything clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 33 ht3v τίθησιν εἰς κρύπτην οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον 1 puts it in a hidden place or under a basket "hides it or puts in under a basket" +LUK 11 33 hz46 figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν 1 but on a lampstand The understood subject and verb in this clause may be supplied. Alternate translation: "but a person places it on a lampstand" or "but a person puts it on a table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 11 34 n1pg figs-metaphor σου ὁ ὀφθαλμός ἐστιν ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός 1 Your eye is the lamp of the body In this part of the metaphor, the things they saw Jesus do provided understanding just as an eye provides light for the body. Alternate translation: "Your eye is like the lamp of the body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 11 34 w2up figs-metonymy σου ὁ ὀφθαλμός 1 Your eye The eye is a metonym for vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 34 s4ep figs-synecdoche τοῦ σώματός 1 the body The body is a synecdoche for a person's life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 11 34 rm2n figs-metonymy ὅταν σου ὁ ὀφθαλμός ᾖ ἁπλοῦς 1 When your eye is good Here "eye" here is a metonym for vision. Alternate translation: "When your vision is good" or "when you see well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 34 e9g2 figs-activepassive τὸ ὅλον σῶμά ἐστιν φωτεινόν 1 the whole body is filled with light This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the light will fill your whole body" or "you will be able to see everything clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 11 34 td49 figs-metonymy 0 when your eye is bad Here "eye" is a metonym for vision. Alternate translation: "When your vision is bad" or "when you see poorly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 11 34 iz5p 0 your body is full of darkness "you will not be able to see anything" LUK 11 35 z96u 0 be careful that the light in you is not darkness "make sure that what you think is light is not actually darkness" or "make sure you know what is light and make sure you know what is darkness" LUK 11 36 g336 figs-simile 0 then your whole body will be like when a lamp shines its brightness on you Jesus states the same truth as a simile. He speaks of people who are full of truth as if they are a lamp that shines brightly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LUK 11 37 c6fc 0 General Information: Jesus is invited to eat at a Pharisee's house. -LUK 11 37 h6zz writing-newevent 0 When he had finished speaking The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 11 37 h6zz writing-newevent ἐν τῷ λαλῆσαι 1 When he had finished speaking The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) LUK 11 37 frs9 0 at his house This refers to the Pharisee's house. -LUK 11 37 x6nx figs-explicit 0 reclined It was the custom for a relaxed meal such as this dinner for men to eat while lying down comfortably around the table. You might want to translate using the word your language uses for the way people's bodies are when they eat. Alternate translation: "sat down at the table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 38 bm8j figs-explicit 0 wash The Pharisees had a rule that people must wash their hands in order to be ceremonially clean before God. Alternate translation: "wash his hands" or "wash his hands in order to be ritually clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 37 x6nx figs-explicit ἀνέπεσεν 1 reclined It was the custom for a relaxed meal such as this dinner for men to eat while lying down comfortably around the table. You might want to translate using the word your language uses for the way people's bodies are when they eat. Alternate translation: "sat down at the table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 38 bm8j figs-explicit ἐβαπτίσθη 1 wash The Pharisees had a rule that people must wash their hands in order to be ceremonially clean before God. Alternate translation: "wash his hands" or "wash his hands in order to be ritually clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 11 39 xf4e figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Jesus begins to speak to the Pharisee using a metaphor. He compares the way they clean cups and bowls to how they clean themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 39 zkq7 figs-explicit 0 the outside of cups and bowls Washing of the outside of containers was a part of the ritual practices of the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 39 b8gj figs-metaphor 0 but the inside of you is filled with greed and evil This part of the metaphor contrasts the careful way they clean the outside of the dishes with the way they ignore their own internal condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 40 zq4l 0 You senseless men This expression can refer to men or women, even though all of the Pharisees to whom Jesus was speaking to here were men. -LUK 11 40 g39h figs-rquestion 0 Did not the one who made the outside also make the inside? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the Pharisees for not understanding that what is in their hearts matters to God. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "The one who made the outside also made the inside!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 11 41 m3ww figs-explicit 0 Give to the poor what is inside This refers to what they should be doing with their cups and bowls. Alternate translation: "Give to the poor what is inside your cups and bowls" or "Be generous to the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 41 phz9 0 all things will be clean for you "you will be completely clean" or "you will be clean both inside and outside" -LUK 11 42 ans4 0 you tithe mint and rue and every other garden herb "you give God one tenth of your mint and rue and other herbs from your garden." Jesus was giving an example of how extreme the Pharisees were in giving a tenth of their income. -LUK 11 42 p71g translate-unknown 0 mint and rue These are herbs. People put just a little bit of these leaves into their food to give it flavor. If people do not know what mint and rue are, you can use the name of herbs they know or a general expression such as "herbs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 11 42 l25z 0 every other garden herb Possible meanings are 1) "every other vegetable" 2) "every other garden herb" or 3) "every other garden plant." -LUK 11 42 yk7d 0 the love of God "to love God" or "love for God." God is the one who is loved. +LUK 11 39 zkq7 figs-explicit τὸ ἔξωθεν τοῦ ποτηρίου καὶ τοῦ πίνακος 1 the outside of cups and bowls Washing of the outside of containers was a part of the ritual practices of the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 39 b8gj figs-metaphor δὲ τὸ ἔσωθεν ὑμῶν γέμει ἁρπαγῆς καὶ πονηρίας 1 but the inside of you is filled with greed and evil This part of the metaphor contrasts the careful way they clean the outside of the dishes with the way they ignore their own internal condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 11 40 zq4l ἄφρονες 1 You senseless men This expression can refer to men or women, even though all of the Pharisees to whom Jesus was speaking to here were men. +LUK 11 40 g39h figs-rquestion ὁ ποιήσας οὐχ ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔξωθεν καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ ἔσωθεν? 1 Did not the one who made the outside also make the inside? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the Pharisees for not understanding that what is in their hearts matters to God. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "The one who made the outside also made the inside!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 11 41 m3ww figs-explicit δότε ἐλεημοσύνην τὰ ἐνόντα 1 Give to the poor what is inside This refers to what they should be doing with their cups and bowls. Alternate translation: "Give to the poor what is inside your cups and bowls" or "Be generous to the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 41 phz9 πάντα ἐστιν καθαρὰ ὑμῖν 1 all things will be clean for you "you will be completely clean" or "you will be clean both inside and outside" +LUK 11 42 ans4 ἀποδεκατοῦτε τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ πήγανον καὶ πᾶν λάχανον 1 you tithe mint and rue and every other garden herb "you give God one tenth of your mint and rue and other herbs from your garden." Jesus was giving an example of how extreme the Pharisees were in giving a tenth of their income. +LUK 11 42 p71g translate-unknown τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ πήγανον 1 mint and rue These are herbs. People put just a little bit of these leaves into their food to give it flavor. If people do not know what mint and rue are, you can use the name of herbs they know or a general expression such as "herbs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 11 42 l25z πᾶν λάχανον 1 every other garden herb Possible meanings are 1) "every other vegetable" 2) "every other garden herb" or 3) "every other garden plant." +LUK 11 42 yk7d τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the love of God "to love God" or "love for God." God is the one who is loved. LUK 11 42 myv2 figs-litotes 0 without failing to do the other things also "without failing" emphasizes that this should always be done. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "and to always do the other good things as well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) LUK 11 43 lnx3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the Pharisee. -LUK 11 43 w6pv 0 the front seats "the best seats" -LUK 11 43 sz72 0 respectful greetings "you like people to greet you with special honor" +LUK 11 43 w6pv τὴν πρωτοκαθεδρίαν 1 the front seats "the best seats" +LUK 11 43 sz72 τοὺς ἀσπασμοὺς 1 respectful greetings "you like people to greet you with special honor" LUK 11 44 hag2 figs-simile 0 you are like unmarked graves that people walk over without knowing it The Pharisees are like unmarked graves because they look ceremonially clean, but they cause people around them to become unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 11 44 mrw1 0 unmarked graves These graves were holes dug in the ground where a dead body was buried. They did not have the white stones that people normally place over graves so that others would see them. +LUK 11 44 mrw1 τὰ ἄδηλα τὰ μνημεῖα 1 unmarked graves These graves were holes dug in the ground where a dead body was buried. They did not have the white stones that people normally place over graves so that others would see them. LUK 11 44 h9x7 figs-explicit 0 without knowing it When the Jews walked over a grave, they would become ceremonially unclean. These unmarked graves caused them to accidentally do that. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "without realizing it and become ceremonially unclean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 11 45 ics8 0 General Information: Jesus begins to respond to a Jewish teacher. -LUK 11 45 u1vv writing-participants 0 One of the teachers of the law This introduces a new character into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 11 45 v1pr 0 what you say insults us too Jesus' comments about the Pharisees also seemed to apply to the teachers of the Jewish laws. -LUK 11 46 wx9j 0 Woe to you, teachers of the law! Jesus makes it clear that he intended to condemn the actions of the teachers of the law along with the Pharisees. +LUK 11 45 u1vv writing-participants τις τῶν νομικῶν 1 One of the teachers of the law This introduces a new character into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 11 45 v1pr ταῦτα λέγων ὑβρίζεις ἡμᾶς καὶ 1 what you say insults us too Jesus' comments about the Pharisees also seemed to apply to the teachers of the Jewish laws. +LUK 11 46 wx9j οὐαί ὑμῖν, τοῖς νομικοῖς! 1 Woe to you, teachers of the law! Jesus makes it clear that he intended to condemn the actions of the teachers of the law along with the Pharisees. LUK 11 46 v2vl figs-metaphor 0 you put people under burdens that are hard to carry "you put burdens on people that are too heavy and they cannot carry them." Jesus speaks about someone giving people many rules as if the person were giving them heavy things to carry. Alternate translation: "you burden people by giving them too many rules to follow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 46 mws4 0 touch the burdens with one of your own fingers Possible meanings are 1) "do anything at all to help people carry those burdens" or 2) "make any effort to carry those burdens yourselves." -LUK 11 48 drs1 figs-explicit 0 So you are witnesses and you consent Jesus is rebuking the Pharisees and teachers of the law. They know about the murder of the prophets, but do not condemn their ancestors for killing them. Alternate translation: "So, rather than denouncing them, you confirm and agree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 11 49 by5w 0 For this reason This refers back to the previous statement that the teachers of the law burdened people with rules. -LUK 11 49 c97g figs-personification 0 God's wisdom said "wisdom" is treated as if it was able to speak for God. Alternate translation: "God in his wisdom said" or "God wisely said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LUK 11 49 lda4 0 I will send to them prophets and apostles "I will send prophets and apostles to my people." God had declared beforehand that he would send prophets and apostles to the ancestors of the Jewish audience to whom Jesus was speaking. -LUK 11 49 w1fh 0 they will persecute and kill some of them "my people will persecute and kill some of the prophets and apostles." God had declared beforehand that the ancestors of the Jewish audience to whom Jesus was speaking would persecute and kill the prophets and apostles. +LUK 11 46 mws4 προσψαύετε τοῖς φορτίοις ἑνὶ τῶν ὑμῶν δακτύλων 1 touch the burdens with one of your own fingers Possible meanings are 1) "do anything at all to help people carry those burdens" or 2) "make any effort to carry those burdens yourselves." +LUK 11 48 drs1 figs-explicit ἄρα μαρτυρεῖτε καὶ συνευδοκεῖτε 1 So you are witnesses and you consent Jesus is rebuking the Pharisees and teachers of the law. They know about the murder of the prophets, but do not condemn their ancestors for killing them. Alternate translation: "So, rather than denouncing them, you confirm and agree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 11 49 by5w διὰ τοῦτο 1 For this reason This refers back to the previous statement that the teachers of the law burdened people with rules. +LUK 11 49 c97g figs-personification τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ σοφία εἶπεν 1 God's wisdom said "wisdom" is treated as if it was able to speak for God. Alternate translation: "God in his wisdom said" or "God wisely said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +LUK 11 49 lda4 ἀποστελῶ εἰς αὐτοὺς προφήτας καὶ ἀποστόλους 1 I will send to them prophets and apostles "I will send prophets and apostles to my people." God had declared beforehand that he would send prophets and apostles to the ancestors of the Jewish audience to whom Jesus was speaking. +LUK 11 49 w1fh διώξουσιν καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 they will persecute and kill some of them "my people will persecute and kill some of the prophets and apostles." God had declared beforehand that the ancestors of the Jewish audience to whom Jesus was speaking would persecute and kill the prophets and apostles. LUK 11 50 pi6u figs-metonymy 0 This generation, then, will be held responsible for all the blood of the prophets shed The people to whom Jesus is speaking will be held responsible for the murder of the prophets by their ancestors. Alternate translation: "Therefore, God will hold this generation responsible for all the deaths of the prophets that people have killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 11 50 d1rf figs-metonymy 0 the blood of the prophets shed The "blood ... shed" refers to the blood spilled when they were killed. Alternate translation: "the murder of the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 11 51 jes7 0 Zechariah This was probably the priest in the Old Testament who rebuked the people of Israel for idolatry. This was not the Father of John the Baptist. -LUK 11 51 pav1 figs-activepassive 0 who was killed This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the people killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 11 50 d1rf figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα τῶν προφητῶν τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον 1 the blood of the prophets shed The "blood ... shed" refers to the blood spilled when they were killed. Alternate translation: "the murder of the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 11 51 jes7 Ζαχαρίου 1 Zechariah This was probably the priest in the Old Testament who rebuked the people of Israel for idolatry. This was not the Father of John the Baptist. +LUK 11 51 pav1 figs-activepassive τοῦ ἀπολομένου 1 who was killed This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the people killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 11 52 vj5a 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes responding to the Jewish teacher. LUK 11 52 s4fc figs-metaphor 0 you have taken away the key of knowledge ... hinder those who are entering Jesus speaks about God's truth as if it were in a house that the teachers refuse to enter and will not let others have the key to enter either. This means the teachers do not truly know God, and they prevent others from knowing him as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 11 52 xg48 0 the key This represents the means of access, as to a house or storage room. -LUK 11 52 fj7x 0 you do not enter in yourselves "you yourselves do not go in to get knowledge" +LUK 11 52 xg48 τὴν κλεῖδα 1 the key This represents the means of access, as to a house or storage room. +LUK 11 52 fj7x εἰσήλθατε οὐκ εἰσήλθατε αὐτοὶ 1 you do not enter in yourselves "you yourselves do not go in to get knowledge" LUK 11 53 mld3 0 General Information: This is the end of the part of the story where Jesus eats at the Pharisee's house. These verses tell the reader what happens after the main part of the story ends. -LUK 11 53 ejf1 0 After Jesus left there "After Jesus left the Pharisee's house" -LUK 11 53 h9sw 0 argued with him about many things The scribes and Pharisees did not argue in order to defend their views, but to try to trap Jesus so they could accuse him of breaking the law of God. +LUK 11 53 ejf1 ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦ ἐξελθόντος κἀκεῖθεν 1 After Jesus left there "After Jesus left the Pharisee's house" +LUK 11 53 h9sw ἀποστοματίζειν αὐτὸν περὶ πλειόνων 1 argued with him about many things The scribes and Pharisees did not argue in order to defend their views, but to try to trap Jesus so they could accuse him of breaking the law of God. LUK 11 54 mr32 figs-metaphor 0 trying to trap him in his own words This means they wanted Jesus to say something wrong so that they could accuse him. The scribes and Pharisees did not argue in order to defend their views, but to try to trap Jesus so they could accuse him of breaking the law of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 12 intro jun3 0 # Luke 12 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit"

No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

##### Servants

God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not.

##### Division

Jesus knew that those who did not choose to follow him would hate those who did choose to follow him. He also knew that most people love their families more than they love anyone else. So he wanted his followers to understand that following and pleasing him had to be more important to them than having their family love them ([Luke 12:51-56](./51.md)).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 12;8](./08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 12 1 w6x5 0 General Information: Jesus begins to teach his disciples in front of thousands of people. -LUK 12 1 en8g writing-newevent 0 In the meantime This is probably while the scribes and Pharisees were looking for a way to trap him. The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 12 1 en8g writing-newevent ἐν οἷς 1 In the meantime This is probably while the scribes and Pharisees were looking for a way to trap him. The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) LUK 12 1 r5jz writing-background 0 when many thousands of the people ... they trampled on each other This is background information that tells the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 12 1 c8yk 0 many thousands of the people "a very great crowd" -LUK 12 1 ybz9 figs-hyperbole 0 they trampled on each other This is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that so many people were crowded close together that they would step on each other. Alternate translation: "they were stepping on each other" or "they were stepping on one another's feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 12 1 x38n 0 he began to say to his disciples first of all "Jesus first started speaking to his disciples, and said to them" -LUK 12 1 f5b9 figs-metaphor 0 Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy Just as yeast spreads through a whole lump of bread dough, their hypocrisy was spreading through the whole community. Alternate translation: "Guard yourself against the hypocrisy of the Pharisees, which is like yeast" or "Be careful that you do not become hypocrites like the Pharisees. Their evil behavior influences everyone just as yeast affects a lump of dough" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 12 1 c8yk τῶν μυριάδων τοῦ ὄχλου 1 many thousands of the people "a very great crowd" +LUK 12 1 ybz9 figs-hyperbole καταπατεῖν ἀλλήλους 1 they trampled on each other This is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that so many people were crowded close together that they would step on each other. Alternate translation: "they were stepping on each other" or "they were stepping on one another's feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 12 1 x38n ἤρξατο λέγειν πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοὺς μαθητὰς πρῶτον 1 he began to say to his disciples first of all "Jesus first started speaking to his disciples, and said to them" +LUK 12 1 f5b9 figs-metaphor προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων, ἥτις ἐστὶν ὑπόκρισις 1 Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy Just as yeast spreads through a whole lump of bread dough, their hypocrisy was spreading through the whole community. Alternate translation: "Guard yourself against the hypocrisy of the Pharisees, which is like yeast" or "Be careful that you do not become hypocrites like the Pharisees. Their evil behavior influences everyone just as yeast affects a lump of dough" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 12 2 m1ti writing-connectingwords 0 But there is The word "But" connects this verse to the previous verse about the hypocrisy of the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) LUK 12 2 g46e figs-activepassive 0 there is nothing concealed that will not be revealed "everything that is hidden will be shown." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will find out about everything that people do secretly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 2 e5w4 figs-parallelism 0 nothing hidden that will not be known This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence in order to emphasize its truth. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will learn about everything that others try to hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 3 iv8i figs-metonymy 0 whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light Here "darkness" is a metonym for "night" which is a metonym for "private. And "light" is a metonym for "day" which is a metonym for "public. The phrase "will be heard" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whatever you have said privately at night, people will hear it in the daylight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 3 ix7b figs-synecdoche 0 spoken in the ear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whispered to another person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 12 3 jwe6 0 in the inner rooms "in a closed room." This refers to private speech. Alternate translation: "in privacy" or "secretly" -LUK 12 3 b93h figs-activepassive 0 will be proclaimed "will be shouted loudly." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will proclaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 3 rmx8 0 upon the housetops Houses in Israel had flat roofs, so people could go up and stand on top of them. If readers would be distracted trying to imagine how people would get up on the house tops, this could also be translated with a more general expression, such as "from a high place so that everyone will be able to hear." -LUK 12 4 m6t7 0 I say to you my friends Jesus readdresses his disciples to mark a shift in his speech to a new topic, in this case, to speak about not being afraid. -LUK 12 4 vc8j 0 they have no more that they can do "they cannot cause any more harm" +LUK 12 3 iv8i figs-metonymy ὧν ὅσα εἴπατε ἐν σκοτίᾳ ἀκουσθήσεται ἐν τῷ φωτὶ 1 whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light Here "darkness" is a metonym for "night" which is a metonym for "private. And "light" is a metonym for "day" which is a metonym for "public. The phrase "will be heard" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whatever you have said privately at night, people will hear it in the daylight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 3 ix7b figs-synecdoche ἐλαλήσατε πρὸς τὸ οὖς 1 spoken in the ear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whispered to another person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 12 3 jwe6 ἐν τοῖς ταμείοις 1 in the inner rooms "in a closed room." This refers to private speech. Alternate translation: "in privacy" or "secretly" +LUK 12 3 b93h figs-activepassive κηρυχθήσεται 1 will be proclaimed "will be shouted loudly." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will proclaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 3 rmx8 ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων 1 upon the housetops Houses in Israel had flat roofs, so people could go up and stand on top of them. If readers would be distracted trying to imagine how people would get up on the house tops, this could also be translated with a more general expression, such as "from a high place so that everyone will be able to hear." +LUK 12 4 m6t7 λέγω ὑμῖν μου τοῖς φίλοις 1 I say to you my friends Jesus readdresses his disciples to mark a shift in his speech to a new topic, in this case, to speak about not being afraid. +LUK 12 4 vc8j ἐχόντων μὴ περισσότερόν τι ποιῆσαι 1 they have no more that they can do "they cannot cause any more harm" LUK 12 5 fsr4 figs-explicit 0 Fear the one who, after ... has authority The phrase "the one" refers to God. This could be reworded. Alternate translation: "Fear God who, after ... has authority" or "Fear God, because after ... he has authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 5 us3x 0 after he has killed "after he kills you" +LUK 12 5 us3x μετὰ τὸ ἀποκτεῖναι 1 after he has killed "after he kills you" LUK 12 5 ric8 0 has authority to throw you into hell This is a general statement about God's authority to judge people. It does not mean this will happen to the disciples. Alternate translation: "has authority to throw people into hell" -LUK 12 6 czr7 figs-rquestion 0 Are not five sparrows sold for two small coins? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "You know that five sparrows are sold for only two small coins." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 6 u697 0 sparrows very small, seed-eating birds -LUK 12 6 mru1 figs-activepassive 0 not one of them is forgotten in the sight of God This could be stated in active form and in positive form. Alternate translation: "God never forgets any of them" or "God indeed remembers every sparrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -LUK 12 7 m833 figs-activepassive 0 even the hairs of your head are all numbered This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knows even how many hairs are on your head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 7 shk3 0 Do not fear The reason for the fear is not stated. Possible meanings are 1) "Do not be afraid of what will happen to you" or 2) "So do not be afraid of people who could hurt you." -LUK 12 7 rca8 0 You are more valuable than many sparrows "You are worth more to God than many sparrows" -LUK 12 8 xzh3 0 I say to you Jesus readdresses his audience to mark a shift in his speech to a new topic, in this case, to speak about confession. -LUK 12 8 d1cs figs-explicit 0 everyone who confesses me before men What is confessed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "whoever tells others that he is my disciple" or "anyone who acknowledges before others that he is loyal to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 8 m5ek 0 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" -LUK 12 9 fu3j figs-explicit 0 he who denies me before men "he who disowns me before people." What is denied can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "whoever refuses to acknowledge to others that he is my disciple" or "if anyone refuses to say that he is loyal to me, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 9 x27t figs-activepassive 0 will be denied "will be disowned." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Son of Man will deny him" or "I will deny that he is my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 10 rp5y 0 Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man "Everyone who says something bad about the Son of Man" -LUK 12 10 px39 figs-activepassive 0 it will be forgiven him "he will be forgiven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive him for that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 10 v5ps 0 blasphemes against the Holy Spirit "speaks evil against the Holy Spirit" +LUK 12 6 czr7 figs-rquestion πωλοῦνται οὐχὶ πέντε στρουθία πωλοῦνται ἀσσαρίων δύο ἀσσαρίων? 1 Are not five sparrows sold for two small coins? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "You know that five sparrows are sold for only two small coins." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 12 6 u697 στρουθία 1 sparrows very small, seed-eating birds +LUK 12 6 mru1 figs-activepassive οὐκ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔστιν ἐπιλελησμένον ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 not one of them is forgotten in the sight of God This could be stated in active form and in positive form. Alternate translation: "God never forgets any of them" or "God indeed remembers every sparrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +LUK 12 7 m833 figs-activepassive καὶ αἱ τρίχες τῆς κεφαλῆς ὑμῶν τῆς κεφαλῆς ἠρίθμηνται πᾶσαι ἠρίθμηνται 1 even the hairs of your head are all numbered This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knows even how many hairs are on your head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 7 shk3 φοβεῖσθε μὴ φοβεῖσθε 1 Do not fear The reason for the fear is not stated. Possible meanings are 1) "Do not be afraid of what will happen to you" or 2) "So do not be afraid of people who could hurt you." +LUK 12 7 rca8 διαφέρετε πολλῶν στρουθίων 1 You are more valuable than many sparrows "You are worth more to God than many sparrows" +LUK 12 8 xzh3 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus readdresses his audience to mark a shift in his speech to a new topic, in this case, to speak about confession. +LUK 12 8 d1cs figs-explicit πᾶς ὃς ἂν ὁμολογήσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 everyone who confesses me before men What is confessed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "whoever tells others that he is my disciple" or "anyone who acknowledges before others that he is loyal to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 12 8 m5ek ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man" +LUK 12 9 fu3j figs-explicit ὁ δὲ ἀρνησάμενός με ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 he who denies me before men "he who disowns me before people." What is denied can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "whoever refuses to acknowledge to others that he is my disciple" or "if anyone refuses to say that he is loyal to me, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 12 9 x27t figs-activepassive ἀπαρνηθήσεται 1 will be denied "will be disowned." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Son of Man will deny him" or "I will deny that he is my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 10 rp5y πᾶς ὃς ἐρεῖ λόγον εἰς τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man "Everyone who says something bad about the Son of Man" +LUK 12 10 px39 figs-activepassive ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ 1 it will be forgiven him "he will be forgiven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive him for that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 10 v5ps βλασφημήσαντι εἰς τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα 1 blasphemes against the Holy Spirit "speaks evil against the Holy Spirit" LUK 12 10 p9g7 figs-activepassive 0 but to him ... it will not be forgiven This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "but he ... God will not forgive him" or "but he ... God will consider him guilty forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -LUK 12 11 f2j9 0 When they bring you It is not stated who brings them into judgment. -LUK 12 11 c1rk 0 before the synagogues "into the synagogues to question you before the religious leaders" +LUK 12 11 f2j9 ὅταν εἰσφέρωσιν ὑμᾶς 1 When they bring you It is not stated who brings them into judgment. +LUK 12 11 c1rk ἐπὶ τὰς συναγωγὰς 1 before the synagogues "into the synagogues to question you before the religious leaders" LUK 12 11 gm94 0 rulers ... authorities It may be necessary to combine these into one statement. Alternate translation: "other people who have power in the country" -LUK 12 12 gz6v 0 in that hour "at that time" or "then" +LUK 12 12 gz6v ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 in that hour "at that time" or "then" LUK 12 13 i2vi 0 General Information: This is a break in Jesus' teachings. A man asks Jesus to do something and Jesus responds to him. -LUK 12 13 d1dj figs-explicit 0 divide the inheritance with me In that culture, inheritances came from the father, usually after the father had died. You may need to make explicit that the speaker's father had probably died. Alternate translation: "share my father's property with me now that our father is dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 14 i8sm 0 Man Possible meanings are 1) this is simply a way to address a stranger or 2) Jesus is rebuking the man. Your language might have a way of addressing people in either of these ways. Some people do not translate this word at all. -LUK 12 14 hmn6 figs-rquestion 0 who made me a judge or a mediator over you? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the man. Some languages would use the plural form for "you" or "your." Alternate translation: "I am not your judge or mediator." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 15 me49 0 He said to them The word "them" here probably refers to the whole crowd of people. Alternate translation: "And Jesus said to the crowd" -LUK 12 15 ckn2 0 keep yourselves from all greedy desires "guard yourself from every form of greed." Alternate translation: "do not allow yourself to love having things" or "do not let the urge to have more things control you" -LUK 12 15 f2sc 0 a person's life This is a general statement of fact. It does not refer to any specific person. Some languages have a way of expressing that. -LUK 12 15 sh72 0 the abundance of his possessions "how many things he owns" or "how much wealth he has" +LUK 12 13 d1dj figs-explicit μερίσασθαι τὴν κληρονομίαν μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 divide the inheritance with me In that culture, inheritances came from the father, usually after the father had died. You may need to make explicit that the speaker's father had probably died. Alternate translation: "share my father's property with me now that our father is dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 12 14 i8sm ἄνθρωπε 1 Man Possible meanings are 1) this is simply a way to address a stranger or 2) Jesus is rebuking the man. Your language might have a way of addressing people in either of these ways. Some people do not translate this word at all. +LUK 12 14 hmn6 figs-rquestion τίς κατέστησεν με κριτὴν ἢ μεριστὴν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 who made me a judge or a mediator over you? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the man. Some languages would use the plural form for "you" or "your." Alternate translation: "I am not your judge or mediator." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 12 15 me49 εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 He said to them The word "them" here probably refers to the whole crowd of people. Alternate translation: "And Jesus said to the crowd" +LUK 12 15 ckn2 φυλάσσεσθε ἀπὸ πάσης πλεονεξίας 1 keep yourselves from all greedy desires "guard yourself from every form of greed." Alternate translation: "do not allow yourself to love having things" or "do not let the urge to have more things control you" +LUK 12 15 f2sc αὐτοῦ' αὐτοῦ ἡ ζωὴ 1 a person's life This is a general statement of fact. It does not refer to any specific person. Some languages have a way of expressing that. +LUK 12 15 sh72 τῷ περισσεύειν ἐκ αὐτῷ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων 1 the abundance of his possessions "how many things he owns" or "how much wealth he has" LUK 12 16 d37q figs-parables 0 Jesus continues his teaching by telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 12 16 gc9i 0 Then Jesus told them Jesus was probably still speaking to the entire crowd. -LUK 12 16 nkw9 0 yielded abundantly "grew a very good harvest" -LUK 12 17 w55n figs-rquestion 0 What will I do, because I do not have a place to store my crops? This question reflects what the man was thinking to himself. Alternate translation: "I do not know what to do, because I do not have any place big enough to store all my crops!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 18 d82f 0 barns buildings where farmers store the crops they have harvested -LUK 12 18 w6gc 0 goods possessions +LUK 12 16 gc9i δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοὺς 1 Then Jesus told them Jesus was probably still speaking to the entire crowd. +LUK 12 16 nkw9 εὐφόρησεν 1 yielded abundantly "grew a very good harvest" +LUK 12 17 w55n figs-rquestion τί ποιήσω, ὅτι ἔχω οὐκ ἔχω ποῦ συνάξω μου τοὺς καρπούς 1 What will I do, because I do not have a place to store my crops? This question reflects what the man was thinking to himself. Alternate translation: "I do not know what to do, because I do not have any place big enough to store all my crops!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 12 18 d82f τὰς ἀποθήκας 1 barns buildings where farmers store the crops they have harvested +LUK 12 18 w6gc τὰ ἀγαθά 1 goods possessions LUK 12 19 mqm6 figs-synecdoche 0 I will say to my soul, "Soul, you have ... years. Rest ... merry." "I will say to myself, 'I have ... years. Rest ... merry.'" or "I will tell myself that I have ... years, so I can rest ... merry." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LUK 12 20 s4qm 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus quotes how God responds to the rich man, as he finishes telling his parable. -LUK 12 20 xgr9 figs-euphemism 0 tonight your soul is required of you The "soul" refers to the life of a person. Alternate translation: "you will die tonight" or "I will take your life from you tonight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 20 vyn1 figs-rquestion 0 the things you have prepared, whose will they be? "who will own what you have stored up?" or "who will have what you prepared?" God uses a question to make the man realize that he would no longer possess those things. Alternate translation: "the things that you have prepared will belong to someone else!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 21 m47i 0 stores up treasure "saves up valuable things" -LUK 12 21 fst9 0 is not rich toward God has not used his time and possessions for the things that are important to God +LUK 12 20 xgr9 figs-euphemism ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτὶ σου τὴν ψυχήν ἀπαιτοῦσιν ἀπὸ σοῦ 1 tonight your soul is required of you The "soul" refers to the life of a person. Alternate translation: "you will die tonight" or "I will take your life from you tonight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 20 vyn1 figs-rquestion ἃ ἡτοίμασας, τίνι ἔσται 1 the things you have prepared, whose will they be? "who will own what you have stored up?" or "who will have what you prepared?" God uses a question to make the man realize that he would no longer possess those things. Alternate translation: "the things that you have prepared will belong to someone else!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 12 21 m47i θησαυρίζων 1 stores up treasure "saves up valuable things" +LUK 12 21 fst9 πλουτῶν μὴ πλουτῶν εἰς Θεὸν 1 is not rich toward God has not used his time and possessions for the things that are important to God LUK 12 22 ihk2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching his disciples in front of the crowd. -LUK 12 22 vim6 0 Therefore "For that reason" or "Because of what this story teaches" -LUK 12 22 cy4e 0 I say to you "I want to tell you something important" or "you need to listen carefully to this" -LUK 12 22 u1cf 0 about your body, what you will wear "about your body and what you will wear" or "about having enough clothes to put on your body" -LUK 12 23 y4qa 0 For life is more than food This is a general statement of value. Alternate translation: "life is more important than the food you eat" +LUK 12 22 vim6 διὰ 1 Therefore "For that reason" or "Because of what this story teaches" +LUK 12 22 cy4e λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you "I want to tell you something important" or "you need to listen carefully to this" +LUK 12 22 u1cf τῷ σώματι, τί ἐνδύσησθε 1 about your body, what you will wear "about your body and what you will wear" or "about having enough clothes to put on your body" +LUK 12 23 y4qa ἡ γὰρ ψυχὴ ἐστιν πλεῖόν τῆς τροφῆς 1 For life is more than food This is a general statement of value. Alternate translation: "life is more important than the food you eat" LUK 12 23 ri78 0 the body is more than clothes "your body is more important than the clothes you wear" -LUK 12 24 zx97 0 ravens This refers either to 1) crows, a kind of bird that eats mostly grain, or 2) ravens, a kind of bird that eats the flesh of dead animals. Jesus' audience would have considered the ravens worthless since the Jewish people could not eat these types of birds. +LUK 12 24 zx97 κόρακας 1 ravens This refers either to 1) crows, a kind of bird that eats mostly grain, or 2) ravens, a kind of bird that eats the flesh of dead animals. Jesus' audience would have considered the ravens worthless since the Jewish people could not eat these types of birds. LUK 12 24 y4t1 0 storeroom ... barn These are places where food is stored. LUK 12 24 i238 figs-exclamations 0 How much more valuable you are than the birds! This is an exclamation, not a question. Jesus emphasizes the fact that people are much more valuable to God then birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) LUK 12 25 lsx8 figs-rquestion 0 Which of you ... lifespan? Jesus uses a question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "None of you can make your life any longer by being anxious!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 25 n286 figs-metaphor 0 add a cubit to his lifespan This is a metaphor because a cubit is a measure of length, rather than of time. The image is of a person's life stretched out as if it were a board, a rope, or some other physical object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 12 25 n286 figs-metaphor προσθεῖναι πῆχυν ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἡλικίαν 1 add a cubit to his lifespan This is a metaphor because a cubit is a measure of length, rather than of time. The image is of a person's life stretched out as if it were a board, a rope, or some other physical object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 12 26 hl4d figs-rquestion 0 If then you are not able to do such a very little thing, why do you worry about the rest? Jesus uses another question to teach his disciples. Alternate translation: "Since you cannot do even this small thing, you should not worry about the other things." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 27 h293 0 Consider the lilies—how they grow "Think about how the lilies grow" -LUK 12 27 s8d3 translate-unknown 0 lilies Lilies are beautiful flowers that grow wild in the fields. If your language does not have a word for lily, you can use the name of another flower like that or translate it as "flowers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 12 27 u3mf figs-explicit 0 neither do they spin The process of making thread or yard for cloth is called "spinning." It may be helpful to make this explicit. Alternate translation: "neither do they make thread in order to make cloth" or "and they do not make yarn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 27 nug5 0 Solomon in all his glory "Solomon, who had great wealth" or "Solomon, who wore beautiful clothes" -LUK 12 28 rur9 figs-metaphor 0 If God so clothes the grass in the field, which "If God clothes the grass in the field like that, and it" or "If God gives the grass in the field such beautiful clothing, and it." God making the grass beautiful is spoken of as if God were putting beautiful clothes on the grass. Alternate translation: "If God makes the grass in the field beautiful like this, and it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 12 28 t9am figs-activepassive 0 is thrown into the oven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone throws it into a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 27 h293 κατανοήσατε τὰ κρίνα— πῶς αὐξάνει 1 Consider the lilies—how they grow "Think about how the lilies grow" +LUK 12 27 s8d3 translate-unknown κρίνα 1 lilies Lilies are beautiful flowers that grow wild in the fields. If your language does not have a word for lily, you can use the name of another flower like that or translate it as "flowers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 12 27 u3mf figs-explicit οὐδὲ νήθει 1 neither do they spin The process of making thread or yard for cloth is called "spinning." It may be helpful to make this explicit. Alternate translation: "neither do they make thread in order to make cloth" or "and they do not make yarn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 12 27 nug5 Σολομὼν ἐν πάσῃ αὐτοῦ τῇ δόξῃ 1 Solomon in all his glory "Solomon, who had great wealth" or "Solomon, who wore beautiful clothes" +LUK 12 28 rur9 figs-metaphor εἰ ὁ Θεὸς οὕτως ἀμφιέζει τὸν χόρτον ἐν ἀγρῷ, ὄντα 1 If God so clothes the grass in the field, which "If God clothes the grass in the field like that, and it" or "If God gives the grass in the field such beautiful clothing, and it." God making the grass beautiful is spoken of as if God were putting beautiful clothes on the grass. Alternate translation: "If God makes the grass in the field beautiful like this, and it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 12 28 t9am figs-activepassive βαλλόμενον εἰς κλίβανον 1 is thrown into the oven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone throws it into a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 28 gr4m figs-exclamations 0 how much more will he clothe you This is an exclamation, not a question. Jesus emphasizes that he will certainly take care of people even better than he does the grass. This could be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "he will certainly clothe you even better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -LUK 12 29 q67w 0 Do not look for what you will eat and what you will drink "Do not focus on what you will eat and drink" or "Do not greatly desire more to eat and drink" -LUK 12 30 g8jy figs-metonymy 0 all the nations of the world Here "nations" refers to "unbelievers." Alternate translation: "all people of other nations" or "all the unbelievers in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 12 30 ns35 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 your Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 12 31 gvj9 0 seek his kingdom "focus on God's kingdom" or "greatly desire God's kingdom" -LUK 12 31 jni1 figs-activepassive 0 these things will be added to you "these things also will be given to you." "These things" refers to food and clothing. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will also give you these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 32 eej3 figs-metaphor 0 little flock Jesus is calling his disciples a flock. A flock is a group of sheep or goats that a shepherd cares for. As a shepherd cares for his sheep, God cares for Jesus' disciples. Alternate translation: "small group" or "dear group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 12 32 e3tv guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 your Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 12 33 rlg7 figs-ellipsis 0 give to the poor It may be helpful to state what they receive. Alternate translation: "give to poor people the money you earn from the sales" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 12 29 q67w ζητεῖτε μὴ ζητεῖτε τί φάγητε καὶ τί πίητε 1 Do not look for what you will eat and what you will drink "Do not focus on what you will eat and drink" or "Do not greatly desire more to eat and drink" +LUK 12 30 g8jy figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τοῦ κόσμου 1 all the nations of the world Here "nations" refers to "unbelievers." Alternate translation: "all people of other nations" or "all the unbelievers in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 12 30 ns35 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὑμῶν ὁ Πατὴρ 1 your Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 12 31 gvj9 ζητεῖτε αὐτοῦ τὴν βασιλείαν 1 seek his kingdom "focus on God's kingdom" or "greatly desire God's kingdom" +LUK 12 31 jni1 figs-activepassive ταῦτα προστεθήσεται ὑμῖν 1 these things will be added to you "these things also will be given to you." "These things" refers to food and clothing. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will also give you these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 32 eej3 figs-metaphor τὸ μικρὸν ποίμνιον 1 little flock Jesus is calling his disciples a flock. A flock is a group of sheep or goats that a shepherd cares for. As a shepherd cares for his sheep, God cares for Jesus' disciples. Alternate translation: "small group" or "dear group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 12 32 e3tv guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὑμῶν ὁ Πατὴρ 1 your Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 12 33 rlg7 figs-ellipsis δότε ἐλεημοσύνην 1 give to the poor It may be helpful to state what they receive. Alternate translation: "give to poor people the money you earn from the sales" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 12 33 am8q figs-metaphor 0 Make for yourselves purses ... treasure in the heavens The purses and treasure in the heavens are the same thing. They both represent God's blessing in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 12 33 dc7m 0 Make for yourselves This is the result of giving to the poor. Alternate translation: "In this way you will make for yourselves" +LUK 12 33 dc7m ποιήσατε ἑαυτοῖς 1 Make for yourselves This is the result of giving to the poor. Alternate translation: "In this way you will make for yourselves" LUK 12 33 xb63 0 purses which will not wear out "money bags that will not get holes in them" -LUK 12 33 h6qw 0 does not run out "does not diminish" or "does not become less" -LUK 12 33 t1fb 0 no thief comes near "thieves do not come near" -LUK 12 33 e2nj 0 no moth destroys "moths do not destroy" -LUK 12 33 u258 0 moth A "moth" is a small insect that eats holes in fabric. You may need to use a different insect, such as an ant or termite. -LUK 12 34 ad29 0 where your treasure is, there your heart will be also "your heart will be focused on where you store your treasure" -LUK 12 34 r26g figs-metonymy 0 your heart Here "heart" refers to a person's thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 12 33 h6qw ἀνέκλειπτον 1 does not run out "does not diminish" or "does not become less" +LUK 12 33 t1fb οὐκ κλέπτης ἐγγίζει 1 no thief comes near "thieves do not come near" +LUK 12 33 e2nj οὐδὲ σὴς διαφθείρει 1 no moth destroys "moths do not destroy" +LUK 12 33 u258 σὴς 1 moth A "moth" is a small insect that eats holes in fabric. You may need to use a different insect, such as an ant or termite. +LUK 12 34 ad29 ὅπου ὑμῶν ὁ θησαυρὸς ἐστιν, ἐκεῖ ὑμῶν ἡ καρδία ἔσται καὶ 1 where your treasure is, there your heart will be also "your heart will be focused on where you store your treasure" +LUK 12 34 r26g figs-metonymy ὑμῶν ἡ καρδία 1 your heart Here "heart" refers to a person's thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 12 35 c4j1 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 12 35 nk2x figs-explicit 0 Let your long clothing be tucked in at your belt People wore long flowing robes. They would tuck them into their belt to keep the robes out of the way while they worked. Alternate translation: "Tuck your clothing into your belt so you are ready to serve" or "Be dressed and ready to serve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 35 lh96 figs-activepassive 0 let your lamps be kept burning This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "keep your lamps burning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 36 mhg8 figs-simile 0 be like people looking for their master Jesus commands the disciples to be ready for him to return the same way servants should be ready for their master to return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 12 36 t8kb 0 returns from the marriage feast "returns home from a marriage feast" +LUK 12 35 nk2x figs-explicit ἔστωσαν ὑμῶν αἱ ἔστωσαν περιεζωσμέναι ὀσφύες 1 Let your long clothing be tucked in at your belt People wore long flowing robes. They would tuck them into their belt to keep the robes out of the way while they worked. Alternate translation: "Tuck your clothing into your belt so you are ready to serve" or "Be dressed and ready to serve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 35 lh96 figs-activepassive καιόμενοι οἱ λύχνοι καιόμενοι 1 let your lamps be kept burning This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "keep your lamps burning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 36 mhg8 figs-simile ὅμοιοι ἀνθρώποις προσδεχομένοις ἑαυτῶν τὸν κύριον 1 be like people looking for their master Jesus commands the disciples to be ready for him to return the same way servants should be ready for their master to return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 12 36 t8kb ἀναλύσῃ ἐκ τῶν γάμων 1 returns from the marriage feast "returns home from a marriage feast" LUK 12 36 p9cq figs-explicit 0 open the door for him This refers to the door of the master's house. It was the responsibility of his servants to open it for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 12 37 qk47 0 Blessed are "How good it is for" -LUK 12 37 xiv7 0 whom the master will find watching when he comes "whose master finds them waiting for him when he returns" or "who are ready when the master returns" +LUK 12 37 xiv7 οὓς ὁ Κύριος εὑρήσει γρηγοροῦντας ἐλθὼν 1 whom the master will find watching when he comes "whose master finds them waiting for him when he returns" or "who are ready when the master returns" LUK 12 37 s3yd 0 he will tuck in his long clothing at his belt, and have them sit down Because the servants have been faithful and ready to serve their master, the master will now reward them by serving them. LUK 12 38 x25s 0 in the second watch of the night The second watch was between 9:00 p.m. and midnight. Alternate translation: "late at night" or "just before midnight" -LUK 12 38 qa35 0 or if even in the third watch The third watch was from midnight to 3:00 a.m. Alternate translation: "or if he comes very late at night" +LUK 12 38 qa35 κἂν ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ φυλακῇ 1 or if even in the third watch The third watch was from midnight to 3:00 a.m. Alternate translation: "or if he comes very late at night" LUK 12 39 v73u 0 had known the hour "had known when" -LUK 12 39 ej9m figs-activepassive 0 he would not have let his house be broken into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he would not have let the thief break into his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 39 ej9m figs-activepassive ἂν ἀφῆκεν οὐκ ἂν ἀφῆκεν αὐτοῦ τὸν οἶκον διορυχθῆναι 1 he would not have let his house be broken into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he would not have let the thief break into his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 40 ds4s 0 because you do not know the hour when the Son of Man comes The only similarity between a thief and the Son of Man is that people do not know when either one will come, so they need to be ready. LUK 12 40 p1y9 0 do not know the hour when "do not know at what time" LUK 12 40 dw4h 0 when the Son of Man comes Jesus is talking about himself. Alternate translation: "when I, the Son of Man, will come" LUK 12 41 i9d2 0 General Information: In verse 41, there is a break in the story line as Peter asks Jesus a question about the previous parable. LUK 12 41 hz2d 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 42, Jesus begins to tell another parable. LUK 12 42 g8lu figs-rquestion 0 Who then is ... right time? Jesus uses a question to answer Peter's question indirectly. He expected those who wanted to be faithful managers to understand that the parable was about them. Alternate translation: "I said it for everyone who is ... right time." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 42 dxd2 figs-parables 0 the faithful and wise manager Jesus tells another parable about how servants should be faithful while they wait for their master to return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +LUK 12 42 dxd2 figs-parables καιρῷ 1 the faithful and wise manager Jesus tells another parable about how servants should be faithful while they wait for their master to return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) LUK 12 42 mnn1 0 whom his lord will set over his other servants "whom his lord puts in charge of his other servants" LUK 12 43 g6xl 0 Blessed is that servant "How good it is for that servant" -LUK 12 43 h35t 0 whom his lord finds doing that when he comes "if his lord finds him doing that work when he comes back" -LUK 12 44 i2cq 0 Truly I say to you This expression means they should pay special attention to what he is about to say. -LUK 12 44 y47s 0 will set him over all his property "will put him in charge of all his property" -LUK 12 45 dpk8 0 that servant This refers to the servant whose lord has put him in charge of the other servants. -LUK 12 45 aku7 figs-metonymy 0 says in his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "thinks to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 12 45 cu5k 0 My lord delays his return "My master will not return soon" -LUK 12 45 juc5 0 male and female servants The words that are translated here as "male and female servants" are normally translated as "boys" and "girls." They may indicate that the servants were young or that they were dear to their master. -LUK 12 46 j1m1 figs-merism 0 in a day when he does not expect, and in an hour that he does not know The words "day" and "hour" form a merism of time that refers to any time, and the words "expect" and "know" have similar meanings, so the two phrases here are parallel to emphasize that the coming of the lord will be a total surprise to the servant. However, the phrases should not be combined unless your language has no different words for "know" and "expect" or "day" and "hour." Alternate translation: "at a time when the servant is not expecting him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 12 46 vg1d figs-hyperbole 0 cut him in pieces and appoint a place for him with the unfaithful Possible meanings are 1) this is an exaggeration for the master dealing out harsh punishment toward the slave, or 2) this describes the manner in which the servant will be executed and buried as punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 12 43 h35t ὃν αὐτοῦ ὁ κύριος εὑρήσει ποιοῦντα οὕτως ἐλθὼν 1 whom his lord finds doing that when he comes "if his lord finds him doing that work when he comes back" +LUK 12 44 i2cq ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This expression means they should pay special attention to what he is about to say. +LUK 12 44 y47s καταστήσει αὐτόν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν αὐτοῦ τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν 1 will set him over all his property "will put him in charge of all his property" +LUK 12 45 dpk8 ἐκεῖνος ὁ δοῦλος 1 that servant This refers to the servant whose lord has put him in charge of the other servants. +LUK 12 45 aku7 figs-metonymy εἴπῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 says in his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "thinks to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 12 45 cu5k μου ὁ κύριός χρονίζει ἔρχεσθαι 1 My lord delays his return "My master will not return soon" +LUK 12 45 juc5 παῖδας καὶ τὰς παιδίσκας 1 male and female servants The words that are translated here as "male and female servants" are normally translated as "boys" and "girls." They may indicate that the servants were young or that they were dear to their master. +LUK 12 46 j1m1 figs-merism ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ προσδοκᾷ οὐ προσδοκᾷ, καὶ ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ γινώσκει οὐ γινώσκει 1 in a day when he does not expect, and in an hour that he does not know The words "day" and "hour" form a merism of time that refers to any time, and the words "expect" and "know" have similar meanings, so the two phrases here are parallel to emphasize that the coming of the lord will be a total surprise to the servant. However, the phrases should not be combined unless your language has no different words for "know" and "expect" or "day" and "hour." Alternate translation: "at a time when the servant is not expecting him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LUK 12 46 vg1d figs-hyperbole διχοτομήσει αὐτὸν διχοτομήσει καὶ θήσει τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀπίστων 1 cut him in pieces and appoint a place for him with the unfaithful Possible meanings are 1) this is an exaggeration for the master dealing out harsh punishment toward the slave, or 2) this describes the manner in which the servant will be executed and buried as punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) LUK 12 47 p1l2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling the parable. LUK 12 47 im3v figs-activepassive 0 That servant, having known his lord's will, and not having prepared or done according to his will, will be beaten with many blows This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "But as for the servant who knows his lord's will does not prepare or do according to it, the master will beat him with many blows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 47 aj41 0 his lord's will ... according to his will "what his master wanted him to do ... it" @@ -1660,1509 +1660,1509 @@ LUK 12 48 ehu9 figs-activepassive 0 But everyone who has been given much, from LUK 12 48 qg96 figs-activepassive 0 the one ... much, even more will be asked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the master will ask even more of the one ... much" or "the master will require even more of the one ... much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 48 ir7m figs-activepassive 0 the one who has been entrusted with much This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the one to whom the master has given much property to take care of" or "the one to whom the master has given much responsibility" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 12 49 z7wu 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to teach his disciples. -LUK 12 49 qy62 figs-metaphor 0 I came to cast fire upon the earth "I came to throw fire on the earth" or "I came to set the earth on fire." Possible meanings are 1) Jesus has come to judge people or 2) Jesus has come to purify believers or 3) Jesus has come to cause division among people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 12 49 ygv3 figs-exclamations 0 how I wish that it were already kindled This exclamation emphasizes how much he wants this to happen. Alternate translation: "I wish very much that it was already lit" or "how I wish that it had already begun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -LUK 12 50 hn1j figs-metaphor 0 I have a baptism to be baptized with Here "baptism" refers to what Jesus must suffer. Just as water covers a person during baptism, suffering will overwhelm Jesus. Alternate translation: "I must go through a baptism of terrible suffering" or "I must be overwhelmed by suffering as a person being baptized is covered by water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 12 50 k4e8 0 But The word "but" is used to show that he cannot cast the fire on the earth until after he goes through his baptism. -LUK 12 50 r2yj figs-exclamations 0 how I am distressed until it is completed This exclamation emphasizes how distressed he was. Alternate translation: "I am terribly distressed and will be so until I complete this baptism of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -LUK 12 51 s32r figs-rquestion 0 Do you think that I came to bring peace on the earth? No, I tell you, but rather division Jesus asks a question to let them know that he is going to correct their wrong understanding. You may need to supply the words "I came" that are omitted in the second sentence. Alternate translation: "You think that I came to bring peace on the earth, but I tell you I did not. Instead, I came to bring division" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 51 np4v 0 division "hostility" or "discord" -LUK 12 52 vrt5 figs-ellipsis 0 there will be five in one house It may be helpful to state that this refers to people. Alternate translation: "there will be five people in one house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 12 49 qy62 figs-metaphor ἦλθον βαλεῖν πῦρ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 1 I came to cast fire upon the earth "I came to throw fire on the earth" or "I came to set the earth on fire." Possible meanings are 1) Jesus has come to judge people or 2) Jesus has come to purify believers or 3) Jesus has come to cause division among people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 12 49 ygv3 figs-exclamations τί θέλω εἰ ἤδη ἀνήφθη 1 how I wish that it were already kindled This exclamation emphasizes how much he wants this to happen. Alternate translation: "I wish very much that it was already lit" or "how I wish that it had already begun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +LUK 12 50 hn1j figs-metaphor ἔχω βάπτισμα βαπτισθῆναι 1 I have a baptism to be baptized with Here "baptism" refers to what Jesus must suffer. Just as water covers a person during baptism, suffering will overwhelm Jesus. Alternate translation: "I must go through a baptism of terrible suffering" or "I must be overwhelmed by suffering as a person being baptized is covered by water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 12 50 k4e8 δὲ 1 But The word "but" is used to show that he cannot cast the fire on the earth until after he goes through his baptism. +LUK 12 50 r2yj figs-exclamations πῶς συνέχομαι ἕως ὅτου τελεσθῇ 1 how I am distressed until it is completed This exclamation emphasizes how distressed he was. Alternate translation: "I am terribly distressed and will be so until I complete this baptism of suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +LUK 12 51 s32r figs-rquestion δοκεῖτε ὅτι παρεγενόμην δοῦναι εἰρήνην ἐν τῇ γῇ? οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἢ διαμερισμόν 1 Do you think that I came to bring peace on the earth? No, I tell you, but rather division Jesus asks a question to let them know that he is going to correct their wrong understanding. You may need to supply the words "I came" that are omitted in the second sentence. Alternate translation: "You think that I came to bring peace on the earth, but I tell you I did not. Instead, I came to bring division" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 12 51 np4v διαμερισμόν 1 division "hostility" or "discord" +LUK 12 52 vrt5 figs-ellipsis ἔσονται πέντε ἑνὶ οἴκῳ 1 there will be five in one house It may be helpful to state that this refers to people. Alternate translation: "there will be five people in one house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 12 52 fln4 0 against ... against "will oppose ... will oppose" -LUK 12 53 qr7s 0 against "will oppose" +LUK 12 53 qr7s ἐπὶ 1 against "will oppose" LUK 12 54 vdh1 0 General Information: Jesus begins to speak to the crowd. LUK 12 54 i84z figs-explicit 0 When you see a cloud rising ... happens This condition normally meant rain was coming in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 12 54 d3gk 0 A shower is coming "Rain is coming" or "It is going to rain" -LUK 12 55 gq22 figs-explicit 0 When a south wind is blowing This condition normally meant hot weather was coming in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 12 54 d3gk ὄμβρος ἔρχεται 1 A shower is coming "Rain is coming" or "It is going to rain" +LUK 12 55 gq22 figs-explicit ὅταν νότον πνέοντα 1 When a south wind is blowing This condition normally meant hot weather was coming in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 12 56 jdj7 0 the earth and the heavens "the earth and the sky" LUK 12 56 y3yj figs-rquestion 0 how is it that you do not know how to interpret the present time? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the crowd. Jesus uses this question to convict them. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you should know how to interpret the present time." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 12 57 w8rz figs-rquestion 0 Why do you not judge what is right for yourselves? Jesus uses a question to rebuke the crowd. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You yourselves should discern what is right." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 12 57 wa4b 0 for yourselves "on your own initiative" +LUK 12 57 wa4b ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν 1 for yourselves "on your own initiative" LUK 12 58 y75j figs-hypo 0 For when you go ... into prison Jesus uses a hypothetical situation to teach the crowd. His point is that they should resolve the things they are able to resolve without involving the public courts. This can be restated to make it clear it might not happen. Alternate translation: "For if you were to go ... into prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 12 58 f1ea figs-you 0 when you go Though Jesus is talking to a crowd, the situation he is presenting is something that a person would go through alone. So in some languages the word "you" would be singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 12 58 t4v8 0 settle the matter with him "settle the matter with your adversary" -LUK 12 58 e7hz 0 the judge This refers to the magistrate, but the term here is more specific and threatening. +LUK 12 58 f1ea figs-you ὡς ὑπάγεις 1 when you go Though Jesus is talking to a crowd, the situation he is presenting is something that a person would go through alone. So in some languages the word "you" would be singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 12 58 t4v8 ἀπηλλάχθαι ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 settle the matter with him "settle the matter with your adversary" +LUK 12 58 e7hz τὸν κριτήν 1 the judge This refers to the magistrate, but the term here is more specific and threatening. LUK 12 58 b7sh 0 does not deliver you "does not take you" LUK 12 59 wi7m figs-hypo 0 I say to you ... bit of money This is the end of the hypothetical situation, which begins in verse 58, that Jesus uses to teach the crowd. His point is that they should resolve the things they are able to resolve without involving the public courts. This can be restated to make it clear it might not happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 12 59 i124 0 the very last bit of money "the entire amount of money that your adversary demands" +LUK 12 59 i124 τὸ ἔσχατον λεπτὸν 1 the very last bit of money "the entire amount of money that your adversary demands" LUK 13 intro xaa2 0 # Luke 13 General Notes
#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Unknown events

The people and Jesus speak about two events that they knew about but about which no one today knows anything except what Luke has written ([Luke 13:1-5](./01.md)). Your translation should tell only what Luke tells.

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "those who are least important will be first, and those who are most important will be last" ([Luke 13:30](../../luk/13/30.md)).
LUK 13 1 t1fi 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus is still speaking in front of the crowd. Some people in the crowd ask him a question and he begins to respond. This continues the story that begins in [Luke 12:1](../12/01.md). -LUK 13 1 b9rx 0 At that time This phrase connects this event to the end of chapter 12, when Jesus was teaching a crowd of people. -LUK 13 1 wg2k figs-explicit 0 whose blood Pilate mixed with their own sacrifices Here "blood" refers to the death of the Galileans. They were probably killed while they were offering their sacrifices. This could be stated explicitly as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 13 1 fj2c figs-metonymy 0 whose blood Pilate mixed with their own sacrifices Pilate probably ordered his soldiers to kill people rather than doing it himself. Alternate translation: "whom Pilate's soldiers killed as they were sacrificing animals" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 13 1 b9rx ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καιρῷ 1 At that time This phrase connects this event to the end of chapter 12, when Jesus was teaching a crowd of people. +LUK 13 1 wg2k figs-explicit ὧν τὸ αἷμα Πειλᾶτος ἔμιξεν μετὰ αὐτῶν τῶν θυσιῶν 1 whose blood Pilate mixed with their own sacrifices Here "blood" refers to the death of the Galileans. They were probably killed while they were offering their sacrifices. This could be stated explicitly as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 1 fj2c figs-metonymy ὧν τὸ αἷμα Πειλᾶτος ἔμιξεν μετὰ αὐτῶν τῶν θυσιῶν 1 whose blood Pilate mixed with their own sacrifices Pilate probably ordered his soldiers to kill people rather than doing it himself. Alternate translation: "whom Pilate's soldiers killed as they were sacrificing animals" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 13 2 zfa8 0 Do you think that these Galileans were more sinful ... way? "Were these Galileans more sinful ... way?" or "Does this prove that these Galileans were more sinful ... way?" Jesus uses this question to challenge the understanding of the people. LUK 13 3 c1h5 figs-rquestion 0 No, I tell you. But if you do not repent ... same way Jesus uses this question, which begins with the words "Do you think that these Galileans were more sinful ... in this way?" (verse 2), to challenge the understanding of the people. "You think that these Galileans were more sinful ... in this way, but they were not. But if you do not repent ... same way" or "Do not think that these Galileans were more sinful ... in this way. If you do not repent ... same way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 13 3 xl6m 0 No, I tell you Here "I tell you" emphasizes "no." Alternate translation: "They certainly were not more sinful" or "You are wrong to think that their suffering proves that they were more sinful" -LUK 13 3 a3ez 0 all of you will perish in the same way "all of you also will die." The phrase "in the same way" means they will experience the same result, not that they will die by the same method. -LUK 13 3 v2ng 0 perish die -LUK 13 4 hj5w 0 Or those This is Jesus' second example of people who suffered. Alternate translation: "Or consider those" or "Think about those" -LUK 13 4 e2s8 translate-numbers 0 eighteen people "18 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 13 4 p6r8 translate-names 0 Siloam This is the name of an area in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 13 3 xl6m οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 No, I tell you Here "I tell you" emphasizes "no." Alternate translation: "They certainly were not more sinful" or "You are wrong to think that their suffering proves that they were more sinful" +LUK 13 3 a3ez πάντες ἀπολεῖσθε ὁμοίως 1 all of you will perish in the same way "all of you also will die." The phrase "in the same way" means they will experience the same result, not that they will die by the same method. +LUK 13 3 v2ng ἀπολεῖσθε 1 perish die +LUK 13 4 hj5w ἢ ἐκεῖνοι 1 Or those This is Jesus' second example of people who suffered. Alternate translation: "Or consider those" or "Think about those" +LUK 13 4 e2s8 translate-numbers οἱ δεκαοκτὼ 1 eighteen people "18 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 13 4 p6r8 translate-names τῷ Σιλωὰμ 1 Siloam This is the name of an area in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 13 4 vg9j 0 do you think they were worse sinners ... Jerusalem? "does this prove that they were more sinful ... Jerusalem?" Jesus uses this question to challenge the understanding of the people. -LUK 13 4 at9i figs-explicit 0 they were worse sinners The crowd assumed that they died in this terrible way because they were especially sinful. This could be explicitly stated. Alternate translation: "they died because they were worse sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 4 at9i figs-explicit αὐτοὶ ἐγένοντο παρὰ ὀφειλέται 1 they were worse sinners The crowd assumed that they died in this terrible way because they were especially sinful. This could be explicitly stated. Alternate translation: "they died because they were worse sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 13 4 dz83 figs-gendernotations 0 other men "other people." The word here is the general term for a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 13 5 m77t figs-rquestion 0 No, I say Jesus uses this question, which begins with the words "do you think they were worse sinners ... Jerusalem?", to challenge the understanding of the people. "you think that they were more sinful ... Jerusalem, but I say that they were not" or "I say that you should not think that they were more sinful ... Jerusalem" or "They certainly did not die because they were more sinful" or "You are wrong to think that their suffering proves that they were more sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 13 5 ckc2 0 perish die +LUK 13 5 m77t figs-rquestion οὐχί, λέγω 1 No, I say Jesus uses this question, which begins with the words "do you think they were worse sinners ... Jerusalem?", to challenge the understanding of the people. "you think that they were more sinful ... Jerusalem, but I say that they were not" or "I say that you should not think that they were more sinful ... Jerusalem" or "They certainly did not die because they were more sinful" or "You are wrong to think that their suffering proves that they were more sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 5 ckc2 ἀπολεῖσθε 1 perish die LUK 13 6 sm1p figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell the crowd a parable to explain his last statement, "But if you do not repent, all of you will also perish." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 13 6 x42j 0 Someone had a fig tree planted in his vineyard The owner of a vineyard had another person plant a fig tree in the vineyard. -LUK 13 7 hg35 figs-rquestion 0 Why let it waste the ground? The man uses a question to emphasize that the tree is useless and the gardener should cut it down. Alternate translation: "Do not let it waste the ground." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 13 6 x42j τις εἶχέν συκῆν πεφυτευμένην ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ ἀμπελῶνι 1 Someone had a fig tree planted in his vineyard The owner of a vineyard had another person plant a fig tree in the vineyard. +LUK 13 7 hg35 figs-rquestion ἵνα τί καταργεῖ τὴν γῆν 1 Why let it waste the ground? The man uses a question to emphasize that the tree is useless and the gardener should cut it down. Alternate translation: "Do not let it waste the ground." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 13 8 pm3j 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling his parable. This is the end of the story that began in [Luke 12:1](../12/01.md). -LUK 13 8 l2ks 0 Leave it alone "Do not do anything to the tree" or "Do not cut it down" +LUK 13 8 l2ks ἄφες αὐτὴν ἄφες 1 Leave it alone "Do not do anything to the tree" or "Do not cut it down" LUK 13 8 st4w figs-explicit 0 put manure on it "put manure in the soil." Manure is animal dung. People put it in the ground to make the soil good for plants and trees. Alternate translation: "put fertilizer on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 13 9 w5qh figs-ellipsis 0 If it bears fruit next year, good It may be helpful to state what will happen. Alternate translation: "If it has figs on it next year, we can allow it to keep growing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 13 9 j4ul 0 cut it down The servant was making a suggestion; he was not giving a command to the owner. Alternate translation: "Tell me to cut it down" or "I will cut it down" +LUK 13 9 j4ul ἐκκόψεις αὐτήν ἐκκόψεις 1 cut it down The servant was making a suggestion; he was not giving a command to the owner. Alternate translation: "Tell me to cut it down" or "I will cut it down" LUK 13 10 q2yb writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the setting of this part of the story and about a crippled woman who is introduced into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 13 10 p3el writing-newevent 0 Now The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 13 10 c3j8 0 during the Sabbath "on a Sabbath day." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. +LUK 13 10 p3el writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 13 10 c3j8 ἐν τοῖς Σάββασιν 1 during the Sabbath "on a Sabbath day." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. LUK 13 11 wn7u writing-participants 0 Behold, a woman was there The word "behold" here alerts us to a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 13 11 vdc2 translate-numbers 0 eighteen years "18 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 13 11 hqj5 0 a spirit of weakness "an evil spirit that made her weak" -LUK 13 12 l29y figs-activepassive 0 Woman, you are freed from your weakness "Woman, you are healed from your disease." This can be expressed with an active verb: Alternate translation: "Woman, I have set you free from your weakness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 12 h6ne figs-declarative 0 Woman, you are freed from your weakness By saying this, Jesus healed her. This can be expressed with a sentence that shows that he was causing it to happen, or by a command. Alternate translation: "Woman, I now free you from your weakness" or "Woman, be freed from your weakness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) -LUK 13 13 wue2 0 He placed his hands on her "He touched her" -LUK 13 13 k3k1 figs-activepassive 0 she was straightened up This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "she stood up straight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 14 i6em 0 was indignant "was very angry" +LUK 13 11 vdc2 translate-numbers δεκαοκτώ ἔτη 1 eighteen years "18 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 13 11 hqj5 πνεῦμα ἀσθενείας 1 a spirit of weakness "an evil spirit that made her weak" +LUK 13 12 l29y figs-activepassive γύναι, ἀπολέλυσαι σου τῆς ἀσθενείας 1 Woman, you are freed from your weakness "Woman, you are healed from your disease." This can be expressed with an active verb: Alternate translation: "Woman, I have set you free from your weakness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 13 12 h6ne figs-declarative γύναι, ἀπολέλυσαι σου τῆς ἀσθενείας 1 Woman, you are freed from your weakness By saying this, Jesus healed her. This can be expressed with a sentence that shows that he was causing it to happen, or by a command. Alternate translation: "Woman, I now free you from your weakness" or "Woman, be freed from your weakness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) +LUK 13 13 wue2 ἐπέθηκεν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῇ 1 He placed his hands on her "He touched her" +LUK 13 13 k3k1 figs-activepassive ἀνωρθώθη 1 she was straightened up This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "she stood up straight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 13 14 i6em ἀγανακτῶν 1 was indignant "was very angry" LUK 13 14 d8ir 0 answered and said "said" or "responded" -LUK 13 14 ai1f figs-activepassive 0 be healed then This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let someone heal you during those six days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 14 qap4 0 on the Sabbath day "on a Sabbath day." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. -LUK 13 15 k7p8 0 The Lord answered him "The Lord responded to the synagogue ruler" -LUK 13 15 u6zr figs-explicit 0 Hypocrites Jesus speaks directly to the synagogue ruler, but the plural form includes the other religious rulers also. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "You and your fellow religious leaders are hypocrites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 13 15 xt5y figs-rquestion 0 Does not each of you untie his ox or his donkey from the stall and lead it to drink on the Sabbath? Jesus uses a question to get them to think about something they already knew. Alternate translation: "Every one of you unties his ox or his donkey from the stall and leads it to drink on the Sabbath." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 13 14 ai1f figs-activepassive θεραπεύεσθε οὖν 1 be healed then This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let someone heal you during those six days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 13 14 qap4 τῇ ἡμέρᾳ Σαββάτου τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 on the Sabbath day "on a Sabbath day." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. +LUK 13 15 k7p8 ὁ Κύριος ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ 1 The Lord answered him "The Lord responded to the synagogue ruler" +LUK 13 15 u6zr figs-explicit ὑποκριταί 1 Hypocrites Jesus speaks directly to the synagogue ruler, but the plural form includes the other religious rulers also. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "You and your fellow religious leaders are hypocrites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 15 xt5y figs-rquestion λύει οὐ ἕκαστος ὑμῶν λύει αὐτοῦ τὸν βοῦν ἢ τὸν ὄνον ἀπὸ τῆς φάτνης καὶ ἀπαγαγὼν ποτίζει τῷ Σαββάτῳ? 1 Does not each of you untie his ox or his donkey from the stall and lead it to drink on the Sabbath? Jesus uses a question to get them to think about something they already knew. Alternate translation: "Every one of you unties his ox or his donkey from the stall and leads it to drink on the Sabbath." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 13 15 ha7b 0 ox ... donkey These are animals that people care for by giving them water. -LUK 13 15 kbj4 0 on the Sabbath "on a Sabbath." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. -LUK 13 16 br72 figs-idiom 0 daughter of Abraham This is an idiom that means, "descendant of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 13 16 euq2 figs-metaphor 0 whom Satan bound Jesus compares people tying animals to the way Satan restricted the woman with this disease. Alternate translation: "whom Satan kept crippled by her illness" or "whom Satan bound with this disease" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 13 15 kbj4 τῷ Σαββάτῳ 1 on the Sabbath "on a Sabbath." Some languages would say "a Sabbath" because we do not know which particular Sabbath day it was. +LUK 13 16 br72 figs-idiom θυγατέρα Ἀβραὰμ 1 daughter of Abraham This is an idiom that means, "descendant of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 13 16 euq2 figs-metaphor ἣν ὁ Σατανᾶς ἔδησεν 1 whom Satan bound Jesus compares people tying animals to the way Satan restricted the woman with this disease. Alternate translation: "whom Satan kept crippled by her illness" or "whom Satan bound with this disease" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 13 16 mh31 translate-numbers 0 eighteen long years "18 long years." The word "long" here emphasizes that eighteen years was a very long time for the woman to suffer. Other languages may have other ways of emphasizing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LUK 13 16 g5b7 figs-rquestion 0 should her bonds not be untied ... day? Jesus uses a question to tell the synagogue rulers that they are wrong. Jesus speaks about the women's disease as if it were ropes that bound her. This can be translated as an active statement. Alternate translation: "it is right to release her from the bonds of this illness ... day." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 17 s3jj 0 As he said these things "When Jesus said these things" -LUK 13 17 r1jn 0 the glorious things he did "the glorious things Jesus was doing" +LUK 13 17 s3jj λέγοντος ταῦτα 1 As he said these things "When Jesus said these things" +LUK 13 17 r1jn τοῖς ἐνδόξοις αὐτοῦ γινομένοις 1 the glorious things he did "the glorious things Jesus was doing" LUK 13 18 i3pu figs-parables 0 Jesus begins to tell a parable to the people in the synagogue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) LUK 13 18 ua3y figs-rquestion 0 What is the kingdom of God like ... what can I compare it to? Jesus uses two questions to introduce what he is about to teach. Alternate translation: "I will tell you what the kingdom of God is like ... what I can compare it to." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 13 18 wdq9 figs-parallelism 0 what can I compare it to? This is basically the same as the previous question. Some languages can use both questions, and some would use only one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 13 19 g4hr figs-simile 0 It is like a mustard seed Jesus compares the kingdom to a mustard seed. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God is like a mustard seed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 13 19 x3p8 translate-unknown 0 a mustard seed A mustard seed is a very small seed that grows into a large plant. If this seed is not known, the phrase can be translated with the name of another seed like it or simply as "a small seed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 13 19 wv4q figs-explicit 0 threw into his garden "planted in his garden." People planted some kinds of seeds by throwing them so that they scattered in the garden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 18 wdq9 figs-parallelism τίνι ὁμοιώσω αὐτήν ὁμοιώσω? 1 what can I compare it to? This is basically the same as the previous question. Some languages can use both questions, and some would use only one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LUK 13 19 g4hr figs-simile ἐστὶν ὁμοία κόκκῳ σινάπεως κόκκῳ 1 It is like a mustard seed Jesus compares the kingdom to a mustard seed. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God is like a mustard seed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 13 19 x3p8 translate-unknown κόκκῳ σινάπεως κόκκῳ 1 a mustard seed A mustard seed is a very small seed that grows into a large plant. If this seed is not known, the phrase can be translated with the name of another seed like it or simply as "a small seed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 13 19 wv4q figs-explicit ἔβαλεν εἰς ἑαυτοῦ κῆπον 1 threw into his garden "planted in his garden." People planted some kinds of seeds by throwing them so that they scattered in the garden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 13 19 q2e6 figs-hyperbole 0 a big tree The word "big" is an exaggeration that contrasts the tree with the tiny seed. Alternate translation: "a very large shrub" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 13 19 avk2 0 birds of heaven "birds of the sky." Alternate translation: "birds that fly in the sky" or "birds" +LUK 13 19 avk2 πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 birds of heaven "birds of the sky." Alternate translation: "birds that fly in the sky" or "birds" LUK 13 20 d687 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the people in the synagogue. This is the end of this part of the story. -LUK 13 20 hn4n figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare the kingdom of God? Jesus uses another question to introduce what he is about to teach. Alternate translation: "I will tell you another thing to which I can compare to the kingdom of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 13 21 ub44 figs-simile 0 It is like yeast Jesus compares the kingdom of God to yeast in bread dough. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God is like yeast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 13 21 wms4 figs-explicit 0 like yeast Only a little bit of yeast is needed to make a lot of dough rise. This can be made clear, as it is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 13 21 wz5u 0 three measures of flour This is a large amount of flour, since each measure was about 13 liters. You may need to use a term that your culture uses to measure flour. Alternate translation: "a large amount of flour" +LUK 13 20 hn4n figs-rquestion τίνι ὁμοιώσω τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ? 1 To what can I compare the kingdom of God? Jesus uses another question to introduce what he is about to teach. Alternate translation: "I will tell you another thing to which I can compare to the kingdom of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 13 21 ub44 figs-simile ἐστὶν ὁμοία ζύμῃ 1 It is like yeast Jesus compares the kingdom of God to yeast in bread dough. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God is like yeast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 13 21 wms4 figs-explicit ὁμοία ζύμῃ 1 like yeast Only a little bit of yeast is needed to make a lot of dough rise. This can be made clear, as it is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 21 wz5u τρία σάτα ἀλεύρου 1 three measures of flour This is a large amount of flour, since each measure was about 13 liters. You may need to use a term that your culture uses to measure flour. Alternate translation: "a large amount of flour" LUK 13 22 bh87 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Jesus responds to a question by using a metaphor about entering God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 13 23 yf6h figs-activepassive 0 are only a few people to be saved? This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will God save only a few people?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 24 i39q figs-metaphor 0 Struggle to enter through the narrow door "Work hard to go through the narrow doorway." Jesus is speaking about the entrance to God's kingdom as if it were a small doorway to a house. Since Jesus is talking to a group, the "you" implied in this command is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 13 24 lb9n figs-explicit 0 the narrow door The fact that the door is narrow implies that it is difficult to go through it. Translate it in a way to keep this restrictive meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 13 24 i39q figs-metaphor ἀγωνίζεσθε εἰσελθεῖν διὰ τῆς στενῆς θύρας 1 Struggle to enter through the narrow door "Work hard to go through the narrow doorway." Jesus is speaking about the entrance to God's kingdom as if it were a small doorway to a house. Since Jesus is talking to a group, the "you" implied in this command is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 13 24 lb9n figs-explicit τῆς στενῆς θύρας 1 the narrow door The fact that the door is narrow implies that it is difficult to go through it. Translate it in a way to keep this restrictive meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 13 24 x137 figs-explicit 0 many will want to enter, but will not be able to enter It is implied that they will not be able to enter because of the difficulty of entering. The next verse explains the difficulty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 13 25 m6ux 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk about entering into God's kingdom. LUK 13 25 j5x2 0 Once the owner "After the owner" -LUK 13 25 b35z figs-metaphor 0 the owner of the house This refers to the owner of the house with the narrow door in the previous verses. This is a metaphor for God as the ruler of the kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 13 25 gk3c figs-you 0 you will stand outside Jesus was talking to a crowd. The form of "you" is plural. He is addressing them as if they will not enter through the narrow door into the kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 13 25 jqh7 0 pound the door "hit on the door." This is an attempt to gain the owner's attention. -LUK 13 27 n39n 0 Get away from me "Go away from me" +LUK 13 25 b35z figs-metaphor ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης 1 the owner of the house This refers to the owner of the house with the narrow door in the previous verses. This is a metaphor for God as the ruler of the kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 13 25 gk3c figs-you ἑστάναι ἔξω 1 you will stand outside Jesus was talking to a crowd. The form of "you" is plural. He is addressing them as if they will not enter through the narrow door into the kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 13 25 jqh7 κρούειν τὴν θύραν 1 pound the door "hit on the door." This is an attempt to gain the owner's attention. +LUK 13 27 n39n ἀπόστητε ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 Get away from me "Go away from me" LUK 13 28 mns1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to talk about entering into God's kingdom. This is the end of this conversation. -LUK 13 28 uhh8 translate-symaction 0 crying and the grinding of teeth These actions are symbolic acts, indicating great regret and sadness. Alternate translation: "crying and grinding of teeth because of their great regret" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 13 28 crf9 0 when you see Jesus continues to speak to the crowd as if they will not enter into the kingdom of heaven. -LUK 13 28 ep1b figs-activepassive 0 but you are thrown out "but you yourselves will have been thrown outside." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but God will have forced you outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 29 wcg6 figs-merism 0 from the east, west, north, and south This means "from every direction." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +LUK 13 28 uhh8 translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 crying and the grinding of teeth These actions are symbolic acts, indicating great regret and sadness. Alternate translation: "crying and grinding of teeth because of their great regret" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 13 28 crf9 ὅταν ὄψησθε 1 when you see Jesus continues to speak to the crowd as if they will not enter into the kingdom of heaven. +LUK 13 28 ep1b figs-activepassive δὲ ὑμᾶς ἐκβαλλομένους ἔξω 1 but you are thrown out "but you yourselves will have been thrown outside." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but God will have forced you outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 13 29 wcg6 figs-merism ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν, δυσμῶν, βορρᾶ, καὶ νότου 1 from the east, west, north, and south This means "from every direction." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) LUK 13 29 sbv1 figs-metaphor 0 be seated at a table in the kingdom of God It was common to speak of the joy in God's kingdom as a feast. Alternate translation: "they will feast in the kingdom of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 13 30 lk75 figs-metaphor 0 will be first ... will be last Being first represents being important or honored. Alternate translation: "will be the most important ... will be the least important" or "God will honor ... God will shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 13 31 v3di 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in this part of the story. Jesus is still on his way towards Jerusalem when some Pharisees speak to him about Herod. LUK 13 31 pe5i 0 Shortly after "Soon after Jesus finished speaking" -LUK 13 31 r41z 0 Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you Translate this as a warning to Jesus. They were advising him to go somewhere else and be safe. -LUK 13 31 l7fe 0 Herod wants to kill you Herod would order people to kill Jesus. Alternate translation: "Herod wants to send his men to kill you" -LUK 13 32 af7k figs-metaphor 0 that fox Jesus was calling Herod a fox. A fox is a small wild dog. Possible meanings are 1) Herod was not much of a threat at all 2) Herod was deceptive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 13 33 p9za 0 In any case "Nevertheless" or "However" or "Whatever happens" +LUK 13 31 r41z ἔξελθε καὶ πορεύου ἐντεῦθεν ὅτι Ἡρῴδης θέλει ἀποκτεῖναι σε 1 Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you Translate this as a warning to Jesus. They were advising him to go somewhere else and be safe. +LUK 13 31 l7fe Ἡρῴδης θέλει ἀποκτεῖναι σε 1 Herod wants to kill you Herod would order people to kill Jesus. Alternate translation: "Herod wants to send his men to kill you" +LUK 13 32 af7k figs-metaphor ταύτῃ τῇ ἀλώπεκι 1 that fox Jesus was calling Herod a fox. A fox is a small wild dog. Possible meanings are 1) Herod was not much of a threat at all 2) Herod was deceptive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 13 33 p9za πλὴν 1 In any case "Nevertheless" or "However" or "Whatever happens" LUK 13 33 nbk7 figs-irony 0 it is not acceptable to kill a prophet away from Jerusalem The Jewish leaders claimed to serve God. And yet their ancestors killed many of God's prophets in Jerusalem, and Jesus knew that they would kill him there too. Alternate translation: "it is in Jerusalem that the Jewish leaders kill God's messengers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) LUK 13 34 v65r 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes responding to the Pharisees. This is the end of this part of the story. -LUK 13 34 cac7 figs-apostrophe 0 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Jesus speaks as if the people of Jerusalem are there listening to him. Jesus says this twice to show how sad he is for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -LUK 13 34 gb6w figs-metonymy 0 who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you If it would be strange to address the city, you can make it clear that Jesus was really addressing the people in the city: "you people who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 13 34 zhg8 figs-activepassive 0 those sent to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those God has sent to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 13 34 rj48 0 How often I desired "I so often desired." This is an exclamation and not a question. -LUK 13 34 q1i3 figs-metonymy 0 to gather your children The people of Jerusalem are described as her "children." Alternate translation: "to gather your people" or "to gather the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 13 34 cac7 figs-apostrophe Ἰερουσαλὴμ, Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Jesus speaks as if the people of Jerusalem are there listening to him. Jesus says this twice to show how sad he is for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +LUK 13 34 gb6w figs-metonymy ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας καὶ λιθοβολοῦσα τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν 1 who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you If it would be strange to address the city, you can make it clear that Jesus was really addressing the people in the city: "you people who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 13 34 zhg8 figs-activepassive τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν 1 those sent to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those God has sent to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 13 34 rj48 ποσάκις ἠθέλησα 1 How often I desired "I so often desired." This is an exclamation and not a question. +LUK 13 34 q1i3 figs-metonymy ἐπισυνάξαι σου τὰ τέκνα 1 to gather your children The people of Jerusalem are described as her "children." Alternate translation: "to gather your people" or "to gather the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 13 34 kb9t figs-metaphor 0 the way a hen gathers her brood under her wings This describes how a hen protects her young from harm by covering them with her wings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 13 35 w1v2 figs-metaphor 0 your house is abandoned This is a prophecy about something that would happen soon. It means that God has stopped protecting the people of Jerusalem, so enemies can attack them and drive them away. Possible meanings are 1) God will abandon them. Alternate translation: "God will abandon you" or 2) their city will be empty. Alternate translation: "your house will be abandoned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 13 35 x4y6 0 you will not see me until you say "you will not see me until the time comes when you will say" or "the next time you see me, you will say" -LUK 13 35 v6lj figs-metonymy 0 the name of the Lord Here "name" refers to the Lord's power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 13 35 w1v2 figs-metaphor ὑμῶν ὁ οἶκος ἀφίεται 1 your house is abandoned This is a prophecy about something that would happen soon. It means that God has stopped protecting the people of Jerusalem, so enemies can attack them and drive them away. Possible meanings are 1) God will abandon them. Alternate translation: "God will abandon you" or 2) their city will be empty. Alternate translation: "your house will be abandoned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 13 35 x4y6 ὑμῖν ἴδητέ οὐ μὴ ἴδητέ με ἕως εἴπητε 1 you will not see me until you say "you will not see me until the time comes when you will say" or "the next time you see me, you will say" +LUK 13 35 v6lj figs-metonymy ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 the name of the Lord Here "name" refers to the Lord's power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 14 intro xk3w 0 # Luke 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Verse 3 says, "Jesus asked the experts in the Jewish law and the Pharisees, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?'" Many times, the Pharisees got angry with Jesus for healing on the Sabbath. In this passage, Jesus dumbfounds the Pharisees. It was normally the Pharisees who tried to trap Jesus.

##### Changes of subject

Many times in this chapter Luke changes from one subject to another without marking the changes.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Parable

Jesus told the parable in [Luke 14:15-24](./15.md) to teach that the kingdom of God will be something that everyone can enjoy. But people will refuse to be part of it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted" ([Luke 14:11](../../luk/14/11.md)).
LUK 14 1 a3ya writing-background 0 General Information: It is the Sabbath, and Jesus is at Pharisee's house. Verse 1 gives background information for the event that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 14 1 dj2d writing-newevent 0 It happened one Sabbath This indicates a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 14 1 lh8g figs-synecdoche 0 to eat bread "to eat" or "for a meal." Bread was an important part of a meal and is used in this sentence to refer to a meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 14 1 jst8 0 watching him closely They wanted to see if they could accuse him of doing anything wrong. +LUK 14 1 dj2d writing-newevent ἐγένετο Σαββάτῳ 1 It happened one Sabbath This indicates a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 14 1 lh8g figs-synecdoche φαγεῖν ἄρτον 1 to eat bread "to eat" or "for a meal." Bread was an important part of a meal and is used in this sentence to refer to a meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 14 1 jst8 παρατηρούμενοι αὐτόν παρατηρούμενοι 1 watching him closely They wanted to see if they could accuse him of doing anything wrong. LUK 14 2 f5gh writing-participants 0 Behold, there in front of him was a man The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. English uses "There in front of him was a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 14 2 l4a1 0 was suffering from edema Edema is swelling caused by water building up in parts of the body. Some languages may have a name for this condition. Alternate translation: "was suffering because parts of his body were swollen with water" -LUK 14 3 qak4 0 Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not "Does the law permit us to heal on the Sabbath, or does it forbid it" -LUK 14 4 pj9t 0 But they kept silent The religious leaders refused to answer Jesus' question. +LUK 14 2 l4a1 ἦν ὑδρωπικὸς 1 was suffering from edema Edema is swelling caused by water building up in parts of the body. Some languages may have a name for this condition. Alternate translation: "was suffering because parts of his body were swollen with water" +LUK 14 3 qak4 ἔξεστιν θεραπεῦσαι τῷ Σαββάτῳ, ἢ οὔ 1 Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not "Does the law permit us to heal on the Sabbath, or does it forbid it" +LUK 14 4 pj9t δὲ οἱ ἡσύχασαν 1 But they kept silent The religious leaders refused to answer Jesus' question. LUK 14 4 x4lq 0 So Jesus took hold of him "So Jesus took hold of the man who suffered from edema" LUK 14 5 rr5z figs-rquestion 0 Which of you who has a son or an ox ... will not immediately pull him out? Jesus uses a question because he wanted them to admit that they would help their son or ox, even on the Sabbath. Therefore, it was right for him to heal people even on the Sabbath. Alternate translation: "If one of you has a son or an ox ... you would surely pull him out immediately." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 14 6 cti5 0 They were not able to give an answer They knew the answer and that Jesus was right, but they did not want to admit that he was correct. Alternate translation: "They had nothing to say" +LUK 14 6 cti5 ἴσχυσαν οὐκ ἴσχυσαν ἀνταποκριθῆναι 1 They were not able to give an answer They knew the answer and that Jesus was right, but they did not want to admit that he was correct. Alternate translation: "They had nothing to say" LUK 14 7 u86b 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak to the guests at the house of the Pharisee who had invited him to a meal. -LUK 14 7 em4u figs-activepassive 0 those who were invited It may be helpful to identify these people, and to state this in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the leader of the Pharisees had invited to the meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 7 yd4g 0 the seats of honor "the seats for honored people" or "the seats for important people" -LUK 14 8 pd7w figs-activepassive 0 When you are invited by someone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When someone invites you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 7 em4u figs-activepassive τοὺς κεκλημένους 1 those who were invited It may be helpful to identify these people, and to state this in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the leader of the Pharisees had invited to the meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 7 yd4g τὰς πρωτοκλισίας 1 the seats of honor "the seats for honored people" or "the seats for important people" +LUK 14 8 pd7w figs-activepassive ὅταν κληθῇς ὑπό τινος 1 When you are invited by someone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When someone invites you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 8 m5b9 figs-you 0 When you ... than you These occurrences of "you" are singular. Jesus is speaking to the group as if to each individual person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 14 8 t1r5 figs-activepassive 0 because someone may have been invited who is more honored than you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the host may have invited a person who is more important than you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 8 t1r5 figs-activepassive μήποτε ἐντιμότερός ᾖ κεκλημένος ἐντιμότερός σου 1 because someone may have been invited who is more honored than you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the host may have invited a person who is more important than you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 9 y1x6 figs-you 0 say to you ... your place ... you will proceed These occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular. Jesus is speaking to the group as if to each individual person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 14 9 adb3 figs-you 0 both of you This occurrence of "you" refers to the two people who want the same seat of honor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 14 9 ecp7 0 in shame "you will feel ashamed and" -LUK 14 9 gqa6 0 the lowest place "the least important place" or "the place for the least important person" +LUK 14 9 ecp7 μετὰ αἰσχύνης 1 in shame "you will feel ashamed and" +LUK 14 9 gqa6 τὸν ἔσχατον τόπον 1 the lowest place "the least important place" or "the place for the least important person" LUK 14 10 vf96 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the people at the Pharisee's house. -LUK 14 10 x5qh figs-activepassive 0 when you are invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when someone invites you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 10 by81 0 the lowest place "the seat meant for the least important person" -LUK 14 10 ck9k 0 go up higher "move to a seat for a more important person" -LUK 14 10 h5ee figs-activepassive 0 Then you will be honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then the one who invited you will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 11 i5e7 0 who exalts himself "who tries to look important" or "who takes an important position" -LUK 14 11 zrs1 figs-activepassive 0 will be humbled "will be shown to be unimportant" or "will be given an unimportant position." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 11 dk2c 0 humbles himself "who chooses to look unimportant" or "who takes an unimportant position" -LUK 14 11 eki7 figs-activepassive 0 will be exalted "will be shown to be important" or "will be given an important position." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will exalt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 10 x5qh figs-activepassive ὅταν κληθῇς 1 when you are invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when someone invites you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 10 by81 τὸν ἔσχατον τόπον 1 the lowest place "the seat meant for the least important person" +LUK 14 10 ck9k προσανάβηθι ἀνώτερον 1 go up higher "move to a seat for a more important person" +LUK 14 10 h5ee figs-activepassive τότε σοι ἔσται δόξα 1 Then you will be honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then the one who invited you will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 11 i5e7 ὁ ὑψῶν ἑαυτὸν 1 who exalts himself "who tries to look important" or "who takes an important position" +LUK 14 11 zrs1 figs-activepassive ταπεινωθήσεται 1 will be humbled "will be shown to be unimportant" or "will be given an unimportant position." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 11 dk2c ὁ ταπεινῶν ἑαυτὸν 1 humbles himself "who chooses to look unimportant" or "who takes an unimportant position" +LUK 14 11 eki7 figs-activepassive ὑψωθήσεται 1 will be exalted "will be shown to be important" or "will be given an important position." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will exalt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 12 ka2w 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking at the Pharisee's house, but addresses his host directly. -LUK 14 12 p9hc 0 the man who had invited him "the Pharisee who had invited him to his house for a meal" -LUK 14 12 v4uk figs-you 0 When you give "you" is singular because Jesus is speaking directly to the Pharisee that invited him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 14 12 gmh6 0 do not invite This probably does not mean they can never invite these people. More likely it means they should invite others as well. Alternate translation: "do not only invite" or "do not always invite" -LUK 14 12 n1ec 0 as they may "because they might" -LUK 14 12 iy46 0 invite you in return "invite you to their dinner or banquet" -LUK 14 12 vn1y figs-activepassive 0 you will be repaid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in this way they will repay you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 12 p9hc τῷ κεκληκότι αὐτόν 1 the man who had invited him "the Pharisee who had invited him to his house for a meal" +LUK 14 12 v4uk figs-you ὅταν ποιῇς 1 When you give "you" is singular because Jesus is speaking directly to the Pharisee that invited him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 14 12 gmh6 φώνει μὴ φώνει 1 do not invite This probably does not mean they can never invite these people. More likely it means they should invite others as well. Alternate translation: "do not only invite" or "do not always invite" +LUK 14 12 n1ec μήποτε αὐτοὶ ἀντικαλέσωσίν 1 as they may "because they might" +LUK 14 12 iy46 ἀντικαλέσωσίν σε ἀντικαλέσωσίν 1 invite you in return "invite you to their dinner or banquet" +LUK 14 12 vn1y figs-activepassive σοι γένηται ἀνταπόδομά 1 you will be repaid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in this way they will repay you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 13 nc41 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Pharisee who had invited him to his home. -LUK 14 13 uc5f 0 invite the poor It may be helpful to add "also" since this statement is probably not exclusive. Alternate translation: "also invite the poor" -LUK 14 14 vpt9 figs-activepassive 0 you will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 14 r6cp 0 they cannot repay you "they cannot invite you to a banquet in return" -LUK 14 14 z4tv figs-activepassive 0 you will be repaid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will repay you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 14 rd75 figs-explicit 0 in the resurrection of the just This refers to the final judgment. Alternate translation: "when God brings the righteous people back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 13 uc5f κάλει πτωχούς 1 invite the poor It may be helpful to add "also" since this statement is probably not exclusive. Alternate translation: "also invite the poor" +LUK 14 14 vpt9 figs-activepassive ἔσῃ μακάριος 1 you will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 14 r6cp οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνταποδοῦναί σοι 1 they cannot repay you "they cannot invite you to a banquet in return" +LUK 14 14 z4tv figs-activepassive σοι ἀνταποδοθήσεται 1 you will be repaid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will repay you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 14 rd75 figs-explicit ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων 1 in the resurrection of the just This refers to the final judgment. Alternate translation: "when God brings the righteous people back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 14 15 cm12 figs-parables 0 General Information: One of the men at the table speaks to Jesus and Jesus responds to him by telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) LUK 14 15 h4wu writing-participants 0 one of them who sat at the table This introduces a new person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 14 15 gu4r 0 Blessed is he The man was not talking about a specific person. Alternate translation: "Blessed is anyone" or "How good it is for everyone" LUK 14 15 a8pf figs-synecdoche 0 he who will eat bread The word "bread" is used to refer to the whole meal. Alternate translation: "he who will eat at the meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 14 16 m4y2 figs-parables 0 But Jesus said to him Jesus begins telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 14 16 yrp5 figs-explicit 0 A certain man prepared a large dinner and invited many The reader should be able to infer that the man probably had his servants prepare the meal and invite the guests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 16 m7bc 0 A certain man This phrase is a way of referring to the man without giving any specific information about his identity. -LUK 14 16 rze1 0 invited many "invited many people" or "invited many guests" -LUK 14 17 us3d 0 When the dinner was prepared "At the time for the dinner" or "When the dinner was about to begin" -LUK 14 17 xkp8 figs-activepassive 0 those who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those he had invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 16 m4y2 figs-parables δὲ ὁ εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 But Jesus said to him Jesus begins telling a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +LUK 14 16 yrp5 figs-explicit ἄνθρωπός τις ἄνθρωπός ἐποίει δεῖπνον μέγα δεῖπνον καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πολλούς 1 A certain man prepared a large dinner and invited many The reader should be able to infer that the man probably had his servants prepare the meal and invite the guests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 16 m7bc ἄνθρωπός τις ἄνθρωπός 1 A certain man This phrase is a way of referring to the man without giving any specific information about his identity. +LUK 14 16 rze1 ἐκάλεσεν πολλούς 1 invited many "invited many people" or "invited many guests" +LUK 14 17 us3d τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ δείπνου τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 When the dinner was prepared "At the time for the dinner" or "When the dinner was about to begin" +LUK 14 17 xkp8 figs-activepassive τοῖς κεκλημένοις 1 those who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those he had invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 18 eh3h 0 General Information: All of the people who were invited gave the servant excuses about why they could not come to the banquet. LUK 14 18 kd3n 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues telling his parable. -LUK 14 18 s9as 0 to make excuses "to say why they could not come to the dinner" -LUK 14 18 l3r6 figs-explicit 0 The first said to him The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "The first sent him a message, saying" or "The first told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 18 lc8u 0 Please excuse me "Please forgive me" or "Please accept my apology" -LUK 14 19 d9p2 figs-explicit 0 Another said The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "Another sent a message, saying" or "Another told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 19 cd9b figs-explicit 0 five pairs of oxen Oxen were used in pairs to pull farming tools. Alternate translation: "10 oxen to work in my fields" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 20 lf9h figs-explicit 0 another man said The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "another man sent a message, saying" or "another man told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 20 gy6v 0 married a wife Use an expression that is natural in your language. Some languages may say "gotten married" or "taken a wife." -LUK 14 21 v7v7 0 became angry "became angry with the people he had invited" -LUK 14 21 s88p 0 bring in here "invite in here to eat the dinner" -LUK 14 22 y4rb figs-explicit 0 The servant said It may be necessary to state clearly the implied information that the servant did what the master commanded him. Alternate translation: "After the servant went out and did that, he came back and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 14 22 dgt3 figs-activepassive 0 what you commanded has been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have done what you commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 18 s9as παραιτεῖσθαι 1 to make excuses "to say why they could not come to the dinner" +LUK 14 18 l3r6 figs-explicit ὁ πρῶτος εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 The first said to him The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "The first sent him a message, saying" or "The first told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 18 lc8u ἐρωτῶ ἔχε με παρῃτημένον 1 Please excuse me "Please forgive me" or "Please accept my apology" +LUK 14 19 d9p2 figs-explicit ἕτερος εἶπεν 1 Another said The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "Another sent a message, saying" or "Another told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 19 cd9b figs-explicit πέντε ζεύγη βοῶν 1 five pairs of oxen Oxen were used in pairs to pull farming tools. Alternate translation: "10 oxen to work in my fields" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 20 lf9h figs-explicit ἕτερος εἶπεν 1 another man said The reader should be able to infer that these people spoke directly to the servant whom the master had sent out ([Luke 14:17](../14/17.md)). Alternate translation: "another man sent a message, saying" or "another man told the servant to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 20 gy6v ἔγημα γυναῖκα 1 married a wife Use an expression that is natural in your language. Some languages may say "gotten married" or "taken a wife." +LUK 14 21 v7v7 ὀργισθεὶς 1 became angry "became angry with the people he had invited" +LUK 14 21 s88p εἰσάγαγε ὧδε 1 bring in here "invite in here to eat the dinner" +LUK 14 22 y4rb figs-explicit ὁ δοῦλος εἶπεν 1 The servant said It may be necessary to state clearly the implied information that the servant did what the master commanded him. Alternate translation: "After the servant went out and did that, he came back and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 22 dgt3 figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπέταξας γέγονεν 1 what you commanded has been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have done what you commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 14 23 a3ic 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes his parable. -LUK 14 23 n9x7 0 the highways and hedges This refers to roads and paths outside of the city. Alternate translation: "the main roads and paths outside of the city" -LUK 14 23 gu6i 0 compel them to come in "demand that they come in" -LUK 14 23 ye6q 0 compel them The word "them" refers to anyone the servants find. "compel anyone you find to come in" -LUK 14 23 w5w6 0 that my house may be filled "so that people may fill my house" -LUK 14 24 v5m6 figs-you 0 For I say to you The word "you" is plural, so it is unclear to whom it is addressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 14 24 liz5 0 those men The word here for "men" means "male adults" and not just people in general. -LUK 14 24 n867 figs-activepassive 0 who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom I invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 24 hl7q 0 will taste my dinner "will enjoy the dinner I have prepared" +LUK 14 23 n9x7 τὰς ὁδοὺς καὶ φραγμοὺς 1 the highways and hedges This refers to roads and paths outside of the city. Alternate translation: "the main roads and paths outside of the city" +LUK 14 23 gu6i ἀνάγκασον εἰσελθεῖν 1 compel them to come in "demand that they come in" +LUK 14 23 ye6q ἀνάγκασον 1 compel them The word "them" refers to anyone the servants find. "compel anyone you find to come in" +LUK 14 23 w5w6 ἵνα μου ὁ οἶκος γεμισθῇ 1 that my house may be filled "so that people may fill my house" +LUK 14 24 v5m6 figs-you γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you The word "you" is plural, so it is unclear to whom it is addressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 14 24 liz5 ἐκείνων τῶν ἀνδρῶν 1 those men The word here for "men" means "male adults" and not just people in general. +LUK 14 24 n867 figs-activepassive τῶν κεκλημένων 1 who were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom I invited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 24 hl7q γεύσεταί μου τοῦ δείπνου 1 will taste my dinner "will enjoy the dinner I have prepared" LUK 14 25 gv94 0 General Information: Jesus begins to teach the crowd that was traveling with him. LUK 14 26 rmt8 figs-hyperbole 0 If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father ... he cannot be my disciple Here, "hate" is an exaggeration for the lesser love people are to show to people other than Jesus. Alternate translation: "If anyone comes to me and does not love me more than he loves his father ... he cannot be my disciple" or "Only if a person loves me more than he loves his own father ... can he be my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -LUK 14 27 pm44 figs-doublenegatives 0 Whoever does not carry his own cross and come after me cannot be my disciple This could be stated with positive verbs. Alternate translation: "If anyone wants to be my disciple, he must carry his own cross and follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -LUK 14 27 jn5u figs-metaphor 0 carry his own cross Jesus does not mean every Christian must be crucified. The Romans often made people carry their own crosses before they crucified them as a sign of their submission to Rome. This metaphor means they must submit to God and be willing to suffer in any way to be Jesus' disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 27 pm44 figs-doublenegatives ὅστις βαστάζει οὐ βαστάζει αὐτοῦ τὸν σταυρὸν καὶ ἔρχεται ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής 1 Whoever does not carry his own cross and come after me cannot be my disciple This could be stated with positive verbs. Alternate translation: "If anyone wants to be my disciple, he must carry his own cross and follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +LUK 14 27 jn5u figs-metaphor βαστάζει αὐτοῦ τὸν σταυρὸν 1 carry his own cross Jesus does not mean every Christian must be crucified. The Romans often made people carry their own crosses before they crucified them as a sign of their submission to Rome. This metaphor means they must submit to God and be willing to suffer in any way to be Jesus' disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 14 28 s6ru 0 General Information: Jesus continues to explain to the crowd that it is important to count the cost of being a disciple. LUK 14 28 q3cx figs-rquestion 0 For which of you who desires to build a tower does not first sit down and count the cost to calculate if he has what he needs to complete it? Jesus uses this question to prove that people count the cost of a project before they begin it. Alternate translation: "If a person wanted to build a tower, he would certainly first sit down and determine if he had enough money to complete it." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 14 28 eyx4 0 tower This may have been a watchtower. "a tall building" or "a high lookout platform" -LUK 14 29 qj4i figs-ellipsis 0 Otherwise It may be helpful to give more information. Alternate translation: "If he does not first count the cost" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 14 29 axc7 0 when he has laid a foundation "when he has built a base" or "when he has completed the first part of the building" -LUK 14 29 ym3a figs-explicit 0 is not able to finish It is understood that he was not able to finish because he did not have enough money. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "does not have enough money to be able to finish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 14 28 eyx4 πύργον 1 tower This may have been a watchtower. "a tall building" or "a high lookout platform" +LUK 14 29 qj4i figs-ellipsis ἵνα μήποτε 1 Otherwise It may be helpful to give more information. Alternate translation: "If he does not first count the cost" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 14 29 axc7 θέντος αὐτοῦ θέντος θεμέλιον 1 when he has laid a foundation "when he has built a base" or "when he has completed the first part of the building" +LUK 14 29 ym3a figs-explicit ἰσχύοντος μὴ ἰσχύοντος ἐκτελέσαι 1 is not able to finish It is understood that he was not able to finish because he did not have enough money. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "does not have enough money to be able to finish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 14 31 lg6h 0 General Information: Jesus continues to explain to the crowd that it is important to count the cost of being a disciple. -LUK 14 31 p1ri 0 Or Jesus used this word to introduce another situation where people count the cost before making a decision. +LUK 14 31 p1ri ἢ 1 Or Jesus used this word to introduce another situation where people count the cost before making a decision. LUK 14 31 vp3u figs-rquestion 0 what king ... will not sit down first and take advice ... men? Jesus uses another question to teach the crowd about counting the cost. Alternate translation: "you know that a king ... would sit down first and take counsel ... men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 14 31 tl37 0 take advice Possible meanings are 1) "think carefully " or 2) "listen to his advisors." +LUK 14 31 tl37 βουλεύσεται 1 take advice Possible meanings are 1) "think carefully " or 2) "listen to his advisors." LUK 14 31 xy87 translate-numbers 0 ten thousand ... twenty thousand "10,000 ... 20,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 14 32 dpc5 figs-ellipsis 0 If not It may be helpful to state more information. Alternate translation: "If he realizes that he will not be able to defeat the other king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 14 32 p5h6 0 conditions of peace "terms to end the war" or "what the other king wants him to do in order to end the war" +LUK 14 32 dpc5 figs-ellipsis εἰ μή γε 1 If not It may be helpful to state more information. Alternate translation: "If he realizes that he will not be able to defeat the other king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 14 32 p5h6 τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην 1 conditions of peace "terms to end the war" or "what the other king wants him to do in order to end the war" LUK 14 33 is32 figs-doublenegatives 0 any one of you who does not give up all that he has cannot be my disciple This can be stated with positive verbs. Alternate translation: "only those of you who give up all that you have can be my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -LUK 14 33 f2he 0 give up all that he has "leave behind all that he has" +LUK 14 33 f2he ἀποτάσσεται πᾶσιν τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν 1 give up all that he has "leave behind all that he has" LUK 14 34 tkm2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching the crowd. LUK 14 34 tz7c figs-metaphor 0 Salt is good "Salt is useful." Jesus is teaching a lesson about those who want to be his disciple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 14 34 cz52 figs-rquestion 0 how can it be made salty again? Jesus uses a question to teach the crowd. Alternate translation: "it cannot be made salty again." or "no one can make it salty again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 35 bp1b 0 manure pile People use manure to fertilize gardens and fields. Salt without taste is so useless it is not even worth mixing with manure. Alternate translation: "compost heap" or "fertilizer" -LUK 14 35 n5a9 figs-activepassive 0 It is thrown away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone just throws it away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 14 35 u9h3 figs-metonymy 0 He who has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 8:8](../08/08.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 14 34 cz52 figs-rquestion ἐν τίνι ἀρτυθήσεται? 1 how can it be made salty again? Jesus uses a question to teach the crowd. Alternate translation: "it cannot be made salty again." or "no one can make it salty again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 35 bp1b κοπρίαν 1 manure pile People use manure to fertilize gardens and fields. Salt without taste is so useless it is not even worth mixing with manure. Alternate translation: "compost heap" or "fertilizer" +LUK 14 35 n5a9 figs-activepassive αὐτό βάλλουσιν ἔξω 1 It is thrown away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone just throws it away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 14 35 u9h3 figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω 1 He who has ears to hear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "ears to hear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 8:8](../08/08.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 14 35 c5fb figs-123person 0 He who ... let him Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 8:8](../08/08.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 15 intro p1ba 0 # Luke 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### The parable of the prodigal son

[Luke 15:11-32](./11.md) is the parable of the prodigal son. Most people think that the father in the story represented God (the Father), the sinful younger son represented those who repent and come to faith in Jesus, and the self-righteous older son represented the Pharisees. In the story the older son became angry at the father because the father forgave the younger son's sins, and he would not go into the party the father had because the younger son repented. This was because Jesus knew that the Pharisees wanted God to think only they were good and to not forgive other people's sins. He was teaching them that that they would never be part of God's kingdom because they thought that way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sinners

When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. But Jesus told three parables ([Luke 15:4-7](./04.md), [Luke 15:8-10](./08.md), and [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md)) to teach that the people who believe they are sinners and who repent are the people who truly please God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
LUK 15 1 l9ez 0 General Information: We do not know where this takes place; it simply occurs one day when Jesus is teaching. LUK 15 1 yj6b writing-newevent 0 Now This marks the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 15 1 ss52 figs-hyperbole 0 all the tax collectors This is an exaggeration to stress that there were very many of them. Alternate translation: "many tax collectors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 15 2 dd9b 0 This man welcomes sinners "This man lets sinners into his presence" or "This man associates with sinners" -LUK 15 2 ec2r 0 This man They were talking about Jesus. +LUK 15 1 ss52 figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ τελῶναι 1 all the tax collectors This is an exaggeration to stress that there were very many of them. Alternate translation: "many tax collectors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 15 2 dd9b οὗτος προσδέχεται ἁμαρτωλοὺς 1 This man welcomes sinners "This man lets sinners into his presence" or "This man associates with sinners" +LUK 15 2 ec2r οὗτος 1 This man They were talking about Jesus. LUK 15 2 he1l 0 even eats with them The word "even" shows that they thought it was bad enough that Jesus allowed sinners to come to him, but it was worse that he would eat with them. LUK 15 3 ill7 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell several parables. These parables are hypothetical situations about things that anyone could experience. They are not about particular people. The first parable is about what a person would do if one of his sheep was lost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 15 3 mul2 0 to them Here "them" refers to the religious leaders. +LUK 15 3 mul2 πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 to them Here "them" refers to the religious leaders. LUK 15 4 pxm3 figs-rquestion 0 Which one of you ... will not leave ... until he finds it? Jesus uses a question to remind the people that if any of them lost one of their sheep, they would certainly go looking for it. Alternate translation: "Each of you ... would certainly leave ... until he finds it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 15 4 c2qs figs-123person 0 Which one of you, if he has a hundred sheep Since the parable starts with "Which one of you," some languages would continue the parable in the second person. Alternate translation: "Which one of you, if you have a hundred sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 15 4 d8xi translate-numbers 0 hundred ... ninety-nine "100 ... 99" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LUK 15 5 xwa5 figs-explicit 0 lays it across his shoulders This is the way a shepherd carries a sheep. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "lays it across his shoulders to carry it home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 6 g3f3 0 When he comes to the house "When the owner of the sheep comes home" or "When you come home." Refer to the owner of the sheep as you did in the previous verse. -LUK 15 7 k1l2 0 even so "in the same way" or "as the shepherd and his friends and neighbors would rejoice" -LUK 15 7 k8k6 0 there will be joy in heaven "everyone in heaven will rejoice" -LUK 15 7 yn3h figs-hyperbole 0 ninety-nine righteous persons who do not need to repent Jesus uses sarcasm to say that the Pharisees were wrong to think that they did not need to repent. Your language may have a different way to express this idea. Alternate translation: "ninety-nine persons like you, who think they are righteous and do not need to repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 15 7 rd5r translate-numbers 0 ninety-nine "99" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 15 6 g3f3 ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸν οἶκον 1 When he comes to the house "When the owner of the sheep comes home" or "When you come home." Refer to the owner of the sheep as you did in the previous verse. +LUK 15 7 k1l2 οὕτως 1 even so "in the same way" or "as the shepherd and his friends and neighbors would rejoice" +LUK 15 7 k8k6 ἔσται χαρὰ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 there will be joy in heaven "everyone in heaven will rejoice" +LUK 15 7 yn3h figs-hyperbole ἐνενήκοντα- ἐννέα δικαίοις οἵτινες χρείαν ἔχουσιν οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν μετανοίας 1 ninety-nine righteous persons who do not need to repent Jesus uses sarcasm to say that the Pharisees were wrong to think that they did not need to repent. Your language may have a different way to express this idea. Alternate translation: "ninety-nine persons like you, who think they are righteous and do not need to repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 15 7 rd5r translate-numbers ἐνενήκοντα- ἐννέα 1 ninety-nine "99" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LUK 15 8 pi6f 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins telling another parable. It is about a woman with 10 sliver coins. LUK 15 8 ly5c figs-rquestion 0 Or what woman ... would not light a lamp ... and seek diligently until she has found it? Jesus uses a question to remind the people that if they lost a silver coin, they would certainly look for it diligently. Alternate translation: "Any woman ... would certainly light a lamp ... and seek diligently until she has found it." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 15 8 qr36 figs-hypo 0 if she were to lose This is a hypothetical situation and not a story about a real woman. Some languages have ways of showing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 15 10 wrs9 0 Even so "In the same way" or "Just as people would rejoice with the woman" -LUK 15 10 m8zl 0 over one sinner who repents "when one sinner repents" +LUK 15 8 qr36 figs-hypo ἐὰν ἀπολέσῃ 1 if she were to lose This is a hypothetical situation and not a story about a real woman. Some languages have ways of showing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 15 10 wrs9 οὕτως 1 Even so "In the same way" or "Just as people would rejoice with the woman" +LUK 15 10 m8zl ἐπὶ ἑνὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ μετανοοῦντι 1 over one sinner who repents "when one sinner repents" LUK 15 11 ib6s figs-parables 0 Jesus begins telling another parable. It is about a young man who asks his father for his part of the inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 15 11 c2t6 writing-participants 0 A certain man This introduces a new character in the parable. Some languages might say "There was a man who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 15 12 y6uq 0 give me The son wanted his father to give it to him immediately. Languages that have a command form that means that they want it done immediately should use that form. -LUK 15 12 l8ve 0 the portion of the wealth that falls to me "the part of your wealth that you planned for me to receive when you die" -LUK 15 12 r2q7 0 between them "between his two sons" +LUK 15 11 c2t6 writing-participants ἄνθρωπός τις ἄνθρωπός 1 A certain man This introduces a new character in the parable. Some languages might say "There was a man who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 15 12 y6uq δός μοι 1 give me The son wanted his father to give it to him immediately. Languages that have a command form that means that they want it done immediately should use that form. +LUK 15 12 l8ve τὸ μέρος τῆς οὐσίας ἐπιβάλλον 1 the portion of the wealth that falls to me "the part of your wealth that you planned for me to receive when you die" +LUK 15 12 r2q7 αὐτοῖς 1 between them "between his two sons" LUK 15 13 lu69 0 gathered together all he owned "packed his things" or "put his things in his bag" -LUK 15 13 ew56 0 living recklessly "living without thinking about the consequences of his actions" or "living wildly" -LUK 15 14 z99l 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus explains how the younger son went from having plenty to being in need. -LUK 15 14 kpb8 0 a severe famine spread through that country "a drought occurred there and the entire country did not have enough food" -LUK 15 14 y8mf 0 to be in need "to lack what he needed" or "to not have enough" -LUK 15 15 cdn2 0 He went The word "he" refers to the younger son. -LUK 15 15 y3bf 0 hired himself out to "took a job with" or "began to work for" -LUK 15 15 k19m 0 one of the citizens of that country "a man of that country" -LUK 15 15 rxt4 0 to feed pigs "to give food to the man's pigs" +LUK 15 13 ew56 ζῶν ἀσώτως 1 living recklessly "living without thinking about the consequences of his actions" or "living wildly" +LUK 15 14 z99l δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus explains how the younger son went from having plenty to being in need. +LUK 15 14 kpb8 λιμὸς ἰσχυρὰ λιμὸς ἐγένετο κατὰ ἐκείνην τὴν χώραν 1 a severe famine spread through that country "a drought occurred there and the entire country did not have enough food" +LUK 15 14 y8mf ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to be in need "to lack what he needed" or "to not have enough" +LUK 15 15 cdn2 πορευθεὶς 1 He went The word "he" refers to the younger son. +LUK 15 15 y3bf ἐκολλήθη ἑνὶ 1 hired himself out to "took a job with" or "began to work for" +LUK 15 15 k19m ἑνὶ τῶν πολιτῶν τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης τῆς χώρας 1 one of the citizens of that country "a man of that country" +LUK 15 15 rxt4 βόσκειν χοίρους 1 to feed pigs "to give food to the man's pigs" LUK 15 16 m8zd figs-explicit 0 would gladly have eaten "wished very much that he could eat." It is understood that this is because he was very hungry. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "he was so hungry that he would have happily eaten" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 16 pd3c translate-unknown 0 carob pods These are the husks of beans that grow on the carob tree. Alternate translation: "carob bean pods" or "bean husks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 15 17 x4jc figs-idiom 0 came to himself This idiom means he realized what the truth was, that he had made a terrible mistake. Alternate translation: "clearly understood his situation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 15 17 xw1a 0 How many of my father's hired servants have more than enough food This is part of an exclamation, and not a question. Alternate translation: "All my father's hired servants have more than enough food to eat" -LUK 15 17 tal2 0 dying from hunger This is probably not an exaggeration. The young man may really have been starving. -LUK 15 18 m4pj figs-metonymy 0 I have sinned against heaven Jewish people sometimes avoided saying the word "God" and used the word "heaven" instead. Alternate translation: "I have sinned against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 15 19 aug2 figs-activepassive 0 I am no longer worthy to be called your son "I am not worthy to be called your son." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am not worthy for you to call me son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 15 19 up55 0 make me as one of your hired servants "hire me as an employee" or "hire me and I will become one of your servants." This is a request, not a command. It may be helpful to add "please" as the UST does. +LUK 15 16 pd3c translate-unknown κερατίων 1 carob pods These are the husks of beans that grow on the carob tree. Alternate translation: "carob bean pods" or "bean husks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 15 17 x4jc figs-idiom ἐλθὼν εἰς ἑαυτὸν 1 came to himself This idiom means he realized what the truth was, that he had made a terrible mistake. Alternate translation: "clearly understood his situation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 15 17 xw1a πόσοι μίσθιοι μου τοῦ πατρός' τοῦ πατρός μίσθιοι περισσεύονται ἄρτων 1 How many of my father's hired servants have more than enough food This is part of an exclamation, and not a question. Alternate translation: "All my father's hired servants have more than enough food to eat" +LUK 15 17 tal2 ἀπόλλυμαι λιμῷ 1 dying from hunger This is probably not an exaggeration. The young man may really have been starving. +LUK 15 18 m4pj figs-metonymy ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 I have sinned against heaven Jewish people sometimes avoided saying the word "God" and used the word "heaven" instead. Alternate translation: "I have sinned against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 15 19 aug2 figs-activepassive εἰμὶ οὐκέτι ἄξιος κληθῆναι σου υἱός 1 I am no longer worthy to be called your son "I am not worthy to be called your son." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am not worthy for you to call me son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 15 19 up55 ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου τῶν μισθίων 1 make me as one of your hired servants "hire me as an employee" or "hire me and I will become one of your servants." This is a request, not a command. It may be helpful to add "please" as the UST does. LUK 15 20 m43r 0 So the young son left and came toward his father "So he left that country and started going back to his father." The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, the young man was in need and had decided to go home. LUK 15 20 za3c 0 While he was still far away "While he was still far away from his home" or "While he was still far away from his father's house" -LUK 15 20 a7ls 0 was moved with compassion "had pity on him" or "loved him deeply from his heart" +LUK 15 20 a7ls ἐσπλαγχνίσθη 1 was moved with compassion "had pity on him" or "loved him deeply from his heart" LUK 15 20 z7p3 0 embraced him and kissed him The father did this to show his son that he loved him and was glad that the son was coming home. If people think that it is strange or wrong for a man to embrace or hug and kiss his son, you can substitute a way that men in your culture show affection to their sons. Alternate translation: "welcomed him affectionately" -LUK 15 21 xz93 figs-metonymy 0 sinned against heaven Jewish people sometimes avoided saying the word "God" and used the word "heaven" instead. See how you translated this in [Luke 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: "I have sinned against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 15 21 qxg5 figs-activepassive 0 I am no longer worthy to be called your son This can be stated in active form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: "I am not worthy for you to call me your son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 15 22 b3hv 0 best robe "the best robe in the house." Alternate translation: "the best coat" or "the best garment" -LUK 15 22 nlx9 0 put a ring on his hand A ring was a sign of authority that men wore on one of their fingers. -LUK 15 22 xat6 0 sandals Wealthy people of that time wore sandals. However, in many cultures the modern equivalent would be "shoes." -LUK 15 23 ll8j figs-explicit 0 fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 23 t3cu figs-explicit 0 kill it The implied information that they were to cook the meat can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "kill it and cook it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 24 ubz3 figs-metaphor 0 my son was dead, and now he is alive This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were dead. Alternate translation: "it is as if my son were dead and became alive again" or "I felt like my son had died, but he is now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 15 24 izx2 figs-metaphor 0 He was lost, and now he is found This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were lost. Alternate translation: "It is as if my son were lost and now I found him" or "My son was lost and has returned home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 15 25 jd7l 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus starts to tell a new part of the story about the older son. -LUK 15 25 bk6d figs-explicit 0 out in the field It is implied that he was out in the field because he was working there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 26 xx6a 0 one of the servants The word that is translated here as "servant" is normally translated as "boy." It may indicate that the servant was very young. -LUK 15 26 z51r 0 what these things might be "what was happening" -LUK 15 27 r8py figs-explicit 0 the fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:23](../15/23.md). Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 29 hne4 0 these many years "for many years" -LUK 15 29 f8w9 0 I slaved for you "I worked extremely hard for you" or "I worked as hard as a slave for you" -LUK 15 29 d2t6 0 never broke a rule of yours "never disobeyed any of your commands" or "always obeyed everything you told me to do" -LUK 15 29 ph4q figs-explicit 0 a young goat A young goat was smaller and less expensive than a fatted calf. Alternate translation: "even a young goat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 30 y27h 0 your son "that son of yours." The older son refers to his brother this way in order to show how angry he is. -LUK 15 30 vip3 figs-metaphor 0 devoured your living Food is a metaphor for money. After one eats food, the food is no longer there and there is nothing to eat. The money that the brother had received was no longer there and there was no more to spend. Alternate translation: "wasted all your wealth" or "thrown away all your money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 15 30 e6ig figs-hyperbole 0 with prostitutes Possible meanings are 1) he assumed this is how his brother spent the money or 2) he speaks of prostitutes to exaggerate the sinfulness of his brother's actions in the "country far away" ([Luke 15:13](../15/13.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 15 30 vf31 figs-explicit 0 fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:23](../15/23.md). Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 15 31 b5s3 0 The father said to him The word "him" refers to the older son. -LUK 15 32 c35s 0 this brother of yours The father was reminding the older son that the one who just came home was his brother. -LUK 15 32 due5 figs-metaphor 0 this brother of yours was dead, and is now alive This metaphor speaks of the brother being gone as if he were dead. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:24](../15/24.md). Alternate translation: "it was as if this brother of yours were dead and became alive again" or "this brother of yours had died, but he is now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 15 32 v55y figs-metaphor 0 he was lost, and has now been found This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were lost. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:24](../15/24.md). Alternate translation: "it is as if he were lost and now I found him" or "he was lost and has returned home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 15 21 xz93 figs-metonymy ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 sinned against heaven Jewish people sometimes avoided saying the word "God" and used the word "heaven" instead. See how you translated this in [Luke 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: "I have sinned against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 15 21 qxg5 figs-activepassive εἰμὶ οὐκέτι ἄξιος κληθῆναι σου υἱός 1 I am no longer worthy to be called your son This can be stated in active form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: "I am not worthy for you to call me your son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 15 22 b3hv πρώτην στολὴν 1 best robe "the best robe in the house." Alternate translation: "the best coat" or "the best garment" +LUK 15 22 nlx9 δότε δακτύλιον εἰς αὐτοῦ τὴν χεῖρα 1 put a ring on his hand A ring was a sign of authority that men wore on one of their fingers. +LUK 15 22 xat6 ὑποδήματα 1 sandals Wealthy people of that time wore sandals. However, in many cultures the modern equivalent would be "shoes." +LUK 15 23 ll8j figs-explicit τὸν σιτευτόν μόσχον 1 fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 23 t3cu figs-explicit θύσατε 1 kill it The implied information that they were to cook the meat can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "kill it and cook it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 24 ubz3 figs-metaphor μου ὁ υἱός ἦν νεκρὸς, καὶ ἀνέζησεν 1 my son was dead, and now he is alive This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were dead. Alternate translation: "it is as if my son were dead and became alive again" or "I felt like my son had died, but he is now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 15 24 izx2 figs-metaphor ἦν ἀπολωλὼς, καὶ εὑρέθη 1 He was lost, and now he is found This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were lost. Alternate translation: "It is as if my son were lost and now I found him" or "My son was lost and has returned home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 15 25 jd7l δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jesus starts to tell a new part of the story about the older son. +LUK 15 25 bk6d figs-explicit ἐν ἀγρῷ 1 out in the field It is implied that he was out in the field because he was working there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 26 xx6a ἕνα τῶν παίδων 1 one of the servants The word that is translated here as "servant" is normally translated as "boy." It may indicate that the servant was very young. +LUK 15 26 z51r τί ταῦτα ἂν εἴη 1 what these things might be "what was happening" +LUK 15 27 r8py figs-explicit τὸν τὸν σιτευτόν μόσχον 1 the fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:23](../15/23.md). Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 29 hne4 τοσαῦτα ἔτη 1 these many years "for many years" +LUK 15 29 f8w9 δουλεύω σοι 1 I slaved for you "I worked extremely hard for you" or "I worked as hard as a slave for you" +LUK 15 29 d2t6 οὐδέποτε παρῆλθον ἐντολήν σου 1 never broke a rule of yours "never disobeyed any of your commands" or "always obeyed everything you told me to do" +LUK 15 29 ph4q figs-explicit ἔριφον 1 a young goat A young goat was smaller and less expensive than a fatted calf. Alternate translation: "even a young goat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 30 y27h σου ὁ υἱός 1 your son "that son of yours." The older son refers to his brother this way in order to show how angry he is. +LUK 15 30 vip3 figs-metaphor ὁ καταφαγών σου τὸν βίον 1 devoured your living Food is a metaphor for money. After one eats food, the food is no longer there and there is nothing to eat. The money that the brother had received was no longer there and there was no more to spend. Alternate translation: "wasted all your wealth" or "thrown away all your money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 15 30 e6ig figs-hyperbole μετὰ πορνῶν 1 with prostitutes Possible meanings are 1) he assumed this is how his brother spent the money or 2) he speaks of prostitutes to exaggerate the sinfulness of his brother's actions in the "country far away" ([Luke 15:13](../15/13.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 15 30 vf31 figs-explicit σιτευτὸν μόσχον 1 fattened calf A calf is a young cow. People would give one of their calves special food so that it would grow well, and then when they wanted to have a special feast, they would eat that calf. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:23](../15/23.md). Alternate translation: "the best calf" or "the young animal we have been making fat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 15 31 b5s3 ὁ εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 The father said to him The word "him" refers to the older son. +LUK 15 32 c35s οὗτος ὁ ἀδελφός σου 1 this brother of yours The father was reminding the older son that the one who just came home was his brother. +LUK 15 32 due5 figs-metaphor οὗτος ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἦν νεκρὸς, καὶ ἔζησεν 1 this brother of yours was dead, and is now alive This metaphor speaks of the brother being gone as if he were dead. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:24](../15/24.md). Alternate translation: "it was as if this brother of yours were dead and became alive again" or "this brother of yours had died, but he is now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 15 32 v55y figs-metaphor ἀπολωλὼς, καὶ εὑρέθη 1 he was lost, and has now been found This metaphor speaks of the son being gone as if he were lost. See how you translated this phrase in [Luke 15:24](../15/24.md). Alternate translation: "it is as if he were lost and now I found him" or "he was lost and has returned home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 16 intro qz3g 0 # Luke 16 General Notes LUK 16 1 r6ck figs-parables 0 Jesus begins telling another parable. It is about a master and the manager of his debtors. This is still the same part of the story and the same day that began in [Luke 15:3](../15/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 16 1 p54g 0 Jesus also said to the disciples The last section was directed at Pharisees and scribes, though Jesus' disciples may have been part of the crowd listening. +LUK 16 1 p54g ἔλεγεν καὶ ἔλεγεν πρὸς τοὺς μαθητάς 1 Jesus also said to the disciples The last section was directed at Pharisees and scribes, though Jesus' disciples may have been part of the crowd listening. LUK 16 1 k6jv writing-participants 0 There was a certain rich man This introduces a new character in the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) LUK 16 1 blp5 figs-activepassive 0 it was reported to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people reported to the rich man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 1 lpc3 0 wasting his possessions "foolishly managing the rich man's wealth" +LUK 16 1 lpc3 διασκορπίζων αὐτοῦ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα 1 wasting his possessions "foolishly managing the rich man's wealth" LUK 16 2 p7y7 figs-rquestion 0 What is this that I hear about you? The rich man uses a question to scold the manager. Alternate translation: "I have heard what you are doing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 16 2 q433 0 Give an account of your management "Set your records in order to pass on to someone else" or "Prepare the records you have written about my money" +LUK 16 2 q433 ἀπόδος τὸν λόγον τῆς οἰκονομίας σου τῆς οἰκονομίας 1 Give an account of your management "Set your records in order to pass on to someone else" or "Prepare the records you have written about my money" LUK 16 3 kc12 figs-rquestion 0 What should I do ... job? The manager asks this question of himself, as a means of reviewing his options. Alternate translation: "I need to think about what I should do ... job" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 16 3 kng1 0 my master This refers to the wealthy man. The manager was not a slave. Alternate translation: "my employer" -LUK 16 3 t3kj 0 I do not have strength to dig "I am not strong enough to dig the ground" or "I am not able to dig" -LUK 16 4 xxe2 figs-activepassive 0 when I am removed from my management job This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when I lose my management job" or "when my master takes away my management job" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 4 m4za figs-explicit 0 people will welcome me into their houses This implies that those people will provide a job, or other things that he needs to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 5 rze8 0 his master's debtors "the people who were in debt to his master" or "the people who owed things to his master." In this story the debtors owed olive oil and wheat. +LUK 16 3 kng1 μου ὁ κύριός 1 my master This refers to the wealthy man. The manager was not a slave. Alternate translation: "my employer" +LUK 16 3 t3kj ἰσχύω οὐκ ἰσχύω σκάπτειν 1 I do not have strength to dig "I am not strong enough to dig the ground" or "I am not able to dig" +LUK 16 4 xxe2 figs-activepassive ὅταν μετασταθῶ ἐκ τῆς οἰκονομίας 1 when I am removed from my management job This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when I lose my management job" or "when my master takes away my management job" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 4 m4za figs-explicit δέξωνταί με εἰς αὐτῶν τοὺς οἴκους 1 people will welcome me into their houses This implies that those people will provide a job, or other things that he needs to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 16 5 rze8 ἑαυτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου' τοῦ κυρίου χρεοφιλετῶν 1 his master's debtors "the people who were in debt to his master" or "the people who owed things to his master." In this story the debtors owed olive oil and wheat. LUK 16 6 xp6d 0 He said ... He said to him "The debtor said ... the manager said to the debtor" -LUK 16 6 u8nh translate-bvolume 0 A hundred baths of olive oil This was about 3,000 liters of olive oil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +LUK 16 6 u8nh translate-bvolume ἑκατὸν βάτους ἐλαίου 1 A hundred baths of olive oil This was about 3,000 liters of olive oil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LUK 16 6 rmb3 translate-numbers 0 hundred ... fifty "100 ... 50" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 16 6 jn75 0 Take your bill A "bill" is a piece of paper that tells how much someone owes. +LUK 16 6 jn75 δέξαι σου τὰ γράμματα 1 Take your bill A "bill" is a piece of paper that tells how much someone owes. LUK 16 7 sy3y 0 the manager said to another ... He said ... He said to him "the manager said to another debtor ... The debtor said ... The manager said to the debtor" -LUK 16 7 pq2u translate-bvolume 0 A hundred cors of wheat You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "twenty thousand liters of wheat" or "a thousand baskets of wheat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -LUK 16 7 tn17 0 write eighty "write eighty cors of wheat." You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "write sixteen thousand liters" or "write eight hundred baskets" -LUK 16 7 jsl6 translate-numbers 0 eighty "80" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 16 7 pq2u translate-bvolume ἑκατὸν κόρους σίτου 1 A hundred cors of wheat You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "twenty thousand liters of wheat" or "a thousand baskets of wheat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +LUK 16 7 tn17 γράψον ὀγδοήκοντα 1 write eighty "write eighty cors of wheat." You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "write sixteen thousand liters" or "write eight hundred baskets" +LUK 16 7 jsl6 translate-numbers ὀγδοήκοντα 1 eighty "80" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LUK 16 8 aj5l 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling the parable about the master and the manager of his debtors. In verse 9, Jesus continues to teach his disciples. -LUK 16 8 hc3l 0 The master then commended The text does not say how the master learned of the manager's action. -LUK 16 8 vha4 0 commended "praised" or "spoke well of" or "approved of" -LUK 16 8 nfz3 0 he had acted shrewdly "he had acted cleverly" or "he had done a sensible thing" +LUK 16 8 hc3l ὁ κύριος καὶ ἐπῄνεσεν 1 The master then commended The text does not say how the master learned of the manager's action. +LUK 16 8 vha4 ἐπῄνεσεν 1 commended "praised" or "spoke well of" or "approved of" +LUK 16 8 nfz3 ἐποίησεν φρονίμως 1 he had acted shrewdly "he had acted cleverly" or "he had done a sensible thing" LUK 16 8 a1yq 0 the children of this world This refers to those like the unrighteous manager who do not know or care about God. Alternate translation: "the people of this world" or "worldly people" LUK 16 8 lvx7 figs-metaphor 0 the children of light Here "light" is a metaphor for everything godly. Alternate translation: "the people of God" or "godly people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 16 9 agp3 0 I say to you "I" refers to Jesus. The phrase "I say to you" marks the end of the story and now Jesus tells the people how to apply the story to their lives. -LUK 16 9 jkn7 0 make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous wealth The focus here is on using the money to help other people. Alternate translation: "make people your friends by helping them with worldly wealth" -LUK 16 9 q2jb figs-metonymy 0 by means of unrighteous wealth Possible meanings are 1) Jesus uses hyperbole when he calls money "unrighteous" because it has no eternal value. Alternate translation: "by using money, which has no eternal value" or "by using worldly money" or 2) Jesus uses metonymy when he calls money "unrighteous" because people sometimes earn it or use it in unrighteous ways. Alternate translation: "by using even money that you earned dishonestly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 16 9 u394 0 they may welcome This may refer to 1) God in heaven, who is pleased that you used money to help people, or 2) the friends you helped with your money . -LUK 16 9 kq56 0 eternal dwellings This refers to heaven, where God lives. +LUK 16 9 agp3 ἐγὼ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you "I" refers to Jesus. The phrase "I say to you" marks the end of the story and now Jesus tells the people how to apply the story to their lives. +LUK 16 9 jkn7 ποιήσατε φίλους ἑαυτοῖς ἐκ τοῦ τῆς ἀδικίας μαμωνᾶ 1 make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous wealth The focus here is on using the money to help other people. Alternate translation: "make people your friends by helping them with worldly wealth" +LUK 16 9 q2jb figs-metonymy ἐκ τοῦ τῆς ἀδικίας μαμωνᾶ 1 by means of unrighteous wealth Possible meanings are 1) Jesus uses hyperbole when he calls money "unrighteous" because it has no eternal value. Alternate translation: "by using money, which has no eternal value" or "by using worldly money" or 2) Jesus uses metonymy when he calls money "unrighteous" because people sometimes earn it or use it in unrighteous ways. Alternate translation: "by using even money that you earned dishonestly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 16 9 u394 δέξωνται 1 they may welcome This may refer to 1) God in heaven, who is pleased that you used money to help people, or 2) the friends you helped with your money . +LUK 16 9 kq56 αἰωνίους σκηνάς 1 eternal dwellings This refers to heaven, where God lives. LUK 16 10 sk2f figs-gendernotations 0 He who is faithful ... is also faithful ... he who is unrighteous ... is also unrighteous "People who are faithful ... are also faithful ... people who are unrighteous ... are also unrighteous." This would include women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 16 10 we3j 0 faithful in very little "faithful even with small things." Make sure this does not sound like they are not very faithful. -LUK 16 10 r8hz 0 unrighteous in very little "unrighteous even in small things." Make sure this does not sound like they are not often unrighteous. -LUK 16 11 tm3w figs-metonymy 0 unrighteous wealth See how you translated this in [Luke 16:9](../16/09.md). Possible meanings are 1) Jesus uses metonymy when he calls money "unrighteous" because people sometimes earn it or use it in unrighteous ways. Alternate translation: "even money that you earned dishonestly" or 2) Jesus uses hyperbole when he calls money "unrighteous" because it has no eternal value. Alternate translation: "money, which has no eternal value" or "by using worldly money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 16 11 cv6s figs-rquestion 0 who will trust you with true wealth? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "no one will trust you with true wealth." or "no one will give you true wealth to manage." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 16 11 x2hr 0 true wealth This refers to wealth that is more genuine, real, or lasting than money. -LUK 16 12 uy96 figs-rquestion 0 who will give you money of your own? Jesus uses this question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "no one will give you wealth for yourself." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 16 13 w2sf 0 No servant can "A servant cannot" -LUK 16 13 msb6 0 serve two masters It is implied that he cannot "serve two different masters at the same time" +LUK 16 10 we3j πιστὸς ἐν ἐλαχίστῳ 1 faithful in very little "faithful even with small things." Make sure this does not sound like they are not very faithful. +LUK 16 10 r8hz ἄδικος ἐν ἐλαχίστῳ 1 unrighteous in very little "unrighteous even in small things." Make sure this does not sound like they are not often unrighteous. +LUK 16 11 tm3w figs-metonymy τῷ ἀδίκῳ μαμωνᾷ 1 unrighteous wealth See how you translated this in [Luke 16:9](../16/09.md). Possible meanings are 1) Jesus uses metonymy when he calls money "unrighteous" because people sometimes earn it or use it in unrighteous ways. Alternate translation: "even money that you earned dishonestly" or 2) Jesus uses hyperbole when he calls money "unrighteous" because it has no eternal value. Alternate translation: "money, which has no eternal value" or "by using worldly money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 16 11 cv6s figs-rquestion τίς πιστεύσει ὑμῖν τὸ ἀληθινὸν? 1 who will trust you with true wealth? Jesus uses a question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "no one will trust you with true wealth." or "no one will give you true wealth to manage." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 16 11 x2hr τὸ ἀληθινὸν 1 true wealth This refers to wealth that is more genuine, real, or lasting than money. +LUK 16 12 uy96 figs-rquestion τίς δώσει ὑμῖν τὸ ὑμέτερον? 1 who will give you money of your own? Jesus uses this question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "no one will give you wealth for yourself." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 16 13 w2sf οὐδεὶς οἰκέτης δύναται 1 No servant can "A servant cannot" +LUK 16 13 msb6 δουλεύειν δυσὶ κυρίοις 1 serve two masters It is implied that he cannot "serve two different masters at the same time" LUK 16 13 u1lk 0 for either he will ... or else he will These two clauses are essentially the same. The only significant difference is that the first master is hated in the first clause, but the second master is hated in the second clause. -LUK 16 13 pd2p 0 he will hate "the servant will hate" -LUK 16 13 ba2m 0 be devoted to one "love one very strongly" -LUK 16 13 dd9z 0 despise the other "hold the other in contempt" or "hate the other" -LUK 16 13 d1qg 0 despise This means essentially the same as "hate" in the previous clause. -LUK 16 13 pw7q figs-you 0 You cannot serve Jesus was talking to a group of people, so languages that have a plural form of "you" would use that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 16 13 pd2p μισήσει 1 he will hate "the servant will hate" +LUK 16 13 ba2m ἀνθέξεται ἑνὸς 1 be devoted to one "love one very strongly" +LUK 16 13 dd9z καταφρονήσει τοῦ ἑτέρου 1 despise the other "hold the other in contempt" or "hate the other" +LUK 16 13 d1qg καταφρονήσει 1 despise This means essentially the same as "hate" in the previous clause. +LUK 16 13 pw7q figs-you οὐ δύνασθε δουλεύειν 1 You cannot serve Jesus was talking to a group of people, so languages that have a plural form of "you" would use that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 16 14 zb3n writing-background 0 General Information: This is a break in Jesus teachings, as verse 14 tells us background information about how the Pharisees ridiculed Jesus. In verse 15, Jesus continues teaching and responds to the Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 16 14 taq3 0 Now This word marks a shift to the background information. -LUK 16 14 lbq9 0 who were lovers of money "who loved having money" or "who where very greedy for money" -LUK 16 14 w9kh 0 they ridiculed him "the Pharisees ridiculed Jesus" -LUK 16 15 btb9 0 He said to them "And Jesus said to the Pharisees" -LUK 16 15 cqs7 0 You justify yourselves in the sight of men "You try to make yourselves look good to people" -LUK 16 15 lx4f figs-metonymy 0 God knows your hearts Here "hearts" refers to the desires of people. Alternate translation: "God understands your true desires" or "God knows your motives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 16 15 q82t figs-activepassive 0 That which is exalted among men is detestable in the sight of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Those things that men think are very important are things that God hates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 16 m566 0 The law and the prophets This refers to all of God's word that had been written up to that time. +LUK 16 14 taq3 δὲ 1 Now This word marks a shift to the background information. +LUK 16 14 lbq9 ὑπάρχοντες φιλάργυροι 1 who were lovers of money "who loved having money" or "who where very greedy for money" +LUK 16 14 w9kh ἐξεμυκτήριζον αὐτόν 1 they ridiculed him "the Pharisees ridiculed Jesus" +LUK 16 15 btb9 εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "And Jesus said to the Pharisees" +LUK 16 15 cqs7 ὑμεῖς δικαιοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 You justify yourselves in the sight of men "You try to make yourselves look good to people" +LUK 16 15 lx4f figs-metonymy ὁ δὲ Θεὸς γινώσκει ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 God knows your hearts Here "hearts" refers to the desires of people. Alternate translation: "God understands your true desires" or "God knows your motives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 16 15 q82t figs-activepassive τὸ ὑψηλὸν ἐν ἀνθρώποις βδέλυγμα ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 That which is exalted among men is detestable in the sight of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Those things that men think are very important are things that God hates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 16 m566 ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 The law and the prophets This refers to all of God's word that had been written up to that time. LUK 16 16 a2ra 0 were in effect "had authority" or "were what people needed to obey" LUK 16 16 b78c figs-explicit 0 John came This refers to John the Baptist. Alternate translation: "John the Baptist came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 16 mrl3 figs-activepassive 0 the gospel of the kingdom of God is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am teaching people about the good news of the kingdom of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 16 lyw7 0 everyone tries to force their way into it This refers to the people who were listening to and accepting the teaching of Jesus. Alternate translation: "many people are doing everything they can to enter it" -LUK 16 17 stl8 0 it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the law to become invalid This contrast could be stated in the reverse order. Alternate translation: "even the smallest stroke of the letter of the law will last longer than heaven and earth will exist" -LUK 16 17 ke7y figs-explicit 0 than for one stroke of a letter A "stroke" is the smallest part of a letter. It refers to something in the law that may seem to be insignificant. Alternate translation: "than for even the smallest detail of the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 17 t33k 0 become invalid "disappear" or "cease to exist" -LUK 16 18 j8fn 0 Everyone who divorces his wife "Anyone who divorces his wife" or "Any man who divorces his wife" -LUK 16 18 i544 0 commits adultery "is guilty of adultery" -LUK 16 18 sq24 0 he who marries one "any man who marries a woman" +LUK 16 16 mrl3 figs-activepassive εὐαγγελίζεται ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίζεται 1 the gospel of the kingdom of God is preached This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am teaching people about the good news of the kingdom of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 16 lyw7 πᾶς βιάζεται εἰς αὐτὴν 1 everyone tries to force their way into it This refers to the people who were listening to and accepting the teaching of Jesus. Alternate translation: "many people are doing everything they can to enter it" +LUK 16 17 stl8 ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν παρελθεῖν ἢ μίαν κερέαν τοῦ νόμου πεσεῖν 1 it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the law to become invalid This contrast could be stated in the reverse order. Alternate translation: "even the smallest stroke of the letter of the law will last longer than heaven and earth will exist" +LUK 16 17 ke7y figs-explicit ἢ μίαν κερέαν 1 than for one stroke of a letter A "stroke" is the smallest part of a letter. It refers to something in the law that may seem to be insignificant. Alternate translation: "than for even the smallest detail of the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 16 17 t33k πεσεῖν 1 become invalid "disappear" or "cease to exist" +LUK 16 18 j8fn πᾶς ὁ ἀπολύων αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκα 1 Everyone who divorces his wife "Anyone who divorces his wife" or "Any man who divorces his wife" +LUK 16 18 i544 μοιχεύει 1 commits adultery "is guilty of adultery" +LUK 16 18 sq24 ὁ γαμῶν ἀπολελυμένην 1 he who marries one "any man who marries a woman" LUK 16 19 yqm2 writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the story Jesus begins to tell about the rich man and Lazarus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 16 19 er6u 0 Connecting Statement: As Jesus continues teaching the people he begins to tell a story. It is about a rich man and Lazarus. -LUK 16 19 kd1x 0 Now This marks a shift in Jesus' speech as he begins to tell a story that will help people understand what he was teaching them. -LUK 16 19 r67p writing-participants 0 a certain rich man This phrase introduces a person in Jesus' story. It is not clear if this is a real person or if it is simply a person in a story that Jesus tells in order to make a point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 16 19 fu76 0 who was clothed in purple and fine linen "who wore clothing made with fine linen and purple dye" or "who wore very expensive clothes." Purple dye and fine linen cloth were very expensive. -LUK 16 19 sz7t 0 was enjoying every day his great wealth "enjoyed eating expensive food every day" or "spent much money and bought whatever he desired" -LUK 16 20 s11m figs-activepassive 0 A certain beggar named Lazarus was laid at his gate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People had laid a certain beggar named Lazarus at his gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 16 20 mmw2 writing-participants 0 A certain beggar named Lazarus This phrase introduces another person in Jesus' story. It is not clear if this is a real person or simply a person in a story that Jesus tells in order to make a point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 16 20 ax4v 0 at his gate "at the gate to the rich man's house" or "at the entrance to the rich man's property" -LUK 16 20 ex57 0 covered with sores "with sores all over his body" -LUK 16 21 i2fn 0 longing to eat what fell "wishing he could eat the scraps of food that fell" -LUK 16 21 vnk5 0 Even the dogs came The word "Even" here shows that what follows is worse than what has already been told about Lazarus. Alternate translation: "In addition to that, the dogs came" or "Worse yet, the dogs came" -LUK 16 21 xby9 0 dogs The Jews considered dogs to be unclean animals. Lazarus was too sick and weak to stop the dogs from licking his wounds. -LUK 16 22 y7pb writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 16 22 hrm6 figs-activepassive 0 was carried away by the angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angels carried him away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 22 r2k1 figs-explicit 0 to Abraham's side This implies that Abraham and Lazarus were reclining next to each other at a feast, in the Greek style of feasting. The joy in heaven is often represented in the scriptures by the idea of a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 22 hn6v figs-activepassive 0 was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people buried him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 23 qpd2 figs-explicit 0 at his side This implies that Abraham and Lazarus were reclining next to each other at a feast, in the Greek style of feasting. The joy in heaven is often represented in the scriptures by the idea of a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 23 vca4 0 in Hades, being in torment "he went to Hades, where, suffering in terrible pain" -LUK 16 23 tl8x figs-idiom 0 he lifted up his eyes This idiom means "he looked up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 16 19 kd1x δέ 1 Now This marks a shift in Jesus' speech as he begins to tell a story that will help people understand what he was teaching them. +LUK 16 19 r67p writing-participants ἄνθρωπος τις πλούσιος ἄνθρωπος 1 a certain rich man This phrase introduces a person in Jesus' story. It is not clear if this is a real person or if it is simply a person in a story that Jesus tells in order to make a point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 16 19 fu76 ἐνεδιδύσκετο πορφύραν καὶ βύσσον 1 who was clothed in purple and fine linen "who wore clothing made with fine linen and purple dye" or "who wore very expensive clothes." Purple dye and fine linen cloth were very expensive. +LUK 16 19 sz7t εὐφραινόμενος καθ’ ἡμέραν λαμπρῶς 1 was enjoying every day his great wealth "enjoyed eating expensive food every day" or "spent much money and bought whatever he desired" +LUK 16 20 s11m figs-activepassive πτωχὸς τις πτωχὸς ὀνόματι Λάζαρος ἐβέβλητο πρὸς αὐτοῦ τὸν πυλῶνα 1 A certain beggar named Lazarus was laid at his gate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People had laid a certain beggar named Lazarus at his gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 16 20 mmw2 writing-participants πτωχὸς τις πτωχὸς ὀνόματι Λάζαρος 1 A certain beggar named Lazarus This phrase introduces another person in Jesus' story. It is not clear if this is a real person or simply a person in a story that Jesus tells in order to make a point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 16 20 ax4v πρὸς αὐτοῦ τὸν πυλῶνα 1 at his gate "at the gate to the rich man's house" or "at the entrance to the rich man's property" +LUK 16 20 ex57 εἱλκωμένος 1 covered with sores "with sores all over his body" +LUK 16 21 i2fn ἐπιθυμῶν χορτασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πιπτόντων 1 longing to eat what fell "wishing he could eat the scraps of food that fell" +LUK 16 21 vnk5 καὶ οἱ κύνες ἐρχόμενοι 1 Even the dogs came The word "Even" here shows that what follows is worse than what has already been told about Lazarus. Alternate translation: "In addition to that, the dogs came" or "Worse yet, the dogs came" +LUK 16 21 xby9 κύνες 1 dogs The Jews considered dogs to be unclean animals. Lazarus was too sick and weak to stop the dogs from licking his wounds. +LUK 16 22 y7pb writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 16 22 hrm6 figs-activepassive ἀπενεχθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγγέλων 1 was carried away by the angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angels carried him away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 22 r2k1 figs-explicit εἰς Ἀβραάμ' Ἀβραάμ τὸν κόλπον 1 to Abraham's side This implies that Abraham and Lazarus were reclining next to each other at a feast, in the Greek style of feasting. The joy in heaven is often represented in the scriptures by the idea of a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 16 22 hn6v figs-activepassive ἐτάφη 1 was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people buried him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 23 qpd2 figs-explicit ἐν αὐτοῦ τοῖς κόλποις 1 at his side This implies that Abraham and Lazarus were reclining next to each other at a feast, in the Greek style of feasting. The joy in heaven is often represented in the scriptures by the idea of a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 16 23 vca4 ἐν τῷ ᾍδῃ, ὑπάρχων ἐν βασάνοις 1 in Hades, being in torment "he went to Hades, where, suffering in terrible pain" +LUK 16 23 tl8x figs-idiom ἐπάρας αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 he lifted up his eyes This idiom means "he looked up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LUK 16 24 dpp9 0 he cried out and said "the rich man called out to say" or "he shouted out to Abraham" -LUK 16 24 m95a 0 Father Abraham Abraham was the ancestor of all the Jews, including the rich man. -LUK 16 24 b2rc 0 have mercy on me "please have pity on me" or "please be merciful to me" -LUK 16 24 ly9k 0 and send Lazarus "by sending Lazarus" or "and tell Lazarus to come to me" -LUK 16 24 rc6p 0 he may dip the tip of his finger This indicates the smallness of the amount requested. Alternate translation: "he may wet the tip of his finger" -LUK 16 24 qix8 0 I am in anguish in this flame "I am in terrible pain in this flame" or "I am suffering terribly in this fire" -LUK 16 25 v4lu 0 Child The rich man was one of Abraham's descendants. -LUK 16 25 we9w 0 good things "fine things" or "pleasant things" -LUK 16 25 hwc8 0 in like manner evil things "in like manner received evil things" or "in like manner received things that caused him to suffer" -LUK 16 25 rv17 0 in like manner This refers the fact that they both received something while they lived on earth. It is not saying that what they received was the same. Alternate translation: "while he was living received" -LUK 16 25 g4js 0 he is comforted here "he is comfortable here" or "he is happy here" -LUK 16 25 cn8i 0 in agony "suffering" -LUK 16 26 af4h 0 Besides all this "In addition to this reason" -LUK 16 26 tu5w figs-activepassive 0 a great chasm has been put in place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has placed a huge ravine between you and us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 26 g1qn 0 a great chasm "a steep, deep and wide valley" or "a big separation" or "a huge ravine" +LUK 16 24 m95a Πάτερ Ἀβραάμ 1 Father Abraham Abraham was the ancestor of all the Jews, including the rich man. +LUK 16 24 b2rc ἐλέησόν με 1 have mercy on me "please have pity on me" or "please be merciful to me" +LUK 16 24 ly9k καὶ πέμψον Λάζαρον 1 and send Lazarus "by sending Lazarus" or "and tell Lazarus to come to me" +LUK 16 24 rc6p βάψῃ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ δακτύλου αὐτοῦ τοῦ δακτύλου 1 he may dip the tip of his finger This indicates the smallness of the amount requested. Alternate translation: "he may wet the tip of his finger" +LUK 16 24 qix8 ὀδυνῶμαι ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ φλογὶ 1 I am in anguish in this flame "I am in terrible pain in this flame" or "I am suffering terribly in this fire" +LUK 16 25 v4lu τέκνον 1 Child The rich man was one of Abraham's descendants. +LUK 16 25 we9w τὰ ἀγαθά 1 good things "fine things" or "pleasant things" +LUK 16 25 hwc8 ὁμοίως τὰ κακά 1 in like manner evil things "in like manner received evil things" or "in like manner received things that caused him to suffer" +LUK 16 25 rv17 ὁμοίως 1 in like manner This refers the fact that they both received something while they lived on earth. It is not saying that what they received was the same. Alternate translation: "while he was living received" +LUK 16 25 g4js παρακαλεῖται ὧδε 1 he is comforted here "he is comfortable here" or "he is happy here" +LUK 16 25 cn8i ὀδυνᾶσαι 1 in agony "suffering" +LUK 16 26 af4h ἐν πᾶσι τούτοις 1 Besides all this "In addition to this reason" +LUK 16 26 tu5w figs-activepassive χάσμα μέγα χάσμα ἐστήρικται 1 a great chasm has been put in place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has placed a huge ravine between you and us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 26 g1qn χάσμα μέγα χάσμα 1 a great chasm "a steep, deep and wide valley" or "a big separation" or "a huge ravine" LUK 16 26 sg6d 0 those who want to cross over ... cannot "those people who want to cross over the chasm ... cannot" or "if anyone wants to cross over ... he cannot" -LUK 16 28 x8xk 0 in order that he may warn them "so that Lazarus may warn them" -LUK 16 28 y1xn 0 this place of torment "this place where we suffer torment" or "this place where we suffer terrible pain" +LUK 16 28 x8xk ὅπως διαμαρτύρηται αὐτοῖς 1 in order that he may warn them "so that Lazarus may warn them" +LUK 16 28 y1xn τοῦτον τὸν τόπον βασάνου 1 this place of torment "this place where we suffer torment" or "this place where we suffer terrible pain" LUK 16 29 n73e 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling the story about the rich man and Lazarus. -LUK 16 29 v8eh figs-explicit 0 They have Moses and the prophets It is implied that Abraham refused to send Lazarus to the rich man's brothers. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "No, I will not do that, because your brothers have what Moses and the prophets wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 16 29 x8pt figs-metonymy 0 Moses and the prophets This refers to their writings. Alternate translation: "what Moses and the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 16 29 l3in 0 let them listen to them "your brothers should pay attention to Moses and the prophets" -LUK 16 30 d84a figs-hypo 0 if someone would go to them from the dead This describes a situation that has not happened, but that the rich man would like to happen. Alternate translation: "if a person who has died would go to them" or "if someone who has died would go and warn them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 16 30 r3ez 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. -LUK 16 31 xkr7 figs-metonymy 0 If they do not listen to Moses and the prophets Here "Moses and the prophets" represent the things that they wrote. Alternate translation: "If they do not pay attention to what Moses and the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 16 31 n9s4 figs-hypo 0 neither will they be persuaded if someone rises from the dead Abraham states what would happen if the hypothetical situation occurred. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "neither will a person who comes back from the dead be able to convince them" or "they will not believe even if a person comes back from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 16 31 gf1b 0 rises from the dead The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them is to become alive again. +LUK 16 29 v8eh figs-explicit ἔχουσι Μωϋσέα καὶ τοὺς προφήτας 1 They have Moses and the prophets It is implied that Abraham refused to send Lazarus to the rich man's brothers. This could be stated. Alternate translation: "No, I will not do that, because your brothers have what Moses and the prophets wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 16 29 x8pt figs-metonymy Μωϋσέα καὶ τοὺς προφήτας 1 Moses and the prophets This refers to their writings. Alternate translation: "what Moses and the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 16 29 l3in ἀκουσάτωσαν αὐτῶν 1 let them listen to them "your brothers should pay attention to Moses and the prophets" +LUK 16 30 d84a figs-hypo ἐάν τις πορευθῇ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ νεκρῶν 1 if someone would go to them from the dead This describes a situation that has not happened, but that the rich man would like to happen. Alternate translation: "if a person who has died would go to them" or "if someone who has died would go and warn them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 16 30 r3ez ἀπὸ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. +LUK 16 31 xkr7 figs-metonymy εἰ ἀκούουσιν οὐκ ἀκούουσιν Μωϋσέως καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 If they do not listen to Moses and the prophets Here "Moses and the prophets" represent the things that they wrote. Alternate translation: "If they do not pay attention to what Moses and the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 16 31 n9s4 figs-hypo οὐδ’ πεισθήσονται ἐάν τις ἀναστῇ ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 neither will they be persuaded if someone rises from the dead Abraham states what would happen if the hypothetical situation occurred. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "neither will a person who comes back from the dead be able to convince them" or "they will not believe even if a person comes back from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 16 31 gf1b ἀναστῇ ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 rises from the dead The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. To rise from among them is to become alive again. LUK 17 intro c4am 0 # Luke 17 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Old Testament Examples

Jesus used the lives of Noah and of Lot to teach his followers. Noah was ready for the flood when it came, and they needed to be ready for him to return, because he would not warn them when he came. Lot's wife loved the evil city she had been living in so much that God also punished her when he destroyed it, and they needed to love Jesus more than anything else,

Those who read your translation may need help so they can understand what Jesus was teaching here.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Hypothetical situations

Hypothetical situations are situations that have not actually happened. Jesus used a special type of hypothetical situation to teach that what will happen to those who cause others to sin will be worse than being drowned ([Luke 19:1-2](./01.md)) and another to scold the disciples because they had little faith ([Luke 19:6](../../luk/19/06.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])

##### Rhetorical Questions

Jesus asked his disciples three questions ([Luke 17:7-9](./07.md)) to teach them that even those who serve him well are righteous only because of his grace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 17:22](../../luk/17/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life will save it" ([Luke 17:33](../../luk/17/33.md)).
LUK 17 1 ls87 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching, but he directs his attention back to his disciples. This is still the same part of the story and the same day that began in [Luke 15:3](../15/03.md). LUK 17 1 ej1e 0 It is certain there will be things that can cause us to sin "Things that tempt people to sin will certainly happen" LUK 17 1 zck5 0 to that person through whom they come "to anyone who causes the temptations to come" or "to any person who causes people to be tempted" -LUK 17 2 dvz5 figs-explicit 0 It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea than that he should cause one of these little ones to stumble. You may need to make explicit that it is the punishment for causing people to sin that Jesus is comparing to being thrown into the sea. Alternate translation: "I will not punish him a little by putting a millstone around his neck and throwing him into the sea. Instead, I will punish him much. This is because he has caused one of these little ones to stumble." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 2 bf3k figs-hypo 0 It would be better for him if This introduces a hypothetical situation. It means that this person's punishment for causing people to sin will be worse than if they had drowned in the sea. No one has put a stone around his neck, and Jesus is not saying that anyone will do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 17 2 uk6e figs-activepassive 0 a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him" or "if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and push him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 2 dvz5 figs-explicit λυσιτελεῖ αὐτῷ εἰ λίθος μυλικὸς περίκειται περὶ αὐτοῦ τὸν τράχηλον καὶ ἔρριπται εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἢ ἵνα σκανδαλίσῃ ἕνα τούτων τῶν μικρῶν σκανδαλίσῃ. 1 It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea than that he should cause one of these little ones to stumble. You may need to make explicit that it is the punishment for causing people to sin that Jesus is comparing to being thrown into the sea. Alternate translation: "I will not punish him a little by putting a millstone around his neck and throwing him into the sea. Instead, I will punish him much. This is because he has caused one of these little ones to stumble." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 2 bf3k figs-hypo λυσιτελεῖ αὐτῷ εἰ 1 It would be better for him if This introduces a hypothetical situation. It means that this person's punishment for causing people to sin will be worse than if they had drowned in the sea. No one has put a stone around his neck, and Jesus is not saying that anyone will do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 17 2 uk6e figs-activepassive λίθος μυλικὸς περίκειται περὶ αὐτοῦ τὸν τράχηλον καὶ ἔρριπται 1 a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him" or "if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and push him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 17 2 uj1r figs-gendernotations 0 for him ... his neck ... he were ... he should These words can refer to anyone, to women as well as to men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 17 2 gr89 0 a millstone This is a very large, heavy circular stone used for grinding wheat grain into flour. Alternate translation: "a heavy stone" -LUK 17 2 xm7x 0 these little ones This here refers to people whose faith is still weak. Alternate translation: "these people whose faith is small" -LUK 17 2 k9xl 0 to stumble This was a way of referring to unintentional sin. Alternate translation: "to sin" -LUK 17 3 hyn8 0 If your brother sins This is a conditional statement that talks about an event that will probably happen in the future. -LUK 17 3 kkp3 0 your brother "brother" is here used in the sense of someone with the same belief. Alternate translation: "a fellow believer" -LUK 17 3 p35i 0 rebuke him "tell him strongly that what he did was wrong" or "correct him" -LUK 17 4 x8a3 figs-hypo 0 If he sins against you seven times This is a hypothetical future situation. It may never happen, but even if it does, Jesus tells people to forgive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -LUK 17 4 k5va figs-explicit 0 seven times in the day, and seven times The number seven in the Bible is a symbol for completeness. Alternate translation: "many times in a day, and each time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 2 gr89 λίθος μυλικὸς 1 a millstone This is a very large, heavy circular stone used for grinding wheat grain into flour. Alternate translation: "a heavy stone" +LUK 17 2 xm7x τούτων τῶν μικρῶν 1 these little ones This here refers to people whose faith is still weak. Alternate translation: "these people whose faith is small" +LUK 17 2 k9xl σκανδαλίσῃ 1 to stumble This was a way of referring to unintentional sin. Alternate translation: "to sin" +LUK 17 3 hyn8 ἐὰν σου ὁ ἀδελφός ἁμάρτῃ 1 If your brother sins This is a conditional statement that talks about an event that will probably happen in the future. +LUK 17 3 kkp3 σου ὁ ἀδελφός 1 your brother "brother" is here used in the sense of someone with the same belief. Alternate translation: "a fellow believer" +LUK 17 3 p35i ἐπιτίμησον αὐτῷ 1 rebuke him "tell him strongly that what he did was wrong" or "correct him" +LUK 17 4 x8a3 figs-hypo ἐὰν ἁμαρτήσῃ εἰς σὲ ἑπτάκις 1 If he sins against you seven times This is a hypothetical future situation. It may never happen, but even if it does, Jesus tells people to forgive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 17 4 k5va figs-explicit ἑπτάκις τῆς ἡμέρας, καὶ ἑπτάκις 1 seven times in the day, and seven times The number seven in the Bible is a symbol for completeness. Alternate translation: "many times in a day, and each time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 17 5 s4dy 0 General Information: There is a brief break in Jesus' teachings as the disciples speak to him. Then Jesus continues teaching. -LUK 17 5 pji3 0 Increase our faith "Please give us more faith" or "Please add more faith to our faith" -LUK 17 6 ep7z figs-simile 0 If you had faith like a mustard seed, you A mustard seed is a very small seed. Jesus implies that they do not have even a small amount of faith. Alternate translation: "If you had faith that was even as small as a mustard seed, you" or "Your faith is not as big as a mustard seed—but if it were, you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 6 i31l translate-unknown 0 mulberry tree If this type of tree is not familiar, it may be helpful to substitute another type of tree. Alternate translation: "fig tree" or "tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 17 6 ky7z figs-activepassive 0 Be uprooted, and be planted in the sea These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Uproot yourself and plant yourself in the sea" or "Take your roots out of the ground, and put your roots down into the ocean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 17 6 g53n 0 it would obey you "the tree would obey you." This result is conditional. It would happen only if they had faith. +LUK 17 5 pji3 πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν 1 Increase our faith "Please give us more faith" or "Please add more faith to our faith" +LUK 17 6 ep7z figs-simile εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως κόκκον, ἐλέγετε ἂν 1 If you had faith like a mustard seed, you A mustard seed is a very small seed. Jesus implies that they do not have even a small amount of faith. Alternate translation: "If you had faith that was even as small as a mustard seed, you" or "Your faith is not as big as a mustard seed—but if it were, you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 6 i31l translate-unknown συκαμίνῳ 1 mulberry tree If this type of tree is not familiar, it may be helpful to substitute another type of tree. Alternate translation: "fig tree" or "tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 17 6 ky7z figs-activepassive ἐκριζώθητι, καὶ φυτεύθητι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 1 Be uprooted, and be planted in the sea These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Uproot yourself and plant yourself in the sea" or "Take your roots out of the ground, and put your roots down into the ocean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 6 g53n ὑπήκουσεν ἂν ὑμῖν 1 it would obey you "the tree would obey you." This result is conditional. It would happen only if they had faith. LUK 17 7 dk3q figs-rquestion 0 But which of you, who ... sheep, will say ... sit down to eat'? Jesus asks his disciples a question to help them think about the role of a servant. This could be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "But none of you who ... sheep would say ... sit down to eat.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 17 7 va34 0 a servant plowing or keeping sheep "a servant that plows your field or takes care of your sheep" +LUK 17 7 va34 δοῦλον ἀροτριῶντα ἢ ποιμαίνοντα 1 a servant plowing or keeping sheep "a servant that plows your field or takes care of your sheep" LUK 17 8 iw9j figs-rquestion 0 Will he not say to him ... eat and drink'? Jesus uses a second question explain how the disciples would actually treat a servant. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "He will certainly say to him ... eat and drink'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 17 8 kr7u figs-explicit 0 put a belt around your clothes and serve me "tie your clothes at your waist and serve me" or "dress up properly and take care of me." People would tie their clothes closely around their waist so that their clothes would not get in their way while they worked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 8 ds77 0 Then afterward "Then after you serve me" +LUK 17 8 ds77 καὶ μετὰ 1 Then afterward "Then after you serve me" LUK 17 9 sby7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching. This is the end of this part of the story. LUK 17 9 jn5s figs-rquestion 0 He does not thank the servant ... commanded, does he? Jesus uses this question to show how people treat servants. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "He would not thank the servant ... commanded." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 17 9 a1fm figs-activepassive 0 the things that were commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things you commanded him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 9 a1fm figs-activepassive τὰ διαταχθέντα 1 the things that were commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things you commanded him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 17 9 qs51 0 does he? "right?" or "is this not true?" -LUK 17 10 kze9 figs-you 0 you also Jesus was speaking to his disciples, so languages that have a plural form of "you" would use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 17 10 ub27 figs-activepassive 0 that you are commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has commanded you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 17 10 dga7 figs-hyperbole 0 We are unworthy servants This is an exaggeration to express that they did not do anything worthy of praise. Alternate translation: "We are ordinary slaves" or "We servants do not deserve your praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 17 10 kze9 figs-you ὑμεῖς καὶ 1 you also Jesus was speaking to his disciples, so languages that have a plural form of "you" would use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 17 10 ub27 figs-activepassive τὰ διαταχθέντα ὑμῖν τὰ διαταχθέντα 1 that you are commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has commanded you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 10 dga7 figs-hyperbole ἐσμεν ἀχρεῖοί δοῦλοι 1 We are unworthy servants This is an exaggeration to express that they did not do anything worthy of praise. Alternate translation: "We are ordinary slaves" or "We servants do not deserve your praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) LUK 17 11 zv5b writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus heals 10 men of leprosy. Verses 11 and 12 give background information and the setting of the event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 17 11 g442 writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 17 11 f5rk 0 as he traveled to Jerusalem "as Jesus and the disciples were traveling to Jerusalem" -LUK 17 12 h924 0 a certain village This phrase does not identify the village. +LUK 17 11 g442 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 17 11 f5rk ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 as he traveled to Jerusalem "as Jesus and the disciples were traveling to Jerusalem" +LUK 17 12 h924 κώμην τινα κώμην 1 a certain village This phrase does not identify the village. LUK 17 12 d9mg figs-activepassive 0 there he was met by ten men who were lepers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "ten men who were lepers met him" or "ten men who had leprosy met him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 17 12 i1sc figs-explicit 0 They stood far away from him This was a respectful gesture, because lepers were not allowed to approach other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 13 l1j4 figs-idiom 0 they lifted up their voices The idiom "to lift up one's voice" means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: "they called with loud voices" or "they called aloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 17 13 fsn5 figs-explicit 0 have mercy on us They were specifically asking to be healed. Alternate translation: "please show us mercy by healing us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 14 mrx8 figs-explicit 0 show yourselves to the priests Lepers were required to have the priests verify that their leprosy was healed. Alternate translation: "show yourselves to the priests so they can examine you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 14 jpk2 figs-explicit 0 they were cleansed When people were healed, they were no longer ceremonially unclean. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "they were healed of their leprosy and so became clean" or "they were cured of their leprosy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 15 tdt1 0 saw that he was healed "realized that he was healed" or "realized that Jesus had healed him" -LUK 17 15 x5ja 0 he turned back "he went back to Jesus" -LUK 17 15 pe1z 0 with a loud voice glorifying God "and glorified God loudly" -LUK 17 16 ca9n translate-symaction 0 He fell down at Jesus' feet "he knelt down and put his face close to Jesus' feet." He did this to honor Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 17 13 l1j4 figs-idiom αὐτοὶ ἦραν φωνὴν 1 they lifted up their voices The idiom "to lift up one's voice" means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: "they called with loud voices" or "they called aloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 17 13 fsn5 figs-explicit ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς 1 have mercy on us They were specifically asking to be healed. Alternate translation: "please show us mercy by healing us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 14 mrx8 figs-explicit ἐπιδείξατε ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν 1 show yourselves to the priests Lepers were required to have the priests verify that their leprosy was healed. Alternate translation: "show yourselves to the priests so they can examine you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 14 jpk2 figs-explicit τῷ ὑπάγειν αὐτοὺς ἐκαθαρίσθησαν 1 they were cleansed When people were healed, they were no longer ceremonially unclean. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "they were healed of their leprosy and so became clean" or "they were cured of their leprosy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 15 tdt1 ἰδὼν ὅτι ἰάθη 1 saw that he was healed "realized that he was healed" or "realized that Jesus had healed him" +LUK 17 15 x5ja ἰάθη ὑπέστρεψεν 1 he turned back "he went back to Jesus" +LUK 17 15 pe1z μετὰ φωνῆς μεγάλης φωνῆς δοξάζων τὸν Θεόν 1 with a loud voice glorifying God "and glorified God loudly" +LUK 17 16 ca9n translate-symaction ἔπεσεν παρὰ αὐτοῦ' τοὺς πόδας 1 He fell down at Jesus' feet "he knelt down and put his face close to Jesus' feet." He did this to honor Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LUK 17 17 i6cu 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Jesus healing the 10 lepers. -LUK 17 17 hfa2 figs-explicit 0 Then Jesus said Jesus responded to what the man did, but he was speaking to the group of people around him. Alternate translation: "So Jesus said to the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 17 cvb2 figs-rquestion 0 Were not the ten cleansed? This is the first of three rhetorical questions. Jesus used them to show the people around him how surprised and disappointed he was that only one of the ten men came back to glorify God. Alternate translation: "Ten men were healed." or "God healed ten men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 17 17 hfa2 figs-explicit δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν 1 Then Jesus said Jesus responded to what the man did, but he was speaking to the group of people around him. Alternate translation: "So Jesus said to the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 17 cvb2 figs-rquestion ἐκαθαρίσθησαν οὐχὶ οἱ δέκα ἐκαθαρίσθησαν? 1 Were not the ten cleansed? This is the first of three rhetorical questions. Jesus used them to show the people around him how surprised and disappointed he was that only one of the ten men came back to glorify God. Alternate translation: "Ten men were healed." or "God healed ten men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 17 17 w8y3 figs-rquestion 0 Where are the nine? "Why did not the other nine come back?" This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "The other nine men should have come back, too." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 17 18 rxh9 figs-rquestion 0 Were there no others who returned to give glory to God, except this foreigner? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "No one but this foreigner came back to give glory to God!" or "God healed ten men, yet only this foreigner came back to give glory to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 17 18 x64q 0 this foreigner Samaritans had non-Jewish ancestors and they did not worship God in the same way that the Jews did. -LUK 17 19 n2ce figs-abstractnouns 0 Your faith has made you well "Because of your faith you have become well." The idea of "faith" can be expressed with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "Because you believe, you are well again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 17 18 rxh9 figs-rquestion εὑρέθησαν οὐχ ὑποστρέψαντες δοῦναι δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ, εἰ μὴ οὗτος ὁ ἀλλογενὴς 1 Were there no others who returned to give glory to God, except this foreigner? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "No one but this foreigner came back to give glory to God!" or "God healed ten men, yet only this foreigner came back to give glory to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 17 18 x64q οὗτος ὁ ἀλλογενὴς 1 this foreigner Samaritans had non-Jewish ancestors and they did not worship God in the same way that the Jews did. +LUK 17 19 n2ce figs-abstractnouns σου ἡ πίστις σέσωκέν σε σέσωκέν 1 Your faith has made you well "Because of your faith you have become well." The idea of "faith" can be expressed with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "Because you believe, you are well again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 17 20 v1jb 0 General Information: We do not know where this event takes place; it simply happens one day when Jesus is talking with the Pharisees. -LUK 17 20 lvu1 writing-newevent 0 Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, This is the beginning of a new event. Some translations start it with "One day" or "Once." It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "One day the Pharisees asked Jesus, 'When will the kingdom of God come?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 17 20 yc3i figs-explicit 0 The kingdom of God does not come with careful observing People thought that they would be able to see signs of the kingdom coming. The idea of signs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God does not come with signs that people can observe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 20 lvu1 writing-newevent ἐπερωτηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν Φαρισαίων πότε ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔρχεται, 1 Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, This is the beginning of a new event. Some translations start it with "One day" or "Once." It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "One day the Pharisees asked Jesus, 'When will the kingdom of God come?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 17 20 yc3i figs-explicit ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔρχεται οὐκ ἔρχεται μετὰ παρατηρήσεως 1 The kingdom of God does not come with careful observing People thought that they would be able to see signs of the kingdom coming. The idea of signs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "The kingdom of God does not come with signs that people can observe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 17 21 xpi7 figs-abstractnouns 0 the kingdom of God is within you The idea of the noun "kingdom" can be expressed with the verb "rules." Alternate translation: "God rules within you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 17 21 xj7z 0 the kingdom of God is within you Jesus was speaking to the religious leaders who were hostile to him. Possible meanings are 1) the word "you" refers to people in general. Alternate translation: "the kingdom of God is within people" or 2) the word translated "within" means "among." Alternate translation: "the kingdom of God is among you" LUK 17 22 e8uu 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to teach his disciples. -LUK 17 22 x3y2 figs-metaphor 0 The days are coming when The idea of days days coming represents something being soon. Alternate translation: "A time is coming when" or "Soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 17 22 v2i3 0 you will desire to see "you will want very much to see" or "you will wish to experience" -LUK 17 22 ly8x figs-explicit 0 one of the days of the Son of Man This refers to the kingdom of God. Alternate translation: "one of the days when the Son of Man will rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 22 z11c figs-123person 0 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 17 22 x3y2 figs-metaphor ἡμέραι ἐλεύσονται ὅτε 1 The days are coming when The idea of days days coming represents something being soon. Alternate translation: "A time is coming when" or "Soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 17 22 v2i3 ἐπιθυμήσετε ἰδεῖν 1 you will desire to see "you will want very much to see" or "you will wish to experience" +LUK 17 22 ly8x figs-explicit μίαν τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 one of the days of the Son of Man This refers to the kingdom of God. Alternate translation: "one of the days when the Son of Man will rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 22 z11c figs-123person τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 17 22 x7sq 0 but you will not see it "you will not experience it" -LUK 17 23 dp8g figs-explicit 0 Look, there! Look, here! This refers to seeking the Messiah. Alternate translation: "Look, the Messiah is over there! He is over here!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 23 kjy2 figs-explicit 0 do not go out or run after them The purpose of going out can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "do not go with them to look" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 24 i5rz figs-simile 0 for as the lightning shines brightly The coming of the Son of Man will be clear and sudden, like the appearance of lightning. Alternate translation: "for as the lightning is visible to everyone when it appears and" or "for as the lightning appears suddenly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 17 23 dp8g figs-explicit ,' ἰδοὺ, ἐκεῖ! ἰδοὺ, ὧδε!' 1 Look, there! Look, here! This refers to seeking the Messiah. Alternate translation: "Look, the Messiah is over there! He is over here!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 23 kjy2 figs-explicit ἀπέλθητε μὴ ἀπέλθητε μηδὲ διώξητε 1 do not go out or run after them The purpose of going out can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "do not go with them to look" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 24 i5rz figs-simile γὰρ ὥσπερ ἡ ἀστραπὴ ἀστράπτουσα 1 for as the lightning shines brightly The coming of the Son of Man will be clear and sudden, like the appearance of lightning. Alternate translation: "for as the lightning is visible to everyone when it appears and" or "for as the lightning appears suddenly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LUK 17 24 h9tv figs-explicit 0 so will the Son of Man be in his day This refers to the future kingdom of God. Alternate translation: "it will be like that on the day when the Son of Man comes to reign" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 25 csa3 figs-123person 0 But first he must suffer "But first the Son of Man must suffer." Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 17 25 dp8a figs-activepassive 0 be rejected by this generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people of this generation must reject him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 25 csa3 figs-123person δὲ πρῶτον αὐτὸν δεῖ παθεῖν 1 But first he must suffer "But first the Son of Man must suffer." Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 17 25 dp8a figs-activepassive ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς γενεᾶς 1 be rejected by this generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people of this generation must reject him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 17 26 d2ne 0 As it happened ... even so will it also happen "As people were doing things ... even so people will be doing the same things" -LUK 17 26 v1sr 0 in the days of Noah The "days of Noah" refers to the time during Noah's life just before God punished the people of the world. Alternate translation: "when Noah was living" -LUK 17 26 ktl1 0 in the days of the Son of Man The "days of the Son of Man" refers to the period just before the Son of Man will come. Alternate translation: "when the Son of Man is about to come" +LUK 17 26 v1sr ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Νῶε 1 in the days of Noah The "days of Noah" refers to the time during Noah's life just before God punished the people of the world. Alternate translation: "when Noah was living" +LUK 17 26 ktl1 ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 in the days of the Son of Man The "days of the Son of Man" refers to the period just before the Son of Man will come. Alternate translation: "when the Son of Man is about to come" LUK 17 27 eu24 0 They ate, they drank, they married, and they were given in marriage People were doing ordinary things. They did not know or care that God was about to judge them. -LUK 17 27 uh5k figs-activepassive 0 they were given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "parents were allowing their daughters to marry men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 17 27 hb8s 0 the ark "the ship" or "the barge" -LUK 17 27 qt8b 0 destroyed them all This does not include Noah and his family who were in the ark. Alternate translation: "destroyed all those who were not in the boat" +LUK 17 27 uh5k figs-activepassive ἐγαμίζοντο 1 they were given in marriage This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "parents were allowing their daughters to marry men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 27 hb8s τὴν κιβωτόν 1 the ark "the ship" or "the barge" +LUK 17 27 qt8b ἀπώλεσεν πάντας 1 destroyed them all This does not include Noah and his family who were in the ark. Alternate translation: "destroyed all those who were not in the boat" LUK 17 28 u93v 0 they were eating and drinking "the people of Sodom were eating and drinking" -LUK 17 29 gp77 0 it rained fire and sulfur from heaven "fire and burning sulfur fell from the sky like rain" -LUK 17 29 skp4 0 destroyed them all This does not include Lot and his family. Alternate translation: "destroyed all those who stayed in the city" +LUK 17 29 gp77 ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ 1 it rained fire and sulfur from heaven "fire and burning sulfur fell from the sky like rain" +LUK 17 29 skp4 ἀπώλεσεν πάντας 1 destroyed them all This does not include Lot and his family. Alternate translation: "destroyed all those who stayed in the city" LUK 17 30 w3uh figs-explicit 0 After the same manner it will be "It will be like that." Alternate translation: "In the same way people will not be ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 17 30 v9ki figs-activepassive 0 in the day that the Son of Man is revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when the Son of Man appears" or "when the Son of man comes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 17 30 pfe1 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man is revealed Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, am revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 17 31 i9eq 0 do not let him who is on the housetop go down "whoever is on the housetop must not go down" or "if anyone is on his housetop, he must not go down" -LUK 17 31 ep81 0 on the housetop Their housetops were flat and people could walk or sit on them. -LUK 17 31 jj9c 0 his goods "his possessions" or "his things" -LUK 17 31 suh5 figs-explicit 0 return They were not to go back to the house to get anything. They were to flee quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 32 fz8m figs-ellipsis 0 Remember Lot's wife "Remember what happened to Lot's wife" This is a warning. She looked back toward Sodom and God punished her along with the people of Sodom. Alternate translation: "Do not do what Lot's wife did"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 17 33 d9fl 0 Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it "People who try save their lives will lose them" or "Whoever tries to save his old way of life will lose his life" +LUK 17 30 pfe1 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἀποκαλύπτεται 1 the Son of Man is revealed Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, am revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 17 31 i9eq καταβάτω μὴ καταβάτω ὃς ἔσται ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος καταβάτω 1 do not let him who is on the housetop go down "whoever is on the housetop must not go down" or "if anyone is on his housetop, he must not go down" +LUK 17 31 ep81 ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος 1 on the housetop Their housetops were flat and people could walk or sit on them. +LUK 17 31 jj9c αὐτοῦ τὰ σκεύη 1 his goods "his possessions" or "his things" +LUK 17 31 suh5 figs-explicit ἐπιστρεψάτω 1 return They were not to go back to the house to get anything. They were to flee quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 32 fz8m figs-ellipsis μνημονεύετε Λώτ' Λώτ τῆς γυναικὸς 1 Remember Lot's wife "Remember what happened to Lot's wife" This is a warning. She looked back toward Sodom and God punished her along with the people of Sodom. Alternate translation: "Do not do what Lot's wife did"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 17 33 d9fl ὃς ζητήσῃ περιποιήσασθαι αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπολέσει αὐτήν 1 Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it "People who try save their lives will lose them" or "Whoever tries to save his old way of life will lose his life" LUK 17 33 kvw6 0 but whoever loses his life will save it "but people who lose their lives will save them" or "but whoever abandons his old way of life will save his life" -LUK 17 34 p84l 0 I tell you As Jesus continues to address his disciples, he emphasizes the importance of what he is telling them. -LUK 17 34 j3b6 0 in that night This refers to what will happen if he, the Son of Man, comes during the night. -LUK 17 34 c8ba 0 there will be two people in one bed The emphasis is not on these two people, but on the fact that some people will be taken away and the others will be left. -LUK 17 34 at99 0 bed "couch" or "cot" -LUK 17 34 e9hj figs-activepassive 0 One will be taken, and the other will be left "One person will be taken and the other person will be left behind." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take one person and leave the other" or "Angels will take one and leave behind the other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 17 35 il9v 0 There will be two women grinding together The emphasis is not on these two women or their activity, but on the fact that some people will be taken away and the others will be left. -LUK 17 35 t4zn 0 grinding together "grinding grain together" +LUK 17 34 p84l λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I tell you As Jesus continues to address his disciples, he emphasizes the importance of what he is telling them. +LUK 17 34 j3b6 ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτὶ 1 in that night This refers to what will happen if he, the Son of Man, comes during the night. +LUK 17 34 c8ba ἔσονται δύο ἐπὶ μιᾶς κλίνης 1 there will be two people in one bed The emphasis is not on these two people, but on the fact that some people will be taken away and the others will be left. +LUK 17 34 at99 κλίνης 1 bed "couch" or "cot" +LUK 17 34 e9hj figs-activepassive ὁ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται, καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἀφεθήσεται 1 One will be taken, and the other will be left "One person will be taken and the other person will be left behind." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will take one person and leave the other" or "Angels will take one and leave behind the other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 17 35 il9v ἔσονται δύο ἀλήθουσαι 1 There will be two women grinding together The emphasis is not on these two women or their activity, but on the fact that some people will be taken away and the others will be left. +LUK 17 35 t4zn ἀλήθουσαι 1 grinding together "grinding grain together" LUK 17 37 c54n 0 General Information: The disciples ask Jesus a question about his teaching and he answers them. -LUK 17 37 wmg6 0 Where, Lord? "Lord, where will this happen?" +LUK 17 37 wmg6 ," ποῦ, Κύριε?" 1 Where, Lord? "Lord, where will this happen?" LUK 17 37 fen1 writing-proverbs 0 Where there is a body, there will the vultures also be gathered together Apparently this is a proverb that means "It will be obvious" or "You will know it when it happens." Alternate translation: "As vultures gathering shows that there is a dead body, so these things show that the Son of Man is coming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -LUK 17 37 m6ca translate-unknown 0 vultures Vultures are large birds that fly together and eat the flesh of dead animals that they find. You could describe these birds this way or use the word for local birds that do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 17 37 m6ca translate-unknown ἀετοὶ 1 vultures Vultures are large birds that fly together and eat the flesh of dead animals that they find. You could describe these birds this way or use the word for local birds that do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LUK 18 intro v92v 0 # Luke 18 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Jesus told two parables ([Luke 18:1-8](./01.md) and [Luke 18:9-14](./09.md)) and then taught that his followers were to be humble ([Luke 18:15-17](./15.md)), to use everything they owned to help the poor ([Luke 18:18-30](./18.md)), and to expect him to die soon ([Luke 18:31-34](./31.md)), Then they all began to walk to Jerusalem, and Jesus healed a blind man ([Luke 18:35-43](./35.md)).

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Judges

People expected judges always to do what God said was right and to make sure that other people did what was right. But some judges did not care about doing right or making sure others did right. Jesus called this kind of judge unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

##### Pharisees and tax collectors

The Pharisees thought that they themselves were the best examples of righteous good people, and they thought that tax collectors were the most unrighteous sinners. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 18:8](../../luk/18/08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 18 1 r26t figs-parables 0 Jesus begins to tell a parable as he continues to teach his disciples. This is the same part of the story that began in [Luke 17:20](../17/20.md). Verse 1 gives us a description of the parable Jesus is about to tell. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 18 1 w7ar 0 Then he "Then Jesus" -LUK 18 2 l2qr 0 saying A new sentence could begin here: "He said" -LUK 18 2 ph5w writing-intro 0 a certain city Here "certain city" is a way to let the listener know that the narrative that follows takes place in a city, but the name of the city itself is not important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) -LUK 18 2 d77j 0 did not respect people "did not care about other people" -LUK 18 3 ie2v writing-participants 0 Now there was a widow Jesus uses this phrase to introduce a new character to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 18 3 jhk6 0 widow A widow is a woman whose husband has died and who has not remarried. Jesus' hearers would have thought of her as a person who had no one to protect her from those who wanted to harm her. -LUK 18 3 xfg3 0 she came often to him The word "him" refers to the judge. -LUK 18 3 kj2l 0 Help me get justice against "Give me a just ruling against" -LUK 18 3 xc7k 0 my opponent "my enemy" or "the person who is trying to harm me." This is an opponent in a lawsuit. It is not clear whether the widow is suing the man or the man is suing the widow. -LUK 18 4 bh3q figs-gendernotations 0 man This refers here to "people" in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -LUK 18 5 v9uu 0 causes me trouble "bothers me" -LUK 18 5 cf4e 0 wear me out "exhaust me" -LUK 18 5 ub29 0 by her constant coming "by continually coming to me" +LUK 18 1 w7ar δὲ ἔλεγεν 1 Then he "Then Jesus" +LUK 18 2 l2qr λέγων 1 saying A new sentence could begin here: "He said" +LUK 18 2 ph5w writing-intro πόλει τινι πόλει 1 a certain city Here "certain city" is a way to let the listener know that the narrative that follows takes place in a city, but the name of the city itself is not important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) +LUK 18 2 d77j ἐντρεπόμενος μὴ ἐντρεπόμενος ἄνθρωπον 1 did not respect people "did not care about other people" +LUK 18 3 ie2v writing-participants δὲ ἦν χήρα 1 Now there was a widow Jesus uses this phrase to introduce a new character to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 18 3 jhk6 χήρα 1 widow A widow is a woman whose husband has died and who has not remarried. Jesus' hearers would have thought of her as a person who had no one to protect her from those who wanted to harm her. +LUK 18 3 xfg3 ἤρχετο πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 she came often to him The word "him" refers to the judge. +LUK 18 3 kj2l ἐκδίκησόν με ἐκδίκησόν ἀπὸ 1 Help me get justice against "Give me a just ruling against" +LUK 18 3 xc7k μου τοῦ ἀντιδίκου 1 my opponent "my enemy" or "the person who is trying to harm me." This is an opponent in a lawsuit. It is not clear whether the widow is suing the man or the man is suing the widow. +LUK 18 4 bh3q figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 man This refers here to "people" in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +LUK 18 5 v9uu παρέχειν μοι κόπον 1 causes me trouble "bothers me" +LUK 18 5 cf4e ὑπωπιάζῃ με ὑπωπιάζῃ 1 wear me out "exhaust me" +LUK 18 5 ub29 εἰς τέλος ἐρχομένη 1 by her constant coming "by continually coming to me" LUK 18 6 ku2r 0 General Information: Jesus has finished telling his parable and is now commenting about it to his disciples. LUK 18 6 die9 0 Connecting Statement: These verses should be seen as an explanation of the parable in [Luke 18:1-5](../18/01.md). -LUK 18 6 t9mg 0 Listen to what the unjust judge says "Think about what the unjust judge just said." Translate this in a way that people will understand that Jesus has already told what the judge said. -LUK 18 7 qd49 0 Now This word indicates that Jesus has ended the parable and has started explaining its meaning. +LUK 18 6 t9mg ἀκούσατε τί ὁ τῆς ἀδικίας κριτὴς λέγει 1 Listen to what the unjust judge says "Think about what the unjust judge just said." Translate this in a way that people will understand that Jesus has already told what the judge said. +LUK 18 7 qd49 ὁ δὲ Θεὸς 1 Now This word indicates that Jesus has ended the parable and has started explaining its meaning. LUK 18 7 t1sk figs-rquestion 0 will not God also bring ... night? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "God will also certainly ... night!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 18 7 e2lv 0 his chosen ones "the people he has chosen" -LUK 18 7 ljb4 figs-rquestion 0 Will he delay long over them? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "He will certainly not delay long over them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 18 8 zi1f figs-rquestion 0 when the Son of Man comes, will he indeed find faith on the earth? Jesus asks this question so that his hearers will stop thinking that God is slow to help those who call to him for justice and will understand that the real problem is that they do not truly have faith in God. Alternate translation: "when the Son of Man comes, you need to be sure that he will find that you truly have faith in him." or "when the Son of Man comes, he will find few on earth who believe." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 18 8 inw3 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man comes, will he indeed find Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man come, will I indeed find" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 18 7 e2lv αὐτοῦ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν 1 his chosen ones "the people he has chosen" +LUK 18 7 ljb4 figs-rquestion μακροθυμεῖ ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς? 1 Will he delay long over them? Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "He will certainly not delay long over them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 18 8 zi1f figs-rquestion ἐλθὼν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐλθὼν, εὑρήσει ἆρα εὑρήσει τὴν πίστιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 when the Son of Man comes, will he indeed find faith on the earth? Jesus asks this question so that his hearers will stop thinking that God is slow to help those who call to him for justice and will understand that the real problem is that they do not truly have faith in God. Alternate translation: "when the Son of Man comes, you need to be sure that he will find that you truly have faith in him." or "when the Son of Man comes, he will find few on earth who believe." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 18 8 inw3 figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐλθὼν, εὑρήσει ἆρα εὑρήσει 1 the Son of Man comes, will he indeed find Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man come, will I indeed find" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 18 9 n2b5 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell another parable to some other people who were persuaded that they themselves were righteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 18 9 kd34 0 Then he "Then Jesus" -LUK 18 9 pmp1 0 to some "to some people" -LUK 18 9 b6zy 0 who were persuaded in themselves that they were righteous "who had convinced themselves that they were righteous" or "who thought they were righteous" -LUK 18 9 rs6q 0 despised strongly disliked or hated -LUK 18 10 qp39 0 into the temple "into the temple courtyard" +LUK 18 9 kd34 δὲ εἶπεν 1 Then he "Then Jesus" +LUK 18 9 pmp1 πρός τινας 1 to some "to some people" +LUK 18 9 b6zy τοὺς πεποιθότας ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῖς ὅτι εἰσὶν δίκαιοι 1 who were persuaded in themselves that they were righteous "who had convinced themselves that they were righteous" or "who thought they were righteous" +LUK 18 9 rs6q ἐξουθενοῦντας 1 despised strongly disliked or hated +LUK 18 10 qp39 εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 into the temple "into the temple courtyard" LUK 18 11 mi9g 0 The Pharisee stood and prayed these things about himself The meaning of the Greek text of this phrase is not clear. Possible meanings are 1) "The Pharisee stood and prayed about himself in this way" or 2) "The Pharisee stood by himself and prayed." -LUK 18 11 lud3 0 robbers Robbers are people who steal from other people by forcing the other people to give things to them, or by threatening to harm them if they refuse to give what the robbers ask for. -LUK 18 11 z78w figs-explicit 0 or even like this tax collector The Pharisees believed that tax collectors were as sinful as robbers, unrighteous people, and adulterers. This could be made explicit. Alternate translation: "and I am certainly not like this sinful tax collector who cheats people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 18 12 ru63 0 all that I get "everything I earn" +LUK 18 11 lud3 ἅρπαγες 1 robbers Robbers are people who steal from other people by forcing the other people to give things to them, or by threatening to harm them if they refuse to give what the robbers ask for. +LUK 18 11 z78w figs-explicit ἢ καὶ ὡς οὗτος ὁ τελώνης 1 or even like this tax collector The Pharisees believed that tax collectors were as sinful as robbers, unrighteous people, and adulterers. This could be made explicit. Alternate translation: "and I am certainly not like this sinful tax collector who cheats people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 18 12 ru63 πάντα ὅσα κτῶμαι 1 all that I get "everything I earn" LUK 18 13 c2wf 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus has finished telling his parable. In verse 14, he comments about what the parable teaches. -LUK 18 13 c37t 0 standing at a distance "stood away from the Pharisee." This was a sign of humility. He did not feel worthy to be near the Pharisee. -LUK 18 13 qtt7 figs-idiom 0 lift up his eyes to heaven To "lift up his eyes" means to look at something. Alternate translation: "look toward heaven" or "look upward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 18 13 c7x7 translate-symaction 0 hit his breast This is a physical expression of great sorrow, and shows this man's repentance and humility. Alternate translation: "hit his breast to show his sorrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 18 13 mx5p 0 God, have mercy on me, a sinner "God, please be merciful to me. I am a sinner" or "God, please have mercy on me even though I have committed many sins" -LUK 18 14 s1yr figs-explicit 0 this man went back down to his house justified He was justified because God forgave his sin. Alternate translation: "God forgave the tax collector" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 18 14 qrg3 figs-explicit 0 rather than the other "rather than the other man" or "and not the other man." Alternate translation: "but God did not forgive the Pharisee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 18 14 k9xf 0 because everyone who exalts himself With this phrase, Jesus switches from the story to state the general principle that the story illustrates. -LUK 18 14 n7xr figs-activepassive 0 will be humbled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 14 uuc5 figs-activepassive 0 will be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will greatly honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 13 c37t ἑστὼς μακρόθεν 1 standing at a distance "stood away from the Pharisee." This was a sign of humility. He did not feel worthy to be near the Pharisee. +LUK 18 13 qtt7 figs-idiom ἐπᾶραι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν 1 lift up his eyes to heaven To "lift up his eyes" means to look at something. Alternate translation: "look toward heaven" or "look upward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 18 13 c7x7 translate-symaction ἔτυπτε αὐτοῦ τὸ στῆθος 1 hit his breast This is a physical expression of great sorrow, and shows this man's repentance and humility. Alternate translation: "hit his breast to show his sorrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 18 13 mx5p ὁ Θεός, ἱλάσθητί μοι, τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ 1 God, have mercy on me, a sinner "God, please be merciful to me. I am a sinner" or "God, please have mercy on me even though I have committed many sins" +LUK 18 14 s1yr figs-explicit οὗτος κατέβη εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν οἶκον δεδικαιωμένος 1 this man went back down to his house justified He was justified because God forgave his sin. Alternate translation: "God forgave the tax collector" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 18 14 qrg3 figs-explicit παρ’ ἐκεῖνον 1 rather than the other "rather than the other man" or "and not the other man." Alternate translation: "but God did not forgive the Pharisee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 18 14 k9xf ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ὑψῶν ἑαυτὸν 1 because everyone who exalts himself With this phrase, Jesus switches from the story to state the general principle that the story illustrates. +LUK 18 14 n7xr figs-activepassive ταπεινωθήσεται 1 will be humbled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 14 uuc5 figs-activepassive ὑψωθήσεται 1 will be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will greatly honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 18 15 udh7 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in the part of the story which began in [Luke 17:20](../17/20.md). Jesus welcomes the children and talks about them. LUK 18 15 fuj3 0 touch them, but This could also be translated as separate sentences: "touch them. But" -LUK 18 15 kxd9 0 they rebuked them "the disciples tried to stop the parents from bringing their children to Jesus" -LUK 18 16 y3qg 0 Jesus called them to him "Jesus told the people to bring their infants to him" -LUK 18 16 j8x3 figs-parallelism 0 Permit the little children to come to me, and do not forbid them These two sentences have similar meaning and they are combined for emphasis. Some languages emphasize in a different way. Alternate translation: "You must certainly allow the children to come to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 18 16 u7sq figs-simile 0 belongs to such ones This could be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "belongs to people who are like these little children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LUK 18 17 p5lq 0 Truly I say to you "Surely I say to you." Jesus used this expression to emphasize the importance of what he was about to say. -LUK 18 17 ar8e figs-simile 0 whoever will not receive the kingdom of God like a child will definitely not enter it God requires people to accept his rule over them with trust and humility. Alternate translation: "whoever wants to enter God's kingdom must receive it with trust and humility like a child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 18 15 kxd9 ἐπετίμων αὐτοῖς 1 they rebuked them "the disciples tried to stop the parents from bringing their children to Jesus" +LUK 18 16 y3qg ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς προσεκαλέσατο αὐτὰ προσεκαλέσατο 1 Jesus called them to him "Jesus told the people to bring their infants to him" +LUK 18 16 j8x3 figs-parallelism ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με, καὶ κωλύετε μὴ κωλύετε αὐτά 1 Permit the little children to come to me, and do not forbid them These two sentences have similar meaning and they are combined for emphasis. Some languages emphasize in a different way. Alternate translation: "You must certainly allow the children to come to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LUK 18 16 u7sq figs-simile ἐστὶν τῶν γὰρ τοιούτων 1 belongs to such ones This could be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "belongs to people who are like these little children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LUK 18 17 p5lq ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you "Surely I say to you." Jesus used this expression to emphasize the importance of what he was about to say. +LUK 18 17 ar8e figs-simile ὃς ἂν δέξηται μὴ δέξηται τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ὡς παιδίον εἰσέλθῃ οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ αὐτήν 1 whoever will not receive the kingdom of God like a child will definitely not enter it God requires people to accept his rule over them with trust and humility. Alternate translation: "whoever wants to enter God's kingdom must receive it with trust and humility like a child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LUK 18 18 f96l 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in the part of the story which began in [Luke 17:20](../17/20.md). Jesus begins to talk with a ruler about entering the kingdom of heaven. -LUK 18 18 a5qz writing-participants 0 A certain ruler This introduces a new character in the story. It only identifies him by his position. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 18 18 d6kf 0 what must I do "what do I need to do" or "what is required of me" -LUK 18 18 xrs8 figs-metaphor 0 inherit eternal life "receive life that does not end." The term "inherit" usually refers to the property that a man left to his children when he dies. Therefore, this metaphor may mean he understood himself to be a child of God and desired for God to give him eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 18 18 a5qz writing-participants ἄρχων τις ἄρχων 1 A certain ruler This introduces a new character in the story. It only identifies him by his position. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 18 18 d6kf τί ποιήσας 1 what must I do "what do I need to do" or "what is required of me" +LUK 18 18 xrs8 figs-metaphor κληρονομήσω αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 inherit eternal life "receive life that does not end." The term "inherit" usually refers to the property that a man left to his children when he dies. Therefore, this metaphor may mean he understood himself to be a child of God and desired for God to give him eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 18 19 fxi2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you call me good? No one is good, except God alone Jesus asks the question because he knows that the ruler will not like Jesus' answer to the ruler's question in verse 18. Jesus does not expect the ruler to answer Jesus' question. Jesus wants the ruler to understand that Jesus' answer to the ruler's question comes from God, who alone is good. Alternate translation: "You know that no one is good, except God alone, so to call me good is to compare me with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 18 20 a9te 0 do not kill "do not murder" -LUK 18 21 m5qf 0 All these things "All of these commandments" +LUK 18 20 a9te φονεύσῃς μὴ φονεύσῃς 1 do not kill "do not murder" +LUK 18 21 m5qf πάντα ταῦτα 1 All these things "All of these commandments" LUK 18 22 e8il 0 When Jesus heard that "When Jesus heard the man say that" -LUK 18 22 hzv4 0 he said to him "he answered him" -LUK 18 22 t2cw 0 One thing you still lack "You still need to do one more thing" or "There is one thing that you have not yet done" -LUK 18 22 d3ar 0 sell all that you have "sell all your possessions" or "sell everything that you own" +LUK 18 22 hzv4 εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 he said to him "he answered him" +LUK 18 22 t2cw ἕν σοι ἔτι λείπει 1 One thing you still lack "You still need to do one more thing" or "There is one thing that you have not yet done" +LUK 18 22 d3ar πώλησον πάντα ὅσα ἔχεις 1 sell all that you have "sell all your possessions" or "sell everything that you own" LUK 18 22 c4s5 0 distribute it to the poor "give away the money to the poor people" -LUK 18 22 hy6a 0 come, follow me "come with me as my disciple" +LUK 18 22 hy6a δεῦρο, ἀκολούθει μοι 1 come, follow me "come with me as my disciple" LUK 18 24 qcm7 figs-exclamations 0 How difficult it is ... kingdom of God! This is an exclamation, and not a question. Alternate translation: "It is so very hard ... kingdom of God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -LUK 18 25 hdz1 figs-hyperbole 0 a camel to go through a needle's eye It is impossible for a camel to fit through the eye of a needle. Jesus was probably using hyperbole to mean it is extremely difficult for a rich man to enter God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 18 25 j7x3 0 needle's eye The needle's eye is the hole in a sewing needle through which the thread is passed. +LUK 18 25 hdz1 figs-hyperbole κάμηλον εἰσελθεῖν διὰ βελόνης' βελόνης τρήματος 1 a camel to go through a needle's eye It is impossible for a camel to fit through the eye of a needle. Jesus was probably using hyperbole to mean it is extremely difficult for a rich man to enter God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 18 25 j7x3 βελόνης' βελόνης τρήματος 1 needle's eye The needle's eye is the hole in a sewing needle through which the thread is passed. LUK 18 26 ycm3 0 Those hearing it said "The people who listening to Jesus said" -LUK 18 26 vu3z figs-rquestion 0 Then who can be saved? It is possible that they were asking for an answer. But it is more likely that they used the question to emphasize their surprise at what Jesus said. Alternate translation: "Then no one can be saved from sin!" or in active form: "Then God will not save anyone!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 26 vu3z figs-rquestion καὶ τίς δύναται σωθῆναι 1 Then who can be saved? It is possible that they were asking for an answer. But it is more likely that they used the question to emphasize their surprise at what Jesus said. Alternate translation: "Then no one can be saved from sin!" or in active form: "Then God will not save anyone!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 18 27 ms9b 0 are impossible with people are possible with God "people cannot do are possible for God to do" or "people cannot do, God can do" LUK 18 28 j3dz 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the conversation about entering the kingdom of heaven. -LUK 18 28 znu6 0 Well, we This phrase refers only to the disciples, and contrasts them with the rich ruler. -LUK 18 28 y53q 0 we have left "we have given up" or "we have left behind" +LUK 18 28 znu6 ἰδοὺ, ἡμεῖς 1 Well, we This phrase refers only to the disciples, and contrasts them with the rich ruler. +LUK 18 28 y53q ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν 1 we have left "we have given up" or "we have left behind" LUK 18 28 yk9b 0 everything that is our own "all our wealth" or "all our possessions" -LUK 18 29 vz2w 0 Truly, I say to you Jesus uses this expression to stress the importance of what he is about to say. -LUK 18 29 sk6z 0 there is no one who This expression is intended to include not only the disciples, but also everyone else who has made the same sacrifices. -LUK 18 30 s6rp figs-doublenegatives 0 who will not receive This is the end of the sentence that begins with the words "there is no one who has left ... kingdom of God" (verse 28). This could be stated in positive form. "everyone who has left ... kingdom of God will receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -LUK 18 30 d3xa 0 in the world to come, eternal life "also eternal life in the world to come" +LUK 18 29 vz2w ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly, I say to you Jesus uses this expression to stress the importance of what he is about to say. +LUK 18 29 sk6z ἐστιν οὐδείς ὃς 1 there is no one who This expression is intended to include not only the disciples, but also everyone else who has made the same sacrifices. +LUK 18 30 s6rp figs-doublenegatives ὃς ἀπολάβῃ οὐχὶ μὴ ἀπολάβῃ 1 who will not receive This is the end of the sentence that begins with the words "there is no one who has left ... kingdom of God" (verse 28). This could be stated in positive form. "everyone who has left ... kingdom of God will receive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +LUK 18 30 d3xa ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ, αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 in the world to come, eternal life "also eternal life in the world to come" LUK 18 31 qqp5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in this part of the story that began in [Luke 17:20](../17/20.md). Jesus is talking to his disciples alone. -LUK 18 31 pwk9 0 gathered the twelve to himself Jesus took the twelve disciples to a place away from other people where they could be alone. -LUK 18 31 g4yx 0 See This indicates a significant change in the ministry of Jesus as he goes to Jerusalem for the final time. -LUK 18 31 pg4k figs-activepassive 0 that have been written by the prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the prophets have written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 31 ss78 0 the prophets This refers to the Old Testament prophets. -LUK 18 31 zj2x figs-123person 0 Son of Man Jesus speaks of himself as "the Son of Man." Alternate translation: "me, the Son of Man," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 18 31 i5ya figs-activepassive 0 will be accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will happen" or "will occur" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 32 h2a3 figs-activepassive 0 For he will be given over to the Gentiles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the Jewish leaders will give him over to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 32 es98 figs-123person 0 he Jesus speaks of himself as "the Son of Man." Alternate translation: "I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 18 32 hc2k figs-activepassive 0 will be mocked, and shamefully treated, and spit upon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will mock him, treat him shamefully, and spit on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 31 pwk9 παραλαβὼν τοὺς δώδεκα παραλαβὼν 1 gathered the twelve to himself Jesus took the twelve disciples to a place away from other people where they could be alone. +LUK 18 31 g4yx ἰδοὺ 1 See This indicates a significant change in the ministry of Jesus as he goes to Jerusalem for the final time. +LUK 18 31 pg4k figs-activepassive τὰ γεγραμμένα διὰ τῶν προφητῶν 1 that have been written by the prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the prophets have written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 31 ss78 τῶν προφητῶν 1 the prophets This refers to the Old Testament prophets. +LUK 18 31 zj2x figs-123person Υἱῷ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus speaks of himself as "the Son of Man." Alternate translation: "me, the Son of Man," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 18 31 i5ya figs-activepassive τελεσθήσεται 1 will be accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will happen" or "will occur" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 32 h2a3 figs-activepassive γὰρ παραδοθήσεται τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 For he will be given over to the Gentiles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the Jewish leaders will give him over to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 32 es98 figs-123person παραδοθήσεται 1 he Jesus speaks of himself as "the Son of Man." Alternate translation: "I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 18 32 hc2k figs-activepassive ἐμπαιχθήσεται, καὶ ὑβρισθήσεται, καὶ ἐμπτυσθήσεται 1 will be mocked, and shamefully treated, and spit upon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will mock him, treat him shamefully, and spit on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 18 33 u86r figs-123person 0 him ... him ... he Jesus speaks of himself as "the Son of Man." Alternate translation: "me ... me ... I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 18 33 fie4 translate-ordinal 0 on the third day This refers to the third day after his death. However, the disciples did not yet understand this, so it is best not to add this explanation when translating this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 18 33 fie4 translate-ordinal τῇ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 on the third day This refers to the third day after his death. However, the disciples did not yet understand this, so it is best not to add this explanation when translating this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LUK 18 34 b8ug writing-endofstory 0 General Information: This verse is not part of the main story line, but rather a comment about this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 18 34 bm7h 0 They understood none of these things "They did not understand any of these things" -LUK 18 34 b29z 0 these things This refers to Jesus' description of how he would suffer and die in Jerusalem, and that he would rise from the dead. -LUK 18 34 fn58 figs-activepassive 0 this word was hidden from them This can be stated in active form, but it is not clear whether it is God or Jesus who hid the word from them. Alternate translation: "Jesus hid his message from them" or "God prevented them from understanding the meaning of what Jesus was telling them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 34 qx2n figs-activepassive 0 the things that were said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Jesus said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 34 bm7h αὐτοὶ συνῆκαν οὐδὲν τούτων 1 They understood none of these things "They did not understand any of these things" +LUK 18 34 b29z τούτων 1 these things This refers to Jesus' description of how he would suffer and die in Jerusalem, and that he would rise from the dead. +LUK 18 34 fn58 figs-activepassive τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα ἦν κεκρυμμένον ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 this word was hidden from them This can be stated in active form, but it is not clear whether it is God or Jesus who hid the word from them. Alternate translation: "Jesus hid his message from them" or "God prevented them from understanding the meaning of what Jesus was telling them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 18 34 qx2n figs-activepassive τὰ λεγόμενα 1 the things that were said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Jesus said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 18 35 v8cd writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus heals a blind man as he approaches Jericho. These verses give background information and information about the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 18 35 w3sw writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 18 35 dyf9 writing-participants 0 a certain blind man was sitting "there was a blind man sitting." Here "certain" means only that the man is an important new participant to the story but Luke does not mention his name. He is a new participant in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 18 36 t35v 0 and hearing It may be helpful to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: "When he heard" -LUK 18 37 ckr3 0 They told him "People in the crowd told the blind man" -LUK 18 37 ku9j 0 Jesus of Nazareth Jesus came from the town of Nazareth, which was located in Galilee. -LUK 18 37 l38f 0 was passing by "was walking past him" -LUK 18 38 u9ct 0 So This word marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, the crowd had told the blind man that Jesus was walking by. -LUK 18 38 yaj2 0 cried out "called out" or "shouted" -LUK 18 38 ehf6 0 Son of David Jesus was a descendant of David, Israel's most important king. -LUK 18 38 u69g 0 have mercy on me "show me pity" or "show me compassion" -LUK 18 39 nt5y 0 The ones who were walking ahead "The people who were walking at the front of the crowd" -LUK 18 39 z7r6 0 to be quiet "to be silent" or "not to shout" -LUK 18 39 zug7 0 cried out all the more This could mean that he cried out louder or that he cried out more persistently. +LUK 18 35 w3sw writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 18 35 dyf9 writing-participants τυφλός τις τυφλός ἐκάθητο 1 a certain blind man was sitting "there was a blind man sitting." Here "certain" means only that the man is an important new participant to the story but Luke does not mention his name. He is a new participant in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 18 36 t35v δὲ ἀκούσας 1 and hearing It may be helpful to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: "When he heard" +LUK 18 37 ckr3 ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτῷ 1 They told him "People in the crowd told the blind man" +LUK 18 37 ku9j Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος 1 Jesus of Nazareth Jesus came from the town of Nazareth, which was located in Galilee. +LUK 18 37 l38f παρέρχεται 1 was passing by "was walking past him" +LUK 18 38 u9ct καὶ 1 So This word marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, the crowd had told the blind man that Jesus was walking by. +LUK 18 38 yaj2 ἐβόησεν 1 cried out "called out" or "shouted" +LUK 18 38 ehf6 Υἱὲ Δαυείδ 1 Son of David Jesus was a descendant of David, Israel's most important king. +LUK 18 38 u69g ἐλέησόν με 1 have mercy on me "show me pity" or "show me compassion" +LUK 18 39 nt5y οἱ προάγοντες 1 The ones who were walking ahead "The people who were walking at the front of the crowd" +LUK 18 39 z7r6 σιγήσῃ 1 to be quiet "to be silent" or "not to shout" +LUK 18 39 zug7 ἔκραζεν πολλῷ μᾶλλον 1 cried out all the more This could mean that he cried out louder or that he cried out more persistently. LUK 18 40 g96a figs-activepassive 0 that the man be brought to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people to bring the blind man to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 18 41 al8g 0 to receive my sight "to be able to see" -LUK 18 42 n67h figs-imperative 0 Receive your sight This is a command, but Jesus is not commanding the man to do anything. Jesus is healing the man by commanding him to be healed. Alternate translation: "You will now receive your sight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -LUK 18 42 gcv1 figs-metonymy 0 Your faith has healed you These words are a metonym. It was because of the man's faith that Jesus healed the man. Alternate translation: "I have healed you because you believed in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 18 43 d1kk 0 glorifying God "giving glory to God" or "praising God" +LUK 18 41 al8g ἀναβλέψω 1 to receive my sight "to be able to see" +LUK 18 42 n67h figs-imperative ἀνάβλεψον 1 Receive your sight This is a command, but Jesus is not commanding the man to do anything. Jesus is healing the man by commanding him to be healed. Alternate translation: "You will now receive your sight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) +LUK 18 42 gcv1 figs-metonymy σου ἡ πίστις σέσωκέν σε 1 Your faith has healed you These words are a metonym. It was because of the man's faith that Jesus healed the man. Alternate translation: "I have healed you because you believed in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 18 43 d1kk δοξάζων τὸν Θεόν 1 glorifying God "giving glory to God" or "praising God" LUK 19 intro zn2b 0 # Luke 19 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

After Jesus helped a man named Zacchaeus repent of his sins ([Luke 19:1-10](./01.md)), he taught his followers that when he began to rule as king they would need to tell them what they had done with the things he had given them to take care of ([Luke 19:11-27](./11.md)). He did this by telling them a parable. After that, he rode into Jerusalem on a colt ([Luke 19:28-48](./28.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Sinner"
The Pharisees refer to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders thought these people were sinful, but in reality the leaders were also sinful. This can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

##### Servants

God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not.

##### The donkey and the colt

Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULT without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md))

##### Spreading garments and branches

When king would enter the cities they ruled, people would cut branches from trees and take off the clothes that they wore to stay warm in cold weather and spread them all on the road so the king would ride over them. They did this to honor the king and show that they loved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/honor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])

##### The merchants in the temple

Jesus forced the people who were selling animals in the temple to leave. He did this to show everyone that he had authority over the temple and that only those who were righteous, who did what God said was good, could be in it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
LUK 19 1 j35m writing-background 0 General Information: Verses 1-2 begin to give background information for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 19 2 y5i5 writing-participants 0 Behold, there was a man there The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There was a man who was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 19 2 z91v writing-background 0 He was a chief tax collector and was rich This is background information about Zacchaeus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +LUK 19 2 z91v writing-background αὐτὸς ἦν ἀρχιτελώνης καὶ πλούσιος 1 He was a chief tax collector and was rich This is background information about Zacchaeus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 19 3 lf9m writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 3 completes the background information begun in [Luke 19:1-2](./01.md) for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 19 3 m3ux 0 He was trying "Zacchaeus was trying" -LUK 19 3 njt7 0 because he was small in height "because he was short" +LUK 19 3 m3ux ἐζήτει 1 He was trying "Zacchaeus was trying" +LUK 19 3 njt7 ὅτι ἦν μικρὸς τῇ ἡλικίᾳ 1 because he was small in height "because he was short" LUK 19 4 k984 0 So he ran The author has finished giving the background to the event and now begins to describe the event itself. -LUK 19 4 pzr6 0 a sycamore tree "a sycamore fig tree." It produces small round fruit about 2.5 centimeters across. Alternate translation: "a fig tree" or "a tree" -LUK 19 5 mr51 0 the place "the tree" or "where Zacchaeus was" -LUK 19 6 zrw4 0 So he hurried "So Zacchaeus hurried" -LUK 19 7 mit4 figs-explicit 0 they all complained The Jews hated the tax collectors and did not think any good person should associate with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 7 k2cl 0 He has gone in to visit a man who is a sinner "Jesus has gone into the house of a sinner to visit him" -LUK 19 7 yl4h 0 a sinner "an obvious sinner" or "a real sinner" -LUK 19 8 s46z 0 the Lord This refers to Jesus. -LUK 19 8 u2bt 0 restore four times the amount "return to them four times as much as I took from them" -LUK 19 9 h8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 salvation has come to this house It was understood that salvation comes from God. Alternate translation: "God has saved this household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 9 i8yg figs-metonymy 0 this house The word "house" here refers to the people living in the house or the family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 19 9 f65b 0 he too "this man too" or "Zacchaeus also" -LUK 19 9 v3hq 0 son of Abraham Possible meanings are 1) "descendant of Abraham" and 2) "person who has faith as Abraham did." -LUK 19 10 myp2 0 the Son of Man came Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, came" -LUK 19 10 fqx4 0 the people who are lost "the people who have wandered away from God" or "those who by sinning have wandered away from God" +LUK 19 4 pzr6 συκομορέαν 1 a sycamore tree "a sycamore fig tree." It produces small round fruit about 2.5 centimeters across. Alternate translation: "a fig tree" or "a tree" +LUK 19 5 mr51 τὸν τόπον 1 the place "the tree" or "where Zacchaeus was" +LUK 19 6 zrw4 καὶ σπεύσας 1 So he hurried "So Zacchaeus hurried" +LUK 19 7 mit4 figs-explicit διεγόγγυζον πάντες διεγόγγυζον 1 they all complained The Jews hated the tax collectors and did not think any good person should associate with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 7 k2cl εἰσῆλθεν καταλῦσαι ἀνδρὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ 1 He has gone in to visit a man who is a sinner "Jesus has gone into the house of a sinner to visit him" +LUK 19 7 yl4h ἀνδρὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ 1 a sinner "an obvious sinner" or "a real sinner" +LUK 19 8 s46z τὸν Κύριον 1 the Lord This refers to Jesus. +LUK 19 8 u2bt ἀποδίδωμι τετραπλοῦν 1 restore four times the amount "return to them four times as much as I took from them" +LUK 19 9 h8ep figs-abstractnouns σωτηρία ἐγένετο τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ τῷ οἴκῳ 1 salvation has come to this house It was understood that salvation comes from God. Alternate translation: "God has saved this household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 9 i8yg figs-metonymy τούτῳ τῷ οἴκῳ 1 this house The word "house" here refers to the people living in the house or the family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 19 9 f65b αὐτὸς καὶ 1 he too "this man too" or "Zacchaeus also" +LUK 19 9 v3hq υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ 1 son of Abraham Possible meanings are 1) "descendant of Abraham" and 2) "person who has faith as Abraham did." +LUK 19 10 myp2 ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἦλθεν 1 the Son of Man came Jesus is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, came" +LUK 19 10 fqx4 τὸ ἀπολωλός 1 the people who are lost "the people who have wandered away from God" or "those who by sinning have wandered away from God" LUK 19 11 vue7 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell a parable to the crowd. Verse 11 gives background information about why Jesus tells the parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 19 11 qs7z figs-explicit 0 that the kingdom of God was about to appear immediately The Jews believed that the Messiah would establish the kingdom as soon as he came to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "that Jesus would immediately begin to rule over God's kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 12 m9j6 0 A certain nobleman "A certain man who was a member of the ruling class" or "A certain man from an important family" -LUK 19 12 mtz9 figs-explicit 0 to receive for himself a kingdom This is the image of a lesser king going to a greater king. The greater king would give the lesser king the right and authority to rule over his own country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 11 qs7z figs-explicit ὅτι ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ μέλλει ἀναφαίνεσθαι παραχρῆμα 1 that the kingdom of God was about to appear immediately The Jews believed that the Messiah would establish the kingdom as soon as he came to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "that Jesus would immediately begin to rule over God's kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 12 m9j6 ἄνθρωπός τις εὐγενὴς 1 A certain nobleman "A certain man who was a member of the ruling class" or "A certain man from an important family" +LUK 19 12 mtz9 figs-explicit λαβεῖν ἑαυτῷ βασιλείαν 1 to receive for himself a kingdom This is the image of a lesser king going to a greater king. The greater king would give the lesser king the right and authority to rule over his own country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 19 13 n745 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 13 m387 0 He called "The nobleman called." It may be helpful to state that the man did this before he left to receive his kingdom. Alternate translation: "Before he left, he called" -LUK 19 13 xx6p 0 gave them ten minas "gave each of them one mina" -LUK 19 13 t82q translate-bweight 0 ten minas A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work, so ten minas would have been about three years' wages. Alternate translation: "ten valuable coins" or "a large amount of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LUK 19 13 vwp2 0 Conduct business "Trade with this money" or "Use this money in order to earn more" -LUK 19 14 i998 0 his citizens "the people of his country" -LUK 19 14 j9v1 0 a delegation "a group of people to represent them" or "several messengers" -LUK 19 15 g3jp 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -LUK 19 15 s9a7 0 having received the kingdom "after he had become king" -LUK 19 15 s2x2 figs-activepassive 0 to be called to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to come to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 19 15 xc6s 0 what profit they had made "how much money they had earned" +LUK 19 13 m387 καλέσας 1 He called "The nobleman called." It may be helpful to state that the man did this before he left to receive his kingdom. Alternate translation: "Before he left, he called" +LUK 19 13 xx6p ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς δέκα μνᾶς 1 gave them ten minas "gave each of them one mina" +LUK 19 13 t82q translate-bweight δέκα μνᾶς 1 ten minas A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work, so ten minas would have been about three years' wages. Alternate translation: "ten valuable coins" or "a large amount of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LUK 19 13 vwp2 πραγματεύσασθαι 1 Conduct business "Trade with this money" or "Use this money in order to earn more" +LUK 19 14 i998 αὐτοῦ οἱ δὲ πολῖται 1 his citizens "the people of his country" +LUK 19 14 j9v1 πρεσβείαν 1 a delegation "a group of people to represent them" or "several messengers" +LUK 19 15 g3jp ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +LUK 19 15 s9a7 λαβόντα τὴν βασιλείαν 1 having received the kingdom "after he had become king" +LUK 19 15 s2x2 figs-activepassive φωνηθῆναι αὐτῷ 1 to be called to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to come to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 19 15 xc6s τί διεπραγματεύσαντο 1 what profit they had made "how much money they had earned" LUK 19 16 iy7i 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 16 mf96 translate-ordinal 0 The first "The first servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 19 16 n37f 0 came before him "came before the nobleman" +LUK 19 16 mf96 translate-ordinal ὁ πρῶτος 1 The first "The first servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 19 16 n37f παρεγένετο 1 came before him "came before the nobleman" LUK 19 16 ejx9 figs-explicit 0 your mina has made ten minas more It is implied that the servant was the one who caused the profit. Alternate translation: "I used your mina to make a profit of ten more minas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 16 j7ag translate-bweight 0 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -LUK 19 17 n5at 0 Well done "You have done well." Your language may have a phrase that an employer would use to show approval, such as "Good job." -LUK 19 17 t6zk 0 very little This refers to the one mina, which the nobleman apparently did not consider to be a lot of money. +LUK 19 16 j7ag translate-bweight ἡ μνᾶ 1 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +LUK 19 17 n5at εὖ 1 Well done "You have done well." Your language may have a phrase that an employer would use to show approval, such as "Good job." +LUK 19 17 t6zk ἐλαχίστῳ 1 very little This refers to the one mina, which the nobleman apparently did not consider to be a lot of money. LUK 19 18 zsr1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 18 ic7p translate-ordinal 0 The second "The second servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 19 18 irh6 figs-explicit 0 Your mina, lord, has made five minas It is implied that the servant was the one who caused the profit. Alternate translation: "Lord, I used your mina to make a profit of five more minas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 18 d811 translate-bweight 0 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -LUK 19 19 jxa9 0 You take charge over five cities "You will have authority over five cities" +LUK 19 18 ic7p translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος 1 The second "The second servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 19 18 irh6 figs-explicit σου ἡ μνᾶ, Κύριε, ἐποίησεν πέντε μνᾶς 1 Your mina, lord, has made five minas It is implied that the servant was the one who caused the profit. Alternate translation: "Lord, I used your mina to make a profit of five more minas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 18 d811 translate-bweight ἡ μνᾶ 1 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +LUK 19 19 jxa9 σὺ γίνου ἐπάνω πέντε πόλεων 1 You take charge over five cities "You will have authority over five cities" LUK 19 20 h937 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 20 n71e 0 Another came "Another servant came" -LUK 19 20 r25f translate-bweight 0 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -LUK 19 20 l2wr 0 kept safely in a cloth "wrapped in a cloth and stored away" -LUK 19 21 w5yw 0 a demanding person "a stern man" or "a man who expects a lot from his servants" -LUK 19 21 a6ja figs-metaphor 0 You take up what you did not put in This was probably a proverb. A person who takes out of storage or out of a bank things that he did not put in is a metaphor for someone who benefits from other people's hard work. Alternate translation: "You take out what you did not put in" or "You are like a person how takes out what other people put in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 19 21 mi5b figs-metaphor 0 you reap what you did not sow This was probably a proverb. A person who harvests food that someone else has planted is a metaphor for someone who benefits from other people's hard work. Alternate translation: "you are like a person who reaps the fruit of what other people sowed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 19 20 n71e ὁ ἕτερος ἦλθεν 1 Another came "Another servant came" +LUK 19 20 r25f translate-bweight ἡ μνᾶ 1 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +LUK 19 20 l2wr εἶχον ἀποκειμένην ἐν σουδαρίῳ 1 kept safely in a cloth "wrapped in a cloth and stored away" +LUK 19 21 w5yw ἄνθρωπος αὐστηρὸς ἄνθρωπος 1 a demanding person "a stern man" or "a man who expects a lot from his servants" +LUK 19 21 a6ja figs-metaphor αἴρεις ὃ ἔθηκας οὐκ ἔθηκας 1 You take up what you did not put in This was probably a proverb. A person who takes out of storage or out of a bank things that he did not put in is a metaphor for someone who benefits from other people's hard work. Alternate translation: "You take out what you did not put in" or "You are like a person how takes out what other people put in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 19 21 mi5b figs-metaphor θερίζεις ὃ ἔσπειρας οὐκ ἔσπειρας 1 you reap what you did not sow This was probably a proverb. A person who harvests food that someone else has planted is a metaphor for someone who benefits from other people's hard work. Alternate translation: "you are like a person who reaps the fruit of what other people sowed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 19 22 q2k2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). LUK 19 22 wt8q figs-metonymy 0 By your own words His "words" refer to all that he had said. Alternate translation: "Based on what you have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 19 22 xga8 0 You knew that I am a demanding person The nobleman was repeating what the servant had said about him. He was not saying that it was true. Alternate translation: "You say that I am a demanding person" +LUK 19 22 xga8 ᾔδεις ὅτι ἐγὼ εἰμι ἄνθρωπος αὐστηρός ἄνθρωπος 1 You knew that I am a demanding person The nobleman was repeating what the servant had said about him. He was not saying that it was true. Alternate translation: "You say that I am a demanding person" LUK 19 23 spx7 figs-rquestion 0 why did you not put my money ... interest? The nobleman uses a question to rebuke the wicked servant. Alternate translation: "you should have put my money ... interest." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 19 23 e1yh 0 put my money in the bank "lent my money to a bank." Cultures that do not have banks might translate it as "let someone borrow my money." -LUK 19 23 k39i 0 bank A bank is a business that safely holds money for people. A bank lends that money to others for a profit. Therefore it pays an extra amount, or interest, to the people who keep their money in the bank. -LUK 19 23 c8ca 0 I would have collected it with interest "I could have collected that amount plus the interest it would have earned" or "I would have gained a profit from it" -LUK 19 23 k8x6 0 interest Interest is money that a bank pays people who put their money in the bank. +LUK 19 23 e1yh ἔδωκάς τὸ ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τράπεζαν 1 put my money in the bank "lent my money to a bank." Cultures that do not have banks might translate it as "let someone borrow my money." +LUK 19 23 k39i τράπεζαν 1 bank A bank is a business that safely holds money for people. A bank lends that money to others for a profit. Therefore it pays an extra amount, or interest, to the people who keep their money in the bank. +LUK 19 23 c8ca ἔπραξα ἂν ἔπραξα αὐτὸ σὺν τόκῳ 1 I would have collected it with interest "I could have collected that amount plus the interest it would have earned" or "I would have gained a profit from it" +LUK 19 23 k8x6 τόκῳ 1 interest Interest is money that a bank pays people who put their money in the bank. LUK 19 24 t946 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 24 h1nn 0 The nobleman The nobleman had become king. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:12](../19/12.md). -LUK 19 24 aj1c 0 them that stood by "the people who were standing near them" -LUK 19 24 zh5s translate-bweight 0 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -LUK 19 25 m7ql 0 he has ten minas. "he already has ten minas!" +LUK 19 24 h1nn εἶπεν 1 The nobleman The nobleman had become king. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:12](../19/12.md). +LUK 19 24 aj1c τοῖς παρεστῶσιν 1 them that stood by "the people who were standing near them" +LUK 19 24 zh5s translate-bweight μνᾶν 1 mina A mina was 600 grams, probably of silver. Each mina was equal to 100 days' wages, what people would be paid for about four months' work. See how you translated this in [Luke 19:13](../19/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +LUK 19 25 m7ql ἔχει δέκα μνᾶς 1 he has ten minas. "he already has ten minas!" LUK 19 26 xww6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to tell the parable he began in [Luke 19:11](../19/11.md). -LUK 19 26 x6ay 0 I say to you This was the king speaking. Some translators may want to start this verse with "And the king replied, 'I say to you'" or "But the king said 'I tell you this'" . +LUK 19 26 x6ay λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you This was the king speaking. Some translators may want to start this verse with "And the king replied, 'I say to you'" or "But the king said 'I tell you this'" . LUK 19 26 f5hn figs-explicit 0 everyone who has will be given more It is implied that what he has is the money he earned by using his mina faithfully. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone who uses well what he has been given, I will give him more" or "to everyone who uses well what I have given him I will give more" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 19 26 ab42 figs-explicit 0 from him that has not It is implied that the reason he does not have money is because he did not use his mina faithfully. Alternate translation: "from the person who does not use well what I have given him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 26 d1g9 figs-activepassive 0 will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will take away from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 19 27 u44z 0 these enemies of mine Since the enemies were not right there, some languages would say "those enemies of mine." +LUK 19 26 ab42 figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ ἔχοντος 1 from him that has not It is implied that the reason he does not have money is because he did not use his mina faithfully. Alternate translation: "from the person who does not use well what I have given him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 26 d1g9 figs-activepassive ἀρθήσεται 1 will be taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will take away from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 19 27 u44z τούτους τοὺς ἐχθρούς μου 1 these enemies of mine Since the enemies were not right there, some languages would say "those enemies of mine." LUK 19 28 x7bx writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story about Zacchaeus. This verse tells us what Jesus does after this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 19 28 l43i 0 When he had said these things "When Jesus had said these things" -LUK 19 28 ja5p 0 going up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than Jericho, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. +LUK 19 28 l43i εἰπὼν ταῦτα 1 When he had said these things "When Jesus had said these things" +LUK 19 28 ja5p ἀναβαίνων εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 going up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than Jericho, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. LUK 19 29 u6hj 0 General Information: Jesus approaches Jerusalem. -LUK 19 29 y9q8 writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 19 29 kpc6 0 when he came near The word "he" refers to Jesus. His disciples were also traveling with him. -LUK 19 29 q1wn translate-names 0 Bethphage Bethphage was (and still is) a village on the Mount of Olives, which is across the Kidron Valley from Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 19 29 lj69 0 the hill that is called Olivet "the hill that is called the Mount of Olives" or "the hill that is called 'Olive Tree Mountain'" -LUK 19 30 qq5c 0 a colt "a young donkey" or "a young riding animal" +LUK 19 29 y9q8 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 19 29 kpc6 ὡς ἤγγισεν 1 when he came near The word "he" refers to Jesus. His disciples were also traveling with him. +LUK 19 29 q1wn translate-names Βηθφαγὴ 1 Bethphage Bethphage was (and still is) a village on the Mount of Olives, which is across the Kidron Valley from Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 19 29 lj69 τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Ἐλαιῶν 1 the hill that is called Olivet "the hill that is called the Mount of Olives" or "the hill that is called 'Olive Tree Mountain'" +LUK 19 30 qq5c πῶλον 1 a colt "a young donkey" or "a young riding animal" LUK 19 30 w1yp figs-activepassive 0 that has never been ridden This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that no one has ever ridden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 19 31 px4k figs-hypo 0 If anyone asks you ... need of it Jesus tells the disciples how to answer a question that has not yet been asked. However, people in the village will soon ask the question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) LUK 19 31 emu8 figs-quotesinquotes 0 If anyone asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say The inner quote can also be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "If any one asks you why you are untying it, say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 19 32 hdd8 figs-activepassive 0 Those who were sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The two disciples that Jesus sent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 19 33 biw8 0 the owners "the owners of the colt" -LUK 19 35 scz2 0 threw their cloaks upon the colt "put their robes on the young donkey." Cloaks are outer robes. +LUK 19 32 hdd8 figs-activepassive οἱ ἀπεσταλμένοι 1 Those who were sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The two disciples that Jesus sent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 19 33 biw8 οἱ κύριοι 1 the owners "the owners of the colt" +LUK 19 35 scz2 ἐπιρίψαντες αὐτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια τὸν πῶλον 1 threw their cloaks upon the colt "put their robes on the young donkey." Cloaks are outer robes. LUK 19 35 g49k 0 set Jesus on it "helped Jesus get up on and ride on the colt" -LUK 19 36 lxj5 translate-symaction 0 they spread their cloaks "people spread their cloaks." This is a sign of giving honor to someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 19 37 ba9e 0 As he was now approaching "As Jesus was going near." Jesus' disciples were traveling with him. -LUK 19 37 t4nk 0 where the Mount of Olives descends "where the road goes down from the Mount of Olives" -LUK 19 37 m8hn 0 mighty works which they had seen "great things they had seen Jesus do" -LUK 19 38 x7wk 0 Blessed is the king They were saying this about Jesus. -LUK 19 38 nsg4 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord Here "name" refers to power and authority. Also, "Lord" refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 19 38 d7b4 0 Peace in heaven "May there be peace in heaven" or "We want to see peace in heaven" -LUK 19 38 vb29 figs-metonymy 0 glory in the highest "May there be glory in the highest" or "We want to see glory in the highest." The words "the highest" refer to heaven, which is a metonym for God, who lives in heaven. Alternate translation: "Let everyone give glory to God in the highest heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 19 39 sq8q 0 in the multitude "in the large crowd" -LUK 19 39 yv21 0 rebuke your disciples "tell your disciples to stop doing these things" -LUK 19 40 efm9 0 I tell you Jesus said this to emphasize what he would say next. +LUK 19 36 lxj5 translate-symaction ὑπεστρώννυον ἑαυτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια 1 they spread their cloaks "people spread their cloaks." This is a sign of giving honor to someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 19 37 ba9e ἐγγίζοντος αὐτοῦ ἐγγίζοντος ἤδη ἐγγίζοντος 1 As he was now approaching "As Jesus was going near." Jesus' disciples were traveling with him. +LUK 19 37 t4nk καταβάσει τοῦ Ὄρους τῶν Ἐλαιῶν καταβάσει 1 where the Mount of Olives descends "where the road goes down from the Mount of Olives" +LUK 19 37 m8hn δυνάμεων ὧν εἶδον 1 mighty works which they had seen "great things they had seen Jesus do" +LUK 19 38 x7wk εὐλογημένος ὁ βασιλεὺς 1 Blessed is the king They were saying this about Jesus. +LUK 19 38 nsg4 figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord Here "name" refers to power and authority. Also, "Lord" refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 19 38 d7b4 εἰρήνη ἐν οὐρανῷ 1 Peace in heaven "May there be peace in heaven" or "We want to see peace in heaven" +LUK 19 38 vb29 figs-metonymy δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις 1 glory in the highest "May there be glory in the highest" or "We want to see glory in the highest." The words "the highest" refer to heaven, which is a metonym for God, who lives in heaven. Alternate translation: "Let everyone give glory to God in the highest heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 19 39 sq8q ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχλου 1 in the multitude "in the large crowd" +LUK 19 39 yv21 ἐπιτίμησον σου τοῖς μαθηταῖς 1 rebuke your disciples "tell your disciples to stop doing these things" +LUK 19 40 efm9 λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I tell you Jesus said this to emphasize what he would say next. LUK 19 40 b2w6 figs-hypo 0 if these were silent ... cry out This is a hypothetical situation. Some translators may need to make it clear what Jesus was implying when he said this: "no, I will not rebuke them, for if these people were to be silent ... cry out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 40 v8tc 0 the stones would cry out "the stones would call out praises" -LUK 19 41 v3pq 0 the city This refers to Jerusalem. -LUK 19 41 k4l2 figs-metonymy 0 he wept over it The word "it" refers to the city of Jerusalem, but it represents the people who lived in that city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 19 40 v8tc οἱ λίθοι κράξουσιν 1 the stones would cry out "the stones would call out praises" +LUK 19 41 v3pq τὴν πόλιν 1 the city This refers to Jerusalem. +LUK 19 41 k4l2 figs-metonymy ἔκλαυσεν ἐπ’ αὐτήν 1 he wept over it The word "it" refers to the city of Jerusalem, but it represents the people who lived in that city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 19 42 g1ee 0 If only you had known ... bring you peace Jesus expresses his sadness that the people of Jerusalem had missed the opportunity to be at peace with God. -LUK 19 42 q8fm figs-you 0 you The word "you" is singular because Jesus is speaking to the city. But if this would be unnatural in your language, you could use a plural form of "you" to refer to the people of the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 19 42 tgs6 figs-metonymy 0 they are hidden from your eyes "your eyes" refer to the ability to see. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you can no longer see them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 19 42 q8fm figs-you ἔγνως 1 you The word "you" is singular because Jesus is speaking to the city. But if this would be unnatural in your language, you could use a plural form of "you" to refer to the people of the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 19 42 tgs6 figs-metonymy ἐκρύβη ἀπὸ σου ὀφθαλμῶν 1 they are hidden from your eyes "your eyes" refer to the ability to see. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you can no longer see them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 19 43 i4p7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking. -LUK 19 43 y3g2 0 For What follows is the reason for Jesus' sadness. +LUK 19 43 y3g2 ὅτι 1 For What follows is the reason for Jesus' sadness. LUK 19 43 tib4 0 the days will come upon you when your enemies This indicates that they will experience difficult times. Some languages do not talk about time "coming." Alternate translation: "in the future these things will happen to you: Your enemies" or "soon you will endure troublesome times. Your enemies" LUK 19 43 n88i figs-you 0 you ... your The word "you" is singular because Jesus is speaking to the city as he would to a woman. But if this would be unnatural in your language, you could use a plural form of "you" to refer to the people of the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -LUK 19 43 e7xp 0 barricade This refers to a wall to keep the people from getting out of the city. -LUK 19 44 p7qg figs-apostrophe 0 They will strike you down to the ground and your children with you Jesus is speaking to the people of the city as if he were speaking to the city itself as he would speak to a woman. He speaks of the people who live in the city as if they are the woman's children, and thus the city's children. To strike down a city is to destroy its walls and buildings, and to strike down its children is to kill those who live in it. Alternate translation: "They will completely destroy you and kill all who live in you" or "They will completely destroy your city and kill all of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -LUK 19 44 f51h figs-hyperbole 0 They will not leave one stone upon another "They will not leave any of the stones in place." This is a hyperbole to express that the enemies will completely destroy the city, which is built of stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 19 43 e7xp χάρακά 1 barricade This refers to a wall to keep the people from getting out of the city. +LUK 19 44 p7qg figs-apostrophe ἐδαφιοῦσίν σε ἐδαφιοῦσίν καὶ σου τὰ τέκνα ἐν σοί 1 They will strike you down to the ground and your children with you Jesus is speaking to the people of the city as if he were speaking to the city itself as he would speak to a woman. He speaks of the people who live in the city as if they are the woman's children, and thus the city's children. To strike down a city is to destroy its walls and buildings, and to strike down its children is to kill those who live in it. Alternate translation: "They will completely destroy you and kill all who live in you" or "They will completely destroy your city and kill all of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +LUK 19 44 f51h figs-hyperbole ἀφήσουσιν οὐκ ἀφήσουσιν λίθον ἐπὶ λίθον 1 They will not leave one stone upon another "They will not leave any of the stones in place." This is a hyperbole to express that the enemies will completely destroy the city, which is built of stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) LUK 19 44 xv9n 0 you did not recognize it "you did not acknowledge" LUK 19 45 xq47 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in this part of the story. Jesus enters the temple in Jerusalem. -LUK 19 45 u91v figs-explicit 0 Jesus entered the temple You may need to make explicit that he first entered Jerusalem, where the temple was located. Alternate translation: "Jesus entered Jerusalem and then went to the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 45 j6ce figs-explicit 0 entered the temple Only priests were allowed to enter the temple building. Alternate translation: "went into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 19 45 py1x 0 cast out "throw out" or "force out" -LUK 19 46 v81e figs-activepassive 0 It is written This is a quotation from Isaiah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The scriptures say" or "A prophet wrote these words in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 19 46 uvf7 0 My house The word "My" refers to God and "house" refers to the temple. -LUK 19 46 wac1 0 house of prayer "a place where people pray to me" -LUK 19 46 ba8w figs-metaphor 0 a den of robbers Jesus speaks of the temple as if it were a place where thieves come together. Alternate translation: "a place where thieves hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 19 45 u91v figs-explicit εἰσελθὼν τὸ ἱερὸν 1 Jesus entered the temple You may need to make explicit that he first entered Jerusalem, where the temple was located. Alternate translation: "Jesus entered Jerusalem and then went to the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 45 j6ce figs-explicit εἰσελθὼν τὸ ἱερὸν 1 entered the temple Only priests were allowed to enter the temple building. Alternate translation: "went into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 19 45 py1x ἐκβάλλειν 1 cast out "throw out" or "force out" +LUK 19 46 v81e figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 It is written This is a quotation from Isaiah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The scriptures say" or "A prophet wrote these words in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 19 46 uvf7 μου ὁ οἶκός 1 My house The word "My" refers to God and "house" refers to the temple. +LUK 19 46 wac1 οἶκος προσευχῆς 1 house of prayer "a place where people pray to me" +LUK 19 46 ba8w figs-metaphor σπήλαιον λῃστῶν 1 a den of robbers Jesus speaks of the temple as if it were a place where thieves come together. Alternate translation: "a place where thieves hide" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 19 47 mn6e writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of this part of the story. These verses tell about ongoing action that continues after the main part of the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 19 47 z2n8 0 in the temple "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" -LUK 19 48 pnf9 0 were listening to him intently "were paying close attention to what Jesus was saying" +LUK 19 47 z2n8 ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" +LUK 19 48 pnf9 ἀκούων αὐτοῦ ἐξεκρέμετο 1 were listening to him intently "were paying close attention to what Jesus was saying" LUK 20 intro h6in 0 # Luke 20 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 20:17, 42-43, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Using questions to trap people

When Jesus asked the Pharisees who gave John the authority to baptize ([Luke 20:4](../../luk/20/04.md)), they could not answer because any answer they gave would give someone a reason to say that they were wrong ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)). They thought that they would be able to say that Jesus was wrong when they asked him if people should pay taxes to Caesar ([Luke 20:22](../../luk/20/22.md)), but Jesus gave them an answer that they had not thought of.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. In this chapter, Jesus quotes a psalm that records David calling his son "lord," that is, "master." However, to the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants. In this passage, Jesus is trying to lead his hearers to the true understanding that the Messiah will himself be divine, and that he himself is the Messiah. ([Luke 20:41-44](./41.md)).
LUK 20 1 idi8 0 Connecting Statement: The chief priests, scribes, and elders question Jesus in the temple. -LUK 20 1 h8gv writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 20 1 vtg4 0 in the temple "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" +LUK 20 1 h8gv writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 20 1 vtg4 ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple "in the temple courtyard" or "at the temple" LUK 20 3 vcn1 0 General Information: Jesus responds to the chief priests, scribes, and elders. LUK 20 3 qn89 0 He answered and said to them "Jesus replied" -LUK 20 3 ku6a 0 I will also ask you a question, and you tell me The words "I will ... ask you a question" are a statement. The words "you tell me" are a command. -LUK 20 4 uph3 figs-rquestion 0 was it from heaven or from men Jesus knows that John's authority comes from heaven, so he is not asking for information. He asks the question so the Jewish leaders will have to tell what they think to all who are listening. This question is rhetorical, but you will probably have to translate it as a question. Alternate translation: "do you think John's authority to baptize people came from heaven or from men" or "was it God who told John to baptize people, or did people tell him to do it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 4 z7cg figs-metonymy 0 from heaven "from God." Jewish people avoided referring to God by his name "Yahweh." Often they used the word "heaven" to refer to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 20 5 mn6x 0 They reasoned "They discussed" or "They considered their answer" -LUK 20 5 a3r8 0 with themselves "among themselves" or "with each other" -LUK 20 5 z599 figs-quotations 0 If we say, 'From heaven,' he Some languages might prefer an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "If we say that John's authority is from heaven, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 20 5 m4l7 figs-metonymy 0 From heaven "From God." Jewish people avoided referring to God by his name "Yahweh." Often they used the word "heaven" to refer to him. See how these words are translated in [Luke 20:4](../20/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 20 5 fwa2 0 he will say "Jesus will say" -LUK 20 6 e9ps figs-quotations 0 if we say, 'From men,' Some languages might prefer an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "if we say that John's authority is from men," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 20 6 nns5 figs-explicit 0 stone us "kill us by throwing stones on us." God's Law commanded that his people stone those of his people who mocked him or his prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 7 ia28 0 So they answered "So the chief priests, scribes and elders answered." The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, they had reasoned with themselves ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)), and they did not have an answer they wanted to say. +LUK 20 3 ku6a κἀγὼ ἐρωτήσω κἀγὼ ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον, καὶ εἴπατέ μοι 1 I will also ask you a question, and you tell me The words "I will ... ask you a question" are a statement. The words "you tell me" are a command. +LUK 20 4 uph3 figs-rquestion ἦν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἢ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 was it from heaven or from men Jesus knows that John's authority comes from heaven, so he is not asking for information. He asks the question so the Jewish leaders will have to tell what they think to all who are listening. This question is rhetorical, but you will probably have to translate it as a question. Alternate translation: "do you think John's authority to baptize people came from heaven or from men" or "was it God who told John to baptize people, or did people tell him to do it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 20 4 z7cg figs-metonymy ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 from heaven "from God." Jewish people avoided referring to God by his name "Yahweh." Often they used the word "heaven" to refer to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 20 5 mn6x οἱ συνελογίσαντο 1 They reasoned "They discussed" or "They considered their answer" +LUK 20 5 a3r8 πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς 1 with themselves "among themselves" or "with each other" +LUK 20 5 z599 figs-quotations ," ἐὰν εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ οὐρανοῦ,' ἐρεῖ,' 1 If we say, 'From heaven,' he Some languages might prefer an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "If we say that John's authority is from heaven, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 20 5 m4l7 figs-metonymy ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 From heaven "From God." Jewish people avoided referring to God by his name "Yahweh." Often they used the word "heaven" to refer to him. See how these words are translated in [Luke 20:4](../20/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 20 5 fwa2 ἐρεῖ 1 he will say "Jesus will say" +LUK 20 6 e9ps figs-quotations ἐὰν εἴπωμεν,' ἐξ ἀνθρώπων,' 1 if we say, 'From men,' Some languages might prefer an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "if we say that John's authority is from men," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LUK 20 6 nns5 figs-explicit καταλιθάσει ἡμᾶς 1 stone us "kill us by throwing stones on us." God's Law commanded that his people stone those of his people who mocked him or his prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 7 ia28 καὶ ἀπεκρίθησαν 1 So they answered "So the chief priests, scribes and elders answered." The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, they had reasoned with themselves ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)), and they did not have an answer they wanted to say. LUK 20 7 w2bc figs-quotations 0 they answered that they did not know where it came from. This could be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "they said, 'We do not know where it came from.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LUK 20 7 eeg7 0 where it came from "where John's baptism came from." Alternate translation: "where John's authority to baptize came from" or "who authorized John to baptize people" -LUK 20 8 d3bg 0 Neither will I tell you "And I will not tell you." Jesus knew they were not willing to tell him the answer, so he responded in the same manner. Alternate translation: "Just as you will not tell me, I will not tell you" +LUK 20 8 d3bg οὐδὲ λέγω ἐγὼ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Neither will I tell you "And I will not tell you." Jesus knew they were not willing to tell him the answer, so he responded in the same manner. Alternate translation: "Just as you will not tell me, I will not tell you" LUK 20 9 mf5e figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to tell a parable to the people in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 20 9 s8tt 0 rented it out to vine growers "allowed some vine growers to use it in exchange for payment" or "allowed some vine growers to use it and pay him later." Payment might be in the form of money, or a portion of the harvest. -LUK 20 9 y37s 0 vine growers These are people who tend grape vines and grow grapes. Alternate translation: "grape farmers" -LUK 20 10 wm51 0 the appointed time "the time they had agreed to pay him." This would have been at the harvest time. -LUK 20 10 kr7j 0 of the fruit of the vineyard "some of the grapes" or "some of what they produced in the vineyard." It could also refer to the things they made from grapes or the money they earned by selling the grapes. -LUK 20 10 isk1 figs-metaphor 0 sent him away empty-handed An empty hand is a metaphor for "nothing." Alternate translation: "sent him away without paying him" or "sent him away without the grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 20 11 nq2x 0 beat him "beat that servant" -LUK 20 11 r72a 0 treated him shamefully "humiliated him" +LUK 20 9 s8tt ἐξέδετο αὐτὸν ἐξέδετο γεωργοῖς 1 rented it out to vine growers "allowed some vine growers to use it in exchange for payment" or "allowed some vine growers to use it and pay him later." Payment might be in the form of money, or a portion of the harvest. +LUK 20 9 y37s γεωργοῖς 1 vine growers These are people who tend grape vines and grow grapes. Alternate translation: "grape farmers" +LUK 20 10 wm51 καιρῷ 1 the appointed time "the time they had agreed to pay him." This would have been at the harvest time. +LUK 20 10 kr7j ἀπὸ τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος 1 of the fruit of the vineyard "some of the grapes" or "some of what they produced in the vineyard." It could also refer to the things they made from grapes or the money they earned by selling the grapes. +LUK 20 10 isk1 figs-metaphor ἐξαπέστειλαν αὐτὸν ἐξαπέστειλαν κενόν- κενόν 1 sent him away empty-handed An empty hand is a metaphor for "nothing." Alternate translation: "sent him away without paying him" or "sent him away without the grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 20 11 nq2x δείραντες κἀκεῖνον 1 beat him "beat that servant" +LUK 20 11 r72a ἀτιμάσαντες 1 treated him shamefully "humiliated him" LUK 20 11 vxh2 figs-metaphor 0 sent him away empty-handed Having an empty hand is a metaphor for having nothing. Alternate translation: "sent him away without paying him" or "sent him away without any grapes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 20 12 lr3h translate-ordinal 0 yet a third "even a third servant" or "yet another servant." The word "yet" hints at the fact that the landowner should not have had to send the second servant, but he went beyond that and sent a third servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 20 12 ub4g 0 wounded him "injured that servant" +LUK 20 12 ub4g τραυματίσαντες τοῦτον 1 wounded him "injured that servant" LUK 20 12 h32a 0 threw him out "threw him out of the vineyard" -LUK 20 13 kt8i figs-rquestion 0 What will I do? This question emphasizes that the vineyard owner thought carefully about what he was going to do. Alternate translation: "Here is what I will do:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 14 ib2b 0 when the vine growers saw him "when the farmers saw the owner's son" -LUK 20 14 rvi4 0 Let us kill him They were not asking permission. The said this to encourage each other to kill the heir. +LUK 20 13 kt8i figs-rquestion τί ποιήσω? 1 What will I do? This question emphasizes that the vineyard owner thought carefully about what he was going to do. Alternate translation: "Here is what I will do:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 20 14 ib2b ἰδόντες οἱ γεωργοὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν 1 when the vine growers saw him "when the farmers saw the owner's son" +LUK 20 14 rvi4 ἀποκτείνωμεν αὐτόν 1 Let us kill him They were not asking permission. The said this to encourage each other to kill the heir. LUK 20 15 u7us 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes telling his parable to the crowd. -LUK 20 15 m6en 0 They threw him out of the vineyard "The vine growers forced the son out of the vineyard" -LUK 20 15 dlu4 figs-rquestion 0 What then will the lord of the vineyard do to them? Jesus uses a question to get his listeners to pay attention to what the owner of the vineyard will do. Alternate translation: "So now, listen to what the lord of the vineyard will do to them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 16 k18g 0 May it never be "May it never happen" +LUK 20 15 m6en ἐκβαλόντες αὐτὸν ἐκβαλόντες ἔξω τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος 1 They threw him out of the vineyard "The vine growers forced the son out of the vineyard" +LUK 20 15 dlu4 figs-rquestion τί οὖν ποιήσει ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος ποιήσει αὐτοῖς? 1 What then will the lord of the vineyard do to them? Jesus uses a question to get his listeners to pay attention to what the owner of the vineyard will do. Alternate translation: "So now, listen to what the lord of the vineyard will do to them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 20 16 k18g μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "May it never happen" LUK 20 17 ne1d 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching the crowd. -LUK 20 17 qtb7 0 But Jesus looked at them "But Jesus stared at them" or "But he looked straight at them." He did this to hold them accountable to understand what he was saying. +LUK 20 17 qtb7 δὲ ὁ ἐμβλέψας αὐτοῖς 1 But Jesus looked at them "But Jesus stared at them" or "But he looked straight at them." He did this to hold them accountable to understand what he was saying. LUK 20 17 rf5f figs-rquestion 0 What is the meaning of that which is written: 'The stone ... cornerstone'? Jesus uses a question to teach the crowd. Alternate translation: "You should be able to understand that which is written: 'The stone ... cornerstone.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 17 l6l3 0 that which is written "this scripture" -LUK 20 17 a5kc figs-metaphor 0 The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone This is the first of three metaphors in a prophecy from the book of Psalms. This one refers to the Messiah as if he were a stone that builders chose not to use, but that God made the most important stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 20 17 bd2f 0 The stone that the builders rejected "The stone that the builders said was not good enough to use for building." In those days people used stones to build the walls of houses and other buildings. -LUK 20 17 w9b8 0 the builders This refers to the religious rulers who are rejecting Jesus as Messiah. -LUK 20 17 bh2r 0 the cornerstone "the chief stone of the building" or "the most important stone of the building" +LUK 20 17 l6l3 τοῦτο γεγραμμένον 1 that which is written "this scripture" +LUK 20 17 a5kc figs-metaphor λίθον ὃν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες ἀπεδοκίμασαν ἐγενήθη κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone This is the first of three metaphors in a prophecy from the book of Psalms. This one refers to the Messiah as if he were a stone that builders chose not to use, but that God made the most important stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 20 17 bd2f λίθον ὃν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες ἀπεδοκίμασαν 1 The stone that the builders rejected "The stone that the builders said was not good enough to use for building." In those days people used stones to build the walls of houses and other buildings. +LUK 20 17 w9b8 οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες 1 the builders This refers to the religious rulers who are rejecting Jesus as Messiah. +LUK 20 17 bh2r κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 the cornerstone "the chief stone of the building" or "the most important stone of the building" LUK 20 18 d7n2 figs-metaphor 0 Every one who falls ... broken to pieces This second metaphor speaks of people who reject the Messiah as if they fall over a stone and are injured. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 20 18 n3n5 figs-activepassive 0 will be broken to pieces This is a result of falling onto the stone. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will break up into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 18 fdu6 figs-metaphor 0 But on whomever it falls "But whomever that stone falls on." This third metaphor speaks about the Messiah judging those who reject him as if he were a large stone that would crush them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 20 19 vbf7 figs-metonymy 0 sought to lay hands on him In this verse, to "lay hands on" someone is to arrest that person. Alternate translation: "looked for a way to arrest Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 20 19 u4tz 0 in that very hour "immediately" -LUK 20 19 u4ta figs-explicit 0 they were afraid of the people This is the reason that they did not arrest Jesus right away. The people respected Jesus, and the religious leaders were afraid of what the people might do if they arrested him. Alternate translation: "they did not arrest him because they were afraid of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 20 f1en 0 they sent out spies "the scribes and chief priests sent spies to watch Jesus" -LUK 20 20 ml5w 0 that they might find fault with his speech "because they wanted to accuse Jesus of saying something bad" -LUK 20 20 r84a figs-explicit 0 to the rule and to the authority of the governor "Rule" and "authority" are two ways of saying that they wanted the governor to judge Jesus. It can be translated with one or both expressions. Alternate translation: "so that the governor would punish Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 18 n3n5 figs-activepassive συνθλασθήσεται 1 will be broken to pieces This is a result of falling onto the stone. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will break up into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 18 fdu6 figs-metaphor δ’ ἐφ’ ὃν πέσῃ 1 But on whomever it falls "But whomever that stone falls on." This third metaphor speaks about the Messiah judging those who reject him as if he were a large stone that would crush them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 20 19 vbf7 figs-metonymy ἐζήτησαν ἐπιβαλεῖν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 sought to lay hands on him In this verse, to "lay hands on" someone is to arrest that person. Alternate translation: "looked for a way to arrest Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 20 19 u4tz ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 in that very hour "immediately" +LUK 20 19 u4ta figs-explicit ἐφοβήθησαν τὸν λαόν 1 they were afraid of the people This is the reason that they did not arrest Jesus right away. The people respected Jesus, and the religious leaders were afraid of what the people might do if they arrested him. Alternate translation: "they did not arrest him because they were afraid of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 20 f1en ἀπέστειλαν ἐνκαθέτους 1 they sent out spies "the scribes and chief priests sent spies to watch Jesus" +LUK 20 20 ml5w ἵνα ἐπιλάβωνται αὐτοῦ λόγου 1 that they might find fault with his speech "because they wanted to accuse Jesus of saying something bad" +LUK 20 20 r84a figs-explicit τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος 1 to the rule and to the authority of the governor "Rule" and "authority" are two ways of saying that they wanted the governor to judge Jesus. It can be translated with one or both expressions. Alternate translation: "so that the governor would punish Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 20 21 q9q4 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of the next event in this part of the story. Some time has passed since Jesus was questioned in the temple by the chief priests. The spies are now questioning Jesus. -LUK 20 21 xn1w 0 They asked him "The spies asked Jesus" +LUK 20 21 xn1w ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν 1 They asked him "The spies asked Jesus" LUK 20 21 i3fr 0 Teacher, we know ... way of God The spies were trying to deceive Jesus. They did not believe these things about Jesus. -LUK 20 21 v93z figs-exclusive 0 we know "we" refers only to the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 20 21 fi1t figs-activepassive 0 are not influenced by anyone's position Possible meanings are 1) "you tell the truth even if important people do not like it" or 2) "you do not favor one person over another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 21 ubu9 0 but you teach the truth about the way of God This is part of what the spies were saying that they knew about Jesus. +LUK 20 21 v93z figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν 1 we know "we" refers only to the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 20 21 fi1t figs-activepassive λαμβάνεις πρόσωπον οὐ λαμβάνεις πρόσωπον' λαμβάνεις πρόσωπον 1 are not influenced by anyone's position Possible meanings are 1) "you tell the truth even if important people do not like it" or 2) "you do not favor one person over another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 21 ubu9 ἀλλ’ διδάσκεις ἀληθείας τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 but you teach the truth about the way of God This is part of what the spies were saying that they knew about Jesus. LUK 20 22 fi6p 0 Is it lawful ... or not? They hoped that Jesus would say either "yes" or "no." If he said "yes," then the Jewish people would be angry with him for telling them to pay taxes to a foreign government. If he said "no," then the religious leaders could tell the Romans that Jesus was teaching the people to break the Roman laws. -LUK 20 22 j6wb 0 Is it lawful They were asking about God's law, not about Caesar's law. Alternate translation: "Does our law permit us" -LUK 20 22 h4cc figs-metonymy 0 Caesar Because Caesar was the ruler of the Roman government, they could refer to the Roman government by Caesar's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 20 23 z9dm 0 But Jesus understood their craftiness "But Jesus understood how tricky they were" or "But Jesus saw that they were trying to trap him." The word "their" refers to the spies. -LUK 20 24 j21y translate-bmoney 0 a denarius This is a Roman silver coin worth a day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -LUK 20 24 cvs9 figs-rquestion 0 Whose image and name is on it? Jesus uses a question to respond to those who were trying to trick him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 24 wt51 0 image and name "picture and name" +LUK 20 22 j6wb ἔξεστιν 1 Is it lawful They were asking about God's law, not about Caesar's law. Alternate translation: "Does our law permit us" +LUK 20 22 h4cc figs-metonymy Καίσαρι 1 Caesar Because Caesar was the ruler of the Roman government, they could refer to the Roman government by Caesar's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 20 23 z9dm δὲ κατανοήσας αὐτῶν τὴν πανουργίαν 1 But Jesus understood their craftiness "But Jesus understood how tricky they were" or "But Jesus saw that they were trying to trap him." The word "their" refers to the spies. +LUK 20 24 j21y translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 a denarius This is a Roman silver coin worth a day's wages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +LUK 20 24 cvs9 figs-rquestion . τίνος εἰκόνα καὶ ἐπιγραφήν ἔχει?" 1 Whose image and name is on it? Jesus uses a question to respond to those who were trying to trick him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 20 24 wt51 εἰκόνα καὶ ἐπιγραφήν 1 image and name "picture and name" LUK 20 25 z96i 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of this event about the spies and the part of the story which began in [Luke 20:1](../20/01.md). -LUK 20 25 bh1x 0 He said to them "Then Jesus said to them" -LUK 20 25 rey9 figs-metonymy 0 Caesar Here "Caesar" refers to the Roman government. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 20 25 gj71 figs-ellipsis 0 and to God The word "give" is understood from the previous phrase. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: "and give to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 20 25 bh1x ὁ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 He said to them "Then Jesus said to them" +LUK 20 25 rey9 figs-metonymy Καίσαρι 1 Caesar Here "Caesar" refers to the Roman government. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 20 25 gj71 figs-ellipsis καὶ τῷ Θεῷ 1 and to God The word "give" is understood from the previous phrase. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: "and give to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 20 26 wa3s 0 They were not able to find fault with what he had said "The spies could not find anything wrong with what he said" -LUK 20 26 yc1y 0 but marveling at his answer, they were silent "but they were amazed at his answer and did not say anything" +LUK 20 26 yc1y καὶ θαυμάσαντες ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ ἀποκρίσει, ἐσίγησαν 1 but marveling at his answer, they were silent "but they were amazed at his answer and did not say anything" LUK 20 27 c6s4 0 General Information: We do not know where this takes place, though it possibly took place in the temple courtyard. Jesus is talking with some Sadducees. LUK 20 27 f9e3 figs-distinguish 0 the ones who say that there is no resurrection This phrase identifies the Sadducees as being the group of Jews that say that no one would rise from the dead. It does not imply that some Sadducees believed that there is a resurrection and some did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -LUK 20 28 d6yl 0 if a man's brother dies, having a wife, and being childless "if a man's brother dies when he has a wife but does not have children" -LUK 20 28 sjt5 0 the man should take the brother's wife "the man should marry his dead brother's widow" +LUK 20 28 d6yl ἐάν τινος' τινος ἀδελφὸς ἀποθάνῃ, ἔχων γυναῖκα, καὶ οὗτος ἄτεκνος 1 if a man's brother dies, having a wife, and being childless "if a man's brother dies when he has a wife but does not have children" +LUK 20 28 sjt5 ᾖ λάβῃ ὁ ἀδελφὸς' ἀδελφὸς τὴν γυναῖκα 1 the man should take the brother's wife "the man should marry his dead brother's widow" LUK 20 28 pn1c figs-explicit 0 have a child for his brother The Jews considered the first son born to a woman who married her dead husband's brother as if he were the son of the woman's first husband. This son inherited the property of his mother's first husband and carried on his name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 20 29 e1b5 0 General Information: The Sadducees tell Jesus a short story in verses 29-32. This is a story they made up as an example. In verse 33, they ask Jesus a question about the story they told. LUK 20 29 c2jr 0 Connecting Statement: The Sadducees finish asking Jesus their question. -LUK 20 29 ax5n 0 There were seven brothers This may have happened, but it is probably a story that they made up to test Jesus. -LUK 20 29 si57 translate-ordinal 0 the first "brother number one" or "the oldest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 20 29 qt6a 0 died childless "died without having any children" or "died, but did not have any children" +LUK 20 29 ax5n ἦσαν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοὶ 1 There were seven brothers This may have happened, but it is probably a story that they made up to test Jesus. +LUK 20 29 si57 translate-ordinal ὁ πρῶτος 1 the first "brother number one" or "the oldest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 20 29 qt6a ἀπέθανεν ἄτεκνος 1 died childless "died without having any children" or "died, but did not have any children" LUK 20 30 p5mw figs-ellipsis 0 the second as well Jesus kept the story short by not repeating many of the details. Alternate translation: "the second married her and the same thing happened" or "the second brother married her and died without having any children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 20 30 r4xe translate-ordinal 0 the second "brother number two" or "the oldest brother who was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 20 31 d5tq 0 The third took her "The third married her" -LUK 20 31 ky9p translate-ordinal 0 The third "Brother number three" or "The oldest brother who was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 20 31 f1fj figs-ellipsis 0 likewise the seven also left no children, and died They did not repeat many of the details to keep the story short. Alternate translation: "in the same way the rest of the seven brothers married her and had no children and died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 20 31 y4wt 0 the seven "all seven of the brothers" or "each of the seven brothers" -LUK 20 33 avu1 0 In the resurrection "When people are raised from the dead" or "When dead people will become alive again." Some languages have a way of showing that the Sadducees did not believe that there would be a resurrection, such as "In the supposed resurrection" or "When dead people are supposedly raised from the dead." +LUK 20 30 r4xe translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος 1 the second "brother number two" or "the oldest brother who was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 20 31 d5tq ὁ τρίτος ἔλαβεν αὐτήν 1 The third took her "The third married her" +LUK 20 31 ky9p translate-ordinal ὁ τρίτος 1 The third "Brother number three" or "The oldest brother who was still alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 20 31 f1fj figs-ellipsis ὡσαύτως οἱ ἑπτὰ καὶ κατέλιπον οὐ τέκνα, καὶ ἀπέθανον 1 likewise the seven also left no children, and died They did not repeat many of the details to keep the story short. Alternate translation: "in the same way the rest of the seven brothers married her and had no children and died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 20 31 y4wt οἱ ἑπτὰ 1 the seven "all seven of the brothers" or "each of the seven brothers" +LUK 20 33 avu1 ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 In the resurrection "When people are raised from the dead" or "When dead people will become alive again." Some languages have a way of showing that the Sadducees did not believe that there would be a resurrection, such as "In the supposed resurrection" or "When dead people are supposedly raised from the dead." LUK 20 34 dn48 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to answer the Sadducees. -LUK 20 34 n91c 0 The sons of this world "The people of this world" or "The people of this time." This is in contrast with those in heaven or the people who live after the resurrection. -LUK 20 34 nlu3 figs-explicit 0 marry and are given in marriage In that culture they spoke of men marrying women and women being given in marriage to their husband. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "get married" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 35 m8m9 figs-activepassive 0 those who are regarded as worthy in that age This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people in that age whom God will consider to be worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 35 ct9h 0 to receive the resurrection from the dead "to be raised from the dead" or "to rise from death" -LUK 20 35 m3gm 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To receive resurrection from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -LUK 20 35 rh62 figs-explicit 0 will neither marry nor be given in marriage In that culture they spoke of men marrying women and women being given in marriage to their husband. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not marry" or "will not get married." This is after the resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 36 lk28 figs-explicit 0 Neither can they die anymore This is after the resurrection. Alternate translation: "They will not be able to die anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 36 btb3 0 are sons of God, being sons of the resurrection "are children of God because he has brought them back from the dead" +LUK 20 34 n91c οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τοῦ αἰῶνος 1 The sons of this world "The people of this world" or "The people of this time." This is in contrast with those in heaven or the people who live after the resurrection. +LUK 20 34 nlu3 figs-explicit γαμοῦσιν καὶ γαμίσκονται 1 marry and are given in marriage In that culture they spoke of men marrying women and women being given in marriage to their husband. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "get married" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 35 m8m9 figs-activepassive οἱ δὲ καταξιωθέντες τοῦ ἐκείνου αἰῶνος 1 those who are regarded as worthy in that age This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people in that age whom God will consider to be worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 35 ct9h τυχεῖν τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἐκ τῆς νεκρῶν 1 to receive the resurrection from the dead "to be raised from the dead" or "to rise from death" +LUK 20 35 m3gm ἐκ τῆς νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To receive resurrection from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +LUK 20 35 rh62 figs-explicit γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμίζονται 1 will neither marry nor be given in marriage In that culture they spoke of men marrying women and women being given in marriage to their husband. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not marry" or "will not get married." This is after the resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 36 lk28 figs-explicit οὐδὲ δύνανται ἀποθανεῖν ἔτι 1 Neither can they die anymore This is after the resurrection. Alternate translation: "They will not be able to die anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 36 btb3 εἰσιν υἱοί Θεοῦ, ὄντες υἱοὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως 1 are sons of God, being sons of the resurrection "are children of God because he has brought them back from the dead" LUK 20 37 ky7p 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes answering the Sadducees. -LUK 20 37 g3xg figs-activepassive 0 But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed The word "even" is here because the Sadducees might not have been surprised that some scriptures say that the dead are raised, but they did not expect Moses to have written something like that. Alternate translation: "But even Moses showed that dead people rise from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 37 j8z5 figs-activepassive 0 the dead are raised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God causes the dead to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 20 37 n82t figs-explicit 0 in the place concerning the bush "in the part of scripture where he wrote about the burning bush" or "in the scripture about the burning bush" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 37 nx7f 0 where he calls the Lord "where Moses called the Lord" -LUK 20 37 pqm8 0 the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob "the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." They all worshiped the same God. -LUK 20 38 tdq7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Jesus explains how this story proves that people rise from the dead. -LUK 20 38 u1y5 figs-parallelism 0 he is not the God of the dead, but of the living These two sentences have similar meaning said twice for emphasis. Some languages have different ways of showing emphasis. Alternate translation: "the Lord is the God of living people only" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LUK 20 38 dxi9 figs-explicit 0 but of the living "but the God of living people." Since these people died physically, they must still be alive spiritually. Alternate translation: "but the God of people whose spirits are alive, even though their bodies may have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 38 i6am 0 because all live to him "because in God's sight they all are still alive" or "because their spirits are alive in God's presence" -LUK 20 39 n5nq figs-explicit 0 Some of the scribes answered "Some of the scribes said to Jesus." There were scribes present when the Sadducees were questioning Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 40 i6sv 0 For they It is unclear if this refers to the scribes, or the Sadducees, or both. It is best to keep the statement general. -LUK 20 40 vjx9 figs-explicit 0 they did not dare ask him any more questions "they were afraid to ask ... questions" or "they did not risk asking ... questions." They understood that they did not know as much as Jesus did, but they did not want to say that. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "they did ask him any more tricky questions because they feared that his wise answers would make them appear foolish again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 37 g3xg figs-activepassive δὲ ὅτι οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται, καὶ Μωϋσῆς ἐμήνυσεν 1 But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed The word "even" is here because the Sadducees might not have been surprised that some scriptures say that the dead are raised, but they did not expect Moses to have written something like that. Alternate translation: "But even Moses showed that dead people rise from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 37 j8z5 figs-activepassive οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται 1 the dead are raised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God causes the dead to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 37 n82t figs-explicit ἐπὶ τῆς βάτου 1 in the place concerning the bush "in the part of scripture where he wrote about the burning bush" or "in the scripture about the burning bush" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 37 nx7f ὡς λέγει Κύριον 1 where he calls the Lord "where Moses called the Lord" +LUK 20 37 pqm8 Κύριον τὸν Θεὸν Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Θεὸν Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Θεὸν Ἰακώβ 1 the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob "the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." They all worshiped the same God. +LUK 20 38 tdq7 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Jesus explains how this story proves that people rise from the dead. +LUK 20 38 u1y5 figs-parallelism ἔστιν οὐκ Θεὸς νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 he is not the God of the dead, but of the living These two sentences have similar meaning said twice for emphasis. Some languages have different ways of showing emphasis. Alternate translation: "the Lord is the God of living people only" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LUK 20 38 dxi9 figs-explicit ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 but of the living "but the God of living people." Since these people died physically, they must still be alive spiritually. Alternate translation: "but the God of people whose spirits are alive, even though their bodies may have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 38 i6am γὰρ πάντες ζῶσιν αὐτῷ 1 because all live to him "because in God's sight they all are still alive" or "because their spirits are alive in God's presence" +LUK 20 39 n5nq figs-explicit τινες τῶν γραμματέων ἀποκριθέντες 1 Some of the scribes answered "Some of the scribes said to Jesus." There were scribes present when the Sadducees were questioning Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 40 i6sv γὰρ ἐτόλμων 1 For they It is unclear if this refers to the scribes, or the Sadducees, or both. It is best to keep the statement general. +LUK 20 40 vjx9 figs-explicit ἐτόλμων οὐκέτι ἐτόλμων ἐπερωτᾶν αὐτὸν οὐδέν 1 they did not dare ask him any more questions "they were afraid to ask ... questions" or "they did not risk asking ... questions." They understood that they did not know as much as Jesus did, but they did not want to say that. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "they did ask him any more tricky questions because they feared that his wise answers would make them appear foolish again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 20 41 t981 0 General Information: Jesus asks the scribes a question. LUK 20 41 mda6 figs-rquestion 0 How do they say ... son? "Why do they say ... son?" Jesus uses a question to make the scribes think about who the Messiah is. Alternate translation: "Let's think about them saying ... son." or "I will talk about them saying ... son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 20 41 sq2g figs-explicit 0 they say The prophets, the religious rulers, and the Jewish people in general knew that the Messiah was the son of David. Alternate translation: "everyone says" or "people say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 41 b7rb figs-synecdoche 0 David's son "King David's descendant." The word "son" is used here to refer to a descendant. In this case it refers to the one who would reign over God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 20 42 h2al 0 The Lord said to my Lord This is a quotation from the book of Psalms which says "Yahweh said to my Lord." But the Jews stopped saying "Yahweh" and often said "Lord" instead. Alternate translation: "The Lord God said to my Lord" or "God said to my Lord" -LUK 20 42 e1i2 0 my Lord David was referring to the Christ as "my Lord." -LUK 20 42 pse3 translate-symaction 0 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 20 43 fl1h figs-metaphor 0 until I make your enemies your footstool The Messiah's enemies are spoken of as if they were furniture on which he would rest his feet. This was an image of submission. Alternate translation: "until I make your enemies like a footstool for you" or "until I conquer your enemies for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 20 44 zk2h figs-explicit 0 David therefore calls the Christ 'Lord' In the culture of that time, a father was more respected than a son. David's us of the title 'Lord' for the Christ implies that he was greater than David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 20 44 k1tp figs-rquestion 0 so how is he David's son? "so how can the Christ be David's son?" This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "this shows that the Christ is not merely David's descendant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 20 41 sq2g figs-explicit λέγουσιν 1 they say The prophets, the religious rulers, and the Jewish people in general knew that the Messiah was the son of David. Alternate translation: "everyone says" or "people say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 41 b7rb figs-synecdoche Δαυεὶδ' Δαυεὶδ Υἱόν 1 David's son "King David's descendant." The word "son" is used here to refer to a descendant. In this case it refers to the one who would reign over God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 20 42 h2al ὁ Κύριος εἶπεν τῷ μου Κυρίῳ 1 The Lord said to my Lord This is a quotation from the book of Psalms which says "Yahweh said to my Lord." But the Jews stopped saying "Yahweh" and often said "Lord" instead. Alternate translation: "The Lord God said to my Lord" or "God said to my Lord" +LUK 20 42 e1i2 μου Κυρίῳ 1 my Lord David was referring to the Christ as "my Lord." +LUK 20 42 pse3 translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ μου δεξιῶν 1 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 20 43 fl1h figs-metaphor ἕως ἂν θῶ σου τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον 1 until I make your enemies your footstool The Messiah's enemies are spoken of as if they were furniture on which he would rest his feet. This was an image of submission. Alternate translation: "until I make your enemies like a footstool for you" or "until I conquer your enemies for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 20 44 zk2h figs-explicit Δαυεὶδ οὖν καλεῖ αὐτὸν' Κύριον', 1 David therefore calls the Christ 'Lord' In the culture of that time, a father was more respected than a son. David's us of the title 'Lord' for the Christ implies that he was greater than David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 44 k1tp figs-rquestion καὶ πῶς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ υἱός' υἱός 1 so how is he David's son? "so how can the Christ be David's son?" This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "this shows that the Christ is not merely David's descendant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 20 45 k3pf 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus now directs his attention to his disciples and speaks mainly to them. -LUK 20 46 m2yu 0 Beware of "Be on guard against" -LUK 20 46 ang2 figs-explicit 0 who desire to walk in long robes Long robes would show that they were important. Alternate translation: "who like to walk around wearing their important robes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 20 46 m2yu προσέχετε ἀπὸ 1 Beware of "Be on guard against" +LUK 20 46 ang2 figs-explicit τῶν θελόντων περιπατεῖν ἐν στολαῖς 1 who desire to walk in long robes Long robes would show that they were important. Alternate translation: "who like to walk around wearing their important robes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 20 47 c7yv figs-metaphor 0 They also devour widows' houses "They also eat up widows' houses." The scribes are spoken of as if they were hungry animals that eat up the widows' houses. The word "houses" is a synecdoche for both where the widow lives and all the possessions she puts in her home. Alternate translation: "They also take away from widows all their possessions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 20 47 g67x 0 for a show they make long prayers "they pretend to be righteous and make long prayers" or "they make long prayers so that people will see them" -LUK 20 47 zpp5 figs-activepassive 0 Men like this will receive greater condemnation "They will receive a more severe judgment." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly punish them very severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 20 47 g67x προφάσει μακρὰ προσεύχονται 1 for a show they make long prayers "they pretend to be righteous and make long prayers" or "they make long prayers so that people will see them" +LUK 20 47 zpp5 figs-activepassive οὗτοι λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 Men like this will receive greater condemnation "They will receive a more severe judgment." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will certainly punish them very severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 21 intro ny7d 0 # Luke 21 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Jesus told his disciples much about what would happen before he returned.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'"

Jesus taught that before he returned many people would falsely claim to be him returning. It will also be a time when many people will hate Jesus' followers and even want to kill them.

##### "Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled"

The Jews spoke of the time between when the Babylonians forced their ancestors to go to Babylon and the time when the Messiah would come as "the times of the Gentiles," the time when the Gentiles would rule over the Jews.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 21:27](../../luk/21/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 21 1 k2zb writing-background 0 This is the next event in the story. Jesus begins teaching his disciples, either on the same day that the Sadducees question Jesus ([Luke 20:27](../20/27.md)) or on a different day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 21 1 nf4c figs-explicit 0 gifts You may need to make explicit what the gifts were. Alternate translation: "gifts of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 1 unv2 0 treasury one of the boxes in the temple courtyard where people put money as a gift to God -LUK 21 2 xrk2 writing-participants 0 a certain poor widow This is a way of introducing a new character to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 21 2 vzu8 translate-bmoney 0 two mites "two small coins" or "two tiny copper coins." These were the least valuable of the coins people used then. Alternate translation: "two pennies" or "two small coins of little value" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -LUK 21 3 t97j 0 Truly I say to you This means that what Jesus was about to say was very important. -LUK 21 3 i8gf figs-you 0 I say to you Jesus was talking to his disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 21 3 rwt3 figs-hyperbole 0 this poor widow put in more than all of them God considers her gift, a small amount of money, more significant than the large amounts of money the men gave. Alternate translation: "the small gift of this widow is more valuable than the larger gifts of the rich men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 21 4 x3qb 0 gave gifts out of their abundance "have a lot of money but only gave a small portion of it" -LUK 21 4 gaj8 0 out of her poverty "who has very little money" +LUK 21 1 nf4c figs-explicit τὰ δῶρα 1 gifts You may need to make explicit what the gifts were. Alternate translation: "gifts of money" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 21 1 unv2 γαζοφυλάκιον 1 treasury one of the boxes in the temple courtyard where people put money as a gift to God +LUK 21 2 xrk2 writing-participants χήραν τινα πενιχρὰν χήραν 1 a certain poor widow This is a way of introducing a new character to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +LUK 21 2 vzu8 translate-bmoney δύο λεπτὰ 1 two mites "two small coins" or "two tiny copper coins." These were the least valuable of the coins people used then. Alternate translation: "two pennies" or "two small coins of little value" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +LUK 21 3 t97j ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This means that what Jesus was about to say was very important. +LUK 21 3 i8gf figs-you λέγω ὑμῖν 1 I say to you Jesus was talking to his disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 21 3 rwt3 figs-hyperbole αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ ἡ χήρα ἔβαλεν πλεῖον πάντων 1 this poor widow put in more than all of them God considers her gift, a small amount of money, more significant than the large amounts of money the men gave. Alternate translation: "the small gift of this widow is more valuable than the larger gifts of the rich men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 21 4 x3qb ἔβαλον δῶρα ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ περισσεύοντος 1 gave gifts out of their abundance "have a lot of money but only gave a small portion of it" +LUK 21 4 gaj8 ἐκ τοῦ αὐτῆς ὑστερήματος 1 out of her poverty "who has very little money" LUK 21 5 vgp3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus switches from talking about the widow to teaching about the temple. -LUK 21 5 vk7z 0 offerings things people had given to God -LUK 21 6 lcz6 0 these things that you see This refers to the beautiful temple and its decorations. -LUK 21 6 wcd9 0 the days will come when "there will be a time when" or "someday" -LUK 21 6 ajx2 figs-activepassive 0 left on another which will not be torn down A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "left on another. They will all be torn down" or "left on another. Enemies will tear down every stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 5 vk7z ἀναθέμασιν 1 offerings things people had given to God +LUK 21 6 lcz6 ταῦτα ἃ θεωρεῖτε 1 these things that you see This refers to the beautiful temple and its decorations. +LUK 21 6 wcd9 ἡμέραι ἐλεύσονται ἐν αἷς 1 the days will come when "there will be a time when" or "someday" +LUK 21 6 ajx2 figs-activepassive ἀφεθήσεται ἐπὶ λίθῳ ὃς καταλυθήσεται οὐ καταλυθήσεται 1 left on another which will not be torn down A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "left on another. They will all be torn down" or "left on another. Enemies will tear down every stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 21 6 dps1 0 not one stone will be left ... not be torn down This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "every stone will be removed from its place and they will all be torn down" -LUK 21 6 jfl1 figs-activepassive 0 left on another which will not be torn down A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "left on another. They will all be torn down" or "left on another. Enemies will tear down every stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 7 rix4 0 they asked him "the disciples asked Jesus" or "Jesus' disciples asked him" -LUK 21 7 a11j 0 these things This refers to what Jesus has just said about enemies destroying the temple. +LUK 21 6 jfl1 figs-activepassive ἀφεθήσεται ἐπὶ λίθῳ ὃς καταλυθήσεται οὐ καταλυθήσεται 1 left on another which will not be torn down A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "left on another. They will all be torn down" or "left on another. Enemies will tear down every stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 7 rix4 ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν 1 they asked him "the disciples asked Jesus" or "Jesus' disciples asked him" +LUK 21 7 a11j ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to what Jesus has just said about enemies destroying the temple. LUK 21 8 vu18 figs-you 0 that you are not deceived Jesus was talking to his disciples. The word "you" is plural. Alternate translation: "that you do not believe lies" or "that no one deceives you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 8 f1ed figs-metonymy 0 in my name People coming in his name claim to represent him. Alternate translation: "claiming to be me" or "claiming to have my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 8 f1ed figs-metonymy ἐπὶ μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in my name People coming in his name claim to represent him. Alternate translation: "claiming to be me" or "claiming to have my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 21 8 h6zp 0 I am he "I am the Christ" or "I am the Messiah" -LUK 21 8 sls1 0 Do not go after them "Do not believe them" or "Do not become their disciples" -LUK 21 9 p5w5 0 wars and riots Here "wars" probably refers to fighting between countries, and "riots" probably refers to people fighting against their own leaders or against others in their country. Alternate translation: "wars and rebellions" or "wars and revolutions" -LUK 21 9 eze2 0 do not be terrified "do not let these things terrify you" or "do not be afraid" +LUK 21 8 sls1 πορευθῆτε μὴ πορευθῆτε ὀπίσω αὐτῶν 1 Do not go after them "Do not believe them" or "Do not become their disciples" +LUK 21 9 p5w5 πολέμους καὶ ἀκαταστασίας 1 wars and riots Here "wars" probably refers to fighting between countries, and "riots" probably refers to people fighting against their own leaders or against others in their country. Alternate translation: "wars and rebellions" or "wars and revolutions" +LUK 21 9 eze2 πτοηθῆτε μὴ πτοηθῆτε 1 do not be terrified "do not let these things terrify you" or "do not be afraid" LUK 21 9 msn6 figs-explicit 0 the end will not happen immediately This refers to the final judgment. Alternate translation: "the end of the world will not happen immediately after the wars and riots" or "the world will not end immediately after those things happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 9 jyh8 0 the end "the end of everything" or "the end of the age" -LUK 21 10 yj1i 0 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples." Since this is a continuation of Jesus speaking from the previous verse, some languages may prefer not to say "Then he said to them." -LUK 21 10 ms79 figs-metonymy 0 Nation will rise against nation Here "nation" is a metonym for the people of the nation, and "rise against" is a metonym for attack. The word "nation" represents nations in general, not one particular nation. Alternate translation: "The people of one nation will attack the people of other nations" or "The people of some nations will attack the people of other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -LUK 21 10 ax4w 0 Nation This refers to ethnic groups of people rather than to countries. -LUK 21 10 e65b figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words "will rise" are understood from the previous phrase and mean attack. Alternate translation: "kingdom will rise against kingdom" or "the people of some kingdoms will attack the people of other kingdoms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -LUK 21 11 gw7x figs-ellipsis 0 in various places famines and plagues The words "there will be" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "there will be famines and plagues in many places" or "there will be times of hunger and diseases in different places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 21 11 ib3l 0 terrifying events "events that terrify people" or "events that cause people to be very afraid" -LUK 21 12 unm4 0 these things This refers to the terrible things that Jesus has said will happen. -LUK 21 12 w5uz figs-metonymy 0 they will lay their hands on you "they will grab you." This expression refers to people exercising authority over the disciples. Alternate translation: "they will arrest you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 12 qd99 0 they will "people will" or "enemies will" -LUK 21 12 c44t figs-you 0 you Jesus was talking to his disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 21 9 jyh8 τὸ τέλος 1 the end "the end of everything" or "the end of the age" +LUK 21 10 yj1i τότε ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 Then he said to them "Then Jesus said to his disciples." Since this is a continuation of Jesus speaking from the previous verse, some languages may prefer not to say "Then he said to them." +LUK 21 10 ms79 figs-metonymy ἔθνος ἐγερθήσεται ἐπ’ ἔθνος 1 Nation will rise against nation Here "nation" is a metonym for the people of the nation, and "rise against" is a metonym for attack. The word "nation" represents nations in general, not one particular nation. Alternate translation: "The people of one nation will attack the people of other nations" or "The people of some nations will attack the people of other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +LUK 21 10 ax4w ἔθνος 1 Nation This refers to ethnic groups of people rather than to countries. +LUK 21 10 e65b figs-ellipsis βασιλεία ἐπὶ βασιλείαν 1 kingdom against kingdom The words "will rise" are understood from the previous phrase and mean attack. Alternate translation: "kingdom will rise against kingdom" or "the people of some kingdoms will attack the people of other kingdoms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +LUK 21 11 gw7x figs-ellipsis κατὰ τόπους λιμοὶ καὶ λοιμοὶ 1 in various places famines and plagues The words "there will be" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "there will be famines and plagues in many places" or "there will be times of hunger and diseases in different places" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 21 11 ib3l φόβηθρά 1 terrifying events "events that terrify people" or "events that cause people to be very afraid" +LUK 21 12 unm4 τούτων 1 these things This refers to the terrible things that Jesus has said will happen. +LUK 21 12 w5uz figs-metonymy ἐπιβαλοῦσιν αὐτῶν τὰς χεῖρας ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 they will lay their hands on you "they will grab you." This expression refers to people exercising authority over the disciples. Alternate translation: "they will arrest you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 12 qd99 ἐπιβαλοῦσιν 1 they will "people will" or "enemies will" +LUK 21 12 c44t figs-you ὑμᾶς 1 you Jesus was talking to his disciples. The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 21 12 w2i4 figs-metonymy 0 delivering you over to the synagogues The word "synagogues" is a metonym for the people in the synagogues, specifically the leaders. Alternate translation: "giving you over to the leaders of the synagogues" or "taking you to the synagogues so that the people there can do to you whatever they want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 12 xt6d 0 and prisons "and delivering you over to the prisons" or "and putting you in prisons" -LUK 21 12 cwq9 figs-metonymy 0 because of my name The word "name" is here used to refer to Jesus himself. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 13 d98x 0 for your testimony "for you to tell them your testimony about me" -LUK 21 14 q1s1 writing-connectingwords 0 Therefore "Because of this," referring to everything Jesus has said, beginning in [Luke 21:10](../21/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -LUK 21 14 he8s figs-metonymy 0 resolve in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds. Alternate translation: "make up your mind" or "decide firmly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 14 usf9 0 not to prepare your defense ahead of time "not to figure out ahead of time what you will say in order to defend yourself against their accusations" -LUK 21 15 d3zh 0 wisdom that all your adversaries will not be able to resist or contradict "wisdom that none of your adversaries will be able to resist or contradict" +LUK 21 12 xt6d καὶ φυλακάς 1 and prisons "and delivering you over to the prisons" or "and putting you in prisons" +LUK 21 12 cwq9 figs-metonymy ἕνεκεν μου τοῦ ὀνόματός 1 because of my name The word "name" is here used to refer to Jesus himself. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 13 d98x εἰς ὑμῖν μαρτύριον 1 for your testimony "for you to tell them your testimony about me" +LUK 21 14 q1s1 writing-connectingwords οὖν 1 Therefore "Because of this," referring to everything Jesus has said, beginning in [Luke 21:10](../21/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +LUK 21 14 he8s figs-metonymy θέτε ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 resolve in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds. Alternate translation: "make up your mind" or "decide firmly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 14 usf9 μὴ προμελετᾶν ἀπολογηθῆναι προμελετᾶν 1 not to prepare your defense ahead of time "not to figure out ahead of time what you will say in order to defend yourself against their accusations" +LUK 21 15 d3zh σοφίαν ᾗ πάντες ὑμῖν οἱ ἀντικείμενοι δυνήσονται οὐ δυνήσονται ἀντιστῆναι ἢ ἀντειπεῖν 1 wisdom that all your adversaries will not be able to resist or contradict "wisdom that none of your adversaries will be able to resist or contradict" LUK 21 15 z6ua 0 I will give you words and wisdom "I will tell you what wise things to say" LUK 21 15 gm5t figs-hendiadys 0 words and wisdom These can be combined into one phrase. Alternate translation: "words of wisdom" or "wise words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) LUK 21 16 xc2s figs-activepassive 0 you will be delivered up also by parents, brothers, relatives, and friends This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "even your parents, brothers, relatives, and friends will give you over to the authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 16 ue17 0 they will put some of you to death "they will kill some of you." Possible meanings are 1) "the authorities will kill some of you" or 2) "those who deliver you up will kill some of you." The first meaning is more likely. -LUK 21 17 wbh8 figs-hyperbole 0 You will be hated by everyone This can be translated in active form. The word "everyone" emphasizes how many people will hate the disciples, either through 1) exaggeration Alternate translation: "It will seem like you are hated by everyone" or "It will seem like everyone hates you" or 2) a generalization. Alternate translation: "You will be hated by most people" or "Most people will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 21 17 lm66 figs-metonymy 0 because of my name "my name" here refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 18 y7bi figs-synecdoche 0 But not a hair of your head will perish Jesus speaks of one of the smallest parts of a person. He is emphasizing that the whole person will not perish. Jesus had already said that some of them would be put to death, so some understand this to mean that they would not be harmed spiritually. Alternate translation: "But these things cannot really harm you" or "Even every hair on your head will be safe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LUK 21 19 g85h 0 In your endurance "By holding firm." This can be stated in the opposite way. Alternate translation: "If you do not quit" -LUK 21 19 r5zc 0 you will gain your souls The "soul" was understood to represent the eternal part of a person. Alternate translation: "you will receive life" or "you will save yourselves" -LUK 21 20 nqb6 figs-activepassive 0 Jerusalem surrounded by armies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "armies surrounding Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 20 dfy7 0 that its destruction is near "that it will soon be destroyed" or "that they will soon destroy it" -LUK 21 21 av2e 0 flee run away from danger -LUK 21 21 htg9 0 in the country This refers to the rural areas outside Jerusalem, and not to the nation. Alternate translation: "outside the city" -LUK 21 21 ubh7 0 enter the city "enter Jerusalem" -LUK 21 22 vs2g 0 these are days of vengeance "these are days of punishment" or "this will be the time when God will punish this city" -LUK 21 22 eba2 figs-activepassive 0 all the things that are written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the things that the prophets wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 22 f9es figs-activepassive 0 will be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 23 e1pj 0 to them who are nursing "to mothers who are nursing their babies" -LUK 21 23 mzp3 0 there will be great distress upon the land Possible meanings are 1) the people of the land will be distressed or 2) there will be physical disasters in the land. -LUK 21 23 iw4r figs-explicit 0 wrath to this people "there will be wrath to the people at that time." God will bring this wrath. Alternate translation: "this people will experience God's anger" or "God will be very angry and will punish this people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 24 lmj8 figs-metonymy 0 They will fall by the edge of the sword "They will be killed by the edge of the sword." Here "fall by the edge of the sword" represents being killed by enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: "Enemy soldiers will kill them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 24 cg3n figs-activepassive 0 they will be led captive into all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "their enemies will capture them and take them to other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 24 zn4e figs-hyperbole 0 into all the nations The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will be led into many countries. Alternate translation: "into many other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 21 24 j7kw figs-activepassive 0 Jerusalem will be trampled by the Gentiles Possible meanings are 1) the Gentiles will conquer Jerusalem and occupy it or 2) the Gentiles will destroy the city of Jerusalem or 3) the Gentiles will destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 24 d356 figs-metaphor 0 trampled by the Gentiles This metaphor speaks of Jerusalem as if the people of other nations was walking on it and crushing it down with their feet. This refers to domination. Alternate translation: "conquered by the Gentiles" or "destroyed by the other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 21 24 na6l figs-activepassive 0 the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the period of the Gentiles has come to an end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 16 ue17 θανατώσουσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν θανατώσουσιν 1 they will put some of you to death "they will kill some of you." Possible meanings are 1) "the authorities will kill some of you" or 2) "those who deliver you up will kill some of you." The first meaning is more likely. +LUK 21 17 wbh8 figs-hyperbole ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων 1 You will be hated by everyone This can be translated in active form. The word "everyone" emphasizes how many people will hate the disciples, either through 1) exaggeration Alternate translation: "It will seem like you are hated by everyone" or "It will seem like everyone hates you" or 2) a generalization. Alternate translation: "You will be hated by most people" or "Most people will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 21 17 lm66 figs-metonymy διὰ μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 because of my name "my name" here refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you follow me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 18 y7bi figs-synecdoche καὶ οὐ μὴ θρὶξ ἐκ ὑμῶν τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀπόληται 1 But not a hair of your head will perish Jesus speaks of one of the smallest parts of a person. He is emphasizing that the whole person will not perish. Jesus had already said that some of them would be put to death, so some understand this to mean that they would not be harmed spiritually. Alternate translation: "But these things cannot really harm you" or "Even every hair on your head will be safe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +LUK 21 19 g85h ἐν ὑμῶν τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 In your endurance "By holding firm." This can be stated in the opposite way. Alternate translation: "If you do not quit" +LUK 21 19 r5zc κτήσασθε ὑμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς 1 you will gain your souls The "soul" was understood to represent the eternal part of a person. Alternate translation: "you will receive life" or "you will save yourselves" +LUK 21 20 nqb6 figs-activepassive Ἰερουσαλήμ κυκλουμένην ὑπὸ στρατοπέδων 1 Jerusalem surrounded by armies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "armies surrounding Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 20 dfy7 ὅτι αὐτῆς ἡ ἐρήμωσις ἤγγικεν 1 that its destruction is near "that it will soon be destroyed" or "that they will soon destroy it" +LUK 21 21 av2e φευγέτωσαν 1 flee run away from danger +LUK 21 21 htg9 ἐν ταῖς χώραις 1 in the country This refers to the rural areas outside Jerusalem, and not to the nation. Alternate translation: "outside the city" +LUK 21 21 ubh7 εἰσερχέσθωσαν αὐτήν 1 enter the city "enter Jerusalem" +LUK 21 22 vs2g αὗταί εἰσιν ἡμέραι ἐκδικήσεως 1 these are days of vengeance "these are days of punishment" or "this will be the time when God will punish this city" +LUK 21 22 eba2 figs-activepassive πάντα τοῦ τὰ γεγραμμένα 1 all the things that are written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the things that the prophets wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 22 f9es figs-activepassive πλησθῆναι 1 will be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 23 e1pj ταῖς θηλαζούσαις 1 to them who are nursing "to mothers who are nursing their babies" +LUK 21 23 mzp3 ἔσται μεγάλη ἀνάγκη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 there will be great distress upon the land Possible meanings are 1) the people of the land will be distressed or 2) there will be physical disasters in the land. +LUK 21 23 iw4r figs-explicit ὀργὴ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ τῷ λαῷ 1 wrath to this people "there will be wrath to the people at that time." God will bring this wrath. Alternate translation: "this people will experience God's anger" or "God will be very angry and will punish this people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 21 24 lmj8 figs-metonymy πεσοῦνται στόματι μαχαίρης 1 They will fall by the edge of the sword "They will be killed by the edge of the sword." Here "fall by the edge of the sword" represents being killed by enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: "Enemy soldiers will kill them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 24 cg3n figs-activepassive αἰχμαλωτισθήσονται εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 they will be led captive into all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "their enemies will capture them and take them to other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 24 zn4e figs-hyperbole εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 into all the nations The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will be led into many countries. Alternate translation: "into many other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 21 24 j7kw figs-activepassive Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἔσται πατουμένη ὑπὸ ἐθνῶν 1 Jerusalem will be trampled by the Gentiles Possible meanings are 1) the Gentiles will conquer Jerusalem and occupy it or 2) the Gentiles will destroy the city of Jerusalem or 3) the Gentiles will destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 24 d356 figs-metaphor πατουμένη ὑπὸ ἐθνῶν 1 trampled by the Gentiles This metaphor speaks of Jerusalem as if the people of other nations was walking on it and crushing it down with their feet. This refers to domination. Alternate translation: "conquered by the Gentiles" or "destroyed by the other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 21 24 na6l figs-activepassive καιροὶ ἐθνῶν πληρωθῶσιν 1 the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the period of the Gentiles has come to an end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 21 25 bza4 0 The nations will be in distress Here "the nations" refers to the people in them. Alternate translation: "The people of the nations will be distressed" LUK 21 25 sz1c 0 distress, anxious because of the roar of the sea and waves "distress because they will be anxious about the roar of the sea and its waves" or "distress, and the loud noise of the sea and its rough movements will frighten them." This seems to refer to unusual storms or disasters involving the seas. -LUK 21 26 az37 0 the things which are coming upon the world "the things that will happen in the world" or "the things that will happen to the world" -LUK 21 26 wn9g figs-activepassive 0 the powers of the heavens will be shaken This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) that God will shake the sun moon and stars so they do not move in their normal way or 2) God will trouble the powerful spirits in the heavens. The first is recommended. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 21 27 k9pr figs-123person 0 Son of Man coming Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "me, the Son Man, coming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 21 27 wyj9 0 coming in a cloud "coming down in a cloud" -LUK 21 27 acp6 0 with power and great glory Here "power" probably refers to his authority to judge the world. Here "glory" may refer to a bright light. God sometimes shows his greatness with a very bright light. Alternate translation: "powerfully and gloriously" or "and he will be powerful and very glorious" -LUK 21 28 mv82 0 stand up Sometimes when people are afraid, they crouch down in order to avoid being seen or hurt. When they are no longer afraid, they get up. Alternate translation: "stand up with confidence" -LUK 21 28 gx6d figs-metonymy 0 lift up your heads Lifting the head is a metonym for looking up. When they lift their heads up, they will be able to see their rescuer coming to them. Alternate translation: "look up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 28 up9z figs-metonymy 0 because your deliverance is coming near God, who delivers, is spoken of as if he were the deliverance that he causes. The word "deliverance" is an abstract noun that can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because God will soon deliver you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LUK 21 26 az37 τῶν ἐπερχομένων τῇ οἰκουμένῃ 1 the things which are coming upon the world "the things that will happen in the world" or "the things that will happen to the world" +LUK 21 26 wn9g figs-activepassive αἱ δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν σαλευθήσονται 1 the powers of the heavens will be shaken This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) that God will shake the sun moon and stars so they do not move in their normal way or 2) God will trouble the powerful spirits in the heavens. The first is recommended. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 21 27 k9pr figs-123person Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον 1 Son of Man coming Jesus is referring to himself. Alternate translation: "me, the Son Man, coming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 21 27 wyj9 ἐρχόμενον ἐν νεφέλῃ 1 coming in a cloud "coming down in a cloud" +LUK 21 27 acp6 μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς 1 with power and great glory Here "power" probably refers to his authority to judge the world. Here "glory" may refer to a bright light. God sometimes shows his greatness with a very bright light. Alternate translation: "powerfully and gloriously" or "and he will be powerful and very glorious" +LUK 21 28 mv82 ἀνακύψατε 1 stand up Sometimes when people are afraid, they crouch down in order to avoid being seen or hurt. When they are no longer afraid, they get up. Alternate translation: "stand up with confidence" +LUK 21 28 gx6d figs-metonymy ἐπάρατε ὑμῶν τὰς κεφαλὰς 1 lift up your heads Lifting the head is a metonym for looking up. When they lift their heads up, they will be able to see their rescuer coming to them. Alternate translation: "look up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 28 up9z figs-metonymy διότι ὑμῶν ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ἐγγίζει 1 because your deliverance is coming near God, who delivers, is spoken of as if he were the deliverance that he causes. The word "deliverance" is an abstract noun that can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because God will soon deliver you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LUK 21 29 h6a9 figs-parables 0 As Jesus continues teaching his disciples, he tells them a parable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -LUK 21 30 l2ts 0 When they sprout buds "When new leaves start to grow" -LUK 21 30 yic5 figs-explicit 0 summer is already near "summer is about to start." Summer in Israel follows the sprouting of fig tree leaves and is the time when the figs ripen. Alternate translation: "harvest time is ready to start" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 31 y81z 0 So also, when you see these things happening The appearance of the signs that Jesus just described signal the arrival of the kingdom of God just as appearance of the leaves of the fig tree signal the arrival of summer. -LUK 21 31 t1ca figs-metonymy 0 the kingdom of God is near "God will soon establish his kingdom." Alternate translation: "God will soon rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 30 l2ts ὅταν προβάλωσιν 1 When they sprout buds "When new leaves start to grow" +LUK 21 30 yic5 figs-explicit τὸ θέρος ἐστίν ἤδη ἐγγὺς 1 summer is already near "summer is about to start." Summer in Israel follows the sprouting of fig tree leaves and is the time when the figs ripen. Alternate translation: "harvest time is ready to start" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 21 31 y81z οὕτως καὶ, ὅταν ὑμεῖς ἴδητε ταῦτα γινόμενα 1 So also, when you see these things happening The appearance of the signs that Jesus just described signal the arrival of the kingdom of God just as appearance of the leaves of the fig tree signal the arrival of summer. +LUK 21 31 t1ca figs-metonymy ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν ἐγγύς 1 the kingdom of God is near "God will soon establish his kingdom." Alternate translation: "God will soon rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 21 32 bj9e 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching his disciples. -LUK 21 32 gsh9 0 Truly I say to you This expression emphasizes the importance of what Jesus is about to say. -LUK 21 32 h921 0 this generation Possible meanings are 1) the generation that will see the first of the signs Jesus speaks of or 2) the generation Jesus is speaking to. The first is more likely. -LUK 21 32 m3il 0 will not pass away until This could be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "will still be alive when" -LUK 21 33 t53u 0 Heaven and earth will pass away "Heaven and earth will cease to exist." The word "heaven" here refers to the sky and the universe beyond it. -LUK 21 33 c3yl figs-metonymy 0 my words will never pass away "my words will never cease to exist" or "my words will never fail." Jesus uses "words" here to refer to everything he says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 33 kym8 0 will never pass away This could be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "will remain forever" +LUK 21 32 gsh9 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly I say to you This expression emphasizes the importance of what Jesus is about to say. +LUK 21 32 h921 αὕτη ἡ γενεὰ 1 this generation Possible meanings are 1) the generation that will see the first of the signs Jesus speaks of or 2) the generation Jesus is speaking to. The first is more likely. +LUK 21 32 m3il παρέλθῃ οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ἕως ἂν 1 will not pass away until This could be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "will still be alive when" +LUK 21 33 t53u ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται 1 Heaven and earth will pass away "Heaven and earth will cease to exist." The word "heaven" here refers to the sky and the universe beyond it. +LUK 21 33 c3yl figs-metonymy μου οἱ δὲ λόγοι παρελεύσονται οὐ μὴ παρελεύσονται 1 my words will never pass away "my words will never cease to exist" or "my words will never fail." Jesus uses "words" here to refer to everything he says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 21 33 kym8 παρελεύσονται οὐ μὴ παρελεύσονται 1 will never pass away This could be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "will remain forever" LUK 21 34 r69y figs-metonymy 0 so that your hearts are not burdened The "heart" here refers to the mind and thoughts of the person. Alternate translation: "so that you are not occupied" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 21 34 y2qk figs-metaphor 0 are not burdened Jesus here speaks of the following sins as if they were a physical weight that a person had to carry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 21 34 se3c 0 the effects of drinking "what drinking too much wine will do to you" or "drunkenness" -LUK 21 34 unw9 0 the worries of life "worrying too much about this life" +LUK 21 34 y2qk figs-metaphor βαρηθῶσιν μήποτε βαρηθῶσιν 1 are not burdened Jesus here speaks of the following sins as if they were a physical weight that a person had to carry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 21 34 se3c κρεπάλῃ 1 the effects of drinking "what drinking too much wine will do to you" or "drunkenness" +LUK 21 34 unw9 μερίμναις βιωτικαῖς 1 the worries of life "worrying too much about this life" LUK 21 34 x8jh figs-simile 0 then that day will close on you suddenly like a trap Just as a trap closes on an animal when the animal does not expect it, that day will happen when people do not expect it. Alternate translation: "that day will happen when you are not expecting it, as when a trap closes suddenly on an animal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LUK 21 34 r486 figs-explicit 0 that day will close on you suddenly The coming of that day will appear to be sudden and unexpected to those who are not ready and watching for it. Alternate translation: "life. For if you are not careful, that day will close on you suddenly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 34 q6ph 0 that day This refers to the day when the Messiah returns. Alternate translation: "the day when the Son of Man comes" -LUK 21 35 qh1b 0 it will come upon everyone "it will affect everyone" or "the events of that day will affect everyone" -LUK 21 35 ry3f figs-metaphor 0 on the face of the whole earth The surface of the earth is spoken of as if it were the outward part of the face of a person. Alternate translation: "on the surface of the whole earth" or "on the entire earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 21 34 q6ph ἐκείνη ἡ ἡμέρα 1 that day This refers to the day when the Messiah returns. Alternate translation: "the day when the Son of Man comes" +LUK 21 35 qh1b ἐπεισελεύσεται ἐπὶ πάντας 1 it will come upon everyone "it will affect everyone" or "the events of that day will affect everyone" +LUK 21 35 ry3f figs-metaphor ἐπὶ πρόσωπον τῆς πάσης γῆς 1 on the face of the whole earth The surface of the earth is spoken of as if it were the outward part of the face of a person. Alternate translation: "on the surface of the whole earth" or "on the entire earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 21 36 auh8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes teaching his disciples. -LUK 21 36 m4l4 0 be alert "be ready for my coming" -LUK 21 36 y5ny 0 strong enough to escape all these things Possible meanings are 1) "strong enough to endure these things" or 2) "able to avoid these things." +LUK 21 36 m4l4 ἀγρυπνεῖτε 1 be alert "be ready for my coming" +LUK 21 36 y5ny κατισχύσητε ἐκφυγεῖν πάντα ταῦτα 1 strong enough to escape all these things Possible meanings are 1) "strong enough to endure these things" or 2) "able to avoid these things." LUK 21 36 hjy1 0 these things that will take place "these things that will happen." Jesus has just told them about terrible things that will happen, such as persecution, war, and captivity. -LUK 21 36 h83d 0 to stand before the Son of Man "to stand with confidence before the Son of Man." This probably refers to when the Son of Man judges everyone. A person who is not ready will be afraid of the Son of Man and will not stand with confidence. +LUK 21 36 h83d σταθῆναι ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 to stand before the Son of Man "to stand with confidence before the Son of Man." This probably refers to when the Son of Man judges everyone. A person who is not ready will be afraid of the Son of Man and will not stand with confidence. LUK 21 37 tfe8 writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story that begins in [Luke 20:1](../20/01.md). These verses tell about ongoing action that continues after the main part of the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 21 37 c4uk 0 during the days he was teaching "during the daytime he would teach" or "he would teach each day." The following verses tell about things that Jesus and the people did each day during the week before he died. -LUK 21 37 zh1m figs-explicit 0 in the temple Only priests were allowed in the temple. Alternate translation: "at the temple" or "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 21 37 x4g8 0 at night he went out "at night he would go out of the city" or "he went out each night" -LUK 21 38 mu6l figs-hyperbole 0 All of the people The word "all" is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that the crowd was very large. Alternate translation: "A very large number of people in the city" or "Almost everyone in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 21 38 bky8 0 came early in the morning "would come early each morning" -LUK 21 38 cbx2 0 to hear him "to hear him teach" +LUK 21 37 c4uk τὰς ἡμέρας ἦν διδάσκων 1 during the days he was teaching "during the daytime he would teach" or "he would teach each day." The following verses tell about things that Jesus and the people did each day during the week before he died. +LUK 21 37 zh1m figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Only priests were allowed in the temple. Alternate translation: "at the temple" or "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 21 37 x4g8 τὰς δὲ νύκτας ἐξερχόμενος 1 at night he went out "at night he would go out of the city" or "he went out each night" +LUK 21 38 mu6l figs-hyperbole πᾶς ὁ λαὸς 1 All of the people The word "all" is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that the crowd was very large. Alternate translation: "A very large number of people in the city" or "Almost everyone in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 21 38 bky8 ὤρθριζεν 1 came early in the morning "would come early each morning" +LUK 21 38 cbx2 ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ 1 to hear him "to hear him teach" LUK 22 intro y8nr 0 # Luke 22 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The eating of the body and blood

[Luke 22:19-20](./19.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal.

##### The new covenant

Some people think that Jesus established the new covenant during the supper. Others think he established it after he went up to heaven. Others think it will not be established until Jesus comes again. Your translation should say no more about this than the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 22:22](../../luk/22/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
LUK 22 1 cf6p writing-background 0 General Information: Judas agrees to betray Jesus. These verses give background information about this event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 22 1 q8fa writing-newevent 0 Now This word is used here to introduce a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 22 1 jjy9 figs-explicit 0 Festival of Unleavened Bread The festival was called by this name because during the festival, the Jews did not eat bread that was made with yeast. Alternate translation: "festival when they would eat unleavened bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 22 1 u5jm 0 was approaching "was almost ready to begin" -LUK 22 2 n9v6 0 how they could put Jesus to death The priests and scribes did not have the authority to kill Jesus themselves, but they hoped to get others to kill him. Alternate translation: "how they might cause Jesus to be put to death" or "how they could cause someone to kill Jesus" -LUK 22 2 aij5 0 afraid of the people Possible meanings are 1) "scared of what the people might do" or 2) "scared that the people would make Jesus king." +LUK 22 1 q8fa writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to introduce a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 22 1 jjy9 figs-explicit ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 Festival of Unleavened Bread The festival was called by this name because during the festival, the Jews did not eat bread that was made with yeast. Alternate translation: "festival when they would eat unleavened bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 1 u5jm ἤγγιζεν 1 was approaching "was almost ready to begin" +LUK 22 2 n9v6 πῶς ἀνέλωσιν αὐτόν ἀνέλωσιν 1 how they could put Jesus to death The priests and scribes did not have the authority to kill Jesus themselves, but they hoped to get others to kill him. Alternate translation: "how they might cause Jesus to be put to death" or "how they could cause someone to kill Jesus" +LUK 22 2 aij5 ἐφοβοῦντο τὸν λαόν 1 afraid of the people Possible meanings are 1) "scared of what the people might do" or 2) "scared that the people would make Jesus king." LUK 22 3 gf9s 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the action in this part of the story. -LUK 22 3 r65v 0 Satan entered into Judas Iscariot This was probably very similar to demon possession. -LUK 22 4 t5uz 0 chief priests "the leaders of the priests" -LUK 22 4 qpi4 0 captains officers of the temple guards -LUK 22 4 s7qx 0 how he would betray Jesus to them "how he would help them arrest Jesus" -LUK 22 5 ir4p 0 They were glad "The chief priests and captains were glad" -LUK 22 5 usn7 0 to give him money "to give Judas money" -LUK 22 6 ft64 0 He consented "He agreed" -LUK 22 6 w2i9 writing-endofstory 0 looked for an opportunity to deliver him to them away from the crowd This is an ongoing action that continues after this part of the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 22 6 r6xx 0 deliver him "take him" -LUK 22 6 bw75 0 away from the crowd "privately" or "when there was no crowd around him" +LUK 22 3 r65v Σατανᾶς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριώτην 1 Satan entered into Judas Iscariot This was probably very similar to demon possession. +LUK 22 4 t5uz ἀρχιερεῦσιν 1 chief priests "the leaders of the priests" +LUK 22 4 qpi4 στρατηγοῖς 1 captains officers of the temple guards +LUK 22 4 s7qx πῶς παραδῷ αὐτόν αὐτοῖς 1 how he would betray Jesus to them "how he would help them arrest Jesus" +LUK 22 5 ir4p ἐχάρησαν 1 They were glad "The chief priests and captains were glad" +LUK 22 5 usn7 δοῦναι αὐτῷ ἀργύριον 1 to give him money "to give Judas money" +LUK 22 6 ft64 ἐξωμολόγησεν 1 He consented "He agreed" +LUK 22 6 w2i9 writing-endofstory ἐζήτει εὐκαιρίαν τοῦ παραδοῦναι αὐτὸν αὐτοῖς ἄτερ ὄχλου 1 looked for an opportunity to deliver him to them away from the crowd This is an ongoing action that continues after this part of the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) +LUK 22 6 r6xx τοῦ παραδοῦναι αὐτὸν 1 deliver him "take him" +LUK 22 6 bw75 ἄτερ ὄχλου 1 away from the crowd "privately" or "when there was no crowd around him" LUK 22 7 hh9a writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus sends Peter and John to prepare for the Passover meal. Verse 7 gives background information about the event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 22 7 veh1 0 the day of unleavened bread "the day of bread without yeast." This was the day the Jews would take all bread made with yeast out of their homes. Then they would celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days. -LUK 22 7 rqi1 figs-explicit 0 the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed Each family or group of people would kill a lamb and eat it together, so many lambs were killed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people had to kill a lamb for their Passover meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 8 nkz4 0 prepare This is a general word meaning "make ready." Jesus was not necessarily telling Peter and John to do all the cooking. +LUK 22 7 veh1 ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 the day of unleavened bread "the day of bread without yeast." This was the day the Jews would take all bread made with yeast out of their homes. Then they would celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days. +LUK 22 7 rqi1 figs-explicit τὸ Πάσχα ἔδει θύεσθαι 1 the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed Each family or group of people would kill a lamb and eat it together, so many lambs were killed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people had to kill a lamb for their Passover meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 8 nkz4 ἑτοιμάσατε 1 prepare This is a general word meaning "make ready." Jesus was not necessarily telling Peter and John to do all the cooking. LUK 22 8 e4ev figs-inclusive 0 so that we may eat it Jesus was including Peter and John when he said "we." Peter and John would be part of the group of the disciples that would eat the meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) LUK 22 9 j52e figs-exclusive 0 you want us to make preparations The word "us" does not include Jesus. Jesus would not be part of the group that would prepare the meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 22 9 s8yw 0 make preparations "make preparations for the meal" or "prepare the meal" -LUK 22 10 um6z 0 He answered them "Jesus answered Peter and John" -LUK 22 10 c13w 0 Look Jesus used this word to tell them to pay close attention and to do exactly what he tells them. -LUK 22 10 i45e 0 a man bearing a pitcher of water will meet you "you will see a man carrying a pitcher of water" -LUK 22 10 a677 0 bearing a pitcher of water "carrying a jar with water in it." He probably would be carrying the jar on his shoulder. -LUK 22 10 cc34 0 Follow him into the house "Follow him, and go into the house" +LUK 22 9 s8yw ἑτοιμάσωμεν 1 make preparations "make preparations for the meal" or "prepare the meal" +LUK 22 10 um6z ὁ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 He answered them "Jesus answered Peter and John" +LUK 22 10 c13w ἰδοὺ 1 Look Jesus used this word to tell them to pay close attention and to do exactly what he tells them. +LUK 22 10 i45e ἄνθρωπος βαστάζων κεράμιον ὕδατος συναντήσει ὑμῖν 1 a man bearing a pitcher of water will meet you "you will see a man carrying a pitcher of water" +LUK 22 10 a677 βαστάζων κεράμιον ὕδατος 1 bearing a pitcher of water "carrying a jar with water in it." He probably would be carrying the jar on his shoulder. +LUK 22 10 cc34 ἀκολουθήσατε αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν 1 Follow him into the house "Follow him, and go into the house" LUK 22 11 khy9 figs-quotations 0 The Teacher says to you, "Where is the guest room ... disciples?" The quote beginning with "Where is the guest room" is a direct quote of what Jesus, the teacher, wants to say to the master of his house. It can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Our teacher asks where the guest room is in which he will eat the Passover with his disciples." or "Our teacher says to show us the guest room where he will eat the Passover with us and the rest of his disciples." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 22 11 iv6f 0 The Teacher This refers to Jesus. -LUK 22 11 pq8q 0 eat the Passover "eat the Passover meal" +LUK 22 11 iv6f ὁ διδάσκαλος 1 The Teacher This refers to Jesus. +LUK 22 11 pq8q φάγω τὸ Πάσχα 1 eat the Passover "eat the Passover meal" LUK 22 12 ypk9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues giving instructions to Peter and John. -LUK 22 12 lpw6 0 He will show you "The owner of the house will show you" -LUK 22 12 lg2z 0 upper room "room upstairs." If your community does not have houses with rooms above other rooms, you may need to consider how to describe buildings in the city. -LUK 22 13 g9ty 0 So they went "So Peter and John went" +LUK 22 12 lpw6 κἀκεῖνος δείξει ὑμῖν 1 He will show you "The owner of the house will show you" +LUK 22 12 lg2z ἀνάγαιον 1 upper room "room upstairs." If your community does not have houses with rooms above other rooms, you may need to consider how to describe buildings in the city. +LUK 22 13 g9ty δὲ ἀπελθόντες 1 So they went "So Peter and John went" LUK 22 14 u3c6 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in the part of the story about the Passover. Jesus and his disciples are sitting to eat the Passover meal. LUK 22 14 j1dn 0 When the time came "When it was time to eat the meal" LUK 22 14 lnc6 0 he sat down "Jesus sat down" -LUK 22 15 hue3 0 I have greatly desired "I have wanted very much" -LUK 22 15 s1sj 0 before I suffer Jesus is referring ahead to his death. The word for "suffer" here means to go through an unusually difficult or painful experience. -LUK 22 16 gbj7 0 For I say to you Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. -LUK 22 16 k28r figs-activepassive 0 until it is fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) until the purpose of the Passover Festival is accomplished. Alternate translation: "until God fulfills it" or "until God completes the purpose of the Passover Festival" or 2) "until we celebrate the final Passover Festival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 17 l5e6 0 took a cup "picked up a cup of wine" -LUK 22 17 d7pc 0 when he had given thanks "when he had given thanks to God" -LUK 22 17 li2n 0 he said "he said to his apostles" +LUK 22 15 hue3 ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπεθύμησα 1 I have greatly desired "I have wanted very much" +LUK 22 15 s1sj πρὸ με παθεῖν 1 before I suffer Jesus is referring ahead to his death. The word for "suffer" here means to go through an unusually difficult or painful experience. +LUK 22 16 gbj7 γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you Jesus uses this phrase to emphasize the importance of what he will say next. +LUK 22 16 k28r figs-activepassive ἕως πληρωθῇ 1 until it is fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) until the purpose of the Passover Festival is accomplished. Alternate translation: "until God fulfills it" or "until God completes the purpose of the Passover Festival" or 2) "until we celebrate the final Passover Festival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 17 l5e6 δεξάμενος ποτήριον 1 took a cup "picked up a cup of wine" +LUK 22 17 d7pc εὐχαριστήσας 1 when he had given thanks "when he had given thanks to God" +LUK 22 17 li2n εὐχαριστήσας εἶπεν 1 he said "he said to his apostles" LUK 22 17 xvm7 figs-metonymy 0 share it among yourselves They were to share the contents of the cup, and not the cup itself. Alternate translation: "share the wine in the cup among yourselves" or "each of you drink some of the wine from the cup" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 18 m78n 0 For I say to you This phrase is used to emphasize the importance of what Jesus will say next. -LUK 22 18 h5tl 0 fruit of the vine This refers to the juice that is squeezed from the grapes that grow on grapevines. Wine is made from fermented grape juice. -LUK 22 18 crv5 0 until the kingdom of God comes "until God establishes his kingdom" or "until God rules in his kingdom" -LUK 22 19 nd2m 0 bread This bread did not have yeast in it, so it was flat. +LUK 22 18 m78n γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 For I say to you This phrase is used to emphasize the importance of what Jesus will say next. +LUK 22 18 h5tl γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου 1 fruit of the vine This refers to the juice that is squeezed from the grapes that grow on grapevines. Wine is made from fermented grape juice. +LUK 22 18 crv5 ἕως ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔλθῃ 1 until the kingdom of God comes "until God establishes his kingdom" or "until God rules in his kingdom" +LUK 22 19 nd2m ἄρτον 1 bread This bread did not have yeast in it, so it was flat. LUK 22 19 d3yc 0 he broke it "he ripped it" or "he tore it." He may have divided it into many pieces or he may have divided it into two pieces and given them to the apostles to divide among themselves. If possible, use an expression that would apply to either situation. -LUK 22 19 d8r1 0 This is my body Possible meanings are 1) "This bread is my body" and 2) "This bread represents my body." -LUK 22 19 lc9m figs-activepassive 0 my body which is given for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my body, which I will give for you" or "my body, which I will sacrifice for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 19 cxy5 0 Do this "Eat this bread" -LUK 22 19 c4hy 0 in remembrance of me "in order to remember me" -LUK 22 20 z3cx figs-metonymy 0 This cup The word "cup" refers to the wine in the cup. Alternate translation: "The wine in this cup" or "This cup of wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 20 gc8h 0 the new covenant in my blood This new covenant will take effect as soon his blood is shed. Alternate translation: "the new covenant that will be ratified through my blood" -LUK 22 20 v4d3 figs-metonymy 0 which is poured out for you Jesus speaks of his death by referring to his blood being poured out. Alternate translation: "which is poured out in death for you" or "which will flow out of my wounds for you when I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 19 d8r1 τοῦτό ἐστιν μου τὸ σῶμά 1 This is my body Possible meanings are 1) "This bread is my body" and 2) "This bread represents my body." +LUK 22 19 lc9m figs-activepassive μου τὸ σῶμά τὸ διδόμενον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 my body which is given for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my body, which I will give for you" or "my body, which I will sacrifice for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 19 cxy5 ποιεῖτε τοῦτο 1 Do this "Eat this bread" +LUK 22 19 c4hy εἰς ἀνάμνησιν ἐμὴν 1 in remembrance of me "in order to remember me" +LUK 22 20 z3cx figs-metonymy τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον 1 This cup The word "cup" refers to the wine in the cup. Alternate translation: "The wine in this cup" or "This cup of wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 20 gc8h ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη ἐν μου τῷ αἵματί 1 the new covenant in my blood This new covenant will take effect as soon his blood is shed. Alternate translation: "the new covenant that will be ratified through my blood" +LUK 22 20 v4d3 figs-metonymy τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 which is poured out for you Jesus speaks of his death by referring to his blood being poured out. Alternate translation: "which is poured out in death for you" or "which will flow out of my wounds for you when I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 22 21 swj1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his apostles. -LUK 22 21 g6ks 0 The one who betrays me "The one who will betray me" -LUK 22 22 wtj2 0 For the Son of Man indeed goes "For, indeed, the Son of Man will go" or "For the Son of Man will die" -LUK 22 22 mk3q figs-123person 0 the Son of Man indeed goes Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, indeed go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 22 22 p2qa figs-activepassive 0 as it has been determined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as God has determined" or "as God has planned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 22 wy2s figs-activepassive 0 But woe to that man through whom he is betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But woe to the man who betrays the Son of Man" or "But how terrible it will be for that man who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 24 yyw9 0 Then there arose also a quarrel among them "Then the apostles began to argue among themselves" -LUK 22 24 y9ce figs-activepassive 0 was considered to be greatest This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "was the most important" or "the people would think was most important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 25 vc5d 0 He said to them "Jesus said to the apostles" -LUK 22 25 zjf5 0 are masters over them "rule forcefully over the Gentiles" -LUK 22 25 tw4y 0 are referred to as The people probably did not think of those rulers as people who do good to their people. Alternate translation: "like to be called" or "call themselves" +LUK 22 21 g6ks τοῦ παραδιδόντος με 1 The one who betrays me "The one who will betray me" +LUK 22 22 wtj2 ὅτι ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου μὲν πορεύεται 1 For the Son of Man indeed goes "For, indeed, the Son of Man will go" or "For the Son of Man will die" +LUK 22 22 mk3q figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου μὲν πορεύεται 1 the Son of Man indeed goes Jesus is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, indeed go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 22 22 p2qa figs-activepassive κατὰ τὸ ὡρισμένον 1 as it has been determined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as God has determined" or "as God has planned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 22 wy2s figs-activepassive πλὴν οὐαὶ τῷ ἐκείνῳ ἀνθρώπῳ δι’ οὗ παραδίδοται 1 But woe to that man through whom he is betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But woe to the man who betrays the Son of Man" or "But how terrible it will be for that man who betrays the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 24 yyw9 δὲ ἐγένετο καὶ φιλονικία ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Then there arose also a quarrel among them "Then the apostles began to argue among themselves" +LUK 22 24 y9ce figs-activepassive δοκεῖ εἶναι μείζων 1 was considered to be greatest This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "was the most important" or "the people would think was most important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 25 vc5d ὁ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 He said to them "Jesus said to the apostles" +LUK 22 25 zjf5 κυριεύουσιν αὐτῶν 1 are masters over them "rule forcefully over the Gentiles" +LUK 22 25 tw4y καλοῦνται 1 are referred to as The people probably did not think of those rulers as people who do good to their people. Alternate translation: "like to be called" or "call themselves" LUK 22 26 x6cq 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues teaching his apostles. LUK 22 26 ne9r 0 it must not be like this with you "you should not act like that" -LUK 22 26 cdq7 figs-metaphor 0 the youngest Older people were respected in that culture. The leaders were usually older people and were called "elders." The youngest person would be the least likely to lead, and the least important. Alternate translation: "the least important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 22 26 y4n1 0 the one who serves "a servant" -LUK 22 27 mw2l 0 For This connects Jesus' commands in verse 26 with the whole of verse 27. It means that the most important person should serve because Jesus is a servant. +LUK 22 26 cdq7 figs-metaphor ὁ νεώτερος 1 the youngest Older people were respected in that culture. The leaders were usually older people and were called "elders." The youngest person would be the least likely to lead, and the least important. Alternate translation: "the least important" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 22 26 y4n1 ὁ διακονῶν 1 the one who serves "a servant" +LUK 22 27 mw2l γὰρ 1 For This connects Jesus' commands in verse 26 with the whole of verse 27. It means that the most important person should serve because Jesus is a servant. LUK 22 27 jt7r figs-rquestion 0 For who is greater ... serves? "For who is more important ... serves?" Jesus uses this question to begin to explain to the apostles who is truly great. Alternate translation: "I want you to think about who is greater ... serves." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 22 27 n3dl 0 the one who sits at the table "the one who is dining" LUK 22 27 lu3a figs-rquestion 0 Is it not the one who sits at the table? Jesus uses another question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "Of course the one who sits at the table is more important than the servant!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 27 qbn6 0 Yet I am among you as one who serves "But I am with you to be a servant" or "But I am with you to show you how a servant acts." The word "yet" is here because there is a contrast between what people would expect Jesus to be like and what he really was like. -LUK 22 28 i9xb 0 have continued with me in my temptations "have stayed with me through my struggles" +LUK 22 27 qbn6 δὲ εἰμι ἐγὼ ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν ὡς ὁ διακονῶν 1 Yet I am among you as one who serves "But I am with you to be a servant" or "But I am with you to show you how a servant acts." The word "yet" is here because there is a contrast between what people would expect Jesus to be like and what he really was like. +LUK 22 28 i9xb οἱ διαμεμενηκότες μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν μου τοῖς πειρασμοῖς 1 have continued with me in my temptations "have stayed with me through my struggles" LUK 22 29 w4pd 0 I give to you a kingdom, even as my Father has given a kingdom to me Some languages may need to change the order. Alternate translation: "Just as my father has given a kingdom to me, I give a kingdom to you" -LUK 22 29 nly5 0 I give to you a kingdom "I make you rulers in God's kingdom" or "I give you authority to rule in the kingdom" or "I will make you kings" +LUK 22 29 nly5 κἀγὼ διατίθεμαι ὑμῖν βασιλείαν 1 I give to you a kingdom "I make you rulers in God's kingdom" or "I give you authority to rule in the kingdom" or "I will make you kings" LUK 22 29 ii65 0 even as my Father has given a kingdom to me "just as my Father has given me authority to rule as king in his kingdom" -LUK 22 30 us1j figs-metonymy 0 you will sit on thrones Kings sit on thrones. Sitting on a throne is a symbol of ruling. Alternate translation: "you will work as kings" or "you will do the work of kings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 30 us1j figs-metonymy καθῆσθε ἐπὶ θρόνων 1 you will sit on thrones Kings sit on thrones. Sitting on a throne is a symbol of ruling. Alternate translation: "you will work as kings" or "you will do the work of kings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 22 31 vhm5 0 General Information: Jesus speaks directly to Simon. -LUK 22 31 t8qd 0 Simon, Simon Jesus said his name twice to show that what he was about to say to him was very important. +LUK 22 31 t8qd Σίμων, Σίμων 1 Simon, Simon Jesus said his name twice to show that what he was about to say to him was very important. LUK 22 31 dmw8 figs-you 0 to have you, that he might sift you The word "you" refers to all of the apostles. Languages that have different forms of "you" should use the plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 22 31 qyy7 figs-metaphor 0 sift you as wheat This means that Satan wanted to test the disciples to find something wrong. Alternate translation: "test you like someone passes grain through a sieve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 22 32 pd1t figs-you 0 But I have prayed for you The word "you" here refers specifically to Simon. Languages that have different forms of you should use the singular form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 22 32 zp8w 0 that your faith may not fail This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "that you will continue to have faith" or "that you will continue to trust me" +LUK 22 32 pd1t figs-you δὲ ἐγὼ ἐδεήθην περὶ σοῦ 1 But I have prayed for you The word "you" here refers specifically to Simon. Languages that have different forms of you should use the singular form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 22 32 zp8w ἵνα σου ἡ πίστις ἐκλίπῃ μὴ ἐκλίπῃ 1 that your faith may not fail This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "that you will continue to have faith" or "that you will continue to trust me" LUK 22 32 qxk7 figs-metaphor 0 After you have turned back again Here "turned back again" is a metaphor for starting to believe in someone again. Alternate translation: "After you start believing in me again" or "After you start serving me again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 22 32 f9v8 0 strengthen your brothers "encourage your brothers to be strong in their faith" or "help your brothers believe in me" -LUK 22 32 r7ux 0 your brothers This refers to the other disciples. Alternate translation: "your fellow believers" or "the other disciples" +LUK 22 32 f9v8 στήρισον σου τοὺς ἀδελφούς 1 strengthen your brothers "encourage your brothers to be strong in their faith" or "help your brothers believe in me" +LUK 22 32 r7ux σου τοὺς ἀδελφούς 1 your brothers This refers to the other disciples. Alternate translation: "your fellow believers" or "the other disciples" LUK 22 34 zt8v 0 the rooster will not crow this day, before you deny three times that you know me The order of the parts of the verse can be reversed. Alternate translation: "you will deny three times that you know me before the rooster crows this day" LUK 22 34 tu15 0 the rooster will not crow this day, before you deny This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "the rooster will crow this day only after you deny" or "before the rooster crows today, you will deny" -LUK 22 34 pwj1 figs-metonymy 0 the rooster will not crow Here, the crowing of the rooster refers to a certain time of day. Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. Therefore, this refers to dawn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 34 eq7h 0 rooster a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up +LUK 22 34 pwj1 figs-metonymy ἀλέκτωρ φωνήσει οὐ φωνήσει 1 the rooster will not crow Here, the crowing of the rooster refers to a certain time of day. Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. Therefore, this refers to dawn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 34 eq7h ἀλέκτωρ 1 rooster a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up LUK 22 34 zaq1 figs-explicit 0 this day The Jewish day begins at sunset. Jesus was speaking after the sun had set. The rooster would crow just before morning. The morning was part of "this day." Alternate translation: "tonight" or "in the morning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 22 35 rb56 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus turns his attention back to speaking to all of his disciples. LUK 22 35 cv68 figs-rquestion 0 Jesus said to them, "When ... did you lack anything?" They answered, "Nothing." Jesus uses a question to help the apostles remember how well the people provided for them as they traveled. Though this is a rhetorical question and Jesus is not asking for information, you should translate it as a question unless only a statement would cause the disciples to reply that they had lacked nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 35 a5jt figs-you 0 When I sent you out Jesus was talking to his apostles. So languages that have different forms of "you" should use the plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 22 35 dny3 figs-metonymy 0 purse A purse is a bag for holding money. Here it is used to refer to "money." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 35 dr5g 0 a bag of provisions "travelers' bag" or "bag of food" -LUK 22 35 tb51 figs-ellipsis 0 Nothing It may be helpful to some audiences to include more about the conversation. Alternate translation: "We did not lack anything" or "We had everything we needed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LUK 22 36 h7j7 0 The one who does not have a sword should sell his cloak Jesus was not referring to a specific person who did not have a sword. Alternate translation: "If anyone does not have a sword, he should sell his cloak" -LUK 22 36 q717 0 cloak "coat" or "outer garment" +LUK 22 35 a5jt figs-you ὅτε ἀπέστειλα ὑμᾶς ἀπέστειλα 1 When I sent you out Jesus was talking to his apostles. So languages that have different forms of "you" should use the plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 22 35 dny3 figs-metonymy βαλλαντίου 1 purse A purse is a bag for holding money. Here it is used to refer to "money." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 35 dr5g βαλλαντίου πήρας 1 a bag of provisions "travelers' bag" or "bag of food" +LUK 22 35 tb51 figs-ellipsis οὐθενός 1 Nothing It may be helpful to some audiences to include more about the conversation. Alternate translation: "We did not lack anything" or "We had everything we needed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 22 36 h7j7 ὁ μὴ ἔχων μάχαιραν πωλησάτω αὐτοῦ τὸ ἱμάτιον 1 The one who does not have a sword should sell his cloak Jesus was not referring to a specific person who did not have a sword. Alternate translation: "If anyone does not have a sword, he should sell his cloak" +LUK 22 36 q717 τὸ ἱμάτιον 1 cloak "coat" or "outer garment" LUK 22 37 n73l 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking with his disciples. -LUK 22 37 g4l7 figs-activepassive 0 what is written about me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what a prophet wrote about me in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 37 u9jx figs-activepassive 0 must be fulfilled The apostles would have understood that God would cause everything written in the scriptures to happen. Alternate translation: "God will fulfill" or "God will cause to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 37 jf1f figs-activepassive 0 He was counted with the lawless ones Here Jesus is quoting the scriptures. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People counted him as a member of the group of lawless men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 37 jz9d 0 the lawless ones "those who break the law" or "the criminals" +LUK 22 37 g4l7 figs-activepassive τὸ γεγραμμένον ἐν ἐμοί 1 what is written about me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what a prophet wrote about me in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 37 u9jx figs-activepassive δεῖ τελεσθῆναι 1 must be fulfilled The apostles would have understood that God would cause everything written in the scriptures to happen. Alternate translation: "God will fulfill" or "God will cause to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 37 jf1f figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη μετὰ ἀνόμων 1 He was counted with the lawless ones Here Jesus is quoting the scriptures. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People counted him as a member of the group of lawless men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 37 jz9d ἀνόμων 1 the lawless ones "those who break the law" or "the criminals" LUK 22 37 se1d figs-activepassive 0 For what is predicted about me is being fulfilled Possible meanings are 1) "For what the prophet predicted about me is about to happen" or 2) "For my life is coming to an end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 22 38 ajs4 0 they said This refers to at least two of Jesus' apostles. -LUK 22 38 kbt8 0 It is enough Possible meanings are 1) they have enough swords. "We now have enough swords." or 2) Jesus wants them to stop talking about having swords. "No more of this talk about swords." When Jesus said that they should buy swords, he was mainly telling them about the danger they would all face. He may not have really wanted them to buy swords and fight. +LUK 22 38 ajs4 οἱ εἶπαν 1 they said This refers to at least two of Jesus' apostles. +LUK 22 38 kbt8 ἐστιν ἱκανόν 1 It is enough Possible meanings are 1) they have enough swords. "We now have enough swords." or 2) Jesus wants them to stop talking about having swords. "No more of this talk about swords." When Jesus said that they should buy swords, he was mainly telling them about the danger they would all face. He may not have really wanted them to buy swords and fight. LUK 22 39 zaw6 0 General Information: Jesus goes to the Mount of Olives to pray. LUK 22 40 b6pz 0 that you do not enter into temptation "that you are not tempted" or "that nothing tempts you and causes you to sin" -LUK 22 41 sp1s figs-idiom 0 about a stone's throw "about the distance that someone can throw a stone." Alternate translation: "a short distance" or with an estimated measurement like "about thirty meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 22 42 j48l 0 Father, if you are willing Jesus will bear the guilt of every person's sin on the cross. He prays to his Father, asking if there is another way. -LUK 22 42 y51l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 22 42 ic7y figs-metaphor 0 remove this cup from me Jesus refers to what he will soon experience as if it were a cup of bitter liquid that he would have to drink. Alternate translation: "allow me to not drink from this cup" or "allow me to not experience what is about to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 22 42 zw2y figs-activepassive 0 Nevertheless not my will, but yours be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "However, do what is according to your will rather than what is according to my will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 41 sp1s figs-idiom ὡσεὶ λίθου' λίθου βολήν 1 about a stone's throw "about the distance that someone can throw a stone." Alternate translation: "a short distance" or with an estimated measurement like "about thirty meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 22 42 j48l Πάτερ, εἰ βούλει 1 Father, if you are willing Jesus will bear the guilt of every person's sin on the cross. He prays to his Father, asking if there is another way. +LUK 22 42 y51l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 22 42 ic7y figs-metaphor παρένεγκε τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 remove this cup from me Jesus refers to what he will soon experience as if it were a cup of bitter liquid that he would have to drink. Alternate translation: "allow me to not drink from this cup" or "allow me to not experience what is about to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 22 42 zw2y figs-activepassive πλὴν μὴ μου τὸ θέλημά, ἀλλὰ σὸν γινέσθω 1 Nevertheless not my will, but yours be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "However, do what is according to your will rather than what is according to my will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 22 43 lz4z 0 appeared to him "appeared to Jesus" LUK 22 43 l635 0 strengthening him "encouraging him" LUK 22 44 e7gh 0 Being in agony, he prayed "He was suffering greatly, and so he prayed" LUK 22 44 q9mg 0 he prayed more earnestly "he prayed more intensely" LUK 22 44 df6s 0 his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down upon the ground "his sweat was falling to the ground like large drops of blood" -LUK 22 45 a9fg 0 When he rose up from his prayer, he "When Jesus got up after praying, he" or "After praying, Jesus got up and he" -LUK 22 45 gb3z 0 found them sleeping because of their sorrow "saw that they were sleeping because they were tired from their sadness" -LUK 22 46 in7g figs-rquestion 0 Why are you sleeping? Possible meanings are 1) "I am surprised that you are sleeping now." or 2) "You should not be sleeping now!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 46 nl7w 0 that you may not enter into temptation "so that you may not be tempted" or "so that nothing tempts you and causes you to sin" +LUK 22 45 a9fg ἀναστὰς ἀπὸ τῆς προσευχῆς, ἐλθὼν 1 When he rose up from his prayer, he "When Jesus got up after praying, he" or "After praying, Jesus got up and he" +LUK 22 45 gb3z εὗρεν αὐτοὺς κοιμωμένους ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης 1 found them sleeping because of their sorrow "saw that they were sleeping because they were tired from their sadness" +LUK 22 46 in7g figs-rquestion τί καθεύδετε? 1 Why are you sleeping? Possible meanings are 1) "I am surprised that you are sleeping now." or 2) "You should not be sleeping now!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 22 46 nl7w ἵνα εἰσέλθητε μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν 1 that you may not enter into temptation "so that you may not be tempted" or "so that nothing tempts you and causes you to sin" LUK 22 47 kt25 writing-participants 0 behold, a crowd appeared The word "behold" alerts us to a new group in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "there was a crowd that appeared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 22 47 mva7 0 leading them Judas was showing the people where Jesus was. He was not telling the crowd what to do. Alternate translation: "leading them to Jesus" -LUK 22 47 c2l7 translate-unknown 0 to kiss him "to greet him with a kiss" or "to greet him by kissing him." When men greeted other men who were family or friends, they would kiss them on one cheek or both cheeks. If your readers would find it embarrassing to say that a man would kiss another man, you could translate it in a more general way: "to give him a friendly greeting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LUK 22 48 e2n9 figs-rquestion 0 are you betraying the Son of Man with a kiss? Jesus uses a question to rebuke Judas for betraying him with a kiss. Normally a kiss is a sign of love. Alternate translation: "it is a kiss you are using to betray the Son of Man!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 48 zvk8 figs-123person 0 the Son of Man with Jesus is using this term to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "me, the Son of Man, with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 22 49 njs1 0 those who were around Jesus This refers to Jesus' disciples. -LUK 22 49 y5za 0 what was happening This refers to the priests and soldiers coming to arrest Jesus. -LUK 22 49 gv81 figs-explicit 0 strike with the sword The question is about the type of fight they should engage in (a sword fight), not what weapon they should use (the swords that they brought, [Luke 22:38](../22/38.md)), but your translation may need to speak of the weapons they brought. Alternate translation: "fight against them with the swords we brought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 22 50 b4ij 0 one of them "one of the disciples" -LUK 22 50 f2fm 0 struck the servant of the high priest "struck the servant of the high priest with a sword" -LUK 22 51 rcp5 0 That is enough "Do not do any more of that" -LUK 22 51 c6pz 0 touched his ear "touched the servant where his ear had been cut off" -LUK 22 52 fa7z figs-rquestion 0 Do you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs? "Do you come out with swords and clubs because you think I am a robber?" Jesus uses this question to scold the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not a robber, yet you come out to me bringing swords and clubs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 53 g1tu 0 I was daily with you "I was among you every day" -LUK 22 53 a6qu 0 in the temple Only priests entered the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courts" or "at the temple" -LUK 22 53 c4is figs-metonymy 0 lay your hands on me In this verse, to lay hands on someone is to arrest that person. Alternate translation: "arrest me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 53 gw9n 0 this is your hour "this is the time for you to do whatever you want" -LUK 22 53 mzb4 figs-ellipsis 0 the authority of darkness It may be helpful to repeat the reference to time. "Darkness" is a metonym for Satan. Alternate translation: "the time of the authority of darkness" or "the time when God is allowing Satan to do whatever he wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 47 mva7 προήρχετο αὐτούς 1 leading them Judas was showing the people where Jesus was. He was not telling the crowd what to do. Alternate translation: "leading them to Jesus" +LUK 22 47 c2l7 translate-unknown φιλῆσαι αὐτόν 1 to kiss him "to greet him with a kiss" or "to greet him by kissing him." When men greeted other men who were family or friends, they would kiss them on one cheek or both cheeks. If your readers would find it embarrassing to say that a man would kiss another man, you could translate it in a more general way: "to give him a friendly greeting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LUK 22 48 e2n9 figs-rquestion παραδίδως τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου φιλήματι 1 are you betraying the Son of Man with a kiss? Jesus uses a question to rebuke Judas for betraying him with a kiss. Normally a kiss is a sign of love. Alternate translation: "it is a kiss you are using to betray the Son of Man!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 22 48 zvk8 figs-123person τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου φιλήματι 1 the Son of Man with Jesus is using this term to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "me, the Son of Man, with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 22 49 njs1 οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν 1 those who were around Jesus This refers to Jesus' disciples. +LUK 22 49 y5za τὸ ἐσόμενον 1 what was happening This refers to the priests and soldiers coming to arrest Jesus. +LUK 22 49 gv81 figs-explicit εἰ πατάξομεν ἐν μαχαίρῃ 1 strike with the sword The question is about the type of fight they should engage in (a sword fight), not what weapon they should use (the swords that they brought, [Luke 22:38](../22/38.md)), but your translation may need to speak of the weapons they brought. Alternate translation: "fight against them with the swords we brought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 50 b4ij εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 one of them "one of the disciples" +LUK 22 50 f2fm ἐπάταξεν τὸν δοῦλον τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 struck the servant of the high priest "struck the servant of the high priest with a sword" +LUK 22 51 rcp5 τούτου ἐᾶτε ἕως 1 That is enough "Do not do any more of that" +LUK 22 51 c6pz ἁψάμενος τοῦ ὠτίου 1 touched his ear "touched the servant where his ear had been cut off" +LUK 22 52 fa7z figs-rquestion ἐξήλθατε ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν, μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων? 1 Do you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs? "Do you come out with swords and clubs because you think I am a robber?" Jesus uses this question to scold the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not a robber, yet you come out to me bringing swords and clubs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 22 53 g1tu μου ὄντος καθ’ ἡμέραν μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 I was daily with you "I was among you every day" +LUK 22 53 a6qu ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Only priests entered the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courts" or "at the temple" +LUK 22 53 c4is figs-metonymy ἐξετείνατε τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1 lay your hands on me In this verse, to lay hands on someone is to arrest that person. Alternate translation: "arrest me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 53 gw9n αὕτη ἐστὶν ὑμῶν ἡ ὥρα 1 this is your hour "this is the time for you to do whatever you want" +LUK 22 53 mzb4 figs-ellipsis ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ σκότους 1 the authority of darkness It may be helpful to repeat the reference to time. "Darkness" is a metonym for Satan. Alternate translation: "the time of the authority of darkness" or "the time when God is allowing Satan to do whatever he wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 22 54 mtp8 0 led him away "led Jesus away from the garden where they had arrested him" -LUK 22 54 ct8h 0 into the high priest's house "into the courtyard of the high priest's house" -LUK 22 55 b3x7 0 they had kindled a fire "some people had made a fire." The fire was to keep the people warm during the cool night. Alternate translation: "some people started a fire to keep warm" -LUK 22 55 qx64 0 the middle of the courtyard This was the courtyard at the high priest's house. It had walls around it, but no roof. -LUK 22 55 m8ew 0 in the midst of them "together with them" -LUK 22 56 fm4t 0 he sat in the light of the fire He sat near the fire and its line shone on him. +LUK 22 54 ct8h εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως' τοῦ ἀρχιερέως οἰκίαν 1 into the high priest's house "into the courtyard of the high priest's house" +LUK 22 55 b3x7 περιαψάντων πῦρ 1 they had kindled a fire "some people had made a fire." The fire was to keep the people warm during the cool night. Alternate translation: "some people started a fire to keep warm" +LUK 22 55 qx64 μέσῳ τῆς αὐλῆς 1 the middle of the courtyard This was the courtyard at the high priest's house. It had walls around it, but no roof. +LUK 22 55 m8ew μέσος αὐτῶν 1 in the midst of them "together with them" +LUK 22 56 fm4t καθήμενον πρὸς τὸ φῶς 1 he sat in the light of the fire He sat near the fire and its line shone on him. LUK 22 56 fxz3 0 and looked straight at him and said "and she looked straight at Peter and said to the other people in the courtyard" -LUK 22 56 zu63 0 This man also was with him The woman was telling the people about Peter being with Jesus. She probably did not know Peter's name. +LUK 22 56 zu63 οὗτος καὶ ἦν σὺν αὐτῷ 1 This man also was with him The woman was telling the people about Peter being with Jesus. She probably did not know Peter's name. LUK 22 57 dzq9 0 But Peter denied it "But Peter said that it was not true" -LUK 22 57 vdm1 0 Woman, I do not know him Peter did not know the woman's name. He was not insulting her by calling her "woman." If people would think he was insulting her, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a woman he does not know, or you could leave out the word. -LUK 22 58 i65s 0 You are also one of them "You are also one of those who were with Jesus" -LUK 22 58 cyv7 0 Man, I am not Peter did not know the man's name. He was not insulting him by calling him "Man." If people would think he was insulting him, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a man he does not know, or you could leave out the word. +LUK 22 57 vdm1 γύναι, οἶδα οὐκ οἶδα αὐτόν 1 Woman, I do not know him Peter did not know the woman's name. He was not insulting her by calling her "woman." If people would think he was insulting her, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a woman he does not know, or you could leave out the word. +LUK 22 58 i65s σὺ εἶ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 You are also one of them "You are also one of those who were with Jesus" +LUK 22 58 cyv7 ἄνθρωπε, εἰμί οὐκ 1 Man, I am not Peter did not know the man's name. He was not insulting him by calling him "Man." If people would think he was insulting him, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a man he does not know, or you could leave out the word. LUK 22 59 h5tb 0 insisted and said "said insistently" or "said loudly" -LUK 22 59 fc42 0 Truly this man Here "this man" refers to Peter. The speaker probably did not know Peter's name. -LUK 22 59 qwf7 figs-explicit 0 he is a Galilean The man could probably tell Peter was from Galilee from the way he talked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 22 60 ck93 0 Man Peter did not know the man's name. He was not insulting him by calling him "Man." If people would think he was insulting him, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a man he does not know, or you could leave out the word. See how you translated this in [Luke 22:58](../22/58.md). -LUK 22 60 al3s figs-idiom 0 I do not know what you are saying "I do not know what you are talking about." This expression means that Peter completely disagrees with the man. Alternate translation: "what you said is not true at all" or "what you said is completely false" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 22 60 p6c5 0 while he was speaking "while Peter was speaking" -LUK 22 60 lt62 0 a rooster crowed Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 22:34](../22/34.md). -LUK 22 61 gdp5 0 Turning, the Lord looked at Peter "The Lord turned and looked at Peter" -LUK 22 61 dpk1 0 the word of the Lord "what Jesus had said" when Jesus had said that Peter would betray Jesus -LUK 22 61 kkq8 0 a rooster crows Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 22:34](../22/34.md). -LUK 22 61 ui26 figs-explicit 0 today The Jewish day started at sundown and continued to the next evening. Jesus had spoken the previous evening about what would happen shortly before dawn or at dawn. Alternate translation: "tonight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 22 61 zjc6 0 deny me three times "deny three times that you know me" -LUK 22 62 m5gu 0 Peter went outside "Peter went out of the courtyard" -LUK 22 64 zn1p 0 They put a cover over him "They covered his eyes so that he could not see" -LUK 22 64 cl2v figs-irony 0 Prophesy! Who is the one who hit you? The guards did not believe that Jesus was a prophet. Rather, they believed that a real prophet would know who hit him even if he could not see. They called Jesus a prophet, but they were teasing him and showing him why they did not think that he was a prophet. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are a prophet. Tell us who hit you!" or "Hey prophet, who hit you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -LUK 22 64 q4g1 figs-explicit 0 Prophesy! "Speak words from God!" The implied information is that God would have to tell Jesus who struck him since Jesus was blindfolded and could not see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 59 fc42 ἐπ’ ἀληθείας οὗτος 1 Truly this man Here "this man" refers to Peter. The speaker probably did not know Peter's name. +LUK 22 59 qwf7 figs-explicit ἐστιν Γαλιλαῖός 1 he is a Galilean The man could probably tell Peter was from Galilee from the way he talked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 60 ck93 ἄνθρωπε 1 Man Peter did not know the man's name. He was not insulting him by calling him "Man." If people would think he was insulting him, you could use a culturally acceptable way for a man to address a man he does not know, or you could leave out the word. See how you translated this in [Luke 22:58](../22/58.md). +LUK 22 60 al3s figs-idiom οἶδα οὐκ οἶδα ὃ λέγεις 1 I do not know what you are saying "I do not know what you are talking about." This expression means that Peter completely disagrees with the man. Alternate translation: "what you said is not true at all" or "what you said is completely false" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 22 60 p6c5 ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος 1 while he was speaking "while Peter was speaking" +LUK 22 60 lt62 ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν 1 a rooster crowed Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 22:34](../22/34.md). +LUK 22 61 gdp5 στραφεὶς, ὁ Κύριος ἐνέβλεψεν τῷ Πέτρῳ 1 Turning, the Lord looked at Peter "The Lord turned and looked at Peter" +LUK 22 61 dpk1 τοῦ ῥήματος τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord "what Jesus had said" when Jesus had said that Peter would betray Jesus +LUK 22 61 kkq8 ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 a rooster crows Roosters often crow just before the sun appears in the morning. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Luke 22:34](../22/34.md). +LUK 22 61 ui26 figs-explicit σήμερον 1 today The Jewish day started at sundown and continued to the next evening. Jesus had spoken the previous evening about what would happen shortly before dawn or at dawn. Alternate translation: "tonight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 61 zjc6 ἀπαρνήσῃ με τρίς 1 deny me three times "deny three times that you know me" +LUK 22 62 m5gu ἐξελθὼν ἔξω 1 Peter went outside "Peter went out of the courtyard" +LUK 22 64 zn1p περικαλύψαντες αὐτὸν 1 They put a cover over him "They covered his eyes so that he could not see" +LUK 22 64 cl2v figs-irony προφήτευσον! τίς ἐστιν ὁ παίσας σε 1 Prophesy! Who is the one who hit you? The guards did not believe that Jesus was a prophet. Rather, they believed that a real prophet would know who hit him even if he could not see. They called Jesus a prophet, but they were teasing him and showing him why they did not think that he was a prophet. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are a prophet. Tell us who hit you!" or "Hey prophet, who hit you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +LUK 22 64 q4g1 figs-explicit προφήτευσον! 1 Prophesy! "Speak words from God!" The implied information is that God would have to tell Jesus who struck him since Jesus was blindfolded and could not see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 22 66 wa4h 0 General Information: It is now the next day and Jesus is brought before the council. -LUK 22 66 v9m2 0 As soon as it was day "At dawn the next morning" -LUK 22 66 vp8u figs-activepassive 0 They led him into the council Possible meanings are 1) "The elders had Jesus brought into the council" or 2) "The guards led Jesus into the council of the elders." Some languages may avoid saying who led him by using the pronoun "they" or by using a passive verb: "Jesus was led into the council" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 22 66 v9m2 ὡς ἐγένετο ἡμέρα 1 As soon as it was day "At dawn the next morning" +LUK 22 66 vp8u figs-activepassive ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ Συνέδριον 1 They led him into the council Possible meanings are 1) "The elders had Jesus brought into the council" or 2) "The guards led Jesus into the council of the elders." Some languages may avoid saying who led him by using the pronoun "they" or by using a passive verb: "Jesus was led into the council" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 22 67 br8y 0 and said A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "The elders said to Jesus" -LUK 22 67 h12k 0 If you are the Christ, tell us "Tell us if you are the Christ" -LUK 22 67 g8iy figs-hypo 0 If I tell you, you will not believe This is the first of two hypothetical statements by Jesus. It was a way for Jesus to respond without giving them a reason to say that he was guilty of blasphemy. Your language may have a way of indicating that the action has not actually happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +LUK 22 67 h12k εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός, εἰπὸν ἡμῖν 1 If you are the Christ, tell us "Tell us if you are the Christ" +LUK 22 67 g8iy figs-hypo ἐὰν εἴπω ὑμῖν, πιστεύσητε οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε 1 If I tell you, you will not believe This is the first of two hypothetical statements by Jesus. It was a way for Jesus to respond without giving them a reason to say that he was guilty of blasphemy. Your language may have a way of indicating that the action has not actually happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) LUK 22 68 l7nz figs-hypo 0 if I ask you, you will not answer This is the second hypothetical statement. It was a way for Jesus to rebuke them without giving them a reason to convict him. These words, along with "If I tell you, you will not believe" (verse 67), show that Jesus did not believe that the council was really looking for the truth. Your language may have a way of indicating that the action has not actually happened. Jesus is saying that whether he speaks or asks them to speak, they will not respond correctly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) LUK 22 69 xsz9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the council. -LUK 22 69 z3ea 0 from now on "from this day" or "starting from today" -LUK 22 69 p8kt figs-123person 0 the Son of Man will Jesus uses this phrase to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LUK 22 69 nka9 translate-symaction 0 seated at the right hand of the power of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "seated in the place of honor beside the power of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 22 69 h4n3 figs-metonymy 0 the power of God "the all-powerful God." Here "power" refers to his supreme authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 22 70 udh2 figs-explicit 0 Then you are the Son of God? The council asked this question because they wanted Jesus to explicitly confirm their understanding that he was saying he was the Son of God. Alternate translation: "So when you said that, did you mean that you are the Son of God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 22 70 l4j7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 22 70 jtr9 0 You say that I am "Yes, it is just like you say" +LUK 22 69 z3ea ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν 1 from now on "from this day" or "starting from today" +LUK 22 69 p8kt figs-123person ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἔσται 1 the Son of Man will Jesus uses this phrase to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of Man, will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LUK 22 69 nka9 translate-symaction καθήμενος ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 seated at the right hand of the power of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "seated in the place of honor beside the power of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 22 69 h4n3 figs-metonymy δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the power of God "the all-powerful God." Here "power" refers to his supreme authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 70 udh2 figs-explicit ," οὖν σὺ εἶ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ?" 1 Then you are the Son of God? The council asked this question because they wanted Jesus to explicitly confirm their understanding that he was saying he was the Son of God. Alternate translation: "So when you said that, did you mean that you are the Son of God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 22 70 l4j7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 22 70 jtr9 ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι 1 You say that I am "Yes, it is just like you say" LUK 22 71 u3m3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do we still need a witness? They use a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "We have no further need for witnesses!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 22 71 lpm4 figs-metonymy 0 heard from his own mouth The phrase "his own mouth" refers to his speech. Alternate translation: "heard him say that he believes he is the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 22 71 lpm4 figs-metonymy ἠκούσαμεν ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ τοῦ στόματος 1 heard from his own mouth The phrase "his own mouth" refers to his speech. Alternate translation: "heard him say that he believes he is the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 23 intro p6wq 0 # Luke 23 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the last line of this chapter apart because it is more connected with chapter 24 than with chapter 23.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Accuse

The chief priests and scribes accused Jesus of doing evil because they wanted Pilate to kill Jesus. But they were accusing him falsely, because Jesus had never done what they accused him of doing.

##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two"

The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus' people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins.

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 23:53](../../luk/23/53.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "I find no fault in this man"

Pilate was saying that he did not know of any reason why he should punish Jesus because Jesus had not broken any laws. Pilate was not saying that Jesus was perfect.
LUK 23 1 pi3d 0 General Information: Jesus is brought before Pilate. -LUK 23 1 sgf1 0 The whole company of them "All of the Jewish leaders" or "All the members of the Council" -LUK 23 1 mvn9 0 rose up "stood" or "stood to their feet" -LUK 23 1 k4aa figs-metaphor 0 before Pilate To appear before someone means to enter into their authority. Alternate translation: "to be judged by Pilate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 23 2 mtc8 figs-exclusive 0 We found "We" refers only the Council members, and not to Pilate of any other people nearby. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 23 2 im4v 0 perverting our nation "causing our people to do things that are not right" or "causing trouble by telling lies to our people" -LUK 23 2 xsa4 0 forbidding to give tribute "telling them not to pay taxes" -LUK 23 2 l68k figs-metonymy 0 to Caesar Caesar represents the Emperor of Rome. Alternate translation: "to the Emperor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 23 3 z5hu 0 Pilate asked him "Pilate asked Jesus" +LUK 23 1 sgf1 τὸ ἅπαν πλῆθος αὐτῶν 1 The whole company of them "All of the Jewish leaders" or "All the members of the Council" +LUK 23 1 mvn9 ἀναστὰν 1 rose up "stood" or "stood to their feet" +LUK 23 1 k4aa figs-metaphor ἐπὶ τὸν Πειλᾶτον 1 before Pilate To appear before someone means to enter into their authority. Alternate translation: "to be judged by Pilate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 23 2 mtc8 figs-exclusive εὕρομεν 1 We found "We" refers only the Council members, and not to Pilate of any other people nearby. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 23 2 im4v διαστρέφοντα ἡμῶν τὸ ἔθνος 1 perverting our nation "causing our people to do things that are not right" or "causing trouble by telling lies to our people" +LUK 23 2 xsa4 κωλύοντα διδόναι φόρους 1 forbidding to give tribute "telling them not to pay taxes" +LUK 23 2 l68k figs-metonymy Καίσαρι 1 to Caesar Caesar represents the Emperor of Rome. Alternate translation: "to the Emperor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 23 3 z5hu Πειλᾶτος ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν 1 Pilate asked him "Pilate asked Jesus" LUK 23 3 ve4s figs-explicit 0 You say so Possible meanings are 1) by saying this, Jesus implied that he is the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "Yes, as you said, I am" or "Yes. It is as you said" or 2) by saying this, Jesus was saying that Pilate, not Jesus, was the one calling him the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: "You yourself have said so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 4 fx7d 0 multitudes large groups of people -LUK 23 4 s8fi 0 I find no fault in this man "I do not find this man guilty of anything" -LUK 23 5 yy6w 0 stirs up "causes trouble among" -LUK 23 5 cr78 0 all Judea, beginning from Galilee even to this place This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "all Judea. He began causing trouble in Galilee and now is causing trouble here" +LUK 23 4 fx7d ὄχλους 1 multitudes large groups of people +LUK 23 4 s8fi εὑρίσκω οὐδὲν αἴτιον ἐν τούτῳ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ 1 I find no fault in this man "I do not find this man guilty of anything" +LUK 23 5 yy6w ἀνασείει 1 stirs up "causes trouble among" +LUK 23 5 cr78 ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἕως ὧδε 1 all Judea, beginning from Galilee even to this place This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "all Judea. He began causing trouble in Galilee and now is causing trouble here" LUK 23 6 vvp6 0 heard this "heard that Jesus began to teach in Galilee" -LUK 23 6 px94 0 he asked whether the man was a Galilean Pilate wanted to know from which area Jesus came because he wanted to have a lower-ranking government official judge Jesus. If Jesus were from Galilee, Pilate could have Herod judge Jesus because Herod had authority over Galilee. -LUK 23 6 dr1s 0 the man This refers to Jesus. -LUK 23 7 cbn1 0 he discovered "Pilate found out" -LUK 23 7 mn6i figs-explicit 0 he was under Herod's authority The passage does not state the implied fact that Herod was the ruler of Galilee. Alternate translation: "Jesus was under the authority of Herod because Herod ruled over Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 7 ay2i 0 he sent "Pilate sent" -LUK 23 7 i163 0 who himself This refers to Herod. -LUK 23 7 ys2n 0 in those days "at that time" -LUK 23 8 k9z8 0 he was very glad "Herod was very glad" -LUK 23 8 z3zz 0 he had wanted to see him "Herod had wanted to see Jesus" +LUK 23 6 px94 ἐπηρώτησεν εἰ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐστιν Γαλιλαῖός 1 he asked whether the man was a Galilean Pilate wanted to know from which area Jesus came because he wanted to have a lower-ranking government official judge Jesus. If Jesus were from Galilee, Pilate could have Herod judge Jesus because Herod had authority over Galilee. +LUK 23 6 dr1s ὁ ἄνθρωπος 1 the man This refers to Jesus. +LUK 23 7 cbn1 ἐπιγνοὺς 1 he discovered "Pilate found out" +LUK 23 7 mn6i figs-explicit ἐστὶν ἐκ Ἡρῴδου' Ἡρῴδου τῆς ἐξουσίας 1 he was under Herod's authority The passage does not state the implied fact that Herod was the ruler of Galilee. Alternate translation: "Jesus was under the authority of Herod because Herod ruled over Galilee" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 23 7 ay2i ἀνέπεμψεν 1 he sent "Pilate sent" +LUK 23 7 i163 ὄντα αὐτὸν 1 who himself This refers to Herod. +LUK 23 7 ys2n ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 in those days "at that time" +LUK 23 8 k9z8 ἐχάρη λείαν ἐχάρη 1 he was very glad "Herod was very glad" +LUK 23 8 z3zz θέλων ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν 1 he had wanted to see him "Herod had wanted to see Jesus" LUK 23 8 gp7u 0 He had heard about him "Herod had heard about Jesus" -LUK 23 8 vg5u 0 he hoped "Herod hoped" -LUK 23 8 b424 figs-activepassive 0 to see some miracle done by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to see him perform some kind of miracle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 9 hbp3 0 Herod questioned Jesus in many words "Herod asked Jesus a lot of questions" -LUK 23 9 c8li 0 answered him nothing "did not reply" or "did not give Herod an answer" -LUK 23 10 lpu6 0 the scribes stood "the scribes were standing there" -LUK 23 10 hn8g 0 violently accusing him "severely accusing Jesus" or "accusing him of all kinds of crimes" -LUK 23 11 p9yl 0 Herod with his soldiers "Herod and his soldiers" +LUK 23 8 vg5u ἤλπιζέν 1 he hoped "Herod hoped" +LUK 23 8 b424 figs-activepassive ἰδεῖν τι σημεῖον γινόμενον ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 to see some miracle done by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to see him perform some kind of miracle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 23 9 hbp3 ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν ἱκανοῖς λόγοις 1 Herod questioned Jesus in many words "Herod asked Jesus a lot of questions" +LUK 23 9 c8li ἀπεκρίνατο αὐτῷ οὐδὲν 1 answered him nothing "did not reply" or "did not give Herod an answer" +LUK 23 10 lpu6 οἱ γραμματεῖς ἵστήκεισαν 1 the scribes stood "the scribes were standing there" +LUK 23 10 hn8g εὐτόνως κατηγοροῦντες αὐτοῦ 1 violently accusing him "severely accusing Jesus" or "accusing him of all kinds of crimes" +LUK 23 11 p9yl ὁ Ἡρῴδης σὺν αὐτοῦ τοῖς στρατεύμασιν 1 Herod with his soldiers "Herod and his soldiers" LUK 23 11 qt1c 0 dressed him in elegant clothes "put beautiful clothes on him." The translation should not imply that this was done to honor or care for Jesus. They did it to mock Jesus and to make fun of him. -LUK 23 12 b6f1 figs-explicit 0 Herod and Pilate had become friends with each other that very day The implied information is that they became friends because Herod appreciated Pilate allowing him to judge Jesus. Alternate translation: "Herod and Pilate became friends with each other that very day because Pilate had sent Jesus to Herod for judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 23 12 b6f1 figs-explicit Ἡρῴδης καὶ ὁ Πειλᾶτος ἐγένοντο φίλοι μετ’ ἀλλήλων ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 Herod and Pilate had become friends with each other that very day The implied information is that they became friends because Herod appreciated Pilate allowing him to judge Jesus. Alternate translation: "Herod and Pilate became friends with each other that very day because Pilate had sent Jesus to Herod for judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 23 12 x7r8 writing-background 0 before this they had been enemies with each other This information is enclosed in parentheses to show that it is background information. Use a format that your audience would understand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 23 13 h89l 0 called together the chief priests and the rulers and the crowd of people "called the chief priests and the rulers and the crowd of people to come meet together" LUK 23 13 d7gn figs-explicit 0 the crowd of people It is not likely that Pilate asked a crowd to come. The crowd was probably still there waiting to see what would happen to Jesus. Alternate translation: "the crowd that was still there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 14 dh77 0 this man This refers to Jesus. +LUK 23 14 dh77 τοῦτον τὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 this man This refers to Jesus. LUK 23 14 wsw6 0 like a man who "saying that he" LUK 23 14 ee53 figs-explicit 0 I, having questioned him before you "I have questioned Jesus in your presence, and." It is implied that they were witnesses to the proceedings. Alternate translation: "I have questioned Jesus with you here as witnesses, and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 14 e517 0 find no fault in this man "do not think that he is guilty" +LUK 23 14 e517 εὗρον οὐθὲν αἴτιον ἐν τούτῳ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ 1 find no fault in this man "do not think that he is guilty" LUK 23 15 k5gk 0 Connecting Statement: Pilate continues speaking to the Jewish leaders and to the crowd. LUK 23 15 h623 figs-ellipsis 0 No, nor does Herod It may be helpful to add information that is not included in the short statement. Alternate translation: "Even Herod does not think he is guilty" or "Even Herod thinks he is innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 23 15 bn7l 0 nor does Herod, for "nor does Herod, because" or "nor does Herod. We know this because" -LUK 23 15 i2ba figs-exclusive 0 he sent him back to us "Herod sent Jesus to return to us." The word "us" refers to Pilate, his soldiers, and the priests and scribes, but not those who were listening to Pilate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -LUK 23 15 gs4m figs-activepassive 0 nothing worthy of death has been done by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he has not done anything to deserve a death sentence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 16 p5wa 0 I will therefore punish him Because Pilate had found no fault in Jesus he should have released him without punishment. It is not necessary to try to make this statement fit logically into the translation. Pilate punished Jesus, whom he knew to be innocent, only because he was afraid of the crowd. +LUK 23 15 i2ba figs-exclusive ἀνέπεμψεν αὐτὸν ἀνέπεμψεν πρὸς ἡμᾶς 1 he sent him back to us "Herod sent Jesus to return to us." The word "us" refers to Pilate, his soldiers, and the priests and scribes, but not those who were listening to Pilate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 23 15 gs4m figs-activepassive οὐδὲν ἄξιον θανάτου ἐστὶν πεπραγμένον αὐτῷ 1 nothing worthy of death has been done by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he has not done anything to deserve a death sentence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 23 16 p5wa παιδεύσας οὖν παιδεύσας αὐτὸν 1 I will therefore punish him Because Pilate had found no fault in Jesus he should have released him without punishment. It is not necessary to try to make this statement fit logically into the translation. Pilate punished Jesus, whom he knew to be innocent, only because he was afraid of the crowd. LUK 23 18 cx37 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 19 tells us background information about who Barabbas is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 23 18 v7pf 0 they cried out all together "All the people in the crowd shouted" +LUK 23 18 v7pf ἀνέκραγον πανπληθεὶ 1 they cried out all together "All the people in the crowd shouted" LUK 23 18 ib9q figs-explicit 0 Away with this man, and release "Take this man away! Release." They are asking him to have his soldiers kill Jesus. Alternate translation: "Take this man away and execute him! Release" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 18 i6pj figs-exclusive 0 release to us "us" refers to the crowd only, and not to Pilate and his soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +LUK 23 18 i6pj figs-exclusive ἀπόλυσον ἡμῖν 1 release to us "us" refers to the crowd only, and not to Pilate and his soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) LUK 23 19 vd6b writing-background 0 Barabbas was a man ... for murder This is background information that Luke gives about who Barabbas was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) LUK 23 19 qdv7 figs-activepassive 0 who had been put into prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Romans had put in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 19 zl1f 0 a certain rebellion in the city "trying to persuade the people of the city to rebel against the Roman government" -LUK 23 20 vbp4 0 addressed them again "spoke to them again" or "spoke again to the people in the crowd and to the religious rulers" -LUK 23 20 t1i2 0 desiring to release Jesus "because he wanted to set Jesus free" -LUK 23 22 iz5v translate-ordinal 0 He said to them a third time "Pilate said to the crowd again, for the third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 23 22 ck75 figs-rquestion 0 what evil has this man done? Pilate uses this question to cause the crowd to understand that Jesus is innocent. Alternate translation: "this man has not done anything wrong!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 23 22 de5a 0 I have found nothing deserving the death penalty in him "He has done nothing for which he deserves to die" +LUK 23 19 zl1f τινὰ στάσιν ἐν τῇ πόλει 1 a certain rebellion in the city "trying to persuade the people of the city to rebel against the Roman government" +LUK 23 20 vbp4 προσεφώνησεν αὐτοῖς πάλιν 1 addressed them again "spoke to them again" or "spoke again to the people in the crowd and to the religious rulers" +LUK 23 20 t1i2 θέλων ἀπολῦσαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 desiring to release Jesus "because he wanted to set Jesus free" +LUK 23 22 iz5v translate-ordinal ὁ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς τρίτον 1 He said to them a third time "Pilate said to the crowd again, for the third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 23 22 ck75 figs-rquestion τί κακὸν ἐποίησεν οὗτος ἐποίησεν? 1 what evil has this man done? Pilate uses this question to cause the crowd to understand that Jesus is innocent. Alternate translation: "this man has not done anything wrong!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 23 22 de5a εὗρον οὐδὲν αἴτιον θανάτου ἐν αὐτῷ 1 I have found nothing deserving the death penalty in him "He has done nothing for which he deserves to die" LUK 23 22 mij1 0 after punishing him, I will release him As in [Luke 23:16](../23/16.md), Pilate should have released Jesus without punishment because he was innocent. However, he offered to punish Jesus to appease the crowd. LUK 23 22 z7ax 0 I will release him "I will set him free" -LUK 23 23 k1hh 0 they were insistent "the crowd insisted" -LUK 23 23 sni4 0 with loud voices "with shouting" -LUK 23 23 pst8 figs-activepassive 0 for him to be crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Pilate to have his soldiers crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 23 23 k1hh οἱ ἐπέκειντο 1 they were insistent "the crowd insisted" +LUK 23 23 sni4 φωναῖς μεγάλαις φωναῖς 1 with loud voices "with shouting" +LUK 23 23 pst8 figs-activepassive αὐτὸν σταυρωθῆναι 1 for him to be crucified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Pilate to have his soldiers crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 23 23 pgz9 0 Their voices convinced Pilate "The crowd kept shouting until they convinced Pilate" -LUK 23 24 tfw2 0 to grant their demand "to do what the crowd requested" -LUK 23 25 nwd3 0 He released the one they asked for Pilate released Barrabas from prison. Alternate translation: "Pilate freed Barabbas, whom the crowd had asked be released" +LUK 23 24 tfw2 γενέσθαι αὐτῶν τὸ αἴτημα 1 to grant their demand "to do what the crowd requested" +LUK 23 25 nwd3 ἀπέλυσεν τὸν ᾐτοῦντο 1 He released the one they asked for Pilate released Barrabas from prison. Alternate translation: "Pilate freed Barabbas, whom the crowd had asked be released" LUK 23 25 t66f writing-background 0 who had been put in prison ... murder This is background information about where Barrabas was at that time. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Romans had put in prison ... murder" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -LUK 23 25 z8v8 0 he delivered up Jesus to their will "Pilate commanded the soldiers to bring Jesus to them to do whatever the crowd wanted to do" -LUK 23 26 s9kc 0 As they led him away "While the soldiers led Jesus away from where Pilate was" -LUK 23 26 ysu3 0 seized The Roman soldiers had the authority to compel people to carry their loads. Do not translate this in a way that indicates that Simon was arrested or had done anything wrong. -LUK 23 26 x5qz translate-names 0 one Simon of Cyrene "a man named Simon, from the city of Cyrene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 23 26 i5ua 0 coming from the country "who was coming into Jerusalem from the countryside" -LUK 23 26 fub3 0 laid the cross on him "put the cross on his shoulders" -LUK 23 26 y3p6 0 following Jesus "and he followed behind Jesus" -LUK 23 27 nvg3 0 A great crowd "A large crowd" -LUK 23 27 ad9f 0 great crowd of the people, and of women The woman were part of the large crowd, and not a separate crowd. -LUK 23 27 s7gx 0 mourned for him "mourned for Jesus" -LUK 23 27 bp3x 0 were following him This does not mean that they were Jesus' disciples. It simply means they were walking along behind him. -LUK 23 28 s3ka 0 turning to them This indicates that Jesus turned to face the women and address them directly. -LUK 23 28 nl38 0 Daughters of Jerusalem The "daughter" of a city means the women of the city. This was not rude. It was a normal form of address to a group of women from one location. Alternate translation: "You women who are from Jerusalem" -LUK 23 28 wi15 figs-metonymy 0 do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children The person is a metonym for what happens to the person. Alternate translation: "do not weep about the bad things that will happen to me. Instead, weep because worse things will happen to you and to your children" or "you are weeping because bad things are happening to me, but you will weep even more when worse things happen to you and your children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 23 25 z8v8 παρέδωκεν τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν τῷ αὐτῶν θελήματι 1 he delivered up Jesus to their will "Pilate commanded the soldiers to bring Jesus to them to do whatever the crowd wanted to do" +LUK 23 26 s9kc ὡς ἀπήγαγον αὐτόν ἀπήγαγον 1 As they led him away "While the soldiers led Jesus away from where Pilate was" +LUK 23 26 ysu3 ἐπιλαβόμενοι 1 seized The Roman soldiers had the authority to compel people to carry their loads. Do not translate this in a way that indicates that Simon was arrested or had done anything wrong. +LUK 23 26 x5qz translate-names τινα Σίμωνά Κυρηναῖον 1 one Simon of Cyrene "a man named Simon, from the city of Cyrene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 23 26 i5ua ἐρχόμενον ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 coming from the country "who was coming into Jerusalem from the countryside" +LUK 23 26 fub3 ἐπέθηκαν τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτῷ 1 laid the cross on him "put the cross on his shoulders" +LUK 23 26 y3p6 ὄπισθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 following Jesus "and he followed behind Jesus" +LUK 23 27 nvg3 πλῆθος πολὺ πλῆθος 1 A great crowd "A large crowd" +LUK 23 27 ad9f πολὺ πλῆθος τοῦ λαοῦ, καὶ γυναικῶν 1 great crowd of the people, and of women The woman were part of the large crowd, and not a separate crowd. +LUK 23 27 s7gx ἐθρήνουν αὐτόν 1 mourned for him "mourned for Jesus" +LUK 23 27 bp3x ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ 1 were following him This does not mean that they were Jesus' disciples. It simply means they were walking along behind him. +LUK 23 28 s3ka στραφεὶς πρὸς αὐτὰς 1 turning to them This indicates that Jesus turned to face the women and address them directly. +LUK 23 28 nl38 θυγατέρες Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 Daughters of Jerusalem The "daughter" of a city means the women of the city. This was not rude. It was a normal form of address to a group of women from one location. Alternate translation: "You women who are from Jerusalem" +LUK 23 28 wi15 figs-metonymy κλαίετε μὴ κλαίετε ἐπ’ ἐμέ, πλὴν κλαίετε ἐφ’ ἑαυτὰς καὶ ἐπὶ ὑμῶν τὰ τέκνα 1 do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children The person is a metonym for what happens to the person. Alternate translation: "do not weep about the bad things that will happen to me. Instead, weep because worse things will happen to you and to your children" or "you are weeping because bad things are happening to me, but you will weep even more when worse things happen to you and your children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 23 29 s9uj 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the crowd. -LUK 23 29 rd8v 0 For see This introduces the reason why the women of Jerusalem should weep for themselves. -LUK 23 29 bjb7 0 the days are coming "there will soon be a time" -LUK 23 29 xi9e 0 in which they will say "when people will say" -LUK 23 29 rat4 0 the barren "women who have not given birth to children" +LUK 23 29 rd8v ὅτι ἰδοὺ 1 For see This introduces the reason why the women of Jerusalem should weep for themselves. +LUK 23 29 bjb7 ἡμέραι ἔρχονται 1 the days are coming "there will soon be a time" +LUK 23 29 xi9e ἐν αἷς ἐροῦσιν 1 in which they will say "when people will say" +LUK 23 29 rat4 αἱ στεῖραι 1 the barren "women who have not given birth to children" LUK 23 29 rgj1 0 the wombs that did not bear ... the breasts that did not nurse These clauses are used to more fully describe "the barren." Those women neither gave birth nor nursed children. It may be helpful to combine these together with "the barren." Alternate translation: "the women who have never given birth to children or nursed babies" -LUK 23 29 u1x1 0 they This can refer to either the Romans or the Jewish leaders, or no one in particular. -LUK 23 30 te1i 0 Then at that time -LUK 23 30 gya6 figs-ellipsis 0 to the hills Words are left out to keep the phrase short. Alternate translation: "they will say to the hills" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +LUK 23 29 u1x1 ἐροῦσιν 1 they This can refer to either the Romans or the Jewish leaders, or no one in particular. +LUK 23 30 te1i τότε 1 Then at that time +LUK 23 30 gya6 figs-ellipsis τοῖς βουνοῖς 1 to the hills Words are left out to keep the phrase short. Alternate translation: "they will say to the hills" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LUK 23 31 y238 figs-rquestion 0 For if they do these things while the tree is green, what will happen when it is dry? Jesus uses a question to help the crowd understand that people are doing bad things now in good times, so certainly they will do worse things in the bad times in the future. Alternate translation: "You can see that they are doing these bad things while the tree is green, so you can be sure that they will do worse things when the tree is dry." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 23 31 nkk3 figs-metaphor 0 the tree is green The green tree is a metaphor for something that is good. If your language has a similar metaphor, you should use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 23 31 zt5s figs-metaphor 0 it is dry The dry wood is a metaphor for something that will be useful only to burn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LUK 23 32 w8yj figs-activepassive 0 Other men, two criminals, were led away with him to be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The soldiers led away with Jesus two criminals to execute them also" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 23 32 m2nh 0 Other men, two criminals "Two other men who were criminals" or "Two criminals." Luke avoids saying "other criminals" because Jesus was innocent, even though he was treated as a criminal. Luke calls the other two men criminals, but not Jesus. -LUK 23 33 wj2q 0 When they came The word "they" includes the soldiers, the criminals, and Jesus. -LUK 23 33 i3vx 0 they crucified him "the Roman soldiers crucified Jesus" +LUK 23 33 wj2q ὅτε ἦλθον 1 When they came The word "they" includes the soldiers, the criminals, and Jesus. +LUK 23 33 i3vx ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτὸν 1 they crucified him "the Roman soldiers crucified Jesus" LUK 23 33 bjr2 0 one on his right and one on his left "they crucified one criminal on Jesus' right side and the other criminal on Jesus' left side" LUK 23 34 y87b 0 Father, forgive them The word "them" refers to those who were crucifying Jesus. Jesus speaks to his Father with compassion toward the men crucifying him. LUK 23 34 zy2s guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) LUK 23 34 haq2 0 for they do not know what they are doing "because they do not understand what they are doing." The Roman soldiers did not understand that they were crucifying the Son of God. Alternate translation: "for they do not really know whom they are crucifying" -LUK 23 34 uk4s 0 they cast lots The soldiers participated in a type of gambling. Alternate translation: "they gambled" -LUK 23 34 qbj8 0 cast lots, dividing up his garments "cast lots to decide who among the soldiers would take home each piece of Jesus' clothing" -LUK 23 35 a2h5 0 The people stood "The people were standing there" -LUK 23 35 kue4 0 him This refers to Jesus. -LUK 23 35 t7mb figs-irony 0 He saved others. Let him save himself Luke records the ironic words of the rulers. The only way Jesus could save others was by dying instead of saving himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -LUK 23 35 m3f6 0 Let him save himself "Jesus should be able to save himself." They said this to mock Jesus. They did not believe he could save himself. Alternate translation: "We would like to see him prove who he is by saving himself from the cross" -LUK 23 35 a963 0 the chosen one "the one that God has chosen" -LUK 23 36 k8h9 0 him Jesus +LUK 23 34 uk4s ἔβαλον κλῆρον 1 they cast lots The soldiers participated in a type of gambling. Alternate translation: "they gambled" +LUK 23 34 qbj8 ἔβαλον κλῆρον, διαμεριζόμενοι αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια 1 cast lots, dividing up his garments "cast lots to decide who among the soldiers would take home each piece of Jesus' clothing" +LUK 23 35 a2h5 ὁ λαὸς ἵστήκει 1 The people stood "The people were standing there" +LUK 23 35 kue4 σωσάτω 1 him This refers to Jesus. +LUK 23 35 t7mb figs-irony ἔσωσεν ἄλλους. σωσάτω ἑαυτόν 1 He saved others. Let him save himself Luke records the ironic words of the rulers. The only way Jesus could save others was by dying instead of saving himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +LUK 23 35 m3f6 σωσάτω ἑαυτόν 1 Let him save himself "Jesus should be able to save himself." They said this to mock Jesus. They did not believe he could save himself. Alternate translation: "We would like to see him prove who he is by saving himself from the cross" +LUK 23 35 a963 ὁ ἐκλεκτός 1 the chosen one "the one that God has chosen" +LUK 23 36 k8h9 αὐτῷ 1 him Jesus LUK 23 36 q9w9 0 approaching him "coming close to Jesus" -LUK 23 36 b3jz 0 offering him vinegar "offering Jesus vinegar to drink." Vinegar is a cheap drink that common people drink. The soldiers were mocking Jesus by giving a cheap drink to someone who claims to be a king. -LUK 23 37 x5wr figs-explicit 0 If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself The soldiers were mocking Jesus. Alternate translation: "We do not believe you are the King of the Jews, but if you are, prove us wrong by saving yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 38 l5be 0 a sign over him "a placard at the top of Jesus' cross that stated" +LUK 23 36 b3jz προσφέροντες αὐτῷ ὄξος 1 offering him vinegar "offering Jesus vinegar to drink." Vinegar is a cheap drink that common people drink. The soldiers were mocking Jesus by giving a cheap drink to someone who claims to be a king. +LUK 23 37 x5wr figs-explicit εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, σῶσον σεαυτόν 1 If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself The soldiers were mocking Jesus. Alternate translation: "We do not believe you are the King of the Jews, but if you are, prove us wrong by saving yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 23 38 l5be ἐπιγραφὴ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 a sign over him "a placard at the top of Jesus' cross that stated" LUK 23 38 w7aw 0 This is the King of the Jews The people who put this sign above Jesus were mocking him. They did not really think he was a king. -LUK 23 39 z9ej 0 insulted him "insulted Jesus" -LUK 23 39 tmy7 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not the Christ? Save yourself The criminal uses a question to mock Jesus. Alternate translation: "You claim to be the Christ. Save yourself" or "If you really were the Christ, you would save yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 23 39 g6uk figs-irony 0 Save yourself and us The criminal did not really think that Jesus could rescue them from the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -LUK 23 40 lb4e 0 the other rebuked him "the other criminal rebuked him" -LUK 23 40 nk1r figs-rquestion 0 Do you not fear God, since you are under the same sentence? The criminal uses a question to scold the other criminal. Alternate translation: "You should fear God, because they are punishing you the same way they are punishing him" or "You must have no fear of God, since you mock him while you are hanging on a cross the same as he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 23 39 z9ej ἐβλασφήμει αὐτόν 1 insulted him "insulted Jesus" +LUK 23 39 tmy7 figs-rquestion εἶ σὺ οὐχὶ ὁ Χριστός? σῶσον σεαυτὸν 1 Are you not the Christ? Save yourself The criminal uses a question to mock Jesus. Alternate translation: "You claim to be the Christ. Save yourself" or "If you really were the Christ, you would save yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 23 39 g6uk figs-irony σῶσον σεαυτὸν καὶ ἡμᾶς 1 Save yourself and us The criminal did not really think that Jesus could rescue them from the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +LUK 23 40 lb4e ὁ ἕτερος ἐπιτιμῶν αὐτῷ 1 the other rebuked him "the other criminal rebuked him" +LUK 23 40 nk1r figs-rquestion φοβῇ σὺ οὐδὲ φοβῇ τὸν Θεόν, ὅτι εἶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ κρίματι? 1 Do you not fear God, since you are under the same sentence? The criminal uses a question to scold the other criminal. Alternate translation: "You should fear God, because they are punishing you the same way they are punishing him" or "You must have no fear of God, since you mock him while you are hanging on a cross the same as he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 23 41 qyp6 figs-123person 0 We indeed ... for we ... we deserve These usages of "we" refer only to the two criminals, and not to Jesus or the other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LUK 23 41 i4gm 0 We indeed are here justly "Truly we deserve this punishment" -LUK 23 41 nu35 0 this man This refers to Jesus. -LUK 23 42 mht9 0 Then he said "The criminal also said" -LUK 23 42 j9d9 0 remember me "think about me and treat me well" -LUK 23 42 zyv3 figs-metonymy 0 come into your kingdom To "come into" a kingdom means to begin to rule. Alternate translation: "begin to rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 23 43 n6w9 0 Truly I say to you, today "Truly" adds emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "I want you to know that today" -LUK 23 43 f1fl 0 paradise This is the place that righteous people go to when they die. Jesus was assuring the man that he would be with God and God would accept him. Alternate translation: "the place where the righteous people live" or "the place where people live well" -LUK 23 44 x7fl 0 about the sixth hour "about noon." This reflects the custom at the time of counting hours beginning with daybreak at 6 a.m. -LUK 23 44 q4t3 0 darkness came over the whole land "the entire land became dark" -LUK 23 44 e8zn 0 until the ninth hour "until 3 p.m." This reflects the custom at the time of counting hours beginning with daybreak at 6 a.m. +LUK 23 41 nu35 οὗτος 1 this man This refers to Jesus. +LUK 23 42 mht9 καὶ ἔλεγεν 1 Then he said "The criminal also said" +LUK 23 42 j9d9 μνήσθητί μου 1 remember me "think about me and treat me well" +LUK 23 42 zyv3 figs-metonymy ἔλθῃς ἐν σου τῇ βασιλείᾳ 1 come into your kingdom To "come into" a kingdom means to begin to rule. Alternate translation: "begin to rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 23 43 n6w9 ἀμήν λέγω σοι, σήμερον 1 Truly I say to you, today "Truly" adds emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "I want you to know that today" +LUK 23 43 f1fl τῷ Παραδείσῳ 1 paradise This is the place that righteous people go to when they die. Jesus was assuring the man that he would be with God and God would accept him. Alternate translation: "the place where the righteous people live" or "the place where people live well" +LUK 23 44 x7fl ὡσεὶ ὥρα ἕκτη ὥρα 1 about the sixth hour "about noon." This reflects the custom at the time of counting hours beginning with daybreak at 6 a.m. +LUK 23 44 q4t3 σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ’ τὴν ὅλην γῆν 1 darkness came over the whole land "the entire land became dark" +LUK 23 44 e8zn ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης ὥρας 1 until the ninth hour "until 3 p.m." This reflects the custom at the time of counting hours beginning with daybreak at 6 a.m. LUK 23 45 hjt3 0 as the sun's light failed This does not refer to sundown. Rather, the light of the sun darkened during the middle of the day. Use a term to describe the sun becoming dark rather than the sun going down. -LUK 23 45 ssh2 0 the curtain of the temple "the curtain inside the temple." This was the curtain that separated the most holy place from the rest of the temple. +LUK 23 45 ssh2 τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ 1 the curtain of the temple "the curtain inside the temple." This was the curtain that separated the most holy place from the rest of the temple. LUK 23 45 ah4k figs-activepassive 0 the curtain of the temple was split in two "the curtain of the temple was torn into two pieces." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God tore the temple curtain into two pieces from the top to the bottom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 46 z1fq 0 Crying with a loud voice "Shouting loudly." It may be helpful to show how this is related to the events of the previous verses. Alternate translation: "When that happened, Jesus shouted loudly" -LUK 23 46 r4ub guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 23 46 mix5 figs-metonymy 0 into your hands I commit my spirit "The phrase "into your hands" refers to God's care. Alternate translation: "I entrust my spirit to your care" or "I give my spirit to you, knowing you will care for it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 23 46 k5rv 0 Having said this "After Jesus said this" +LUK 23 46 z1fq φωνήσας φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 Crying with a loud voice "Shouting loudly." It may be helpful to show how this is related to the events of the previous verses. Alternate translation: "When that happened, Jesus shouted loudly" +LUK 23 46 r4ub guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 23 46 mix5 figs-metonymy εἰς σου χεῖράς παρατίθεμαι μου τὸ Πνεῦμά 1 into your hands I commit my spirit "The phrase "into your hands" refers to God's care. Alternate translation: "I entrust my spirit to your care" or "I give my spirit to you, knowing you will care for it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 23 46 k5rv εἰπὼν τοῦτο 1 Having said this "After Jesus said this" LUK 23 46 bd6y 0 he died "Jesus died" -LUK 23 47 p6lh 0 the centurion This was the title for the Roman officer who was in charge of the other Roman soldiers. He supervised the crucifixion. +LUK 23 47 p6lh ὁ ἑκατοντάρχης 1 the centurion This was the title for the Roman officer who was in charge of the other Roman soldiers. He supervised the crucifixion. LUK 23 47 ar1d figs-activepassive 0 what was done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the things that had happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 23 47 c2ti 0 this was a righteous man "this man did nothing wrong" or "this man did not do anything wrong" -LUK 23 48 dq99 0 multitudes large groups of people -LUK 23 48 jth1 0 who came together "who gathered together" +LUK 23 48 dq99 ὄχλοι 1 multitudes large groups of people +LUK 23 48 jth1 οἱ συνπαραγενόμενοι 1 who came together "who gathered together" LUK 23 48 gt8y 0 witness this sight "see this event" or "observe what was happening" LUK 23 48 yq19 figs-activepassive 0 the things that were done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what had happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 48 whs7 0 returned beating "returned to their homes beating" -LUK 23 48 ft9q translate-symaction 0 beating their breasts This was a symbol of sorrow and regret. Alternate translation: "hitting their own chests to show that they were sorrowful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 23 49 xzh8 0 followed him "traveled with Jesus" -LUK 23 49 evb4 0 at a distance "some distance away from Jesus" -LUK 23 49 s74u 0 these things "what happened" +LUK 23 48 whs7 ὑπέστρεφον τύπτοντες 1 returned beating "returned to their homes beating" +LUK 23 48 ft9q translate-symaction τύπτοντες τὰ στήθη 1 beating their breasts This was a symbol of sorrow and regret. Alternate translation: "hitting their own chests to show that they were sorrowful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 23 49 xzh8 αἱ συνακολουθοῦσαι αὐτῷ 1 followed him "traveled with Jesus" +LUK 23 49 evb4 ἀπὸ μακρόθεν 1 at a distance "some distance away from Jesus" +LUK 23 49 s74u ταῦτα 1 these things "what happened" LUK 23 50 cbj7 writing-background 0 General Information: Joseph asks Pilate for Jesus' body. These verses give us background information about who Joseph is. It may be helpful to reorder some of this information with a verse bridge, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) LUK 23 50 ud7p writing-participants 0 Behold, there was a man The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "There was a man who was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -LUK 23 50 wx2z 0 the Council "the Jewish Council" +LUK 23 50 wx2z βουλευτὴς 1 the Council "the Jewish Council" LUK 23 51 ddr1 figs-explicit 0 with the decision of the Council and their action What the decision was can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "with either the Council's decision to kill Jesus or with their action in killing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 23 51 rba6 translate-names 0 the Judean town of Arimathea Here "Judean town" means it was located in Judea. Alternate translation: "the town called Arimathea, which is in Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 23 52 tk6r 0 This man, approaching Pilate, asked for the body of Jesus "This man went to Pilate and requested the body of Jesus, to bury it." -LUK 23 53 ec9d 0 He took it down "Joseph took Jesus' body from the cross" -LUK 23 53 f5bq 0 wrapped it in fine linen "wrapped the body in a fine linen cloth." This was the normal burial custom at that time. +LUK 23 52 tk6r οὗτος, προσελθὼν τῷ Πειλάτῳ, ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 This man, approaching Pilate, asked for the body of Jesus "This man went to Pilate and requested the body of Jesus, to bury it." +LUK 23 53 ec9d καθελὼν 1 He took it down "Joseph took Jesus' body from the cross" +LUK 23 53 f5bq ἐνετύλιξεν αὐτὸ σινδόνι 1 wrapped it in fine linen "wrapped the body in a fine linen cloth." This was the normal burial custom at that time. LUK 23 53 yy3n figs-activepassive 0 that was cut in stone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which someone had cut in a rock cliff" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 53 m5wu 0 where no one had ever been laid This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "No one had ever before put a body in that tomb" -LUK 23 54 tia9 0 the Day of the Preparation "the day when people got ready for the Jewish day of rest called the Sabbath" -LUK 23 54 b4i1 figs-metaphor 0 the Sabbath was about to begin For the Jews, the day began at sunset. Alternate translation: "it was soon going to be sunset, the start of the Sabbath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LUK 23 55 pu3i 0 who had come with Jesus out of Galilee "who had traveled with Jesus from the region of Galilee" +LUK 23 53 m5wu οὗ οὐκ ἦν οὐδεὶς οὔπω κείμενος 1 where no one had ever been laid This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "No one had ever before put a body in that tomb" +LUK 23 54 tia9 ἡμέρα παρασκευῆς 1 the Day of the Preparation "the day when people got ready for the Jewish day of rest called the Sabbath" +LUK 23 54 b4i1 figs-metaphor Σάββατον ἐπέφωσκεν 1 the Sabbath was about to begin For the Jews, the day began at sunset. Alternate translation: "it was soon going to be sunset, the start of the Sabbath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LUK 23 55 pu3i αἵτινες ἦσαν συνεληλυθυῖαι αὐτῷ ἐκ τῆς Γαλιλαίας 1 who had come with Jesus out of Galilee "who had traveled with Jesus from the region of Galilee" LUK 23 55 nhd9 figs-activepassive 0 followed and saw the tomb and how his body was laid This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "walked along behind Joseph and the men who were with him; the women saw the tomb and how the men laid Jesus' body inside the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 23 56 sm68 0 They returned "The women went to the houses where the women were staying" -LUK 23 56 mj6q figs-explicit 0 prepared spices and ointments Because they had had no time to honor Jesus by putting fragrant spices and ointments on his body on the day he died, they were going to do it on the morning of the first day of the week. Alternate translation: "prepared spices and ointments to put on Jesus' body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 23 56 uzk9 0 they rested "the women did no work" -LUK 23 56 tk6s 0 according to the commandment "according to the Jewish law" or "as the Jewish law required." They were not allowed to prepare his body on the Sabbath according to the law. +LUK 23 56 sm68 ὑποστρέψασαι 1 They returned "The women went to the houses where the women were staying" +LUK 23 56 mj6q figs-explicit ἡτοίμασαν ἀρώματα καὶ μύρα 1 prepared spices and ointments Because they had had no time to honor Jesus by putting fragrant spices and ointments on his body on the day he died, they were going to do it on the morning of the first day of the week. Alternate translation: "prepared spices and ointments to put on Jesus' body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 23 56 uzk9 ἡσύχασαν 1 they rested "the women did no work" +LUK 23 56 tk6s κατὰ τὴν ἐντολήν 1 according to the commandment "according to the Jewish law" or "as the Jewish law required." They were not allowed to prepare his body on the Sabbath according to the law. LUK 24 intro r5qx 0 # Luke 24 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 24:1](../../luk/24/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

##### The faith of the women

Most of Luke's original readers would have thought of women as less important than men, but Luke carefully shows that some women loved Jesus very much and had more faith than the twelve disciples had.

##### Resurrection

Luke wants his readers to understand that Jesus came alive again in a physical body ([Luke 24:38-43](./38.md)).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 24:7](../../luk/24/07.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])

##### "On the third day"

Jesus told his followers that he would become alive again "on the third day" ([Luke 18:33](../../luk/18/33.md)). He died on a Friday afternoon (before sunset) and became alive again on a Sunday, so he became alive again "on the third day" because the Jews said that the day began and ended at sunset, and they counted any part of the day as a day. Friday was the first day, Saturday was the second day, and Sunday was the third day.

##### Two men in bright shining robes

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md))
LUK 24 1 b46u 0 General Information: The women ([Luke 23:55](../23/55.md)) return to the tomb with spices to put on Jesus' body. -LUK 24 1 r62f translate-ordinal 0 Very early on the first day of the week "Before dawn on Sunday" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -LUK 24 1 qg7a 0 they came to the tomb "the women arrived at the tomb." These were the women spoken of in [Luke 23:55](../23/55.md). -LUK 24 1 pen7 0 the tomb This tomb was cut in the rock of a cliff. -LUK 24 1 w4w1 0 bringing the spices These were the same spices they prepared in [Luke 23:56](../23/56.md). -LUK 24 2 jq9p 0 They found the stone "They saw that the stone was" -LUK 24 2 l6uk figs-activepassive 0 the stone rolled away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that someone had rolled the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 2 t4mf 0 the stone This was a large, cut, round stone big enough to completely block the doorway to the tomb. It required several men to roll it. -LUK 24 3 elq2 figs-explicit 0 did not find the body of the Lord Jesus You can state explicitly that they did not find it because it was not there. Alternate translation: "the body of the Lord Jesus was not there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 24 1 r62f translate-ordinal βαθέως τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων 1 Very early on the first day of the week "Before dawn on Sunday" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 24 1 qg7a ἦλθαν ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα 1 they came to the tomb "the women arrived at the tomb." These were the women spoken of in [Luke 23:55](../23/55.md). +LUK 24 1 pen7 τὸ μνῆμα 1 the tomb This tomb was cut in the rock of a cliff. +LUK 24 1 w4w1 φέρουσαι ἀρώματα 1 bringing the spices These were the same spices they prepared in [Luke 23:56](../23/56.md). +LUK 24 2 jq9p εὗρον τὸν λίθον 1 They found the stone "They saw that the stone was" +LUK 24 2 l6uk figs-activepassive τὸν λίθον ἀποκεκυλισμένον 1 the stone rolled away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that someone had rolled the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 2 t4mf τὸν λίθον 1 the stone This was a large, cut, round stone big enough to completely block the doorway to the tomb. It required several men to roll it. +LUK 24 3 elq2 figs-explicit εὗρον οὐχ εὗρον τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 did not find the body of the Lord Jesus You can state explicitly that they did not find it because it was not there. Alternate translation: "the body of the Lord Jesus was not there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 24 4 ex1u 0 General Information: Two angels appear and begin speaking to the women. -LUK 24 4 bmt4 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +LUK 24 4 bmt4 ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. LUK 24 5 c11i 0 were filled with fear "became afraid" -LUK 24 5 n5xf translate-symaction 0 bowed down their faces to the earth "bowed low to the ground." This action expresses their humility and submission to the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 24 5 fs3y figs-rquestion 0 Why do you seek the living among the dead? The men use a question to mildly criticize the women for looking in a tomb for a living person. Alternate translation: "You are looking for a living person among dead people!" or "You should not be looking for someone who is alive in a place where they bury dead people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 24 5 x4vy figs-you 0 Why do you seek Here "you" is plural, referring to the women who came. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 24 5 n5xf translate-symaction κλινουσῶν τὰ πρόσωπα εἰς τὴν γῆν 1 bowed down their faces to the earth "bowed low to the ground." This action expresses their humility and submission to the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 24 5 fs3y figs-rquestion τί ζητεῖτε τὸν ζῶντα μετὰ τῶν νεκρῶν? 1 Why do you seek the living among the dead? The men use a question to mildly criticize the women for looking in a tomb for a living person. Alternate translation: "You are looking for a living person among dead people!" or "You should not be looking for someone who is alive in a place where they bury dead people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 24 5 x4vy figs-you τί ζητεῖτε 1 Why do you seek Here "you" is plural, referring to the women who came. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 24 6 q7zg 0 Connecting Statement: The angels finish speaking to the women. -LUK 24 6 awf1 figs-activepassive 0 but has been raised "but he has been made alive again." "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because God has made him alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 24 6 s8k5 0 Remember how "Remember what" -LUK 24 6 rt89 figs-you 0 to you The word "you" is plural. It refers to the women and possibly the other disciples in addition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +LUK 24 6 awf1 figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ ἠγέρθη 1 but has been raised "but he has been made alive again." "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because God has made him alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 24 6 s8k5 μνήσθητε ὡς 1 Remember how "Remember what" +LUK 24 6 rt89 figs-you ὑμῖν 1 to you The word "you" is plural. It refers to the women and possibly the other disciples in addition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LUK 24 7 sj3u figs-quotations 0 that the Son of Man This is the beginning of an indirect quote. It can also be translated with a direct quote as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -LUK 24 7 pl6b figs-activepassive 0 the Son of Man must be delivered up into the hands of sinful men and be crucified The phrase "must be" means this is something that would certainly happen because God had already decided that it would happen. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "it was necessary that they hand the Son of Man over to sinful men who would crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 7 e4ca figs-metonymy 0 into the hands Here "hands" refers to power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 24 7 dta4 translate-ordinal 0 third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 24 7 pl6b figs-activepassive τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου δεῖ παραδοθῆναι εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων ἁμαρτωλῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ σταυρωθῆναι 1 the Son of Man must be delivered up into the hands of sinful men and be crucified The phrase "must be" means this is something that would certainly happen because God had already decided that it would happen. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "it was necessary that they hand the Son of Man over to sinful men who would crucify him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 7 e4ca figs-metonymy εἰς χεῖρας 1 into the hands Here "hands" refers to power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 7 dta4 translate-ordinal τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LUK 24 8 f2k2 0 Connecting Statement: The women go to tell the apostles about what they found at the tomb. -LUK 24 8 rew5 figs-metonymy 0 remembered his words Here "words" refers to the statement that Jesus made. Alternate translation: "remembered what Jesus said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 24 9 fnh6 0 the eleven and all the rest "the eleven apostles and all the rest of the disciples who were with them" -LUK 24 9 iz68 0 the eleven This is Luke's first reference to the eleven, because Judas left the twelve and betrayed Jesus. -LUK 24 10 h1ml 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke gives the names of some of the women who came from the tomb and told the apostles what had happened there. -LUK 24 11 apl7 0 But this message seemed like idle talk to the apostles "But the apostles thought that what the women said was foolish talk" -LUK 24 12 e7tt 0 Yet Peter This phrase contrasts Peter to the other apostles. He did not dismiss what the women said, but ran to the tomb to see for himself. -LUK 24 12 rm1d figs-idiom 0 rose up This is an idiom that means "began to act." Whether Peter was sitting or standing when he decided to act is not important. Alternate translation: "started out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 24 12 ax6s 0 stooping Peter had to bend over in order to see inside the tomb because tombs cut in solid rock were very low. Alternate translation: "bending himself at the waist" -LUK 24 12 n1tg figs-explicit 0 the linen cloths by themselves "only the linen cloths." This refers to the cloths that had been wrapped around Jesus' body when he was buried in [Luke 23:53](../23/53.md). It is implied that the body of Jesus was not there. Alternate translation: "the linen cloths in which Jesus' body had been wrapped, but Jesus was not there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 24 12 fxd2 0 departed to his home "went away to his home" +LUK 24 8 rew5 figs-metonymy ἐμνήσθησαν αὐτοῦ τῶν ῥημάτων 1 remembered his words Here "words" refers to the statement that Jesus made. Alternate translation: "remembered what Jesus said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 9 fnh6 τοῖς ἕνδεκα καὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς λοιποῖς 1 the eleven and all the rest "the eleven apostles and all the rest of the disciples who were with them" +LUK 24 9 iz68 τοῖς ἕνδεκα 1 the eleven This is Luke's first reference to the eleven, because Judas left the twelve and betrayed Jesus. +LUK 24 10 h1ml δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke gives the names of some of the women who came from the tomb and told the apostles what had happened there. +LUK 24 11 apl7 καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα ἐφάνησαν ὡσεὶ λῆρος ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν 1 But this message seemed like idle talk to the apostles "But the apostles thought that what the women said was foolish talk" +LUK 24 12 e7tt ὁ δὲ Πέτρος 1 Yet Peter This phrase contrasts Peter to the other apostles. He did not dismiss what the women said, but ran to the tomb to see for himself. +LUK 24 12 rm1d figs-idiom ἀναστὰς 1 rose up This is an idiom that means "began to act." Whether Peter was sitting or standing when he decided to act is not important. Alternate translation: "started out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +LUK 24 12 ax6s παρακύψας 1 stooping Peter had to bend over in order to see inside the tomb because tombs cut in solid rock were very low. Alternate translation: "bending himself at the waist" +LUK 24 12 n1tg figs-explicit τὰ ὀθόνια μόνα 1 the linen cloths by themselves "only the linen cloths." This refers to the cloths that had been wrapped around Jesus' body when he was buried in [Luke 23:53](../23/53.md). It is implied that the body of Jesus was not there. Alternate translation: "the linen cloths in which Jesus' body had been wrapped, but Jesus was not there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 24 12 fxd2 ἀπῆλθεν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν 1 departed to his home "went away to his home" LUK 24 13 a1e3 writing-newevent 0 General Information: Two of the disciples are on their way to Emmaus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 24 13 emc5 writing-newevent 0 Behold The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 24 13 e8gx 0 two of them "two of the disciples" -LUK 24 13 s5n1 0 that very day "that same day." This refers to the day when the women found the tomb to be empty. -LUK 24 13 d8jk translate-names 0 Emmaus This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -LUK 24 13 cea7 translate-bdistance 0 sixty stadia "eleven kilometers." A "stadium" was 185 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -LUK 24 15 tl6s 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. It starts with Jesus approaching them. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -LUK 24 15 b3sl 0 Jesus himself The word "himself" emphasizes the fact that the very Jesus they were talking about actually appeared to them. So far the women had seen the angels, but no one had seen Jesus. -LUK 24 16 q6nk figs-synecdoche 0 their eyes were prevented from recognizing him "their eyes were kept from recognizing Jesus." The men's ability to recognize Jesus is spoken of as their eyes' ability to recognize him. This can be stated in active form. It is most likely that it was God who prevented them from recognizing Jesus. Alternate translation: "something happened to them so they could not recognize him" or "God prevented them from recognizing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 17 xak8 0 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the two men" -LUK 24 18 bqc9 translate-names 0 Cleopas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 24 13 emc5 writing-newevent ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The author uses this word to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 24 13 e8gx δύο ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 two of them "two of the disciples" +LUK 24 13 s5n1 ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 that very day "that same day." This refers to the day when the women found the tomb to be empty. +LUK 24 13 d8jk translate-names Ἐμμαοῦς 1 Emmaus This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LUK 24 13 cea7 translate-bdistance ἑξήκοντα σταδίους 1 sixty stadia "eleven kilometers." A "stadium" was 185 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +LUK 24 15 tl6s ἐγένετο 1 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. It starts with Jesus approaching them. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +LUK 24 15 b3sl Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς 1 Jesus himself The word "himself" emphasizes the fact that the very Jesus they were talking about actually appeared to them. So far the women had seen the angels, but no one had seen Jesus. +LUK 24 16 q6nk figs-synecdoche αὐτῶν οἱ δὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἐκρατοῦντο μὴ ἐπιγνῶναι αὐτόν 1 their eyes were prevented from recognizing him "their eyes were kept from recognizing Jesus." The men's ability to recognize Jesus is spoken of as their eyes' ability to recognize him. This can be stated in active form. It is most likely that it was God who prevented them from recognizing Jesus. Alternate translation: "something happened to them so they could not recognize him" or "God prevented them from recognizing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 17 xak8 εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 Jesus said to them "Jesus said to the two men" +LUK 24 18 bqc9 translate-names Κλεοπᾶς 1 Cleopas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LUK 24 18 qx7m figs-rquestion 0 Are you the only person ... days? Cleopas uses this question to show his surprise that this man appears not to know about the things that have happened in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "You must be the only person ... days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 24 18 e8gg figs-you 0 Are you Here "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 24 19 aj5c 0 What things? "What things have happened?" or "What things have taken place?" -LUK 24 19 x25r 0 a prophet, mighty in deed and word before God and all the people This means that God caused Jesus to be mighty and that the people saw that he was mighty. Alternate translation: "a prophet to whom God gave power to do and teach great things that were amazing to all the people" -LUK 24 20 a6aw 0 delivered him up "gave him over" -LUK 24 20 e5zt figs-activepassive 0 to be condemned to death and crucified him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in order for the governor to put Jesus to death by crucifying him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 19 aj5c ," ποῖα?" 1 What things? "What things have happened?" or "What things have taken place?" +LUK 24 19 x25r ἀνὴρ προφήτης, δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳ ἐναντίον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ 1 a prophet, mighty in deed and word before God and all the people This means that God caused Jesus to be mighty and that the people saw that he was mighty. Alternate translation: "a prophet to whom God gave power to do and teach great things that were amazing to all the people" +LUK 24 20 a6aw παρέδωκαν αὐτὸν παρέδωκαν 1 delivered him up "gave him over" +LUK 24 20 e5zt figs-activepassive εἰς κρίμα θανάτου καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν 1 to be condemned to death and crucified him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in order for the governor to put Jesus to death by crucifying him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 24 21 ei9t 0 Connecting Statement: The two men continue responding to Jesus. -LUK 24 21 ljb1 figs-explicit 0 who was going to redeem Israel The Romans ruled over the Jews. Alternate translation: "who would free the Israelites from our Roman enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 24 21 ljb1 figs-explicit ὁ μέλλων λυτροῦσθαι τὸν Ἰσραήλ 1 who was going to redeem Israel The Romans ruled over the Jews. Alternate translation: "who would free the Israelites from our Roman enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LUK 24 21 d52i 0 Yes, and what is more, This introduces another reason why they believed Jesus would not free Israel. Alternate translation: "Now that does not seem possible because" -LUK 24 21 xqc3 translate-ordinal 0 the third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. See how you translated this in [Luke 24:7](../24/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 24 21 xqc3 translate-ordinal τρίτην ἡμέραν 1 the third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. See how you translated this in [Luke 24:7](../24/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LUK 24 21 sg3g 0 since all these things happened "since all the many actions that led up to the death of Jesus have taken place" LUK 24 22 csz6 0 Connecting Statement: The two men finish responding to Jesus. -LUK 24 22 l8dj 0 But also This introduces another reason why it the men did not understand what was happening concerning Jesus. -LUK 24 22 a3j9 0 of our company "in our group" -LUK 24 22 du1v 0 having been at the tomb The women were the ones who were at the tomb. -LUK 24 23 m4wy 0 a vision of angels "angels in a vision" -LUK 24 24 fkw9 0 they did not see him "they did not see Jesus" -LUK 24 25 r718 0 Jesus said to them Jesus is speaking to the two disciples. -LUK 24 25 vg3z figs-metonymy 0 slow of heart to believe Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind. Alternate translation: "your minds are slow to believe" or "you are slow to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 22 l8dj ἀλλὰ καὶ 1 But also This introduces another reason why it the men did not understand what was happening concerning Jesus. +LUK 24 22 a3j9 ἐξ ἡμῶν 1 of our company "in our group" +LUK 24 22 du1v γενόμεναι ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον 1 having been at the tomb The women were the ones who were at the tomb. +LUK 24 23 m4wy ὀπτασίαν ἀγγέλων 1 a vision of angels "angels in a vision" +LUK 24 24 fkw9 εἶδον οὐκ εἶδον αὐτὸν 1 they did not see him "they did not see Jesus" +LUK 24 25 r718 αὐτὸς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς 1 Jesus said to them Jesus is speaking to the two disciples. +LUK 24 25 vg3z figs-metonymy βραδεῖς τῇ καρδίᾳ πιστεύειν 1 slow of heart to believe Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind. Alternate translation: "your minds are slow to believe" or "you are slow to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 24 26 n85k figs-rquestion 0 Was it not necessary ... glory? Jesus uses a question to remind the disciples about what the prophets said. Alternate translation: "It was necessary ... glory." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 24 26 f8es 0 to enter into his glory This refers to Jesus beginning to rule and to receive honor and glory. -LUK 24 27 g4t7 figs-metonymy 0 beginning from Moses Moses wrote the first books of the Bible. Alternate translation: "beginning with the writings of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 24 27 vb2e 0 Jesus interpreted to them "Jesus explained to them" -LUK 24 28 cdj2 0 Jesus acted as though he were going further The two men understood from his actions that he was going on to another destination. Perhaps he kept walking on the road when they turned off to enter the gate into the village. There is no indication that Jesus deceived them with words. -LUK 24 29 pn4d figs-hyperbole 0 they compelled him You may need to make explicit what they compelled him to do. This is probably an exaggeration to show that they needed to speak with him for a long time before they could change his mind. The word "compel" means to use physical force, but it seems that they persuaded him using only words. Alternate translation: "they were able to persuade him to stay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 24 29 s6ps 0 it is toward evening and the day is almost over The Jewish day ended at sundown. -LUK 24 29 tgi6 0 Jesus went in "Jesus entered the house" -LUK 24 29 p35b 0 stay with them "stay with the two disciples" -LUK 24 30 k6ud 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -LUK 24 30 t2zg 0 the bread This refers to bread made without yeast. It does not refer to food in general. +LUK 24 26 f8es εἰσελθεῖν εἰς αὐτοῦ τὴν δόξαν 1 to enter into his glory This refers to Jesus beginning to rule and to receive honor and glory. +LUK 24 27 g4t7 figs-metonymy ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ Μωϋσέως 1 beginning from Moses Moses wrote the first books of the Bible. Alternate translation: "beginning with the writings of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 27 vb2e διερμήνευσεν αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus interpreted to them "Jesus explained to them" +LUK 24 28 cdj2 αὐτὸς προσεποιήσατο πορεύεσθαι πορρώτερον 1 Jesus acted as though he were going further The two men understood from his actions that he was going on to another destination. Perhaps he kept walking on the road when they turned off to enter the gate into the village. There is no indication that Jesus deceived them with words. +LUK 24 29 pn4d figs-hyperbole παρεβιάσαντο αὐτὸν 1 they compelled him You may need to make explicit what they compelled him to do. This is probably an exaggeration to show that they needed to speak with him for a long time before they could change his mind. The word "compel" means to use physical force, but it seems that they persuaded him using only words. Alternate translation: "they were able to persuade him to stay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 24 29 s6ps ἐστὶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα κέκλικεν ἤδη κέκλικεν 1 it is toward evening and the day is almost over The Jewish day ended at sundown. +LUK 24 29 tgi6 εἰσῆλθεν 1 Jesus went in "Jesus entered the house" +LUK 24 29 p35b μεῖναι σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 stay with them "stay with the two disciples" +LUK 24 30 k6ud ἐγένετο 1 It happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +LUK 24 30 t2zg τὸν ἄρτον 1 the bread This refers to bread made without yeast. It does not refer to food in general. LUK 24 30 ecm2 0 blessed it "gave thanks for it" or "thanked God for it" -LUK 24 31 h4yr figs-metonymy 0 Then their eyes were opened Their "eyes" represent their understanding. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then they understood" or "Then they realized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 31 q89z 0 they knew him "they recognized him." These disciples had known him before his death. -LUK 24 31 yev2 0 he vanished out of their sight This means that suddenly he was no longer there. It does not mean that he became invisible. +LUK 24 31 h4yr figs-metonymy δὲ αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ διηνοίχθησαν 1 Then their eyes were opened Their "eyes" represent their understanding. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then they understood" or "Then they realized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 31 q89z ἐπέγνωσαν αὐτόν 1 they knew him "they recognized him." These disciples had known him before his death. +LUK 24 31 yev2 αὐτὸς ἄφαντος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ἐγένετο 1 he vanished out of their sight This means that suddenly he was no longer there. It does not mean that he became invisible. LUK 24 32 inw4 figs-metaphor 0 Was not our heart burning ... scriptures? They use a question to emphasize how amazed they were about their encounter with Jesus. The intense feelings they had while talking to Jesus are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside them. Alternate translation: "Our hearts were burning ... scriptures." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LUK 24 32 l1px figs-pronouns 0 within us The two men were speaking to each other. The word "us" is dual inclusive for languages that make these distinctions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -LUK 24 32 xy6p 0 while he opened to us the scriptures Jesus did not open a book or scroll. "opened" refers to their understanding. Alternate translation: "while he explained the scriptures to us" or "while he enabled us to understand the scriptures" +LUK 24 32 xy6p ὡς διήνοιγεν ἡμῖν τὰς Γραφάς 1 while he opened to us the scriptures Jesus did not open a book or scroll. "opened" refers to their understanding. Alternate translation: "while he explained the scriptures to us" or "while he enabled us to understand the scriptures" LUK 24 33 d5lv 0 Connecting Statement: The two men go to Jerusalem to the eleven disciples to tell them about Jesus. -LUK 24 33 qi47 0 They rose up "They" refers to the two men. -LUK 24 33 ar2c 0 rose up "got up" or "stood up" -LUK 24 33 dw85 0 the eleven This refers to Jesus' apostles. Judas was no longer included with them. -LUK 24 34 kyn4 0 saying "and those people told the two men" +LUK 24 33 qi47 ἀναστάντες 1 They rose up "They" refers to the two men. +LUK 24 33 ar2c ἀναστάντες 1 rose up "got up" or "stood up" +LUK 24 33 dw85 τοὺς ἕνδεκα 1 the eleven This refers to Jesus' apostles. Judas was no longer included with them. +LUK 24 34 kyn4 λέγοντας 1 saying "and those people told the two men" LUK 24 35 stf9 0 So they told "So the two men told them" LUK 24 35 fb1r 0 the things that happened on the way This refers to Jesus appearing to them while they were on their way to the village of Emmaus. -LUK 24 35 mnn2 figs-activepassive 0 how Jesus was shown to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "how they recognized Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 35 y3f8 0 in the breaking of the bread "when Jesus broke the bread" or "when Jesus tore the bread" +LUK 24 35 mnn2 figs-activepassive ὡς ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς 1 how Jesus was shown to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "how they recognized Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 35 y3f8 ἐν τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου 1 in the breaking of the bread "when Jesus broke the bread" or "when Jesus tore the bread" LUK 24 36 e8i4 0 General Information: Jesus appears to the disciples. When the two men previously arrived at the house where the Eleven were, Jesus was not with them. -LUK 24 36 rt8d figs-rpronouns 0 Jesus himself The word "himself" focuses on Jesus and the surprise of Jesus actually appearing to them. Most of them had not seen him after his resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -LUK 24 36 q7yl 0 in the midst of them "among them" +LUK 24 36 rt8d figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς 1 Jesus himself The word "himself" focuses on Jesus and the surprise of Jesus actually appearing to them. Most of them had not seen him after his resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +LUK 24 36 q7yl ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν 1 in the midst of them "among them" LUK 24 36 pnl1 figs-you 0 Peace be to you "May you have peace" or "May God give you peace!" The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -LUK 24 37 i2tu 0 But they were terrified "But" indicates a strong contrast. Jesus told them to be at peace, but they were very afraid instead. -LUK 24 37 kf17 figs-doublet 0 terrified and filled with fear "startled and afraid." These two phrases mean about the same thing, and are used together to emphasize their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LUK 24 37 i2tu δὲ πτοηθέντες 1 But they were terrified "But" indicates a strong contrast. Jesus told them to be at peace, but they were very afraid instead. +LUK 24 37 kf17 figs-doublet πτοηθέντες καὶ ἔμφοβοι 1 terrified and filled with fear "startled and afraid." These two phrases mean about the same thing, and are used together to emphasize their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LUK 24 37 z4q5 0 supposed that they saw a spirit "thought that they were seeing a ghost." They did not yet truly understand that Jesus was really alive. -LUK 24 37 q9rf 0 a spirit Here it refers to the spirit of a dead person. -LUK 24 38 jj1h figs-rquestion 0 Why are you troubled? Jesus uses a question to comfort them. Alternate translation: "Do not be frightened." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LUK 24 38 ic97 figs-rquestion 0 Why do questions arise in your heart? Jesus uses a question to mildly rebuke them. Jesus was telling them not to doubt that he was alive. The word "heart" is a metonym for a persons' mind. Alternate translation: "Do not doubt in your minds!" or "Stop doubting!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 37 q9rf πνεῦμα 1 a spirit Here it refers to the spirit of a dead person. +LUK 24 38 jj1h figs-rquestion τί ἐστέ τεταραγμένοι? 1 Why are you troubled? Jesus uses a question to comfort them. Alternate translation: "Do not be frightened." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LUK 24 38 ic97 figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἀναβαίνουσιν διαλογισμοὶ ἀναβαίνουσιν ἐν ὑμῶν τῇ καρδίᾳ? 1 Why do questions arise in your heart? Jesus uses a question to mildly rebuke them. Jesus was telling them not to doubt that he was alive. The word "heart" is a metonym for a persons' mind. Alternate translation: "Do not doubt in your minds!" or "Stop doubting!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LUK 24 39 a12n 0 Touch me and see ... see me having Jesus asks them to confirm by touch that he is not a ghost. It may be helpful to combine and reorder these two sentences. Alternate translation: "Touch me and feel that I have flesh and bones that a ghost would not have" -LUK 24 39 tf2v 0 flesh and bones This is a way of referring to the physical body. -LUK 24 40 qm9p 0 his hands and his feet It is understood that his hands and feet contained the nail marks from his crucifixion that would prove it was really Jesus. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the wounds in his hands and his feet" +LUK 24 39 tf2v σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα 1 flesh and bones This is a way of referring to the physical body. +LUK 24 40 qm9p τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας 1 his hands and his feet It is understood that his hands and feet contained the nail marks from his crucifixion that would prove it was really Jesus. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the wounds in his hands and his feet" LUK 24 41 hr4f 0 They still could not believe it because of joy "They were so full of joy that they still could not believe it was really true" LUK 24 43 tyh4 figs-explicit 0 ate it before them Jesus did this to prove that he had a physical body. Spirits would not be able to eat food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 24 43 j8qf 0 before them "in front of them" or "while they were watching" -LUK 24 44 tfk8 0 When I was with you "When I was with you before" +LUK 24 43 j8qf ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν 1 before them "in front of them" or "while they were watching" +LUK 24 44 tfk8 αὐτούς ὢν σὺν ὑμῖν 1 When I was with you "When I was with you before" LUK 24 44 g76a figs-activepassive 0 all that was written ... Psalms must be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God would fulfill all that was written ... Psalms" or "God would cause all that was written ... Psalms to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 44 q7x8 figs-activepassive 0 all that was written in the law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms The words "law of Moses," "the Prophets," and "the Psalms" are proper names for parts of the Hebrew Bible. This can be stated in active form and using common nouns. Alternate translation: "all that Moses wrote in the law, all that the prophets wrote, and all that the writers of the Psalms wrote about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 44 q7x8 figs-activepassive πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς 1 all that was written in the law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms The words "law of Moses," "the Prophets," and "the Psalms" are proper names for parts of the Hebrew Bible. This can be stated in active form and using common nouns. Alternate translation: "all that Moses wrote in the law, all that the prophets wrote, and all that the writers of the Psalms wrote about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 24 45 qf61 figs-idiom 0 Then he opened their minds, that they might understand the scriptures To "open the mind" is an idiom that means to enable someone to understand. Alternate translation: "Then he enabled them to understand the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LUK 24 46 cwr5 figs-activepassive 0 Thus it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is what people long ago wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 46 e75f 0 rise again from the dead In this verse, "to rise" is to come alive again. The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. -LUK 24 46 r2zy translate-ordinal 0 the third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. See how you translated this in [Luke 24:7](../24/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +LUK 24 46 cwr5 figs-activepassive οὕτως γέγραπται 1 Thus it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is what people long ago wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 46 e75f ἀναστῆναι ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 rise again from the dead In this verse, "to rise" is to come alive again. The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. +LUK 24 46 r2zy translate-ordinal νεκρῶν τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the third day The Jews counted any portion of a day as a day. Therefore, the day Jesus was raised was the "third day" because it followed the day of his burial and the Sabbath day. See how you translated this in [Luke 24:7](../24/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LUK 24 47 w5j5 figs-activepassive 0 Repentance and forgiveness of sins should be preached in his name to all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Followers of the Christ should preach to people in all the nations that they need to repent and that they need God to forgive their sins through Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 47 lty6 figs-metonymy 0 in his name His "name" here refers to his authority. Alternate translation: "by the Christ's authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LUK 24 47 w1ha 0 all the nations "all the ethnic communities" or "all the people groups" -LUK 24 47 wiq7 0 beginning from Jerusalem "starting in Jerusalem" +LUK 24 47 lty6 figs-metonymy ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 in his name His "name" here refers to his authority. Alternate translation: "by the Christ's authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LUK 24 47 w1ha πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 all the nations "all the ethnic communities" or "all the people groups" +LUK 24 47 wiq7 ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 beginning from Jerusalem "starting in Jerusalem" LUK 24 48 z5cx 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the disciples. LUK 24 48 wp38 0 You are witnesses "You are to tell others that what you saw about me is true." The disciples had observed Jesus' life, death and resurrection, and could describe to other people what he did. -LUK 24 49 m2lm figs-explicit 0 I am sending you what my Father promised "I will give you what my Father promised to give you." God had promised to give the Holy Spirit. The UST makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 24 49 ynm2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -LUK 24 49 c4iv figs-metaphor 0 you are clothed with power God's power will cover them in the same way that clothes cover a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you receive power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LUK 24 49 l46b 0 from on high "from above" or "from God" -LUK 24 50 bd6p 0 Jesus led them out "Jesus led the disciples outside the city" -LUK 24 50 cm9a translate-symaction 0 He lifted up his hands This was the action that priests performed when they blessed the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LUK 24 51 dzr3 writing-newevent 0 It happened "It came about." This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -LUK 24 51 zx4t 0 while he was blessing them "while Jesus was asking God to do good to them" -LUK 24 51 clx9 figs-activepassive 0 was carried Since Luke does not specify who carried Jesus up, we do not know if it was God himself or one or more angels. If your language would have to specify who did the carrying, it would be better to use "went" instead, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 49 m2lm figs-explicit ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς τὴν μου τοῦ Πατρός ἐπαγγελίαν 1 I am sending you what my Father promised "I will give you what my Father promised to give you." God had promised to give the Holy Spirit. The UST makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 24 49 ynm2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +LUK 24 49 c4iv figs-metaphor ἐνδύσησθε δύναμιν 1 you are clothed with power God's power will cover them in the same way that clothes cover a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you receive power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LUK 24 49 l46b ἐξ ὕψους 1 from on high "from above" or "from God" +LUK 24 50 bd6p ἐξήγαγεν αὐτοὺς ἐξήγαγεν 1 Jesus led them out "Jesus led the disciples outside the city" +LUK 24 50 cm9a translate-symaction ἐπάρας αὐτοῦ τὰς χεῖρας 1 He lifted up his hands This was the action that priests performed when they blessed the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LUK 24 51 dzr3 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened "It came about." This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +LUK 24 51 zx4t ἐν αὐτὸν τῷ εὐλογεῖν αὐτοὺς 1 while he was blessing them "while Jesus was asking God to do good to them" +LUK 24 51 clx9 figs-activepassive ἀνεφέρετο 1 was carried Since Luke does not specify who carried Jesus up, we do not know if it was God himself or one or more angels. If your language would have to specify who did the carrying, it would be better to use "went" instead, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LUK 24 52 a8vw writing-endofstory 0 General Information: These verses tell us about the ongoing actions of the disciples as the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -LUK 24 52 kzy4 0 they worshiped him "the disciples worshiped Jesus" +LUK 24 52 kzy4 αὐτοὶ προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν 1 they worshiped him "the disciples worshiped Jesus" LUK 24 52 e4d4 0 and returned "and then returned" -LUK 24 53 wa3d figs-hyperbole 0 continually in the temple This is an exaggeration to express that they went into the temple courtyard every day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LUK 24 53 edm3 figs-explicit 0 in the temple Only priests were allowed into the temple building. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LUK 24 53 pex4 0 blessing God "praising God" +LUK 24 53 wa3d figs-hyperbole διὰ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 continually in the temple This is an exaggeration to express that they went into the temple courtyard every day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +LUK 24 53 edm3 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Only priests were allowed into the temple building. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LUK 24 53 pex4 εὐλογοῦντες τὸν Θεόν 1 blessing God "praising God" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_44-JHN.tsv b/en_tn_44-JHN.tsv index fdf7b993c4..8df544527f 100644 --- a/en_tn_44-JHN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_44-JHN.tsv @@ -1,546 +1,546 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JHN front intro t6za 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of John
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Gospel of John

1. Introduction about who Jesus is (1:1-18)
1. Jesus is baptized, and he chooses twelve disciples (1:19-51)
1. Jesus preaches, teaches, and heals people (2-11)
1. The seven days before Jesus' death (12-19)
- Mary anoints the feet of Jesus (12:1-11)
- Jesus rides a donkey into Jerusalem (12:12-19)
- Some Greek men want to see Jesus (12:20-36)
- The Jewish leaders reject Jesus (12:37-50)
- Jesus teaches his disciples (13-17)
- Jesus is arrested and undergoes trial (18:1-19:15)
- Jesus is crucified and buried (19:16-42)
1. Jesus rises from the dead (20:1-29)
1. John says why he wrote his gospel (20:30-31)
1. Jesus meets with the disciples (21)

#### What is the Gospel of John about?

The Gospel of John is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. John said that he wrote his gospel "so that people might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God" (20:31).

John's Gospel is very different from the other three Gospels. John does not include some of the teachings and events that the other writers included in their gospels. Also, John wrote about some teachings and events that are not in the other gospels.

John wrote much about the signs Jesus did to prove that what Jesus said about himself was true. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]])

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of John" or "The Gospel According to John." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as, "The Good News About Jesus That John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

#### Who wrote the Gospel of John?

This book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Why does John write so much about the final week of Jesus' life?

John wrote much about Jesus' final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus' final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in the Gospel of John?

John often used the words "remain," "reside", and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus' word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers.

Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their languages in exactly the same way. For example, Jesus intended to express the idea of the Christian being spiritually together with him when he said, "He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him" (John 6:56). The UST uses the idea of "will be joined to me, and I will be joined to him." But translators may have to find other ways of expressing the idea.

In the passage, "If my words remain in you" (John 15:7), the UST expresses this idea as, "If you live by my message." Translators may find it possible to use this translation as a model.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John?

The following verses found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to translate these verses. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include these verses, the translators can include them. If they are translated, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to John's Gospel.

* "waiting for the moving of the water. For an angel of the Lord occasionally went down into the pool and stirred the water and whoever went first after the stirring of the water, was made well from the disease they had." (5:3-4)
* "going through the midst of them, and so passed by" (8:59)

The following passage is included in most older and modern versions of the Bible. But it is not in the earliest copies of the Bible. Translators are advised to translate this passage. It should be put inside of square brackets ([]) to indicate that it may not have been original to John's Gospel.

* The story of the adulterous woman (7:53–8:11)

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
JHN 1 intro k29b 0 # John 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:23, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The Word"

John uses the phrase "the Word" to refer to Jesus ([John 1:1, 14](./01.md)). John is saying that God's most important message to all people is actually Jesus, a person with a physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]])

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### "Children of God"

When people believes in Jesus, they go from being "children of wrath" to "children of God." They are adopted into the "family of God."They are adopted into the "family of God." This is an important image that will be unfolded in the New Testament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

John uses the metaphors of light and darkness and of the Word to tell the reader that he will be writing more about good and evil and about what God wants to tell people through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "In the beginning"

Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 1:51](../../jhn/01/51.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-JHN 1 1 er9g 0 In the beginning This refers to the very earliest time before God created the heavens and the earth. -JHN 1 1 z59q 0 the Word This refers to Jesus. Translate as "the Word" if possible. If "Word" is feminine in your language, it could be translated as "the one who is called the Word." -JHN 1 3 gm5g figs-activepassive 0 All things were made through him This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God made all things through him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 1 1 er9g ἐν ἀρχῇ 1 In the beginning This refers to the very earliest time before God created the heavens and the earth. +JHN 1 1 z59q ὁ λόγος 1 the Word This refers to Jesus. Translate as "the Word" if possible. If "Word" is feminine in your language, it could be translated as "the one who is called the Word." +JHN 1 3 gm5g figs-activepassive πάντα ἐγένετο δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 All things were made through him This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God made all things through him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 1 3 aqs1 figs-activepassive 0 without him there was not one thing made that has been made This can be translated with an active verb. If your language does not permit double negatives, these words should communicate that the opposite of "all things were made through him" is false. Alternate translation: "God did not make anything without him" or "with him there was every thing made that has been made" or "God made with him every thing that God has made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 1 4 pz5c figs-metonymy 0 In him was life, and the life was the light of men "In him was life" is a metonym for causing everything to live. And, "light" here is a metaphor for "truth." Alternate translation: "He is the one who caused everything to live. And he revealed to people what is true about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 4 dv2f 0 In him Here "him" refers to the one who is called the Word. -JHN 1 4 wxn4 0 life Here use a general term for "life." If you must be more specific, translate as "spiritual life." -JHN 1 5 y5ry figs-metaphor 0 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it Here "light" is a metaphor for what is true and good. Here "darkness" is a metaphor what is false and evil. Alternate translation: "The truth is like a light shining into a dark place, and no one in the dark place could put out the light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 7 mht8 figs-metaphor 0 testify about the light Here "light" is a metaphor for the revelation of God in Jesus. Alternate translation: "show how Jesus is like the true light of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 9 xe1z figs-metaphor 0 The true light Here light is a metaphor that represents Jesus as the one who both reveals the truth about God and is himself that truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 10 b93e 0 He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world did not know him "Even though he was in this world, and God created everything through him, people still did not recognize him" -JHN 1 10 ke5s figs-metonymy 0 the world did not know him The "world" is a metonym that stands for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "the people did not know who he really was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 1 11 jr6d 0 He came to his own, and his own did not receive him "He came to his own fellow countrymen, and his own fellow countrymen did not accept him either" -JHN 1 11 va1w 0 receive him "accept him." To receive someone is to welcome him and treat him with honor in hopes of building a relationship with him. -JHN 1 12 jp3y figs-metonymy 0 believed in his name The word "name" is a metonym that stands for Jesus' identity and everything about him. Alternate translation: "believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 1 12 x4f9 0 he gave the right "he gave them the authority" or "he made it possible for them" -JHN 1 12 uc6e figs-metaphor 0 children of God The word "children" is a metaphor that represents our relationship to God, which is like children to a father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 14 ft2l 0 The Word This refers to Jesus. Translate as "the Word" if possible. If "Word" is feminine in your language, it could be translated as "the one who is called the Word." See how you translated this in [John 1:1](../01/01.md). -JHN 1 14 x1ae figs-synecdoche 0 became flesh Here "flesh" represents "a person" or "a human being." Alternate translation: "became human" or "became a human being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 1 14 wa23 0 the one and only who came from the Father The phrase "the one an only" means that he is unique, that no one else is like him. The phrase "who came from the Father" means that he is the Father's child. Alternate translation: "the unique Son of the Father" or "the only Son of the Father" -JHN 1 14 b5t5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 1 14 tg4m 0 full of grace "full of kind acts towards us, acts we do not deserve" -JHN 1 15 k7rm 0 He who comes after me John is speaking about Jesus. The phrase "comes after me" means that John's ministry has already started and Jesus' ministry will start later. -JHN 1 15 q75h 0 is greater than I am "is more important than I am" or "has more authority than I have" -JHN 1 15 lrd7 0 for he was before me Be careful not to translate this in a way that suggests that Jesus is more important because he is older than John in human years. Jesus is greater and more important than John because he is God the Son, who has always been alive. -JHN 1 16 p3zg 0 fullness This word refers to God's grace that has no end. -JHN 1 16 b9r1 0 grace after grace "blessing after blessing" -JHN 1 18 h5cq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 1 4 pz5c figs-metonymy ἐν αὐτῷ ἦν ζωὴ, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 In him was life, and the life was the light of men "In him was life" is a metonym for causing everything to live. And, "light" here is a metaphor for "truth." Alternate translation: "He is the one who caused everything to live. And he revealed to people what is true about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 4 dv2f ἐν αὐτῷ 1 In him Here "him" refers to the one who is called the Word. +JHN 1 4 wxn4 ζωὴ 1 life Here use a general term for "life." If you must be more specific, translate as "spiritual life." +JHN 1 5 y5ry figs-metaphor τὸ φῶς φαίνει ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, καὶ ἡ σκοτία κατέλαβεν οὐ κατέλαβεν αὐτὸ 1 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it Here "light" is a metaphor for what is true and good. Here "darkness" is a metaphor what is false and evil. Alternate translation: "The truth is like a light shining into a dark place, and no one in the dark place could put out the light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 7 mht8 figs-metaphor μαρτυρήσῃ περὶ τοῦ φωτός 1 testify about the light Here "light" is a metaphor for the revelation of God in Jesus. Alternate translation: "show how Jesus is like the true light of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 9 xe1z figs-metaphor τὸ τὸ ἀληθινὸν φῶς 1 The true light Here light is a metaphor that represents Jesus as the one who both reveals the truth about God and is himself that truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 10 b93e ἦν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, καὶ ὁ κόσμος ἐγένετο δι’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὁ κόσμος ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτὸν 1 He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world did not know him "Even though he was in this world, and God created everything through him, people still did not recognize him" +JHN 1 10 ke5s figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτὸν 1 the world did not know him The "world" is a metonym that stands for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "the people did not know who he really was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 1 11 jr6d ἦλθεν εἰς τὰ ἴδια, καὶ οἱ ἴδιοι παρέλαβον οὐ παρέλαβον αὐτὸν 1 He came to his own, and his own did not receive him "He came to his own fellow countrymen, and his own fellow countrymen did not accept him either" +JHN 1 11 va1w παρέλαβον αὐτὸν 1 receive him "accept him." To receive someone is to welcome him and treat him with honor in hopes of building a relationship with him. +JHN 1 12 jp3y figs-metonymy πιστεύουσιν εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 believed in his name The word "name" is a metonym that stands for Jesus' identity and everything about him. Alternate translation: "believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 1 12 x4f9 ἔδωκεν ἐξουσίαν 1 he gave the right "he gave them the authority" or "he made it possible for them" +JHN 1 12 uc6e figs-metaphor τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 children of God The word "children" is a metaphor that represents our relationship to God, which is like children to a father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 14 ft2l ὁ λόγος 1 The Word This refers to Jesus. Translate as "the Word" if possible. If "Word" is feminine in your language, it could be translated as "the one who is called the Word." See how you translated this in [John 1:1](../01/01.md). +JHN 1 14 x1ae figs-synecdoche ἐγένετο σὰρξ 1 became flesh Here "flesh" represents "a person" or "a human being." Alternate translation: "became human" or "became a human being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 1 14 wa23 μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός 1 the one and only who came from the Father The phrase "the one an only" means that he is unique, that no one else is like him. The phrase "who came from the Father" means that he is the Father's child. Alternate translation: "the unique Son of the Father" or "the only Son of the Father" +JHN 1 14 b5t5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 1 14 tg4m πλήρης χάριτος 1 full of grace "full of kind acts towards us, acts we do not deserve" +JHN 1 15 k7rm ὁ ἐρχόμενος ὀπίσω μου 1 He who comes after me John is speaking about Jesus. The phrase "comes after me" means that John's ministry has already started and Jesus' ministry will start later. +JHN 1 15 q75h ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν 1 is greater than I am "is more important than I am" or "has more authority than I have" +JHN 1 15 lrd7 ὅτι ἦν πρῶτός μου 1 for he was before me Be careful not to translate this in a way that suggests that Jesus is more important because he is older than John in human years. Jesus is greater and more important than John because he is God the Son, who has always been alive. +JHN 1 16 p3zg τοῦ πληρώματος 1 fullness This word refers to God's grace that has no end. +JHN 1 16 b9r1 χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος 1 grace after grace "blessing after blessing" +JHN 1 18 h5cq guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρὸς 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 1 19 e1dz figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews sent ... to him from Jerusalem The word "Jews" here represents the "Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders sent ... to him from Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 1 20 b7zz 0 He confessed—he did not deny, but confessed The phrase "he did not deny" says in negative terms the same thing that "He confessed" says in positive terms. This emphasizes that John was telling the truth and was strongly stating that he was not the Christ. Your language may have a different way of doing this. -JHN 1 21 iv9d 0 What are you then? "What then is the case, if you are not the Messiah?" or "What then is going on?" or "What then are you doing?" +JHN 1 20 b7zz ὡμολόγησεν— ἠρνήσατο οὐκ ἠρνήσατο, καὶ ὡμολόγησεν 1 He confessed—he did not deny, but confessed The phrase "he did not deny" says in negative terms the same thing that "He confessed" says in positive terms. This emphasizes that John was telling the truth and was strongly stating that he was not the Christ. Your language may have a different way of doing this. +JHN 1 21 iv9d τί σὺ οὖν? 1 What are you then? "What then is the case, if you are not the Messiah?" or "What then is going on?" or "What then are you doing?" JHN 1 22 t8ib 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to speak with the priests and Levites. -JHN 1 22 sa3t 0 they said to him "the priests and Levites said to John" +JHN 1 22 sa3t εἶπαν αὐτῷ 1 they said to him "the priests and Levites said to John" JHN 1 22 x8wz figs-exclusive 0 we ... us the priests and Levites, not John (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -JHN 1 23 a732 0 He said "John said" -JHN 1 23 baa5 figs-metonymy 0 I am a voice, crying in the wilderness John is saying that Isaiah's prophecy is about himself. The word "voice" here refers to the person who is crying out in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "I am the one calling out in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 1 23 iry1 figs-metaphor 0 Make the way of the Lord straight Here the word "way" is used as a metaphor. Alternate translation: "Prepare yourselves for the Lord's arrival the same way that people prepare the road for an important person to use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 23 a732 ἔφη 1 He said "John said" +JHN 1 23 baa5 figs-metonymy ἐγὼ φωνὴ, βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 I am a voice, crying in the wilderness John is saying that Isaiah's prophecy is about himself. The word "voice" here refers to the person who is crying out in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "I am the one calling out in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 1 23 iry1 figs-metaphor εὐθύνατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου εὐθύνατε 1 Make the way of the Lord straight Here the word "way" is used as a metaphor. Alternate translation: "Prepare yourselves for the Lord's arrival the same way that people prepare the road for an important person to use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 1 24 bk96 writing-background 0 Now some from the Pharisees This is background information about the people who questioned John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 1 26 r4ty writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 28 tells us background information about the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 1 27 x2ki figs-explicit 0 who comes after me You may need to make explicit what he will do when he has come. Alternate translation: "who will preach to you after I am gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 1 27 y7v5 figs-metaphor 0 me, the strap of whose sandal I am not worthy to untie Untying sandals was the work of a slave or servant. These words are a metaphor for the most unpleasant work of a servant. Alternate translation: "me, whom I am not worthy to serve in even the most unpleasant way" or "me. I am not even worthy to untie the strap of his sandal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 29 j397 figs-metaphor 0 Lamb of God This is a metaphor that represents God's perfect sacrifice. Jesus is called the "Lamb of God" because he was sacrificed to pay for people's sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 29 rg4n figs-metonymy 0 world The word "world" is a metonym and refers to all the people in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 1 27 x2ki figs-explicit ἐρχόμενος ὀπίσω μου 1 who comes after me You may need to make explicit what he will do when he has come. Alternate translation: "who will preach to you after I am gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 1 27 y7v5 figs-metaphor μου, τὸν ἱμάντα αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὑποδήματος ἐγὼ εἰμὶ οὐκ ἄξιος ἵνα λύσω 1 me, the strap of whose sandal I am not worthy to untie Untying sandals was the work of a slave or servant. These words are a metaphor for the most unpleasant work of a servant. Alternate translation: "me, whom I am not worthy to serve in even the most unpleasant way" or "me. I am not even worthy to untie the strap of his sandal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 29 j397 figs-metaphor Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Lamb of God This is a metaphor that represents God's perfect sacrifice. Jesus is called the "Lamb of God" because he was sacrificed to pay for people's sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 29 rg4n figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 world The word "world" is a metonym and refers to all the people in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 1 30 x393 0 The one who comes after me is more than me, for he was before me See how you translated this in [John 1:15](../01/15.md). -JHN 1 32 mcc7 0 descending coming down from above -JHN 1 32 xyr3 figs-simile 0 like a dove This phrase is a simile. The "Spirit" comes down just like a dove lands on a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JHN 1 32 uji2 0 heaven The word "heaven" refers to the "sky." -JHN 1 34 ea3y translate-textvariants 0 the Son of God Some copies of this text say "Son of God"; others say "chosen one of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -JHN 1 34 naf2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 1 35 i3lg 0 Again, the next day This is another day. It is the second day that John sees Jesus. -JHN 1 36 ap5m figs-metaphor 0 Lamb of God This is a metaphor that represents God's perfect sacrifice. Jesus is called the "Lamb of God" because he was sacrificed to pay for people's sins. See how you translated this same phrase in [John 1:29](../01/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 1 39 tb9j 0 tenth hour "hour 10." This phrase indicates a time in the afternoon, before dark, at which it would be too late to start traveling to another town, possibly around 4 p.m. +JHN 1 32 mcc7 καταβαῖνον 1 descending coming down from above +JHN 1 32 xyr3 figs-simile ὡς περιστερὰν 1 like a dove This phrase is a simile. The "Spirit" comes down just like a dove lands on a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JHN 1 32 uji2 οὐρανοῦ 1 heaven The word "heaven" refers to the "sky." +JHN 1 34 ea3y translate-textvariants ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Son of God Some copies of this text say "Son of God"; others say "chosen one of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +JHN 1 34 naf2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 1 35 i3lg πάλιν, τῇ ἐπαύριον 1 Again, the next day This is another day. It is the second day that John sees Jesus. +JHN 1 36 ap5m figs-metaphor Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Lamb of God This is a metaphor that represents God's perfect sacrifice. Jesus is called the "Lamb of God" because he was sacrificed to pay for people's sins. See how you translated this same phrase in [John 1:29](../01/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 1 39 tb9j δεκάτη ὥρα 1 tenth hour "hour 10." This phrase indicates a time in the afternoon, before dark, at which it would be too late to start traveling to another town, possibly around 4 p.m. JHN 1 40 x8g8 0 General Information: These verses give us information about Andrew and how he brought his brother Peter to Jesus. This happened before they went and saw where Jesus was staying in [John 1:39](../01/39.md). -JHN 1 42 k2dx 0 son of John This is not John the Baptist. "John" was a very common name. -JHN 1 44 i5bm writing-background 0 Now Philip was from Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter This is background information about Philip. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 1 46 s2kg 0 Nathaniel said to him "Nathaniel said to Philip" -JHN 1 46 i4wp figs-rquestion 0 Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? This remark appears in the form of a question in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "No good thing can come out of Nazareth!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 1 47 ys8d figs-litotes 0 in whom is no deceit This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: "a completely truthful man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -JHN 1 49 l666 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 1 42 k2dx ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάννου 1 son of John This is not John the Baptist. "John" was a very common name. +JHN 1 44 i5bm writing-background δὲ ὁ Φίλιππος ἦν ἀπὸ Βηθσαϊδά, τῆς πόλεως Ἀνδρέου καὶ Πέτρου 1 Now Philip was from Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter This is background information about Philip. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 1 46 s2kg Ναθαναήλ εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 Nathaniel said to him "Nathaniel said to Philip" +JHN 1 46 i4wp figs-rquestion ," δύναταί τι ἀγαθὸν εἶναι ἐκ Ναζαρὲτ?" 1 Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? This remark appears in the form of a question in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "No good thing can come out of Nazareth!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 1 47 ys8d figs-litotes ἐν ᾧ ἔστιν οὐκ δόλος 1 in whom is no deceit This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: "a completely truthful man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +JHN 1 49 l666 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 1 50 p3ma figs-rquestion 0 Because I said to you ... do you believe? This remark appears in the form of a question to provide emphasis. Alternate translation: "You believe because I said, 'I saw you underneath the fig tree'! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 1 51 ga44 0 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. +JHN 1 51 ga44 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. JHN 2 intro jav2 0 # John 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Wine

The Jews drank wine at many meals and especially when they were celebrating special events. They did not believe that it was a sin to drink wine.

##### Driving out the money changers

Jesus drove the money changers out of the temple to show that he had authority over the temple and over all of Israel.

##### "He knew what was in man"

Jesus knew what other people were thinking only because he was and is the Son of Man and the Son of God.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "His disciples remembered"

John used this phrase to stop telling the main history and to tell about something that happened much later. It was right after he scolded the pigeon sellers ([John 2:16](../../jhn/02/16.md)) that the Jewish authorities spoke to him. It was after Jesus became alive again that his disciples remembered what the prophet had written long before and that Jesus was talking about the temple of his body ([John 2:17](../../jhn/02/17.md) and [John 2:22](../../jhn/02/22.md)).
JHN 2 1 rl16 writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus and his disciples are invited to a wedding. These verse give background information about the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 2 1 vw9e 0 Three days later Most interpreters read this as on the third day after Jesus called Philip and Nathaniel to follow him. The first day occurs in John 1:35 and the second in John 1:43. -JHN 2 2 xm3r figs-activepassive 0 Jesus and his disciples were invited to the wedding This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "Someone invited Jesus and his disciples to the wedding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 2 4 a2ji 0 Woman This refers to Mary. If it is impolite for a son to call his mother "woman" in your language, use another word that is polite, or leave it out. -JHN 2 4 jc75 figs-rquestion 0 why do you come to me? This question is asked to provide emphasis. Alternate translation: "this has nothing to do with me." or "you should not tell me what to do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 2 4 v5x5 figs-metonymy 0 My time has not yet come The word "time" is a metonym that represents the right occasion for Jesus to show that he is the Messiah by working miracles. Alternate translation: "It is not yet the right time for me to perform a mighty act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 2 6 y7p3 translate-bvolume 0 two to three metretes You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "75 to 115 liters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -JHN 2 7 vt75 0 to the brim This means "to the very top" or "completely full." -JHN 2 8 h9gr 0 the head waiter This refers to the person in charge of the food and drink. -JHN 2 9 yg44 writing-background 0 but the servants who had drawn the water knew This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 2 10 mh3s 0 drunk unable to tell the difference between cheap wine and expensive wine because of drinking too much alcohol +JHN 2 2 xm3r figs-activepassive ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐκλήθη εἰς τὸν γάμον 1 Jesus and his disciples were invited to the wedding This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "Someone invited Jesus and his disciples to the wedding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 2 4 a2ji γύναι 1 Woman This refers to Mary. If it is impolite for a son to call his mother "woman" in your language, use another word that is polite, or leave it out. +JHN 2 4 jc75 figs-rquestion τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί? 1 why do you come to me? This question is asked to provide emphasis. Alternate translation: "this has nothing to do with me." or "you should not tell me what to do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 2 4 v5x5 figs-metonymy μου ἡ ὥρα ἥκει οὔπω ἥκει 1 My time has not yet come The word "time" is a metonym that represents the right occasion for Jesus to show that he is the Messiah by working miracles. Alternate translation: "It is not yet the right time for me to perform a mighty act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 2 6 y7p3 translate-bvolume δύο ἢ τρεῖς μετρητὰς 1 two to three metretes You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "75 to 115 liters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +JHN 2 7 vt75 ἕως ἄνω 1 to the brim This means "to the very top" or "completely full." +JHN 2 8 h9gr τῷ ἀρχιτρικλίνῳ 1 the head waiter This refers to the person in charge of the food and drink. +JHN 2 9 yg44 writing-background δὲ οἱ διάκονοι οἱ ἠντληκότες τὸ ὕδωρ ᾔδεισαν 1 but the servants who had drawn the water knew This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 2 10 mh3s μεθυσθῶσιν 1 drunk unable to tell the difference between cheap wine and expensive wine because of drinking too much alcohol JHN 2 11 sq53 writing-newevent 0 This verse is not part of the main story line, but rather it gives a comment about the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 2 11 r5kb translate-names 0 Cana This is a place name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 2 11 z3tk 0 revealed his glory Here "his glory" refers to the mighty power of Jesus. Alternate translation: "showed his power" -JHN 2 12 h9tu 0 went down This indicates that they went from a higher place to a lower place. Capernaum is northeast of Cana and is at a lower elevation. -JHN 2 12 x3f7 0 his brothers The word "brothers" includes both brothers and sisters. All Jesus' brothers and sisters were younger than he was. +JHN 2 11 r5kb translate-names Κανὰ 1 Cana This is a place name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 2 11 z3tk ἐφανέρωσεν αὐτοῦ τὴν δόξαν 1 revealed his glory Here "his glory" refers to the mighty power of Jesus. Alternate translation: "showed his power" +JHN 2 12 h9tu κατέβη 1 went down This indicates that they went from a higher place to a lower place. Capernaum is northeast of Cana and is at a lower elevation. +JHN 2 12 x3f7 οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 his brothers The word "brothers" includes both brothers and sisters. All Jesus' brothers and sisters were younger than he was. JHN 2 13 bh23 0 General Information: Jesus and his disciples go up to Jerusalem to the temple. -JHN 2 13 xr29 0 went up to Jerusalem This indicates that he went from a lower place to a higher place. Jerusalem is built on a hill. -JHN 2 14 i8lv 0 were sitting there The next verse makes it clear that these people are in the temple courtyard. That area was intended for worship and not for commerce. -JHN 2 14 sa75 0 sellers of oxen and sheep and pigeons People are buying animals in the temple courtyard to sacrifice them to God. -JHN 2 14 qu9k 0 money changers Jewish authorities required people who wanted to buy animals for sacrifices to exchange their money for special money from the "money changers." -JHN 2 15 x6et 0 So This word marks an event that happens because of something else that has happened first. In this case, Jesus has seen the money changers sitting in the temple. -JHN 2 16 r16m 0 Stop making the house of my Father a marketplace "Stop buying and selling things in my Father's house" -JHN 2 16 h6qy 0 the house of my Father This is a phrase Jesus uses to refer to the temple. -JHN 2 16 grg3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title that Jesus uses for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 2 17 c2pu figs-activepassive 0 it was written This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "someone had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 2 17 ua3v 0 your house This term refers to the temple, God's house. -JHN 2 17 gg1w figs-metaphor 0 consume The word "consume" points to the metaphor of "fire." Jesus' love for the temple is like a fire that burns within him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 2 18 qtx1 0 sign This refers to an event that proves something is true. -JHN 2 18 r5rw 0 these things This refers to Jesus' actions against the money changers in the temple. +JHN 2 13 xr29 ἀνέβη εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 went up to Jerusalem This indicates that he went from a lower place to a higher place. Jerusalem is built on a hill. +JHN 2 14 i8lv καθημένους 1 were sitting there The next verse makes it clear that these people are in the temple courtyard. That area was intended for worship and not for commerce. +JHN 2 14 sa75 τοὺς πωλοῦντας βόας καὶ πρόβατα καὶ περιστερὰς 1 sellers of oxen and sheep and pigeons People are buying animals in the temple courtyard to sacrifice them to God. +JHN 2 14 qu9k κερματιστὰς 1 money changers Jewish authorities required people who wanted to buy animals for sacrifices to exchange their money for special money from the "money changers." +JHN 2 15 x6et καὶ 1 So This word marks an event that happens because of something else that has happened first. In this case, Jesus has seen the money changers sitting in the temple. +JHN 2 16 r16m μὴ ποιεῖτε τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ πατρός οἶκον ἐμπορίου 1 Stop making the house of my Father a marketplace "Stop buying and selling things in my Father's house" +JHN 2 16 h6qy τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ πατρός 1 the house of my Father This is a phrase Jesus uses to refer to the temple. +JHN 2 16 grg3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ πατρός 1 my Father This is an important title that Jesus uses for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 2 17 c2pu figs-activepassive ἐστίν γεγραμμένον 1 it was written This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "someone had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 2 17 ua3v σου τοῦ οἴκου 1 your house This term refers to the temple, God's house. +JHN 2 17 gg1w figs-metaphor καταφάγεταί 1 consume The word "consume" points to the metaphor of "fire." Jesus' love for the temple is like a fire that burns within him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 2 18 qtx1 σημεῖον 1 sign This refers to an event that proves something is true. +JHN 2 18 r5rw ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to Jesus' actions against the money changers in the temple. JHN 2 19 mp6i figs-hypo 0 Destroy this temple, ... I will raise it up Jesus is stating a hypothetical situation in which something would certainly happen if something else that is not true were true. In this case, he would certainly raise the temple up if the Jewish authorities were to destroy it. He is not commanding the Jewish authorities to tear down the actual temple building. You can translate the words "destroy" and "raise" using the usual words for tearing down and rebuilding a building. Alternate translation: "If you destroy this temple, I will certainly raise it up" or "You can be certain that if you were to destroy this temple, I would raise it up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 2 19 k2pz 0 raise it up "cause it to stand" +JHN 2 19 k2pz ἐγερῶ αὐτόν ἐγερῶ 1 raise it up "cause it to stand" JHN 2 20 g6jx writing-endofstory 0 General Information: Verses 21 and 22 are not part of the main story line, but instead they comment on the story and tell about something that happens later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) JHN 2 20 rn6x translate-numbers 0 forty-six years ... three days "46 years ... 3 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JHN 2 20 xbx3 figs-rquestion 0 you will raise it up in three days? This remark appears in the form of a question to show that the Jewish authorities understand that Jesus wants to tear down the temple and build it again in three days. "Raise" is an idiom for "establish." Alternate translation: "you will establish it in three days?" or "you cannot possibly rebuild it in three days!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 2 22 gq2w 0 believed Here "believe" means to accept something or trust that it is true. -JHN 2 22 ewi1 0 this statement This refers back to Jesus' statement in [John 2:19](../02/19.md). -JHN 2 23 kvn6 0 Now when he was in Jerusalem The word "now" introduces us to a new event in the story. -JHN 2 23 w3qv figs-metonymy 0 believed in his name Here "name" is a metonym that represents the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "believed in him" or "trusted in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 2 23 u65n 0 the signs that he did Miracles can also be called "signs" because they are used as evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. -JHN 2 25 et23 figs-gendernotations 0 about man, for he knew what was in man Here the word "man" represents people in general. Alternate translation: "about people, for he knew what was in people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +JHN 2 20 xbx3 figs-rquestion σὺ ἐγερεῖς αὐτόν ἐγερεῖς ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις 1 you will raise it up in three days? This remark appears in the form of a question to show that the Jewish authorities understand that Jesus wants to tear down the temple and build it again in three days. "Raise" is an idiom for "establish." Alternate translation: "you will establish it in three days?" or "you cannot possibly rebuild it in three days!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 2 22 gq2w ἐπίστευσαν 1 believed Here "believe" means to accept something or trust that it is true. +JHN 2 22 ewi1 τῷ λόγῳ 1 this statement This refers back to Jesus' statement in [John 2:19](../02/19.md). +JHN 2 23 kvn6 δὲ ὡς ἦν ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις 1 Now when he was in Jerusalem The word "now" introduces us to a new event in the story. +JHN 2 23 w3qv figs-metonymy ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 believed in his name Here "name" is a metonym that represents the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "believed in him" or "trusted in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 2 23 u65n τὰ σημεῖα ἃ ἐποίει 1 the signs that he did Miracles can also be called "signs" because they are used as evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. +JHN 2 25 et23 figs-gendernotations περὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, γὰρ ἐγίνωσκεν τί ἦν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ 1 about man, for he knew what was in man Here the word "man" represents people in general. Alternate translation: "about people, for he knew what was in people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) JHN 3 intro i7a7 0 # John 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 3:13](../../jhn/03/13.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 3 1 yl6f 0 General Information: Nicodemus comes to see Jesus. -JHN 3 1 s9p9 writing-participants 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the story and to introduce Nicodemus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -JHN 3 2 skq8 0 we know Here "we" is exclusive, referring only to Nicodemus and the other members of the Jewish council. +JHN 3 1 s9p9 writing-participants δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the story and to introduce Nicodemus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +JHN 3 2 skq8 οἴδαμεν 1 we know Here "we" is exclusive, referring only to Nicodemus and the other members of the Jewish council. JHN 3 3 b9u1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus and Nicodemus continue talking. -JHN 3 3 nz18 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 3 3 t8pt 0 born again "born from above" or "born of God" -JHN 3 3 ikj9 figs-metaphor 0 kingdom of God The word "kingdom" is a metaphor for the rule of God. Alternate translation: "place where God rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 3 4 wa1p figs-rquestion 0 How can a man be born when he is old? Nicodemus uses this question to emphasize that this cannot happen. Alternate translation: "A man certainly cannot be born again when he is old!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 3 4 yk9d figs-rquestion 0 He cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born, can he? Nicodemus also uses this question to emphasize his belief that a second birth is impossible. "Certainly, he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 3 4 z64b 0 a second time "again" or "twice" -JHN 3 4 ppr8 0 womb the part of a woman's body where a baby grows -JHN 3 5 il52 0 Truly, truly You can translate this in the same way you did in [John 3:3](../03/03.md). -JHN 3 5 n6d7 figs-metaphor 0 born of water and the Spirit There are two possible meanings: 1) "baptized in water and in the Spirit" or 2) "born physically and spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 3 5 m37g figs-metaphor 0 enter into the kingdom of God The word "kingdom" is a metaphor for the rule of God in one's life. Alternate translation: "experience the rule of God in his life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 3 3 nz18 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 3 3 t8pt γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν 1 born again "born from above" or "born of God" +JHN 3 3 ikj9 figs-metaphor Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 kingdom of God The word "kingdom" is a metaphor for the rule of God. Alternate translation: "place where God rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 3 4 wa1p figs-rquestion πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι ὤν γέρων? 1 How can a man be born when he is old? Nicodemus uses this question to emphasize that this cannot happen. Alternate translation: "A man certainly cannot be born again when he is old!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 3 4 yk9d figs-rquestion εἰσελθεῖν μὴ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν δεύτερον εἰς αὐτοῦ τῆς μητρὸς' τῆς μητρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ γεννηθῆναι, μὴ δύναται 1 He cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born, can he? Nicodemus also uses this question to emphasize his belief that a second birth is impossible. "Certainly, he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 3 4 z64b δεύτερον 1 a second time "again" or "twice" +JHN 3 4 ppr8 τὴν κοιλίαν 1 womb the part of a woman's body where a baby grows +JHN 3 5 il52 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly You can translate this in the same way you did in [John 3:3](../03/03.md). +JHN 3 5 n6d7 figs-metaphor γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος 1 born of water and the Spirit There are two possible meanings: 1) "baptized in water and in the Spirit" or 2) "born physically and spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 3 5 m37g figs-metaphor εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 enter into the kingdom of God The word "kingdom" is a metaphor for the rule of God in one's life. Alternate translation: "experience the rule of God in his life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 3 7 t2sl 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to Nicodemus. -JHN 3 7 lpj4 0 You must be born again "You must be born from above" -JHN 3 8 p87y figs-personification 0 The wind blows wherever it wishes In the source language, wind and Spirit are the same word. The speaker here refers to the wind as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit is like a wind that blows wherever it wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JHN 3 9 g4ji figs-rquestion 0 How can these things be? This question adds emphasis to the statement. Alternate translation: "This cannot be!" or "This is not able to happen!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 3 10 gw2h figs-rquestion 0 Are you a teacher of Israel, and yet you do not understand these things? Jesus knows that Nicodemus is a teacher. He is not looking for information. Alternate translation: "You are a teacher of Israel, so I am surprised you do not understand these things!" or "You are a teacher of Israel, so you should understand these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 3 7 lpj4 ὑμᾶς δεῖ γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν 1 You must be born again "You must be born from above" +JHN 3 8 p87y figs-personification τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ ὅπου θέλει 1 The wind blows wherever it wishes In the source language, wind and Spirit are the same word. The speaker here refers to the wind as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit is like a wind that blows wherever it wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JHN 3 9 g4ji figs-rquestion πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι 1 How can these things be? This question adds emphasis to the statement. Alternate translation: "This cannot be!" or "This is not able to happen!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 3 10 gw2h figs-rquestion εἶ σὺ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ γινώσκεις οὐ γινώσκεις ταῦτα? 1 Are you a teacher of Israel, and yet you do not understand these things? Jesus knows that Nicodemus is a teacher. He is not looking for information. Alternate translation: "You are a teacher of Israel, so I am surprised you do not understand these things!" or "You are a teacher of Israel, so you should understand these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 3 10 gbu5 0 Are you a teacher ... yet you do not understand The word "you" is singular and refers to Nicodemus. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you) -JHN 3 11 j1k1 0 you do not accept The word "you" is plural and refers to Jews in general. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you) -JHN 3 11 jt1f 0 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 3 11 upi7 figs-exclusive 0 we speak When Jesus said "we," he was not including Nicodemus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +JHN 3 11 j1k1 λαμβάνετε οὐ λαμβάνετε 1 you do not accept The word "you" is plural and refers to Jews in general. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you) +JHN 3 11 jt1f ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 3 11 upi7 figs-exclusive λαλοῦμεν 1 we speak When Jesus said "we," he was not including Nicodemus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) JHN 3 12 y4e9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues responding to Nicodemus. JHN 3 12 pt4x figs-you 0 I told you ... you do not believe ... how will you believe if I tell you In all three places "you" is plural and refers to Jews in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JHN 3 12 c6ia figs-rquestion 0 how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things? This question emphasizes the disbelief of Nicodemus and the Jews. Alternate translation: "you certainly will not believe if I tell you about heavenly things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 3 12 lbv3 0 heavenly things spiritual things -JHN 3 14 tb3s figs-simile 0 Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up This figure of speech is called a simile. Some people will "lift up" Jesus just as Moses "lifted up" the bronze serpent in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JHN 3 14 f9yi 0 in the wilderness The wilderness is a dry, desert place, but here it refers specifically to the place where Moses and the Israelites walked around for forty years. -JHN 3 16 uxc2 figs-metonymy 0 God so loved the world Here "world" is a metonym that refers to everyone in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 3 16 jen2 0 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love. -JHN 3 17 b7vf figs-parallelism 0 For God did not send the Son into the world in order to condemn the world, but in order to save the world through him These two clauses mean nearly the same thing, said twice for emphasis, first in the negative and then in the positive. Some languages may indicate emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: God's real reason for sending his Son into the world was to save it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 3 17 rv45 0 to condemn "to punish." Usually "punish" implies that the person who has been punished is then accepted by God. When a person is condemned, he is punished but never accepted by God. -JHN 3 18 eb54 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 3 12 c6ia figs-rquestion πῶς πιστεύσετε ἐὰν εἴπω ὑμῖν τὰ ἐπουράνια? 1 how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things? This question emphasizes the disbelief of Nicodemus and the Jews. Alternate translation: "you certainly will not believe if I tell you about heavenly things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 3 12 lbv3 τὰ ἐπουράνια 1 heavenly things spiritual things +JHN 3 14 tb3s figs-simile καθὼς Μωϋσῆς ὕψωσεν τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, οὕτως δεῖ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ὑψωθῆναι 1 Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up This figure of speech is called a simile. Some people will "lift up" Jesus just as Moses "lifted up" the bronze serpent in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JHN 3 14 f9yi ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 in the wilderness The wilderness is a dry, desert place, but here it refers specifically to the place where Moses and the Israelites walked around for forty years. +JHN 3 16 uxc2 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς οὕτως ἠγάπησεν τὸν κόσμον 1 God so loved the world Here "world" is a metonym that refers to everyone in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 3 16 jen2 ἠγάπησεν 1 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love. +JHN 3 17 b7vf figs-parallelism γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἀπέστειλεν οὐ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν Υἱὸν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἵνα κρίνῃ τὸν κόσμον, ἀλλ’ ἵνα σωθῇ ὁ κόσμος δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 For God did not send the Son into the world in order to condemn the world, but in order to save the world through him These two clauses mean nearly the same thing, said twice for emphasis, first in the negative and then in the positive. Some languages may indicate emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: God's real reason for sending his Son into the world was to save it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 3 17 rv45 ἵνα κρίνῃ 1 to condemn "to punish." Usually "punish" implies that the person who has been punished is then accepted by God. When a person is condemned, he is punished but never accepted by God. +JHN 3 18 eb54 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 3 19 z9d2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes responding to Nicodemus. -JHN 3 19 t9z5 figs-metaphor 0 The light has come into the world The word "light" is a metaphor for God's truth that is revealed in Jesus. Jesus speaks of himself in the third person. If your language does not allow people to speak of themselves in the third person, you may need to specify who the light is. The "world" is a metonym for all of the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "The one who is like a light has revealed God's truth to all people" or "I, who am like a light, have come into the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JHN 3 19 h4nk figs-metaphor 0 men loved the darkness Here "darkness" is a metaphor for evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 3 20 u25p figs-activepassive 0 so that his deeds will not be exposed This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that the light will not show the things he does" or "so that the light does not make clear his deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 21 l7ax figs-activepassive 0 plainly seen that his deeds This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "people may clearly see his deeds" or "everyone may clearly see the things he does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 22 uy4j 0 After this This refers to after Jesus had spoken with Nicodemus. See how you translated this in [John 2:12](../02/12.md). -JHN 3 23 x1ge translate-names 0 Aenon This word means "springs," as of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 3 23 e5v2 translate-names 0 Salim a village or town next to the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 3 19 t9z5 figs-metaphor τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 The light has come into the world The word "light" is a metaphor for God's truth that is revealed in Jesus. Jesus speaks of himself in the third person. If your language does not allow people to speak of themselves in the third person, you may need to specify who the light is. The "world" is a metonym for all of the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "The one who is like a light has revealed God's truth to all people" or "I, who am like a light, have come into the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JHN 3 19 h4nk figs-metaphor οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἠγάπησαν τὸ σκότος 1 men loved the darkness Here "darkness" is a metaphor for evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 3 20 u25p figs-activepassive ἵνα αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα ἐλεγχθῇ μὴ ἐλεγχθῇ 1 so that his deeds will not be exposed This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that the light will not show the things he does" or "so that the light does not make clear his deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 21 l7ax figs-activepassive φανερωθῇ ὅτι αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα 1 plainly seen that his deeds This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "people may clearly see his deeds" or "everyone may clearly see the things he does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 22 uy4j μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After this This refers to after Jesus had spoken with Nicodemus. See how you translated this in [John 2:12](../02/12.md). +JHN 3 23 x1ge translate-names Αἰνὼν 1 Aenon This word means "springs," as of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 3 23 e5v2 translate-names τοῦ Σαλείμ 1 Salim a village or town next to the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JHN 3 23 jh2w 0 because there was much water there "because there were many springs in that place" -JHN 3 23 ukz2 figs-activepassive 0 were being baptized You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "John was baptizing them" or "he was baptizing them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 25 ft8r figs-activepassive 0 Then there arose a dispute between some of John's disciples and a Jew This can be stated in an active form for clarity. Alternate translation: "Then John's disciples and a Jew began to argue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 25 fuq2 0 a dispute a fight using words -JHN 3 26 jr28 0 you have testified, look, he is baptizing, In this phrase, "look" is a command meaning "pay attention!" Alternate translation: "you have testified, 'Look! He is baptizing,'" or "you have testified. 'Look at that! He is baptizing,'" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit) -JHN 3 27 kl21 0 A man cannot receive anything unless "Nobody has any power unless" -JHN 3 27 hap4 figs-metonymy 0 it has been given to him from heaven Here "heaven" is used as a metonym to refer to God. This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has given it to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 28 l9yt figs-you 0 You yourselves This "You" is plural and refers to all the people John is talking to. Alternate translation: "You all" or "All of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 3 28 nf9l figs-activepassive 0 I have been sent before him This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God sent me to arrive before him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 23 ukz2 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 were being baptized You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "John was baptizing them" or "he was baptizing them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 25 ft8r figs-activepassive οὖν ἐγένετο ζήτησις ἐκ τῶν μαθητῶν Ἰωάννου' Ἰωάννου τῶν μαθητῶν μετὰ Ἰουδαίου 1 Then there arose a dispute between some of John's disciples and a Jew This can be stated in an active form for clarity. Alternate translation: "Then John's disciples and a Jew began to argue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 25 fuq2 ζήτησις 1 a dispute a fight using words +JHN 3 26 jr28 σὺ μεμαρτύρηκας, ἴδε, οὗτος βαπτίζει, 1 you have testified, look, he is baptizing, In this phrase, "look" is a command meaning "pay attention!" Alternate translation: "you have testified, 'Look! He is baptizing,'" or "you have testified. 'Look at that! He is baptizing,'" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit) +JHN 3 27 kl21 ἄνθρωπος οὐ δύναται λαμβάνειν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐὰν μὴ 1 A man cannot receive anything unless "Nobody has any power unless" +JHN 3 27 hap4 figs-metonymy ᾖ δεδομένον αὐτῷ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 it has been given to him from heaven Here "heaven" is used as a metonym to refer to God. This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has given it to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 28 l9yt figs-you ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ 1 You yourselves This "You" is plural and refers to all the people John is talking to. Alternate translation: "You all" or "All of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 3 28 nf9l figs-activepassive εἰμὶ ἀπεσταλμένος ἔμπροσθεν ἐκείνου 1 I have been sent before him This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God sent me to arrive before him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 3 29 k5xq 0 Connecting Statement: John the Baptist continues speaking. JHN 3 29 p569 figs-metaphor 0 The bride belongs to the bridegroom Here the "bride" and "bridegroom" are metaphors. Jesus is like the "bridegroom" and John is like the friend of the "bridegroom." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 3 29 wkb8 figs-activepassive 0 This, then, is my joy made complete This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So then I rejoice greatly" or "So I rejoice much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 3 29 hnw2 0 my joy The word "my" refers to John the Baptist, the one who is speaking. -JHN 3 30 kn9s 0 He must increase "He" refers to the bridegroom, Jesus, who will continue to grow in importance. -JHN 3 31 qd7t 0 He who comes from above is above all "He who comes from heaven is more important than anyone else" -JHN 3 31 mhk9 figs-metonymy 0 He who is from the earth is from the earth and speaks about the earth John means that Jesus is greater than he is since Jesus is from heaven, and John was born on the earth. Alternate translation: "He who is born in this world is like everyone else who lives in the world and he speaks about what happens in this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 3 31 qrg7 0 He who comes from heaven is above all This means the same thing as the first sentence. John repeats this for emphasis. -JHN 3 32 c5yt 0 He testifies about what he has seen and heard John is speaking about Jesus. Alternate translation: "The one from heaven tells about what he has seen and heard in heaven" -JHN 3 32 kqi1 figs-hyperbole 0 no one accepts his testimony Here John exaggerates to emphasize that only a few people believe Jesus. Alternate translation: "very few people believe him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 3 33 k36d 0 He who has received his testimony "Anyone who believes what Jesus says" -JHN 3 33 g5x4 0 has confirmed "proves" or "agrees" +JHN 3 29 wkb8 figs-activepassive αὕτη, οὖν, πεπλήρωται ἡ ἐμὴ ἡ χαρὰ πεπλήρωται 1 This, then, is my joy made complete This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So then I rejoice greatly" or "So I rejoice much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 3 29 hnw2 ἡ ἐμὴ ἡ χαρὰ 1 my joy The word "my" refers to John the Baptist, the one who is speaking. +JHN 3 30 kn9s ἐκεῖνον δεῖ αὐξάνειν 1 He must increase "He" refers to the bridegroom, Jesus, who will continue to grow in importance. +JHN 3 31 qd7t ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἄνωθεν ἐστίν ἐπάνω πάντων 1 He who comes from above is above all "He who comes from heaven is more important than anyone else" +JHN 3 31 mhk9 figs-metonymy ὁ ὢν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐστιν ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ λαλεῖ ἐκ τῆς γῆς 1 He who is from the earth is from the earth and speaks about the earth John means that Jesus is greater than he is since Jesus is from heaven, and John was born on the earth. Alternate translation: "He who is born in this world is like everyone else who lives in the world and he speaks about what happens in this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 3 31 qrg7 ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐστίν ἐπάνω πάντων 1 He who comes from heaven is above all This means the same thing as the first sentence. John repeats this for emphasis. +JHN 3 32 c5yt μαρτυρεῖ ὃ ἑώρακεν καὶ ἤκουσεν 1 He testifies about what he has seen and heard John is speaking about Jesus. Alternate translation: "The one from heaven tells about what he has seen and heard in heaven" +JHN 3 32 kqi1 figs-hyperbole οὐδεὶς λαμβάνει αὐτοῦ τὴν μαρτυρίαν 1 no one accepts his testimony Here John exaggerates to emphasize that only a few people believe Jesus. Alternate translation: "very few people believe him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 3 33 k36d ὁ λαβὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν μαρτυρίαν 1 He who has received his testimony "Anyone who believes what Jesus says" +JHN 3 33 g5x4 ἐσφράγισεν 1 has confirmed "proves" or "agrees" JHN 3 34 db8m 0 Connecting Statement: John the Baptist finishes speaking. -JHN 3 34 rr83 0 For the one whom God has sent "This Jesus, whom God has sent to represent him" -JHN 3 34 bnx8 0 For he does not give the Spirit by measure "For he is the one to whom God gave all the power of his Spirit" +JHN 3 34 rr83 γὰρ ὃν ὁ Θεὸς γὰρ ἀπέστειλεν 1 For the one whom God has sent "This Jesus, whom God has sent to represent him" +JHN 3 34 bnx8 γὰρ δίδωσιν οὐ δίδωσιν τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐκ μέτρου 1 For he does not give the Spirit by measure "For he is the one to whom God gave all the power of his Spirit" JHN 3 35 hmk4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 3 35 ha4e figs-idiom 0 given ... into his hand This means to be put in his power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 3 36 u1ks 0 He who believes "A person who believes" or "Anyone who believes" -JHN 3 36 zy7u 0 the wrath of God stays on him The abstract noun "wrath" can be translated with the verb "punish." Alternate translation: "God will continue to punish him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) +JHN 3 36 u1ks ὁ πιστεύων 1 He who believes "A person who believes" or "Anyone who believes" +JHN 3 36 zy7u ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μένει ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 the wrath of God stays on him The abstract noun "wrath" can be translated with the verb "punish." Alternate translation: "God will continue to punish him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) JHN 4 intro j1hv 0 # John 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

John 4:4-38 forms one story centered on the teaching of Jesus as the "living water" who gives eternal life to all who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria"

Jews avoided traveling through the region of Samaria because the Samaritans were descendants of ungodly people. So Jesus had to do what most Jews did not want to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])

##### "The hour is coming"

Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which true worshipers will worship in spirit and truth is longer than sixty minutes.

##### The proper place of worship

Long before Jesus lived, the Samaritan people had broken the law of Moses by setting up a false temple in their land ([John 4:20](../../jhn/04/20.md)). Jesus explained to the woman that it was no longer important where people worshiped ([John 4:21-24](./21.md)).

##### Harvest

Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### "The Samaritan woman"

John probably told this story to show the difference between the Samaritan woman, who believed, and the Jews, who did not believe and later killed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "In spirit and truth"

The people who truly know who God is and enjoy worshiping him and love him for who he is are the ones who truly please him. Where they worship is not important.
JHN 4 1 jum6 writing-background 0 General Information: John 4:1-6 gives the background to the next event, Jesus' conversation with a Samaritan woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 4 1 ci4n 0 Connecting Statement: A long sentence begins here. -JHN 4 1 b1vc 0 Now when Jesus knew that the Pharisees had heard that he was making and baptizing more disciples than John "Now Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John. When he knew that the Pharisees had heard that he was doing this." -JHN 4 1 h6ek 0 Now when Jesus knew The word "now" is used here to mark a break in the main events. Here John starts to tell a new part of the narrative. -JHN 4 2 d4ng figs-rpronouns 0 Jesus himself was not baptizing The reflexive pronoun "himself" adds emphasis that it was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 4 3 dm2t 0 he left Judea and went back again to Galilee You may need to rearrange the entire sentence that begins with the words "Now when Jesus" in verse 1. "Now Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John (although Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were). The Pharisees heard that Jesus was doing this. When Jesus knew that the Pharisees learned what he was doing, he left Judea and went back again to Galilee" -JHN 4 7 g82d 0 Give me some water This is a polite request, not a command. -JHN 4 8 u29c 0 For his disciples had gone He did not ask his disciples to draw water for him because they had gone. -JHN 4 9 l2qh 0 Then the Samaritan woman said to him The word "him" refers to Jesus. +JHN 4 1 b1vc οὖν ὡς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔγνω ὅτι οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἤκουσαν ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ποιεῖ καὶ βαπτίζει πλείονας μαθητὰς ἢ Ἰωάννης 1 Now when Jesus knew that the Pharisees had heard that he was making and baptizing more disciples than John "Now Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John. When he knew that the Pharisees had heard that he was doing this." +JHN 4 1 h6ek οὖν ὡς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔγνω 1 Now when Jesus knew The word "now" is used here to mark a break in the main events. Here John starts to tell a new part of the narrative. +JHN 4 2 d4ng figs-rpronouns Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς ἐβάπτιζεν οὐκ ἐβάπτιζεν 1 Jesus himself was not baptizing The reflexive pronoun "himself" adds emphasis that it was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 4 3 dm2t ἀφῆκεν τὴν Ἰουδαίαν καὶ ἀπῆλθεν πάλιν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν 1 he left Judea and went back again to Galilee You may need to rearrange the entire sentence that begins with the words "Now when Jesus" in verse 1. "Now Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John (although Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were). The Pharisees heard that Jesus was doing this. When Jesus knew that the Pharisees learned what he was doing, he left Judea and went back again to Galilee" +JHN 4 7 g82d δός μοι πεῖν 1 Give me some water This is a polite request, not a command. +JHN 4 8 u29c οἱ γὰρ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ γὰρ μαθηταὶ ἀπεληλύθεισαν 1 For his disciples had gone He did not ask his disciples to draw water for him because they had gone. +JHN 4 9 l2qh οὖν ἡ ἡ Σαμαρεῖτις γυνὴ λέγει αὐτῷ 1 Then the Samaritan woman said to him The word "him" refers to Jesus. JHN 4 9 xdw7 figs-rquestion 0 How is it that you, being a Jew, are asking ... for something to drink? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the Samaritan woman's surprise that Jesus asked her for a drink. Alternate translation: "I cannot believe that you, being a Jew, are asking a Samaritan for a drink!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 4 9 px8w 0 have no dealings with "do not associate with" -JHN 4 10 zub5 figs-metaphor 0 living water Jesus uses the metaphor "living water" to refer to the Holy Spirit who works in a person to transform and bring new life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 4 9 px8w συνχρῶνται οὐ συνχρῶνται 1 have no dealings with "do not associate with" +JHN 4 10 zub5 figs-metaphor ζῶν ὕδωρ 1 living water Jesus uses the metaphor "living water" to refer to the Holy Spirit who works in a person to transform and bring new life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 4 12 di9q figs-rquestion 0 You are not greater, are you, than our father Jacob ... cattle? This remark occurs in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You are not greater than our father Jacob ... cattle!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 4 12 knw5 0 our father Jacob "our ancestor Jacob" -JHN 4 12 sj7n 0 drank from it "drank water that came from it" -JHN 4 13 leu7 0 will be thirsty again "will need to drink water again" -JHN 4 14 g598 figs-metaphor 0 the water that I will give him will become a fountain of water in him Here the word "fountain" is a metaphor for life-giving water. Alternate translation: "the water that I will give him will become like a spring of water in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 4 14 fha9 0 eternal life Here "life" refers to the "spiritual life" that only God can give. -JHN 4 15 iz1p 0 Sir In this context, the Samaritan woman is addressing Jesus as "Sir," which is a term of respect or politeness. -JHN 4 15 hd9f 0 draw water "get water" or "pull water up from the well" using a container and rope -JHN 4 18 zpl1 0 What you have said is true Jesus says these words to emphasize his words to emphasize the words "You are right in saying, 'I have no husband'" in verse 17. He wants the woman to know that he knows she is telling the truth. -JHN 4 19 kfs1 0 Sir In this context the Samaritan woman is addressesing Jesus as "sir," which is a term of respect or politeness. -JHN 4 19 za2w 0 I see that you are a prophet "I can understand that you are a prophet" -JHN 4 20 hp3m 0 Our fathers "Our forefathers" or "Our ancestors" -JHN 4 21 klz9 0 Believe me To believe someone is to acknowledge what the person has said is true. -JHN 4 21 nu5m 0 you will worship the Father Eternal salvation from sin comes from God the Father, who is Yahweh, the God of the Jews. -JHN 4 21 ff27 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 4 22 guu4 0 You worship what you do not know. We worship what we know Jesus means that God revealed himself and his commands to the Jewish people, not to the Samaritans. Through the Scriptures the Jewish people know who God is better than the Samaritans. -JHN 4 22 i2df 0 for salvation is from the Jews This means that God has chosen the Jews as his special people who will tell all other people about his salvation. It does not mean the Jewish people will save others from their sins. Alternate translation: "for all people will know about God's salvation because of the Jews" -JHN 4 22 yj1y 0 salvation is from the Jews Eternal salvation from sin comes from God the Father, who is Yahweh, the God of the Jews. +JHN 4 12 knw5 ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς Ἰακώβ 1 our father Jacob "our ancestor Jacob" +JHN 4 12 sj7n ἔπιεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ 1 drank from it "drank water that came from it" +JHN 4 13 leu7 διψήσει πάλιν 1 will be thirsty again "will need to drink water again" +JHN 4 14 g598 figs-metaphor τὸ ὕδωρ ὃ δώσω αὐτῷ γενήσεται πηγὴ ὕδατος ἐν αὐτῷ 1 the water that I will give him will become a fountain of water in him Here the word "fountain" is a metaphor for life-giving water. Alternate translation: "the water that I will give him will become like a spring of water in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 4 14 fha9 αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 eternal life Here "life" refers to the "spiritual life" that only God can give. +JHN 4 15 iz1p κύριε 1 Sir In this context, the Samaritan woman is addressing Jesus as "Sir," which is a term of respect or politeness. +JHN 4 15 hd9f ἀντλεῖν 1 draw water "get water" or "pull water up from the well" using a container and rope +JHN 4 18 zpl1 τοῦτο εἴρηκας ἀληθὲς 1 What you have said is true Jesus says these words to emphasize his words to emphasize the words "You are right in saying, 'I have no husband'" in verse 17. He wants the woman to know that he knows she is telling the truth. +JHN 4 19 kfs1 κύριε 1 Sir In this context the Samaritan woman is addressesing Jesus as "sir," which is a term of respect or politeness. +JHN 4 19 za2w θεωρῶ ὅτι σύ εἶ προφήτης 1 I see that you are a prophet "I can understand that you are a prophet" +JHN 4 20 hp3m ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 Our fathers "Our forefathers" or "Our ancestors" +JHN 4 21 klz9 πίστευέ μοι 1 Believe me To believe someone is to acknowledge what the person has said is true. +JHN 4 21 nu5m προσκυνήσετε τῷ Πατρί 1 you will worship the Father Eternal salvation from sin comes from God the Father, who is Yahweh, the God of the Jews. +JHN 4 21 ff27 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρί 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 4 22 guu4 ὑμεῖς προσκυνεῖτε ὃ οἴδατε οὐκ οἴδατε. ἡμεῖς προσκυνοῦμεν ὃ οἴδαμεν 1 You worship what you do not know. We worship what we know Jesus means that God revealed himself and his commands to the Jewish people, not to the Samaritans. Through the Scriptures the Jewish people know who God is better than the Samaritans. +JHN 4 22 i2df ὅτι ἡ σωτηρία ἐστίν ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 for salvation is from the Jews This means that God has chosen the Jews as his special people who will tell all other people about his salvation. It does not mean the Jewish people will save others from their sins. Alternate translation: "for all people will know about God's salvation because of the Jews" +JHN 4 22 yj1y ἡ σωτηρία ἐστίν ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 salvation is from the Jews Eternal salvation from sin comes from God the Father, who is Yahweh, the God of the Jews. JHN 4 23 bs1p 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Samaritan woman. -JHN 4 23 atm4 0 However, the hour is coming, and is now here, when true worshipers will "However, it is now the right time for true worshipers to" -JHN 4 23 k1gf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 4 23 fb51 0 in spirit and truth Possible meanings are the "spirit" here is 1) the inner person, the mind and heart, what a person thinks and what he loves, different from where he goes to worship and what ceremonies he performs, or 2) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "in the Spirit and in truth" or "with the Spirit's help and in truth" +JHN 4 23 atm4 ἀλλὰ, ὥρα ἔρχεται, καὶ ἐστιν νῦν ἐστιν, ὅτε οἱ ἀληθινοὶ προσκυνηταὶ προσκυνήσουσιν 1 However, the hour is coming, and is now here, when true worshipers will "However, it is now the right time for true worshipers to" +JHN 4 23 k1gf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τῷ Πατρὶ 1 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 4 23 fb51 ἐν πνεύματι καὶ ἀληθείᾳ 1 in spirit and truth Possible meanings are the "spirit" here is 1) the inner person, the mind and heart, what a person thinks and what he loves, different from where he goes to worship and what ceremonies he performs, or 2) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "in the Spirit and in truth" or "with the Spirit's help and in truth" JHN 4 23 utt7 0 in ... truth thinking correctly of what is true about God JHN 4 25 lp44 0 I know that the Messiah ... Christ Both of these words mean "God's promised king." -JHN 4 25 u8nb figs-explicit 0 he will explain everything to us The words "explain everything" imply all that the people need to know. Alternate translation: "he will tell us everything we need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 4 27 vk5j 0 At that moment his disciples returned "Just as Jesus was saying this, his disciples returned from town" +JHN 4 25 u8nb figs-explicit ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος ἀναγγελεῖ ἅπαντα ἡμῖν 1 he will explain everything to us The words "explain everything" imply all that the people need to know. Alternate translation: "he will tell us everything we need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 4 27 vk5j ἐπὶ τούτῳ αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἦλθον 1 At that moment his disciples returned "Just as Jesus was saying this, his disciples returned from town" JHN 4 27 p39j 0 Now they were wondering why he was speaking with a woman It was very unusual for a Jew to speak with a woman he did not know, especially if that woman was a Samaritan. JHN 4 27 cbc9 0 no one said, "What ... want?" or "Why ... her?" Possible meanings are 1) the disciples asked both questions to Jesus or 2) "no one asked the woman, 'What ... want?' or asked Jesus, 'Why ... her?'" -JHN 4 29 hb5h figs-hyperbole 0 Come, see a man who told me everything that I have ever done The Samaritan woman exaggerates to show that she is impressed by how much Jesus knows about her. Alternate translation: "Come see a man who knows very much about me, even though I have never met him before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 4 29 dl18 0 This could not be the Christ, could it? The woman is not sure that Jesus is the Christ, so she asks a question that expects "no" for an answer, but she also asks a question instead of making a statement because she wants the people to decide for themselves. -JHN 4 31 t6hy 0 In the meantime "While the woman was going into town" -JHN 4 31 d4fu 0 the disciples were urging him "the disciples were telling Jesus" or "the disciples were encouraging Jesus" -JHN 4 32 j8h2 0 I have food to eat that you do not know about Here Jesus is not talking about literal "food," but is preparing his disciples for a spiritual lesson in [John 4:34](../04/34.md). -JHN 4 33 w451 figs-rquestion 0 No one has brought him anything to eat, have they? The disciples think Jesus is talking about literal "food." They begin asking each other this question, expecting a "no" response. Alternate translation: "Surely no one brought him any food while we were in town!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 4 34 tvp1 figs-metaphor 0 My food is to do the will of him who sent me and to complete his work Here "food" is a metaphor that represents "obeying God's will." Alternate translation: "Just as food satisfies a hungry person, obeying God's will is what satisfies me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 4 35 u5d6 0 Do you not say "Is this not one of your popular sayings" +JHN 4 29 hb5h figs-hyperbole δεῦτε, ἴδετε ἄνθρωπον ὃς εἶπέ μοι πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησα 1 Come, see a man who told me everything that I have ever done The Samaritan woman exaggerates to show that she is impressed by how much Jesus knows about her. Alternate translation: "Come see a man who knows very much about me, even though I have never met him before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 4 29 dl18 οὗτός μήτι ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός, μήτι 1 This could not be the Christ, could it? The woman is not sure that Jesus is the Christ, so she asks a question that expects "no" for an answer, but she also asks a question instead of making a statement because she wants the people to decide for themselves. +JHN 4 31 t6hy ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ 1 In the meantime "While the woman was going into town" +JHN 4 31 d4fu οἱ μαθηταὶ ἠρώτων αὐτὸν 1 the disciples were urging him "the disciples were telling Jesus" or "the disciples were encouraging Jesus" +JHN 4 32 j8h2 ἐγὼ ἔχω βρῶσιν φαγεῖν ἣν ὑμεῖς οἴδατε οὐκ οἴδατε 1 I have food to eat that you do not know about Here Jesus is not talking about literal "food," but is preparing his disciples for a spiritual lesson in [John 4:34](../04/34.md). +JHN 4 33 w451 figs-rquestion μή ἤνεγκεν αὐτῷ τις φαγεῖν, μή 1 No one has brought him anything to eat, have they? The disciples think Jesus is talking about literal "food." They begin asking each other this question, expecting a "no" response. Alternate translation: "Surely no one brought him any food while we were in town!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 4 34 tvp1 figs-metaphor ἐμὸν βρῶμά ἐστιν ποιήσω τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με καὶ τελειώσω αὐτοῦ τὸ ἔργον 1 My food is to do the will of him who sent me and to complete his work Here "food" is a metaphor that represents "obeying God's will." Alternate translation: "Just as food satisfies a hungry person, obeying God's will is what satisfies me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 4 35 u5d6 λέγετε ὑμεῖς οὐχ λέγετε 1 Do you not say "Is this not one of your popular sayings" JHN 4 35 tyw3 figs-metaphor 0 look up and see the fields, for they are already ripe for harvest The words "fields" and "ripe for harvest" are metaphors. The "fields" represent people. The words "ripe for harvest" mean that people are ready to receive the message of Jesus, like fields that are ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: "look up and see the the people! They are ready to believe my message, like crops in the fields that are ready for people to harvest them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 4 36 qc31 figs-metaphor 0 and gathers fruit for everlasting life Here "fruit for everlasting life" is a metaphor that represents people who believe Christ's message and receive eternal life. Alternate translation: "and the people who believe the message and receive eternal life are like the fruit that a harvester gathers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 4 36 qc31 figs-metaphor καὶ συνάγει καρπὸν εἰς αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 and gathers fruit for everlasting life Here "fruit for everlasting life" is a metaphor that represents people who believe Christ's message and receive eternal life. Alternate translation: "and the people who believe the message and receive eternal life are like the fruit that a harvester gathers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 4 37 w4xn 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. JHN 4 37 rqe7 figs-metaphor 0 One sows, and another harvests The words "sows" and "harvests" are metaphors. The one who "sows" shares the message of Jesus. The one who "harvests" helps the people to receive the message of Jesus. Alternate translation: "One person plants the seeds, and another person harvests the crops" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 4 38 slw4 0 you have entered into their labor "you are now joining in their work" -JHN 4 39 mc7p 0 believed in him To "believe in" someone means to "trust in" that person. Here this also means that they believed he was the Son of God. -JHN 4 39 qda3 figs-hyperbole 0 He told me everything that I have done This is an exaggeration. The woman was impressed by how much Jesus knew about her. Alternate translation: "He told me many things about my life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 4 41 qrj5 figs-metonymy 0 his word Here "word" is a metonym that stands for the message that Jesus proclaimed. Alternate translation: "his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 4 42 k4cz figs-metonymy 0 world The "world" is a metonym for all the believers throughout the world. Alternate translation: "all the believers in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 4 38 slw4 ὑμεῖς εἰσεληλύθατε εἰς αὐτῶν τὸν κόπον 1 you have entered into their labor "you are now joining in their work" +JHN 4 39 mc7p ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν 1 believed in him To "believe in" someone means to "trust in" that person. Here this also means that they believed he was the Son of God. +JHN 4 39 qda3 figs-hyperbole εἶπέν μοι πάντα ἃ ἐποίησα 1 He told me everything that I have done This is an exaggeration. The woman was impressed by how much Jesus knew about her. Alternate translation: "He told me many things about my life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 4 41 qrj5 figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 his word Here "word" is a metonym that stands for the message that Jesus proclaimed. Alternate translation: "his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 4 42 k4cz figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 world The "world" is a metonym for all the believers throughout the world. Alternate translation: "all the believers in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 4 43 n1mk writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus goes down to Galilee and heals a boy. Verse 44 gives us background information about something Jesus had said previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 4 43 gj2f 0 from there from Judea -JHN 4 44 t1li figs-rpronouns 0 For Jesus himself declared The reflexive pronoun "himself" is added to emphasize that Jesus had "declared" or said this.. You can translate this in your language in a way that will give emphasis to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 4 44 fx22 0 a prophet has no honor in his own country "people do not show respect or honor to a prophet of their own country" or "a prophet is not respected by the people in his own community" -JHN 4 45 v9la 0 at the festival Here the festival is the Passover. -JHN 4 46 ffm3 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line and to move to a new part of the story. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you may consider using it. -JHN 4 46 bp3w 0 royal official someone who is in the service of the king -JHN 4 48 u73r figs-doublenegatives 0 Unless you see signs and wonders, you will not believe "Unless ... not believe" here is a double negative. In some languages it is more natural to translate this statement in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Only if you see a miracle will you believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 4 50 uwa3 figs-metonymy 0 believed the word Here "word" is a metonym that refers to the message that Jesus spoke. Alternate translation: "believed the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 4 51 a5gw 0 While This word is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. As the official was going home, his servants were coming to meet him on the road. -JHN 4 53 jhg4 0 So he himself and his whole household believed The reflexive pronoun "himself" is used here to emphasize the word "he." If you have a way of doing this in your language, you may consider using it. -JHN 4 54 k5x6 0 sign Miracles can also be called "signs" because they are used as indicators or evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. +JHN 4 43 gj2f ἐκεῖθεν 1 from there from Judea +JHN 4 44 t1li figs-rpronouns γὰρ Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς ἐμαρτύρησεν 1 For Jesus himself declared The reflexive pronoun "himself" is added to emphasize that Jesus had "declared" or said this.. You can translate this in your language in a way that will give emphasis to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 4 44 fx22 προφήτης ἔχει οὐκ τιμὴν ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι 1 a prophet has no honor in his own country "people do not show respect or honor to a prophet of their own country" or "a prophet is not respected by the people in his own community" +JHN 4 45 v9la ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ 1 at the festival Here the festival is the Passover. +JHN 4 46 ffm3 οὖν 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line and to move to a new part of the story. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you may consider using it. +JHN 4 46 bp3w βασιλικὸς τις 1 royal official someone who is in the service of the king +JHN 4 48 u73r figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν μὴ ἴδητε σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα, πιστεύσητε οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε 1 Unless you see signs and wonders, you will not believe "Unless ... not believe" here is a double negative. In some languages it is more natural to translate this statement in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Only if you see a miracle will you believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 4 50 uwa3 figs-metonymy ἐπίστευσεν τῷ λόγῳ 1 believed the word Here "word" is a metonym that refers to the message that Jesus spoke. Alternate translation: "believed the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 4 51 a5gw ἤδη 1 While This word is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. As the official was going home, his servants were coming to meet him on the road. +JHN 4 53 jhg4 καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ αὐτοῦ ὅλη ἡ οἰκία ἐπίστευσεν 1 So he himself and his whole household believed The reflexive pronoun "himself" is used here to emphasize the word "he." If you have a way of doing this in your language, you may consider using it. +JHN 4 54 k5x6 σημεῖον 1 sign Miracles can also be called "signs" because they are used as indicators or evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. JHN 5 intro qe17 0 # John 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Healing water

Many of the Jews believed that God would heal people who got into some of the pools in Jerusalem when the waters were "stirred up."

##### Testimony

Testimony is what one person says about another person. What a person says about himself is not as important as what other people say about that person. Jesus told the Jews that God had told them who Jesus was, so he did not need to tell them who he was. This was because God had told the writers of the Old Testament what his Messiah would do, and Jesus had done everything they had written that he would do.

##### The resurrection of life and the resurrection of judgment

God will make some people alive again and because he gives them his grace, they will live with him forever. But he will make some people alive again and because he will treat them justly, they will live apart from him forever.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man

Jesus refers to himself in this chapter as the "Son" ([John 5:19](../../jhn/05/19.md)), the "Son of God" ([John 5:25](../../jhn/05/25.md)), and the "Son of Man" ([John 5:27](../../jhn/05/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 5 1 urn9 writing-background 0 General Information: This is the next event in the story, in which Jesus goes up to Jerusalem and heals a man. These verses give background information about the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 5 1 ea65 0 After this This refers to after Jesus healed the official's son. See how you translated this in [John 3:22](../03/22.md). -JHN 5 1 b1pz 0 there was a Jewish festival "the Jews were celebrating a festival" -JHN 5 1 z4th 0 went up to Jerusalem Jerusalem is located on the top of a hill. Roads to Jerusalem went up and down smaller hills. If your language has a different word for going up a hill than for walking on level ground, you may use it here. -JHN 5 2 h3w5 0 pool This was a hole in the ground that people filled with water. Sometimes they lined the pools with tiles or other stonework. -JHN 5 2 dt12 translate-names 0 Bethesda a place name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 5 2 luz3 0 roofed porches roofed structures with at least one wall missing and attached to buildings -JHN 5 3 ytj4 0 A large number of people "Many people" +JHN 5 1 ea65 μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After this This refers to after Jesus healed the official's son. See how you translated this in [John 3:22](../03/22.md). +JHN 5 1 b1pz ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἑορτὴ 1 there was a Jewish festival "the Jews were celebrating a festival" +JHN 5 1 z4th ἀνέβη εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 went up to Jerusalem Jerusalem is located on the top of a hill. Roads to Jerusalem went up and down smaller hills. If your language has a different word for going up a hill than for walking on level ground, you may use it here. +JHN 5 2 h3w5 κολυμβήθρα 1 pool This was a hole in the ground that people filled with water. Sometimes they lined the pools with tiles or other stonework. +JHN 5 2 dt12 translate-names Βηθζαθά 1 Bethesda a place name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 5 2 luz3 στοὰς 1 roofed porches roofed structures with at least one wall missing and attached to buildings +JHN 5 3 ytj4 πλῆθος τῶν ἀσθενούντων 1 A large number of people "Many people" JHN 5 5 r1gt writing-participants 0 General Information: Verse 5 introduces the man lying beside the pool to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -JHN 5 5 bez8 0 was there "was at the Bethesda pool" ([John 5:1](../05/01.md)) -JHN 5 5 z6e1 translate-numbers 0 thirty-eight years "38 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JHN 5 6 c7ef 0 he realized "he understood" or "he found out" -JHN 5 6 w97q 0 he said to him "Jesus said to the paralyzed man" -JHN 5 7 aeu3 0 Sir, I do not have Here the word "sir" is a polite form of address. -JHN 5 7 ny5f figs-activepassive 0 when the water is stirred up This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "when the angel moves the water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 5 7 kul6 0 into the pool This was a hole in the ground that people filled with water. Sometimes they lined the pools with tiles or other stonework. See how you translated "pool" in [John 5:2](../05/02.md). -JHN 5 7 u93g 0 another steps down before me "someone else always goes down the steps into the water before me" -JHN 5 8 eqe4 0 Get up "Stand up!" -JHN 5 8 ft81 0 take up your bed, and walk "Pick up your sleeping mat, and walk!" +JHN 5 5 bez8 ἦν ἐκεῖ 1 was there "was at the Bethesda pool" ([John 5:1](../05/01.md)) +JHN 5 5 z6e1 translate-numbers τριάκοντα- ὀκτὼ ἔτη 1 thirty-eight years "38 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JHN 5 6 c7ef γνοὺς 1 he realized "he understood" or "he found out" +JHN 5 6 w97q λέγει αὐτῷ 1 he said to him "Jesus said to the paralyzed man" +JHN 5 7 aeu3 κύριε, ἔχω οὐκ ἔχω 1 Sir, I do not have Here the word "sir" is a polite form of address. +JHN 5 7 ny5f figs-activepassive ὅταν τὸ ὕδωρ ταραχθῇ 1 when the water is stirred up This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "when the angel moves the water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 5 7 kul6 εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν 1 into the pool This was a hole in the ground that people filled with water. Sometimes they lined the pools with tiles or other stonework. See how you translated "pool" in [John 5:2](../05/02.md). +JHN 5 7 u93g ἄλλος καταβαίνει πρὸ ἐμοῦ 1 another steps down before me "someone else always goes down the steps into the water before me" +JHN 5 8 eqe4 ἔγειρε 1 Get up "Stand up!" +JHN 5 8 ft81 ἆρον σου τὸν κράβαττόν, καὶ περιπάτει 1 take up your bed, and walk "Pick up your sleeping mat, and walk!" JHN 5 9 z33x 0 the man was healed "the man became healthy again" -JHN 5 9 i4tk writing-background 0 Now that day The writer uses the word "now" to show that the words that follow are background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 5 10 ja3x 0 So the Jews said to him The Jews (especially the leaders of the Jews) became angry when they saw the man carrying his mat on the Sabbath. -JHN 5 10 xd9b 0 It is the Sabbath "It is God's Day of Rest" -JHN 5 11 en3v 0 He who made me healthy "The man who made me well" -JHN 5 12 r7nx 0 They asked him "The Jewish leaders asked the man who was healed" -JHN 5 14 h1ri 0 Jesus found him "Jesus found the man he had healed" -JHN 5 14 h39z 0 See The word "See" is used here to draw attention to the words that follow. -JHN 5 16 efg2 writing-background 0 Now The writer uses the word "now" to show that the words that follow are background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 5 16 kup5 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche which represent the "Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 5 17 ijd8 0 is working This refers to doing labor, including anything that is done to serve other people. -JHN 5 17 lq1v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 18 n8bh 0 making himself equal to God "saying that he was like God" or "saying that he had as much authority as God" +JHN 5 9 i4tk writing-background δὲ ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 Now that day The writer uses the word "now" to show that the words that follow are background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 5 10 ja3x οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἔλεγον τῷ τεθεραπευμένῳ 1 So the Jews said to him The Jews (especially the leaders of the Jews) became angry when they saw the man carrying his mat on the Sabbath. +JHN 5 10 xd9b ἐστιν Σάββατόν 1 It is the Sabbath "It is God's Day of Rest" +JHN 5 11 en3v ἀπεκρίθη ὁ ποιήσας με ὑγιῆ 1 He who made me healthy "The man who made me well" +JHN 5 12 r7nx ἠρώτησαν αὐτόν 1 They asked him "The Jewish leaders asked the man who was healed" +JHN 5 14 h1ri ὁ Ἰησοῦς εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν 1 Jesus found him "Jesus found the man he had healed" +JHN 5 14 h39z ἴδε 1 See The word "See" is used here to draw attention to the words that follow. +JHN 5 16 efg2 writing-background καὶ 1 Now The writer uses the word "now" to show that the words that follow are background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 5 16 kup5 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche which represent the "Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 5 17 ijd8 ἐργάζεται 1 is working This refers to doing labor, including anything that is done to serve other people. +JHN 5 17 lq1v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Πατήρ 1 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 18 n8bh ποιῶν ἑαυτὸν ἴσον τῷ Θεῷ 1 making himself equal to God "saying that he was like God" or "saying that he had as much authority as God" JHN 5 19 f2qp 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Jewish leaders. -JHN 5 19 rr9q 0 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 5 19 x9sl guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 whatever the Father is doing, the Son does these things also. Jesus, as the Son of God, followed and obeyed his Father's leadership on earth, because Jesus knew the Father loved him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 19 rr9q ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 5 19 x9sl guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἃ γὰρ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ὁ Υἱὸς ποιεῖ ταῦτα καὶ. 1 whatever the Father is doing, the Son does these things also. Jesus, as the Son of God, followed and obeyed his Father's leadership on earth, because Jesus knew the Father loved him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 5 19 iuc7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son ... Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 20 zlr7 0 you will be amazed "you will be surprised" or "you will be shocked" -JHN 5 20 t3b4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 For the Father loves the Son Jesus, as the Son of God, followed and obeyed his Father's leadership on earth, because Jesus knew the Father loved him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 20 x8ac 0 loves The kind of love that comes from God is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love. +JHN 5 20 zlr7 ὑμεῖς θαυμάζητε 1 you will be amazed "you will be surprised" or "you will be shocked" +JHN 5 20 t3b4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples γὰρ ὁ Πατὴρ φιλεῖ τὸν Υἱὸν 1 For the Father loves the Son Jesus, as the Son of God, followed and obeyed his Father's leadership on earth, because Jesus knew the Father loved him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 20 x8ac φιλεῖ 1 loves The kind of love that comes from God is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love. JHN 5 21 s6te guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 21 xzu4 0 life This refers to "spiritual life." -JHN 5 22 b2l6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 For the Father judges no one, but he has given all judgment to the Son The word "for" marks a comparison. The Son of God carries out judgment for God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 21 xzu4 ζῳοποιεῖ 1 life This refers to "spiritual life." +JHN 5 22 b2l6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples γὰρ ὁ Πατὴρ κρίνει οὐδένα, ἀλλὰ δέδωκεν πᾶσαν τὴν κρίσιν τῷ Υἱῷ 1 For the Father judges no one, but he has given all judgment to the Son The word "for" marks a comparison. The Son of God carries out judgment for God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 5 23 p2kj guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 honor the Son just as ... the Father. The one who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father God the Son must be honored and worshiped just like God the Father. If we fail to honor God the Son, then we also fail to honor God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 24 w6wu 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 5 24 eg5h figs-metonymy 0 he who hears my word Here "word" is a metonym that represents the message of Jesus. Alternate translation: "anyone who hears my message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 5 24 w6wu ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 5 24 eg5h figs-metonymy ὁ ἀκούων μου τὸν λόγον 1 he who hears my word Here "word" is a metonym that represents the message of Jesus. Alternate translation: "anyone who hears my message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 5 24 ql7q figs-doublenegatives 0 will not be condemned This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "will be judged to be innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 5 25 gtu6 0 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 5 25 s23d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live The voice of Jesus, the Son of God, will raise dead people from the grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 25 d81y guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 25 gtu6 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 5 25 s23d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples οἱ νεκροὶ ἀκούσουσιν τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἀκούσαντες ζήσουσιν 1 the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live The voice of Jesus, the Son of God, will raise dead people from the grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 25 d81y guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 5 26 p6ub guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 For just as the Father has life in himself, so he has also given to the Son so that he has life in himself The word "For" marks a comparison. The Son of God has the power to give life, just as the Father does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 5 26 x136 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 26 f5vq 0 life This means spiritual life. +JHN 5 26 f5vq ζωὴν 1 life This means spiritual life. JHN 5 27 g58f guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son of Man These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 27 pr1c 0 the Father has given the Son authority to carry out judgment The Son of God has the authority of God the Father to judge. -JHN 5 28 sr8j 0 Do not be amazed at this "This" refers to the fact that Jesus, as the Son of Man, has the power to give eternal life and to carry out judgment. -JHN 5 28 h9l7 0 hear his voice "hear my voice" -JHN 5 30 ayn1 0 the will of him who sent me The word "him" refers to God the Father. -JHN 5 32 yt31 0 There is another who testifies about me "There is someone else who tells people about me" -JHN 5 32 nr3l 0 another This refers to God. -JHN 5 32 uxh5 0 the testimony that he gives about me is true "what he tells people about me is true" +JHN 5 27 pr1c ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ἐξουσίαν ποιεῖν κρίσιν 1 the Father has given the Son authority to carry out judgment The Son of God has the authority of God the Father to judge. +JHN 5 28 sr8j θαυμάζετε μὴ θαυμάζετε τοῦτο 1 Do not be amazed at this "This" refers to the fact that Jesus, as the Son of Man, has the power to give eternal life and to carry out judgment. +JHN 5 28 h9l7 ἀκούσουσιν αὐτοῦ τῆς φωνῆς 1 hear his voice "hear my voice" +JHN 5 30 ayn1 τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με 1 the will of him who sent me The word "him" refers to God the Father. +JHN 5 32 yt31 ἐστὶν ἄλλος ὁ μαρτυρῶν περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 There is another who testifies about me "There is someone else who tells people about me" +JHN 5 32 nr3l ἄλλος 1 another This refers to God. +JHN 5 32 uxh5 ἡ μαρτυρία ἣν μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν ἀληθής 1 the testimony that he gives about me is true "what he tells people about me is true" JHN 5 34 rvc5 0 the testimony that I receive is not from man "I do not need people's testimony" -JHN 5 34 a4je figs-activepassive 0 that you might be saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so God can save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 5 35 w4w3 figs-metaphor 0 John was a lamp that was burning and shining, and you were willing to rejoice in his light for a while Here "lamp" and "light" are metaphors. John taught the people about God and this was like a lamp shining its light into the dark. Alternate translation: "John taught you about God and this was like a lamp shining its light. And for a while what John said made you happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 5 34 a4je figs-activepassive ἵνα ὑμεῖς σωθῆτε 1 that you might be saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so God can save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 5 35 w4w3 figs-metaphor ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, δὲ ὑμεῖς ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ φωτὶ πρὸς ὥραν 1 John was a lamp that was burning and shining, and you were willing to rejoice in his light for a while Here "lamp" and "light" are metaphors. John taught the people about God and this was like a lamp shining its light into the dark. Alternate translation: "John taught you about God and this was like a lamp shining its light. And for a while what John said made you happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 5 36 rt6j 0 the works that the Father has given me to accomplish ... that the Father has sent me God the Father has sent God the Son, Jesus, to earth. Jesus completes what the Father gives him to do. -JHN 5 36 dvr9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 36 yz3u figs-personification 0 the very works that I do, testify about me Here Jesus says that the miracles "testify" or "tell the people" about him. Alternate translation: "What I do shows the people that God has sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JHN 5 37 p157 figs-rpronouns 0 The Father who sent me has himself testified The reflexive pronoun "himself" emphasizes that it is the Father, not someone less important, who has testified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 5 38 lxm4 0 You do not have his word remaining in you, for you are not believing in the one whom he has sent "You do not believe in the one he has sent. That is how I know that you do not have his word remaining in you" -JHN 5 38 dfn1 figs-metaphor 0 You do not have his word remaining in you Jesus speaks of people living according to God's word as if they were houses and God's word were a person that lived in houses. Alternate translation: "You do not live according to his word" or "You do not obey his word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 5 38 rc2n 0 his word "the message he spoke to you" -JHN 5 39 xi22 0 in them you have eternal life "you will find eternal life if you read them" or "the scriptures will tell you how you can have eternal life" -JHN 5 40 dzm2 0 you are not willing to come to me "you refuse to believe my message" -JHN 5 41 c1rx 0 receive accept -JHN 5 42 b1j4 0 you do not have the love of God in yourselves This can mean 1) "you really do not love God" or 2) "you have really not received God's love." -JHN 5 43 zw65 figs-metonymy 0 in my Father's name Here the word "name" is a metonym that symbolizes God's power and authority. Alternate translation: "I have come with my Father's authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 5 43 rtb9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 5 43 ue9f 0 receive welcome as a friend -JHN 5 43 p7jg figs-metonymy 0 If another should come in his own name The word "name" is a metonym that represents authority. Alternate translation: "If another should come in his own authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 5 36 dvr9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 36 yz3u figs-personification τὰ αὐτὰ ἔργα ἃ ποιῶ, μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 the very works that I do, testify about me Here Jesus says that the miracles "testify" or "tell the people" about him. Alternate translation: "What I do shows the people that God has sent me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JHN 5 37 p157 figs-rpronouns ὁ Πατὴρ πέμψας με μεμαρτύρηκεν ἐκεῖνος μεμαρτύρηκεν 1 The Father who sent me has himself testified The reflexive pronoun "himself" emphasizes that it is the Father, not someone less important, who has testified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 5 38 lxm4 ἔχετε οὐκ ἔχετε αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον μένοντα ἐν ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὑμεῖς πιστεύετε οὐ πιστεύετε ὃν ὅτι ὃν ἀπέστειλεν ἐκεῖνος ἀπέστειλεν 1 You do not have his word remaining in you, for you are not believing in the one whom he has sent "You do not believe in the one he has sent. That is how I know that you do not have his word remaining in you" +JHN 5 38 dfn1 figs-metaphor ἔχετε οὐκ ἔχετε αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον μένοντα ἐν ὑμῖν 1 You do not have his word remaining in you Jesus speaks of people living according to God's word as if they were houses and God's word were a person that lived in houses. Alternate translation: "You do not live according to his word" or "You do not obey his word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 5 38 rc2n αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 his word "the message he spoke to you" +JHN 5 39 xi22 ἐν αὐταῖς ἔχειν αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 in them you have eternal life "you will find eternal life if you read them" or "the scriptures will tell you how you can have eternal life" +JHN 5 40 dzm2 θέλετε οὐ θέλετε ἐλθεῖν πρός με 1 you are not willing to come to me "you refuse to believe my message" +JHN 5 41 c1rx λαμβάνω 1 receive accept +JHN 5 42 b1j4 ὑμᾶς ἔχετε οὐκ ἔχετε τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 you do not have the love of God in yourselves This can mean 1) "you really do not love God" or 2) "you have really not received God's love." +JHN 5 43 zw65 figs-metonymy ἐν μου τοῦ Πατρός' τοῦ Πατρός τῷ ὀνόματι 1 in my Father's name Here the word "name" is a metonym that symbolizes God's power and authority. Alternate translation: "I have come with my Father's authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 5 43 rtb9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 5 43 ue9f λαμβάνετέ 1 receive welcome as a friend +JHN 5 43 p7jg figs-metonymy ἐὰν ἄλλος ἔλθῃ ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 If another should come in his own name The word "name" is a metonym that represents authority. Alternate translation: "If another should come in his own authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 5 44 e999 figs-rquestion 0 How can you believe, you who accept praise ... God? This remark appears in the form of a question in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "There is no way you can believe because you accept praise ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 5 44 g7qd 0 believe This means to trust in Jesus. -JHN 5 45 kk5q figs-metonymy 0 The one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have put your hope "Moses" here is a metonym here that stands for the law itself. Alternate translation: "Moses accuses you in the Law, the very Law in which you have put your hopes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 5 45 pf98 0 your hope "your confidence" or "your trust" +JHN 5 44 g7qd πιστεῦσαι 1 believe This means to trust in Jesus. +JHN 5 45 kk5q figs-metonymy ὁ κατηγορῶν ὑμῶν ἔστιν Μωϋσῆς, εἰς ὃν ὑμεῖς ἠλπίκατε 1 The one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have put your hope "Moses" here is a metonym here that stands for the law itself. Alternate translation: "Moses accuses you in the Law, the very Law in which you have put your hopes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 5 45 pf98 ἠλπίκατε 1 your hope "your confidence" or "your trust" JHN 5 47 b8dd figs-rquestion 0 If you do not believe his writings, how are you going to believe my words? This remark appears in the form of a question to provide emphasis. Alternate translation: "You do not believe his writings, so you will never believe my words!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 5 47 x7h9 0 my words "what I say" +JHN 5 47 x7h9 τοῖς ἐμοῖς ῥήμασιν 1 my words "what I say" JHN 6 intro xe4t 0 # John 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### King

The king of any nation was the richest and most powerful person in that nation. The people wanted Jesus to be their king because he gave them food and so they thought he would make the Jews into the richest and most powerful nation in the world. They did not understand that Jesus came to die so God could forgive his people's sins and that the world would persecute his people.

#### Important metaphors in this chapter

##### Bread

Bread was the most common and important food in Jesus' day, and so the word "bread" was their general word for "food." It is often difficult to translate the word "bread" into the languages of people who do not eat bread because the general word for food in some languages refers to food that did not exist in Jesus' culture. Jesus used the word "bread" to refer to himself. He wanted them to understand that they need him so they can have eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

##### Eating the flesh and drinking the blood

When Jesus said, "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you will not have life in yourselves," he knew that before he died he would tell his followers to do this by eating bread and drinking wine. In the event this chapter describes, he expected that his hearers would understand that he was using a metaphor but would not understand what the metaphor referred to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Parenthetical Ideas
Several times in this passage, John explains something or gives the reader some context to better understand the story. These explanation are intended to give the reader some additional knowledge without interrupting the flow of the narrative. The information is placed inside parentheses.

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 6;26](./26.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 6 1 qhj7 writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus has traveled from Jerusalem to Galilee. A crowd has followed him up a mountainside. These verses tell the setting of this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 1 el4l 0 After these things The phrase "these things" refers to the events in [John 5:1-46](../05/01.md) and introduces the event that follows. -JHN 6 1 z345 figs-explicit 0 Jesus went away It is implied in the text that Jesus traveled by boat and took his disciples with him. Alternate translation: "Jesus traveled by boat with his disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 6 2 qxs7 0 A great crowd "A large number of people" -JHN 6 2 g6zm 0 signs This refers to the miracles that are used as evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over everything. +JHN 6 1 el4l μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things The phrase "these things" refers to the events in [John 5:1-46](../05/01.md) and introduces the event that follows. +JHN 6 1 z345 figs-explicit ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπῆλθεν 1 Jesus went away It is implied in the text that Jesus traveled by boat and took his disciples with him. Alternate translation: "Jesus traveled by boat with his disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 6 2 qxs7 ὄχλος πολύς ὄχλος 1 A great crowd "A large number of people" +JHN 6 2 g6zm σημεῖα 1 signs This refers to the miracles that are used as evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over everything. JHN 6 4 kct2 0 General Information: The action in the story begins in verse 5. -JHN 6 4 ri55 writing-background 0 Now the Passover, the Jewish festival, was near John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to give background information about when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 6 cj58 writing-background 0 But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to explain why Jesus asked Philip where to buy bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 6 uk6t figs-rpronouns 0 for he himself knew The reflexive pronoun "himself" makes it clear that the word "he" refers to Jesus. Jesus knew what he would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 6 7 z3gj translate-bmoney 0 Two hundred denarii worth of bread The word "denarii" is the plural of "denarius. "Alternate translation: "The amount of bread that cost two hundred days' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -JHN 6 9 k3k6 0 five bread loaves of barley "Five loaves of barley bread." Barley was a common grain. -JHN 6 9 fjx1 0 loaves A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. These were probably small dense, round loaves. -JHN 6 9 xwu8 figs-rquestion 0 what are these among so many? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that they do not have enough food to feed everyone. Alternate translation: "these few loaves and fishes are not enough to feed so many people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 6 10 n9ft 0 sit down "lie down" -JHN 6 10 pf33 writing-background 0 Now there was a lot of grass in the place John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to give background information about the place where this event happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 10 iz32 0 So the men sat down, about five thousand in number While the crowd probably included women and children ([John 6:4-5](./04.md)), here John is counting only the men. -JHN 6 11 mnw3 0 giving thanks Jesus prayed to God the Father and thanked him for the fish and the loaves. -JHN 6 11 wi9d figs-synecdoche 0 he gave it "he" here represents "Jesus and his disciples." Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples gave it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 6 4 ri55 writing-background δὲ τὸ Πάσχα, τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἡ ἑορτὴ, ἦν ἐγγὺς 1 Now the Passover, the Jewish festival, was near John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to give background information about when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 6 6 cj58 writing-background δὲ ἔλεγεν τοῦτο πειράζων αὐτόν, γὰρ ᾔδει αὐτὸς ᾔδει τί ἔμελλεν ποιεῖν 1 But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to explain why Jesus asked Philip where to buy bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 6 6 uk6t figs-rpronouns γὰρ ᾔδει αὐτὸς ᾔδει 1 for he himself knew The reflexive pronoun "himself" makes it clear that the word "he" refers to Jesus. Jesus knew what he would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 6 7 z3gj translate-bmoney διακοσίων δηναρίων ἄρτοι 1 Two hundred denarii worth of bread The word "denarii" is the plural of "denarius. "Alternate translation: "The amount of bread that cost two hundred days' wages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +JHN 6 9 k3k6 πέντε ἄρτους κριθίνους 1 five bread loaves of barley "Five loaves of barley bread." Barley was a common grain. +JHN 6 9 fjx1 ἄρτους 1 loaves A loaf of bread is a lump of dough that is shaped and baked. These were probably small dense, round loaves. +JHN 6 9 xwu8 figs-rquestion τί ἐστιν ταῦτα εἰς τοσούτους 1 what are these among so many? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that they do not have enough food to feed everyone. Alternate translation: "these few loaves and fishes are not enough to feed so many people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 10 n9ft ἀναπεσεῖν 1 sit down "lie down" +JHN 6 10 pf33 writing-background δὲ ἦν πολὺς χόρτος ἐν τῷ τόπῳ 1 Now there was a lot of grass in the place John briefly stops telling about the events in the story in order to give background information about the place where this event happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 6 10 iz32 οὖν οἱ ἄνδρες ἀνέπεσαν, ὡς πεντακισχίλιοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν 1 So the men sat down, about five thousand in number While the crowd probably included women and children ([John 6:4-5](./04.md)), here John is counting only the men. +JHN 6 11 mnw3 εὐχαριστήσας 1 giving thanks Jesus prayed to God the Father and thanked him for the fish and the loaves. +JHN 6 11 wi9d figs-synecdoche διέδωκεν 1 he gave it "he" here represents "Jesus and his disciples." Alternate translation: "Jesus and his disciples gave it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 6 13 y3zz 0 General Information: Jesus withdraws from the crowd. This is the end of the part of the story about Jesus feeding the crowd on the mountain. -JHN 6 13 hqx9 0 they gathered "the disciples gathered" -JHN 6 13 h64z 0 left over the food that no one had eaten -JHN 6 14 nlw1 0 this sign Jesus feeding the 5,000 people with five barley loaves and two fish -JHN 6 14 g8zb 0 the prophet the special prophet who Moses said would come into the world +JHN 6 13 hqx9 συνήγαγον 1 they gathered "the disciples gathered" +JHN 6 13 h64z ἃ ἐπερίσσευσαν 1 left over the food that no one had eaten +JHN 6 14 nlw1 ὃ σημεῖον 1 this sign Jesus feeding the 5,000 people with five barley loaves and two fish +JHN 6 14 g8zb ὁ προφήτης 1 the prophet the special prophet who Moses said would come into the world JHN 6 16 qb23 0 Connecting Statement: This is the next event in the story. Jesus' disciples go out onto the lake in a boat. -JHN 6 17 fkj2 writing-background 0 It was dark by this time, and Jesus had not yet come to them Use your language's way of showing that this is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 19 xx7d 0 they had rowed Boats usually had two, four, or six people rowing with rowers on each side working together. Your culture may have different ways of making a boat go across a large body of water. -JHN 6 19 sgf4 translate-bdistance 0 about twenty-five or thirty stadia A "stadium" is 185 meters. Alternate translation: "about five or six kilometers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -JHN 6 20 d6wv 0 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid!" -JHN 6 21 qtw5 figs-explicit 0 they were willing to receive him into the boat It is implied that Jesus gets into the boat. Alternate translation: "they gladly received him into the boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 6 22 yy7c 0 the sea "the Sea of Galilee" +JHN 6 17 fkj2 writing-background ἐγεγόνει σκοτία ἤδη, καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐληλύθει οὔπω ἐληλύθει πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 It was dark by this time, and Jesus had not yet come to them Use your language's way of showing that this is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 6 19 xx7d ἐληλακότες 1 they had rowed Boats usually had two, four, or six people rowing with rowers on each side working together. Your culture may have different ways of making a boat go across a large body of water. +JHN 6 19 sgf4 translate-bdistance ὡς εἴκοσι- πέντε ἢ τριάκοντα σταδίους 1 about twenty-five or thirty stadia A "stadium" is 185 meters. Alternate translation: "about five or six kilometers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +JHN 6 20 d6wv φοβεῖσθε μὴ φοβεῖσθε 1 Do not be afraid "Stop being afraid!" +JHN 6 21 qtw5 figs-explicit ἤθελον λαβεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ πλοῖον 1 they were willing to receive him into the boat It is implied that Jesus gets into the boat. Alternate translation: "they gladly received him into the boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 6 22 yy7c πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης 1 the sea "the Sea of Galilee" JHN 6 23 z5b4 writing-background 0 However, there were ... the Lord had given thanks Use your language's way of showing that this is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 6 23 w7qu writing-background 0 boats that came from Tiberias Here, John provides more background information. The next day, after Jesus fed the people, some boats with people from Tiberius came to see Jesus. However, Jesus and his disciples had left the night before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 6 24 cql6 0 General Information: The people go to Capernaum to find Jesus. When they see him, they start asking him questions. -JHN 6 26 f8j4 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 6 27 czb3 0 eternal life which the Son of Man will give you, for God the Father has set his seal on him God the Father has given his approval to Jesus, the Son of Man, to give eternal life to those who believe in him. +JHN 6 26 f8j4 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 6 27 czb3 αἰώνιον ζωὴν ἣν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου δώσει ὑμῖν, γὰρ ὁ Θεός ὁ Πατὴρ ἐσφράγισεν τοῦτον 1 eternal life which the Son of Man will give you, for God the Father has set his seal on him God the Father has given his approval to Jesus, the Son of Man, to give eternal life to those who believe in him. JHN 6 27 b94w guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of Man ... God the Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 27 gf9q figs-metaphor 0 has set his seal on him To "set a seal" on something means to place a mark on it to show to whom it belongs. This means that the Son belongs to the Father and that the Father approves of him in every way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 31 gye7 0 Our fathers "Our forefathers" or "Our ancestors" -JHN 6 31 jz9p 0 heaven This refers to the place where God lives. -JHN 6 32 e6s1 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 6 27 gf9q figs-metaphor ἐσφράγισεν τοῦτον 1 has set his seal on him To "set a seal" on something means to place a mark on it to show to whom it belongs. This means that the Son belongs to the Father and that the Father approves of him in every way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 31 gye7 ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 Our fathers "Our forefathers" or "Our ancestors" +JHN 6 31 jz9p τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 heaven This refers to the place where God lives. +JHN 6 32 e6s1 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). JHN 6 32 ega4 figs-metaphor 0 it is my Father who is giving you the true bread from heaven The "true bread" is a metaphor for Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Father gives to you the Son as the true bread from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 32 c73l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 33 rrf5 0 gives life to the world "gives spiritual life to the world" -JHN 6 33 k897 figs-metonymy 0 the world Here the "world" is a metonym for all of the people in the world who trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 6 35 cr2m figs-metaphor 0 I am the bread of life Through metaphor, Jesus compares himself with bread. Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. Alternate translation: "Just as food keeps you alive physically, I can give you spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 35 w1sp 0 believes in This means to believe that Jesus is the Son of God, to trust him as Savior, and to live in a way that honors him. -JHN 6 37 n6bk guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Everyone whom the Father gives me will come to me God the Father and God the Son will save forever those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 37 vpz8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 37 i92s figs-litotes 0 he who comes to me I will certainly not throw out This sentence states the opposite of what it means for emphasis. Alternate translation: "I will keep everyone who comes to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +JHN 6 32 c73l guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Πατήρ 1 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 33 rrf5 διδοὺς ζωὴν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 gives life to the world "gives spiritual life to the world" +JHN 6 33 k897 figs-metonymy τῷ κόσμῳ 1 the world Here the "world" is a metonym for all of the people in the world who trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 6 35 cr2m figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς 1 I am the bread of life Through metaphor, Jesus compares himself with bread. Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. Alternate translation: "Just as food keeps you alive physically, I can give you spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 35 w1sp ὁ πιστεύων εἰς 1 believes in This means to believe that Jesus is the Son of God, to trust him as Savior, and to live in a way that honors him. +JHN 6 37 n6bk guidelines-sonofgodprinciples πᾶν ὃ ὁ Πατὴρ δίδωσίν μοι ἥξει πρὸς ἐμὲ 1 Everyone whom the Father gives me will come to me God the Father and God the Son will save forever those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 37 vpz8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 37 i92s figs-litotes τὸν ἐρχόμενον πρός ἐμὲ ἐκβάλω οὐ μὴ ἐκβάλω ἔξω 1 he who comes to me I will certainly not throw out This sentence states the opposite of what it means for emphasis. Alternate translation: "I will keep everyone who comes to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JHN 6 38 z84i 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the crowd. -JHN 6 38 cpi9 0 him who sent me "my Father, who sent me" -JHN 6 39 x5c1 figs-litotes 0 I would lose not one of all those Here litotes is used to emphasize that Jesus will keep everyone that God gives to him. Alternate translation: "I should keep all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +JHN 6 38 cpi9 τοῦ πέμψαντός με 1 him who sent me "my Father, who sent me" +JHN 6 39 x5c1 figs-litotes ἀπολέσω μὴ ἐξ αὐτοῦ πᾶν ὃ δέδωκέν 1 I would lose not one of all those Here litotes is used to emphasize that Jesus will keep everyone that God gives to him. Alternate translation: "I should keep all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JHN 6 39 j7q6 figs-idiom 0 will raise them up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "will cause them to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JHN 6 41 t91b 0 Connecting Statement: The Jewish leaders interrupt Jesus as he is speaking to the crowd. -JHN 6 41 jl8l 0 grumbled talked unhappily -JHN 6 41 wwa5 figs-metaphor 0 I am the bread Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. See how you translated this in [John 6:35](../06/35.md). Alternate translation: "I am the one who is like true bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 41 jl8l ἐγόγγυζον 1 grumbled talked unhappily +JHN 6 41 wwa5 figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος 1 I am the bread Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. See how you translated this in [John 6:35](../06/35.md). Alternate translation: "I am the one who is like true bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 6 42 bm3w figs-rquestion 0 Is not this Jesus ... whose father and mother we know? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the Jewish leaders believe that Jesus is no one special. Alternate translation: "This is just Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 6 42 i81r figs-rquestion 0 How then does he now say, 'I have come down from heaven'? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the Jewish leaders do not believe that Jesus came from heaven. Alternate translation: "He is lying when he says that he came from heaven!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 42 i81r figs-rquestion ? πῶς λέγει νῦν λέγει,' καταβέβηκα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ'?" 1 How then does he now say, 'I have come down from heaven'? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the Jewish leaders do not believe that Jesus came from heaven. Alternate translation: "He is lying when he says that he came from heaven!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 6 43 pk4s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the crowd and now also to the Jewish leaders. -JHN 6 44 s6b5 figs-idiom 0 raise him up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "cause him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 6 44 rr2m 0 draws This can mean 1) "pulls" or 2) "attracts." -JHN 6 44 jb73 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 45 j1af figs-activepassive 0 It is written in the prophets This is a passive statement that can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 6 45 rk3b 0 Everyone who has heard and learned from the Father comes to me The Jews thought Jesus was the "son of Joseph" ([John 6:42](../06/42.md)), but he is the Son of God because his Father is God, not Joseph. Those who truly learn from God the Father believe in Jesus, who is God the Son. +JHN 6 44 s6b5 figs-idiom ἀναστήσω αὐτὸν ἀναστήσω 1 raise him up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "cause him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 6 44 rr2m ἑλκύσῃ 1 draws This can mean 1) "pulls" or 2) "attracts." +JHN 6 44 jb73 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 45 j1af figs-activepassive ἔστιν γεγραμμένον ἐν τοῖς προφήταις 1 It is written in the prophets This is a passive statement that can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 6 45 rk3b πᾶς ὁ ἀκούσας καὶ μαθὼν παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἔρχεται πρὸς ἐμέ 1 Everyone who has heard and learned from the Father comes to me The Jews thought Jesus was the "son of Joseph" ([John 6:42](../06/42.md)), but he is the Son of God because his Father is God, not Joseph. Those who truly learn from God the Father believe in Jesus, who is God the Son. JHN 6 46 lcz8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus now continues speaking to the crowd and the Jewish leaders. -JHN 6 46 i9mp guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 47 de5y 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 6 47 t8lk 0 he who believes has eternal life God gives "eternal life" to those who trust in Jesus, the Son of God. -JHN 6 48 iih2 figs-metaphor 0 I am the bread of life Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. See how you translated this in [John 6:35](../06/35.md). Alternate translation: "Just like food that keeps you alive physically, I can give you spiritual life that lasts forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 49 uh76 0 Your fathers "Your forefathers" or "Your ancestors" -JHN 6 49 mr3u 0 died This refers to physical death. -JHN 6 50 sa53 figs-metaphor 0 This is the bread Here "bread" is a metaphor that points to Jesus who is the one who gives spiritual life just as bread sustains physical life. Alternate translation: "I am like the true bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 50 v212 0 not die "live forever." Here the word "die" refers to spiritual death. -JHN 6 51 px99 0 living bread This means "the bread that causes people to live" ([John 6:35](../06/35.md)). -JHN 6 51 nb41 figs-metonymy 0 for the life of the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents the lives of all the people in the world. Alternate translation: "that will give life to all the people in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 6 46 i9mp guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 47 de5y ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 6 47 t8lk ὁ πιστεύων ἔχει αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 he who believes has eternal life God gives "eternal life" to those who trust in Jesus, the Son of God. +JHN 6 48 iih2 figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς 1 I am the bread of life Just as bread is necessary for our physical life, Jesus is necessary for our spiritual life. See how you translated this in [John 6:35](../06/35.md). Alternate translation: "Just like food that keeps you alive physically, I can give you spiritual life that lasts forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 49 uh76 ὑμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 Your fathers "Your forefathers" or "Your ancestors" +JHN 6 49 mr3u ἀπέθανον 1 died This refers to physical death. +JHN 6 50 sa53 figs-metaphor οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἄρτος 1 This is the bread Here "bread" is a metaphor that points to Jesus who is the one who gives spiritual life just as bread sustains physical life. Alternate translation: "I am like the true bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 50 v212 μὴ ἀποθάνῃ 1 not die "live forever." Here the word "die" refers to spiritual death. +JHN 6 51 px99 ὁ ζῶν ἄρτος 1 living bread This means "the bread that causes people to live" ([John 6:35](../06/35.md)). +JHN 6 51 nb41 figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ κόσμου 1 for the life of the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents the lives of all the people in the world. Alternate translation: "that will give life to all the people in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 6 52 v6g7 0 Connecting Statement: Some Jews who are present begin to argue among themselves and Jesus responds to their question. -JHN 6 52 fj5p figs-rquestion 0 How can this man give us his flesh to eat? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the Jewish leaders are reacting negatively to what Jesus has said about "his flesh." Alternate translation: "There is no way that this man can give us his flesh to eat!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 6 53 q8jl 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 6 53 r7hh figs-metaphor 0 eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood Here the phrases "eat the flesh" and "drink his blood" are a metaphor that shows how trusting in Jesus, the Son of Man, is like receiving spiritual food and drink. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 53 j1ga 0 you will not have life in yourselves "you will not receive eternal life" +JHN 6 52 fj5p figs-rquestion πῶς δύναται οὗτος δοῦναι ἡμῖν τὴν σάρκα φαγεῖν 1 How can this man give us his flesh to eat? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the Jewish leaders are reacting negatively to what Jesus has said about "his flesh." Alternate translation: "There is no way that this man can give us his flesh to eat!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 53 q8jl ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 6 53 r7hh figs-metaphor φάγητε τὴν σάρκα τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου καὶ πίητε αὐτοῦ τὸ αἷμα 1 eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood Here the phrases "eat the flesh" and "drink his blood" are a metaphor that shows how trusting in Jesus, the Son of Man, is like receiving spiritual food and drink. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 53 j1ga ἔχετε οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 you will not have life in yourselves "you will not receive eternal life" JHN 6 54 t3xn 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to all those listening to him. JHN 6 54 hc5d figs-metaphor 0 Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has everlasting life The phrases "eats my flesh" and "drinks my blood" are a metaphor for trusting Jesus. Just as people need food and drink in order to live, people need to trust Jesus in order to have eternal life. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 54 ym6w figs-idiom 0 raise him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "cause him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 6 54 qia5 0 at the last day "on the day when God judges everyone" +JHN 6 54 ym6w figs-idiom ἀναστήσω αὐτὸν ἀναστήσω 1 raise him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "cause him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 6 54 qia5 τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 at the last day "on the day when God judges everyone" JHN 6 55 cik2 figs-metaphor 0 my flesh is true food ... my blood is true drink The phrases "true food" and "true drink" are a metaphor that means Jesus gives life to those who trust in him. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 56 u3w4 0 remains in me, and I in him "has a close relationship with me" -JHN 6 57 dba2 0 so he who eats me The phrase "eats me" is a metaphor for trusting Jesus. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) -JHN 6 57 nfz4 0 living Father Possible meanings are 1) "the Father who gives life" or 2) "the Father who is alive." -JHN 6 57 m1l5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 58 m2nz 0 This is the bread that has come down from heaven Jesus was speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I am the bread that has come down from heaven" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) -JHN 6 58 kv16 figs-metaphor 0 This is the bread that has come down from heaven The bread is a metaphor for what gives life. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 58 j2hx 0 He who eats this bread Jesus spoke about himself as "this bread." Alternate translation: "He who eats me, the bread" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) -JHN 6 58 jv4c 0 He who eats this bread Here "eats this bread" is a metaphor for trusting Jesus. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) -JHN 6 58 i9ih 0 the fathers "the forefathers" or "the ancestors" +JHN 6 56 u3w4 μένει ἐν ἐμοὶ, κἀγὼ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 remains in me, and I in him "has a close relationship with me" +JHN 6 57 dba2 καὶ ὁ τρώγων με 1 so he who eats me The phrase "eats me" is a metaphor for trusting Jesus. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) +JHN 6 57 nfz4 ζῶν Πατὴρ 1 living Father Possible meanings are 1) "the Father who gives life" or 2) "the Father who is alive." +JHN 6 57 m1l5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 58 m2nz οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἄρτος ὁ καταβάς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 This is the bread that has come down from heaven Jesus was speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "I am the bread that has come down from heaven" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) +JHN 6 58 kv16 figs-metaphor οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἄρτος ὁ καταβάς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 This is the bread that has come down from heaven The bread is a metaphor for what gives life. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 58 j2hx ὁ τρώγων τοῦτον τὸν ἄρτον 1 He who eats this bread Jesus spoke about himself as "this bread." Alternate translation: "He who eats me, the bread" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) +JHN 6 58 jv4c ὁ τρώγων τοῦτον τὸν ἄρτον 1 He who eats this bread Here "eats this bread" is a metaphor for trusting Jesus. However, the Jews did not understand this. Do not make the meaning of this metaphor more clear than Jesus did. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) +JHN 6 58 i9ih οἱ πατέρες 1 the fathers "the forefathers" or "the ancestors" JHN 6 59 ph39 writing-background 0 Jesus said these things in the synagogue ... in Capernaum Here John gives background information about when this event happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 6 60 t1me 0 Connecting Statement: Some of the disciples ask a question and Jesus responds, as he continues speaking to the crowd. -JHN 6 60 cp3k figs-rquestion 0 who can accept it? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the disciples have difficulty understanding what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "no one can accept it!" or "it is too hard to understand!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 6 61 rn8i 0 Does this offend you? "Does this shock you?" or "Does this upset you?" -JHN 6 62 r33r figs-rquestion 0 Then what if you should see the Son of Man going up to where he was before? Jesus offers this remark in the form of a question to emphasize that his disciples will see other things that are also hard to understand. Alternate translation: "Then you will not know what to think when you see me, the Son of Man, going up into heaven!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 6 63 y558 0 profits The word "profit" means to cause good things to happen. -JHN 6 63 fy9p figs-metonymy 0 words Possible meanings are 1) Jesus' words in [John 6:32-58](./32.md) or 2) everything Jesus teaches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 6 63 plw8 0 The words that I have spoken to you "What I have told you" -JHN 6 63 gb29 0 are spirit, and they are life Possible meanings are 1) "are about the Spirit and eternal life" or 2) "are from the Spirit and give eternal life" or 3) "are about spiritual things and life." +JHN 6 60 cp3k figs-rquestion τίς δύναται ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ 1 who can accept it? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the disciples have difficulty understanding what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "no one can accept it!" or "it is too hard to understand!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 61 rn8i σκανδαλίζει τοῦτο σκανδαλίζει ὑμᾶς? 1 Does this offend you? "Does this shock you?" or "Does this upset you?" +JHN 6 62 r33r figs-rquestion οὖν ἐὰν θεωρῆτε τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἀναβαίνοντα ὅπου ἦν τὸ πρότερον? 1 Then what if you should see the Son of Man going up to where he was before? Jesus offers this remark in the form of a question to emphasize that his disciples will see other things that are also hard to understand. Alternate translation: "Then you will not know what to think when you see me, the Son of Man, going up into heaven!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 63 y558 ὠφελεῖ 1 profits The word "profit" means to cause good things to happen. +JHN 6 63 fy9p figs-metonymy ῥήματα 1 words Possible meanings are 1) Jesus' words in [John 6:32-58](./32.md) or 2) everything Jesus teaches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 6 63 plw8 τὰ ῥήματα ἃ ἐγὼ λελάληκα ὑμῖν 1 The words that I have spoken to you "What I have told you" +JHN 6 63 gb29 ἐστιν πνεῦμά, καὶ ἐστιν ζωή 1 are spirit, and they are life Possible meanings are 1) "are about the Spirit and eternal life" or 2) "are from the Spirit and give eternal life" or 3) "are about spiritual things and life." JHN 6 64 k7ir 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the crowd. JHN 6 64 ey1e writing-background 0 For Jesus knew from the beginning who were the ones ... who it was who would betray him Here John gives background information about what Jesus knew would happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 65 c3cl 0 no one can come to me unless it is granted to him by the Father Whoever wants to believe must come to God through the Son. Only God the Father allows people to come to Jesus. -JHN 6 65 g4za guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 6 65 f7l1 0 come to me "follow me and receive eternal life" -JHN 6 66 h8j9 figs-metaphor 0 no longer walked with him Jesus went from one place to another by walking, so it is literally true that they did not walk where and when he walked, but the reader should also be able to understand that this metaphor indicates that they no longer wanted to hear what he had to say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 6 66 v7gq 0 his disciples Here "his disciples" refers to the general group of people who followed Jesus. -JHN 6 67 bg2f figs-ellipsis 0 the twelve This is an ellipsis for "the twelve disciples," a specific group of twelve men who followed Jesus for his entire ministry. Alternate translation: "the twelve disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 6 65 c3cl οὐδεὶς δύναται ἐλθεῖν πρός με ἐὰν μὴ ᾖ δεδομένον αὐτῷ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός 1 no one can come to me unless it is granted to him by the Father Whoever wants to believe must come to God through the Son. Only God the Father allows people to come to Jesus. +JHN 6 65 g4za guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 6 65 f7l1 ἐλθεῖν πρός με 1 come to me "follow me and receive eternal life" +JHN 6 66 h8j9 figs-metaphor οὐκέτι περιεπάτουν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 no longer walked with him Jesus went from one place to another by walking, so it is literally true that they did not walk where and when he walked, but the reader should also be able to understand that this metaphor indicates that they no longer wanted to hear what he had to say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 6 66 v7gq αὐτοῦ τῶν μαθητῶν 1 his disciples Here "his disciples" refers to the general group of people who followed Jesus. +JHN 6 67 bg2f figs-ellipsis τοῖς δώδεκα 1 the twelve This is an ellipsis for "the twelve disciples," a specific group of twelve men who followed Jesus for his entire ministry. Alternate translation: "the twelve disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JHN 6 68 g9l4 figs-rquestion 0 Lord, to whom shall we go? Simon Peter gives this remark in the form of a question to emphasize that he desires to follow only Jesus. Alternate translation: "Lord, we could never follow anyone but you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 6 70 z9yc writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 71 is not part of the main story line as John comments on what Jesus said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 6 70 m9ys figs-rquestion 0 Did not I choose you, the twelve, and one of you is a devil? Jesus gives this remark in the form of a question to draw attention to the fact that one of the disciples will betray him. Alternate translation: "I chose you all myself, yet one of you is a servant of Satan!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 6 70 m9ys figs-rquestion ἐξελεξάμην οὐκ ἐγὼ ἐξελεξάμην ὑμᾶς, τοὺς δώδεκα, καὶ εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐστιν διάβολός 1 Did not I choose you, the twelve, and one of you is a devil? Jesus gives this remark in the form of a question to draw attention to the fact that one of the disciples will betray him. Alternate translation: "I chose you all myself, yet one of you is a servant of Satan!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 7 intro l712 0 # John 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This whole chapter concerns the concept of believing Jesus to be the Messiah. Some people believed this to be true while others rejected it. Some were willing to recognize his power and even the possibility that he was a prophet, but most were unwilling to believe that he was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

Translators may wish to include a note at verse 53 to explain to the reader why they have chosen or chosen not to translate verses 7:53-8:11.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "My time has not yet come"
This phrase and "his hour had not yet come" are used in this chapter to indicate that Jesus is in control of the events unfolding in his life.

##### "Living water"
This is an important image used in the New Testament. It is a metaphor. Because this metaphor is given in a desert environment, it probably emphasizes that Jesus is able to give life sustaining nourishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Prophecy
Jesus gives a prophecy about his life without an explicit statement in John [John 7:33-34](./33.md).

##### Irony
Nicodemus explains to the other Pharisees that the Law requires him to hear directly from a person before making a judgment about them. The Pharisees in turn made a judgment about Jesus without speaking to Jesus.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Did not believe in him"
Jesus' brothers did not believe Jesus was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### "The Jews"
This term is used in two different ways in this passage. It is used specifically in reference to the opposition of the Jewish leaders who were trying to kill him ([John 7:1](../../jhn/07/01.md)). It is also used in reference to the people of Judea in general who had a positive opinion of Jesus ([John 7:13](../../jhn/07/13.md)). The translator may wish to use the terms "Jewish leaders" and "Jewish people" or "Jews (leaders)" and "Jews (in general)."
JHN 7 1 gg4v writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus is in Galilee speaking to his brothers. These verses tell about when this event occurred. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 7 1 b99m 0 After these things These words tell the reader that the writer will begin talking about a new event. "After he finished speaking with the disciples" ([John 6:66-71](../06/66.md)) or "Some time later" -JHN 7 1 k5yv 0 traveled The reader should understand that Jesus probably walked rather than riding an animal or in a vehicle. -JHN 7 1 r94g figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews were seeking to kill him Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders were making plans to kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 7 2 m4ch 0 Now the Jewish Festival of Shelters was near "Now the time for the festival of the Jews was near" or "Now it was almost time for the Jewish festival of Shelters" -JHN 7 3 x8ce 0 brothers This refers to the actual younger brothers of Jesus, the sons of Mary and Joseph. -JHN 7 3 id2z 0 the works that you do The word "works" refers to the miracles that Jesus had performed. -JHN 7 4 by1h figs-rpronouns 0 he himself The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that emphasizes the word "he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 7 4 f33j figs-metonymy 0 the world Here "the world" is a metonym for all of the people in the world. Alternate translation: "all people" or "everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 7 5 mz2b writing-background 0 For even his brothers did not believe in him This sentence is a break from the main story line as John tells us some background information about the brothers of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 7 5 bs7f 0 his brothers "his younger brothers" -JHN 7 6 n5bj figs-metonymy 0 My time has not yet come The word "time" is a metonym. Jesus is implying that it is not the right time for him to bring his ministry to a close. Alternate translation: "It is not the right time for me to end my work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 6 shs9 0 your time is always ready "any time is good for you" -JHN 7 7 h7kv figs-metonymy 0 The world cannot hate you Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "All the people in the world cannot hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 7 7 e5hq 0 I testify about it that its works are evil "I tell them that what they are doing is evil" +JHN 7 1 b99m μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things These words tell the reader that the writer will begin talking about a new event. "After he finished speaking with the disciples" ([John 6:66-71](../06/66.md)) or "Some time later" +JHN 7 1 k5yv περιεπάτει 1 traveled The reader should understand that Jesus probably walked rather than riding an animal or in a vehicle. +JHN 7 1 r94g figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν ἀποκτεῖναι αὐτὸν 1 the Jews were seeking to kill him Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders were making plans to kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 7 2 m4ch δὲ ἡ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἑορτὴ ἡ σκηνοπηγία ἦν ἐγγὺς 1 Now the Jewish Festival of Shelters was near "Now the time for the festival of the Jews was near" or "Now it was almost time for the Jewish festival of Shelters" +JHN 7 3 x8ce οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers This refers to the actual younger brothers of Jesus, the sons of Mary and Joseph. +JHN 7 3 id2z τὰ ἔργα ἃ σοῦ ποιεῖς 1 the works that you do The word "works" refers to the miracles that Jesus had performed. +JHN 7 4 by1h figs-rpronouns ζητεῖ αὐτὸς 1 he himself The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that emphasizes the word "he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 7 4 f33j figs-metonymy τῷ κόσμῳ 1 the world Here "the world" is a metonym for all of the people in the world. Alternate translation: "all people" or "everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 7 5 mz2b writing-background γὰρ οὐδὲ αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἐπίστευον οὐδὲ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτὸν 1 For even his brothers did not believe in him This sentence is a break from the main story line as John tells us some background information about the brothers of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 7 5 bs7f αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 his brothers "his younger brothers" +JHN 7 6 n5bj figs-metonymy ὁ ἐμὸς ὁ καιρὸς πάρεστιν οὔπω πάρεστιν 1 My time has not yet come The word "time" is a metonym. Jesus is implying that it is not the right time for him to bring his ministry to a close. Alternate translation: "It is not the right time for me to end my work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 6 shs9 ὁ ὑμέτερος ὁ δὲ καιρὸς ἐστιν πάντοτέ ἕτοιμος 1 your time is always ready "any time is good for you" +JHN 7 7 h7kv figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος οὐ δύναται μισεῖν ὑμᾶς 1 The world cannot hate you Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "All the people in the world cannot hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 7 7 e5hq ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα ἐστιν πονηρά 1 I testify about it that its works are evil "I tell them that what they are doing is evil" JHN 7 8 pt7f 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his brothers. -JHN 7 8 evk6 figs-explicit 0 my time has not yet been fulfilled Here Jesus is implying that if he goes to Jerusalem, he will bring his work to an end. Alternate translation: "It is not the right time for me to go to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 8 evk6 figs-explicit ὁ ἐμὸς καιρὸς πεπλήρωται οὔπω πεπλήρωται 1 my time has not yet been fulfilled Here Jesus is implying that if he goes to Jerusalem, he will bring his work to an end. Alternate translation: "It is not the right time for me to go to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 7 10 xw52 0 General Information: The setting of the story has changed, Jesus and his brothers are now at the festival. -JHN 7 10 jz6l 0 when his brothers had gone up to the festival These "brothers" were the younger brothers of Jesus. -JHN 7 10 z4ym 0 he also went up Jerusalem is at a higher elevation than Galilee where Jesus and his brothers were previously. -JHN 7 10 rw5v figs-doublet 0 not publicly but in secret These two phrases mean the same thing. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "very secretly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JHN 7 11 i6cl figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews were looking for him Here the word "Jews"is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." The word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders were looking for Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 7 12 c27a figs-metaphor 0 he leads the crowds astray Here "leads ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "he deceives the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 7 13 x3xa 0 fear This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. -JHN 7 13 n8bb figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews The word "Jews" is a synecdoche for the leaders of the Jews who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 7 10 jz6l ὡς αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς τὴν ἑορτήν 1 when his brothers had gone up to the festival These "brothers" were the younger brothers of Jesus. +JHN 7 10 z4ym αὐτὸς καὶ ἀνέβη 1 he also went up Jerusalem is at a higher elevation than Galilee where Jesus and his brothers were previously. +JHN 7 10 rw5v figs-doublet οὐ φανερῶς ἀλλὰ ὡς ἐν κρυπτῷ 1 not publicly but in secret These two phrases mean the same thing. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "very secretly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JHN 7 11 i6cl figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν 1 The Jews were looking for him Here the word "Jews"is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." The word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders were looking for Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 7 12 c27a figs-metaphor πλανᾷ τὸν ὄχλον πλανᾷ 1 he leads the crowds astray Here "leads ... astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "he deceives the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 7 13 x3xa τὸν φόβον 1 fear This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. +JHN 7 13 n8bb figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews The word "Jews" is a synecdoche for the leaders of the Jews who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 7 14 yut8 0 General Information: Jesus is now teaching the Jews in the temple. JHN 7 15 e7ve figs-rquestion 0 How does this man know so much? The remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize the Jewish leaders' surprise that Jesus has so much knowledge. Alternate translation: "He cannot possibly know so much about the scriptures!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 16 h7mr 0 but is of him who sent me "but comes from God, the one who sent me" +JHN 7 16 h7mr ἀλλὰ τοῦ πέμψαντός με 1 but is of him who sent me "but comes from God, the one who sent me" JHN 7 17 srx3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Jews. -JHN 7 18 xf9j 0 but whoever seeks the glory of him who sent him, that person is true, and there is no unrighteousness in him "when a person only seeks to honor the one who sent him, that person is speaking the truth. He does not lie" +JHN 7 18 xf9j δὲ ὁ ζητῶν τὴν δόξαν αὐτὸν τοῦ πέμψαντος, οὗτος ἐστιν ἀληθής, καὶ ἔστιν οὐκ ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ 1 but whoever seeks the glory of him who sent him, that person is true, and there is no unrighteousness in him "when a person only seeks to honor the one who sent him, that person is speaking the truth. He does not lie" JHN 7 19 pib5 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Jews. -JHN 7 19 c7xq figs-rquestion 0 Did not Moses give you the law? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "It was Moses who gave you the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 19 iwv8 0 keeps the law "obeys the law" -JHN 7 19 bfd2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you seek to kill me? Jesus questions the motives of the Jewish leaders who want to kill him for breaking the law of Moses. He implies that the leaders themselves do not keep that same Law. Alternate translation: "You break the Law yourselves and yet you want to kill me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 20 l1rq 0 You have a demon "This shows that you are crazy, or maybe a demon is controlling you!" -JHN 7 20 r9wi figs-rquestion 0 Who seeks to kill you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "No one is trying to kill you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 21 b63z 0 one work "one miracle" or "one sign" -JHN 7 21 l1zf 0 you all marvel "you all are shocked" -JHN 7 22 d8sw writing-background 0 not that it is from Moses, but from the ancestors Here John provides additional information about circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 7 22 cs9z figs-explicit 0 on the Sabbath you circumcise a man Jesus implies that the act of circumcision also involves work. Alternate translation: "you circumcise a male baby on the Sabbath. That is working too" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 22 dl6z 0 on the Sabbath "on the Jewish Day of Rest" -JHN 7 23 t21u 0 If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses is not broken "If you circumcise a male baby on the Sabbath so that you do not break the law of Moses" -JHN 7 23 w9wn figs-rquestion 0 why are you angry with me because I made a man completely healthy on the Sabbath? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "you should not be angry with me because I made a man completely well on the Sabbath!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 23 f437 0 on the Sabbath "on the Jewish Day of Rest?" -JHN 7 24 x4fl figs-explicit 0 Do not judge according to appearance, but judge righteously Jesus implies that the people should not decide what is right, based only on what they can see. Behind the action is a motive that cannot be seen. Alternate translation: "Stop judging people according to what you see! Be more concerned with what is right according to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 25 ts7d figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the one they seek to kill? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "This is Jesus whom they are seeking to kill!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 26 n5pi figs-explicit 0 they say nothing to him This implies that the Jewish leaders are not opposing Jesus. Alternate translation: "they say nothing to oppose him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 26 s2un figs-rquestion 0 It cannot be that the rulers indeed know that this is the Christ, can it? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Maybe they have decided that he is truly the Messiah!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 28 zxh7 0 cried out "spoke in a loud voice" -JHN 7 28 ah7u figs-explicit 0 in the temple Jesus and the people were actually in the courtyard of the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 19 c7xq figs-rquestion δέδωκεν οὐ Μωϋσῆς δέδωκεν ὑμῖν τὸν νόμον? 1 Did not Moses give you the law? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "It was Moses who gave you the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 19 iwv8 ποιεῖ τὸν νόμον 1 keeps the law "obeys the law" +JHN 7 19 bfd2 figs-rquestion τί ζητεῖτε ἀποκτεῖναι με 1 Why do you seek to kill me? Jesus questions the motives of the Jewish leaders who want to kill him for breaking the law of Moses. He implies that the leaders themselves do not keep that same Law. Alternate translation: "You break the Law yourselves and yet you want to kill me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 20 l1rq ἔχεις δαιμόνιον 1 You have a demon "This shows that you are crazy, or maybe a demon is controlling you!" +JHN 7 20 r9wi figs-rquestion τίς ζητεῖ ἀποκτεῖναι σε 1 Who seeks to kill you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "No one is trying to kill you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 21 b63z ἓν ἔργον 1 one work "one miracle" or "one sign" +JHN 7 21 l1zf θαυμάζετε πάντες θαυμάζετε 1 you all marvel "you all are shocked" +JHN 7 22 d8sw writing-background οὐχ ὅτι ἐστὶν ἐκ τοῦ Μωϋσέως, ἀλλ’ ἐκ τῶν πατέρων 1 not that it is from Moses, but from the ancestors Here John provides additional information about circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 7 22 cs9z figs-explicit ἐν Σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον 1 on the Sabbath you circumcise a man Jesus implies that the act of circumcision also involves work. Alternate translation: "you circumcise a male baby on the Sabbath. That is working too" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 22 dl6z ἐν Σαββάτῳ 1 on the Sabbath "on the Jewish Day of Rest" +JHN 7 23 t21u εἰ ἄνθρωπος λαμβάνει περιτομὴν ἐν Σαββάτῳ ἵνα ὁ νόμος Μωϋσέως λυθῇ μὴ λυθῇ 1 If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses is not broken "If you circumcise a male baby on the Sabbath so that you do not break the law of Moses" +JHN 7 23 w9wn figs-rquestion χολᾶτε ἐμοὶ ὅτι ἐποίησα ἄνθρωπον ὅλον ὑγιῆ ἐν Σαββάτῳ? 1 why are you angry with me because I made a man completely healthy on the Sabbath? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "you should not be angry with me because I made a man completely well on the Sabbath!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 23 f437 ἐν Σαββάτῳ 1 on the Sabbath "on the Jewish Day of Rest?" +JHN 7 24 x4fl figs-explicit κρίνετε μὴ κρίνετε κατ’ ὄψιν, ἀλλὰ κρίνετε τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν 1 Do not judge according to appearance, but judge righteously Jesus implies that the people should not decide what is right, based only on what they can see. Behind the action is a motive that cannot be seen. Alternate translation: "Stop judging people according to what you see! Be more concerned with what is right according to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 25 ts7d figs-rquestion ἐστιν οὐχ οὗτός ὃν ζητοῦσιν ἀποκτεῖναι? 1 Is not this the one they seek to kill? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "This is Jesus whom they are seeking to kill!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 26 n5pi figs-explicit λέγουσιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ 1 they say nothing to him This implies that the Jewish leaders are not opposing Jesus. Alternate translation: "they say nothing to oppose him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 26 s2un figs-rquestion μήποτε οἱ ἄρχοντες ἀληθῶς ἔγνωσαν ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός, μήποτε? 1 It cannot be that the rulers indeed know that this is the Christ, can it? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Maybe they have decided that he is truly the Messiah!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 28 zxh7 ἔκραξεν 1 cried out "spoke in a loud voice" +JHN 7 28 ah7u figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Jesus and the people were actually in the courtyard of the temple. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 7 28 rq9t figs-irony 0 You both know me and know where I come from John uses irony in this statement. The people believe that Jesus is from Nazareth. They do not know that God sent him from heaven and that he was born in Bethlehem. Alternate translation: "You all know me and you think you know where I come from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JHN 7 28 w35k 0 of myself "on my own authority." See how you translated "of himself" in [John 5:19](../05/19.md). -JHN 7 28 a2h9 0 he who sent me is true "God is the one who sent me and he is true" -JHN 7 30 pxr4 figs-metonymy 0 his hour had not yet come The word "hour" is a metonym that represents the right time for Jesus to be arrested, according to God's plan. Alternate translation: "it was not the right time to arrest him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 7 31 y5m8 figs-rquestion 0 When the Christ comes, will he do more signs than what this one has done? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "When the Christ comes, surely he will not be able to do more signs than this man has done!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 31 x8e4 0 signs This refers to the miracles that prove that Jesus is the Christ. -JHN 7 33 xm7p 0 I am still with you for a short amount of time "I will remain with you for only a short period of time" -JHN 7 33 b4m8 0 then I go to him who sent me Here Jesus refers to God the Father, who sent him. +JHN 7 28 w35k ἀπ’ ἐμαυτοῦ 1 of myself "on my own authority." See how you translated "of himself" in [John 5:19](../05/19.md). +JHN 7 28 a2h9 ὁ πέμψας με ἔστιν ἀληθινὸς 1 he who sent me is true "God is the one who sent me and he is true" +JHN 7 30 pxr4 figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ ἡ ὥρα ἐληλύθει οὔπω ἐληλύθει 1 his hour had not yet come The word "hour" is a metonym that represents the right time for Jesus to be arrested, according to God's plan. Alternate translation: "it was not the right time to arrest him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 7 31 y5m8 figs-rquestion ὅταν ὁ Χριστὸς ἔλθῃ, ποιήσει πλείονα σημεῖα ὧν οὗτος ἐποίησεν 1 When the Christ comes, will he do more signs than what this one has done? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "When the Christ comes, surely he will not be able to do more signs than this man has done!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 31 x8e4 σημεῖα 1 signs This refers to the miracles that prove that Jesus is the Christ. +JHN 7 33 xm7p εἰμι ἔτι μεθ’ ὑμῶν ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν χρόνον 1 I am still with you for a short amount of time "I will remain with you for only a short period of time" +JHN 7 33 b4m8 καὶ ὑπάγω πρὸς τὸν πέμψαντά με 1 then I go to him who sent me Here Jesus refers to God the Father, who sent him. JHN 7 34 p7w6 0 where I go, you will not be able to come "you will not be able to come to the place where I am" -JHN 7 35 zn29 figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews therefore said among themselves The "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the leaders of the Jews who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 7 35 ef1y 0 the dispersion This refers to the Jews that were spread all across the Greek world, outside of Palestine. -JHN 7 36 ib6p figs-metonymy 0 What is this word that he said This "word" is a metonym which stands for the meaning of the message that Jesus had shared, which the Jewish leaders had failed to understand. Alternate translation: "What is he talking about when he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 7 35 zn29 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι οὖν εἶπον πρὸς ἑαυτούς 1 The Jews therefore said among themselves The "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the leaders of the Jews who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said among themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 7 35 ef1y τὴν διασπορὰν 1 the dispersion This refers to the Jews that were spread all across the Greek world, outside of Palestine. +JHN 7 36 ib6p figs-metonymy τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὁ λόγος ὃν εἶπε 1 What is this word that he said This "word" is a metonym which stands for the meaning of the message that Jesus had shared, which the Jewish leaders had failed to understand. Alternate translation: "What is he talking about when he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 7 37 elc6 0 General Information: Some time has passed. It is now the last day of the festival and Jesus speaks to the crowd. -JHN 7 37 fg95 0 great day It is "great" because it is the last, or most important, day of the festival. -JHN 7 37 iy9e figs-metaphor 0 If anyone is thirsty Here the word "thirsty" is a metaphor that means one's great desire for the things of God, just as one "thirsts" for water. Alternate translation: "Those who desire the things of God like a thirty man desires water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 7 37 ayn6 figs-metaphor 0 let him come to me and drink The word "drink" is a metaphor that means to receive the spiritual life that Jesus provides. Alternate translation: "let him come to me and quench his spiritual thirst" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 7 38 u9cx 0 He who believes in me, just as the scripture says "As the scripture says about anyone who believes in me" -JHN 7 38 uw2q figs-metaphor 0 rivers of living water will flow The "rivers of living water" is a metaphor that represents the life that Jesus provides for those who are spiritually "thirsty." Alternate translation: "spiritual life will flow like rivers of water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 7 38 yt75 figs-metaphor 0 living water Possible meanings are 1) "water that gives life" or 2) "water that causes people to live." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 7 38 cx1q figs-metonymy 0 from his stomach Here the stomach represents the inside of a person, specifically the non-physical part of a person. Alternate translation: "from inside of him" or "from his heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 7 37 fg95 μεγάλῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 great day It is "great" because it is the last, or most important, day of the festival. +JHN 7 37 iy9e figs-metaphor ἐάν τις διψᾷ 1 If anyone is thirsty Here the word "thirsty" is a metaphor that means one's great desire for the things of God, just as one "thirsts" for water. Alternate translation: "Those who desire the things of God like a thirty man desires water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 7 37 ayn6 figs-metaphor ἐρχέσθω πρός με καὶ πινέτω 1 let him come to me and drink The word "drink" is a metaphor that means to receive the spiritual life that Jesus provides. Alternate translation: "let him come to me and quench his spiritual thirst" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 7 38 u9cx ὁ πιστεύων εἰς ἐμὲ, καθὼς ἡ Γραφή εἶπεν 1 He who believes in me, just as the scripture says "As the scripture says about anyone who believes in me" +JHN 7 38 uw2q figs-metaphor ποταμοὶ ὕδατος ζῶντος ὕδατος ῥεύσουσιν 1 rivers of living water will flow The "rivers of living water" is a metaphor that represents the life that Jesus provides for those who are spiritually "thirsty." Alternate translation: "spiritual life will flow like rivers of water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 7 38 yt75 figs-metaphor ζῶντος ὕδατος 1 living water Possible meanings are 1) "water that gives life" or 2) "water that causes people to live." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 7 38 cx1q figs-metonymy ἐκ αὐτοῦ τῆς κοιλίας 1 from his stomach Here the stomach represents the inside of a person, specifically the non-physical part of a person. Alternate translation: "from inside of him" or "from his heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 7 39 i8wx writing-background 0 General Information: In this verse the author gives information to clarify what Jesus is talking about. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 7 39 syp9 0 But he Here "he" refers to Jesus. +JHN 7 39 syp9 δὲ εἶπεν 1 But he Here "he" refers to Jesus. JHN 7 39 qbr1 figs-explicit 0 the Spirit had not yet been given John implies that the Spirit would later come to live in those who trusted Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Spirit had not yet come to live in the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 39 n599 0 because Jesus was not yet glorified Here the word "glorified" refers to the time when God would honor the Son after his death and resurrection. -JHN 7 40 shq8 figs-explicit 0 This is indeed the prophet By saying this, the people are indicating that they believe Jesus is the prophet like Moses that God had promised to send. Alternate translation: "This is indeed the prophet who is like Moses that we have been waiting for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 41 alq3 figs-rquestion 0 Does the Christ come from Galilee? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "The Christ cannot come from Galilee!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 42 n8nb figs-rquestion 0 Have the scriptures not said that the Christ will come from the descendants of David and from Bethlehem, the village where David was? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "The scriptures teach that Christ will come from the line of David and from Bethlehem, the village where David was!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 42 ep4z figs-personification 0 Have the scriptures not said The scriptures are referred to as if they were actually speaking as a person speaks. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JHN 7 42 zjh5 0 where David was "where David lived" -JHN 7 43 lf5r 0 So there arose a division in the crowds because of him The crowds could not agree about who or what Jesus was. -JHN 7 44 rc64 figs-idiom 0 but no one laid hands on him To lay hands on someone is an idiom which means to grab him or to hold onto him. Alternate translation: "but no one grabbed him to arrest him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 7 45 m3rf 0 the officers "the temple guards" +JHN 7 39 n599 ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐδοξάσθη οὐδέπω ἐδοξάσθη 1 because Jesus was not yet glorified Here the word "glorified" refers to the time when God would honor the Son after his death and resurrection. +JHN 7 40 shq8 figs-explicit οὗτός ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ὁ προφήτης 1 This is indeed the prophet By saying this, the people are indicating that they believe Jesus is the prophet like Moses that God had promised to send. Alternate translation: "This is indeed the prophet who is like Moses that we have been waiting for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 7 41 alq3 figs-rquestion ἔρχεται ὁ Χριστὸς ἔρχεται ἐκ τῆς Γαλιλαίας? 1 Does the Christ come from Galilee? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "The Christ cannot come from Galilee!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 42 n8nb figs-rquestion εἶπεν ἡ Γραφὴ οὐχ εἶπεν ὅτι ὁ Χριστός ἔρχεται ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος Δαυεὶδ καὶ ἀπὸ Βηθλέεμ, τῆς κώμης ὅπου Δαυεὶδ ἦν 1 Have the scriptures not said that the Christ will come from the descendants of David and from Bethlehem, the village where David was? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "The scriptures teach that Christ will come from the line of David and from Bethlehem, the village where David was!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 42 ep4z figs-personification εἶπεν ἡ Γραφὴ οὐχ εἶπεν 1 Have the scriptures not said The scriptures are referred to as if they were actually speaking as a person speaks. Alternate translation: "The prophets wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JHN 7 42 zjh5 ὅπου Δαυεὶδ ἦν 1 where David was "where David lived" +JHN 7 43 lf5r οὖν ἐγένετο σχίσμα ἐν τῷ ὄχλῳ δι’ αὐτόν 1 So there arose a division in the crowds because of him The crowds could not agree about who or what Jesus was. +JHN 7 44 rc64 figs-idiom ἀλλ’ οὐδεὶς ἐπέβαλεν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 but no one laid hands on him To lay hands on someone is an idiom which means to grab him or to hold onto him. Alternate translation: "but no one grabbed him to arrest him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 7 45 m3rf οἱ ὑπηρέται 1 the officers "the temple guards" JHN 7 46 qwv3 figs-explicit 0 Never has anyone spoken like this The officers exaggerate to show how impressed they are by what Jesus said. You may need to make explicit that the officer were not claiming to know everything that every person in all times and places had ever said. "We have never heard anyone say such amazing things as this man!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 7 47 d4xy 0 So the Pharisees "Because they said that, the Pharisees" -JHN 7 47 t91p 0 answered them "answered the officers" -JHN 7 47 z95z figs-rquestion 0 Have you also been deceived? The remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. The Pharisees are shocked at the response of the officers. Alternate translation: "You have been deceived too!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 48 e8vu figs-rquestion 0 Have any of the rulers believed in him, or any of the Pharisees? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "None of the rulers or Pharisees have believed in him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 7 49 e5td 0 the law This is a reference to the law of the Pharisees and not the law of Moses. -JHN 7 49 fe7d 0 But this crowd that does not know the law, they are cursed "As for this crowd that does not know the law, God will cause them to perish!" -JHN 7 50 u5ha writing-background 0 one of the Pharisees, who came to him earlier John provides this information to remind us of who Nicodemus is. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 7 47 d4xy οὖν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι 1 So the Pharisees "Because they said that, the Pharisees" +JHN 7 47 t91p ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτοῖς 1 answered them "answered the officers" +JHN 7 47 z95z figs-rquestion πεπλάνησθε ὑμεῖς καὶ πεπλάνησθε? 1 Have you also been deceived? The remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. The Pharisees are shocked at the response of the officers. Alternate translation: "You have been deceived too!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 48 e8vu figs-rquestion ἐπίστευσεν τις ἐκ τῶν ἀρχόντων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς αὐτὸν, ἢ ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων? 1 Have any of the rulers believed in him, or any of the Pharisees? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "None of the rulers or Pharisees have believed in him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 7 49 e5td τὸν νόμον 1 the law This is a reference to the law of the Pharisees and not the law of Moses. +JHN 7 49 fe7d ἀλλὰ οὗτος ὁ ὄχλος ὁ γινώσκων μὴ γινώσκων τὸν νόμον, εἰσιν ἐπάρατοί 1 But this crowd that does not know the law, they are cursed "As for this crowd that does not know the law, God will cause them to perish!" +JHN 7 50 u5ha writing-background εἷς ὢν ἐξ αὐτῶν, ὁ ἐλθὼν πρὸς αὐτὸν πρότερον 1 one of the Pharisees, who came to him earlier John provides this information to remind us of who Nicodemus is. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 7 51 ia3j figs-rquestion 0 Does our law judge a man ... what he does? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Our Jewish law does not allow us to judge a man ... what he does!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 7 51 y8df figs-personification 0 Does our law judge a man Here Nicodemus speaks of the law as if it were a person. If this is not natural in your language, you may translate it with a personal subject. Alternate translation: "Do we judge a man" or "we do not judge a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JHN 7 52 pt91 figs-rquestion 0 Are you also from Galilee? The Jewish leaders know that Nicodemus is not from Galilee. They ask this question as a way of scoffing at him. Alternate translation: "You must also be one of those inferior persons from Galilee!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 7 52 k6pg figs-ellipsis 0 Search and see This is an ellipsis. You may wish to include the information that does not appear. Alternate translation: "Search carefully and read what is written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 7 52 jm59 0 no prophet comes from Galilee This probably refers to the belief that Jesus was born in Galilee. +JHN 7 52 k6pg figs-ellipsis ἐραύνησον καὶ ἴδε 1 Search and see This is an ellipsis. You may wish to include the information that does not appear. Alternate translation: "Search carefully and read what is written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 7 52 jm59 οὐκ προφήτης ἐγείρεται ἐκ τῆς Γαλιλαίας 1 no prophet comes from Galilee This probably refers to the belief that Jesus was born in Galilee. JHN 7 53 s5fi translate-textvariants 0 General Information: The best early texts do not have 7:53 - 8:11. The ULT has set them apart in square brackets ([ ]) to show that John probably did not include them in his original text. Translators are encouraged to translate them, to set them apart with square brackets, and to include a footnote like the one written on [John 7:53](../07/53.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) JHN 8 intro e667 0 # John 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Translators may wish to include a note at verse 1 to explain to the reader why they have chosen to translate or to not translate verses 8:1-11.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### A light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. Here it is all Gentiles (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### I AM

John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, three times in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]).

##### The Scribes and Pharisees' trap

The Scribes and Pharisees wanted to trick Jesus. They wanted him to say either that they should keep the law of Moses by killing a woman whom they had found committing adultery or that they should disobey the law of Moses and forgive her sin. Jesus knew that they were trying to trick him and that they did not really want to keep the law of Moses. He knew this because the law said that both the woman and the man should die, but they did not bring the man to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 8:28](../../jhn/08/28.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 8 1 mkz2 0 General Information: While some texts have 7:53 - 8:11, the best and earliest texts do not include them. @@ -563,965 +563,965 @@ JHN 8 9 as6n 0 General Information: While some texts have 7:53 - 8:11, the bes JHN 8 9 f2xc 0 one by one "one after another" JHN 8 10 ux9t 0 Woman, where are your accusers When Jesus called her "woman," he was not trying to make her feel insignificant. If people in your language group would think that he was doing that, this can be translated without the word "Woman." JHN 8 12 m4ma writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus is speaking to a crowd near the treasury in the temple after either the events of [John 7:1-52](../07/01.md) or the events of [John 7:53-8:11](../07/53.md). The author neither gives background to this event nor marks the beginning of a new event. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 8 12 k5ib figs-metaphor 0 I am the light of the world Here the "light" is a metaphor for the revelation that comes from God. Alternate translation: "I am the one who gives light to the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 8 12 yc5p figs-metonymy 0 the world This is a metonym for the people. Alternate translation: "the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 12 zf41 figs-idiom 0 he who follows me This is an idiom that means "everyone who does what I teach" or "everyone who obeys me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 8 12 tse3 figs-metaphor 0 will not walk in the darkness To "walk in darkness" is a metaphor for living a sinful life. Alternate translation: "will not live as if he were in the darkness of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 8 12 vw7r figs-metaphor 0 light of life The "light of life" is a metaphor for the truth from God that gives spiritual life. Alternate translation: "truth that brings eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 8 13 ih9h 0 You bear witness about yourself "You are just saying these things about yourself" -JHN 8 13 mrj6 figs-explicit 0 your witness is not true The Pharisees are implying that the witness of only one person is not true because it cannot be verified. Alternate translation: "you cannot be your own witness" or "what you say about yourself may not be true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 14 x9rf 0 Even if I bear witness about myself "Even if I say these things about myself" -JHN 8 15 k92s 0 the flesh "human standards and the laws of men" +JHN 8 12 k5ib figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου 1 I am the light of the world Here the "light" is a metaphor for the revelation that comes from God. Alternate translation: "I am the one who gives light to the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 12 yc5p figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 the world This is a metonym for the people. Alternate translation: "the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 12 zf41 figs-idiom ὁ ἀκολουθῶν ἐμοὶ 1 he who follows me This is an idiom that means "everyone who does what I teach" or "everyone who obeys me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 8 12 tse3 figs-metaphor περιπατήσῃ οὐ μὴ περιπατήσῃ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ 1 will not walk in the darkness To "walk in darkness" is a metaphor for living a sinful life. Alternate translation: "will not live as if he were in the darkness of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 12 vw7r figs-metaphor φῶς τῆς ζωῆς 1 light of life The "light of life" is a metaphor for the truth from God that gives spiritual life. Alternate translation: "truth that brings eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 13 ih9h σὺ μαρτυρεῖς περὶ σεαυτοῦ 1 You bear witness about yourself "You are just saying these things about yourself" +JHN 8 13 mrj6 figs-explicit σου ἡ μαρτυρία ἔστιν οὐκ ἀληθής 1 your witness is not true The Pharisees are implying that the witness of only one person is not true because it cannot be verified. Alternate translation: "you cannot be your own witness" or "what you say about yourself may not be true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 14 x9rf κἂν ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ 1 Even if I bear witness about myself "Even if I say these things about myself" +JHN 8 15 k92s τὴν σάρκα 1 the flesh "human standards and the laws of men" JHN 8 15 j79i 0 I judge no one Possible meanings are 1) "I do not judge anyone yet" or 2) "I am not judging anyone now." -JHN 8 16 xnn5 0 if I judge Possible meanings are 1) "if I judge people" or 2) "whenever I judge people" -JHN 8 16 jb2f 0 my judgment is true Possible meanings are 1) "my judgment will be right" or 2) "my judgment is right." -JHN 8 16 emx1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 I am not alone, but I am with the Father who sent me Jesus, the Son of God, has authority because of his special relationship with his Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 16 ev1r figs-explicit 0 I am not alone The implied information is that Jesus is not alone in his judgment. Alternate translation: "I am not alone in how I judge" or "I do not judge alone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 16 f6nu 0 I am with the Father The Father and the Son judge together. Alternate translation: "the Father also judges with me" or "the Father judges as I do" -JHN 8 16 r7dx guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. If your language must state whose Father this is, you could say "my Father" since Jesus switches to that in the following verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 16 xnn5 ἐὰν ἐγώ κρίνω 1 if I judge Possible meanings are 1) "if I judge people" or 2) "whenever I judge people" +JHN 8 16 jb2f ἡ ἐμὴ ἡ κρίσις ἐστιν ἀληθινή 1 my judgment is true Possible meanings are 1) "my judgment will be right" or 2) "my judgment is right." +JHN 8 16 emx1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples εἰμί οὐκ μόνος, ἀλλ’ ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ πέμψας Πατήρ ὁ πέμψας με 1 I am not alone, but I am with the Father who sent me Jesus, the Son of God, has authority because of his special relationship with his Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 16 ev1r figs-explicit εἰμί οὐκ μόνος 1 I am not alone The implied information is that Jesus is not alone in his judgment. Alternate translation: "I am not alone in how I judge" or "I do not judge alone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 16 f6nu ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ πέμψας Πατήρ 1 I am with the Father The Father and the Son judge together. Alternate translation: "the Father also judges with me" or "the Father judges as I do" +JHN 8 16 r7dx guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ πέμψας Πατήρ 1 the Father This is an important title for God. If your language must state whose Father this is, you could say "my Father" since Jesus switches to that in the following verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 8 17 uvc6 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Pharisees and other people about himself. JHN 8 17 i1sl 0 Yes, and in your law The word "Yes" shows that Jesus is adding to what he was saying before. -JHN 8 17 r2r8 figs-activepassive 0 it is written This is a passive phrase. You may translate it in an active form with a personal subject. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 8 17 l6ln figs-explicit 0 the testimony of two men is true The logic implied here is that one person can verify the words of another. Alternate translation: "if two men say the same thing, then people know it is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 18 ff2p 0 I am he who bears witness about myself Jesus bears witness about himself. Alternate translation: "I give evidence to you about myself" -JHN 8 18 gfd3 figs-explicit 0 the Father who sent me bears witness about me The Father also bears witness about Jesus. You could make it explicit that this means Jesus' testimony is true. Alternate translation: "my Father who sent me also brings evidence about me. So you should believe that what we tell you is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 18 ycc8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. If your language must state whose Father this is, you could say "my Father" since Jesus switches to that in the following verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 17 r2r8 figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 it is written This is a passive phrase. You may translate it in an active form with a personal subject. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 8 17 l6ln figs-explicit ἡ μαρτυρία δύο ἀνθρώπων ἐστιν ἀληθής 1 the testimony of two men is true The logic implied here is that one person can verify the words of another. Alternate translation: "if two men say the same thing, then people know it is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 18 ff2p ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ μαρτυρῶν περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ 1 I am he who bears witness about myself Jesus bears witness about himself. Alternate translation: "I give evidence to you about myself" +JHN 8 18 gfd3 figs-explicit ὁ πέμψας Πατήρ ὁ πέμψας με μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 the Father who sent me bears witness about me The Father also bears witness about Jesus. You could make it explicit that this means Jesus' testimony is true. Alternate translation: "my Father who sent me also brings evidence about me. So you should believe that what we tell you is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 18 ycc8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ πέμψας Πατήρ 1 the Father This is an important title for God. If your language must state whose Father this is, you could say "my Father" since Jesus switches to that in the following verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 8 19 s37n writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 20 there is a break in Jesus' speaking where the author give us background information regarding where Jesus had been teaching. Some languages may require the information about the setting to be placed at the beginning of this part of the story in [John 8:12](../08/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 8 19 d3b9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 You know neither me nor my Father; if you had known me, you would have known my Father also Jesus indicates that to know him is to also know the Father. Both Father and Son are God. "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 19 b26z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 20 b11j figs-metonymy 0 his hour had not yet come The word "hour" is a metonym for the time for Jesus to die. Alternate translation: "it was not yet the right time for Jesus to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 19 d3b9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples οἴδατε οὔτε ἐμὲ οὔτε μου τὸν Πατέρα; εἰ ᾔδειτε ἐμὲ, ἂν ᾔδειτε μου τὸν Πατέρα καὶ 1 You know neither me nor my Father; if you had known me, you would have known my Father also Jesus indicates that to know him is to also know the Father. Both Father and Son are God. "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 19 b26z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τὸν Πατέρα 1 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 20 b11j figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ ἡ ὥρα ἐληλύθει οὔπω ἐληλύθει 1 his hour had not yet come The word "hour" is a metonym for the time for Jesus to die. Alternate translation: "it was not yet the right time for Jesus to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 8 21 xv3g 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the crowd. -JHN 8 21 gg46 0 die in your sin Here the word "die" refers to spiritual death. Alternate translation: "die while you are still sinful" or "you will die while you are sinning" -JHN 8 21 e83m 0 you cannot come "you are not able to come" -JHN 8 22 a4p4 figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews said Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said" or "The Jewish authorities said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 8 23 zug9 0 You are from below "You were born in this world" -JHN 8 23 a7ny 0 I am from above "I came from heaven" -JHN 8 23 svn1 0 You are of this world "You belong to this world" -JHN 8 23 w9jl 0 I am not of this world "I do not belong to this world" -JHN 8 24 jgw4 0 you will die in your sins "you will die without God's forgiving your sins" -JHN 8 24 he1k 0 that I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus expects the people to understand that he is referring to what he already has already said about himself: "I am from above." -JHN 8 25 t7tv 0 They said The word "They" refers to the Jewish leaders ([John 8:22](../08/22.md)). -JHN 8 26 lsc7 figs-metonymy 0 these things I say to the world Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "these things I say to all the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 27 hh1s guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is a special title for God. Some languages may require the use of a possessive before the noun. Alternate translation: "his Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 28 x6ca 0 When you have lifted up This refers to placing Jesus on the cross to kill him. -JHN 8 28 er3s 0 Son of Man Jesus used the title "Son of Man" to refer to himself. -JHN 8 28 tcs5 0 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "I am the one I claim to be." -JHN 8 28 vq9k guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 As the Father taught me, I speak these things "I am only saying what my Father taught me to say." The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 29 w9cl 0 He who sent me The word "He" refers to God. -JHN 8 30 ld9x 0 As Jesus was saying these things "As Jesus spoke these words" -JHN 8 30 uj29 0 many believed in him "many people trusted him" -JHN 8 31 g752 figs-idiom 0 remain in my word This is an idiom that means "to obey Jesus." Alternate translation: "obey what I have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 8 31 iq3z 0 my disciples "my followers" -JHN 8 32 esz8 figs-personification 0 the truth will set you free This is personification. Jesus speaks of "the truth" as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "if you obey the truth, God will set you free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JHN 8 32 xf9m 0 the truth This refers to what Jesus reveals about God. Alternate translation: "what is true about God" -JHN 8 33 n34n figs-rquestion 0 how can you say, 'You will be set free'? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the Jewish leaders' shock at what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "We do not need to be set free!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 34 i2pn 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 8 34 jg3z figs-metaphor 0 is the slave of sin Here the word "slave" is a metaphor. This implies that "sin" is like a master for the one who sins. Alternate translation: "is like a slave to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 8 35 sg4a figs-metonymy 0 in the house Here "house" is a metonym for "family." Alternate translation: "as a permanent member of a family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 35 j73t figs-ellipsis 0 the son remains forever This is an ellipsis. You may translate it by including the implied words. Alternate translation: "the son is a member of the family forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 8 36 n6fp figs-explicit 0 if the Son sets you free, you will be truly free It is implied that Jesus is talking about freedom from sin, which is a metaphor for being able not to sin. Alternate translation: "if the Son msets you free, you will truly be able to refrain from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 8 36 w3q1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 if the Son sets you free "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. Jesus was speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "If I, the Son, set you free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JHN 8 21 gg46 ἀποθανεῖσθε ἐν ὑμῶν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 die in your sin Here the word "die" refers to spiritual death. Alternate translation: "die while you are still sinful" or "you will die while you are sinning" +JHN 8 21 e83m ὑμεῖς οὐ δύνασθε ἐλθεῖν 1 you cannot come "you are not able to come" +JHN 8 22 a4p4 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἔλεγον 1 The Jews said Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for "the Jewish leaders." Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said" or "The Jewish authorities said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 8 23 zug9 ὑμεῖς ἐστέ ἐκ τῶν κάτω 1 You are from below "You were born in this world" +JHN 8 23 a7ny ἐγὼ εἰμί ἐκ τῶν ἄνω 1 I am from above "I came from heaven" +JHN 8 23 svn1 ὑμεῖς ἐστέ ἐκ τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 You are of this world "You belong to this world" +JHN 8 23 w9jl ἐγὼ εἰμὶ οὐκ ἐκ τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 I am not of this world "I do not belong to this world" +JHN 8 24 jgw4 ἀποθανεῖσθε ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 you will die in your sins "you will die without God's forgiving your sins" +JHN 8 24 he1k ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι 1 that I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus expects the people to understand that he is referring to what he already has already said about himself: "I am from above." +JHN 8 25 t7tv ἔλεγον 1 They said The word "They" refers to the Jewish leaders ([John 8:22](../08/22.md)). +JHN 8 26 lsc7 figs-metonymy ταῦτα λαλῶ εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 these things I say to the world Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "these things I say to all the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 27 hh1s guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα 1 the Father This is a special title for God. Some languages may require the use of a possessive before the noun. Alternate translation: "his Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 28 x6ca ὅταν ὑψώσητε 1 When you have lifted up This refers to placing Jesus on the cross to kill him. +JHN 8 28 er3s Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Jesus used the title "Son of Man" to refer to himself. +JHN 8 28 tcs5 ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "I am the one I claim to be." +JHN 8 28 vq9k guidelines-sonofgodprinciples καθὼς ὁ Πατὴρ ἐδίδαξέν με, λαλῶ ταῦτα 1 As the Father taught me, I speak these things "I am only saying what my Father taught me to say." The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 29 w9cl ὁ πέμψας με 1 He who sent me The word "He" refers to God. +JHN 8 30 ld9x λαλοῦντος ταῦτα αὐτοῦ 1 As Jesus was saying these things "As Jesus spoke these words" +JHN 8 30 uj29 πολλοὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν 1 many believed in him "many people trusted him" +JHN 8 31 g752 figs-idiom μείνητε ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ τῷ λόγῳ 1 remain in my word This is an idiom that means "to obey Jesus." Alternate translation: "obey what I have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 8 31 iq3z μού μαθηταί 1 my disciples "my followers" +JHN 8 32 esz8 figs-personification ἡ ἀλήθεια ἐλευθερώσει ὑμᾶς ἐλευθερώσει 1 the truth will set you free This is personification. Jesus speaks of "the truth" as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "if you obey the truth, God will set you free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JHN 8 32 xf9m τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 the truth This refers to what Jesus reveals about God. Alternate translation: "what is true about God" +JHN 8 33 n34n figs-rquestion ; πῶς λέγεις σὺ λέγεις,' γενήσεσθε ἐλεύθεροι'?" 1 how can you say, 'You will be set free'? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the Jewish leaders' shock at what Jesus has said. Alternate translation: "We do not need to be set free!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 34 i2pn ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 8 34 jg3z figs-metaphor ἐστιν δοῦλός τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 is the slave of sin Here the word "slave" is a metaphor. This implies that "sin" is like a master for the one who sins. Alternate translation: "is like a slave to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 35 sg4a figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 in the house Here "house" is a metonym for "family." Alternate translation: "as a permanent member of a family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 35 j73t figs-ellipsis ὁ Υἱὸς μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 the son remains forever This is an ellipsis. You may translate it by including the implied words. Alternate translation: "the son is a member of the family forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 8 36 n6fp figs-explicit ἐὰν ὁ Υἱὸς ἐλευθερώσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐλευθερώσῃ, ἔσεσθε ὄντως ἐλεύθεροι 1 if the Son sets you free, you will be truly free It is implied that Jesus is talking about freedom from sin, which is a metaphor for being able not to sin. Alternate translation: "if the Son msets you free, you will truly be able to refrain from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 36 w3q1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἐὰν ὁ Υἱὸς ἐλευθερώσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐλευθερώσῃ 1 if the Son sets you free "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. Jesus was speaking about himself. Alternate translation: "If I, the Son, set you free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JHN 8 37 p4xm 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Jews. -JHN 8 37 ph1q figs-metonymy 0 my word has no place in you Here "word" is a metonym for the "teachings" or "message" of Jesus, which the Jewish leaders do not accept. Alternate translation: "you do not accept my teachings" or "you do not allow my message to change your life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 38 m62y 0 I say what I have seen with my Father "I am telling you about the things I saw when I was with my Father" +JHN 8 37 ph1q figs-metonymy ὁ ἐμὸς ὁ λόγος χωρεῖ οὐ χωρεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 my word has no place in you Here "word" is a metonym for the "teachings" or "message" of Jesus, which the Jewish leaders do not accept. Alternate translation: "you do not accept my teachings" or "you do not allow my message to change your life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 38 m62y λαλῶ ἃ ἐγὼ ἑώρακα παρὰ τῷ Πατρὶ 1 I say what I have seen with my Father "I am telling you about the things I saw when I was with my Father" JHN 8 38 f9yu 0 you also do what you heard from your father The Jewish leaders do not understand that by "your father" Jesus is referring to the devil. Alternate translation: "you also continue doing what your father has told you to do" -JHN 8 39 qp2r 0 father forefather -JHN 8 40 s615 0 Abraham did not do this "Abraham never tried to kill anyone who told him the true revelation from God" -JHN 8 41 i87r figs-explicit 0 You do the works of your father Jesus implies that their father is the devil. Alternate translation: "No! You are doing the things that your real father did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 41 y82e figs-explicit 0 We were not born in sexual immorality Here the Jewish leaders imply that Jesus does not know who his real father is. Alternate translation: "We do not know about you, but we are not illegitimate children" or "We were all born from proper marriages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 8 41 iz3h guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 we have one Father: God Here the Jewish leaders claim God as their spiritual Father. This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 42 nh4m 0 love This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others (including those who are our enemies), even when it does not benefit oneself. -JHN 8 43 ig11 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you not understand my words? Jesus is using this question mainly to rebuke the Jewish leaders for not listening to him. Alternate translation: "I will tell you why you do not understand what I say!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 39 qp2r ὁ πατὴρ 1 father forefather +JHN 8 40 s615 Ἀβραὰμ ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἐποίησεν τοῦτο 1 Abraham did not do this "Abraham never tried to kill anyone who told him the true revelation from God" +JHN 8 41 i87r figs-explicit ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς 1 You do the works of your father Jesus implies that their father is the devil. Alternate translation: "No! You are doing the things that your real father did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 41 y82e figs-explicit ἡμεῖς γεγεννήμεθα οὐ γεγεννήμεθα ἐκ πορνείας 1 We were not born in sexual immorality Here the Jewish leaders imply that Jesus does not know who his real father is. Alternate translation: "We do not know about you, but we are not illegitimate children" or "We were all born from proper marriages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 41 iz3h guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἔχομεν ἕνα Πατέρα: τὸν Θεόν 1 we have one Father: God Here the Jewish leaders claim God as their spiritual Father. This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 42 nh4m ἠγαπᾶτε ἂν 1 love This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others (including those who are our enemies), even when it does not benefit oneself. +JHN 8 43 ig11 figs-rquestion διὰ τί γινώσκετε οὐ γινώσκετε τὴν ἐμὴν τὴν λαλιὰν? 1 Why do you not understand my words? Jesus is using this question mainly to rebuke the Jewish leaders for not listening to him. Alternate translation: "I will tell you why you do not understand what I say!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 8 43 cf8v figs-metonymy 0 It is because you cannot hear my words Here "words" is a metonym for the "teachings" of Jesus. Alternate translation: "It is because you will not accept my teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 44 vgy1 0 You are of your father, the devil "You belong to your father, Satan" -JHN 8 44 k1qu figs-metaphor 0 the father of lies Here "father" is a metaphor for the one who originates all lies. Alternate translation: "he is the one who created all lies in the beginning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 8 44 vgy1 ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς, τοῦ διαβόλου 1 You are of your father, the devil "You belong to your father, Satan" +JHN 8 44 k1qu figs-metaphor ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ 1 the father of lies Here "father" is a metaphor for the one who originates all lies. Alternate translation: "he is the one who created all lies in the beginning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 8 45 g1q9 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the Jews. -JHN 8 45 e55r 0 because I speak the truth "because I tell you true things about God" -JHN 8 46 y3gz figs-rquestion 0 Which one of you convicts me of sin? Jesus uses this question to emphasize that he has never sinned. Alternate translation: "None of you can show that I have ever sinned!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 46 kh6a 0 If I speak the truth "If I say things that are true" -JHN 8 46 ibp1 figs-rquestion 0 why do you not believe me? Jesus uses this question to scold the Jewish leaders for their unbelief. Alternate translation: "you have no reason for not believing in me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 47 l7gy figs-metonymy 0 the words of God Here "words" is a metonym for the "message" of God. Alternate translation: "the message of God" or "the truth that comes from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 48 vu1h figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews The "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 8 48 cic5 figs-rquestion 0 Do we not truly say that you are a Samaritan and have a demon? The Jewish leaders use this question to accuse Jesus and to dishonor him. Alternate translation: "We are certainly right in saying that you are a Samaritan and that a demon lives in you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 45 e55r ὅτι ἐγὼ λέγω τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 because I speak the truth "because I tell you true things about God" +JHN 8 46 y3gz figs-rquestion τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐλέγχει με περὶ ἁμαρτίας? 1 Which one of you convicts me of sin? Jesus uses this question to emphasize that he has never sinned. Alternate translation: "None of you can show that I have ever sinned!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 46 kh6a εἰ λέγω ἀλήθειαν 1 If I speak the truth "If I say things that are true" +JHN 8 46 ibp1 figs-rquestion διὰ τί πιστεύετέ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετέ μοι? 1 why do you not believe me? Jesus uses this question to scold the Jewish leaders for their unbelief. Alternate translation: "you have no reason for not believing in me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 47 l7gy figs-metonymy τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the words of God Here "words" is a metonym for the "message" of God. Alternate translation: "the message of God" or "the truth that comes from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 48 vu1h figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 The Jews The "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 8 48 cic5 figs-rquestion λέγομεν ἡμεῖς οὐ καλῶς λέγομεν ὅτι σὺ εἶ Σαμαρείτης καὶ ἔχεις δαιμόνιον 1 Do we not truly say that you are a Samaritan and have a demon? The Jewish leaders use this question to accuse Jesus and to dishonor him. Alternate translation: "We are certainly right in saying that you are a Samaritan and that a demon lives in you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 8 50 m4rl 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues answering the Jews. -JHN 8 50 fg43 0 there is one seeking and judging This refers to God. -JHN 8 51 fb52 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 8 51 m46r figs-metonymy 0 keeps my word Here "word" is a metonym for the "teachings" of Jesus. Alternate translation: "obeys my teachings" or "does what I say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 51 gx7l figs-idiom 0 see death This is an idiom that means to experience death. Here Jesus is referring to spiritual death. Alternate translation: "die spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 8 52 e9xz figs-synecdoche 0 Jews Here "Jews" is a metonym for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 8 52 zah1 0 If anyone keeps my word "If anyone obeys my teaching" -JHN 8 52 a1ls figs-idiom 0 taste death This is an idiom that means to experience death. The Jewish leaders mistakenly assume that Jesus is speaking only about physical death. Alternate translation: "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 8 53 shp3 figs-rquestion 0 You are not greater than our father Abraham who died, are you? The Jewish leaders use this question to emphasize that Jesus is not greater than Abraham. Alternate translation: "You are certainly not greater than our father Abraham who indeed died!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 53 p38s 0 father forefather -JHN 8 53 cei7 figs-rquestion 0 Who do you make yourself out to be? The Jews use this question to rebuke Jesus for thinking that he is more important than Abraham. Alternate translation: "You should not think that you are so important!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 54 ab13 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 it is my Father who glorifies me—about whom you say that he is your God The word "Father" is an important title for God. No one knows God the Father like Jesus, the Son of God. Alternate translation: "it is my Father who honors me, and you say that he is your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 8 55 c3bm figs-metonymy 0 keep his word Here "word" is a metonym for what God says. Alternate translation: "I obey what he says to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 56 tyu5 figs-metonymy 0 my day This is a metonym for what Jesus would accomplish during his life. Alternate translation: "what I would do during my life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 8 56 hv5g 0 he saw it and was glad "he foresaw my coming through God's revelation and he rejoiced" +JHN 8 50 fg43 ἔστιν ὁ ζητῶν καὶ κρίνων 1 there is one seeking and judging This refers to God. +JHN 8 51 fb52 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 8 51 m46r figs-metonymy τηρήσῃ τὸν ἐμὸν λόγον 1 keeps my word Here "word" is a metonym for the "teachings" of Jesus. Alternate translation: "obeys my teachings" or "does what I say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 51 gx7l figs-idiom θεωρήσῃ θάνατον 1 see death This is an idiom that means to experience death. Here Jesus is referring to spiritual death. Alternate translation: "die spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 8 52 e9xz figs-synecdoche Ἰουδαῖοι 1 Jews Here "Jews" is a metonym for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 8 52 zah1 ἐάν τις τηρήσῃ μου τὸν λόγον 1 If anyone keeps my word "If anyone obeys my teaching" +JHN 8 52 a1ls figs-idiom γεύσηται θανάτου 1 taste death This is an idiom that means to experience death. The Jewish leaders mistakenly assume that Jesus is speaking only about physical death. Alternate translation: "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 8 53 shp3 figs-rquestion σὺ εἶ μὴ μείζων ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς Ἀβραάμ ὅστις ἀπέθανεν, εἶ? 1 You are not greater than our father Abraham who died, are you? The Jewish leaders use this question to emphasize that Jesus is not greater than Abraham. Alternate translation: "You are certainly not greater than our father Abraham who indeed died!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 53 p38s τοῦ πατρὸς 1 father forefather +JHN 8 53 cei7 figs-rquestion τίνα ποιεῖς σεαυτὸν ποιεῖς 1 Who do you make yourself out to be? The Jews use this question to rebuke Jesus for thinking that he is more important than Abraham. Alternate translation: "You should not think that you are so important!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 54 ab13 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἔστιν μου ὁ Πατήρ ὁ δοξάζων με— ὃν ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐστιν ἡμῶν Θεὸς 1 it is my Father who glorifies me—about whom you say that he is your God The word "Father" is an important title for God. No one knows God the Father like Jesus, the Son of God. Alternate translation: "it is my Father who honors me, and you say that he is your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 8 55 c3bm figs-metonymy τηρῶ αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 keep his word Here "word" is a metonym for what God says. Alternate translation: "I obey what he says to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 56 tyu5 figs-metonymy τὴν ἐμήν τὴν ἡμέραν 1 my day This is a metonym for what Jesus would accomplish during his life. Alternate translation: "what I would do during my life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 8 56 hv5g εἶδεν καὶ ἐχάρη 1 he saw it and was glad "he foresaw my coming through God's revelation and he rejoiced" JHN 8 57 erp5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Jesus speaking with the Jews in the temple, which began in [John 8:12](../08/12.md). -JHN 8 57 yzf9 figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews said to him Here the "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 8 57 r1ek figs-rquestion 0 You are not yet fifty years old, and you have seen Abraham? The Jewish leaders use this question to express their shock that Jesus claims to have seen Abraham. Alternate translation: "You are less than fifty years old. You could not have seen Abraham!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 8 58 rnw4 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 8 58 k4tp 0 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "before Abraham existed, I existed." -JHN 8 59 bxs5 figs-explicit 0 Then they picked up stones to throw at him The Jewish leaders are outraged at what Jesus has said. Here it is implied that they wanted to kill him because he had made himself equal to God. Alternate translation: "Then they picked up stones to kill him because he claimed to be equal with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 8 57 yzf9 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι εἶπον πρὸς αὐτόν 1 The Jews said to him Here the "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 8 57 r1ek figs-rquestion ἔχεις οὔπω πεντήκοντα ἔτη, καὶ ἑώρακας Ἀβραὰμ 1 You are not yet fifty years old, and you have seen Abraham? The Jewish leaders use this question to express their shock that Jesus claims to have seen Abraham. Alternate translation: "You are less than fifty years old. You could not have seen Abraham!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 8 58 rnw4 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 8 58 k4tp ἐγὼ εἰμί 1 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "before Abraham existed, I existed." +JHN 8 59 bxs5 figs-explicit οὖν ἦραν λίθους ἵνα βάλωσιν ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 Then they picked up stones to throw at him The Jewish leaders are outraged at what Jesus has said. Here it is implied that they wanted to kill him because he had made himself equal to God. Alternate translation: "Then they picked up stones to kill him because he claimed to be equal with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 9 intro hq31 0 # John 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Who sinned?"

Many of the Jews of Jesus' time believed that if a person was blind or deaf or crippled, it was because he or his parents or someone in his family had sinned. This was not the teaching of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

##### "He does not keep the Sabbath"

The Pharisees thought that Jesus was working, and so breaking the Sabbath, by making mud. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])

#### Important metaphors in this chapter

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### Seeing and being blind

Jesus calls the Pharisees blind because they see that Jesus is able to heal blind people but they still do not believe that God sent him ([John 9:39-40](./39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 9:35](../../jhn/09/35.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 9 1 fa5a 0 General Information: As Jesus and his disciples are walking along, they come across a blind man. -JHN 9 1 un4h writing-newevent 0 Now This word shows that the author is about to describe a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 9 1 z5sx figs-synecdoche 0 as Jesus passed by Here "Jesus" is a synecdoche for Jesus and the disciples. Alternate translation: "as Jesus and his disciples passed by" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 9 1 un4h writing-newevent καὶ 1 Now This word shows that the author is about to describe a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +JHN 9 1 z5sx figs-synecdoche παράγων 1 as Jesus passed by Here "Jesus" is a synecdoche for Jesus and the disciples. Alternate translation: "as Jesus and his disciples passed by" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 9 2 w44c figs-explicit 0 who sinned, this man or his parents ... blind? This question reflects the ancient Jewish belief that sin caused all illnesses and other deformities. The rabbis also taught that it was possible for a baby to sin while still in the womb. Alternate translation: "Teacher, we know that sin causes a person to be blind. Whose sin caused this man to be born blind? did this man himself sin, or was it his parents who sinned?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 9 4 h231 figs-inclusive 0 We This "We" includes both Jesus and the disciples he is talking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -JHN 9 4 g92d figs-metaphor 0 day ... Night Here "day" and "night" are metaphors. Jesus is comparing the time when people can do God's work to daytime, the time when people normally work, and nighttime to when they cannot do God's work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 9 5 f2xu figs-metonymy 0 in the world Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "living among the people of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 9 5 dd8k figs-metaphor 0 light of the world Here "light" is a metaphor for the true revelation of God. Alternate translation: "the one who shows what is true just as light allows people to see what is in the darkness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 9 6 y3s4 figs-explicit 0 made mud with the saliva Jesus used his fingers to mix the dirt and saliva. Alternate translation: "and used his fingers to mix the dirt and saliva to make mud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 9 4 h231 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 We This "We" includes both Jesus and the disciples he is talking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +JHN 9 4 g92d figs-metaphor ἡμέρα. νὺξ 1 day ... Night Here "day" and "night" are metaphors. Jesus is comparing the time when people can do God's work to daytime, the time when people normally work, and nighttime to when they cannot do God's work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 9 5 f2xu figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 in the world Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "living among the people of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 9 5 dd8k figs-metaphor φῶς τοῦ κόσμου 1 light of the world Here "light" is a metaphor for the true revelation of God. Alternate translation: "the one who shows what is true just as light allows people to see what is in the darkness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 9 6 y3s4 figs-explicit ἐποίησεν πηλὸν ἐκ τοῦ πτύσματος 1 made mud with the saliva Jesus used his fingers to mix the dirt and saliva. Alternate translation: "and used his fingers to mix the dirt and saliva to make mud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 9 7 ily8 figs-explicit 0 wash ... washed You may need to make explicit that Jesus wanted him to wash the mud off of his eyes in the pool and that that is what the man did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 9 7 ri9h writing-background 0 which is translated "Sent" A brief break occurs here in the story line so John can explain to his readers what "Siloam" means. Alternate translation: "which means 'Sent'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 9 8 r79x figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the man that used to sit and beg? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the surprise of the people. Alternate translation: "This man is the one who used to sit and beg!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 9 7 ri9h writing-background ,"( ὃ ἑρμηνεύεται" ἀπεσταλμένος"). 1 which is translated "Sent" A brief break occurs here in the story line so John can explain to his readers what "Siloam" means. Alternate translation: "which means 'Sent'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 9 8 r79x figs-rquestion ἐστιν οὐχ οὗτός ὁ καθήμενος καὶ προσαιτῶν 1 Is not this the man that used to sit and beg? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the surprise of the people. Alternate translation: "This man is the one who used to sit and beg!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 9 10 p7vj 0 Connecting Statement: The neighbors of the man who had been blind continue to speak to him. JHN 9 10 m97n 0 Then how were your eyes opened? "Then what caused you to be able to see?" or "How is it that you can see now?" -JHN 9 11 a42y 0 smeared it on my eyes "used his fingers to cover my eyes with mud." See how you translated a similar phrase in [John 9:6](../09/06.md). +JHN 9 11 a42y ἐπέχρισέν μου τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 smeared it on my eyes "used his fingers to cover my eyes with mud." See how you translated a similar phrase in [John 9:6](../09/06.md). JHN 9 13 dl48 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 14 tells background information about when Jesus healed the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 9 13 cu14 0 They brought the man who used to be blind to the Pharisees The people insisted that the man go with them to the Pharisees. They did not physically force him to go. -JHN 9 14 qxy9 0 Sabbath day "Jewish Day of Rest" -JHN 9 15 d6xd 0 Then again the Pharisees asked him "So the Pharisees also asked him" +JHN 9 13 cu14 ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν τόν ποτε τυφλόν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους 1 They brought the man who used to be blind to the Pharisees The people insisted that the man go with them to the Pharisees. They did not physically force him to go. +JHN 9 14 qxy9 Σάββατον ἐν ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ 1 Sabbath day "Jewish Day of Rest" +JHN 9 15 d6xd οὖν πάλιν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἠρώτων αὐτὸν 1 Then again the Pharisees asked him "So the Pharisees also asked him" JHN 9 16 y3wn writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 18 there is a break from the main story line as John provides background information about the Jews' disbelief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 9 16 hdh9 0 he does not keep the Sabbath This means Jesus does not obey the law about doing no work on the Jewish Day of Rest. -JHN 9 16 k4sy figs-rquestion 0 How can a man who is a sinner do such signs? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that Jesus' signs prove he is not a sinner. Alternate translation: "A sinner can not do such signs!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 9 16 qn73 0 signs This is another word for miracles. "Signs" give evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. -JHN 9 17 lcb3 0 He is a prophet "I think he is a prophet" -JHN 9 18 awp6 figs-synecdoche 0 Now the Jews still did not believe Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: Now the Jewish leaders still did not believe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 9 19 npf9 0 They asked the parents "They" refers to the Jewish leaders. -JHN 9 21 vh7q 0 he is an adult "he is a man" or "he is no longer a child" +JHN 9 16 hdh9 τηρεῖ οὐ τηρεῖ τὸ Σάββατον 1 he does not keep the Sabbath This means Jesus does not obey the law about doing no work on the Jewish Day of Rest. +JHN 9 16 k4sy figs-rquestion ," πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος ἁμαρτωλὸς ποιεῖν τοιαῦτα σημεῖα?" 1 How can a man who is a sinner do such signs? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that Jesus' signs prove he is not a sinner. Alternate translation: "A sinner can not do such signs!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 9 16 qn73 σημεῖα 1 signs This is another word for miracles. "Signs" give evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. +JHN 9 17 lcb3 ἐστίν προφήτης 1 He is a prophet "I think he is a prophet" +JHN 9 18 awp6 figs-synecdoche οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐπίστευσαν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν 1 Now the Jews still did not believe Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: Now the Jewish leaders still did not believe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 9 19 npf9 ἠρώτησαν αὐτοὺς 1 They asked the parents "They" refers to the Jewish leaders. +JHN 9 21 vh7q αὐτὸς ἔχει ἡλικίαν 1 he is an adult "he is a man" or "he is no longer a child" JHN 9 22 yq73 writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 22 there is a break from the main story line as John provides background information about the man's parents being afraid of the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 9 22 k2iw figs-synecdoche 0 they were afraid of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "they were afraid of what the Jewish leaders might do to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 9 22 j15m 0 afraid This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to oneself or others. -JHN 9 22 dgp7 0 would confess him to be the Christ "would say that Jesus is the Christ" -JHN 9 22 yjv9 figs-metaphor 0 he would be thrown out of the synagogue Here "be thrown out of the synagogue" is a metaphor for no longer being allowed to go into the synagogue and no longer belonging to the group of people who attend services at the synagogue. Alternate translation: "he would not be allowed to go into the synagogue" or "he would no longer belong to the synagogue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 9 23 f9zl 0 He is an adult "he is a man" or "he is no longer a child." See how you translated this in [John 9:21](../09/21.md). -JHN 9 24 h1tl 0 they called the man Here, "they" refers to the Jews. ([John 9:18](../09/18.md)) -JHN 9 24 bkx6 figs-idiom 0 Give glory to God This is an idiom that people used when taking an oath. Alternate translation: "In the presence of God, tell the truth" or "Speak the truth before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 9 24 ww3t 0 this man This refers to Jesus. -JHN 9 25 sr93 0 that man This refers to the man who had been blind. +JHN 9 22 k2iw figs-synecdoche ἐφοβοῦντο τοὺς Ἰουδαίους 1 they were afraid of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the "Jewish leaders" who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "they were afraid of what the Jewish leaders might do to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 9 22 j15m ἐφοβοῦντο 1 afraid This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to oneself or others. +JHN 9 22 dgp7 ὁμολογήσῃ αὐτὸν γένηται Χριστόν 1 would confess him to be the Christ "would say that Jesus is the Christ" +JHN 9 22 yjv9 figs-metaphor ἀποσυνάγωγος 1 he would be thrown out of the synagogue Here "be thrown out of the synagogue" is a metaphor for no longer being allowed to go into the synagogue and no longer belonging to the group of people who attend services at the synagogue. Alternate translation: "he would not be allowed to go into the synagogue" or "he would no longer belong to the synagogue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 9 23 f9zl ἔχει ἡλικίαν 1 He is an adult "he is a man" or "he is no longer a child." See how you translated this in [John 9:21](../09/21.md). +JHN 9 24 h1tl ἐφώνησαν τὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 they called the man Here, "they" refers to the Jews. ([John 9:18](../09/18.md)) +JHN 9 24 bkx6 figs-idiom δὸς δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Give glory to God This is an idiom that people used when taking an oath. Alternate translation: "In the presence of God, tell the truth" or "Speak the truth before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 9 24 ww3t οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος 1 this man This refers to Jesus. +JHN 9 25 sr93 ἐκεῖνος 1 that man This refers to the man who had been blind. JHN 9 26 z2l2 0 Connecting Statement: The Jews continue to speak to the man who had been blind. -JHN 9 27 cf2d figs-rquestion 0 Why do you want to hear it again? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the man's amazement that the Jewish leaders have asked him to tell them again what happened. Alternate translation: "I am surprised that you want to hear again what happened to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 9 27 kpt6 figs-rquestion 0 You do not want to become his disciples too, do you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add irony to the man's statement. He knows that the Jewish leaders do not want to follow Jesus. Here he ridicules them. Alternate translation: "It sounds like you also want to become his disciples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JHN 9 28 h7hy 0 You are his disciple "You are following Jesus!" -JHN 9 28 z2tn figs-exclusive 0 but we are disciples of Moses The pronoun "we" is exclusive. The Jewish leaders are speaking only of themselves. Alternate translation: "but we are following Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -JHN 9 29 ye4k 0 We know that God has spoken to Moses "We are sure that God has spoken to Moses" -JHN 9 29 vv43 figs-explicit 0 we do not know where this one is from Here the Jewish leaders are referring to Jesus. They imply that he has no authority to call disciples. Alternate translation: "we do not know where he comes from or where he gets his authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 9 30 i3gm figs-explicit 0 that you do not know where he is from The man is surprised that the Jewish leaders question Jesus' authority when they know he has the power to heal. Alternate translation: "that you do not know where he gets his authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 9 27 cf2d figs-rquestion τί θέλετε ἀκούειν πάλιν? 1 Why do you want to hear it again? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the man's amazement that the Jewish leaders have asked him to tell them again what happened. Alternate translation: "I am surprised that you want to hear again what happened to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 9 27 kpt6 figs-rquestion ὑμεῖς θέλετε μὴ θέλετε γενέσθαι αὐτοῦ μαθηταὶ καὶ, θέλετε? 1 You do not want to become his disciples too, do you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add irony to the man's statement. He knows that the Jewish leaders do not want to follow Jesus. Here he ridicules them. Alternate translation: "It sounds like you also want to become his disciples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JHN 9 28 h7hy σὺ εἶ ἐκείνου μαθητὴς 1 You are his disciple "You are following Jesus!" +JHN 9 28 z2tn figs-exclusive δὲ ἡμεῖς ἐσμὲν μαθηταί τοῦ Μωϋσέως 1 but we are disciples of Moses The pronoun "we" is exclusive. The Jewish leaders are speaking only of themselves. Alternate translation: "but we are following Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +JHN 9 29 ye4k ἡμεῖς οἴδαμεν ὅτι ὁ Θεός λελάληκεν Μωϋσεῖ 1 We know that God has spoken to Moses "We are sure that God has spoken to Moses" +JHN 9 29 vv43 figs-explicit οἴδαμεν οὐκ οἴδαμεν πόθεν τοῦτον ἐστίν πόθεν 1 we do not know where this one is from Here the Jewish leaders are referring to Jesus. They imply that he has no authority to call disciples. Alternate translation: "we do not know where he comes from or where he gets his authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 9 30 i3gm figs-explicit ὅτι ὑμεῖς οἴδατε οὐκ οἴδατε πόθεν ἐστίν πόθεν 1 that you do not know where he is from The man is surprised that the Jewish leaders question Jesus' authority when they know he has the power to heal. Alternate translation: "that you do not know where he gets his authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 9 31 e7ec 0 does not listen to sinners ... listens to him "does not answer the prayers of sinners ... God answers his prayers" JHN 9 32 e89t 0 Connecting Statement: The man who had been blind continues speaking to the Jews. -JHN 9 32 b2xt figs-activepassive 0 it has never been heard that anyone opened This is a passive statement. You can translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "no one has ever heard of anyone who healed a man who was blind from birth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 9 33 tt5e figs-doublenegatives 0 If this man were not from God, he could do nothing This sentence uses a double negative pattern. "Only a man from God could do something like that!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 9 34 da3z figs-rquestion 0 You were completely born in sins, and you are teaching us? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. It also implies that the man was born blind because of the sins of his parents. Alternate translation: "You were born as a result of your parents' sins. You are not qualified to teach us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 9 34 kl2x 0 they threw him out "they threw him out of the synagogue" +JHN 9 32 b2xt figs-activepassive ἠκούσθη οὐκ ἠκούσθη ὅτι τις ἠνέῳξέν 1 it has never been heard that anyone opened This is a passive statement. You can translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "no one has ever heard of anyone who healed a man who was blind from birth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 9 33 tt5e figs-doublenegatives εἰ οὗτος ἦν μὴ παρὰ Θεοῦ, ἠδύνατο ποιεῖν οὐδέν 1 If this man were not from God, he could do nothing This sentence uses a double negative pattern. "Only a man from God could do something like that!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 9 34 da3z figs-rquestion ," ἐγεννήθης ὅλος ἐγεννήθης ἐν ἁμαρτίαις, καὶ σὺ διδάσκεις ἡμᾶς?" 1 You were completely born in sins, and you are teaching us? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. It also implies that the man was born blind because of the sins of his parents. Alternate translation: "You were born as a result of your parents' sins. You are not qualified to teach us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 9 34 kl2x ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω 1 they threw him out "they threw him out of the synagogue" JHN 9 35 z6r9 0 General Information: Jesus finds the man whom he healed ([John 9:1-7](./01.md)) and begins to speak to him and the crowd. -JHN 9 35 rpb5 0 believe in This means to "believe in Jesus," to believe that he is the Son of God, to trust him as Savior, and live in a way that honors him. -JHN 9 35 tw58 0 the Son of Man Here the reader needs to understand that Jesus was speaking as if "the Son of Man" were another person. The man who had been born blind did not realize that Jesus was speaking of himself when he spoke of "the Son of Man." You should translate so that the man does not learn that Jesus is the Son of Man until verse 37. -JHN 9 39 azp3 figs-metonymy 0 came into this world The "world" is a metonym for "the people who live in the world." Alternate translation: "came to live among the people of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 9 39 te5y figs-metaphor 0 so that those who do not see may see and so that those who see may become blind Here "seeing" and "blindness" are metaphors. Jesus distinguishes between people who are spiritually blind and physically blind. Alternate translation: "so that those who are blind spiritually, but who want to see God, can see him, and those who already falsely think they can see God will remain in their blindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 9 40 d8mm 0 Are we also blind? "Do you think we are spiritually blind?" -JHN 9 41 rh3l figs-metaphor 0 If you were blind, you would have no sin Here "blindness" is a metaphor for not knowing God's truth. Alternate translation: "If you wanted to know God's truth, you would be able to receive your sight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 9 35 rpb5 πιστεύεις εἰς 1 believe in This means to "believe in Jesus," to believe that he is the Son of God, to trust him as Savior, and live in a way that honors him. +JHN 9 35 tw58 τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 the Son of Man Here the reader needs to understand that Jesus was speaking as if "the Son of Man" were another person. The man who had been born blind did not realize that Jesus was speaking of himself when he spoke of "the Son of Man." You should translate so that the man does not learn that Jesus is the Son of Man until verse 37. +JHN 9 39 azp3 figs-metonymy ἦλθον εἰς τοῦτον τὸν κόσμον 1 came into this world The "world" is a metonym for "the people who live in the world." Alternate translation: "came to live among the people of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 9 39 te5y figs-metaphor ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέπωσιν καὶ οἱ βλέποντες γένωνται τυφλοὶ 1 so that those who do not see may see and so that those who see may become blind Here "seeing" and "blindness" are metaphors. Jesus distinguishes between people who are spiritually blind and physically blind. Alternate translation: "so that those who are blind spiritually, but who want to see God, can see him, and those who already falsely think they can see God will remain in their blindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 9 40 d8mm ἐσμεν ἡμεῖς καὶ τυφλοί 1 Are we also blind? "Do you think we are spiritually blind?" +JHN 9 41 rh3l figs-metaphor εἰ ἦτε τυφλοὶ, ἂν εἴχετε οὐκ ἁμαρτίαν 1 If you were blind, you would have no sin Here "blindness" is a metaphor for not knowing God's truth. Alternate translation: "If you wanted to know God's truth, you would be able to receive your sight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 9 41 jmq7 figs-metaphor 0 but now you say, 'We see,' so your sin remains Here "seeing" is a metaphor for knowing God's truth. Alternate translation: "Since you falsely think that you already know God's truth, you will remain blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 10 intro e8mb 0 # John 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Blasphemy

When a person claims that he is God or that God has told him to speak when God has not told him to speak, this is called blasphemy. The law of Moses commanded the Israelites to kill blasphemers by stoning them to death. When Jesus said, "I and the Father are one," the Jews thought he was blaspheming, so they took up stones to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Important metaphors in this chapter

##### Sheep

Jesus spoke of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, they do not think well, they often walk away from those who care for them, and they cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. God's people also rebel against him and do not know when they are doing wrong.

##### Sheep pen

A sheep pen was a space with a stone wall around it in which shepherds would keep their sheep. Once they were inside the sheep pen, the sheep could not run away, and animals and thieves could not easily get inside to kill or steal them.

##### Laying down and taking up life

Jesus speaks of his life as if it were a physical object that he could lay down on the ground, a metaphor for dying, or pick up again, a metaphor for becoming alive again.
JHN 10 1 gzd8 figs-parables 0 General Information: Jesus begins to speak in parables. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) JHN 10 1 ab9x 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak to the Pharisees. This is the same part of the story which began in [John 9:35](../09/35.md). -JHN 10 1 i3tj 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 10 1 xq1f 0 sheep pen This is a fenced area where a shepherd keeps his sheep. -JHN 10 1 zz7x figs-doublet 0 a thief and a robber This is the use of two words with similar meanings to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JHN 10 3 uy2v 0 The gatekeeper opens for him "The gatekeeper opens the gate for the shepherd" -JHN 10 3 iac4 0 The gatekeeper This is a hired man who watches the gate of the sheep pen at night while the shepherd is away. -JHN 10 3 db3c 0 The sheep hear his voice "The sheep hear the shepherd's voice" -JHN 10 4 n1ta 0 he goes ahead of them "he walks in front of them" -JHN 10 4 z8dm 0 for they know his voice "because they recognize his voice" -JHN 10 6 x5yl 0 they did not understand Possible meanings: 1) "the disciples did not understand" or 2) "the crowd did not understand." -JHN 10 6 u3nw figs-metaphor 0 this parable This is an illustration from the work of shepherds, using metaphors. The "shepherd" is a metaphor for Jesus. The "sheep" represent those who follow Jesus, and the "strangers" are the Jewish leaders, including the Pharisees, who try to deceive the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 1 i3tj ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 10 1 xq1f τῶν προβάτων αὐλὴν 1 sheep pen This is a fenced area where a shepherd keeps his sheep. +JHN 10 1 zz7x figs-doublet κλέπτης καὶ λῃστής 1 a thief and a robber This is the use of two words with similar meanings to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JHN 10 3 uy2v ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει τούτῳ 1 The gatekeeper opens for him "The gatekeeper opens the gate for the shepherd" +JHN 10 3 iac4 ὁ θυρωρὸς 1 The gatekeeper This is a hired man who watches the gate of the sheep pen at night while the shepherd is away. +JHN 10 3 db3c τὰ πρόβατα ἀκούει αὐτοῦ τῆς φωνῆς 1 The sheep hear his voice "The sheep hear the shepherd's voice" +JHN 10 4 n1ta πορεύεται ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν 1 he goes ahead of them "he walks in front of them" +JHN 10 4 z8dm ὅτι οἴδασιν αὐτοῦ τὴν φωνὴν 1 for they know his voice "because they recognize his voice" +JHN 10 6 x5yl ἐκεῖνοι ἔγνωσαν οὐκ ἔγνωσαν 1 they did not understand Possible meanings: 1) "the disciples did not understand" or 2) "the crowd did not understand." +JHN 10 6 u3nw figs-metaphor ταύτην τὴν παροιμίαν 1 this parable This is an illustration from the work of shepherds, using metaphors. The "shepherd" is a metaphor for Jesus. The "sheep" represent those who follow Jesus, and the "strangers" are the Jewish leaders, including the Pharisees, who try to deceive the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 10 7 q3na 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to explain the meaning of the parables he had spoken. -JHN 10 7 q4hs 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 10 7 nj4k figs-metaphor 0 I am the gate of the sheep Here "gate" is a metaphor that means Jesus provides access into the sheepfold where God's people dwell in his presence. Alternate translation: "I am like the gate that the sheep use to enter into the sheepfold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 8 k4z6 figs-explicit 0 Everyone who came before me This refers to other teachers who have taught the people, including the Pharisees and other Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "All of the teachers who came without my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 10 8 hqq3 figs-metaphor 0 a thief and a robber These words are metaphors. Jesus calls those teachers "a thief and a robber" because their teachings were false, and they were trying to lead God's people while not understanding the truth. As a result, they deceived the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 9 yp3g figs-metaphor 0 I am the gate Here "gate" is a metaphor. By referring to himself as "the gate," Jesus is showing that he offers a true way to enter the kingdom of God. Alternate translation: "I myself am like that gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 9 in9p 0 pasture The word "pasture" means a grassy area where sheep eat. +JHN 10 7 q4hs ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 10 7 nj4k figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων 1 I am the gate of the sheep Here "gate" is a metaphor that means Jesus provides access into the sheepfold where God's people dwell in his presence. Alternate translation: "I am like the gate that the sheep use to enter into the sheepfold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 8 k4z6 figs-explicit πάντες ὅσοι ἦλθον πρὸ ἐμοῦ 1 Everyone who came before me This refers to other teachers who have taught the people, including the Pharisees and other Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "All of the teachers who came without my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 10 8 hqq3 figs-metaphor κλέπται καὶ λῃσταί 1 a thief and a robber These words are metaphors. Jesus calls those teachers "a thief and a robber" because their teachings were false, and they were trying to lead God's people while not understanding the truth. As a result, they deceived the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 9 yp3g figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα 1 I am the gate Here "gate" is a metaphor. By referring to himself as "the gate," Jesus is showing that he offers a true way to enter the kingdom of God. Alternate translation: "I myself am like that gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 9 in9p νομὴν 1 pasture The word "pasture" means a grassy area where sheep eat. JHN 10 10 h2gf figs-doublenegatives 0 does not come if he would not steal This is a double negative. In some languages it is more natural to use a positive statement. Alternate translation: "comes only to steal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 10 10 h56c figs-explicit 0 steal and kill and destroy Here the implied metaphor is "sheep," which represents God's people. Alternate translation: "steal and kill and destroy the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 10 j2k6 0 so that they will have life The word "they" refers to the sheep. "Life" refers to eternal life. Alternate translation: "so that they will really live, lacking nothing" +JHN 10 10 h56c figs-explicit κλέψῃ καὶ θύσῃ καὶ ἀπολέσῃ 1 steal and kill and destroy Here the implied metaphor is "sheep," which represents God's people. Alternate translation: "steal and kill and destroy the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 10 j2k6 ἵνα ἔχωσιν ζωὴν 1 so that they will have life The word "they" refers to the sheep. "Life" refers to eternal life. Alternate translation: "so that they will really live, lacking nothing" JHN 10 11 x196 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues his parable about the good shepherd. -JHN 10 11 xs4m figs-metaphor 0 I am the good shepherd Here "good shepherd" is a metaphor that represents Jesus. Alternate translation: "I am like a good shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 11 llr4 figs-euphemism 0 lays down his life To lay down something means to give up control of it. It is a mild way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: "dies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JHN 10 12 ym8w figs-metaphor 0 The hired servant The "hired servant" is a metaphor that represents the Jewish leaders and teachers. Alternate translation: "The one who is like a hired servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 12 ue4m figs-metaphor 0 abandons the sheep Here the word "sheep" is a metaphor that represents God's people. Like a hired servant who abandons the sheep, Jesus says that the Jewish leaders and teachers do not care for God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 13 szr8 figs-metaphor 0 does not care for the sheep Here the word "sheep" is a metaphor that represents God's people. Like a hired servant who abandons the sheep, Jesus says that the Jewish leaders and teachers do not care for God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 14 fg93 figs-metaphor 0 I am the good shepherd Here the "good shepherd" is a metaphor for Jesus. Alternate translation: "I am like a good shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 15 qr9g guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 The Father knows me, and I know the Father God the Father and God the Son know each other unlike anyone else knows them. "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 15 pn9w figs-euphemism 0 I lay down my life for the sheep This is a mild way for Jesus to say that he will die to protect his sheep. Alternate translation: "I die for the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JHN 10 16 y3g7 figs-metaphor 0 I have other sheep Here "other sheep" is a metaphor for followers of Jesus who are not Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 16 w86n figs-metaphor 0 one flock and one shepherd Here "flock" and "shepherd" are metaphors. All of Jesus's followers, Jews and non-Jews, will be like one flock of sheep. He will be like a shepherd who cares for all of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 11 xs4m figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὁ καλός ποιμὴν 1 I am the good shepherd Here "good shepherd" is a metaphor that represents Jesus. Alternate translation: "I am like a good shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 11 llr4 figs-euphemism τίθησιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν 1 lays down his life To lay down something means to give up control of it. It is a mild way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: "dies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JHN 10 12 ym8w figs-metaphor ὁ μισθωτὸς 1 The hired servant The "hired servant" is a metaphor that represents the Jewish leaders and teachers. Alternate translation: "The one who is like a hired servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 12 ue4m figs-metaphor ἀφίησιν τὰ πρόβατα 1 abandons the sheep Here the word "sheep" is a metaphor that represents God's people. Like a hired servant who abandons the sheep, Jesus says that the Jewish leaders and teachers do not care for God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 13 szr8 figs-metaphor μέλει οὐ μέλει περὶ τῶν προβάτων 1 does not care for the sheep Here the word "sheep" is a metaphor that represents God's people. Like a hired servant who abandons the sheep, Jesus says that the Jewish leaders and teachers do not care for God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 14 fg93 figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὁ καλός ποιμὴν 1 I am the good shepherd Here the "good shepherd" is a metaphor for Jesus. Alternate translation: "I am like a good shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 15 qr9g guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ γινώσκει με, κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν Πατέρα 1 The Father knows me, and I know the Father God the Father and God the Son know each other unlike anyone else knows them. "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 15 pn9w figs-euphemism τίθημι μου τὴν ψυχήν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων 1 I lay down my life for the sheep This is a mild way for Jesus to say that he will die to protect his sheep. Alternate translation: "I die for the sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JHN 10 16 y3g7 figs-metaphor ἔχω ἄλλα πρόβατα 1 I have other sheep Here "other sheep" is a metaphor for followers of Jesus who are not Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 16 w86n figs-metaphor μία ποίμνη εἷς ποιμήν 1 one flock and one shepherd Here "flock" and "shepherd" are metaphors. All of Jesus's followers, Jews and non-Jews, will be like one flock of sheep. He will be like a shepherd who cares for all of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 10 17 kd16 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes speaking to the crowd. -JHN 10 17 i59j 0 This is why the Father loves me: I lay down my life God's eternal plan was for God the Son to give his life to pay for the sins of humanity. Jesus' death on the cross reveals the intense love of the Son for the Father and of the Father for the Son. -JHN 10 17 kpr5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 17 px17 0 loves This kind of love comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 10 17 wc4l figs-euphemism 0 I lay down my life so that I may take it again This is a mild way for Jesus to say he will die and then will become alive again. Alternate translation: "I allow myself to die in order that I may bring myself back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JHN 10 18 j945 figs-rpronouns 0 I lay it down of myself The reflexive pronoun "myself" is used here to emphasize that Jesus lays down his own life. No one takes it from him. Alternate translation: "I myself lay it down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 10 18 s13n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 I have received this command from my Father "This is what my Father has commanded me to do." The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 17 i59j διὰ τοῦτό ὁ Πατὴρ ἀγαπᾷ με: ἐγὼ τίθημι μου τὴν ψυχήν 1 This is why the Father loves me: I lay down my life God's eternal plan was for God the Son to give his life to pay for the sins of humanity. Jesus' death on the cross reveals the intense love of the Son for the Father and of the Father for the Son. +JHN 10 17 kpr5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 17 px17 ἀγαπᾷ 1 loves This kind of love comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 10 17 wc4l figs-euphemism ἐγὼ τίθημι μου τὴν ψυχήν ἵνα λάβω αὐτήν πάλιν 1 I lay down my life so that I may take it again This is a mild way for Jesus to say he will die and then will become alive again. Alternate translation: "I allow myself to die in order that I may bring myself back to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JHN 10 18 j945 figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ τίθημι αὐτὴν τίθημι ἀπ’ ἐμαυτοῦ 1 I lay it down of myself The reflexive pronoun "myself" is used here to emphasize that Jesus lays down his own life. No one takes it from him. Alternate translation: "I myself lay it down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 10 18 s13n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν ἐντολὴν παρὰ μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 I have received this command from my Father "This is what my Father has commanded me to do." The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 10 19 wft1 0 Connecting Statement: These verses tell how the Jews responded to what Jesus had said. -JHN 10 20 gm3r figs-rquestion 0 Why do you listen to him? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize the point that the people should not listen to Jesus. Alternate translation: "Do not listen to him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 10 21 mj2b figs-rquestion 0 Can a demon open the eyes of the blind? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Certainly a demon cannot cause a blind man to see!" or "Certainly a demon cannot give sight to blind people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 10 20 gm3r figs-rquestion τί ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ 1 Why do you listen to him? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize the point that the people should not listen to Jesus. Alternate translation: "Do not listen to him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 10 21 mj2b figs-rquestion δύναται δαιμόνιον ἀνοῖξαι ὀφθαλμοὺς τυφλῶν 1 Can a demon open the eyes of the blind? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Certainly a demon cannot cause a blind man to see!" or "Certainly a demon cannot give sight to blind people!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 10 22 f9cm writing-background 0 General Information: During the Festival of Dedication, some Jews begin to question Jesus. Verses 22 and 23 give background information about the setting of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 10 22 w25f 0 Festival of the Dedication This is an eight-day, winter holiday Jews use to remember a miracle where God made a small amount of oil remain lit in a lampstand for eight days. They lit the lampstand to dedicate the Jewish temple to God. To dedicate something is to promise to use it for a special purpose. -JHN 10 23 v6wn figs-explicit 0 Jesus was walking in the temple The area where Jesus was walking was actually a courtyard that was outside the temple building. Alternate translation: "Jesus was walking in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 10 23 cs2b 0 porch This is a structure attached to the entrance of a building; it has a roof and it may or may not have walls. -JHN 10 24 m8ja figs-synecdoche 0 Then the Jews surrounded him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then the Jewish leaders surrounded him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 10 22 w25f ἐνκαίνια 1 Festival of the Dedication This is an eight-day, winter holiday Jews use to remember a miracle where God made a small amount of oil remain lit in a lampstand for eight days. They lit the lampstand to dedicate the Jewish temple to God. To dedicate something is to promise to use it for a special purpose. +JHN 10 23 v6wn figs-explicit ὁ Ἰησοῦς περιεπάτει ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 Jesus was walking in the temple The area where Jesus was walking was actually a courtyard that was outside the temple building. Alternate translation: "Jesus was walking in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 10 23 cs2b στοᾷ 1 porch This is a structure attached to the entrance of a building; it has a roof and it may or may not have walls. +JHN 10 24 m8ja figs-synecdoche οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐκύκλωσαν αὐτὸν 1 Then the Jews surrounded him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then the Jewish leaders surrounded him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 10 24 nk9t figs-idiom 0 hold us doubting This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "keep us wondering" or "keep us from knowing for sure?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JHN 10 25 cb95 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to respond to the Jews. -JHN 10 25 e7zh figs-metonymy 0 in the name of my Father Here "name" is a metonym for the power of God. Here "Father" is an important title for God. Jesus performed miracles through his Father's power and authority. Alternate translation: "through my Father's power" or "with my Father's power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 25 n34x figs-personification 0 these testify concerning me His miracles offer proof about him like a person who testifies would offer proof in a court of law. Alternate translation: "offer proof concerning me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JHN 10 26 als6 figs-metaphor 0 not my sheep The word "sheep" is a metaphor for the followers of Jesus. Alternate translation: "not my followers" or "not my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 27 rdw7 figs-metaphor 0 My sheep hear my voice The word "sheep" is a metaphor for the followers of Jesus. The metaphor of Jesus as the "shepherd" is also implied. Alternate translation: "Just as sheep obey the voice of their true shepherd, my followers heed my voice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 28 bpx3 figs-metonymy 0 no one will snatch them out of my hand Here the word "hand" is a metonym that represents the protective care of Jesus. Alternate translation: "no one will steal them away from me" or "they will remain secure forever in my care" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 10 25 e7zh figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Πατρός μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 in the name of my Father Here "name" is a metonym for the power of God. Here "Father" is an important title for God. Jesus performed miracles through his Father's power and authority. Alternate translation: "through my Father's power" or "with my Father's power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 25 n34x figs-personification ταῦτα μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 these testify concerning me His miracles offer proof about him like a person who testifies would offer proof in a court of law. Alternate translation: "offer proof concerning me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JHN 10 26 als6 figs-metaphor οὐκ τῶν ἐμῶν ἐκ τῶν προβάτων 1 not my sheep The word "sheep" is a metaphor for the followers of Jesus. Alternate translation: "not my followers" or "not my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 27 rdw7 figs-metaphor τὰ ἐμὰ τὰ πρόβατα ἀκούουσιν μου τῆς φωνῆς 1 My sheep hear my voice The word "sheep" is a metaphor for the followers of Jesus. The metaphor of Jesus as the "shepherd" is also implied. Alternate translation: "Just as sheep obey the voice of their true shepherd, my followers heed my voice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 28 bpx3 figs-metonymy οὐχ ἁρπάσει αὐτὰ ἐκ μου τῆς χειρός 1 no one will snatch them out of my hand Here the word "hand" is a metonym that represents the protective care of Jesus. Alternate translation: "no one will steal them away from me" or "they will remain secure forever in my care" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 10 29 g82a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father, who has given them to me The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 29 k1ya figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Father The word "hand" is a metonym that refers to God's possession and protective care. Alternate translation: "No one can steal them from my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 10 30 rs4j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 I and the Father are one Jesus, God the Son, and God the Father are one. The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 29 k1ya figs-metonymy τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ Πατρός 1 the hand of the Father The word "hand" is a metonym that refers to God's possession and protective care. Alternate translation: "No one can steal them from my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 10 30 rs4j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ Πατὴρ ἐσμεν ἕν 1 I and the Father are one Jesus, God the Son, and God the Father are one. The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 10 31 fl8i figs-synecdoche 0 Then the Jews took up stones The word "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then the Jewish leaders started picking up stones again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 10 32 t5q8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Jesus answered them, "I have shown you many good works from the Father Jesus performed the miracles by the power of God. The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 32 tx8h figs-irony 0 For which of those works are you stoning me? This question uses irony. Jesus knows the Jewish leaders do not want to stone him because he has done good works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JHN 10 33 bq1l figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews answered him The word "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish opponents replied" or "The Jewish leaders answered him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 10 33 h4kp 0 making yourself God "claiming to be God" +JHN 10 32 t5q8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς," ἔδειξα ὑμῖν πολλὰ καλὰ ἔργα ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός. 1 Jesus answered them, "I have shown you many good works from the Father Jesus performed the miracles by the power of God. The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 32 tx8h figs-irony διὰ ποῖον αὐτῶν ἔργον λιθάζετε ἐμὲ 1 For which of those works are you stoning me? This question uses irony. Jesus knows the Jewish leaders do not want to stone him because he has done good works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JHN 10 33 bq1l figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ 1 The Jews answered him The word "Jews" is a synecdoche that represents the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish opponents replied" or "The Jewish leaders answered him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 10 33 h4kp ποιεῖς σεαυτὸν Θεόν 1 making yourself God "claiming to be God" JHN 10 34 qi82 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not written ... gods"'? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You should already know that it is written in your law that I said, 'you are gods.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 10 34 b3gp 0 You are gods Here Jesus quotes a scripture where God calls his followers "gods," perhaps because he has chosen them to represent him on earth. -JHN 10 35 m8ji figs-metaphor 0 the word of God came Jesus speaks of God's message as though it were a person who moved toward those who heard it. Alternate translation: "God spoke his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 10 35 u9j2 0 the scripture cannot be broken Possible meanings are 1) "no one can change the scripture" or 2) "the scripture will always be true." +JHN 10 34 b3gp ἐστε θεοί 1 You are gods Here Jesus quotes a scripture where God calls his followers "gods," perhaps because he has chosen them to represent him on earth. +JHN 10 35 m8ji figs-metaphor ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐγένετο 1 the word of God came Jesus speaks of God's message as though it were a person who moved toward those who heard it. Alternate translation: "God spoke his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 10 35 u9j2 ἡ Γραφή οὐ δύναται λυθῆναι 1 the scripture cannot be broken Possible meanings are 1) "no one can change the scripture" or 2) "the scripture will always be true." JHN 10 36 dvp5 figs-rquestion 0 do you say to him whom the Father set apart and sent into the world, 'You are blaspheming,' because I said, 'I am the Son of God'? Jesus used this question to rebuke his opponents for saying that he was blaspheming when he called himself "the Son of God." Alternate translation: "you should not say to the very one whom the Father set apart to send into the world, 'You are blaspheming,' when I say that I am the Son of God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 10 36 fj9f 0 You are blaspheming "You are insulting God." Jesus' opponents understood that when said that he is the Son of God, he was implying that he is equal with God. +JHN 10 36 fj9f βλασφημεῖς 1 You are blaspheming "You are insulting God." Jesus' opponents understood that when said that he is the Son of God, he was implying that he is equal with God. JHN 10 36 rax1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son of God These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 10 37 wyd2 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes responding to the Jews. -JHN 10 37 us7v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 10 37 vk1v 0 believe me Here the word "believe" means to accept or trust what Jesus said is true. -JHN 10 38 k2zf 0 believe in the works Here "believe in" is to acknowledge that the works Jesus does are from the Father. -JHN 10 38 t8uf figs-idiom 0 the Father is in me and that I am in the Father These are idioms that express the close personal relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: "My Father and I are completely joined together as one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 10 39 eqh1 figs-metonymy 0 went away out of their hand The word "hand" is a metonym that represents the custody or possession of the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "got away from them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 10 40 b41s figs-explicit 0 beyond the Jordan Jesus had been on the west side of the Jordan River. Alternate translation: "to the east side of the Jordan River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 10 40 f5dx figs-explicit 0 he stayed there Jesus remained on the east side of Jordan for a short period of time. Alternate translation: "Jesus stayed there for several days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 10 41 m1pl 0 John indeed did no signs, but all the things that John has said about this man are true "It is true that John did no signs, but he certainly did speak the truth about this man, who does signs." -JHN 10 41 lw9n 0 signs These are miracles that prove that something is true or that give someone credibility. -JHN 10 42 ieh5 0 believed in Here "believed in" means accepted or trusted what Jesus said was true. +JHN 10 37 us7v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 10 37 vk1v πιστεύετέ μοι 1 believe me Here the word "believe" means to accept or trust what Jesus said is true. +JHN 10 38 k2zf πιστεύετε τοῖς ἔργοις 1 believe in the works Here "believe in" is to acknowledge that the works Jesus does are from the Father. +JHN 10 38 t8uf figs-idiom τῷ Πατρί 1 the Father is in me and that I am in the Father These are idioms that express the close personal relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: "My Father and I are completely joined together as one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 10 39 eqh1 figs-metonymy ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ αὐτῶν τῆς χειρὸς 1 went away out of their hand The word "hand" is a metonym that represents the custody or possession of the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "got away from them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 10 40 b41s figs-explicit πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου 1 beyond the Jordan Jesus had been on the west side of the Jordan River. Alternate translation: "to the east side of the Jordan River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 10 40 f5dx figs-explicit ἔμεινεν ἐκεῖ 1 he stayed there Jesus remained on the east side of Jordan for a short period of time. Alternate translation: "Jesus stayed there for several days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 10 41 m1pl Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐποίησεν οὐδέν σημεῖον, δὲ πάντα ὅσα Ἰωάννης εἶπεν περὶ τούτου ἦν ἀληθῆ 1 John indeed did no signs, but all the things that John has said about this man are true "It is true that John did no signs, but he certainly did speak the truth about this man, who does signs." +JHN 10 41 lw9n σημεῖον 1 signs These are miracles that prove that something is true or that give someone credibility. +JHN 10 42 ieh5 ἐπίστευσαν εἰς 1 believed in Here "believed in" means accepted or trusted what Jesus said was true. JHN 11 intro tks5 0 # John 11 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### Passover

After Jesus made Lazarus become alive again, the Jewish leaders were trying hard to kill him, so he started traveling from place to place in secret. Now the Pharisees knew that he would probably come to Jerusalem for the Passover because God had commanded all Jewish men to celebrate the Passover in Jerusalem, so they planned to catch him and kill him then. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### "One man dies for the people"

The law of Moses commanded the priests to kill animals so that God would forgive the people's sins. The high priest Caiaphas said, "It is better for you that one man dies for the people than that the whole nation perishes" ([John 10:50](../../jhn/10/50.md)). He said this because he loved his "place" and "nation" ([John 10:48](../../jhn/10/48.md)) more than he loved the God who had made Lazarus become alive again. He wanted Jesus to die so that the Romans would not destroy the temple and Jerusalem, but God wanted Jesus to die so that he could forgive all of his people's sins.

##### Hypothetical situation

When Martha said, "If you had been here, my brother would not have died," she was speaking of a situation that could have happened but did not happen. Jesus had not come, and her brother had died.
JHN 11 1 fsf7 writing-participants 0 General Information: These verses introduce the story of Lazarus and give background information about him and his sister Mary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 11 2 c6r9 writing-background 0 It was Mary who anointed the Lord ... her hair As John introduces Mary, the sister of Martha, he also shares information concerning what would later happen in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 3 i2ar 0 sent for Jesus "asked Jesus to come" -JHN 11 3 czm1 0 love Here "love" refers to brotherly love, a natural, human love between friends or relatives. -JHN 11 4 nk3g figs-explicit 0 This sickness is not to death Jesus implies that he knows what will happen related to Lazarus and his sickness. Alternate translation: "Death will not be the final result of this sickness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 4 k8d3 0 death This refers to physical death. +JHN 11 3 i2ar ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 sent for Jesus "asked Jesus to come" +JHN 11 3 czm1 φιλεῖς 1 love Here "love" refers to brotherly love, a natural, human love between friends or relatives. +JHN 11 4 nk3g figs-explicit αὕτη ἡ ἀσθένεια ἔστιν οὐκ πρὸς θάνατον 1 This sickness is not to death Jesus implies that he knows what will happen related to Lazarus and his sickness. Alternate translation: "Death will not be the final result of this sickness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 4 k8d3 θάνατον 1 death This refers to physical death. JHN 11 4 q343 figs-explicit 0 instead it is for the glory of God so that the Son of God may be glorified by it Jesus implies that he knows what the outcome will be. Alternate translation: "but the purpose is that the people might see how great God is because of what his power will allow me to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 4 ad99 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 11 5 j6r4 writing-background 0 Now Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 8 y4jm figs-rquestion 0 Rabbi, right now the Jews are trying to stone you, and you are going back there again? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the disciples do not want Jesus to go to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Teacher, you surely do not want to go back there! The Jews were trying to stone you the last time you were there!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 11 8 p4x9 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 11 4 ad99 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 11 5 j6r4 writing-background δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἠγάπα τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ αὐτῆς τὴν ἀδελφὴν καὶ τὸν Λάζαρον 1 Now Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 11 8 y4jm figs-rquestion Ῥαββεί, νῦν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν λιθάσαι σε, καὶ ὑπάγεις ἐκεῖ πάλιν 1 Rabbi, right now the Jews are trying to stone you, and you are going back there again? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize that the disciples do not want Jesus to go to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Teacher, you surely do not want to go back there! The Jews were trying to stone you the last time you were there!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 11 8 p4x9 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 11 9 uv34 figs-rquestion 0 Are there not twelve hours of light in a day? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You know that the day has twelve hours of light!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 11 9 ln4r figs-metaphor 0 If someone walks in the daytime, he will not stumble, because he sees by the light of this world People who walk in the light of the day can see well and do not stumble. "Light" is a metaphor for "truth." Jesus is implying that people who live according to truth will be able to successfully do the things that God wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 11 9 ln4r figs-metaphor ἐάν τις περιπατῇ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, προσκόπτει οὐ προσκόπτει, ὅτι βλέπει τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 If someone walks in the daytime, he will not stumble, because he sees by the light of this world People who walk in the light of the day can see well and do not stumble. "Light" is a metaphor for "truth." Jesus is implying that people who live according to truth will be able to successfully do the things that God wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 11 10 hel4 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. JHN 11 10 vm6h figs-metaphor 0 if he walks at night Here "night" is a metaphor that refers to one's walking without God's light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 11 10 c3im 0 the light is not in him Possible meanings are 1) "he cannot see" or "he does not have God's light." -JHN 11 11 bev5 figs-idiom 0 Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep Here "fallen asleep" is an idiom that means Lazarus has died. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you may use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 11 11 ze1z figs-idiom 0 but I am going so that I may wake him out of sleep The words "wake him out of sleep" form an idiom. Jesus is revealing his plan to bring Lazurus back to life. If you have an idiom for this in your language, you may use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 11 10 c3im τὸ φῶς ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 the light is not in him Possible meanings are 1) "he cannot see" or "he does not have God's light." +JHN 11 11 bev5 figs-idiom ἡμῶν ὁ φίλος Λάζαρος κεκοίμηται 1 Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep Here "fallen asleep" is an idiom that means Lazarus has died. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you may use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 11 11 ze1z figs-idiom ἀλλὰ πορεύομαι ἵνα ἐξυπνίσω αὐτόν ἐξυπνίσω 1 but I am going so that I may wake him out of sleep The words "wake him out of sleep" form an idiom. Jesus is revealing his plan to bring Lazurus back to life. If you have an idiom for this in your language, you may use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JHN 11 12 e5k2 writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 13 there is a break in the story line as John comments on the disciples' misunderstanding about what Jesus meant when he said Lazarus was asleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 12 hn2j 0 if he has fallen asleep The disciples misunderstand Jesus to mean that Lazarus is resting and will recover. -JHN 11 14 azy3 0 Then Jesus said to them plainly "So Jesus told them in words that they could understand" +JHN 11 12 hn2j εἰ κεκοίμηται 1 if he has fallen asleep The disciples misunderstand Jesus to mean that Lazarus is resting and will recover. +JHN 11 14 azy3 τότε ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς παρρησίᾳ 1 Then Jesus said to them plainly "So Jesus told them in words that they could understand" JHN 11 15 c2wh 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. -JHN 11 15 c4wj 0 for your sakes "for your benefit" -JHN 11 15 ar2j 0 that I was not there so that you may believe "that I was not there. Because of this you will learn to trust me more." -JHN 11 16 dzc3 figs-activepassive 0 who was called Didymus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom they called Didymus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 11 16 ymy6 translate-names 0 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 11 15 c4wj δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 for your sakes "for your benefit" +JHN 11 15 ar2j ἵνα ἤμην οὐκ ἐκεῖ ὅτι πιστεύσητε 1 that I was not there so that you may believe "that I was not there. Because of this you will learn to trust me more." +JHN 11 16 dzc3 figs-activepassive ὁ λεγόμενος Δίδυμος 1 who was called Didymus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom they called Didymus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 11 16 ymy6 translate-names Δίδυμος 1 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JHN 11 17 p5ya writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus is now in Bethany. These verses give background information about the setting and about what has happened before Jesus arrived. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 17 we1k figs-activepassive 0 he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he learned that people had put Lazarus in a tomb four days before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 11 18 d35v translate-bdistance 0 fifteen stadia away "about three kilometers away." A "stadium" is 185 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -JHN 11 19 m26v figs-explicit 0 about their brother Lazarus was their younger brother. Alternate translation: "about their younger brother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 21 ef5h figs-explicit 0 my brother would not have died Lazarus was the younger brother. Alternate translation: "my younger brother would still be alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 23 j8p2 figs-explicit 0 Your brother will rise again Lazarus was the younger brother. Alternate translation: "Your younger brother will become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 24 z7el 0 he will rise again "he will become alive again" -JHN 11 25 chs2 0 even if he dies Here "dies" refers to physical death. -JHN 11 25 ef7a 0 will live Here "live" refers to spiritual life. -JHN 11 26 a6gs 0 whoever lives and believes in me will never die "those who live and trust in me will never be separated eternally from God" or "those who live and trust in me will be spiritually alive with God forever" -JHN 11 26 fue3 0 will never die Here "die" refers to spiritual death. -JHN 11 27 mk4e 0 She said to him "Martha said to Jesus" +JHN 11 17 we1k figs-activepassive εὗρεν αὐτὸν ἔχοντα ἤδη ἔχοντα ἐν τῷ μνημείῳ τέσσαρας ἡμέρας 1 he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he learned that people had put Lazarus in a tomb four days before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 11 18 d35v translate-bdistance δεκαπέντε σταδίων ἀπὸ 1 fifteen stadia away "about three kilometers away." A "stadium" is 185 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +JHN 11 19 m26v figs-explicit περὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ 1 about their brother Lazarus was their younger brother. Alternate translation: "about their younger brother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 21 ef5h figs-explicit μου ὁ ἀδελφός ἂν ἀπέθανεν οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν 1 my brother would not have died Lazarus was the younger brother. Alternate translation: "my younger brother would still be alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 23 j8p2 figs-explicit σου ὁ ἀδελφός ἀναστήσεται 1 Your brother will rise again Lazarus was the younger brother. Alternate translation: "Your younger brother will become alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 24 z7el ἀναστήσεται 1 he will rise again "he will become alive again" +JHN 11 25 chs2 κἂν ἀποθάνῃ 1 even if he dies Here "dies" refers to physical death. +JHN 11 25 ef7a ζήσεται 1 will live Here "live" refers to spiritual life. +JHN 11 26 a6gs πᾶς ὁ ζῶν καὶ πιστεύων εἰς ἐμὲ ἀποθάνῃ οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνῃ 1 whoever lives and believes in me will never die "those who live and trust in me will never be separated eternally from God" or "those who live and trust in me will be spiritually alive with God forever" +JHN 11 26 fue3 ἀποθάνῃ οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνῃ 1 will never die Here "die" refers to spiritual death. +JHN 11 27 mk4e λέγει αὐτῷ 1 She said to him "Martha said to Jesus" JHN 11 27 zd3n 0 Yes, Lord, I believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God ... coming into the world Martha believes that Jesus is Lord, the Christ (the Messiah), the Son of God. -JHN 11 27 y83q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 11 28 yd61 figs-explicit 0 she went away and called her sister Mary Mary is the younger sister of Martha. Alternate translation: "she went away and called her younger sister Mary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 28 zs2t 0 Teacher This is a title referring to Jesus. -JHN 11 28 fv8f 0 is calling for you "is asking that you come" -JHN 11 30 k5hy writing-background 0 Now Jesus had not yet come into the village Here John provides a brief break in the story to give background information regarding the location of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 32 zmp7 0 fell down at his feet Mary lay down or knelt at the feet of Jesus to show respect. -JHN 11 32 j2wr figs-explicit 0 my brother would not have died Lazarus was Mary's younger brother. See how you translated this in [John 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: "my younger brother would still be alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 33 qef6 figs-doublet 0 he was deeply moved in his spirit and was troubled John combines these phrases that have similar meanings to express the intense emotional distress and possible anger that Jesus experienced. Alternate translation: "he was greatly upset" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JHN 11 34 xl9p figs-euphemism 0 Where have you laid him This is a milder way of asking, "Where have you buried him?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JHN 11 35 bj6b 0 Jesus wept "Jesus began to cry" or "Jesus started crying" -JHN 11 36 b6ee 0 loved This refers to brotherly love or human love for a friend or family member. -JHN 11 37 b3at figs-rquestion 0 Could not this man, who opened the eyes of a blind man, also have made this man not die? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the Jews' surprise that Jesus did not heal Lazarus. Alternate translation: "He could heal a man who was blind, so he should have been able to heal this man so he would not have died!" or "Since he did not keep this man from dying, maybe he did not really heal the man who was born blind, as they say he did!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 11 37 a76u figs-idiom 0 opened the eyes This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "healed the eyes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 11 38 xu7k writing-background 0 Now it was a cave, and a stone lay against it John pauses the story briefly to describe the tomb where the people had buried Lazarus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 39 l2pd figs-explicit 0 Martha, the sister of Lazarus Martha and Mary were older sisters of Lazarus. Alternate translation: "Martha, the older sister of Lazarus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 27 y83q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 11 28 yd61 figs-explicit ἀπῆλθεν καὶ ἐφώνησεν αὐτῆς τὴν ἀδελφὴν Μαριὰμ 1 she went away and called her sister Mary Mary is the younger sister of Martha. Alternate translation: "she went away and called her younger sister Mary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 28 zs2t διδάσκαλος 1 Teacher This is a title referring to Jesus. +JHN 11 28 fv8f φωνεῖ σε 1 is calling for you "is asking that you come" +JHN 11 30 k5hy writing-background δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐληλύθει οὔπω ἐληλύθει εἰς τὴν κώμην 1 Now Jesus had not yet come into the village Here John provides a brief break in the story to give background information regarding the location of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 11 32 zmp7 ἔπεσεν πρὸς τοὺς πόδας 1 fell down at his feet Mary lay down or knelt at the feet of Jesus to show respect. +JHN 11 32 j2wr figs-explicit μου ὁ ἀδελφός ἀπέθανεν οὐκ ἄν ἀπέθανεν 1 my brother would not have died Lazarus was Mary's younger brother. See how you translated this in [John 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: "my younger brother would still be alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 33 qef6 figs-doublet ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυτόν 1 he was deeply moved in his spirit and was troubled John combines these phrases that have similar meanings to express the intense emotional distress and possible anger that Jesus experienced. Alternate translation: "he was greatly upset" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JHN 11 34 xl9p figs-euphemism ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐτόν 1 Where have you laid him This is a milder way of asking, "Where have you buried him?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JHN 11 35 bj6b ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐδάκρυσεν 1 Jesus wept "Jesus began to cry" or "Jesus started crying" +JHN 11 36 b6ee ἐφίλει 1 loved This refers to brotherly love or human love for a friend or family member. +JHN 11 37 b3at figs-rquestion ἐδύνατο οὐκ οὗτος, ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι οὗτος μὴ ἀποθάνῃ 1 Could not this man, who opened the eyes of a blind man, also have made this man not die? This remark appears in the form of a question to express the Jews' surprise that Jesus did not heal Lazarus. Alternate translation: "He could heal a man who was blind, so he should have been able to heal this man so he would not have died!" or "Since he did not keep this man from dying, maybe he did not really heal the man who was born blind, as they say he did!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 11 37 a76u figs-idiom ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 opened the eyes This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "healed the eyes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 11 38 xu7k writing-background δὲ ἦν σπήλαιον, καὶ λίθος ἐπέκειτο ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 Now it was a cave, and a stone lay against it John pauses the story briefly to describe the tomb where the people had buried Lazarus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 11 39 l2pd figs-explicit Μάρθα, ἡ ἀδελφὴ τοῦ τετελευτηκότος 1 Martha, the sister of Lazarus Martha and Mary were older sisters of Lazarus. Alternate translation: "Martha, the older sister of Lazarus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 11 39 lt1d 0 by this time the body will be decaying "by this time there will be a bad smell" or "the body is already stinking" -JHN 11 40 q5mw figs-rquestion 0 Did I not say to you that, if you believed, you would see the glory of God? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to the point that God is about to do something wonderful. Alternate translation: "I told you that if you trusted me, you would see what God can do!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 11 41 lj5j figs-idiom 0 Jesus lifted up his eyes This is an idiom that means to look up. Alternate translation: "Jesus looked up toward heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 11 41 s2dh 0 Father, I thank you that you listened to me Jesus prays directly to the Father so that others around him will hear his prayer. Alternate translation: "Father, I thank you that you have heard me" or "Father, I thank you that you have heard my prayer" -JHN 11 41 j54b guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 11 42 bj2b 0 so that they may believe that you have sent me "I want them to believe that you have sent me" -JHN 11 43 ev4z 0 After he had said this "After Jesus had prayed" -JHN 11 43 cz9f 0 he cried out with a loud voice "he shouted" +JHN 11 40 q5mw figs-rquestion εἶπόν οὐκ εἶπόν σοι ὅτι, ἐὰν πιστεύσῃς, ὄψῃ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Did I not say to you that, if you believed, you would see the glory of God? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to the point that God is about to do something wonderful. Alternate translation: "I told you that if you trusted me, you would see what God can do!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 11 41 lj5j figs-idiom Ἰησοῦς ἦρεν ἄνω τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 Jesus lifted up his eyes This is an idiom that means to look up. Alternate translation: "Jesus looked up toward heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 11 41 s2dh Πάτερ, εὐχαριστῶ σοι ὅτι ἤκουσάς μου 1 Father, I thank you that you listened to me Jesus prays directly to the Father so that others around him will hear his prayer. Alternate translation: "Father, I thank you that you have heard me" or "Father, I thank you that you have heard my prayer" +JHN 11 41 j54b guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 11 42 bj2b ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν ὅτι σύ ἀπέστειλας με 1 so that they may believe that you have sent me "I want them to believe that you have sent me" +JHN 11 43 ev4z εἰπὼν ταῦτα 1 After he had said this "After Jesus had prayed" +JHN 11 43 cz9f ἐκραύγασεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 he cried out with a loud voice "he shouted" JHN 11 44 x4cb figs-activepassive 0 his feet and hands were bound with cloths, and his face was bound about with a cloth A burial custom of this time was to wrap the dead body with long strips of linen cloth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had wrapped strips of cloth around his hands and feet. They had also tied a cloth around his face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 11 44 d8xf 0 Jesus said to them The word "them" refers to the people who were there and saw the miracle. +JHN 11 44 d8xf ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς 1 Jesus said to them The word "them" refers to the people who were there and saw the miracle. JHN 11 45 rlf4 writing-background 0 General Information: These verses tell us what happened after Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 11 47 ib61 0 General Information: Because so many people have told them that Lazarus is alive again, the chief priests and Pharisees gather the Jewish council for a meeting. -JHN 11 47 nhw4 0 Then the chief priests "Then the leaders among the priests" -JHN 11 47 gz8c 0 Then The author uses this word to tell the reader that the events that begin in this verse are a result of the events of [John 11:45-46](./45.md). -JHN 11 47 z5e9 figs-explicit 0 What will we do? It is implied here that the council members are talking about Jesus. Alternate translation: "What are we going to do about Jesus?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 48 kq4z figs-explicit 0 all will believe in him The Jewish leaders were afraid that the people would try to make Jesus their king. Alternate translation: "everyone will trust in him and rebel against Rome" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 48 hr3p figs-synecdoche 0 the Romans will come This is a synecdoche for the Roman army. Alternate translation: "the Roman army will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 11 48 ah4r 0 take away both our place and our nation "destroy both our temple and our nation" -JHN 11 49 efq8 writing-participants 0 a certain man among them This is a way to introduce a new character to the story. If you have a way to do this in your language, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -JHN 11 49 lj6b figs-hyperbole 0 You know nothing This is an exaggeration that Caiaphas uses to insult his hearers. Alternate translation: "You do not understand what is happening" or "You speak as though you know nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 11 47 nhw4 οὖν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 Then the chief priests "Then the leaders among the priests" +JHN 11 47 gz8c οὖν 1 Then The author uses this word to tell the reader that the events that begin in this verse are a result of the events of [John 11:45-46](./45.md). +JHN 11 47 z5e9 figs-explicit τί ποιοῦμεν? 1 What will we do? It is implied here that the council members are talking about Jesus. Alternate translation: "What are we going to do about Jesus?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 48 kq4z figs-explicit πάντες πιστεύσουσιν εἰς αὐτὸν 1 all will believe in him The Jewish leaders were afraid that the people would try to make Jesus their king. Alternate translation: "everyone will trust in him and rebel against Rome" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 48 hr3p figs-synecdoche οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ἐλεύσονται 1 the Romans will come This is a synecdoche for the Roman army. Alternate translation: "the Roman army will come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 11 48 ah4r ἀροῦσιν καὶ τὸν τόπον καὶ τὸ ἔθνος 1 take away both our place and our nation "destroy both our temple and our nation" +JHN 11 49 efq8 writing-participants εἷς τις ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 a certain man among them This is a way to introduce a new character to the story. If you have a way to do this in your language, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +JHN 11 49 lj6b figs-hyperbole ὑμεῖς οἴδατε οὐδέν 1 You know nothing This is an exaggeration that Caiaphas uses to insult his hearers. Alternate translation: "You do not understand what is happening" or "You speak as though you know nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JHN 11 50 zh9n figs-explicit 0 than that the whole nation perishes Caiaphas implies that the Roman army would kill all of the people of the Jewish nation if Jesus is allowed to live and cause a rebellion. The word "nation" here is a synecdoche that represents all of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "than that the Romans kill all the people of our nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 11 51 qww5 writing-background 0 General Information: In verses 51 and 52 John explains that Caiaphus was prophesying even though he did not realize it at the time. This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 11 51 eh17 figs-synecdoche 0 die for the nation The word "nation" is a synecdoche and refers to the people of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 11 52 d85p figs-ellipsis 0 would be gathered together into one This is an ellipsis. The word "people" is implied by the context. Alternate translation: "would be gathered into one people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 11 52 mle1 0 children of God This refers to people who belong to God through faith in Jesus and are spiritually God's children. +JHN 11 51 eh17 figs-synecdoche ἀποθνῄσκειν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἔθνους 1 die for the nation The word "nation" is a synecdoche and refers to the people of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 11 52 d85p figs-ellipsis συναγάγῃ εἰς ἕν 1 would be gathered together into one This is an ellipsis. The word "people" is implied by the context. Alternate translation: "would be gathered into one people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 11 52 mle1 τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 children of God This refers to people who belong to God through faith in Jesus and are spiritually God's children. JHN 11 54 gp4h 0 General Information: Jesus leaves Bethany and goes to Ephraim. In verse 55 the story shifts to telling about what many of the Jews are doing now that Passover is near. -JHN 11 54 bnd8 figs-synecdoche 0 walk openly among the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders and "walk openly" is a metaphor for "live where everyone could see him." Alternate translation: "live where all the Jews could see him" or "walk openly among the Jewish leaders who opposed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 11 54 cg66 0 the country the rural area outside cities where fewer people live -JHN 11 54 h5jk figs-explicit 0 There he stayed with the disciples Jesus and his disciples stayed in Ephraim for a while. Alternate translation: "There he stayed with his disciples for a short period of time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 11 55 qd5y 0 went up to Jerusalem The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than the surrounding areas. +JHN 11 54 bnd8 figs-synecdoche περιεπάτει παρρησίᾳ ἐν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 walk openly among the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders and "walk openly" is a metaphor for "live where everyone could see him." Alternate translation: "live where all the Jews could see him" or "walk openly among the Jewish leaders who opposed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 11 54 cg66 τὴν χώραν 1 the country the rural area outside cities where fewer people live +JHN 11 54 h5jk figs-explicit κἀκεῖ ἔμεινεν μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν 1 There he stayed with the disciples Jesus and his disciples stayed in Ephraim for a while. Alternate translation: "There he stayed with his disciples for a short period of time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 11 55 qd5y ἀνέβησαν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 went up to Jerusalem The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than the surrounding areas. JHN 11 56 a5kt figs-events 0 General Information: The content of verse 57 occurs before that of verse 56. If this order might confuse your readers, you can combine these verses and put the text of verse 57 before the text of verse 56. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -JHN 11 56 kc75 0 They were looking for Jesus The word "they" refers to the Jewish people who had traveled to Jerusalem. -JHN 11 56 p2wz figs-rquestion 0 What do you think? That he will not come to the festival? These are rhetorical questions that express a strong element of doubt that Jesus will come to the Passover Festival. The second question is an ellipsis that leaves out the words "do you think." The speakers here were wondering if Jesus would come to the festival since there was the danger of his being arrested. Alternate translation: "Jesus will probably not come to the festival. He might be afraid of getting arrested!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 11 57 glb6 writing-background 0 Now the chief priests This is background information that explains why the Jewish worshipers were wondering if Jesus would come to the festival or not. If your language has a way to mark background information, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 11 56 kc75 ἐζήτουν τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 They were looking for Jesus The word "they" refers to the Jewish people who had traveled to Jerusalem. +JHN 11 56 p2wz figs-rquestion τί δοκεῖ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ? ὅτι ἔλθῃ οὐ μὴ ἔλθῃ εἰς τὴν ἑορτήν 1 What do you think? That he will not come to the festival? These are rhetorical questions that express a strong element of doubt that Jesus will come to the Passover Festival. The second question is an ellipsis that leaves out the words "do you think." The speakers here were wondering if Jesus would come to the festival since there was the danger of his being arrested. Alternate translation: "Jesus will probably not come to the festival. He might be afraid of getting arrested!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 11 57 glb6 writing-background δὲ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 Now the chief priests This is background information that explains why the Jewish worshipers were wondering if Jesus would come to the festival or not. If your language has a way to mark background information, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 12 intro qzv4 0 # John 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:38 and 40, which are words from the Old Testament.

Verse 16 is a commentary on these events. It is possible to put this entire verse in parentheses in order to set it apart from the narrative of the story.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Mary anointed Jesus' feet

The Jews would put oil on a person's head to make that person feel welcome and comfortable. They would also put oil on a person's body after the person had died but before they buried the body. But they would never think to put oil on a person's feet, because they thought that feet were dirty.

##### The donkey and the colt

Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULT without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md))

##### Glory

Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter John says that the glory of Jesus is his resurrection ([John 12:16](../../jhn/12/16.md)).

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### The metaphors of light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in 12:25: "He who loves his life will lose it; but he who hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life." But in 12:26 Jesus explains what it means to keep one's life for eternal life. ([John 12:25-26](./25.md)).
JHN 12 1 elj4 0 General Information: Jesus is at dinner in Bethany when Mary anoints his feet with oil. -JHN 12 1 s1v2 writing-newevent 0 Six days before the Passover The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 12 1 z1jp figs-idiom 0 had raised from the dead This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "had made alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 12 3 c8kf translate-bweight 0 a litra of perfume You may convert this to a modern measure. A "litra" is about one third of a kilogram. Or you may refer to a container that could hold that amount. Alternate translation: "a third of a kilogram of perfume" or "a bottle of perfume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -JHN 12 3 ki9d 0 perfume This is a good-smelling liquid made by using the oils of pleasant smelling plants and flowers. -JHN 12 3 b3sa translate-unknown 0 nard This is a perfume made from a pink, bell-shaped flower in the mountains of Nepal, China, and India. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JHN 12 3 pq7c figs-activepassive 0 The house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "The scent of her perfume filled the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 12 4 e1xj 0 the one who would betray him "the one who later enabled Jesus' enemies to seize him" -JHN 12 5 e8d7 figs-rquestion 0 Why was this perfume not sold for three hundred denarii and given to the poor? This is a rhetorical question. You can translate it as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "This perfume could have been sold for three hundred denarii and the money could have been given to the poor!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 12 5 p838 translate-numbers 0 three hundred denarii You can translate this as a numeral. Alternate translation: "300 denarii" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JHN 12 5 dx9e translate-bmoney 0 denarii A denarius was the amount of silver that a common laborer could earn in one day of work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +JHN 12 1 s1v2 writing-newevent ἓξ ἡμερῶν πρὸ τοῦ Πάσχα 1 Six days before the Passover The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +JHN 12 1 z1jp figs-idiom ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 had raised from the dead This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "had made alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 12 3 c8kf translate-bweight λίτραν μύρου 1 a litra of perfume You may convert this to a modern measure. A "litra" is about one third of a kilogram. Or you may refer to a container that could hold that amount. Alternate translation: "a third of a kilogram of perfume" or "a bottle of perfume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +JHN 12 3 ki9d μύρου 1 perfume This is a good-smelling liquid made by using the oils of pleasant smelling plants and flowers. +JHN 12 3 b3sa translate-unknown νάρδου 1 nard This is a perfume made from a pink, bell-shaped flower in the mountains of Nepal, China, and India. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +JHN 12 3 pq7c figs-activepassive ἡ οἰκία ἐπληρώθη ἐκ τῆς ὀσμῆς τοῦ μύρου 1 The house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "The scent of her perfume filled the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 4 e1xj ὁ μέλλων παραδιδόναι αὐτὸν 1 the one who would betray him "the one who later enabled Jesus' enemies to seize him" +JHN 12 5 e8d7 figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἐπράθη τοῦτο τὸ μύρον οὐκ ἐπράθη τριακοσίων δηναρίων καὶ ἐδόθη πτωχοῖς 1 Why was this perfume not sold for three hundred denarii and given to the poor? This is a rhetorical question. You can translate it as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "This perfume could have been sold for three hundred denarii and the money could have been given to the poor!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 12 5 p838 translate-numbers τριακοσίων δηναρίων 1 three hundred denarii You can translate this as a numeral. Alternate translation: "300 denarii" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JHN 12 5 dx9e translate-bmoney δηναρίων 1 denarii A denarius was the amount of silver that a common laborer could earn in one day of work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) JHN 12 6 ri5l writing-background 0 Now he said this ... would steal from what was put in it John explains why Judas asked the question about the poor. If your language has a way of indicating background information, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 12 6 sl8u 0 he said this, not because he cared about the poor, but because he was a thief "he said this because he was a thief. He did not care about the poor" -JHN 12 7 dcn3 figs-explicit 0 Allow her to keep what she has for the day of my burial Jesus implies that the woman's actions can be understood as anticipating his death and burial. Alternate translation: "Allow her to show how much she appreciates me! In this way she has prepared my body for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 8 r82p figs-explicit 0 You will always have the poor with you Jesus implies that there will always be opportunities to help the poor people. Alternate translation: "There will always be poor people among you, and you can help them whenever you want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 8 kn28 figs-explicit 0 But you will not always have me In this way, Jesus implies that he will die. Alternate translation: "But I will not always be here with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 9 qm36 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here John tells about a new group of people that has come to Bethany from Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 12 11 kjk7 0 because of him The fact that Lazarus was alive again caused many Jews to believe in Jesus. -JHN 12 11 f6mg figs-explicit 0 believed in Jesus This implies that many of the Jewish people were trusting in Jesus as the Son of God. Alternate translation: "were putting their trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 6 sl8u εἶπεν τοῦτο, οὐχ ὅτι ἔμελεν περὶ τῶν πτωχῶν, ἀλλ’ ὅτι αὐτῷ ἦν κλέπτης 1 he said this, not because he cared about the poor, but because he was a thief "he said this because he was a thief. He did not care about the poor" +JHN 12 7 dcn3 figs-explicit ἄφες αὐτήν τηρήσῃ αὐτό εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ ἐνταφιασμοῦ μου τοῦ ἐνταφιασμοῦ 1 Allow her to keep what she has for the day of my burial Jesus implies that the woman's actions can be understood as anticipating his death and burial. Alternate translation: "Allow her to show how much she appreciates me! In this way she has prepared my body for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 8 r82p figs-explicit ἔχετε πάντοτε ἔχετε τοὺς πτωχοὺς μεθ’ ἑαυτῶν 1 You will always have the poor with you Jesus implies that there will always be opportunities to help the poor people. Alternate translation: "There will always be poor people among you, and you can help them whenever you want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 8 kn28 figs-explicit δὲ ἔχετε οὐ πάντοτε ἔχετε ἐμὲ 1 But you will not always have me In this way, Jesus implies that he will die. Alternate translation: "But I will not always be here with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 9 qm36 writing-background οὖν 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here John tells about a new group of people that has come to Bethany from Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 12 11 kjk7 δι’ αὐτὸν 1 because of him The fact that Lazarus was alive again caused many Jews to believe in Jesus. +JHN 12 11 f6mg figs-explicit ἐπίστευον εἰς τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 believed in Jesus This implies that many of the Jewish people were trusting in Jesus as the Son of God. Alternate translation: "were putting their trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 12 12 f1im 0 General Information: Jesus enters Jerusalem and the people honor him as a king. -JHN 12 12 w1c2 writing-newevent 0 On the next day The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 12 12 sy8h 0 a great crowd "a great crowd of people" -JHN 12 13 lzn9 0 Hosanna This means "May God save us now!" -JHN 12 13 i5ul 0 Blessed This expresses a desire for God to cause good things to happen to a person. -JHN 12 13 w7ty figs-metonymy 0 comes in the name of the Lord Here the word "name" is a metonym for the person's authority and power. Alternate translation: "comes as the representative of the Lord" or "comes in the power of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 12 14 dbc5 writing-background 0 Jesus found a young donkey and sat on it Here John gives background information that Jesus secures a donkey. He implies that Jesus will ride the donkey into Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "he found a young donkey and sat on it, riding into the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 14 h6xz figs-activepassive 0 as it was written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as the prophets wrote in the Scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 12 15 vra1 figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Zion "Daughter of Zion" here is a metonym that refers to the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "you people of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 12 w1c2 writing-newevent τῇ ἐπαύριον 1 On the next day The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +JHN 12 12 sy8h ὁ ὄχλος πολὺς ὁ ὄχλος 1 a great crowd "a great crowd of people" +JHN 12 13 lzn9 ὡσαννά 1 Hosanna This means "May God save us now!" +JHN 12 13 i5ul εὐλογημένος 1 Blessed This expresses a desire for God to cause good things to happen to a person. +JHN 12 13 w7ty figs-metonymy ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 comes in the name of the Lord Here the word "name" is a metonym for the person's authority and power. Alternate translation: "comes as the representative of the Lord" or "comes in the power of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 14 dbc5 writing-background ὁ Ἰησοῦς εὑρὼν ὀνάριον ἐκάθισεν ἐπ’ αὐτό 1 Jesus found a young donkey and sat on it Here John gives background information that Jesus secures a donkey. He implies that Jesus will ride the donkey into Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "he found a young donkey and sat on it, riding into the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 14 h6xz figs-activepassive καθώς ἐστιν γεγραμμένον 1 as it was written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as the prophets wrote in the Scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 15 vra1 figs-metonymy θυγάτηρ Σιών 1 daughter of Zion "Daughter of Zion" here is a metonym that refers to the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "you people of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 12 16 a74d writing-background 0 General Information: John, the writer, interrupts here to give the reader some background information about what the disciples later understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 12 16 rq52 0 His disciples did not understand these things Here the words "these things" refer to the words that the prophet had written about Jesus. -JHN 12 16 xdm7 figs-activepassive 0 when Jesus was glorified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "when God glorified Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 12 16 lvz1 0 they had done these things to him The words "these things" refer to what the people did when Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey (praising him and waving the palm branches). -JHN 12 17 i6ag writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main narrative. Here John explains that many of the people came to meet Jesus because they heard others say that he had raised Lazarus from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 12 16 rq52 αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἔγνωσαν οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ταῦτα 1 His disciples did not understand these things Here the words "these things" refer to the words that the prophet had written about Jesus. +JHN 12 16 xdm7 figs-activepassive ὅτε Ἰησοῦς ἐδοξάσθη 1 when Jesus was glorified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "when God glorified Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 16 lvz1 ἐποίησαν ταῦτα αὐτῷ 1 they had done these things to him The words "these things" refer to what the people did when Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey (praising him and waving the palm branches). +JHN 12 17 i6ag writing-background οὖν 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main narrative. Here John explains that many of the people came to meet Jesus because they heard others say that he had raised Lazarus from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 12 18 eel6 0 they heard that he had done this sign "they heard others say that he had done this sign" -JHN 12 18 v2nx 0 this sign A "sign" is an event or occurrence that proves something is true. In this case, the "sign" of raising Lazarus proves that Jesus is the Messiah. +JHN 12 18 v2nx τοῦτο τὸ σημεῖον 1 this sign A "sign" is an event or occurrence that proves something is true. In this case, the "sign" of raising Lazarus proves that Jesus is the Messiah. JHN 12 19 c43j figs-explicit 0 Look, you can do nothing The Pharisees imply here that it might be impossible to stop Jesus. Alternate translation: "It seems like we can do nothing to stop him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 19 i5uq figs-hyperbole 0 see, the world has gone after him The Pharisees use this exaggeration to express their shock that so many people have come out to meet Jesus. Alternate translation: "It looks like everyone is becoming his disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 12 19 ev6e figs-metonymy 0 the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents (in exaggeration) all of the people in the world. You may need to make explicit that the hearers would have understood that the Pharisees were speaking only of the people in Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 20 k8v2 writing-participants 0 Now certain Greeks The phrase "now certain" marks the introduction of new characters to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -JHN 12 20 i6nd figs-explicit 0 to worship at the festival John implies that these "Greeks" were going to worship God during the Passover. Alternate translation: "to worship God at the Passover festival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 21 lr8c 0 Bethsaida This was a town in the province of Galilee. -JHN 12 22 b9re figs-ellipsis 0 they told Jesus Philip and Andrew tell Jesus about the Greeks' request to see him. You can translate this by adding the implied words. Alternate translation: "they told Jesus what the Greeks had said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 12 19 i5uq figs-hyperbole ἴδε, ὁ κόσμος ἀπῆλθεν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ 1 see, the world has gone after him The Pharisees use this exaggeration to express their shock that so many people have come out to meet Jesus. Alternate translation: "It looks like everyone is becoming his disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 12 19 ev6e figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος 1 the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents (in exaggeration) all of the people in the world. You may need to make explicit that the hearers would have understood that the Pharisees were speaking only of the people in Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 20 k8v2 writing-participants δὲ τινες Ἕλληνές 1 Now certain Greeks The phrase "now certain" marks the introduction of new characters to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +JHN 12 20 i6nd figs-explicit ἵνα προσκυνήσωσιν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ 1 to worship at the festival John implies that these "Greeks" were going to worship God during the Passover. Alternate translation: "to worship God at the Passover festival" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 21 lr8c Βηθσαϊδὰ 1 Bethsaida This was a town in the province of Galilee. +JHN 12 22 b9re figs-ellipsis λέγουσιν τῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 they told Jesus Philip and Andrew tell Jesus about the Greeks' request to see him. You can translate this by adding the implied words. Alternate translation: "they told Jesus what the Greeks had said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JHN 12 23 p96d 0 General Information: Jesus begins to respond to Philip and Andrew. -JHN 12 23 jl9u figs-explicit 0 The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified Jesus implies that it is now the right time for God to honor the Son of Man through his upcoming suffering, death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "God will soon honor me when I die and rise again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 24 m255 0 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated "Truly, truly" in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 12 23 jl9u figs-explicit ἡ ὥρα ἐλήλυθεν ἵνα ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου δοξασθῇ 1 The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified Jesus implies that it is now the right time for God to honor the Son of Man through his upcoming suffering, death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "God will soon honor me when I die and rise again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 24 m255 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated "Truly, truly" in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). JHN 12 24 gq2y figs-metaphor 0 unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies ... it will bear much fruit Here "a grain of wheat" or "seed" is a metaphor for Jesus' death, burial and resurrection. Just as a seed is planted and grows again into a plant that will bear much fruit, so will many people trust in Jesus after he is killed, buried, and raised back to life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 25 sk6e figs-explicit 0 He who loves his life will lose it Here "loves his life" means to consider one's own physical life to be more valuable than the lives of others. Alternate translation: "whoever values his own life more than others will not receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 25 mp7b figs-explicit 0 he who hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life Here the one who "hates his life" refers to one who loves his own life less than he loves the lives of others. Alternate translation: "whoever considers the lives of others as more important than his own life will live with God forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 26 i8ky figs-explicit 0 where I am, there will my servant also be Jesus implies that those who serve him will be with him in heaven. Alternate translation: "when I am in heaven, my servant will also be there with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 26 wx3m guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father will honor him Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 12 27 ytv9 figs-rquestion 0 what should I say? 'Father, save me from this hour'? This remark appears in the form of a rhetorical question. Although Jesus desires to avoid crucifixion, he chooses to be obedient to God and to be killed. Alternate translation: "I will not pray, 'Father, save me from this hour!'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 12 27 bx1j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 12 27 hmv9 figs-metonymy 0 this hour Here "this hour" is a metonym that represents when Jesus would suffer and die on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 12 28 v2fk figs-metonymy 0 glorify your name Here the word "name" is a metonym that refers to God. Alternate translation: "make your glory known" or "reveal your glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 12 28 r6qk figs-metonymy 0 a voice came from heaven This represents God speaking. Sometimes people avoid referring directly to God because they respect him. Alternate translation: "God spoke from the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JHN 12 25 sk6e figs-explicit ὁ φιλῶν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπολλύει αὐτήν 1 He who loves his life will lose it Here "loves his life" means to consider one's own physical life to be more valuable than the lives of others. Alternate translation: "whoever values his own life more than others will not receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 25 mp7b figs-explicit ὁ μισῶν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ φυλάξει αὐτήν εἰς αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 he who hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life Here the one who "hates his life" refers to one who loves his own life less than he loves the lives of others. Alternate translation: "whoever considers the lives of others as more important than his own life will live with God forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 26 i8ky figs-explicit ὅπου ἐγὼ εἰμὶ, ἐκεῖ ἔσται ὁ ἐμὸς ὁ διάκονος καὶ ἔσται 1 where I am, there will my servant also be Jesus implies that those who serve him will be with him in heaven. Alternate translation: "when I am in heaven, my servant will also be there with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 26 wx3m guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ τιμήσει αὐτὸν 1 the Father will honor him Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 12 27 ytv9 figs-rquestion τί εἴπω?' Πάτερ, σῶσόν με ἐκ ταύτης τῆς ὥρας'? 1 what should I say? 'Father, save me from this hour'? This remark appears in the form of a rhetorical question. Although Jesus desires to avoid crucifixion, he chooses to be obedient to God and to be killed. Alternate translation: "I will not pray, 'Father, save me from this hour!'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 12 27 bx1j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 12 27 hmv9 figs-metonymy ταύτης τῆς ὥρας 1 this hour Here "this hour" is a metonym that represents when Jesus would suffer and die on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 28 v2fk figs-metonymy δόξασόν σου τὸ ὄνομα 1 glorify your name Here the word "name" is a metonym that refers to God. Alternate translation: "make your glory known" or "reveal your glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 28 r6qk figs-metonymy φωνὴ ἦλθεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 a voice came from heaven This represents God speaking. Sometimes people avoid referring directly to God because they respect him. Alternate translation: "God spoke from the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JHN 12 30 kd86 0 General Information: Jesus explains why the voice spoke from heaven. -JHN 12 31 fc6r figs-metonymy 0 Now is the judgment of this world Here "this world" is a metonym that refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: "Now is the time for God to judge all of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 12 31 pv51 figs-activepassive 0 Now will the ruler of this world be thrown out Here "ruler" refers to Satan. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now is the time when I will destroy the power of Satan who rules this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 31 fc6r figs-metonymy νῦν ἐστὶν κρίσις τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 Now is the judgment of this world Here "this world" is a metonym that refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: "Now is the time for God to judge all of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 31 pv51 figs-activepassive νῦν ἐκβληθήσεται ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου ἐκβληθήσεται ἔξω 1 Now will the ruler of this world be thrown out Here "ruler" refers to Satan. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now is the time when I will destroy the power of Satan who rules this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 12 32 b1zu writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 33 John tells us background information about what Jesus said about being "lifted up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 12 32 a7tc figs-activepassive 0 When I am lifted up from the earth Here Jesus refers to his crucifixion. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "When people raise me high on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 12 32 n7i6 0 will draw everyone to myself Through his crucifixion, Jesus will provide a way for everyone to trust in him. -JHN 12 33 v7f3 writing-background 0 He said this to indicate what kind of death he would die John interprets Jesus' words to mean that people will crucify him. Alternate translation: "He said this to let the people know how he would die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 12 34 mx1k figs-ellipsis 0 The Son of Man must be lifted up The phrase "lifted up" means crucified. You may translate this in a way that includes the implied words "on a cross." Alternate translation: "The Son of Man must be lifted up on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 12 34 t386 0 Who is this Son of Man? Possible meanings are 1) "What is the identity of this Son of Man? or 2) "What kind of Son of Man are you talking about?" -JHN 12 35 l2w4 figs-metaphor 0 The light will still be with you for a short amount of time. Walk while you have the light, so that darkness does not overtake you. He who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going Here "light" is a metaphor for Jesus' teachings which reveal the truth of God. To "walk in darkness" is a metaphor that means to live without God's truth. Alternate translation: "My words are like a light to you, to help you understand how to live as God wants you to. I will not be with you much longer. You need to follow my instructions while I am still with you. If you reject my words, it will be like walking in darkness and you cannot see where you are going" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 36 j1rs figs-metaphor 0 While you have the light, believe in the light so that you may be sons of light The "light" is a metaphor for the teachings of Jesus which reveal the truth of God. "sons of light" is a metaphor for those who accept the message of Jesus and live according to God's truth. Alternate translation: "While I am with you, believe what I teach so that God's truth will be in you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 12 32 a7tc figs-activepassive ἐὰν κἀγὼ ὑψωθῶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς 1 When I am lifted up from the earth Here Jesus refers to his crucifixion. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "When people raise me high on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 32 n7i6 ἑλκύσω πάντας πρὸς ἐμαυτόν 1 will draw everyone to myself Through his crucifixion, Jesus will provide a way for everyone to trust in him. +JHN 12 33 v7f3 writing-background ἔλεγεν τοῦτο σημαίνων ποίῳ θανάτῳ ἤμελλεν ἀποθνῄσκειν 1 He said this to indicate what kind of death he would die John interprets Jesus' words to mean that people will crucify him. Alternate translation: "He said this to let the people know how he would die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 12 34 mx1k figs-ellipsis τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου δεῖ ὑψωθῆναι 1 The Son of Man must be lifted up The phrase "lifted up" means crucified. You may translate this in a way that includes the implied words "on a cross." Alternate translation: "The Son of Man must be lifted up on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 12 34 t386 τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Who is this Son of Man? Possible meanings are 1) "What is the identity of this Son of Man? or 2) "What kind of Son of Man are you talking about?" +JHN 12 35 l2w4 figs-metaphor τὸ φῶς ἐστιν ἐν ὑμῖν ἔτι μικρὸν χρόνον. περιπατεῖτε ὡς ἔχετε τὸ φῶς, ἵνα σκοτία καταλάβῃ μὴ καταλάβῃ ὑμᾶς. ὁ περιπατῶν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ οἶδεν οὐκ οἶδεν ποῦ ὑπάγει 1 The light will still be with you for a short amount of time. Walk while you have the light, so that darkness does not overtake you. He who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going Here "light" is a metaphor for Jesus' teachings which reveal the truth of God. To "walk in darkness" is a metaphor that means to live without God's truth. Alternate translation: "My words are like a light to you, to help you understand how to live as God wants you to. I will not be with you much longer. You need to follow my instructions while I am still with you. If you reject my words, it will be like walking in darkness and you cannot see where you are going" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 12 36 j1rs figs-metaphor ὡς ἔχετε τὸ φῶς, πιστεύετε εἰς τὸ φῶς ἵνα γένησθε υἱοὶ φωτὸς 1 While you have the light, believe in the light so that you may be sons of light The "light" is a metaphor for the teachings of Jesus which reveal the truth of God. "sons of light" is a metaphor for those who accept the message of Jesus and live according to God's truth. Alternate translation: "While I am with you, believe what I teach so that God's truth will be in you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 12 37 s1wh 0 General Information: This is a break in the main story line as the John begins to explain about the fulfillment of prophesies that had been spoken by the prophet Isaiah. -JHN 12 38 k15e figs-activepassive 0 so that the word of Isaiah the prophet would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in order to fulfill the message of Isaiah the prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 12 38 gx5x figs-rquestion 0 Lord, who has believed our report, and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? This appears in the form of two rhetorical questions to express the prophet's dismay that the people do not believe his message.They may be stated as a single rhetorical question, Alternate translation: "Lord, hardly anyone has believed our message, even though they have seen that you are powerfully able to save them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 12 38 dh6s figs-metonymy 0 the arm of the Lord This is a metonym that refers to the Lord's ability to rescue with power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 38 k15e figs-activepassive ἵνα ὁ λόγος Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου πληρωθῇ 1 so that the word of Isaiah the prophet would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in order to fulfill the message of Isaiah the prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 38 gx5x figs-rquestion Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν ἡμῶν τῇ ἀκοῇ, καὶ τίνι ἀπεκαλύφθη ὁ βραχίων Κυρίου ἀπεκαλύφθη 1 Lord, who has believed our report, and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? This appears in the form of two rhetorical questions to express the prophet's dismay that the people do not believe his message.They may be stated as a single rhetorical question, Alternate translation: "Lord, hardly anyone has believed our message, even though they have seen that you are powerfully able to save them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 12 38 dh6s figs-metonymy ὁ βραχίων Κυρίου 1 the arm of the Lord This is a metonym that refers to the Lord's ability to rescue with power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 12 40 z323 figs-metonymy 0 he has hardened their hearts ... understand with their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "hardened their hearts" is a metaphor for making someone become stubborn. Also, to "understand with their hearts" means to "truly understand." Alternate translation: "he has made them stubborn ... truly understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 40 h99a figs-metaphor 0 and turn Here "turn" is a metaphor for "repent." Alternate translation: "and they would repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 42 hdh1 figs-activepassive 0 so that they would not be banned from the synagogue You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so people would not stop them from going to the synagogue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 12 40 h99a figs-metaphor καὶ στραφῶσιν 1 and turn Here "turn" is a metaphor for "repent." Alternate translation: "and they would repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 12 42 hdh1 figs-activepassive ἵνα γένωνται μὴ γένωνται ἀποσυνάγωγοι 1 so that they would not be banned from the synagogue You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so people would not stop them from going to the synagogue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 12 43 fx72 0 They loved the praise that comes from people more than the praise that comes from God "They wanted people to praise them more than they wanted God to praise them" JHN 12 44 t7cq 0 General Information: Now John returns to the main story line. This is another time when Jesus begins to speak to the crowd. -JHN 12 44 d27w figs-explicit 0 Jesus cried out and said Here John implies that a crowd of people had gathered to hear Jesus speak. Alternate translation: "Jesus shouted out to the crowd that had gathered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 45 s6xx 0 the one who sees me sees him who sent me Here the word "him" refers to God. Alternate translation: "the one who sees me sees God, who sent me" +JHN 12 44 d27w figs-explicit Ἰησοῦς ἔκραξεν καὶ εἶπεν 1 Jesus cried out and said Here John implies that a crowd of people had gathered to hear Jesus speak. Alternate translation: "Jesus shouted out to the crowd that had gathered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 12 45 s6xx ὁ θεωρῶν ἐμὲ θεωρεῖ τὸν πέμψαντά με 1 the one who sees me sees him who sent me Here the word "him" refers to God. Alternate translation: "the one who sees me sees God, who sent me" JHN 12 46 db76 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to the crowd. -JHN 12 46 wib3 figs-metaphor 0 I have come as a light Here the "light" is a metaphor for Jesus' example. Alternate translation: "I have come to show the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 46 i31g figs-metaphor 0 may not remain in the darkness Here "darkness" is a metaphor for living in ignorance of God's truth. Alternate translation: "may not continue to be spiritually blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 12 46 uxb8 figs-metonymy 0 the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents all of the people in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 12 46 wib3 figs-metaphor ἐγὼ ἐλήλυθα φῶς 1 I have come as a light Here the "light" is a metaphor for Jesus' example. Alternate translation: "I have come to show the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 12 46 i31g figs-metaphor μείνῃ μὴ μείνῃ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ 1 may not remain in the darkness Here "darkness" is a metaphor for living in ignorance of God's truth. Alternate translation: "may not continue to be spiritually blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 12 46 uxb8 figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 the world Here "the world" is a metonym that represents all of the people in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 12 47 xvq6 figs-explicit 0 If anyone hears my words but does not keep them, I do not judge him; for I have not come to judge the world, but to save the world Here "to judge the world" implies condemnation. Jesus did not come to condemn people. Alternate translation: "If anyone hears my teaching and rejects it, I do not condemn him. I have not come to condemn people. Instead, I have come to save those who trust in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 12 48 b1ds 0 on the last day "at the time when God judges people's sins" -JHN 12 49 ybm5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 12 50 tar2 0 I know that his command is eternal life "I know that the words that he commanded me to speak are the words that give life forever" +JHN 12 48 b1ds ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 on the last day "at the time when God judges people's sins" +JHN 12 49 ybm5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 12 50 tar2 οἶδα ὅτι αὐτοῦ ἡ ἐντολὴ ἐστιν αἰώνιός ζωὴ 1 I know that his command is eternal life "I know that the words that he commanded me to speak are the words that give life forever" JHN 13 intro zk68 0 # John 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The events of this chapter are commonly referred to as the last supper or the Lord's supper. This Passover feast in many ways parallels Jesus' sacrifice as the lamb of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The washing of feet

People in the ancient Near East thought that feet were very dirty. Only servants would wash people's feet. The disciples did not want Jesus to wash their feet because they considered him their master and themselves his servants, but he wanted to show them that they needed to serve each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])

##### I AM

John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, once in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Son of Man"

Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 13:31](../../jhn/13/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JHN 13 1 wk2k writing-background 0 General Information: It is not yet Passover and Jesus is together with his disciples for supper. These verses explain the setting of the story and give background information about Jesus and Judas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 13 1 w7w3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 13 1 a1w4 0 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God, which is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 13 1 w7w3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 13 1 a1w4 ἀγαπήσας 1 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God, which is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. JHN 13 2 xn6r figs-idiom 0 the devil had already put it into the heart of Judas Iscariot son of Simon, to betray Jesus The phrase "put it into the heart" is an idiom that means to cause someone to think about something. Alternate translation: "the devil had already caused Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon, to think about betraying Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JHN 13 3 u3vn writing-background 0 Verse 3 continues to tell us background information about what Jesus knew. The action in the story begins in verse 4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 13 3 fd2t guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 13 3 fd2t guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 13 3 x8hc figs-metonymy 0 had given everything over into his hands Here "his hands" is a metonym for power and authority. Alternate translation: "had given him complete power and authority over everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 13 3 a6qj 0 he had come from God and was going back to God Jesus had always been with the Father, and would return there after his work on earth was finished. -JHN 13 4 t7cu 0 He got up from dinner and took off his outer clothing Because the region was very dusty, it was customary for the host of a dinner to provide a servant to wash the feet of the guests. Jesus took off his outer clothing so he would look like a servant. -JHN 13 5 s1pc 0 began to wash the feet of the disciples Because the region was very dusty, it was customary for the host of a dinner to provide a servant to wash the feet of the guests. Jesus did the work of the servant by washing the disciples' feet. -JHN 13 6 bz27 figs-rquestion 0 Lord, are you going to wash my feet? Peter's question shows that he is not willing for Jesus to wash his feet. Alternate translation: "Lord, it is not right for you to wash the feet of me, a sinner!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 13 8 f6dg figs-doublenegatives 0 If I do not wash you, you have no share with me Here Jesus states two negatives to convince Peter to allow him to wash his feet. Jesus implies that Peter must let him wash his feet if he wants to continue being a disciple. Alternate translation: "If I wash you, you will always belong with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 13 3 a6qj ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ καὶ ὑπάγει πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 he had come from God and was going back to God Jesus had always been with the Father, and would return there after his work on earth was finished. +JHN 13 4 t7cu ἐγείρεται ἐκ τοῦ δείπνου καὶ τίθησιν τὰ ἱμάτια 1 He got up from dinner and took off his outer clothing Because the region was very dusty, it was customary for the host of a dinner to provide a servant to wash the feet of the guests. Jesus took off his outer clothing so he would look like a servant. +JHN 13 5 s1pc ἤρξατο νίπτειν τοὺς πόδας τῶν μαθητῶν 1 began to wash the feet of the disciples Because the region was very dusty, it was customary for the host of a dinner to provide a servant to wash the feet of the guests. Jesus did the work of the servant by washing the disciples' feet. +JHN 13 6 bz27 figs-rquestion Κύριε, νίπτεις σύ νίπτεις μου τοὺς πόδας 1 Lord, are you going to wash my feet? Peter's question shows that he is not willing for Jesus to wash his feet. Alternate translation: "Lord, it is not right for you to wash the feet of me, a sinner!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 13 8 f6dg figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν νίψω μὴ νίψω σε, ἔχεις οὐκ μέρος μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 If I do not wash you, you have no share with me Here Jesus states two negatives to convince Peter to allow him to wash his feet. Jesus implies that Peter must let him wash his feet if he wants to continue being a disciple. Alternate translation: "If I wash you, you will always belong with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 13 10 tv57 0 General Information: Jesus uses the word "you" to refer to all of his disciples. JHN 13 10 m7vj 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak to Simon Peter. -JHN 13 10 is57 figs-metaphor 0 He who is bathed has no need, except to wash his feet Here "bathed" is a metaphor that means that God has cleansed a person spiritually. Alternate translation: "If anyone has already received God's forgiveness, he now only needs to receive cleansing from his daily sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 13 11 ccz4 figs-explicit 0 Not all of you are clean Jesus implies that the one who will betray him, Judas, has not trusted in him. Therefore God has not forgiven him of his sins. Alternate translation: "Not all of you have received God's forgiveness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 13 12 p45l figs-rquestion 0 Do you know what I have done for you? This remark appears in the form of a question so Jesus can emphasize the importance of what he is teaching his disciples. Alternate translation: "You need to understand what I have done for you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 13 13 m9z8 figs-explicit 0 You call me 'teacher' and 'Lord,' Here Jesus implies that his disciples have great respect for him. Alternate translation: "You show me great respect when you call me 'teacher' and 'Lord.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 13 15 pk3l figs-explicit 0 you should also do just as I did for you Jesus implies that his disciples should be willing to follow his example and serve one another. Alternate translation: "you should also humbly serve each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 13 10 is57 figs-metaphor ὁ λελουμένος ἔχει οὐκ χρείαν, εἰ μὴ νίψασθαι τοὺς πόδας 1 He who is bathed has no need, except to wash his feet Here "bathed" is a metaphor that means that God has cleansed a person spiritually. Alternate translation: "If anyone has already received God's forgiveness, he now only needs to receive cleansing from his daily sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 13 11 ccz4 figs-explicit οὐχὶ πάντες ἐστε καθαροί 1 Not all of you are clean Jesus implies that the one who will betray him, Judas, has not trusted in him. Therefore God has not forgiven him of his sins. Alternate translation: "Not all of you have received God's forgiveness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 13 12 p45l figs-rquestion γινώσκετε τί πεποίηκα ὑμῖν? 1 Do you know what I have done for you? This remark appears in the form of a question so Jesus can emphasize the importance of what he is teaching his disciples. Alternate translation: "You need to understand what I have done for you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 13 13 m9z8 figs-explicit ὑμεῖς φωνεῖτέ με' ὁ Διδάσκαλος' καὶ' ὁ Κύριος,' 1 You call me 'teacher' and 'Lord,' Here Jesus implies that his disciples have great respect for him. Alternate translation: "You show me great respect when you call me 'teacher' and 'Lord.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 13 15 pk3l figs-explicit ὑμεῖς ποιῆτε καὶ ποιῆτε καθὼς ἐγὼ ἐποίησα ὑμῖν 1 you should also do just as I did for you Jesus implies that his disciples should be willing to follow his example and serve one another. Alternate translation: "you should also humbly serve each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 13 16 n5cb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues to speak to his disciples. -JHN 13 16 h6gt 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 13 16 tpl8 0 greater one who is more important or more powerful, or one who should have an easier life or a more pleasant life -JHN 13 17 an8u figs-activepassive 0 you are blessed Here "bless" means to cause good, beneficial things to happen to a person. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 13 16 h6gt ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 13 16 tpl8 μείζων 1 greater one who is more important or more powerful, or one who should have an easier life or a more pleasant life +JHN 13 17 an8u figs-activepassive ἐστε μακάριοί 1 you are blessed Here "bless" means to cause good, beneficial things to happen to a person. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 13 18 u5fl figs-activepassive 0 this so that the scripture will be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "this is in order to fulfill the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 13 18 v5pv figs-idiom 0 He who eats my bread lifted up his heel against me Here the phrase "eats my bread" is an idiom for someone who pretends to be a friend. The phrase "lifted up his heel" is also an idiom, which means someone who has become an enemy. If you have idioms in your language that carry these meanings, you can use them here. Alternate translation: "the one who has pretended to be my friend has turned out to be an enemy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JHN 13 19 qd39 0 I tell you this now before it happens "I am telling you now what is going to happen before it happens" -JHN 13 19 gg19 0 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "I am the one I claim to be." -JHN 13 20 di3t 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 13 21 bq84 0 troubled concerned, upset -JHN 13 21 j7x1 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 13 22 dhs3 0 The disciples looked at each other, wondering of whom he was speaking "The disciples looked at each other and wondered: "Who will betray Jesus?" -JHN 13 23 xvi8 0 One of his disciples, whom Jesus loved This refers to John. -JHN 13 23 z8ze figs-explicit 0 lying down at the table During the time of Christ, Jews would often dine together in the Greek style, in which they lay on their sides on low couches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 13 23 p2ee 0 Jesus' side Lying with one's head against the side of another diner in the Greek style was considered to be the place of greatest friendship with him. -JHN 13 23 a58j 0 loved This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 13 26 qpj8 writing-background 0 Iscariot This indicates that Judas was from the village of Kerioth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 13 19 gg19 ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I AM Possible meanings are 1) Jesus is identifying himself as Yahweh, who identified himself to Moses as "I AM," or 2) Jesus is saying, "I am the one I claim to be." +JHN 13 20 di3t ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 13 21 bq84 ἐταράχθη 1 troubled concerned, upset +JHN 13 21 j7x1 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 13 22 dhs3 οἱ μαθηταὶ ἔβλεπον εἰς ἀλλήλους, ἀπορούμενοι περὶ τίνος λέγει 1 The disciples looked at each other, wondering of whom he was speaking "The disciples looked at each other and wondered: "Who will betray Jesus?" +JHN 13 23 xvi8 εἷς ἐκ αὐτοῦ τῶν μαθητῶν, ὃν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἠγάπα 1 One of his disciples, whom Jesus loved This refers to John. +JHN 13 23 z8ze figs-explicit ἀνακείμενος 1 lying down at the table During the time of Christ, Jews would often dine together in the Greek style, in which they lay on their sides on low couches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 13 23 p2ee τοῦ Ἰησοῦ' τῷ κόλπῳ 1 Jesus' side Lying with one's head against the side of another diner in the Greek style was considered to be the place of greatest friendship with him. +JHN 13 23 a58j ἠγάπα 1 loved This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 13 26 qpj8 writing-background Ἰσκαριώτη 1 Iscariot This indicates that Judas was from the village of Kerioth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 13 27 r8lk figs-ellipsis 0 Then after the bread The words "Judas took" are understood from the context. Alternate translation: "Then after Judas took the bread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 13 27 xk39 figs-idiom 0 Satan entered into him This is an idiom that means Satan took complete control of Judas. Alternate translation: "Satan took control of him" or "Satan started to command him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 13 27 rz21 0 so Jesus said to him Here Jesus is speaking to Judas. -JHN 13 27 agd7 0 What you are doing, do it quickly "Do quickly what you are planning to do!" -JHN 13 29 rv4z 0 that he should give something to the poor You can translate this as a direct quote: "Go and give some money to the poor." -JHN 13 30 dw7m writing-background 0 he went out immediately. It was night John seems to draw attention here to the fact that Judas will do his evil or "dark" deed in the darkness of the night. Alternate translation: "he went out immediately into the dark night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 13 31 d6l8 figs-activepassive 0 Now the Son of Man is glorified, and God is glorified in him You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now people are about to see how the Son of Man will receive honor and how God will receive honor through what the Son of Man is doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 13 32 uaj7 figs-rpronouns 0 God will glorify him in himself, and he will glorify him immediately The word "him" refers to the Son of Man. The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that refers to God. Alternate translation: "God himself will immediately give honor to the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JHN 13 33 zki6 0 Little children Jesus uses the term "Little children" to communicate that he loves the disciples as though they were his children. -JHN 13 33 lp65 figs-synecdoche 0 as I said to the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "as I said to the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 13 27 xk39 figs-idiom ὁ Σατανᾶς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς ἐκεῖνον 1 Satan entered into him This is an idiom that means Satan took complete control of Judas. Alternate translation: "Satan took control of him" or "Satan started to command him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 13 27 rz21 οὖν ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτῷ 1 so Jesus said to him Here Jesus is speaking to Judas. +JHN 13 27 agd7 ὃ ποιεῖς, ποίησον τάχειον 1 What you are doing, do it quickly "Do quickly what you are planning to do!" +JHN 13 29 rv4z ἵνα δῷ τι τοῖς πτωχοῖς 1 that he should give something to the poor You can translate this as a direct quote: "Go and give some money to the poor." +JHN 13 30 dw7m writing-background ἐκεῖνος ἐξῆλθεν εὐθύς. ἦν νύξ 1 he went out immediately. It was night John seems to draw attention here to the fact that Judas will do his evil or "dark" deed in the darkness of the night. Alternate translation: "he went out immediately into the dark night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 13 31 d6l8 figs-activepassive νῦν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου ἐδοξάσθη, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐδοξάσθη ἐν αὐτῷ 1 Now the Son of Man is glorified, and God is glorified in him You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now people are about to see how the Son of Man will receive honor and how God will receive honor through what the Son of Man is doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 13 32 uaj7 figs-rpronouns ὁ Θεὸς δοξάσει αὐτὸν ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ δοξάσει αὐτόν εὐθὺς 1 God will glorify him in himself, and he will glorify him immediately The word "him" refers to the Son of Man. The word "himself" is a reflexive pronoun that refers to God. Alternate translation: "God himself will immediately give honor to the Son of Man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +JHN 13 33 zki6 τεκνία 1 Little children Jesus uses the term "Little children" to communicate that he loves the disciples as though they were his children. +JHN 13 33 lp65 figs-synecdoche καθὼς εἶπον τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 as I said to the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "as I said to the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 13 34 fkc7 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. -JHN 13 34 nmf5 0 love This is the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 13 35 kyd9 figs-hyperbole 0 everyone You may need to make explicit that this exaggeration refers only to those people who see how the disciples love each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 13 37 ye6m 0 lay down my life "give up my life" or "die" -JHN 13 38 qp88 figs-rquestion 0 Will you lay down your life for me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to Jesus' statement. Alternate translation: "You say that you will die for me, but the truth is that you will not!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 13 38 sp7p 0 the rooster will not crow before you have denied me three times "you will say that you do not know me three times before the rooster crows" +JHN 13 34 nmf5 ἀγαπᾶτε 1 love This is the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 13 35 kyd9 figs-hyperbole πάντες 1 everyone You may need to make explicit that this exaggeration refers only to those people who see how the disciples love each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 13 37 ye6m θήσω μου τὴν ψυχήν 1 lay down my life "give up my life" or "die" +JHN 13 38 qp88 figs-rquestion θήσεις σου τὴν ψυχήν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ? 1 Will you lay down your life for me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to Jesus' statement. Alternate translation: "You say that you will die for me, but the truth is that you will not!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 13 38 sp7p ἀλέκτωρ φωνήσῃ οὐ μὴ φωνήσῃ ἕως ἀρνήσῃ με τρίς 1 the rooster will not crow before you have denied me three times "you will say that you do not know me three times before the rooster crows" JHN 14 intro kv6m 0 # John 14 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "My Father's house"

Jesus used these words to speak of heaven, where God lives, not of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

##### The Holy Spirit

Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 14:16](../../jhn/14/16.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them, He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 14:17](../../jhn/14/17.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])
JHN 14 1 a2xv 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus reclines at the table with his disciples and continues to speak to them. -JHN 14 1 w3dn figs-metonymy 0 Do not let your heart be troubled Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "Stop being so anxious and worried" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 2 cp9z 0 In my Father's house are many rooms "There are many places to live in my Father's house" -JHN 14 2 eca3 0 In my Father's house This refers to heaven, where God lives. -JHN 14 2 v9px guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 2 fp9r 0 many rooms The word "room" can refer to a single room, or to a larger dwelling. -JHN 14 2 xb2y figs-you 0 I am going to prepare a place for you Jesus will prepare a place in heaven for every person who trusts in him. The "you" is plural and refers to all his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JHN 14 4 ir1d figs-metaphor 0 the way This is a metaphor that has these possible meanings 1) "the way to God" or 2) "the one who takes people to God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 14 5 e1dl 0 how can we know the way? "how can we know how to get there?" -JHN 14 6 i8le figs-metaphor 0 the truth This is a metaphor that has these possible meanings 1) "the true person" or 2) "the one who speaks true words about God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 14 6 z9tr figs-metaphor 0 the life This is a metaphor that means Jesus can give life to people. Alternate translation: "the one who can make people alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 14 6 g5hn figs-explicit 0 no one comes to the Father except through me People can come to God and live with him only by trusting Jesus. Alternate translation: "No one can come to the Father and live with him unless he comes through me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 6 f95q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 8 kum1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Lord, show us the Father The "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 1 w3dn figs-metonymy ταρασσέσθω μὴ ταρασσέσθω ὑμῶν ἡ καρδία ταρασσέσθω 1 Do not let your heart be troubled Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "Stop being so anxious and worried" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 2 cp9z ἐν μου τοῦ Πατρός' τοῦ Πατρός τῇ οἰκίᾳ εἰσιν πολλαί μοναὶ 1 In my Father's house are many rooms "There are many places to live in my Father's house" +JHN 14 2 eca3 ἐν μου τοῦ Πατρός' τοῦ Πατρός τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 In my Father's house This refers to heaven, where God lives. +JHN 14 2 v9px guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 2 fp9r πολλαί μοναὶ 1 many rooms The word "room" can refer to a single room, or to a larger dwelling. +JHN 14 2 xb2y figs-you πορεύομαι ἑτοιμάσαι τόπον ὑμῖν 1 I am going to prepare a place for you Jesus will prepare a place in heaven for every person who trusts in him. The "you" is plural and refers to all his disciples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JHN 14 4 ir1d figs-metaphor τὴν ὁδόν 1 the way This is a metaphor that has these possible meanings 1) "the way to God" or 2) "the one who takes people to God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 14 5 e1dl πῶς δυνάμεθα εἰδέναι τὴν ὁδὸν 1 how can we know the way? "how can we know how to get there?" +JHN 14 6 i8le figs-metaphor ἡ ἀλήθεια 1 the truth This is a metaphor that has these possible meanings 1) "the true person" or 2) "the one who speaks true words about God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 14 6 z9tr figs-metaphor ἡ ζωή 1 the life This is a metaphor that means Jesus can give life to people. Alternate translation: "the one who can make people alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 14 6 g5hn figs-explicit οὐδεὶς ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα εἰ μὴ δι’ ἐμοῦ 1 no one comes to the Father except through me People can come to God and live with him only by trusting Jesus. Alternate translation: "No one can come to the Father and live with him unless he comes through me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 14 6 f95q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 8 kum1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Κύριε, δεῖξον ἡμῖν τὸν Πατέρα 1 Lord, show us the Father The "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 14 9 mr1a figs-rquestion 0 I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to Jesus' words. Alternate translation: "Philip, I have been with you disciples already for a very long time. You should know me by now!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 14 9 l3s8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Whoever has seen me has seen the Father To see Jesus, who is God the Son, is to see God the Father. The "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 9 l3s8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ ἑωρακὼς ἐμὲ ἑώρακεν τὸν Πατέρα 1 Whoever has seen me has seen the Father To see Jesus, who is God the Son, is to see God the Father. The "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 14 9 x1uh figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize Jesus' words to Philip. Alternate translation: "So you really should not be saying, 'Show us the Father!'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 14 10 v2jb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus asks Philip a question and then he continues to speak to all of his disciples. JHN 14 10 hc1z figs-rquestion 0 Do you not believe ... in me? This remark appears in the form of a question to emphasize Jesus' words to Philip. Alternate translation: "You really should believe ... in me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 14 10 e4se guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 10 e4se guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρὶ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 14 10 pgk6 0 The words that I say to you I do not speak from my own authority "What I am telling you is not from me" or "The words I tell you are not from me" -JHN 14 10 wh9w 0 The words that I say to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus is now speaking to all of his disciples. +JHN 14 10 wh9w τὰ ῥήματα ἃ ἐγὼ λαλῶ ὑμῖν 1 The words that I say to you Here "you" is plural. Jesus is now speaking to all of his disciples. JHN 14 11 ew6g figs-idiom 0 I am in the Father, and the Father is in me This is an idiom that means God the Father and Jesus have a unique relationship. Alternate translation: "I am one with the Father, and the Father is one with me" or "my Father and I are just as though we were one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 14 12 gh64 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 14 12 h2rh 0 believes in me This means to believe that Jesus is the Son of God. -JHN 14 12 cn14 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 13 n2id figs-metonymy 0 Whatever you ask in my name Here "name" is a metonym that represents the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "Whatever you ask, using my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 13 i138 figs-activepassive 0 so that the Father will be glorified in the Son You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so I can show everyone how great my Father is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 14 12 gh64 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 14 12 h2rh ὁ πιστεύων εἰς ἐμὲ 1 believes in me This means to believe that Jesus is the Son of God. +JHN 14 12 cn14 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 13 n2id figs-metonymy ὅ τι ἂν αἰτήσητε ἐν μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 Whatever you ask in my name Here "name" is a metonym that represents the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "Whatever you ask, using my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 13 i138 figs-activepassive ἵνα ὁ Πατὴρ δοξασθῇ ἐν τῷ Υἱῷ 1 so that the Father will be glorified in the Son You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so I can show everyone how great my Father is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 14 13 j6nh guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 14 sgk6 figs-metonymy 0 If you ask me anything in my name, I will do it Here "name" is a metonym that represents the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "If you ask me anything as one of my followers, I will do it" or "Whatever you ask of me, I will do it because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 16 tu1e 0 Comforter This refers to the Holy Spirit. -JHN 14 17 sc6r 0 Spirit of truth This refers to the Holy Spirit who teaches people what is true about God. -JHN 14 17 i2v7 figs-metonymy 0 The world cannot receive him Here the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "The unbelieving people in this world will never welcome him" or "Those who oppose God will not accept him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 14 sgk6 figs-metonymy ἐάν αἰτήσητέ με τι ἐν μου τῷ ὀνόματί, ἐγὼ ποιήσω 1 If you ask me anything in my name, I will do it Here "name" is a metonym that represents the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "If you ask me anything as one of my followers, I will do it" or "Whatever you ask of me, I will do it because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 16 tu1e Παράκλητον 1 Comforter This refers to the Holy Spirit. +JHN 14 17 sc6r Πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας 1 Spirit of truth This refers to the Holy Spirit who teaches people what is true about God. +JHN 14 17 i2v7 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν ὃ 1 The world cannot receive him Here the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "The unbelieving people in this world will never welcome him" or "Those who oppose God will not accept him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 14 18 hy8v figs-explicit 0 leave you alone Here Jesus implies that he will not leave his disciples with no one to care for them. Alternate translation: "leave you with no one to care for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 19 r5q8 figs-metonymy 0 the world Here the "world" is a metonym that represents the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "the unbelievers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 20 b87j 0 you will know that I am in my Father God the Father and Jesus live as one person. Alternate translation: "you will know that my Father and I are just like one person" -JHN 14 20 he2a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 20 ht8z 0 you are in me, and that I am in you "you and I are just like one person" -JHN 14 21 rw8n 0 loves This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 14 21 gjl8 figs-activepassive 0 he who loves me will be loved by my Father You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "my Father will love anyone who loves me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 14 21 qsu7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 22 r22b translate-names 0 Judas (not Iscariot) This refers to another disciple whose name was Judas, not to the disciple who was from the village of Kerioth who betrayed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 14 22 a7aa 0 why is it that you will show yourself to us Here the word "show" refers to revealing how wonderful Jesus is. Alternate translation: "Why will you reveal yourself only to us" or "Why will you only let us see how wonderful you are?" -JHN 14 22 gv3a figs-metonymy 0 not to the world Here "world" is a metonym that represents the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "not to those who do not belong to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 19 r5q8 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος 1 the world Here the "world" is a metonym that represents the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "the unbelievers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 20 b87j ὑμεῖς γνώσεσθε ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν μου τῷ Πατρί 1 you will know that I am in my Father God the Father and Jesus live as one person. Alternate translation: "you will know that my Father and I are just like one person" +JHN 14 20 he2a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τῷ Πατρί 1 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 20 ht8z ὑμῖν 1 you are in me, and that I am in you "you and I are just like one person" +JHN 14 21 rw8n ὁ ἀγαπῶν 1 loves This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 14 21 gjl8 figs-activepassive ὁ ἀγαπῶν με ἀγαπηθήσεται ὑπὸ μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 he who loves me will be loved by my Father You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "my Father will love anyone who loves me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 14 21 qsu7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 22 r22b translate-names Ἰούδας( οὐχ ὁ Ἰσκαριώτης) 1 Judas (not Iscariot) This refers to another disciple whose name was Judas, not to the disciple who was from the village of Kerioth who betrayed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 14 22 a7aa τί γέγονεν ὅτι ἐμφανίζειν σεαυτὸν ἡμῖν 1 why is it that you will show yourself to us Here the word "show" refers to revealing how wonderful Jesus is. Alternate translation: "Why will you reveal yourself only to us" or "Why will you only let us see how wonderful you are?" +JHN 14 22 gv3a figs-metonymy οὐχὶ τῷ κόσμῳ 1 not to the world Here "world" is a metonym that represents the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "not to those who do not belong to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 14 23 a9av 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus responds to Judas (not Iscariot). -JHN 14 23 xez7 0 If anyone loves me, he will keep my word "The one who loves me will do what I have told him to do" -JHN 14 23 ai8y 0 loves This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 14 23 xk31 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 23 h9tl figs-explicit 0 we will come to him and we will make our home with him The Father and the Son will share life with those who obey what Jesus commands. Alternate translation: "we will come to live with him, and will have a personal relationship with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 24 b7di 0 The word that you hear is not from me but from the Father who sent me "The things I have told you are not things that I have decided to say on my own" -JHN 14 24 c3ju 0 The word "The message" -JHN 14 24 d7ay 0 that you hear Here when Jesus says "you" he is speaking to all of his disciples. -JHN 14 26 hk8n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 27 nx8a figs-metonymy 0 world The "world" is a metonym that represents those people who do not love God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 27 m6qq figs-metonymy 0 Do not let your heart be troubled, and do not be afraid Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "So stop being anxious, and do not be afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 28 s8bx 0 loved This kind of love comes from God and desires the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 14 28 s3t3 figs-explicit 0 I am going to the Father Here Jesus implies that he will return to his Father. Alternate translation: "I am going back to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 28 gtk5 figs-explicit 0 the Father is greater than I Here Jesus implies that the Father has greater authority than the Son while the Son is on the earth. Alternate translation: "the Father has greater authority than I have here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 28 ymq4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 14 30 ah3s 0 ruler of this world Here "ruler" refers to Satan. See how you translated this in [John 12:31](../12/31.md). Alternate translation: "Satan who rules this world" +JHN 14 23 xez7 ἐάν τις ἀγαπᾷ με, τηρήσει μου τὸν λόγον 1 If anyone loves me, he will keep my word "The one who loves me will do what I have told him to do" +JHN 14 23 ai8y ἀγαπᾷ 1 loves This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 14 23 xk31 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Πατήρ 1 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 23 h9tl figs-explicit ἐλευσόμεθα πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ποιησόμεθα μονὴν παρ’ αὐτῷ 1 we will come to him and we will make our home with him The Father and the Son will share life with those who obey what Jesus commands. Alternate translation: "we will come to live with him, and will have a personal relationship with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 14 24 b7di ὁ λόγος ὃν ἀκούετε ἔστιν οὐκ ἐμὸς ἀλλὰ τοῦ Πατρός πέμψαντός με 1 The word that you hear is not from me but from the Father who sent me "The things I have told you are not things that I have decided to say on my own" +JHN 14 24 c3ju ὁ λόγος 1 The word "The message" +JHN 14 24 d7ay ὃν ἀκούετε 1 that you hear Here when Jesus says "you" he is speaking to all of his disciples. +JHN 14 26 hk8n guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 27 nx8a figs-metonymy κόσμος 1 world The "world" is a metonym that represents those people who do not love God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 27 m6qq figs-metonymy ταρασσέσθω μὴ ταρασσέσθω ὑμῶν ἡ καρδία ταρασσέσθω, μηδὲ δειλιάτω μηδὲ δειλιάτω 1 Do not let your heart be troubled, and do not be afraid Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "So stop being anxious, and do not be afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 28 s8bx ἠγαπᾶτέ 1 loved This kind of love comes from God and desires the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 14 28 s3t3 figs-explicit πορεύομαι πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα 1 I am going to the Father Here Jesus implies that he will return to his Father. Alternate translation: "I am going back to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 14 28 gtk5 figs-explicit ὁ Πατὴρ ἐστιν μείζων μού 1 the Father is greater than I Here Jesus implies that the Father has greater authority than the Son while the Son is on the earth. Alternate translation: "the Father has greater authority than I have here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 14 28 ymq4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 30 ah3s ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου 1 ruler of this world Here "ruler" refers to Satan. See how you translated this in [John 12:31](../12/31.md). Alternate translation: "Satan who rules this world" JHN 14 30 ea6m figs-explicit 0 ruler ... is coming Here Jesus implies that Satan is coming to attack him. Alternate translation: "Satan is coming to attack me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 14 31 jhq1 figs-metonymy 0 in order that the world will know Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "in order that the ones who do not belong to God may know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 14 31 r9ub guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 14 31 jhq1 figs-metonymy ἵνα ὁ κόσμος γνῷ 1 in order that the world will know Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "in order that the ones who do not belong to God may know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 14 31 r9ub guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα 1 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 15 intro k9jd 0 # John 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Vine

Jesus used the vine as a metaphor for himself. This is because the vine of the grape plant is what takes water and minerals from the ground to the leaves and grapes. Without the vine, the grapes and leaves die. He wanted his followers to know that unless they loved and obeyed him, they would be unable to do anything that pleased God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JHN 15 1 aws2 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus reclines at the table with his disciples and continues to speak to them. -JHN 15 1 fen5 figs-metaphor 0 I am the true vine Here the "true vine" is a metaphor. Jesus compares himself to a vine or a vine stem. He is the source of life that causes people to live in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: "I am like a vine that produces good fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 1 w2d4 figs-metaphor 0 my Father is the gardener The "gardener" is a metaphor. A "gardener" is a person who takes care of the vine to ensure it is as fruitful as possible. Alternate translation: "my Father is like a gardener" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 1 hqj7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 2 p311 figs-metaphor 0 He takes away every branch in me that does not bear fruit Here "every branch" represents people, and "bear fruit" represents living in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 2 wt8w 0 takes away "cuts off and takes away" +JHN 15 1 fen5 figs-metaphor ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἡ ἀληθινή ἄμπελος 1 I am the true vine Here the "true vine" is a metaphor. Jesus compares himself to a vine or a vine stem. He is the source of life that causes people to live in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: "I am like a vine that produces good fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 1 w2d4 figs-metaphor μου ὁ Πατήρ ἐστιν ὁ γεωργός 1 my Father is the gardener The "gardener" is a metaphor. A "gardener" is a person who takes care of the vine to ensure it is as fruitful as possible. Alternate translation: "my Father is like a gardener" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 1 hqj7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Πατήρ 1 my Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 2 p311 figs-metaphor αἴρει πᾶν κλῆμα ἐν ἐμοὶ φέρον μὴ φέρον καρπὸν 1 He takes away every branch in me that does not bear fruit Here "every branch" represents people, and "bear fruit" represents living in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 2 wt8w αἴρει 1 takes away "cuts off and takes away" JHN 15 2 xej7 0 prunes every branch "trims every branch" -JHN 15 3 xn3j figs-metaphor 0 You are already clean because of the message that I have spoken to you The implied metaphor here is the "clean branches" that have already been "pruned." Alternate translation: "It is as if you have already been pruned and are clean branches because you have obeyed what I have taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 3 l5zz figs-you 0 you The word "you" throughout this passage is plural and refers to the disciples of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JHN 15 4 qvv9 0 Remain in me, and I in you "If you remain joined to me, I will remain joined to you" or "Remain joined to me, and I will remain joined to you" -JHN 15 4 hn7q 0 unless you remain in me By remaining in Christ, those who belong to him depend on him for everything. Alternate translation: "unless you stay joined to me and depend upon me for everything" +JHN 15 3 xn3j figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἤδη καθαροί διὰ τὸν λόγον ὃν λελάληκα ὑμῖν 1 You are already clean because of the message that I have spoken to you The implied metaphor here is the "clean branches" that have already been "pruned." Alternate translation: "It is as if you have already been pruned and are clean branches because you have obeyed what I have taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 3 l5zz figs-you ὑμῖν 1 you The word "you" throughout this passage is plural and refers to the disciples of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JHN 15 4 qvv9 μείνατε ἐν ἐμοί, κἀγὼ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Remain in me, and I in you "If you remain joined to me, I will remain joined to you" or "Remain joined to me, and I will remain joined to you" +JHN 15 4 hn7q ἐὰν μὴ μένητε ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 unless you remain in me By remaining in Christ, those who belong to him depend on him for everything. Alternate translation: "unless you stay joined to me and depend upon me for everything" JHN 15 5 mw4t figs-metaphor 0 I am the vine, you are the branches The "vine" is a metaphor that represents Jesus. The "branches" is a metaphor that represent those who trust in Jesus and belong to him. Alternate translation: "I am like a vine, and you are like branches that are attached to the vine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 5 r4di figs-explicit 0 He who remains in me and I in him Here Jesus implies that his followers are joined to him as he is joined to God. Alternate translation: "He who stays joined to me, as I stay joined to my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 5 hzh4 figs-metaphor 0 he bears much fruit The implied metaphor here is the fruitful branch that represents the believer who pleases God. Just as a branch that is attached to the vine will bear much fruit, those who stay joined to Jesus will do many things that please God. Alternate translation: "you will bear much fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 6 k1tm figs-metaphor 0 he is thrown away like a branch and dries up Here the implied metaphor is the unfruitful branch that represents those who do not stay joined to Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the vinedresser throws him away like a branch and it dries up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 15 6 e789 figs-activepassive 0 they are burned up You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the fire burns them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 15 7 m38f figs-explicit 0 ask whatever you wish Jesus implies that believers must ask God to answer their prayers. Alternate translation: "ask God whatever you wish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 7 mcz5 figs-activepassive 0 it will be done for you You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he will do it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 15 8 yq67 figs-activepassive 0 My Father is glorified in this You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "It causes people to honor my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 15 8 z1ww guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 8 wpa6 figs-metaphor 0 that you bear much fruit Here "fruit" is a metaphor for living to please God. Alternate translation: "when you live in a way that pleases him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 15 8 vtg5 0 are my disciples "show you are my disciples" or "demonstrate you are my disciples" -JHN 15 9 nf5v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 As the Father has loved me, I have also loved you Jesus shares the love that God the Father has for him with those who trust in him. Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 9 d32z 0 Remain in my love "Continue to accept my love" -JHN 15 10 cu4e figs-explicit 0 If you keep my commandments, you will remain in my love, as I have kept the commandments of my Father and remain in his love When Jesus' followers obey him, they show their love for him. Alternate translation: "When you do the things I have told you to do, you are living in my love, just as I obey my Father and live in his love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 10 k1nm guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 11 rcv8 0 I have spoken these things to you so that my joy will be in you "I have told you these things so that you will have the same kind of joy that I have" +JHN 15 5 r4di figs-explicit ὁ μένων ἐν ἐμοὶ κἀγὼ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 He who remains in me and I in him Here Jesus implies that his followers are joined to him as he is joined to God. Alternate translation: "He who stays joined to me, as I stay joined to my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 5 hzh4 figs-metaphor οὗτος φέρει πολύν καρπὸν 1 he bears much fruit The implied metaphor here is the fruitful branch that represents the believer who pleases God. Just as a branch that is attached to the vine will bear much fruit, those who stay joined to Jesus will do many things that please God. Alternate translation: "you will bear much fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 6 k1tm figs-metaphor ἐβλήθη ἔξω ὡς τὸ κλῆμα καὶ ἐξηράνθη 1 he is thrown away like a branch and dries up Here the implied metaphor is the unfruitful branch that represents those who do not stay joined to Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the vinedresser throws him away like a branch and it dries up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 15 6 e789 figs-activepassive καίεται 1 they are burned up You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the fire burns them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 15 7 m38f figs-explicit αἰτήσασθε ὃ ἐὰν θέλητε 1 ask whatever you wish Jesus implies that believers must ask God to answer their prayers. Alternate translation: "ask God whatever you wish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 7 mcz5 figs-activepassive γενήσεται ὑμῖν 1 it will be done for you You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he will do it for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 15 8 yq67 figs-activepassive μου ὁ Πατήρ ἐδοξάσθη ἐν τούτῳ 1 My Father is glorified in this You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "It causes people to honor my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 15 8 z1ww guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου ὁ Πατήρ 1 My Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 8 wpa6 figs-metaphor ἵνα φέρητε πολὺν καρπὸν 1 that you bear much fruit Here "fruit" is a metaphor for living to please God. Alternate translation: "when you live in a way that pleases him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 8 vtg5 γένησθε ἐμοὶ μαθηταί 1 are my disciples "show you are my disciples" or "demonstrate you are my disciples" +JHN 15 9 nf5v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples καθὼς ὁ Πατήρ ἠγάπησέν με, κἀγὼ ἠγάπησα κἀγὼ ἠγάπησα ὑμᾶς 1 As the Father has loved me, I have also loved you Jesus shares the love that God the Father has for him with those who trust in him. Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 9 d32z μείνατε ἐν τῇ ἐμῇ τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 Remain in my love "Continue to accept my love" +JHN 15 10 cu4e figs-explicit ἐὰν τηρήσητε μου τὰς ἐντολάς, μενεῖτε ἐν μου τῇ ἀγάπῃ, καθὼς ἐγὼ τετήρηκα τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ Πατρός καὶ μένω ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 If you keep my commandments, you will remain in my love, as I have kept the commandments of my Father and remain in his love When Jesus' followers obey him, they show their love for him. Alternate translation: "When you do the things I have told you to do, you are living in my love, just as I obey my Father and live in his love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 10 k1nm guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 my Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 11 rcv8 λελάληκα ταῦτα ὑμῖν ἵνα ἡ ἐμὴ ἡ χαρὰ ᾖ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 I have spoken these things to you so that my joy will be in you "I have told you these things so that you will have the same kind of joy that I have" JHN 15 11 r1p1 figs-activepassive 0 so that your joy will be complete You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that you will be completely joyful" or "so that your joy may have nothing missing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 15 13 bu8j 0 life This refers to physical life. -JHN 15 15 h2wv 0 everything that I heard from my Father, I have made known to you "I have told you everything my Father told me" -JHN 15 15 b56f guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 16 yu3e figs-explicit 0 You did not choose me Jesus implies that his followers did not decide on their own to become his disciples. Alternate translation: "You did not decide to become my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 16 qj98 figs-metaphor 0 go and bear fruit Here "fruit" is a metaphor that represents a life that is pleasing to God. Alternate translation: "live lives that please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 15 13 bu8j τὴν ψυχὴν 1 life This refers to physical life. +JHN 15 15 h2wv πάντα ἃ ἤκουσα παρὰ μου τοῦ Πατρός, ἐγνώρισα ὑμῖν 1 everything that I heard from my Father, I have made known to you "I have told you everything my Father told me" +JHN 15 15 b56f guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 my Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 16 yu3e figs-explicit ὑμεῖς ἐξελέξασθε οὐχ ἐξελέξασθε με 1 You did not choose me Jesus implies that his followers did not decide on their own to become his disciples. Alternate translation: "You did not decide to become my disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 16 qj98 figs-metaphor ὑπάγητε καὶ φέρητε καρπὸν 1 go and bear fruit Here "fruit" is a metaphor that represents a life that is pleasing to God. Alternate translation: "live lives that please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JHN 15 16 v3je 0 that your fruit should remain "that the results of what you do should last forever" JHN 15 16 z431 figs-metonymy 0 whatever you ask of the Father in my name, he will give it to you Here "name" is a metonym that represents the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "Because you belong to me, whatever you ask of the Father, he will give it to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 16 bcy1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 18 d5ff figs-metonymy 0 the world the people who do not belong to God and are opposed to him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 19 x6q8 figs-metonymy 0 the world the people who do not belong to God and are opposed to him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 19 xas7 0 love This refers to human, brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. -JHN 15 20 v53s figs-metonymy 0 Remember the word that I said to you Here "word" is a metonym for the message of Jesus. Alternate translation: "Remember the message that I spoke to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 21 z35m figs-metonymy 0 because of my name Here "because of my name" is a metonym that represents Jesus. People will make his followers suffer because they belong to him. Alternate translation: "because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 22 m75h figs-explicit 0 If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin, but now they have no excuse for their sin Jesus implies here that he has shared God's message with those who do not trust him. Alternate translation: "Because I have come and told them God's message, they have no excuse when God judges them for their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 23 sw4l 0 He who hates me also hates my Father To hate God the Son is to hate God the Father. -JHN 15 23 u9u7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 24 bd47 figs-doublenegatives 0 If I had not done the works that no one else did among them, they would have no sin, but You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Because I have done among them the works that no one else did, they have had sin, and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 15 24 v23s 0 they would have no sin "they would not have any sin." See how you translated this in [John 15:22](../15/22.md). -JHN 15 24 v6pt 0 they have seen and hated both me and my Father To hate God the Son is to hate God the Father. -JHN 15 25 x7g9 figs-activepassive 0 to fulfill the word that is written in their law You can translate this in an active form. "Word" here is a metonym for the entire message of God. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the prophecy in their law" and "to fulfill the prophecy in their law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 15 25 j2m2 0 law This refers generally to the entire Old Testament, which contained all of God's instructions for his people. +JHN 15 16 bcy1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα 1 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 18 d5ff figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος 1 the world the people who do not belong to God and are opposed to him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 19 x6q8 figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 the world the people who do not belong to God and are opposed to him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 19 xas7 ἐφίλει 1 love This refers to human, brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. +JHN 15 20 v53s figs-metonymy μνημονεύετε τοῦ λόγου οὗ ἐγὼ εἶπον ὑμῖν 1 Remember the word that I said to you Here "word" is a metonym for the message of Jesus. Alternate translation: "Remember the message that I spoke to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 21 z35m figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 because of my name Here "because of my name" is a metonym that represents Jesus. People will make his followers suffer because they belong to him. Alternate translation: "because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 22 m75h figs-explicit εἰ ἦλθον μὴ ἦλθον καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, εἴχοσαν οὐκ εἴχοσαν ἁμαρτίαν, δὲ νῦν ἔχουσιν οὐκ πρόφασιν περὶ αὐτῶν τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin, but now they have no excuse for their sin Jesus implies here that he has shared God's message with those who do not trust him. Alternate translation: "Because I have come and told them God's message, they have no excuse when God judges them for their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 23 sw4l ὁ μισῶν ἐμὲ καὶ μισεῖ μου τὸν Πατέρα 1 He who hates me also hates my Father To hate God the Son is to hate God the Father. +JHN 15 23 u9u7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 24 bd47 figs-doublenegatives εἰ ἐποίησα μὴ ἐποίησα τὰ ἔργα ἃ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος ἐποίησεν ἐν αὐτοῖς, εἴχοσαν οὐκ ἁμαρτίαν, δὲ 1 If I had not done the works that no one else did among them, they would have no sin, but You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Because I have done among them the works that no one else did, they have had sin, and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 15 24 v23s εἴχοσαν οὐκ ἁμαρτίαν 1 they would have no sin "they would not have any sin." See how you translated this in [John 15:22](../15/22.md). +JHN 15 24 v6pt ἑωράκασιν καὶ μεμισήκασιν καὶ ἐμὲ καὶ μου τὸν Πατέρα 1 they have seen and hated both me and my Father To hate God the Son is to hate God the Father. +JHN 15 25 x7g9 figs-activepassive ἵνα πληρωθῇ ὁ λόγος ὁ γεγραμμένος ἐν αὐτῶν τῷ νόμῳ 1 to fulfill the word that is written in their law You can translate this in an active form. "Word" here is a metonym for the entire message of God. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the prophecy in their law" and "to fulfill the prophecy in their law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 25 j2m2 τῷ νόμῳ 1 law This refers generally to the entire Old Testament, which contained all of God's instructions for his people. JHN 15 26 mwq6 0 will send ... from the Father ... the Spirit of truth ... he will testify about me God the Father sent God the Spirit to show the world that Jesus is God the Son. -JHN 15 26 tpw6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 15 26 tzi9 figs-explicit 0 the Spirit of truth This is a title for the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Spirit who tells the truth about God and me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 27 r47f figs-explicit 0 You are also testifying Here "testifying" means to tell others about Jesus. Alternate translation: "You also must tell everyone what you know about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 15 27 ew2v figs-metonymy 0 the beginning Here the "beginning" is a metonym that means the first days of Jesus' ministry. Alternate translation: "from the very first days when I began teaching the people and doing miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 15 26 tpw6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρός 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 15 26 tzi9 figs-explicit τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας 1 the Spirit of truth This is a title for the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Spirit who tells the truth about God and me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 27 r47f figs-explicit ὑμεῖς μαρτυρεῖτε καὶ μαρτυρεῖτε 1 You are also testifying Here "testifying" means to tell others about Jesus. Alternate translation: "You also must tell everyone what you know about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 15 27 ew2v figs-metonymy ἀρχῆς 1 the beginning Here the "beginning" is a metonym that means the first days of Jesus' ministry. Alternate translation: "from the very first days when I began teaching the people and doing miracles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 16 intro wb8v 0 # John 16 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The Holy Spirit

Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 14:16](../../jhn/14/16.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them, He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 14:17](../../jhn/14/17.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

##### "The hour is coming"

Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which people would persecute his followers ([John 16:2](../../jhn/16/02.md)) was days, weeks, and years long, but "the hour" in which his disciples would scatter and leave him alone ([John 16:32](../../jhn/16/32.md)) was less than sixty minutes long. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Simile

Jesus said that just as a woman is in pain as she gives birth to a baby and his followers would be sad when he died. But the woman is glad after the baby is born, and his followers would be happy when he became alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JHN 16 1 pbc8 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus reclines at the table with his disciples and continues to speak to them. -JHN 16 1 vui6 figs-explicit 0 you will not fall away Here the phrase "fall away" implies to stop putting one's trust in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "you will not stop trusting in me because of the difficulties you must face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 16 1 vui6 figs-explicit σκανδαλισθῆτε μὴ σκανδαλισθῆτε 1 you will not fall away Here the phrase "fall away" implies to stop putting one's trust in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "you will not stop trusting in me because of the difficulties you must face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 16 2 i79b 0 the hour is coming when everyone who kills you will think that he is offering a service to God "it will someday happen that a person will kill you and think he is doing something good for God." -JHN 16 3 cqw1 0 They will do these things because they have not known the Father nor me They will kill some believers because they do not know God the Father or Jesus. -JHN 16 3 k4r6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 4 blb2 figs-metonymy 0 when their hour comes Here "hour" is a metonym that refers to the time when people will persecute Jesus' followers. Alternate translation: "when they cause you to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 4 dh5i figs-metonymy 0 in the beginning This is a metonym that refers to the first days of Jesus' ministry. Alternate translation: "when you first started following me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 6 kr4d figs-metonymy 0 sadness has filled your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "you are now very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 7 g3ze figs-doublenegatives 0 if I do not go away, the Comforter will not come to you You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "the Comforter will come to you only if I go away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 16 7 d1zd 0 Comforter This is a title for the Holy Spirit who will be with the disciples after Jesus goes away. See how you translated this in [John 14:26](../14/26.md). -JHN 16 8 e7di 0 the Comforter will prove the world to be wrong about sin When the Holy Spirit came, he began to show people that they are sinners. -JHN 16 8 bpu5 0 Comforter This refers to the Holy Spirit. See how you translated this in [John 14:16](../14/16.md). -JHN 16 8 i78r figs-metonymy 0 world This is a metonym that refers to the people in the world.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 9 v4hk 0 about sin, because they do not believe in me "they are guilty of sin because they do not trust in me" -JHN 16 10 t4qe 0 about righteousness, because I am going to the Father, and you will no longer see me "when I return to God, and they see me no more, they will know that I did the right things" -JHN 16 10 r121 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 11 l71y 0 about judgment, because the ruler of this world has been judged "God will hold them accountable and will punish them for their sins, just as he will punish Satan, the one who rules this world" -JHN 16 11 x2z1 0 the ruler of this world Here "ruler" refers to Satan. See how you translated this in [John 12:31](../12/31.md). Alternate translation: "Satan who rules this world" -JHN 16 12 g29n 0 things to say to you "messages for you" or "words for you" -JHN 16 13 j7gr 0 the Spirit of Truth This is a name for the Holy Spirit who will tell the people the truth about God. -JHN 16 13 pau7 figs-explicit 0 he will guide you into all the truth The "truth" refers to spiritual truth. Alternate translation: "he will teach you all the spiritual truth you need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 16 13 v738 figs-explicit 0 he will say whatever he hears Jesus implies that God the Father will speak to the Spirit. Alternate translation: "he will say whatever God tells him to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 16 3 cqw1 ποιήσουσιν ταῦτα ὅτι ἔγνωσαν οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὸν Πατέρα οὐδὲ ἐμέ 1 They will do these things because they have not known the Father nor me They will kill some believers because they do not know God the Father or Jesus. +JHN 16 3 k4r6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 4 blb2 figs-metonymy ὅταν αὐτῶν ἡ ὥρα ἔλθῃ 1 when their hour comes Here "hour" is a metonym that refers to the time when people will persecute Jesus' followers. Alternate translation: "when they cause you to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 4 dh5i figs-metonymy ἐξ ἀρχῆς 1 in the beginning This is a metonym that refers to the first days of Jesus' ministry. Alternate translation: "when you first started following me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 6 kr4d figs-metonymy ἡ λύπη πεπλήρωκεν ὑμῶν τὴν καρδίαν 1 sadness has filled your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "you are now very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 7 g3ze figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν ἀπέλθω μὴ ἀπέλθω, ὁ Παράκλητος ἐλεύσεται οὐκ ἐλεύσεται πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 if I do not go away, the Comforter will not come to you You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "the Comforter will come to you only if I go away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 16 7 d1zd Παράκλητος 1 Comforter This is a title for the Holy Spirit who will be with the disciples after Jesus goes away. See how you translated this in [John 14:26](../14/26.md). +JHN 16 8 e7di ἐκεῖνος ἐλέγξει τὸν κόσμον ἐλέγξει περὶ ἁμαρτίας 1 the Comforter will prove the world to be wrong about sin When the Holy Spirit came, he began to show people that they are sinners. +JHN 16 8 bpu5 ἐκεῖνος 1 Comforter This refers to the Holy Spirit. See how you translated this in [John 14:16](../14/16.md). +JHN 16 8 i78r figs-metonymy κόσμον 1 world This is a metonym that refers to the people in the world.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 9 v4hk περὶ ἁμαρτίας, ὅτι πιστεύουσιν οὐ πιστεύουσιν εἰς ἐμὲ 1 about sin, because they do not believe in me "they are guilty of sin because they do not trust in me" +JHN 16 10 t4qe περὶ δικαιοσύνης, ὅτι ὑπάγω πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα, καὶ θεωρεῖτέ οὐκέτι θεωρεῖτέ με 1 about righteousness, because I am going to the Father, and you will no longer see me "when I return to God, and they see me no more, they will know that I did the right things" +JHN 16 10 r121 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 11 l71y περὶ κρίσεως, ὅτι ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου κέκριται 1 about judgment, because the ruler of this world has been judged "God will hold them accountable and will punish them for their sins, just as he will punish Satan, the one who rules this world" +JHN 16 11 x2z1 ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 the ruler of this world Here "ruler" refers to Satan. See how you translated this in [John 12:31](../12/31.md). Alternate translation: "Satan who rules this world" +JHN 16 12 g29n πολλὰ λέγειν ὑμῖν 1 things to say to you "messages for you" or "words for you" +JHN 16 13 j7gr τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας 1 the Spirit of Truth This is a name for the Holy Spirit who will tell the people the truth about God. +JHN 16 13 pau7 figs-explicit ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς ἐν πάσῃ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 he will guide you into all the truth The "truth" refers to spiritual truth. Alternate translation: "he will teach you all the spiritual truth you need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 16 13 v738 figs-explicit λαλήσει ὅσα ἀκούσει 1 he will say whatever he hears Jesus implies that God the Father will speak to the Spirit. Alternate translation: "he will say whatever God tells him to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 16 14 m9pb figs-explicit 0 he will take from what is mine and he will tell it to you Here "things of mine" refers to Jesus' teaching and mighty works. Alternate translation: "he will reveal to you that what I have said and done are indeed true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 16 15 s73e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 15 s73e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 16 15 rmq9 figs-explicit 0 the Spirit will take from what is mine and he will tell it to you The Holy Spirit will tell people that the words and works of Jesus are true. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit will tell everyone that my words and works are true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 16 16 nq4g 0 In a short amount of time "Soon" or "Before much time passes" -JHN 16 16 en9b 0 after another short amount of time "again, before much time passes" +JHN 16 16 nq4g μικρὸν 1 In a short amount of time "Soon" or "Before much time passes" +JHN 16 16 en9b καὶ πάλιν μικρὸν 1 after another short amount of time "again, before much time passes" JHN 16 17 f2sj 0 General Information: There is a break in Jesus' speaking as his disciples ask each other about what Jesus meant. -JHN 16 17 s9x3 0 A short amount of time you will no longer see me The disciples did not understand that this refers to Jesus' death on the cross. -JHN 16 17 zd1n 0 after another short amount of time you will see me Possible meanings are 1) This could refer to Jesus' resurrection or 2) This could refer to Jesus' coming at the end of time. -JHN 16 17 sz1v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 17 s9x3 μικρὸν θεωρεῖτέ οὐ θεωρεῖτέ με 1 A short amount of time you will no longer see me The disciples did not understand that this refers to Jesus' death on the cross. +JHN 16 17 zd1n καὶ πάλιν μικρὸν ὄψεσθέ με 1 after another short amount of time you will see me Possible meanings are 1) This could refer to Jesus' resurrection or 2) This could refer to Jesus' coming at the end of time. +JHN 16 17 sz1v guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα 1 the Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 16 19 j7dv 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. JHN 16 19 j7wv figs-rquestion 0 Is this what you are asking yourselves, what I meant by saying, ... see me'? Jesus uses this question so his disciples will focus on what he has just told them, so he can explain further. Alternate translation: "You are asking yourselves what I meant when I said, ... see me.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 16 20 jx6s 0 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 16 20 p9x1 figs-metonymy 0 but the world will be glad Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "but the people who oppose God will be glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 20 p6v5 figs-activepassive 0 but your sorrow will be turned into joy You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but your sadness will become joy" or "but afterwards instead of being sad you will be very happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 16 22 j7ge figs-metonymy 0 your heart will be glad Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "you will be very happy" or "you will be very joyful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 23 g4qt 0 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 16 23 v91r figs-metonymy 0 if you ask anything of the Father in my name, he will give it to you Here the word "name" is a metonym that refers to the person and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "if you ask anything of the Father, he will give it to you because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 23 w5jj guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 23 q75v figs-metonymy 0 in my name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the person and authority of Jesus. The Father will honor the requests of the believers because of their relationship with Jesus. Alternate translation: "because you are my followers" or "on my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 24 p83u figs-activepassive 0 your joy will be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will give you great joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 16 25 m4wc 0 in figures of speech "in language that is not clear" -JHN 16 25 n93q 0 the hour is coming "it will soon happen" -JHN 16 25 r73l 0 tell you plainly about the Father "tell you about the Father in a way that you will clearly understand." -JHN 16 25 bq3q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 26 vf63 figs-metonymy 0 you will ask in my name Here "name" is a metonym for the person and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "you will ask because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 16 26 cy76 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 27 scs2 0 the Father himself loves you because you have loved me When a person loves Jesus, the Son, they also love the Father, because the Father and Son are one. -JHN 16 27 b49q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 I came from the Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 20 jx6s ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 16 20 p9x1 figs-metonymy δὲ ὁ κόσμος χαρήσεται 1 but the world will be glad Here the "world" is a metonym for the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "but the people who oppose God will be glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 20 p6v5 figs-activepassive ἀλλ’ ὑμῶν ἡ λύπη γενήσεται εἰς χαρὰν 1 but your sorrow will be turned into joy You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but your sadness will become joy" or "but afterwards instead of being sad you will be very happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 16 22 j7ge figs-metonymy ὑμῶν ἡ καρδία χαρήσεται 1 your heart will be glad Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "you will be very happy" or "you will be very joyful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 23 g4qt ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 Truly, truly, I say to you Translate this the way your language emphasizes that what follows is important and true. See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 16 23 v91r figs-metonymy ἄν τι αἰτήσητε ἄν τι τὸν Πατέρα ἐν μου τῷ ὀνόματί, δώσει ὑμῖν 1 if you ask anything of the Father in my name, he will give it to you Here the word "name" is a metonym that refers to the person and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "if you ask anything of the Father, he will give it to you because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 23 w5jj guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 23 q75v figs-metonymy ἐν μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 in my name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the person and authority of Jesus. The Father will honor the requests of the believers because of their relationship with Jesus. Alternate translation: "because you are my followers" or "on my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 24 p83u figs-activepassive ὑμῶν ἡ χαρὰ ᾖ πεπληρωμένη 1 your joy will be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will give you great joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 16 25 m4wc ἐν παροιμίαις 1 in figures of speech "in language that is not clear" +JHN 16 25 n93q ὥρα ἔρχεται 1 the hour is coming "it will soon happen" +JHN 16 25 r73l ἀπαγγελῶ ὑμῖν παρρησίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 tell you plainly about the Father "tell you about the Father in a way that you will clearly understand." +JHN 16 25 bq3q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρὸς 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 26 vf63 figs-metonymy αἰτήσεσθε ἐν μου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 you will ask in my name Here "name" is a metonym for the person and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "you will ask because you belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 26 cy76 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 27 scs2 ὁ Πατὴρ αὐτὸς φιλεῖ ὑμᾶς ὅτι ὑμεῖς πεφιλήκατε ἐμὲ 1 the Father himself loves you because you have loved me When a person loves Jesus, the Son, they also love the Father, because the Father and Son are one. +JHN 16 27 b49q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἐγὼ ἐξῆλθον παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I came from the Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 16 28 xn2v 0 I came from the Father ... I am leaving the world and I am going to the Father After his death and resurrection, Jesus will return to God the Father. JHN 16 28 wyz7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 I came from the Father ... going to the Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 28 l3zb figs-metonymy 0 world The "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 28 l3zb figs-metonymy κόσμον 1 world The "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 16 29 h725 0 Connecting Statement: The disciples respond to Jesus. -JHN 16 31 c8cu figs-rquestion 0 Do you believe now? This remarks appears in the form of a question to show that Jesus is puzzled that his disciples are only now ready to trust him. Alternate translation: "So, now you finally place your trust in me! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 16 31 c8cu figs-rquestion πιστεύετε ἄρτι? 1 Do you believe now? This remarks appears in the form of a question to show that Jesus is puzzled that his disciples are only now ready to trust him. Alternate translation: "So, now you finally place your trust in me! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 16 32 kcb1 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues speaking to his disciples. -JHN 16 32 yza2 figs-activepassive 0 you will be scattered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "others will scatter you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 16 32 k3br guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father is with me This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 16 33 k6d6 figs-explicit 0 so that you will have peace in me Here "peace" refers to inner peace. Alternate translation: "so that you may have inner peace because of your relationship with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 16 33 z7wj figs-metonymy 0 I have conquered the world Here "the world" refers to the troubles and persecution that believers will endure from those who oppose God. Alternate translation: "I have conquered the troubles of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 16 32 yza2 figs-activepassive σκορπισθῆτε 1 you will be scattered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "others will scatter you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 16 32 k3br guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατὴρ ἐστιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 the Father is with me This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 16 33 k6d6 figs-explicit ἵνα ἔχητε εἰρήνην ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 so that you will have peace in me Here "peace" refers to inner peace. Alternate translation: "so that you may have inner peace because of your relationship with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 16 33 z7wj figs-metonymy ἐγὼ νενίκηκα τὸν κόσμον 1 I have conquered the world Here "the world" refers to the troubles and persecution that believers will endure from those who oppose God. Alternate translation: "I have conquered the troubles of this world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 17 intro nb2a 0 # John 17 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter forms one long prayer.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Glory

Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter Jesus asks God to show his followers his true glory ([John 17:1](../../jhn/17/01.md)).

##### Jesus is eternal

Jesus existed before God created the world ([John 17:5](../../jhn/17/05.md)). John wrote about this in [John 1:1](../../jhn/01/01.md).

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Prayer

Jesus is God's one and only Son ([John 3:16](../../jhn/03/16.md)), so he could pray differently from the way other people pray. He used many words that sounded like commands. Your translation should make Jesus sound like a son speaking with love and respect to his father and telling him what the father needs to do so that the father will be happy.
JHN 17 1 uf8z 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus had been speaking to his disciples, but now he begins to pray to God. -JHN 17 1 b4pj figs-idiom 0 he lifted up his eyes to the heavens This is an idiom that means to look upward. Alternate translation: "he looked up to the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 17 1 k7tb 0 heavens This refers to the sky. +JHN 17 1 b4pj figs-idiom ἐπάρας αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 he lifted up his eyes to the heavens This is an idiom that means to look upward. Alternate translation: "he looked up to the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 17 1 k7tb οὐρανὸν 1 heavens This refers to the sky. JHN 17 1 n15x 0 Father ... glorify your Son so that the Son will glorify you Jesus asks God the Father to honor him so that he can give honor to God. JHN 17 1 l8sa guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 17 1 jup7 figs-metonymy 0 the hour has come Here the word "hour" is a metonym that refers to the time for Jesus to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "it is time for me to suffer and die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 2 vbt4 0 all flesh This refers to all people. +JHN 17 1 jup7 figs-metonymy ἡ ὥρα ἐλήλυθεν 1 the hour has come Here the word "hour" is a metonym that refers to the time for Jesus to suffer and die. Alternate translation: "it is time for me to suffer and die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 2 vbt4 πάσης σαρκός 1 all flesh This refers to all people. JHN 17 3 tx6m 0 This is eternal life ... know you, the only true God, and ... Jesus Christ Eternal life is to know the only true God, God the Father and God the Son. -JHN 17 4 h4hu figs-metonymy 0 the work that you have given me to do Here "work" is a metonym that refers to Jesus' entire earthly ministry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 4 h4hu figs-metonymy τὸ ἔργον ὃ δέδωκάς μοι ἵνα ποιήσω 1 the work that you have given me to do Here "work" is a metonym that refers to Jesus' entire earthly ministry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 17 5 k9ra figs-explicit 0 Father, glorify me ... with the glory that I had with you before the world was made Jesus had glory with God the Father "before the world was made" because Jesus is God the Son. Alternate translation: "Father, give me honor by bringing me into your presence as we were before we made the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 17 5 g8at guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 17 5 g8at guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 17 6 s4p3 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to pray for his disciples. -JHN 17 6 vbn8 figs-metonymy 0 I revealed your name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: "I taught them who you really are and what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 6 hn8z figs-metonymy 0 from the world Here "world" is a metonym that refers to the people of the world that oppose God. This means that God has separated the believers spiritually from the people who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 6 u8lc figs-idiom 0 kept your word This is an idiom that means to obey. Alternate translation: "obeyed your teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 17 9 ndb1 figs-metonymy 0 I do not pray for the world Here the word "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "I am not praying for those who do not belong to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 11 bk2h figs-metonymy 0 in the world This is a metonym that refers to being on earth and being among the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "among the people who do not belong to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 6 vbn8 figs-metonymy ἐφανέρωσά σου τὸ ὄνομα 1 I revealed your name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: "I taught them who you really are and what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 6 hn8z figs-metonymy ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου 1 from the world Here "world" is a metonym that refers to the people of the world that oppose God. This means that God has separated the believers spiritually from the people who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 6 u8lc figs-idiom τετήρηκαν σου τὸν λόγον 1 kept your word This is an idiom that means to obey. Alternate translation: "obeyed your teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 17 9 ndb1 figs-metonymy ἐρωτῶ οὐ ἐρωτῶ περὶ τοῦ κόσμου 1 I do not pray for the world Here the word "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "I am not praying for those who do not belong to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 11 bk2h figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 in the world This is a metonym that refers to being on earth and being among the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "among the people who do not belong to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 17 11 a7un 0 Holy Father, keep them ... that they will be one ... as we are one Jesus asks the Father to keep those who trust in him so they can have a close relationship with God. -JHN 17 11 kp1d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 17 11 yq9z figs-metonymy 0 keep them in your name that you have given me Here the word "name" is a metonym for God's power and authority. Alternate translation: "keep them safe by your power and authority, which you have given me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 12 s5kw figs-metonymy 0 I kept them in your name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the power and protection of God. Alternate translation: "I kept them with your protection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 12 a4s8 0 not one of them was destroyed, except for the son of destruction "the only one among them who was destroyed is the son of destruction" -JHN 17 12 az2m figs-explicit 0 the son of destruction This refers to Judas, who betrayed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the one whom you long ago decided you would destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 17 12 blz4 figs-activepassive 0 so that the scriptures would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the prophecy about him in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 17 13 p71q figs-metonymy 0 the world These words are a metonym for the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 13 jp4v figs-activepassive 0 so that they will have my joy fulfilled in themselves You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that you might give them great joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 17 14 bc1y 0 I have given them your word "I have spoken your message to them" -JHN 17 14 qf43 figs-metonymy 0 the world ... because they are not of the world ... I am not of the world Here "the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "The people who oppose you have hated my followers because they do not belong to those who do not believe, just as I do not belong to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 15 hg22 figs-metonymy 0 the world In this passage, "the world" is a metonym for the people who oppose God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 15 s3vp figs-explicit 0 keep them from the evil one This refers to Satan. Alternate translation: "protect them from Satan, the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 17 17 y53e figs-explicit 0 Set them apart by the truth The purpose for setting them apart can be stated clearly. The phrase "by the truth" here represents by teaching the truth. Alternate translation: "Make them your own people by teaching them the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 17 17 y5qx 0 Your word is truth "Your message is true" or "What you say is true" -JHN 17 18 bh1a figs-metonymy 0 into the world Here into "the world" is a metonym that means to the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "to the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 19 z4z8 figs-activepassive 0 so that they themselves may also be set apart in truth You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that they may also set apart themselves truly to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 17 20 n7mp 0 those who will believe in me through their word "those who will believe in me because they teach about me" +JHN 17 11 kp1d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 17 11 yq9z figs-metonymy τήρησον αὐτοὺς ἐν σου τῷ ὀνόματί ᾧ δέδωκάς μοι 1 keep them in your name that you have given me Here the word "name" is a metonym for God's power and authority. Alternate translation: "keep them safe by your power and authority, which you have given me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 12 s5kw figs-metonymy ἐγὼ ἐτήρουν αὐτοὺς ἐν σου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 I kept them in your name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to the power and protection of God. Alternate translation: "I kept them with your protection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 12 a4s8 οὐδεὶς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο, εἰ μὴ ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας 1 not one of them was destroyed, except for the son of destruction "the only one among them who was destroyed is the son of destruction" +JHN 17 12 az2m figs-explicit ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας 1 the son of destruction This refers to Judas, who betrayed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the one whom you long ago decided you would destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 17 12 blz4 figs-activepassive ἵνα ἡ Γραφὴ πληρωθῇ 1 so that the scriptures would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the prophecy about him in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 17 13 p71q figs-metonymy τῷ κόσμῳ 1 the world These words are a metonym for the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 13 jp4v figs-activepassive ἵνα ἔχωσιν τὴν ἐμὴν τὴν χαρὰν πεπληρωμένην ἐν ἑαυτοῖς 1 so that they will have my joy fulfilled in themselves You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that you might give them great joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 17 14 bc1y ἐγὼ δέδωκα αὐτοῖς σου τὸν λόγον 1 I have given them your word "I have spoken your message to them" +JHN 17 14 qf43 figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου. 1 the world ... because they are not of the world ... I am not of the world Here "the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who oppose God. Alternate translation: "The people who oppose you have hated my followers because they do not belong to those who do not believe, just as I do not belong to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 15 hg22 figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 the world In this passage, "the world" is a metonym for the people who oppose God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 15 s3vp figs-explicit τηρήσῃς αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 1 keep them from the evil one This refers to Satan. Alternate translation: "protect them from Satan, the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 17 17 y53e figs-explicit ἁγίασον αὐτοὺς ἁγίασον ἐν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 Set them apart by the truth The purpose for setting them apart can be stated clearly. The phrase "by the truth" here represents by teaching the truth. Alternate translation: "Make them your own people by teaching them the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 17 17 y5qx ὁ σὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστιν ἀλήθειά 1 Your word is truth "Your message is true" or "What you say is true" +JHN 17 18 bh1a figs-metonymy εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 into the world Here into "the world" is a metonym that means to the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "to the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 19 z4z8 figs-activepassive ἵνα ὦσιν αὐτοὶ ὦσιν καὶ ὦσιν ἡγιασμένοι ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 so that they themselves may also be set apart in truth You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that they may also set apart themselves truly to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 17 20 n7mp τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς ἐμὲ διὰ αὐτῶν τοῦ λόγου 1 those who will believe in me through their word "those who will believe in me because they teach about me" JHN 17 21 s8a1 0 they will all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I am in you. May they also be in us Those who trust in Jesus become united with the Father and the Son when they believe. -JHN 17 21 yt2w guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 17 21 nef9 figs-metonymy 0 the world Here the "the world" is a metonym that refers to the people who do not yet know God. Alternate translation: "the people who do not know God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 22 p4mj 0 The glory that you gave me, I have given to them "I have honored my followers just as you have honored me" -JHN 17 22 wwu9 figs-activepassive 0 so that they will be one, just as we are one You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that you can unite them just as you have united us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 17 21 yt2w guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 17 21 nef9 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος 1 the world Here the "the world" is a metonym that refers to the people who do not yet know God. Alternate translation: "the people who do not know God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 22 p4mj τὴν δόξαν ἣν δέδωκάς μοι, κἀγὼ δέδωκα αὐτοῖς 1 The glory that you gave me, I have given to them "I have honored my followers just as you have honored me" +JHN 17 22 wwu9 figs-activepassive ἵνα ὦσιν ἓν, καθὼς ἡμεῖς ἕν 1 so that they will be one, just as we are one You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that you can unite them just as you have united us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 17 23 fld5 0 that they may be brought to complete unity "that they may be completely united" -JHN 17 23 s7ph figs-metonymy 0 that the world will know Here "the world" is a metonym that refers to the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "that all the people will know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 23 rw4u 0 loved This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 17 24 da83 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 17 24 xh1a figs-explicit 0 where I am Here "where I am" refers to heaven. Alternate translation: "with me in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 17 24 hz83 0 to see my glory "to see my greatness" -JHN 17 24 fiv7 figs-explicit 0 before the creation of the world Here Jesus refers to the time before creation. Alternate translation: "before we created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 17 23 s7ph figs-metonymy ἵνα ὁ κόσμος γινώσκῃ 1 that the world will know Here "the world" is a metonym that refers to the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "that all the people will know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 23 rw4u ἠγάπησας 1 loved This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 17 24 da83 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 17 24 xh1a figs-explicit ὅπου ἐγὼ εἰμὶ 1 where I am Here "where I am" refers to heaven. Alternate translation: "with me in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 17 24 hz83 ἵνα θεωρῶσιν τὴν ἐμὴν τὴν δόξαν 1 to see my glory "to see my greatness" +JHN 17 24 fiv7 figs-explicit πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 before the creation of the world Here Jesus refers to the time before creation. Alternate translation: "before we created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 17 25 cj69 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus finishes his prayer. -JHN 17 25 ur9j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Righteous Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 17 25 xpf5 figs-metonymy 0 the world did not know you The "world" is a metonym for the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "those who do not belong to you do not know what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 17 26 xpi3 figs-metonymy 0 I made your name known to them The word "name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "I have revealed to them what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 25 ur9j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples δίκαιε Πάτερ 1 Righteous Father Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 17 25 xpf5 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω σε 1 the world did not know you The "world" is a metonym for the people who do not belong to God. Alternate translation: "those who do not belong to you do not know what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 17 26 xpi3 figs-metonymy ἐγνώρισα σου τὸ ὄνομά ἐγνώρισα αὐτοῖς 1 I made your name known to them The word "name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "I have revealed to them what you are like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 17 26 gk2j 0 love ... loved This kind of love comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. JHN 18 intro ltl2 0 # John 18 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Verse 14 says, "Now Caiaphas was the one who had given the advice to the Jews that it would be better that one man die for the people." The author says this to help the reader understand why it was to Caiaphas that they took Jesus. You might want to put these words in parentheses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "It is not lawful for us to put any man to death"

The Roman government did not allow the Jews to kill criminals, so the Jews needed to ask Pilate, the governor, to kill him ([John 18:31](../../jhn/18/31.md)).

##### Jesus' kingdom

No one knows for sure what Jesus meant when he told Pilate that his kingdom was not "of this world" ([John 18:36](../../jhn/18/36.md)). Some people think that Jesus means that his kingdom is only spiritual and that he has no visible kingdom on this earth, Other people think that Jesus meant that he would not build and rule his kingdom by force, the way other kings build theirs. It is possible to translate the words "is not of this world" as "is not from this place" or "comes from another place."

##### King of the Jews

When Pilate asked if Jesus were the King of the Jews ([John 18:33](../../jhn/18/33.md)), he was asking if Jesus were claiming to be like King Herod, whom the Romans were permitting to rule Judea. When he asked the crowd if he should release the King of the Jews ([John 18:39](../../jhn/18/39.md)), he is mocking the Jews, because the Romans and Jews hated each other. He was also mocking Jesus, because he did not think that Jesus was a king at all, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JHN 18 1 sq3t writing-background 0 General Information: Verses 1-2 give background information for the events that follow. Verse 1 tells where they took place, and verse 2 gives background information about Judas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 1 cxz8 writing-newevent 0 After Jesus spoke these words The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JHN 18 1 z9bw translate-names 0 Kidron Valley a valley in Jerusalem separating the Temple Mount from the Mount of Olives (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 18 1 w3zx figs-explicit 0 where there was a garden This was a grove of olive trees. Alternate translation: "where there was a grove of olive trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 1 cxz8 writing-newevent εἰπὼν Ἰησοῦς εἰπὼν ταῦτα 1 After Jesus spoke these words The author uses these words to mark the beginning of a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +JHN 18 1 z9bw translate-names Κεδρὼν 1 Kidron Valley a valley in Jerusalem separating the Temple Mount from the Mount of Olives (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 18 1 w3zx figs-explicit ὅπου ἦν κῆπος 1 where there was a garden This was a grove of olive trees. Alternate translation: "where there was a grove of olive trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 18 4 k71q 0 General Information: Jesus begins to speak with the soldiers, officers, and Pharisees. -JHN 18 4 sh2u 0 Then Jesus, who knew all the things that were happening to him "Then Jesus, who knew everything that was about to happen to him" -JHN 18 5 vg2d 0 Jesus of Nazareth "Jesus, the man from Nazareth" -JHN 18 5 fd9y figs-explicit 0 I am The word "he" is implied in the text. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 5 g4hx 0 who betrayed him "who handed him over" -JHN 18 6 b8tl figs-explicit 0 I am Here the word "he" is not present in the original text, but it is implied. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 6 w38n figs-explicit 0 fell to the ground The men fell to the ground because of Jesus' power. Alternate translation: "fell down because of Jesus' power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 7 uf85 0 Jesus of Nazareth "Jesus, the man from Nazareth" +JHN 18 4 sh2u οὖν Ἰησοῦς, εἰδὼς πάντα τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 Then Jesus, who knew all the things that were happening to him "Then Jesus, who knew everything that was about to happen to him" +JHN 18 5 vg2d Ἰησοῦν τὸν Ναζωραῖον 1 Jesus of Nazareth "Jesus, the man from Nazareth" +JHN 18 5 fd9y figs-explicit ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I am The word "he" is implied in the text. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 5 g4hx ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν 1 who betrayed him "who handed him over" +JHN 18 6 b8tl figs-explicit ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I am Here the word "he" is not present in the original text, but it is implied. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 6 w38n figs-explicit ἔπεσαν χαμαί 1 fell to the ground The men fell to the ground because of Jesus' power. Alternate translation: "fell down because of Jesus' power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 7 uf85 Ἰησοῦν τὸν Ναζωραῖον 1 Jesus of Nazareth "Jesus, the man from Nazareth" JHN 18 8 l8as writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 9 there is a break from the main story line as John tells us background information about Jesus fulfilling Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 8 ui8z figs-explicit 0 I am Here the word "he" is not present in the original text, but it is implied. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 9 bjp9 figs-explicit 0 This was in order to fulfill the word that he said Here "the word" refers to the words Jesus had prayed. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This happened in order to fulfill the words that he had said when he was praying to his Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 18 10 fe37 translate-names 0 Malchus Malchus is a male servant of the high priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 18 11 u2s9 0 sheath the cover for a sharp knife or sword, so the knife will not cut the owner +JHN 18 8 ui8z figs-explicit ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I am Here the word "he" is not present in the original text, but it is implied. Alternate translation: "I am he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 9 bjp9 figs-explicit ἵνα πληρωθῇ ὁ λόγος ὃν εἶπεν 1 This was in order to fulfill the word that he said Here "the word" refers to the words Jesus had prayed. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This happened in order to fulfill the words that he had said when he was praying to his Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 18 10 fe37 translate-names Μάλχος 1 Malchus Malchus is a male servant of the high priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 18 11 u2s9 θήκην 1 sheath the cover for a sharp knife or sword, so the knife will not cut the owner JHN 18 11 ghz6 figs-rquestion 0 Should I not drink the cup that the Father has given me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to Jesus' statement. Alternate translation: "I must surely drink the cup that the Father has given to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 11 m4f3 figs-metaphor 0 the cup Here "cup" is a metaphor that refers to the suffering that Jesus must endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 18 11 cjx7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 18 11 m4f3 figs-metaphor τὸ ποτήριον 1 the cup Here "cup" is a metaphor that refers to the suffering that Jesus must endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 18 11 cjx7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατὴρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 18 12 wxb6 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 14 tells us background information about Caiaphas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 12 cl3f figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 12 i6bz figs-explicit 0 seized Jesus and tied him up The soldiers tied Jesus' hands to prevent him from escaping. Alternate translation: "captured Jesus and tied him up to prevent him from escaping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 15 hch7 figs-activepassive 0 Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and he entered with Jesus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now the high priest knew that disciple so he was able to enter with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 18 16 utf4 figs-activepassive 0 So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So the other disciple, whom the high priest knew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 18 17 r82l figs-rquestion 0 Are you not also one of the disciples of this man? This appears in the form of a question to enable the servant to express her remark somewhat cautiously. Alternate translation: "You are also one of the arrested man's disciples! Are you not?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 12 cl3f figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 12 i6bz figs-explicit συνέλαβον τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ ἔδησαν αὐτὸν ἔδησαν 1 seized Jesus and tied him up The soldiers tied Jesus' hands to prevent him from escaping. Alternate translation: "captured Jesus and tied him up to prevent him from escaping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 15 hch7 figs-activepassive ὁ δὲ μαθητὴς ἐκεῖνος ὁ δὲ μαθητὴς ἦν γνωστὸς τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ, καὶ συνεισῆλθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and he entered with Jesus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now the high priest knew that disciple so he was able to enter with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 18 16 utf4 figs-activepassive οὖν ὁ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς, ὅς ἦν γνωστὸς τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So the other disciple, whom the high priest knew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 18 17 r82l figs-rquestion ," εἶ σὺ μὴ καὶ ἐκ τῶν μαθητῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου τοῦ ἀνθρώπου?" 1 Are you not also one of the disciples of this man? This appears in the form of a question to enable the servant to express her remark somewhat cautiously. Alternate translation: "You are also one of the arrested man's disciples! Are you not?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 18 18 bbe9 figs-explicit 0 Now the servants and the officers were standing there, and they had made a charcoal fire, for it was cold, and they were warming themselves These were the high priest's servants and the temple guards. Alternate translation: "It was cold, so the high priest's servants and temple guards made a charcoal fire and were standing and warming themselves around it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 18 hbw6 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line so John can add the information about the people who were warming themselves around the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 18 18 hbw6 writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line so John can add the information about the people who were warming themselves around the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 18 19 ppt2 0 General Information: Here the story line shifts back to Jesus. -JHN 18 19 e8h3 0 The high priest This was Caiphas ([John 18:13](../18/13.md)). -JHN 18 19 y6gn figs-explicit 0 about his disciples and his teaching Here "his teaching" refers to what Jesus had been teaching the people. Alternate translation: "about his disciples and what he had been teaching the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 20 h2kj figs-explicit 0 I have spoken openly to the world You may need to make explicit that the word "world" is a metonym for those people who had heard Jesus teach. Here the exaggeration "the world" emphasizes that Jesus has spoken openly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 18 20 vcv3 figs-hyperbole 0 where all the Jews come together Here "all the Jews" is an exaggeration that emphasizes that Jesus spoke where anyone who wanted to hear him could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 18 21 dlu6 figs-rquestion 0 Why did you ask me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "You should not be asking me these questions!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 22 szv3 figs-rquestion 0 Is that how you answer the high priest? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "That is not how you should answer the high priest!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 23 d76y 0 testify about the wrong "tell me what I said that was wrong" -JHN 18 23 r8dy figs-rquestion 0 if rightly, why do you hit me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "if I said only what was right, you should not be hitting me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 19 e8h3 ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς 1 The high priest This was Caiphas ([John 18:13](../18/13.md)). +JHN 18 19 y6gn figs-explicit περὶ αὐτοῦ τῶν μαθητῶν καὶ αὐτοῦ τῆς διδαχῆς 1 about his disciples and his teaching Here "his teaching" refers to what Jesus had been teaching the people. Alternate translation: "about his disciples and what he had been teaching the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 20 h2kj figs-explicit ἐγὼ λελάληκα παρρησίᾳ τῷ κόσμῳ 1 I have spoken openly to the world You may need to make explicit that the word "world" is a metonym for those people who had heard Jesus teach. Here the exaggeration "the world" emphasizes that Jesus has spoken openly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 18 20 vcv3 figs-hyperbole ὅπου πάντες οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι συνέρχονται 1 where all the Jews come together Here "all the Jews" is an exaggeration that emphasizes that Jesus spoke where anyone who wanted to hear him could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JHN 18 21 dlu6 figs-rquestion τί ἐρωτᾷς με? 1 Why did you ask me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "You should not be asking me these questions!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 22 szv3 figs-rquestion οὕτως ἀποκρίνῃ τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ 1 Is that how you answer the high priest? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "That is not how you should answer the high priest!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 23 d76y μαρτύρησον περὶ τοῦ κακοῦ 1 testify about the wrong "tell me what I said that was wrong" +JHN 18 23 r8dy figs-rquestion εἰ καλῶς, τί δέρεις με 1 if rightly, why do you hit me? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis to what Jesus is saying. Alternate translation: "if I said only what was right, you should not be hitting me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JHN 18 25 jr1c 0 General Information: Here the story line shifts back to Peter. -JHN 18 25 ki76 writing-background 0 Now This word is used to mark a break in the story line so John can provide information about Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 25 l2bj figs-rquestion 0 Are you not also one of his disciples? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You are also one of his disciples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 26 x6s3 figs-rquestion 0 Did I not see you in the garden with him? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "I saw you in the olive tree grove with the man they arrested! Did I not?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 27 msy6 figs-explicit 0 Peter then denied again Here it is implied that Peter denied knowing and being with Jesus. Alternate translation: "Peter then denied again that he knew Jesus or that he had been with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 27 jww8 figs-explicit 0 immediately the rooster crowed Here it is assumed the reader will remember that Jesus had said Peter would deny him before the rooster crowed. Alternate translation: "immediately the rooster crowed, just as Jesus had said would happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 25 ki76 writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used to mark a break in the story line so John can provide information about Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 18 25 l2bj figs-rquestion ," εἶ σὺ μὴ καὶ ἐκ αὐτοῦ τῶν μαθητῶν?" 1 Are you not also one of his disciples? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You are also one of his disciples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 26 x6s3 figs-rquestion εἶδον ἐγώ οὐκ εἶδον σε ἐν τῷ κήπῳ μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 Did I not see you in the garden with him? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "I saw you in the olive tree grove with the man they arrested! Did I not?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 27 msy6 figs-explicit Πέτρος οὖν ἠρνήσατο πάλιν 1 Peter then denied again Here it is implied that Peter denied knowing and being with Jesus. Alternate translation: "Peter then denied again that he knew Jesus or that he had been with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 27 jww8 figs-explicit εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν 1 immediately the rooster crowed Here it is assumed the reader will remember that Jesus had said Peter would deny him before the rooster crowed. Alternate translation: "immediately the rooster crowed, just as Jesus had said would happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 18 28 a6e7 writing-background 0 General Information: Here the story line shifts back to Jesus. The soldiers and Jesus' accusers bring him to Caiaphas. Verse 28 gives us background information about why they did not enter the Praetorium. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 28 ija7 figs-explicit 0 Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas Here it is implied that they are leading Jesus from Caiaphas' house. Alternate translation: "Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 28 h3vx figs-explicit 0 they did not enter the government headquarters so that they would not be defiled Pilate was not a Jew, so if the Jewish leaders entered his headquarters, they would be defiled. This would have prevented them from celebrating the Passover. You can translate the double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "they themselves remained outside Pilate's headquarters because Pilate was a Gentile. They did not want to become defiled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 18 30 gj5s figs-doublenegatives 0 If this man was not an evildoer, we would not have given him over to you You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "This man is an evil doer, and we had to bring him to you for punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 18 30 j9w3 0 given him over This phrase here means to hand over to an enemy. +JHN 18 28 ija7 figs-explicit οὖν ἄγουσιν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καϊάφα 1 Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas Here it is implied that they are leading Jesus from Caiaphas' house. Alternate translation: "Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 28 h3vx figs-explicit αὐτοὶ εἰσῆλθον οὐκ εἰσῆλθον τὸ πραιτώριον ἵνα μιανθῶσιν μὴ μιανθῶσιν 1 they did not enter the government headquarters so that they would not be defiled Pilate was not a Jew, so if the Jewish leaders entered his headquarters, they would be defiled. This would have prevented them from celebrating the Passover. You can translate the double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "they themselves remained outside Pilate's headquarters because Pilate was a Gentile. They did not want to become defiled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 18 30 gj5s figs-doublenegatives εἰ οὗτος ἦν μὴ κακὸν ποιῶν, παρεδώκαμεν οὐκ ἄν παρεδώκαμεν αὐτόν παρεδώκαμεν σοι 1 If this man was not an evildoer, we would not have given him over to you You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "This man is an evil doer, and we had to bring him to you for punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 18 30 j9w3 παρεδώκαμεν αὐτόν παρεδώκαμεν 1 given him over This phrase here means to hand over to an enemy. JHN 18 31 s3l4 writing-background 0 General Information: In verse 32 there is a break from the main story line as the author tells us background information about how Jesus' predicted how he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 18 31 ln9s figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews said to him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus and arrested him. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 31 ph54 figs-explicit 0 It is not lawful for us to put any man to death According to Roman law, the Jews could not put a man to death. Alternate translation: "According to Roman law, we cannot put a person to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 18 32 ta7m figs-activepassive 0 so that the word of Jesus would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in order to fulfill what Jesus had said earlier" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 18 32 tu3c 0 to indicate by what kind of death he would die "regarding how he would die" -JHN 18 35 kfq5 figs-rquestion 0 I am not a Jew, am I? This remark appears in the form of a question so Pilate can emphasize his complete lack of interest in the cultural affairs of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "Well I am certainly not a Jew, and I have no interest in these matters!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 35 en38 0 Your own people "Your fellow Jews" -JHN 18 36 gq19 figs-metonymy 0 My kingdom is not of this world Here "world" is a metonym for the people who oppose Jesus. Possible meanings are 1) "My kingdom is not part of this world" or 2) "I do not need this world's permission to rule as their king" or "It is not from this world that I have authority to be king." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 18 36 s2lq figs-activepassive 0 so that I would not be given over to the Jews You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and would prevent the Jewish leaders from arresting me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 18 36 pu8j figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 37 ug7i figs-synecdoche 0 I have come into the world Here "world" is a synecdoche that refers to the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 37 gl3k figs-explicit 0 bear witness to the truth Here "the truth" refers to the truth about God. Alternate translation: "tell people the truth about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 31 ln9s figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι εἶπον αὐτῷ 1 The Jews said to him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus and arrested him. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 31 ph54 figs-explicit ἔξεστιν οὐκ ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν ἀποκτεῖναι οὐδένα ἀποκτεῖναι 1 It is not lawful for us to put any man to death According to Roman law, the Jews could not put a man to death. Alternate translation: "According to Roman law, we cannot put a person to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 18 32 ta7m figs-activepassive ἵνα ὁ λόγος τοῦ Ἰησοῦ πληρωθῇ 1 so that the word of Jesus would be fulfilled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in order to fulfill what Jesus had said earlier" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 18 32 tu3c σημαίνων ποίῳ θανάτῳ ἤμελλεν ἀποθνῄσκειν 1 to indicate by what kind of death he would die "regarding how he would die" +JHN 18 35 kfq5 figs-rquestion ἐγὼ εἰμι μήτι Ἰουδαῖός, εἰμι? 1 I am not a Jew, am I? This remark appears in the form of a question so Pilate can emphasize his complete lack of interest in the cultural affairs of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "Well I am certainly not a Jew, and I have no interest in these matters!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 35 en38 τὸ σὸν τὸ ἔθνος 1 Your own people "Your fellow Jews" +JHN 18 36 gq19 figs-metonymy ἡ ἐμὴ ἡ βασιλεία ἔστιν οὐκ ἐκ τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 My kingdom is not of this world Here "world" is a metonym for the people who oppose Jesus. Possible meanings are 1) "My kingdom is not part of this world" or 2) "I do not need this world's permission to rule as their king" or "It is not from this world that I have authority to be king." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 18 36 s2lq figs-activepassive ἵνα παραδοθῶ ἄν μὴ παραδοθῶ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 so that I would not be given over to the Jews You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and would prevent the Jewish leaders from arresting me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 18 36 pu8j figs-synecdoche τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 37 ug7i figs-synecdoche ἐλήλυθα εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 I have come into the world Here "world" is a synecdoche that refers to the people who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 37 gl3k figs-explicit μαρτυρήσω τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 bear witness to the truth Here "the truth" refers to the truth about God. Alternate translation: "tell people the truth about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 18 37 ltn9 figs-idiom 0 who belongs to the truth This is an idiom that refers to anyone who loves the truth about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 18 37 fa97 figs-synecdoche 0 my voice Here "voice" is a synecdoche that refers to words Jesus says. Alternate translation: "the things I say" or "me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 38 zbm5 figs-rquestion 0 What is truth? This remark appears in the form of a question to reflect Pilate's belief that no one really knows what truth is. Alternate translation: "No one can know what is true!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 18 38 rma7 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 18 40 a7pl figs-ellipsis 0 Not this man, but Barabbas This is an ellipsis. You can add the implied words. Alternate translation: "No! Do not release this man! Release Barabbas instead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JHN 18 40 h11k writing-background 0 Now Barabbas was a robber Here John provides background information about Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 18 37 fa97 figs-synecdoche μου τῆς φωνῆς 1 my voice Here "voice" is a synecdoche that refers to words Jesus says. Alternate translation: "the things I say" or "me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 38 zbm5 figs-rquestion ," τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια?" 1 What is truth? This remark appears in the form of a question to reflect Pilate's belief that no one really knows what truth is. Alternate translation: "No one can know what is true!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 18 38 rma7 figs-synecdoche τοὺς Ἰουδαίους 1 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 18 40 a7pl figs-ellipsis μὴ τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ τὸν Βαραββᾶν 1 Not this man, but Barabbas This is an ellipsis. You can add the implied words. Alternate translation: "No! Do not release this man! Release Barabbas instead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 18 40 h11k writing-background δὲ ὁ Βαραββᾶς ἦν λῃστής 1 Now Barabbas was a robber Here John provides background information about Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 19 intro u96u 0 # John 19 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:24, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Purple garment"

Purple is a color like red or blue. The people were mocking Jesus, so they put him in a purple garment. This was because kings wore purple garments. They spoke and acted like they were giving honor to a king, but everyone knew that they were doing it because they hated Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

##### "You are not Caesar's friend"

Pilate knew that Jesus was not a criminal, so he did not want to have his soldiers kill him. But the Jews told him that Jesus was claiming to be a king, and anyone who did that was breaking Caesar's laws ([John 19:12](../../jhn/19/12.md)).

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Sarcasm

The soldiers were insulting Jesus when they said, "Hail, King of the Jews." Pilate was insulting the Jews when he asked, "Should I crucify your king?" He was probably also insulting both Jesus and the Jews when he wrote, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Gabbatha, Golgotha

These are two Hebrew words. After translating the meanings of these words ("The Pavement" and "The Place of a Skull"), the author transliterates their sounds by writing them with Greek letters.
JHN 19 1 u3gi 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus is standing before Pilate as he is being accused by the Jews. JHN 19 1 yay2 figs-synecdoche 0 Then Pilate took Jesus and whipped him Pilate himself did not whip Jesus. Here "Pilate" is a synecdoche for the soldiers that Pilate ordered to whip Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then Pilate ordered his soldiers to whip Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 19 3 u4vw figs-irony 0 Hail, King of the Jews The greeting "Hail" with a raised hand was only used to greet Caesar. As the soldiers use the crown of thorns and the purple robe to mock Jesus, it is ironic that they do not recognize that he is indeed a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JHN 19 3 u4vw figs-irony χαῖρε, ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Hail, King of the Jews The greeting "Hail" with a raised hand was only used to greet Caesar. As the soldiers use the crown of thorns and the purple robe to mock Jesus, it is ironic that they do not recognize that he is indeed a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JHN 19 4 c6v2 figs-explicit 0 I find no guilt in him Pilate states this twice to say he does not believe Jesus is not guilty of any crime. He does not want to punish him. Alternate translation: "I see no reason to punish him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 19 5 t9wn 0 crown of thorns ... purple garment The crown and the purple robe are things only kings wear. The soldiers dressed Jesus in this manner to mock him. See [John 19:2](../19/02.md). -JHN 19 7 x7bg figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews answered him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders answered Pilate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 7 x7bg figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ 1 The Jews answered him Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders answered Pilate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 19 7 vr7p 0 he has to die because he claimed to be the Son of God Jesus was condemned to death by crucifixion because he claimed he was "the Son of God." -JHN 19 7 xt93 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 19 10 wcm8 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not speaking to me? This remark appears in the form of a question. Here Pilate expresses his surprise that Jesus does not take the opportunity to defend himself. Alternate translation: "I cannot believe you are refusing to speak to me!" or "Answer me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 19 10 iap3 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know that I have power to release you, and power to crucify you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You should know that I am able to release you or to order my soldiers to crucify you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 19 10 t82v figs-metonymy 0 power Here "power" is a metonym that refers to the ability to do something or to cause something to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 19 7 xt93 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 19 10 wcm8 figs-rquestion λαλεῖς οὐ λαλεῖς ἐμοὶ? 1 Are you not speaking to me? This remark appears in the form of a question. Here Pilate expresses his surprise that Jesus does not take the opportunity to defend himself. Alternate translation: "I cannot believe you are refusing to speak to me!" or "Answer me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 19 10 iap3 figs-rquestion οἶδας οὐκ οἶδας ὅτι ἔχω ἐξουσίαν ἀπολῦσαί σε, καὶ ἐξουσίαν σταυρῶσαί σε 1 Do you not know that I have power to release you, and power to crucify you? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You should know that I am able to release you or to order my soldiers to crucify you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JHN 19 10 t82v figs-metonymy ἐξουσίαν 1 power Here "power" is a metonym that refers to the ability to do something or to cause something to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JHN 19 11 x2as figs-doublenegatives 0 You do not have any power over me except for what has been given to you from above You can translate this double negative in a positive and active form. Alternate translation: "You are able to act against me only because God has made you able" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 11 arc9 0 from above This is a respectful way of referring to God. -JHN 19 11 vc79 0 gave me over This phrase here means to hand over to an enemy. -JHN 19 12 a39p figs-explicit 0 At this answer Here "this answer" refers to Jesus' answer. Alternate translation: "When Pilate heard Jesus' answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 12 r8va figs-explicit 0 Pilate tried to release him The form of "tried" in the original indicates that Pilate tried "hard" or "repeatedly" to release Jesus. Alternate translation: "he tried hard to release Jesus" or "he tried again and again to release Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 12 q1vq figs-synecdoche 0 but the Jews cried out Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders that opposed Jesus. In the original, the form of "cried out" indicates that they cried out or shouted repeatedly. Alternate translation: "but the Jewish leaders kept shouting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 12 g9xj 0 you are not a friend of Caesar "you are opposing Caesar" or "you are opposing the emperor" -JHN 19 12 bhl3 0 makes himself a king "claims that he is a king" -JHN 19 13 xr6b figs-synecdoche 0 he brought Jesus out Here "he" refers to Pilate and is a synecdoche for "Pilate ordered the soldiers." Alternate translation: "he ordered the soldiers to bring Jesus out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 19 13 fk5k 0 sat down Important people like Pilate sat down when they performed an official duty, while people who were not so important stood up. -JHN 19 13 qhu4 0 in the judgment seat This is the special chair that an important person like Pilate sat in when he was making an official judgment. If your language has a special way to describe this action, you can use it here. -JHN 19 13 g8h4 figs-activepassive 0 in a place called "The Pavement," but This is a special stone platform where only the important people were allowed to go. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in a place the people called The Pavement, but" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 13 ev3i 0 Hebrew This refers to the language that the people of Israel spoke. +JHN 19 11 arc9 ἄνωθεν 1 from above This is a respectful way of referring to God. +JHN 19 11 vc79 ὁ παραδούς μέ ὁ παραδούς 1 gave me over This phrase here means to hand over to an enemy. +JHN 19 12 a39p figs-explicit ἐκ τούτου 1 At this answer Here "this answer" refers to Jesus' answer. Alternate translation: "When Pilate heard Jesus' answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 12 r8va figs-explicit ὁ Πειλᾶτος ἐζήτει ἀπολῦσαι αὐτόν 1 Pilate tried to release him The form of "tried" in the original indicates that Pilate tried "hard" or "repeatedly" to release Jesus. Alternate translation: "he tried hard to release Jesus" or "he tried again and again to release Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 12 q1vq figs-synecdoche δὲ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐκραύγασαν 1 but the Jews cried out Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders that opposed Jesus. In the original, the form of "cried out" indicates that they cried out or shouted repeatedly. Alternate translation: "but the Jewish leaders kept shouting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 12 g9xj εἶ οὐκ φίλος τοῦ Καίσαρος 1 you are not a friend of Caesar "you are opposing Caesar" or "you are opposing the emperor" +JHN 19 12 bhl3 ποιῶν ἑαυτὸν βασιλέα 1 makes himself a king "claims that he is a king" +JHN 19 13 xr6b figs-synecdoche ἔξω τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἔξω 1 he brought Jesus out Here "he" refers to Pilate and is a synecdoche for "Pilate ordered the soldiers." Alternate translation: "he ordered the soldiers to bring Jesus out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 13 fk5k ἐκάθισεν 1 sat down Important people like Pilate sat down when they performed an official duty, while people who were not so important stood up. +JHN 19 13 qhu4 ἐπὶ βήματος 1 in the judgment seat This is the special chair that an important person like Pilate sat in when he was making an official judgment. If your language has a special way to describe this action, you can use it here. +JHN 19 13 g8h4 figs-activepassive εἰς τόπον εἰς λεγόμενον" Λιθόστρωτον," δὲ 1 in a place called "The Pavement," but This is a special stone platform where only the important people were allowed to go. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in a place the people called The Pavement, but" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 13 ev3i Ἑβραϊστὶ 1 Hebrew This refers to the language that the people of Israel spoke. JHN 19 14 cus1 0 Connecting Statement: Some time has passed and it is now the sixth hour, as Pilate orders his soldiers to crucify Jesus. -JHN 19 14 t5qt writing-background 0 Now This word marks a break in the story line so that John can provide information about the upcoming Passover and the time of day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 19 14 en2i 0 the sixth hour "about noontime" -JHN 19 14 lc5y figs-synecdoche 0 Pilate said to the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Pilate said to the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 19 15 tlj2 figs-synecdoche 0 Should I crucify your King? Here "I" is a synecdoche that refers to Pilate's soldiers who will actually perform the crucifixion. Alternate translation: "Do you really want me to tell my soldiers to nail your king to a cross?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 19 16 t3yb figs-explicit 0 Then Pilate gave Jesus over to them to be crucified Here Pilate gives the order for his soldiers to crucify Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So Pilate ordered his soldiers to crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 14 t5qt writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word marks a break in the story line so that John can provide information about the upcoming Passover and the time of day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 19 14 en2i ἕκτη ὥρα 1 the sixth hour "about noontime" +JHN 19 14 lc5y figs-synecdoche λέγει τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 Pilate said to the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche that refers to the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "Pilate said to the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 15 tlj2 figs-synecdoche ," σταυρώσω ὑμῶν τὸν βασιλέα?" 1 Should I crucify your King? Here "I" is a synecdoche that refers to Pilate's soldiers who will actually perform the crucifixion. Alternate translation: "Do you really want me to tell my soldiers to nail your king to a cross?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 16 t3yb figs-explicit τότε παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν παρέδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἵνα σταυρωθῇ 1 Then Pilate gave Jesus over to them to be crucified Here Pilate gives the order for his soldiers to crucify Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So Pilate ordered his soldiers to crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 19 17 qv6j figs-activepassive 0 to the place called "The Place of a Skull," You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to the place that the people called 'The Place of a Skull,'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 17 d88m 0 which in Hebrew is called "Golgotha." Hebrew is the language of the people of Israel. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "which in Hebrew they call 'Golgotha.'" -JHN 19 18 fb84 figs-ellipsis 0 with him two other men This is an ellipsis. You can translate this, adding the implied words. Alternate translation: "they also nailed two other criminals to their crosses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JHN 19 17 d88m ὃ Ἑβραϊστὶ λέγεται" Γολγοθᾶ 1 which in Hebrew is called "Golgotha." Hebrew is the language of the people of Israel. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "which in Hebrew they call 'Golgotha.'" +JHN 19 18 fb84 figs-ellipsis μετ’ αὐτοῦ δύο ἄλλους 1 with him two other men This is an ellipsis. You can translate this, adding the implied words. Alternate translation: "they also nailed two other criminals to their crosses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JHN 19 19 cx5s figs-synecdoche 0 Pilate also wrote a sign and put it on the cross Here "Pilate" is a synecdoche for the person who wrote on the sign. Here "on the cross" refers to Jesus' cross. Alternate translation: "Pilate also commanded someone to write on a sign and to attach it to Jesus' cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 19 19 gk8e figs-activepassive 0 There it was written: JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So that person wrote the words: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 20 ke3t figs-activepassive 0 the place where Jesus was crucified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the place where the soldiers crucified Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 20 ke3t figs-activepassive ὁ τόπος ὅπου ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐσταυρώθη 1 the place where Jesus was crucified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the place where the soldiers crucified Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 19 20 mgb7 figs-activepassive 0 The sign was written in Hebrew, in Latin, and in Greek You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The one who prepared the sign wrote the words in 3 languages: Hebrew, Latin, and Greek" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 20 w41e 0 Latin This was the language of the Roman government. -JHN 19 21 qk7w figs-explicit 0 Then the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate The chief priests had to go back to Pilate's headquarters to protest to him about the words on the sign. Alternate translation: "The chief priests went back to Pilate and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 22 sus9 figs-explicit 0 What I have written I have written Pilate implies that he will not change the words on the sign. Alternate translation: "I have written what I wanted to write, and I will not change it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 20 w41e Ῥωμαϊστί 1 Latin This was the language of the Roman government. +JHN 19 21 qk7w figs-explicit οὖν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἔλεγον τῷ Πειλάτῳ 1 Then the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate The chief priests had to go back to Pilate's headquarters to protest to him about the words on the sign. Alternate translation: "The chief priests went back to Pilate and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 22 sus9 figs-explicit ὃ γέγραφα γέγραφα 1 What I have written I have written Pilate implies that he will not change the words on the sign. Alternate translation: "I have written what I wanted to write, and I will not change it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 19 23 lis8 writing-background 0 General Information: At the end of verse 24 there is a break from the main story line as the John tells us how this event fulfills Scriture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JHN 19 23 s74c figs-explicit 0 also the tunic "and they also took his tunic." The soldiers kept the tunic separate and did not divide it. Alternate translation: "they kept his tunic separate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 19 24 ks7m figs-explicit 0 let us cast lots for it to decide whose it will be The soldiers will gamble and the winner will receive the shirt. Alternate translation: "let us gamble for the tunic and the winner will get to keep it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 24 j1f9 0 so that the scripture would be fulfilled which said You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture that said" or "This happened to make the scripture come true which said" -JHN 19 24 lqy3 0 cast lots This was how the soldiers divided Jesus' clothing among themselves. Alternate translation: "they gambled" -JHN 19 26 gkf1 0 the disciple whom he loved This is John, the writer of this Gospel. -JHN 19 26 t7tc figs-metaphor 0 Woman, see, your son Here the word "son" is a metaphor. Jesus wants his disciple, John, to be like a son to his mother. Alternate translation: "Woman, here is the man who will act like a son to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 19 27 qc7d figs-metaphor 0 See, your mother Here the word "mother" is a metaphor. Jesus wants his mother to be like a mother to his disciple, John. Alternate translation: "Think of this woman as if she were your own mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 19 27 q615 0 From that hour "From that very moment" -JHN 19 28 crd3 figs-activepassive 0 knowing that everything was now completed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he knew that he had done everything that God had sent him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 29 x1cy figs-activepassive 0 A container full of sour wine was placed there You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had placed there a full container of sour wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 29 g9vg 0 sour wine "bitter wine" -JHN 19 29 drr1 0 they put Here "they" refers to the Roman guards. -JHN 19 29 y2eg 0 a sponge a small object that can soak up and hold much liquid -JHN 19 29 mg3t 0 on a hyssop staff "on a branch of a plant called hyssop" +JHN 19 24 j1f9 ἵνα ἡ Γραφὴ πληρωθῇ ἡ λέγουσα 1 so that the scripture would be fulfilled which said You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture that said" or "This happened to make the scripture come true which said" +JHN 19 24 lqy3 λάχωμεν 1 cast lots This was how the soldiers divided Jesus' clothing among themselves. Alternate translation: "they gambled" +JHN 19 26 gkf1 τὸν μαθητὴν ὃν ἠγάπα 1 the disciple whom he loved This is John, the writer of this Gospel. +JHN 19 26 t7tc figs-metaphor γύναι, ἰδοὺ, σου ὁ υἱός 1 Woman, see, your son Here the word "son" is a metaphor. Jesus wants his disciple, John, to be like a son to his mother. Alternate translation: "Woman, here is the man who will act like a son to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 19 27 qc7d figs-metaphor ἴδε, σου ἡ μήτηρ 1 See, your mother Here the word "mother" is a metaphor. Jesus wants his mother to be like a mother to his disciple, John. Alternate translation: "Think of this woman as if she were your own mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 19 27 q615 ἀπ’ ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας 1 From that hour "From that very moment" +JHN 19 28 crd3 figs-activepassive εἰδὼς ὅτι πάντα τετέλεσται ἤδη τετέλεσται 1 knowing that everything was now completed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he knew that he had done everything that God had sent him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 29 x1cy figs-activepassive σκεῦος μεστόν ὄξους ἔκειτο 1 A container full of sour wine was placed there You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had placed there a full container of sour wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 29 g9vg ὄξους 1 sour wine "bitter wine" +JHN 19 29 drr1 περιθέντες 1 they put Here "they" refers to the Roman guards. +JHN 19 29 y2eg σπόγγον 1 a sponge a small object that can soak up and hold much liquid +JHN 19 29 mg3t περιθέντες ὑσσώπῳ 1 on a hyssop staff "on a branch of a plant called hyssop" JHN 19 30 vz56 figs-explicit 0 He bowed his head and gave up his spirit John implies here that Jesus gave his spirit back to God. Alternate translation: "He bowed his head and gave God his spirit" or "He bowed his head and died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 31 zuk9 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JHN 19 31 c49h 0 day of preparation This is the time before the Passover when people prepared food for the Passover. -JHN 19 31 f96h figs-activepassive 0 to break their legs and to remove them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to break the legs of the executed men and take their bodies down from the crosses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 32 q2yq figs-activepassive 0 who had been crucified with Jesus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom they had crucified near Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 35 p17b writing-background 0 The one who saw this This sentence gives background information to the story. John is telling readers that he was there and that we can trust what he has written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 19 35 fl82 figs-explicit 0 has testified, and his testimony is true To "testify" means to tell about something that one has seen. Alternate translation: "has told the truth about what he has seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 35 c9q7 figs-explicit 0 so that you would also believe Here "believe" means to put one's trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "so that you will also put your trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 31 zuk9 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 31 c49h παρασκευὴ 1 day of preparation This is the time before the Passover when people prepared food for the Passover. +JHN 19 31 f96h figs-activepassive ἵνα κατεαγῶσιν αὐτῶν τὰ σκέλη καὶ ἀρθῶσιν 1 to break their legs and to remove them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to break the legs of the executed men and take their bodies down from the crosses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 32 q2yq figs-activepassive τοῦ συνσταυρωθέντος αὐτῷ 1 who had been crucified with Jesus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom they had crucified near Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 35 p17b writing-background ὁ ἑωρακὼς 1 The one who saw this This sentence gives background information to the story. John is telling readers that he was there and that we can trust what he has written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 19 35 fl82 figs-explicit μεμαρτύρηκεν, καὶ αὐτοῦ ἡ μαρτυρία ἐστιν ἀληθινὴ 1 has testified, and his testimony is true To "testify" means to tell about something that one has seen. Alternate translation: "has told the truth about what he has seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 19 35 c9q7 figs-explicit ἵνα ὑμεῖς πιστεύητε καὶ πιστεύητε 1 so that you would also believe Here "believe" means to put one's trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "so that you will also put your trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 19 36 wid6 writing-background 0 General Information: In these verses there is a break from the main story line as John tells us about how these events have made Scripture come true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 19 36 qwl5 figs-activepassive 0 in order to fulfill scripture You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the words that someone wrote in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 36 b1kx figs-activepassive 0 Not one of his bones will be broken This is a quotation from Psalm 34. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "No one will break any of his bones" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 37 h4kq 0 They will look at him whom they pierced This is a quotation from Zechariah 12. -JHN 19 38 d3hz translate-names 0 Joseph of Arimathea Arimathea was a small town. Alternate translation: "Joseph from the town of Arimathea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 19 38 h7ra figs-synecdoche 0 for fear of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "for fear of the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JHN 19 36 qwl5 figs-activepassive ἵνα πληρωθῇ Γραφὴ 1 in order to fulfill scripture You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to fulfill the words that someone wrote in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 36 b1kx figs-activepassive οὐ αὐτοῦ ὀστοῦν συντριβήσεται 1 Not one of his bones will be broken This is a quotation from Psalm 34. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "No one will break any of his bones" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 37 h4kq ὄψονται λέγει ὄψονται εἰς ὃν ἐξεκέντησαν 1 They will look at him whom they pierced This is a quotation from Zechariah 12. +JHN 19 38 d3hz translate-names Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας 1 Joseph of Arimathea Arimathea was a small town. Alternate translation: "Joseph from the town of Arimathea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 19 38 h7ra figs-synecdoche διὰ τὸν φόβον τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 for fear of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "for fear of the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JHN 19 38 t22g figs-explicit 0 if he could take away the body of Jesus John implies that Joseph of Arimathea wants to bury the body of Jesus. Alternate translation: "for permission to take the body of Jesus down from the cross for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 19 39 mjy8 0 Nicodemus Nicodemus was one of the Pharisees who believed in Jesus. See how you translated this name in [John 3:1](../03/01.md). -JHN 19 39 d3d2 0 myrrh and aloes These are spices that people use to prepare a body for burial. +JHN 19 39 mjy8 Νικόδημος 1 Nicodemus Nicodemus was one of the Pharisees who believed in Jesus. See how you translated this name in [John 3:1](../03/01.md). +JHN 19 39 d3d2 σμύρνης καὶ ἀλόης 1 myrrh and aloes These are spices that people use to prepare a body for burial. JHN 19 39 xks9 translate-bweight 0 about one hundred litras in weight You may convert this to a modern measure. A "litra" is about one third of a kilogram. Alternate translation: "about 33 kilograms in weight" or "weighing about thirty-three kilograms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -JHN 19 39 nmr8 translate-numbers 0 one hundred "100" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JHN 19 39 nmr8 translate-numbers ἑκατόν 1 one hundred "100" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JHN 19 41 fb25 writing-background 0 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden ... had yet been buried Here John marks a break in the story line in order to provide background information about the location of the tomb where they would bury Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 19 41 uib1 figs-activepassive 0 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now in the place where they crucified Jesus there was a garden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 19 41 qd1a figs-activepassive 0 in which no person had yet been buried You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in which people had buried no one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 41 uib1 figs-activepassive δὲ ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ὅπου ἐσταυρώθη ἦν κῆπος 1 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Now in the place where they crucified Jesus there was a garden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 19 41 qd1a figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ οὐδεὶς ἦν οὐδέπω ἦν τεθειμένος 1 in which no person had yet been buried You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in which people had buried no one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 19 42 nr4r figs-explicit 0 Because it was the day of preparation for the Jews According to Jewish law, no one could work after sundown on Friday. It was the beginning of the Sabbath and Passover. Alternate translation: "The Passover was about to begin that evening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 20 intro nm1y 0 # John 20 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The tomb

The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 20:1](../../jhn/20/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.

##### "Receive the Holy Spirit"

If your language uses the same word for "breath" and "spirit," be sure that the reader understands that Jesus was performing a symbolic action by breathing, and that what the disciples received was the Holy Spirit, not Jesus' breath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Rabboni

John used Greek letters to describe the sound of the word, and then he explained that it means "Teacher." You should do the same, using the letters of your language.

##### Jesus' resurrection body

No one is sure what Jesus' body looked like after he became alive again. His disciples knew it was Jesus because they could see his face and touch the places where the soldiers had put the nails through his hands and feet, But he could also walk through solid walls and doors. It is best not to try to say more than what the ULT says.

##### Two angels in white

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md))
JHN 20 1 k5pq 0 General Information: This is the third day after Jesus was buried. -JHN 20 1 a8vl 0 first day of the week "Sunday" -JHN 20 1 bdw5 figs-activepassive 0 she saw the stone rolled away You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "she saw that someone had rolled away the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 2 g2rn 0 disciple whom Jesus loved This phrase appears to be the way that John refers to himself throughout his book. Here the word "love" refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. -JHN 20 2 xd3w figs-explicit 0 They took away the Lord out from the tomb Mary Magdalene thinks that someone has stolen the Lord's body. Alternate translation: "Someone has taken the Lord's body out of the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 3 d6g3 0 the other disciple John apparently shows his humility by referring to himself here as "the other disciple," rather than including his name. -JHN 20 3 p6ex figs-explicit 0 went out John implies that these disciples were going to the tomb. Alternate translation: "rushed out to the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 5 m9qn 0 linen cloths These were the burial cloths that people had used to wrap the body of Jesus. -JHN 20 6 ys3b 0 linen cloths These were the burial cloths that people had used to wrap the body of Jesus. See how you translated this in [John 20:5](../20/05.md). -JHN 20 7 qt5a figs-activepassive 0 cloth that had been on his head Here "his head" refers to "Jesus' head." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "cloth that someone had used to cover Jesus' face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 7 yc78 figs-activepassive 0 but was folded up in a place by itself This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but someone had folded it and put it aside, separate from the linen cloths" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 8 vl84 0 the other disciple John apparently expresses his humility by referring to himself as "the other disciple," rather than including his name in this book. -JHN 20 8 ww3z figs-explicit 0 he saw and believed When he saw that the tomb was empty, he believed that Jesus had risen from the dead. Alternate translation: "he saw these things and began to believe that Jesus had risen from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 1 a8vl μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων 1 first day of the week "Sunday" +JHN 20 1 bdw5 figs-activepassive βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἠρμένον 1 she saw the stone rolled away You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "she saw that someone had rolled away the stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 2 g2rn μαθητὴν ὃν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐφίλει 1 disciple whom Jesus loved This phrase appears to be the way that John refers to himself throughout his book. Here the word "love" refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. +JHN 20 2 xd3w figs-explicit ἦραν τὸν Κύριον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου 1 They took away the Lord out from the tomb Mary Magdalene thinks that someone has stolen the Lord's body. Alternate translation: "Someone has taken the Lord's body out of the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 3 d6g3 ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής 1 the other disciple John apparently shows his humility by referring to himself here as "the other disciple," rather than including his name. +JHN 20 3 p6ex figs-explicit ἐξῆλθεν 1 went out John implies that these disciples were going to the tomb. Alternate translation: "rushed out to the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 5 m9qn ὀθόνια 1 linen cloths These were the burial cloths that people had used to wrap the body of Jesus. +JHN 20 6 ys3b ὀθόνια 1 linen cloths These were the burial cloths that people had used to wrap the body of Jesus. See how you translated this in [John 20:5](../20/05.md). +JHN 20 7 qt5a figs-activepassive σουδάριον ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τῆς κεφαλῆς 1 cloth that had been on his head Here "his head" refers to "Jesus' head." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "cloth that someone had used to cover Jesus' face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 7 yc78 figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον χωρὶς 1 but was folded up in a place by itself This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but someone had folded it and put it aside, separate from the linen cloths" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 8 vl84 ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς 1 the other disciple John apparently expresses his humility by referring to himself as "the other disciple," rather than including his name in this book. +JHN 20 8 ww3z figs-explicit εἶδεν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν 1 he saw and believed When he saw that the tomb was empty, he believed that Jesus had risen from the dead. Alternate translation: "he saw these things and began to believe that Jesus had risen from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 20 9 ms3s figs-explicit 0 they still did not know the scripture Here the word "they" refers to the disciples who did not understand the scripture that said Jesus would rise again. Alternate translation: "the disciples still did not understand the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 9 u5q9 0 rise become alive again -JHN 20 9 p651 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. -JHN 20 10 p5um figs-explicit 0 went back home again The disciples continued to stay in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "went back to where they were staying in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 12 p9aw figs-explicit 0 She saw two angels in white The angels were wearing white clothing. Alternate translation: "She saw two angels dressed in white clothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 13 v5uj 0 They said to her "They asked her" -JHN 20 13 hmx8 0 Because they took away my Lord "Because they took away the body of my Lord" -JHN 20 13 aq3x 0 I do not know where they have put him "I do not know where they have put it" -JHN 20 15 le9x 0 Jesus said to her "Jesus asked her" -JHN 20 15 ml7c figs-explicit 0 Sir, if you have taken him away Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "If you have taken away the body of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 15 z97i 0 tell me where you have put him "tell me where you have put it" -JHN 20 15 a5z2 figs-explicit 0 I will take him away Mary Magdalene wants to get Jesus' body and bury it again. Alternate translation: "I will get the body and bury it again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 16 k468 0 Rabboni The word "Rabboni" means rabbi or teacher in Aramaic, the language that Jesus and his disciples spoke. -JHN 20 17 whh9 0 brothers Jesus used the word "brothers" to refer to his disciples. -JHN 20 17 xbr1 figs-explicit 0 I will go up to my Father and your Father, and my God and your God Jesus rose from the dead and then predicted he would go up into heaven, back to his Father, who is God. Alternate translation: "I am about to return to heaven to be with my Father and your Father, to the one who is my God and your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 17 q3x5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father and your Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God, and between believers and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 20 9 u5q9 ἀναστῆναι 1 rise become alive again +JHN 20 9 p651 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. +JHN 20 10 p5um figs-explicit ἀπῆλθον πρὸς αὑτοὺς πάλιν 1 went back home again The disciples continued to stay in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "went back to where they were staying in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 12 p9aw figs-explicit θεωρεῖ δύο ἀγγέλους ἐν λευκοῖς 1 She saw two angels in white The angels were wearing white clothing. Alternate translation: "She saw two angels dressed in white clothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 13 v5uj ἐκεῖνοι λέγουσιν αὐτῇ 1 They said to her "They asked her" +JHN 20 13 hmx8 ὅτι ἦραν μου τὸν Κύριόν 1 Because they took away my Lord "Because they took away the body of my Lord" +JHN 20 13 aq3x οἶδα οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν 1 I do not know where they have put him "I do not know where they have put it" +JHN 20 15 le9x Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτῇ 1 Jesus said to her "Jesus asked her" +JHN 20 15 ml7c figs-explicit κύριε, εἰ σὺ ἐβάστασας αὐτόν ἐβάστασας 1 Sir, if you have taken him away Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "If you have taken away the body of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 15 z97i εἰπέ μοι ποῦ ἔθηκας αὐτόν 1 tell me where you have put him "tell me where you have put it" +JHN 20 15 a5z2 figs-explicit κἀγὼ ἀρῶ αὐτὸν ἀρῶ 1 I will take him away Mary Magdalene wants to get Jesus' body and bury it again. Alternate translation: "I will get the body and bury it again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 16 k468 Ραββουνεί 1 Rabboni The word "Rabboni" means rabbi or teacher in Aramaic, the language that Jesus and his disciples spoke. +JHN 20 17 whh9 τοὺς ἀδελφούς 1 brothers Jesus used the word "brothers" to refer to his disciples. +JHN 20 17 xbr1 figs-explicit ἀναβαίνω πρὸς μου τὸν Πατέρα καὶ ὑμῶν Πατέρα, καὶ μου Θεόν καὶ ὑμῶν Θεὸν 1 I will go up to my Father and your Father, and my God and your God Jesus rose from the dead and then predicted he would go up into heaven, back to his Father, who is God. Alternate translation: "I am about to return to heaven to be with my Father and your Father, to the one who is my God and your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 17 q3x5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τὸν Πατέρα καὶ ὑμῶν Πατέρα 1 my Father and your Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God, and between believers and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) JHN 20 18 m6xn figs-explicit 0 Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples Mary Magdalene went to where the disciples were staying and told them what she had seen and heard. Alternate translation: "Mary Magdalene went to where the disciples were and told them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 20 19 m5nt 0 General Information: It is now evening and Jesus appears to the disciples. -JHN 20 19 qj6n 0 that day, the first day of the week This refers to Sunday. -JHN 20 19 e7cb figs-activepassive 0 the doors of where the disciples were, were closed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the disciples had locked the doors where they were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 19 g8bu figs-explicit 0 for fear of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who might arrest the disciples. Alternate translation: "because they were afraid that the Jewish leaders might arrest them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 19 zj7j 0 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . -JHN 20 20 bk9f figs-explicit 0 he showed them his hands and his side Jesus showed the disciples his wounds. Alternate translation: "he showed them the wounds in his hands and his side" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 21 ylp8 0 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . -JHN 20 21 env3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 20 23 a9j7 figs-activepassive 0 they are forgiven You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 19 qj6n ἐκείνῃ ἡμέρᾳ, τῇ μιᾷ σαββάτων 1 that day, the first day of the week This refers to Sunday. +JHN 20 19 e7cb figs-activepassive τῶν θυρῶν ὅπου οἱ μαθηταὶ ἦσαν, κεκλεισμένων 1 the doors of where the disciples were, were closed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the disciples had locked the doors where they were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 19 g8bu figs-explicit διὰ τὸν φόβον τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 for fear of the Jews Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who might arrest the disciples. Alternate translation: "because they were afraid that the Jewish leaders might arrest them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 19 zj7j εἰρήνη ὑμῖν 1 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . +JHN 20 20 bk9f figs-explicit ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τὴν πλευρὰν 1 he showed them his hands and his side Jesus showed the disciples his wounds. Alternate translation: "he showed them the wounds in his hands and his side" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 21 ylp8 εἰρήνη ὑμῖν 1 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . +JHN 20 21 env3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατήρ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 20 23 a9j7 figs-activepassive αὐτοῖς ἀφέωνται 1 they are forgiven You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 20 23 lb7g 0 whoever's sins you keep back "If you do not forgive another's sins" -JHN 20 23 mw5s figs-activepassive 0 they are kept back You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 24 x8jz translate-names 0 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." See how this name is translated in [John 11:15](../11/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 20 23 mw5s figs-activepassive κεκράτηνται 1 they are kept back You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 24 x8jz translate-names Δίδυμος 1 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." See how this name is translated in [John 11:15](../11/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JHN 20 25 n8vc 0 disciples later said to him The word "him" refers to Thomas. JHN 20 25 i7ex figs-doublenegatives 0 Unless I see ... his side, I will not believe You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I will believe only if I see ... his side" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JHN 20 25 ss17 0 in his hands ... into his side The word "his" refers to Jesus. -JHN 20 26 vzm5 0 his disciples The word "his" refers to Jesus. +JHN 20 26 vzm5 αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ 1 his disciples The word "his" refers to Jesus. JHN 20 26 r3iz figs-activepassive 0 while the doors were closed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "when they had locked the doors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 26 m5tl 0 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . -JHN 20 27 ncc3 figs-doublenegatives 0 Do not be unbelieving, but believe Jesus uses the double negative "Do not be unbelieving" to emphasize the words that follow, "but believe." If your language does not allow double negatives or the reader would not understand that Jesus is emphasizing the words that follow, you can leave these words untranslated. Alternate translation: "This is what is most important for you to do: you must believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JHN 20 27 n4pi figs-explicit 0 believe Here "believe" means to trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "put your trust in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 20 29 q81m figs-explicit 0 you have believed Thomas believes that Jesus is alive because he has seen him. Alternate translation: "you have believed that I am alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 26 m5tl εἰρήνη ὑμῖν 1 Peace to you This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" . +JHN 20 27 ncc3 figs-doublenegatives γίνου μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος, ἀλλὰ πιστός 1 Do not be unbelieving, but believe Jesus uses the double negative "Do not be unbelieving" to emphasize the words that follow, "but believe." If your language does not allow double negatives or the reader would not understand that Jesus is emphasizing the words that follow, you can leave these words untranslated. Alternate translation: "This is what is most important for you to do: you must believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JHN 20 27 n4pi figs-explicit πιστός 1 believe Here "believe" means to trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "put your trust in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 29 q81m figs-explicit πεπίστευκας 1 you have believed Thomas believes that Jesus is alive because he has seen him. Alternate translation: "you have believed that I am alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 20 29 zgv1 0 Blessed are those This means "God gives great happiness to those." -JHN 20 29 q9fb figs-explicit 0 who have not seen This means those who have not seen Jesus. Alternate translation: "who have not seen me alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 20 29 q9fb figs-explicit ἰδόντες μὴ ἰδόντες 1 who have not seen This means those who have not seen Jesus. Alternate translation: "who have not seen me alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JHN 20 30 yd1j writing-endofstory 0 General Information: As the story is nearing the end, the author comments about the many things Jesus did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -JHN 20 30 yrl9 0 signs The word "signs" refers to miracles that show that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. +JHN 20 30 yrl9 σημεῖα 1 signs The word "signs" refers to miracles that show that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe. JHN 20 30 xz6j figs-activepassive 0 signs that have not been written in this book You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "signs that the author did not write about in this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 31 am9l figs-activepassive 0 but these have been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but the author wrote about these signs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 20 31 p5k4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -JHN 20 31 uem2 figs-metonymy 0 life in his name Here "life" is a metonym that means Jesus gives life. Alternate translation: "you may have life because of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JHN 20 31 ip1i 0 life This refers to spiritual life. +JHN 20 31 am9l figs-activepassive δὲ ταῦτα γέγραπται 1 but these have been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but the author wrote about these signs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 20 31 p5k4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +JHN 20 31 uem2 figs-metonymy ζωὴν ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 life in his name Here "life" is a metonym that means Jesus gives life. Alternate translation: "you may have life because of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JHN 20 31 ip1i ζωὴν 1 life This refers to spiritual life. JHN 21 intro e1bg 0 # John 21 General Notes
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### The metaphor of sheep

Before Jesus died, he spoke of himself taking care of his people as if he were a good shepherd taking care of sheep ([John 10:11](../../jhn/10/11.md)). After he became alive again, he told Peter that Peter would be the one who took care of Jesus' sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JHN 21 1 et5h writing-background 0 General Information: Jesus shows himself again to the disciples at the Sea of Tiberias. Verses 2 and 3 tell us what happens in the story before Jesus appears. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 21 1 yj6k 0 After these things "Some time later" -JHN 21 2 b421 figs-activepassive 0 with Thomas called Didymus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "with Thomas whom we called Didymus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 21 2 m4gx translate-names 0 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." See how this name is translated in [John 11:15](../11/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JHN 21 5 wgd7 0 Young men This is a term of endearment that means "My dear friends." +JHN 21 1 yj6k μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things "Some time later" +JHN 21 2 b421 figs-activepassive ὁμοῦ Θωμᾶς ὁ λεγόμενος Δίδυμος 1 with Thomas called Didymus You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "with Thomas whom we called Didymus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 21 2 m4gx translate-names Δίδυμος 1 Didymus This is a male name that means "twin." See how this name is translated in [John 11:15](../11/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JHN 21 5 wgd7 παιδία 1 Young men This is a term of endearment that means "My dear friends." JHN 21 6 l2jd figs-explicit 0 you will find some Here "some" refers to fish. Alternate translation: "you will catch some fish in your net" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 6 p8he 0 draw it in "pull the net in" -JHN 21 7 u5c3 0 loved This is love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 21 6 p8he ἑλκύσαι αὐτὸ ἑλκύσαι 1 draw it in "pull the net in" +JHN 21 7 u5c3 ἠγάπα 1 loved This is love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. JHN 21 7 h3p4 0 he tied up his outer garment "he secured his outer garment around him" or "he put on his tunic" -JHN 21 7 eve2 writing-background 0 for he was undressed This is background information. Peter had taken off some of his clothes to make it easier to work, but now that he was about to greet the Lord, he wanted to wear more clothing. Alternate translation: "for he had taken off some of his clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 21 7 ab4d figs-explicit 0 threw himself into the sea Peter jumped into the water and swam to shore. Alternate translation: "jumped into the sea and swam to shore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 7 k449 figs-idiom 0 threw himself This is a idiom that means Peter jumped into the water very quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JHN 21 8 wrd3 writing-background 0 for they were not far from the land, about two hundred cubits off This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 21 8 c1j8 translate-bdistance 0 two hundred cubits "90 meters." A cubit was a little less than half a meter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +JHN 21 7 eve2 writing-background γὰρ ἦν γυμνός 1 for he was undressed This is background information. Peter had taken off some of his clothes to make it easier to work, but now that he was about to greet the Lord, he wanted to wear more clothing. Alternate translation: "for he had taken off some of his clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 21 7 ab4d figs-explicit ἔβαλεν ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν 1 threw himself into the sea Peter jumped into the water and swam to shore. Alternate translation: "jumped into the sea and swam to shore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 21 7 k449 figs-idiom ἔβαλεν ἑαυτὸν 1 threw himself This is a idiom that means Peter jumped into the water very quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JHN 21 8 wrd3 writing-background γὰρ ἦσαν οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ὡς διακοσίων πηχῶν ἀπὸ 1 for they were not far from the land, about two hundred cubits off This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 21 8 c1j8 translate-bdistance διακοσίων πηχῶν 1 two hundred cubits "90 meters." A cubit was a little less than half a meter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) JHN 21 11 f7mi figs-explicit 0 Simon Peter then went up Here "went up" means Simon Peter had to go back to the boat. Alternate translation: "So Simon Peter went back to the boat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 11 fbz7 0 drew the net to land "pulled the net to the shore" -JHN 21 11 azy5 figs-activepassive 0 the net was not torn You can translate this as an active form. Alternate translation: "the net did not break" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JHN 21 11 m8i7 translate-numbers 0 full of large fish; 153 "full of large fish, one hundred and fifty-three." There were 153 large fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JHN 21 12 za5g 0 breakfast the morning meal -JHN 21 14 tp3i translate-ordinal 0 the third time You can translate this ordinal term "third" as "time number 3." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +JHN 21 11 fbz7 εἵλκυσεν τὸ δίκτυον εἰς γῆν 1 drew the net to land "pulled the net to the shore" +JHN 21 11 azy5 figs-activepassive τὸ δίκτυον ἐσχίσθη οὐκ ἐσχίσθη 1 the net was not torn You can translate this as an active form. Alternate translation: "the net did not break" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 21 11 m8i7 translate-numbers μεστὸν ἰχθύων μεγάλων ἰχθύων; 1 full of large fish; 153 "full of large fish, one hundred and fifty-three." There were 153 large fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JHN 21 12 za5g ἀριστήσατε 1 breakfast the morning meal +JHN 21 14 tp3i translate-ordinal τρίτον 1 the third time You can translate this ordinal term "third" as "time number 3." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JHN 21 15 m1bh 0 General Information: Jesus begins to have a conversation with Simon Peter. -JHN 21 15 t1uj 0 do you love me Here "love" refers the type of love that comes from God, which focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. -JHN 21 15 l4h1 0 you know that I love you When Peter answers, he uses the word for "love" that refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. -JHN 21 15 qja3 figs-metaphor 0 Feed my lambs Here "lambs" is a metaphor for those persons who love Jesus and follow him. Alternate translation: "Feed the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 21 16 szk8 0 do you love me Here "love" refers the type of love that comes from God, which focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. -JHN 21 16 vk16 figs-metaphor 0 Take care of my sheep Here "sheep" is a metaphor for those who love and follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "Care for the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 21 17 fj84 translate-ordinal 0 He said to him a third time The pronoun "he" refers to Jesus. Here "a third time" means "time number 3." Alternate translation: "Jesus said to him a third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JHN 21 17 kz3h 0 do you love me This time when Jesus asks this question he uses the word for "love" that refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. -JHN 21 17 p8aa figs-metaphor 0 Feed my sheep Here "sheep" is a metaphor that represents those who belong to Jesus and follow him. Alternate translation: "Care for the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JHN 21 18 sqb7 0 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). -JHN 21 19 ys3m writing-background 0 Now John uses this word to show he is giving background information before he continues the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JHN 21 19 hf2r figs-explicit 0 to indicate with what kind of death Peter would glorify God Here John implies that Peter would die on a cross. Alternate translation: "to indicate that Peter would die on a cross to honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 19 k8z1 figs-explicit 0 Follow me Here the word "follow" means "to be a disciple." Alternate translation: "Keep on being my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 20 wzm9 0 the disciple whom Jesus loved John refers to himself in this way throughout the book, rather than mentioning his name. -JHN 21 20 ikd4 0 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God and always desires the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. -JHN 21 20 ys31 0 at the dinner This is a reference to the Last Supper ([John 13](../13/01.md)). -JHN 21 21 u5rr 0 Peter saw him Here "him" refers to "the disciple whom Jesus loved." +JHN 21 15 t1uj ἀγαπᾷς με 1 do you love me Here "love" refers the type of love that comes from God, which focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. +JHN 21 15 l4h1 σὺ οἶδας ὅτι φιλῶ ὅτι σε 1 you know that I love you When Peter answers, he uses the word for "love" that refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. +JHN 21 15 qja3 figs-metaphor βόσκε μου τὰ ἀρνία 1 Feed my lambs Here "lambs" is a metaphor for those persons who love Jesus and follow him. Alternate translation: "Feed the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 21 16 szk8 ἀγαπᾷς με 1 do you love me Here "love" refers the type of love that comes from God, which focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. +JHN 21 16 vk16 figs-metaphor ποίμαινε τὰ πρόβατά μου τὰ πρόβατά 1 Take care of my sheep Here "sheep" is a metaphor for those who love and follow Jesus. Alternate translation: "Care for the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 21 17 fj84 translate-ordinal λέγει αὐτῷ τρίτον 1 He said to him a third time The pronoun "he" refers to Jesus. Here "a third time" means "time number 3." Alternate translation: "Jesus said to him a third time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +JHN 21 17 kz3h φιλεῖς με 1 do you love me This time when Jesus asks this question he uses the word for "love" that refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. +JHN 21 17 p8aa figs-metaphor βόσκε μου τὰ προβάτια 1 Feed my sheep Here "sheep" is a metaphor that represents those who belong to Jesus and follow him. Alternate translation: "Care for the people I care for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JHN 21 18 sqb7 ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν 1 Truly, truly See how you translated this in [John 1:51](../01/51.md). +JHN 21 19 ys3m writing-background δὲ 1 Now John uses this word to show he is giving background information before he continues the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JHN 21 19 hf2r figs-explicit σημαίνων ποίῳ θανάτῳ δοξάσει τὸν Θεόν 1 to indicate with what kind of death Peter would glorify God Here John implies that Peter would die on a cross. Alternate translation: "to indicate that Peter would die on a cross to honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 21 19 k8z1 figs-explicit ἀκολούθει μοι 1 Follow me Here the word "follow" means "to be a disciple." Alternate translation: "Keep on being my disciple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 21 20 wzm9 τὸν μαθητὴν ὃν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἠγάπα 1 the disciple whom Jesus loved John refers to himself in this way throughout the book, rather than mentioning his name. +JHN 21 20 ikd4 ἠγάπα 1 loved This is the kind of love that comes from God and always desires the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. +JHN 21 20 ys31 ἐν τῷ δείπνῳ 1 at the dinner This is a reference to the Last Supper ([John 13](../13/01.md)). +JHN 21 21 u5rr ὁ Πέτρος ἰδὼν τοῦτον 1 Peter saw him Here "him" refers to "the disciple whom Jesus loved." JHN 21 21 cf5h figs-explicit 0 Lord, what will this man do? Peter wants to know what will happen to John. Alternate translation: "Lord, what will happen to this man?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 22 yc52 0 Jesus said to him "Jesus said to Peter" -JHN 21 22 e3xi 0 If I want him to stay Here "him" refers to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" in [John 21:20](../21/20.md). -JHN 21 22 tef8 0 I come This refers to Jesus' second coming, his return to earth from heaven. +JHN 21 22 yc52 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτῷ 1 Jesus said to him "Jesus said to Peter" +JHN 21 22 e3xi ἐὰν θέλω αὐτὸν μένειν 1 If I want him to stay Here "him" refers to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" in [John 21:20](../21/20.md). +JHN 21 22 tef8 ἔρχομαι 1 I come This refers to Jesus' second coming, his return to earth from heaven. JHN 21 22 tf23 figs-rquestion 0 what is that to you? This remark appears in the form of a question to express a mild rebuke. Alternate translation: "that is not your concern." or "you should not be concerned about that." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JHN 21 23 c2cr 0 among the brothers Here "the brothers" refers to all the followers of Jesus. +JHN 21 23 c2cr εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 among the brothers Here "the brothers" refers to all the followers of Jesus. JHN 21 24 s5bp writing-endofstory 0 General Information: This is the end of the Gospel of John. Here the author, the Apostle John, gives a closing comment about himself and what he has written in this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -JHN 21 24 d6t5 0 the disciple "the disciple John" -JHN 21 24 f7ww figs-explicit 0 who testifies about these things Here "testifies" means that he personally sees something. Alternate translation: "who has seen all these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 24 h5i9 figs-explicit 0 we know Here "we" refers to those who trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "we who trust in Jesus know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JHN 21 25 l3hz figs-activepassive 0 If each one were written down You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "If someone wrote down all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 21 24 d6t5 ὁ μαθητὴς 1 the disciple "the disciple John" +JHN 21 24 f7ww figs-explicit ὁ μαρτυρῶν περὶ τούτων 1 who testifies about these things Here "testifies" means that he personally sees something. Alternate translation: "who has seen all these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 21 24 h5i9 figs-explicit οἴδαμεν 1 we know Here "we" refers to those who trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "we who trust in Jesus know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JHN 21 25 l3hz figs-activepassive ἐὰν καθ’ ἕν γράφηται 1 If each one were written down You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "If someone wrote down all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JHN 21 25 i9n8 figs-hyperbole 0 even the world itself could not contain the books John exaggerates to emphasize that Jesus did many more miracles than what people could write about in many books. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JHN 21 25 xn87 figs-activepassive 0 the books that would be written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the books that people could write about what he did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JHN 21 25 xn87 figs-activepassive τὰ βιβλία γραφόμενα 1 the books that would be written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the books that people could write about what he did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_45-ACT.tsv b/en_tn_45-ACT.tsv index 2bdad9f880..ad33b23bcc 100644 --- a/en_tn_45-ACT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_45-ACT.tsv @@ -1,285 +1,285 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ACT front intro mw28 0 # Introduction to Acts
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Acts

1. The beginning of the church and its mission (1:1–2:41)
1. The early church in Jerusalem (2:42–6:7)
1. Increasing opposition and the martyrdom of Steven (6:8–7:60)
1. The persecution of the church and Philip's ministry (8:1–40)
1. Paul becomes an apostle (9:1–31)
1. The ministry of Peter and the first Gentile converts (9:32–12:24)
1. Paul, the apostle to Gentiles, the Jewish law, and council of church leaders at Jerusalem (12:25–16:5)
1. The expansion of the church into the middle Mediterranean area and Asia Minor (16:6–19:20)
1. Paul travels to Jerusalem and becomes a prisoner in Rome (19:21–28:31)

#### What is the Book of Acts about?

The Book of Acts tells the story of the early church as more and more people became believers. It shows the power of the the Holy Spirit helping the early Christians. The events in this book began when Jesus went back to heaven and ended about thirty years later.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Acts of the Apostles." Or translators may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Acts of the Holy Spirit through the Apostles."

#### Who wrote the Book of Acts?

This book does not give the name of the author. However, it is addressed to Theophilus, the same person to whom the Gospel of Luke is addressed. Also, in parts of the book, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke is the author of the Book of Acts as well as the Gospel of Luke.

Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. He was probably a Gentile. He saw many of the events described in the Book of Acts.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is the Church?

The Church is the group of people who believe in Christ. The Church includes both Jew and Gentile believers. The events in this book show God helping the Church. He empowered believers to live righteous lives through his Holy Spirit.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts?

These are the most significant textual issues in Acts:

The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible, but they are not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Some modern versions put the verses in square brackets ([]). The ULT and UST put them in a footnote.

* "Philip said, 'If you believe with all your heart, you may be baptized.' The Ethiopian answered, 'I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God'" (Acts 8:37).
* "But it seemed good to Silas to remain there." (Acts 15:34)
* "And we wanted to judge him according to our law. But Lysias, the officer, came and forcibly took him out of our hands, sending him to you." (Acts 24:6b-8a)
* "When he had said these things, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves." (Acts 28:29)

In the following verses, it is uncertain what the original text said. Translators will need to choose which reading to translate. The ULT has the first readings but include the second readings in footnotes.
* "They returned from Jerusalem" (Acts 12:25). Some versions read, "They returned to Jerusalem (or to there)."
* "he put up with them" (Acts 13:18). Some versions read, "he cared for them."
* "This is what the Lord says, who has done these things that have been known from ancient times." (Acts 15:17-18). Some older versions read, "This is what the Lord says, to whom are known all his deeds from ancient times."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
ACT 1 intro vyg9 0 # Acts 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter records an event, commonly known as the "Ascension," when Jesus returned to heaven after he became alive again. He will not come back until he returns at his "second coming." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]])

The UST has set the words "Dear Theophilus" apart from the other words. This is because English speakers often start letters this way. You might want to start this book the way people start letters in your culture.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the two quotes from Psalms in 1:20.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Baptize

The word "baptize" has two meanings in this chapter. It refers to the water baptism of John and to the baptism of the Holy Spirit ([Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]])

##### "He spoke about the kingdom of God"

Some scholars believe that when Jesus "spoke about the kingdom of God," he explained to the disciples why the kingdom of God did not come before he died. Others believe that the kingdom of God did begin while Jesus was alive and that here Jesus was explaining that it was beginning in a new form.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### The twelve disciples

The following are the lists of the twelve disciples:

In Matthew:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James son of Zebedee, John son of Zebedee, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.

In Mark:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James the son of Zebedee and John the son of Zebedee (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder), Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot.

In Luke:

Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon (who was called the Zealot), Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot.

Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James.

##### Akeldama

This is a phrase in Hebrew or Aramaic. Luke used Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told what it means. You should probably spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
-ACT 1 1 q9ep 0 The former book I wrote The former book is the Gospel of Luke. -ACT 1 1 ryj5 translate-names 0 Theophilus Luke wrote this book to a man named Theophilus. Some translations follow their own culture's way of addressing a letter and write "Dear Theophilus" at the beginning of the sentence. Theophilus means "friend of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 1 2 n435 figs-activepassive 0 until the day that he was taken up This refers to Jesus' ascension into heaven. Alternate translation: "until the day on which God took him up to heaven" or "until the day that he ascended into heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 1 2 a394 0 commands through the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit led Jesus to instruct his apostles on certain things. -ACT 1 3 dup3 0 After his suffering This refers to Jesus' suffering and death on the cross. +ACT 1 1 q9ep τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον ἐποιησάμην 1 The former book I wrote The former book is the Gospel of Luke. +ACT 1 1 ryj5 translate-names ὦ Θεόφιλε 1 Theophilus Luke wrote this book to a man named Theophilus. Some translations follow their own culture's way of addressing a letter and write "Dear Theophilus" at the beginning of the sentence. Theophilus means "friend of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 1 2 n435 figs-activepassive ἄχρι ἧς ἡμέρας ἀνελήμφθη 1 until the day that he was taken up This refers to Jesus' ascension into heaven. Alternate translation: "until the day on which God took him up to heaven" or "until the day that he ascended into heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 2 a394 ἐντειλάμενος διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 commands through the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit led Jesus to instruct his apostles on certain things. +ACT 1 3 dup3 μετὰ αὐτὸν τὸ παθεῖν 1 After his suffering This refers to Jesus' suffering and death on the cross. ACT 1 3 yc16 0 he presented himself alive to them Jesus appeared to his apostles and to many other disciples. ACT 1 4 d3kr figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Jesus. Except where otherwise noted, the word "you" in the book of Acts is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 1 4 lw3e 0 Connecting Statement: This event happened during the 40 days that Jesus appeared to his followers after he had risen from the dead. -ACT 1 4 vb7g 0 When he was meeting together with them "When Jesus was meeting together with his apostles" -ACT 1 4 sg4h figs-metonymy 0 the promise of the Father This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit, whom the Father promised to send" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 1 4 tj6r 0 about which, he said If you translated the previous phrase to include the words "Holy Spirit," you can change the word "which" to "whom." Alternate translation: "about whom Jesus said" +ACT 1 4 vb7g καὶ συναλιζόμενος 1 When he was meeting together with them "When Jesus was meeting together with his apostles" +ACT 1 4 sg4h figs-metonymy τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 the promise of the Father This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit, whom the Father promised to send" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 1 4 tj6r ἣν, ἣν 1 about which, he said If you translated the previous phrase to include the words "Holy Spirit," you can change the word "which" to "whom." Alternate translation: "about whom Jesus said" ACT 1 5 uu4k 0 John indeed baptized with water ... baptized in the Holy Spirit Jesus contrasts how John baptized people in water with how God would baptize believers in the Holy Spirit. -ACT 1 5 fnq5 0 John indeed baptized with water "John indeed baptized people with water" -ACT 1 5 dzj1 figs-activepassive 0 you shall be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will baptize you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 5 fnq5 Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐβάπτισεν ὕδατι 1 John indeed baptized with water "John indeed baptized people with water" +ACT 1 5 dzj1 figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς βαπτισθήσεσθε 1 you shall be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will baptize you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 6 n9wt 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the apostles. -ACT 1 6 f7uj 0 is this the time you will restore the kingdom to Israel "will you now make Israel a great kingdom again" -ACT 1 7 y1fu figs-doublet 0 the times or the seasons Possible meanings are 1) the words "times" and "seasons" refer to different kinds of time. Alternate translation: "the general period of time or the specific date" or 2) the two words are basically synonymous. Alternate translation: "the exact time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 1 6 f7uj εἰ ἐν τῷ τούτῳ εἰ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ ἀποκαθιστάνεις τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ Ἰσραήλ 1 is this the time you will restore the kingdom to Israel "will you now make Israel a great kingdom again" +ACT 1 7 y1fu figs-doublet χρόνους ἢ καιροὺς 1 the times or the seasons Possible meanings are 1) the words "times" and "seasons" refer to different kinds of time. Alternate translation: "the general period of time or the specific date" or 2) the two words are basically synonymous. Alternate translation: "the exact time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 1 8 ld4k 0 you will receive power ... and you will be my witnesses The apostles will receive power that will enable them to be witnesses for Jesus. Alternate translation: "God will empower you ... to be my witnesses" ACT 1 8 vb4m figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth Possible meanings are 1) "all over the world" or 2) "to the places on earth that are farthest away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 1 9 e1q1 figs-explicit 0 as they were looking up "as they watched." The apostles "were looking up" at Jesus because Jesus rose into the sky. Alternate translation: "as they were looking up at the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 1 9 l1cq figs-activepassive 0 he was raised up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he rose up into the sky" or "God took him up into the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 1 9 ug58 0 a cloud hid him from their eyes "a cloud blocked their view so that they could no longer see him" -ACT 1 10 enu1 0 looking intensely to heaven "staring at the sky" or "gazing at the sky" +ACT 1 9 e1q1 figs-explicit βλεπόντων αὐτῶν βλεπόντων 1 as they were looking up "as they watched." The apostles "were looking up" at Jesus because Jesus rose into the sky. Alternate translation: "as they were looking up at the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 1 9 l1cq figs-activepassive ἐπήρθη 1 he was raised up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he rose up into the sky" or "God took him up into the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 9 ug58 νεφέλη ὑπέλαβεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 a cloud hid him from their eyes "a cloud blocked their view so that they could no longer see him" +ACT 1 10 enu1 ἀτενίζοντες εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looking intensely to heaven "staring at the sky" or "gazing at the sky" ACT 1 11 gpg3 0 You men of Galilee The angels address the apostles as men who are from Galilee. ACT 1 11 cue7 0 will return in the same manner Jesus will return in the sky, just as clouds covered him when he arose into heaven. -ACT 1 12 x2nk 0 Then they returned "The apostles returned" -ACT 1 12 p19g figs-explicit 0 a Sabbath day's journey This refers to the distance which, according to Rabbinical tradition, a person was allowed to walk on a Sabbath day. Alternate translation: "about one kilometer away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 1 12 x2nk τότε ὑπέστρεψαν 1 Then they returned "The apostles returned" +ACT 1 12 p19g figs-explicit Σαββάτου ἔχον ὁδόν' Σαββάτου ἔχον ὁδόν 1 a Sabbath day's journey This refers to the distance which, according to Rabbinical tradition, a person was allowed to walk on a Sabbath day. Alternate translation: "about one kilometer away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 13 vis2 0 When they arrived "When they reached their destination." Verse 12 says they were returning to Jerusalem. -ACT 1 13 zt12 0 the upper chamber "the room on the upper level of the house" +ACT 1 13 zt12 τὸ ὑπερῷον 1 the upper chamber "the room on the upper level of the house" ACT 1 14 z6cf 0 They were all united as one This means that the apostles and believers there all shared a common commitment and purpose, and there was no strife among them. ACT 1 14 u4pr 0 as they diligently continued in prayer This means that the disciples prayed together regularly and frequently. ACT 1 15 cup2 0 Connecting Statement: This event happened during the time that Peter and the other believers were staying together in the upper room. ACT 1 15 il8w writing-newevent 0 In those days These words mark the beginning of a new part of the story. They refer to the period of time after Jesus ascended while the disciples were meeting in the upper chamber. Alternate translation: "During that time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 1 15 tl5m translate-numbers 0 120 people "one hundred and twenty people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 1 15 liz1 0 in the midst of the brothers Here the word "brothers" refers to fellow believers and includes both men and women. -ACT 1 16 i8tl figs-activepassive 0 it was necessary that the scripture should be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that we read about in scripture had to take place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 1 16 f3um figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of David The word "mouth" refers to the words that David wrote. Alternate translation: "through the words of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 1 15 tl5m translate-numbers ὀνομάτων 1 120 people "one hundred and twenty people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 1 15 liz1 ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 in the midst of the brothers Here the word "brothers" refers to fellow believers and includes both men and women. +ACT 1 16 i8tl figs-activepassive ἔδει πληρωθῆναι τὴν Γραφὴν πληρωθῆναι 1 it was necessary that the scripture should be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that we read about in scripture had to take place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 16 f3um figs-metonymy διὰ στόματος Δαυεὶδ 1 by the mouth of David The word "mouth" refers to the words that David wrote. Alternate translation: "through the words of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 1 17 tmv1 writing-background 0 General Information: In verses 18-19 the author tells the reader background information about how Judas died and what people called the field where he died. This is not part of Peter's speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 1 17 tmv1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Although Peter is addressing the entire group of people, here the word "us" refers only to the apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 1 17 q73y 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 17 Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 1 18 dd58 0 Now this man The words "this man" refers to Judas Iscariot. ACT 1 18 w83j figs-explicit 0 the earnings he received for his wickedness "the money that he earned from the evil thing that he did." The words "his wickedness" refer to Judas Iscariot's betraying Jesus to the people who killed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 18 kg3q figs-explicit 0 there he fell headfirst, and his body burst open, and all his intestines poured out This suggests that Judas fell from a high place, rather than just falling down. The fall was severe enough to cause his body to burst open. Other passages of scripture mention that he hanged himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 1 19 mxf3 0 Field of Blood When the people living in Jerusalem heard of the way in which Judas died, they renamed the field. +ACT 1 19 mxf3 Χωρίον Αἵματος 1 Field of Blood When the people living in Jerusalem heard of the way in which Judas died, they renamed the field. ACT 1 20 d7pk 0 General Information: Based on the situation with Judas that Peter just recounted, he recalls two Psalms of David that relate to the incident. The quote ends at the end of this verse. ACT 1 20 mz13 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). -ACT 1 20 ip5w figs-activepassive 0 For it is written in the Book of Psalms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For David wrote in the Book of Psalms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 1 20 mc45 figs-parallelism 0 Let his field be made desolate, and do not let even one person live there These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ACT 1 20 chq4 figs-metaphor 0 Let his field be made desolate Possible meanings are 1) that the word "field" refers to the field where Judas died or 2) that the word "field" refers to Judas's dwelling place and is a metaphor for his family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 1 20 lsm2 0 be made desolate "become empty" +ACT 1 20 ip5w figs-activepassive γὰρ γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ Ψαλμῶν 1 For it is written in the Book of Psalms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For David wrote in the Book of Psalms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 20 mc45 figs-parallelism γενηθήτω αὐτοῦ ἡ ἔπαυλις γενηθήτω ἔρημος, καὶ ἔστω μὴ ἔστω ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν αὐτῇ 1 Let his field be made desolate, and do not let even one person live there These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ACT 1 20 chq4 figs-metaphor γενηθήτω αὐτοῦ ἡ ἔπαυλις γενηθήτω ἔρημος 1 Let his field be made desolate Possible meanings are 1) that the word "field" refers to the field where Judas died or 2) that the word "field" refers to Judas's dwelling place and is a metaphor for his family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 1 20 lsm2 γενηθήτω ἔρημος 1 be made desolate "become empty" ACT 1 21 xz69 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" refers to the apostles and does not include the audience to whom Peter is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 1 21 t916 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). -ACT 1 21 c5k2 0 It is necessary, therefore Based on the scriptures that he quoted and on what Judas had done, Peter tells the group what they must do. +ACT 1 21 c5k2 δεῖ, οὖν 1 It is necessary, therefore Based on the scriptures that he quoted and on what Judas had done, Peter tells the group what they must do. ACT 1 21 zuf7 figs-idiom 0 the Lord Jesus went in and out among us Going in and out among a group of people is a metaphor for openly being part of that group. Alternate translation: "the Lord Jesus lived among us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 1 22 mrx7 0 beginning from the baptism of John ... become a witness with us of his resurrection The qualification for the new apostle that began with the words "It is necessary ... that one of the men who accompanied us" in verse 21 ends here. The subject of the verb "must be" is thus "one of the men." Here is a reduced form of the sentence: "It is necessary ... that one of the men who accompanied us ... beginning from the baptism of John ... must be a witness with us." -ACT 1 22 qb8j figs-abstractnouns 0 beginning from the baptism of John The noun "baptism" can be translated as a verb. Possible meanings: 1) "beginning from when John baptized Jesus" or 2) "beginning from when John baptized people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 1 22 yi3a figs-activepassive 0 to the day that he was taken up from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until the day when Jesus left us and rose up to heaven" or "until the day that God took him up from us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 1 22 g3n9 0 become a witness with us of his resurrection "must begin to testify with us about his resurrection" +ACT 1 22 qb8j figs-abstractnouns ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος Ἰωάννου 1 beginning from the baptism of John The noun "baptism" can be translated as a verb. Possible meanings: 1) "beginning from when John baptized Jesus" or 2) "beginning from when John baptized people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 1 22 yi3a figs-activepassive ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἀνελήμφθη ἀφ’ ἡμῶν 1 to the day that he was taken up from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until the day when Jesus left us and rose up to heaven" or "until the day that God took him up from us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 22 g3n9 γενέσθαι μάρτυρα σὺν ἡμῖν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ τῆς ἀναστάσεως 1 become a witness with us of his resurrection "must begin to testify with us about his resurrection" ACT 1 23 lz7y figs-explicit 0 They put forward two men Here the word "They" refers to all of the believers who were present. Alternate translation: "They proposed two men who fulfilled the requirements that Peter listed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 1 23 s1ff figs-activepassive 0 Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also named Justus This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "Joseph, whom people also called Barsabbas and Justus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 1 23 s1ff figs-activepassive Ἰωσὴφ τὸν καλούμενον Βαρσαββᾶν, ὃς ἐπεκλήθη Ἰοῦστος 1 Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also named Justus This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "Joseph, whom people also called Barsabbas and Justus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 1 24 zd1f figs-explicit 0 They prayed and said Here the word "They" refers to all of the believers, but it was probably one of the apostles who spoke these words. Alternate translation: "The believers prayed together and one of the apostles said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 24 se6m figs-metonymy 0 You, Lord, know the hearts of all people Here the word "hearts" refers to the thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: "You, Lord, know the thoughts and motives of everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 1 25 mg47 figs-doublet 0 to take the place in this ministry and apostleship Here the word "apostleship" defines what kind of "ministry" this is. Alternate translation: "to take Judas' place in this apostolic ministry" or "to take Judas' place in serving as an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 1 25 ryv6 0 from which Judas turned away Here the expression "turned away" means that Judas stopped performing this ministry. Alternate translation: "which Judas stopped fulfilling" -ACT 1 25 tx6n figs-euphemism 0 to go to his own place This phrase refers to Judas' death and likely to his judgment after death. Alternate translation: "to go where he belongs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 1 25 mg47 figs-doublet λαβεῖν τὸν τόπον τῆς διακονίας ταύτης τῆς διακονίας καὶ ἀποστολῆς 1 to take the place in this ministry and apostleship Here the word "apostleship" defines what kind of "ministry" this is. Alternate translation: "to take Judas' place in this apostolic ministry" or "to take Judas' place in serving as an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 1 25 ryv6 ἀφ’ ἧς Ἰούδας παρέβη 1 from which Judas turned away Here the expression "turned away" means that Judas stopped performing this ministry. Alternate translation: "which Judas stopped fulfilling" +ACT 1 25 tx6n figs-euphemism πορευθῆναι εἰς τὸν ἴδιον τὸν τόπον 1 to go to his own place This phrase refers to Judas' death and likely to his judgment after death. Alternate translation: "to go where he belongs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 1 26 r84c 0 They cast lots for them The apostles cast lots to decide between Joseph and Matthias. -ACT 1 26 w4ph 0 the lot fell to Matthias The lot indicated that Matthias was the one to replace Judas. -ACT 1 26 fk4x figs-activepassive 0 he was numbered with the eleven apostles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the believers considered him to be an apostle with the other eleven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 1 26 w4ph ὁ κλῆρος ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ Μαθθίαν 1 the lot fell to Matthias The lot indicated that Matthias was the one to replace Judas. +ACT 1 26 fk4x figs-activepassive συνκατεψηφίσθη μετὰ τῶν ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλων 1 he was numbered with the eleven apostles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the believers considered him to be an apostle with the other eleven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 intro x8fr 0 # Acts 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:17-21, 25-28, and 34-35.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 2:31.

The events described in this chapter are commonly called "Pentecost." Many people believe that the church began to exist when the Holy Spirit came to live inside believers in this chapter.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Tongues

The word "tongues" has two meanings in this chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](../../act/02/03.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from "a tongue of flame," which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word "tongues" to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4](../02/04.md)).

##### Last days

No one knows for sure when the "last days" ([Acts 2:17](../../act/02/17.md)) began. Your translation should not say more than the ULT does about this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])

##### Baptize

The word "baptize" in this chapter refers to Christian baptism ([Acts 2:38-41](../02/38.md)). Though the event described in [Acts 2:1-11](./01.md) is the baptism of the Holy Spirit that Jesus promised in [Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md), the word "baptize" here does not refer to that event. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]])

##### The prophecy of Joel

Many of the things that Joel said would happen did happen on the day of Pentecost ([Acts 2:17-18](../02/17.md)), but some things Joel spoke of did not happen ([Acts 2:19-20](../02/19.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

##### Wonders and signs

These words refer to things that only God could do that showed that Jesus is who the disciples said he is.
ACT 2 1 i4sa 0 General Information: This is a new event; it is now the Day of Pentecost, 50 days after Passover. ACT 2 1 i4sa 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the apostles and the other 120 believers that Luke mentions in [Acts 1:15](../01/15.md). ACT 2 2 jc1w 0 Suddenly This word refers to an event that happens unexpectedly. -ACT 2 2 qjc3 0 there came from heaven a sound Possible meanings are 1) "heaven" refers to the place where God lives. Alternate translation: "a sound came from heaven" or 2) "heaven" refers to the sky. Alternate translation: "a sound came from the sky" -ACT 2 2 jec5 0 a sound like the rush of a violent wind "a noise that sounded like a very strong wind blowing" -ACT 2 2 t4y4 0 the whole house This may have been a house or a larger building. +ACT 2 2 qjc3 ἐγένετο ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος 1 there came from heaven a sound Possible meanings are 1) "heaven" refers to the place where God lives. Alternate translation: "a sound came from heaven" or 2) "heaven" refers to the sky. Alternate translation: "a sound came from the sky" +ACT 2 2 jec5 ἦχος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας πνοῆς 1 a sound like the rush of a violent wind "a noise that sounded like a very strong wind blowing" +ACT 2 2 t4y4 τὸν ὅλον οἶκον 1 the whole house This may have been a house or a larger building. ACT 2 3 re3t figs-simile 0 There appeared to them tongues like fire These might not be actual tongues or fire, but something that looked like them. Possible meanings are 1) tongues that looked like they were made of fire or 2) small flames of fire that looked like tongues. When fire burns in a small space, such as on a lamp, the flame can be shaped like a tongue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ACT 2 3 xtk4 0 that were distributed, and they sat upon each one of them This means that the "tongues like fire" spread out so that there was one on each person. +ACT 2 3 xtk4 διαμεριζόμεναι, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ’ ἕκαστον ἕνα αὐτῶν 1 that were distributed, and they sat upon each one of them This means that the "tongues like fire" spread out so that there was one on each person. ACT 2 4 v7hi figs-activepassive 0 They were all filled with the Holy Spirit and This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled all of those who were there and they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 4 nr9f 0 speak in other tongues They were speaking in languages that they did not already know. +ACT 2 4 nr9f λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις 1 speak in other tongues They were speaking in languages that they did not already know. ACT 2 5 dz1l writing-background 0 General Information: Here the word "them" refers to the believers; the word "his" refers to each person in the multitude. Verse 5 gives background information about the large number of Jews who were living in Jerusalem, many of whom were present during this event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 2 5 yft2 0 godly men Here "godly men" refers to people who were devout in their worship of God and tried to obey all of the Jewish laws. -ACT 2 5 stq9 figs-hyperbole 0 every nation under heaven "every nation in the world." The word "every" is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the people came from many different nations. Alternate translation: "many different nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 2 5 yft2 εὐλαβεῖς ἄνδρες 1 godly men Here "godly men" refers to people who were devout in their worship of God and tried to obey all of the Jewish laws. +ACT 2 5 stq9 figs-hyperbole παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν 1 every nation under heaven "every nation in the world." The word "every" is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the people came from many different nations. Alternate translation: "many different nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 2 6 bpj7 figs-activepassive 0 When this sound was heard This refers to the sound that was similar to a strong wind. Alternate translation: "When they heard this sound" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 6 u9hc 0 the multitude "the large crowd of people" +ACT 2 6 u9hc τὸ πλῆθος 1 the multitude "the large crowd of people" ACT 2 7 m8kd figs-doublet 0 They were amazed and marveled These two words share similar meanings. Together they emphasize the intensity of amazement. Alternate translation: "They were greatly amazed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 2 7 wnk2 figs-rquestion 0 Really, are not all these who are speaking Galileans? The people ask this question to express their amazement. The question could be changed to an exclamation. Alternate translation: "All of these Galileans could not possibly know our languages!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +ACT 2 7 wnk2 figs-rquestion ἰδοὺ, εἰσιν οὐχ ἅπαντες οὗτοί οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι? 1 Really, are not all these who are speaking Galileans? The people ask this question to express their amazement. The question could be changed to an exclamation. Alternate translation: "All of these Galileans could not possibly know our languages!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) ACT 2 8 hzm8 figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that we are hearing them, each in our own language in which we were born? Possible meanings are 1) this is a rhetorical question that expresses how amazed they were or 2) this is a real question for which the people wanted an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 2 8 wb5t 0 in our own language in which we were born "in our own languages that we have learned from birth" +ACT 2 8 wb5t τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἡμῶν τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν 1 in our own language in which we were born "in our own languages that we have learned from birth" ACT 2 9 f1ve translate-names 0 Parthians ... Medes ... Elamites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 9 dm23 translate-names 0 Mesopotamia ... Judea ... Cappadocia ... Pontus ... Asia These are names of large areas of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 10 tmb4 translate-names 0 Phrygia ... Pamphylia ... Egypt ... Libya ... Cyrene These are names of large areas of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 11 jnp7 translate-names 0 Cretans ... Arabians These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 2 11 w8jy 0 proselytes converts to the Jewish religion -ACT 2 12 el2f figs-doublet 0 amazed and perplexed These two words share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that the people could not understand what was happening. Alternate translation: "surprised and confused" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 2 13 fg59 figs-idiom 0 They are full of new wine Some people accuse the believers of having drunk too much wine. Alternate translation: "They are drunk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 13 jj1n 0 new wine This refers to wine that is in the process of fermentation. +ACT 2 11 w8jy προσήλυτοι 1 proselytes converts to the Jewish religion +ACT 2 12 el2f figs-doublet ἐξίσταντο καὶ διηποροῦντο 1 amazed and perplexed These two words share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that the people could not understand what was happening. Alternate translation: "surprised and confused" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 2 13 fg59 figs-idiom εἰσίν μεμεστωμένοι ὅτι γλεύκους 1 They are full of new wine Some people accuse the believers of having drunk too much wine. Alternate translation: "They are drunk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 13 jj1n ὅτι γλεύκους 1 new wine This refers to wine that is in the process of fermentation. ACT 2 14 k5hr 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins his speech to the Jews who were there on the Day of Pentecost. -ACT 2 14 c919 0 stood with the eleven All the apostles stood up in support of Peter's statement. -ACT 2 14 d9tb 0 raised his voice This is an idiom for "spoke loudly." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) -ACT 2 14 ei5j figs-activepassive 0 let this be known to you This means that Peter is about to explain the meaning of what the people had witnessed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "know this" or "let me explain this to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 14 qp16 figs-metonymy 0 pay attention to my words Peter was referring to what he was saying. Alternate translation: "listen carefully to what I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 15 h28q figs-explicit 0 it is only the third hour of the day "It is only nine o'clock in the morning." Peter expected his audience to know that people do not get drunk that early in the day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 2 14 c919 σταθεὶς σὺν τοῖς ἕνδεκα 1 stood with the eleven All the apostles stood up in support of Peter's statement. +ACT 2 14 d9tb ἐπῆρεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φωνὴν 1 raised his voice This is an idiom for "spoke loudly." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) +ACT 2 14 ei5j figs-activepassive ἔστω τοῦτο ἔστω γνωστὸν ὑμῖν 1 let this be known to you This means that Peter is about to explain the meaning of what the people had witnessed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "know this" or "let me explain this to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 14 qp16 figs-metonymy καὶ ἐνωτίσασθε τὰ ῥήματά μου τὰ ῥήματά 1 pay attention to my words Peter was referring to what he was saying. Alternate translation: "listen carefully to what I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 15 h28q figs-explicit γὰρ ὥρα τρίτη ὥρα τῆς ἡμέρας 1 it is only the third hour of the day "It is only nine o'clock in the morning." Peter expected his audience to know that people do not get drunk that early in the day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 16 ktw9 0 General Information: Here Peter tells them a passage about which the prophet Joel wrote in the Old Testament that relates to what is happening with the languages in which the believers spoke. This is written in the form of poetry as well as being a quotation. -ACT 2 16 f9hz figs-activepassive 0 this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is what God told the prophet Joel to write" or "this is that which the prophet Joel spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 16 f9hz figs-activepassive τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ εἰρημένον διὰ τοῦ προφήτου Ἰωήλ 1 this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is what God told the prophet Joel to write" or "this is that which the prophet Joel spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 17 ijl8 0 It will be "This is what will happen" or "This is what I will do" ACT 2 17 u2d1 figs-idiom 0 I will pour out my Spirit on all people Here the words "pour out" mean to give generously and abundantly. Alternate translation: "I will give my Spirit abundantly to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 18 uwd7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to quote the prophet Joel. ACT 2 18 nd34 0 my servants and my female servants "both my male and my female servants." These words emphasize that God will pour out his Spirit on all of his servants, both men and women. ACT 2 18 wz2i figs-idiom 0 I will pour out my Spirit Here the words "pour out" mean to give generously and abundantly. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: "I will give my Spirit abundantly to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 19 p5zi 0 vapor of smoke "thick smoke" or "clouds of smoke" +ACT 2 19 p5zi ἀτμίδα καπνοῦ 1 vapor of smoke "thick smoke" or "clouds of smoke" ACT 2 20 ylv7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes quoting the prophet Joel. -ACT 2 20 a6yh figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be turned to darkness This means that the sun will appear to be dark instead of light. Alternate translation: "The sun will become dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 20 f34k figs-metaphor 0 the moon to blood This means that the moon will appear to be red like blood. Alternate translation: "the moon will appear to be red" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 2 20 swb2 figs-doublet 0 the great and remarkable day The words "great" and "remarkable" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of greatness. Alternate translation: "the very great day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 2 20 lc4g 0 remarkable great and beautiful -ACT 2 21 vql5 figs-activepassive 0 everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord will save everyone who calls on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 20 a6yh figs-activepassive ὁ ἥλιος μεταστραφήσεται εἰς σκότος 1 The sun will be turned to darkness This means that the sun will appear to be dark instead of light. Alternate translation: "The sun will become dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 20 f34k figs-metaphor ἡ σελήνη εἰς αἷμα 1 the moon to blood This means that the moon will appear to be red like blood. Alternate translation: "the moon will appear to be red" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 2 20 swb2 figs-doublet ἡμέραν τὴν μεγάλην καὶ ἐπιφανῆ ἡμέραν 1 the great and remarkable day The words "great" and "remarkable" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of greatness. Alternate translation: "the very great day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 2 20 lc4g ἐπιφανῆ 1 remarkable great and beautiful +ACT 2 21 vql5 figs-activepassive πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου σωθήσεται 1 everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord will save everyone who calls on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 22 sa78 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). -ACT 2 22 g6vj 0 hear these words "listen to what I am about to say" -ACT 2 22 f2t1 0 accredited to you by God with the mighty deeds, and wonders, and signs This means that God proved that he had appointed Jesus for his mission, and proved who he was by his many miracles. -ACT 2 23 s38b figs-abstractnouns 0 by God's predetermined plan and foreknowledge The nouns "plan" and "foreknowledge" can be translated as verbs. This means that God planned out and knew beforehand what would happen to Jesus. Alternate translation: "because God planned out and knew beforehand everything that would happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 2 22 g6vj ἀκούσατε τούτους τοὺς λόγους 1 hear these words "listen to what I am about to say" +ACT 2 22 f2t1 ἀποδεδειγμένον εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ δυνάμεσι, καὶ τέρασι, καὶ σημείοις 1 accredited to you by God with the mighty deeds, and wonders, and signs This means that God proved that he had appointed Jesus for his mission, and proved who he was by his many miracles. +ACT 2 23 s38b figs-abstractnouns ἀνείλατε 1 by God's predetermined plan and foreknowledge The nouns "plan" and "foreknowledge" can be translated as verbs. This means that God planned out and knew beforehand what would happen to Jesus. Alternate translation: "because God planned out and knew beforehand everything that would happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 2 23 i6un figs-activepassive 0 This man was handed over Possible meanings: 1) "you handed Jesus over into the hands of his enemies" or 2) "Judas betrayed Jesus to you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 23 f5kn 0 you, by the hand of lawless men, put him to death by nailing him to a cross Although "lawless men" actually crucified Jesus, Peter accuses the crowd of having killed him because they demanded his death. -ACT 2 23 e38a figs-metonymy 0 by the hand of lawless men Here "hand" refers to the actions of the lawless men. Alternate translation: "through the actions of lawless men" or "by what lawless men did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 23 f6kd 0 lawless men Possible meanings are 1) the unbelieving Jews who accused Jesus of crimes or 2) the Roman soldiers who performed the execution of Jesus. +ACT 2 23 f5kn , προσπήξαντες ἀνείλατε. 1 you, by the hand of lawless men, put him to death by nailing him to a cross Although "lawless men" actually crucified Jesus, Peter accuses the crowd of having killed him because they demanded his death. +ACT 2 23 e38a figs-metonymy διὰ χειρὸς ἀνόμων 1 by the hand of lawless men Here "hand" refers to the actions of the lawless men. Alternate translation: "through the actions of lawless men" or "by what lawless men did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 23 f6kd ἀνόμων 1 lawless men Possible meanings are 1) the unbelieving Jews who accused Jesus of crimes or 2) the Roman soldiers who performed the execution of Jesus. ACT 2 24 ei37 figs-idiom 0 But God raised him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "But God caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 24 s8j3 figs-metaphor 0 freeing him from the pains of death Peter speaks of dying as if death were a person who ties people up with painful ropes and holds them captive. He speaks of God ending Christ's death as if God broke the ropes that held Chist and set Christ free. Alternate translation: "ending the pains of death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ACT 2 24 ykq4 figs-activepassive 0 for him to be held by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for death to hold him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 24 vuf4 figs-personification 0 for him to be held by it Peter speaks of Christ remaining dead as if death were a person who held him captive. Alternate translation: "for him to remain dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ACT 2 24 ykq4 figs-activepassive αὐτὸν κρατεῖσθαι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 for him to be held by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for death to hold him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 24 vuf4 figs-personification αὐτὸν κρατεῖσθαι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 for him to be held by it Peter speaks of Christ remaining dead as if death were a person who held him captive. Alternate translation: "for him to remain dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ACT 2 25 dd5a 0 General Information: Here Peter quotes a passage that David wrote in a Psalm which relates to Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. Since Peter says that David said these words about Jesus, the words "I" and "my" refer to Jesus and the words "Lord" and "he" refer to God. -ACT 2 25 n2ls figs-synecdoche 0 before my face "in front of me." Alternate translation: "in my presence" or "with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 25 l6xp figs-synecdoche 0 beside my right hand To be at someone's "right hand" often means to be in a position to help and sustain. Alternate translation: "right beside me" or "with me to help me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 25 s4yp figs-activepassive 0 I should not be moved Here the word "moved" means to be troubled. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will not be able to cause me trouble" or "nothing will trouble me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 26 z8vw figs-synecdoche 0 my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced People consider the "heart" the center of emotions and the "tongue" voices those emotions. Alternate translation: "I was glad and rejoiced" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 2 25 n2ls figs-synecdoche ἐνώπιόν μου ἐνώπιόν 1 before my face "in front of me." Alternate translation: "in my presence" or "with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 25 l6xp figs-synecdoche ἐκ μού δεξιῶν 1 beside my right hand To be at someone's "right hand" often means to be in a position to help and sustain. Alternate translation: "right beside me" or "with me to help me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 25 s4yp figs-activepassive σαλευθῶ μὴ σαλευθῶ 1 I should not be moved Here the word "moved" means to be troubled. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will not be able to cause me trouble" or "nothing will trouble me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 26 z8vw figs-synecdoche μου ἡ καρδία ηὐφράνθη καὶ μου ἡ γλῶσσά ἠγαλλιάσατο 1 my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced People consider the "heart" the center of emotions and the "tongue" voices those emotions. Alternate translation: "I was glad and rejoiced" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 26 zz6k figs-synecdoche 0 my flesh will live in certain hope Possible meanings of the word "flesh" are 1) he is a mortal who will die. Alternate translation: "Even though I am only mortal, I will have confidence in God" or 2) it is synecdoche for his entire person. Alternate translation: "I will live with confidence in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 27 whi3 0 General Information: Since Peter says that David said these words about Jesus, the words "my," "Holy One," and "me" refer to Jesus and the words "you" and "your" refer to God. ACT 2 27 m3ij 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes quoting David. -ACT 2 27 rld3 figs-123person 0 neither will you allow your Holy One to see decay The Messiah, Jesus, refers to himself with the words "your Holy One." Alternate translation: "neither will you allow me, your Holy One, to see decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ACT 2 27 l5cd figs-explicit 0 to see decay Here the word "see" means to experience something. The word "decay" refers to the decomposition of his body after death. Alternate translation: "to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 2 27 rld3 figs-123person οὐδὲ δώσεις σου τὸν Ὅσιόν ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 neither will you allow your Holy One to see decay The Messiah, Jesus, refers to himself with the words "your Holy One." Alternate translation: "neither will you allow me, your Holy One, to see decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ACT 2 27 l5cd figs-explicit ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 to see decay Here the word "see" means to experience something. The word "decay" refers to the decomposition of his body after death. Alternate translation: "to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 28 gsk6 0 the ways of life "the ways that lead to life" ACT 2 28 y7gf figs-metonymy 0 full of gladness with your face Here the word "face" refers to the presence of God. Alternate translation: "very glad when I see you" or "very glad when I am in your presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 28 ej5m 0 gladness joy, happiness +ACT 2 28 ej5m εὐφροσύνης 1 gladness joy, happiness ACT 2 29 wh97 0 General Information: In verses 29 & 30, the words he," "his," and "him" refer to David. In verse 31, the first "He" refers to David and the words within the quote "He" and "his" refer to Christ. ACT 2 29 pv1x 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md) to the Jews that surround him and the other believers in Jerusalem. ACT 2 29 ps7c 0 Brothers, I "My fellow Jews, I" -ACT 2 29 vtc6 figs-activepassive 0 he both died and was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he died and people buried him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 30 hq71 figs-metonymy 0 he would set one of the fruit of his body upon his throne "God would set one of David's descendants upon David's throne." Alternate translation: "God would appoint one of David's descendants to be king in David's place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 30 x11q figs-idiom 0 one of the fruit of his body Here the word "fruit" refers to what "his body" produces. Alternate translation: "one of his descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 31 tn4b figs-activepassive 0 He was neither abandoned to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not abandon him to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 31 up5x figs-explicit 0 nor did his flesh see decay Here the word "see" means to experience something. The word "decay" refers to the decomposition of his body after death. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: "nor did his flesh decay" or "nor did he remain dead long enough for his flesh to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 2 29 vtc6 figs-activepassive ἐτελεύτησεν καὶ ἐτελεύτησεν καὶ ἐτάφη 1 he both died and was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he died and people buried him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 30 hq71 figs-metonymy καθίσαι ἐκ καρποῦ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ τῆς ὀσφύος ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τὸν θρόνον 1 he would set one of the fruit of his body upon his throne "God would set one of David's descendants upon David's throne." Alternate translation: "God would appoint one of David's descendants to be king in David's place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 30 x11q figs-idiom ἐκ καρποῦ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ τῆς ὀσφύος 1 one of the fruit of his body Here the word "fruit" refers to what "his body" produces. Alternate translation: "one of his descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 31 tn4b figs-activepassive ἐνκατελείφθη οὔτε ἐνκατελείφθη εἰς ᾍδην 1 He was neither abandoned to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not abandon him to Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 31 up5x figs-explicit οὔτε εἶδεν αὐτοῦ ἡ σὰρξ εἶδεν διαφθοράν 1 nor did his flesh see decay Here the word "see" means to experience something. The word "decay" refers to the decomposition of his body after death. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: "nor did his flesh decay" or "nor did he remain dead long enough for his flesh to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 32 kw6a figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here, the second word "this" refers to the disciples' speaking in other languages when they received the Holy Spirit. The word "we" refers to the disciples and those that witnessed the risen Jesus after his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 2 32 udn1 figs-idiom 0 God raised him up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "God caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 33 kij2 figs-activepassive 0 having been exalted to the right hand of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because God has exalted Jesus up to his right hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 33 c9mr figs-idiom 0 having been exalted to the right hand of God "Right hand of God" here is an idiom that means that Christ will rule as God, with God’s authority. Alternate translation: "Christ is in the position of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 32 udn1 figs-idiom ὁ Θεός ἀνέστησεν 1 God raised him up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "God caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 33 kij2 figs-activepassive ὑψωθεὶς τῇ δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 having been exalted to the right hand of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because God has exalted Jesus up to his right hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 33 c9mr figs-idiom ὑψωθεὶς τῇ δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 having been exalted to the right hand of God "Right hand of God" here is an idiom that means that Christ will rule as God, with God’s authority. Alternate translation: "Christ is in the position of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 33 c1dr figs-idiom 0 he has poured out what Here the words "poured out" mean that Jesus, who is God, made these events to happen. It is implicit that he does this by giving the Holy Spirit to the believers. Alternate translation: "he has caused to happen these things that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 2 33 wsg9 figs-idiom 0 poured out Here the words "pour out" mean to give generously and abundantly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: "given abundantly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 33 wsg9 figs-idiom ἐξέχεεν 1 poured out Here the words "pour out" mean to give generously and abundantly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: "given abundantly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 34 i8wu 0 General Information: Peter again quotes one of David's Psalms. David is not speaking of himself in this Psalm. "The Lord" and "my" refer to God; "my Lord" and "your" refer to Jesus the Messiah. ACT 2 34 m7fy 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). -ACT 2 34 kvn8 translate-symaction 0 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 2 35 nf1x figs-metaphor 0 until I make your enemies the stool for your feet This means that God will completely defeat the Messiah's enemies and make them subject to him. Alternate translation: "until I make you victorious over all of your enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 2 36 pnp5 figs-idiom 0 all the house of Israel This refers to the entire nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "every Israelite" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 2 34 kvn8 translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ μου δεξιῶν 1 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 2 35 nf1x figs-metaphor ἕως ἂν θῶ σου τοὺς ἐχθρούς ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου τῶν ποδῶν 1 until I make your enemies the stool for your feet This means that God will completely defeat the Messiah's enemies and make them subject to him. Alternate translation: "until I make you victorious over all of your enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 2 36 pnp5 figs-idiom πᾶς οἶκος Ἰσραὴλ 1 all the house of Israel This refers to the entire nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "every Israelite" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 37 xan1 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the people in the crowd to whom Peter spoke. ACT 2 37 w1ma 0 Connecting Statement: The Jews respond to Peter's speech and Peter answers them. -ACT 2 37 zls6 0 when they heard this "when the people heard what Peter had said" +ACT 2 37 zls6 ἀκούσαντες 1 when they heard this "when the people heard what Peter had said" ACT 2 37 s85q figs-activepassive 0 they were pierced in their hearts This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Peter's words pierced their hearts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 37 l15x figs-idiom 0 pierced in their hearts This means that the people felt guilty and became very sad. Alternate translation: "deeply troubled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 38 cmb7 figs-activepassive 0 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "allow us to baptize you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 38 geb2 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Jesus Christ "In the name of" here is a metonym for "by the authority of" Alternate translation: "by the authority of Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 39 v8vi 0 all who are far off This means either 1) "all people who live far away" or 2) "all people who are far from God." +ACT 2 38 cmb7 figs-activepassive βαπτισθήτω 1 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "allow us to baptize you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 38 geb2 figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of Jesus Christ "In the name of" here is a metonym for "by the authority of" Alternate translation: "by the authority of Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 39 v8vi πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς μακρὰν 1 all who are far off This means either 1) "all people who live far away" or 2) "all people who are far from God." ACT 2 40 k1kj writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story that happened on the Day of Pentecost. Verse 42 begins a section that explains how the believers continued to live after the Day of Pentecost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 2 40 v6ip figs-doublet 0 he testified and urged them "he seriously told them and begged them." Here the words "testified" and "urged" share similar meanings and emphasize that Peter urged them strongly to respond to what he was saying. Alternate translation: "he strongly urged them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 2 40 wtd5 figs-explicit 0 Save yourselves from this wicked generation The implication is that God will punish "this wicked generation." Alternate translation: "Save yourselves from the punishment that these wicked people will suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 2 40 v6ip figs-doublet διεμαρτύρατο καὶ παρεκάλει αὐτοὺς 1 he testified and urged them "he seriously told them and begged them." Here the words "testified" and "urged" share similar meanings and emphasize that Peter urged them strongly to respond to what he was saying. Alternate translation: "he strongly urged them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 2 40 wtd5 figs-explicit σώθητε ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς σκολιᾶς τῆς γενεᾶς 1 Save yourselves from this wicked generation The implication is that God will punish "this wicked generation." Alternate translation: "Save yourselves from the punishment that these wicked people will suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 41 r9qz figs-idiom 0 they received his word Here the word "received" means that they accepted what Peter said to be true. Alternate translation: "they believed what Peter said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 2 41 kz64 figs-activepassive 0 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people baptized them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 41 a47f figs-activepassive 0 there were added in that day about three thousand souls This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about three thousand souls joined the believers on that day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 41 sv5j figs-synecdoche 0 about three thousand souls Here the word "souls" refers to people. Alternate translation: "about 3,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 2 42 gc59 figs-synecdoche 0 the breaking of bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to any meals they might eat together. Alternate translation: "eating meals together" or 2) this refers to the meals they would eat together in order to remember Christ's death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "eating the Lord's Supper together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 2 41 kz64 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθησαν 1 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people baptized them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 41 a47f figs-activepassive προσετέθησαν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι ψυχαὶ 1 there were added in that day about three thousand souls This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about three thousand souls joined the believers on that day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 41 sv5j figs-synecdoche ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι ψυχαὶ 1 about three thousand souls Here the word "souls" refers to people. Alternate translation: "about 3,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 2 42 gc59 figs-synecdoche τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου 1 the breaking of bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to any meals they might eat together. Alternate translation: "eating meals together" or 2) this refers to the meals they would eat together in order to remember Christ's death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "eating the Lord's Supper together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 43 gi9v figs-synecdoche 0 Fear came upon every soul Here the word "Fear" refers to deep respect and awe for God. The word "soul" refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: "Each person felt a deep respect and awe for God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 43 ys3y figs-activepassive 0 many wonders and signs were done through the apostles Possible meanings are 1) "the apostles performed many wonders and signs" or 2) "God performed many wonders and signs through the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 2 43 q6dm 0 wonders and signs "miraculous deeds and supernatural events." See how you translated this in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md). +ACT 2 43 q6dm τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα 1 wonders and signs "miraculous deeds and supernatural events." See how you translated this in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md). ACT 2 44 u8qk 0 All who believed were together Possible meanings are 1) "All of them believed the same thing" or 2) "All who believed were together in the same place." -ACT 2 44 jy2w 0 had all things in common "shared their belongings with one another" -ACT 2 45 h8tn 0 property and possessions "land and things they owned" -ACT 2 45 f74s figs-metonymy 0 distributed them to all Here the word "them" refers to the profit that they made from selling their property and possessions. Alternate translation: "distributed the proceeds to all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 2 44 jy2w εἶχον ἅπαντα κοινά 1 had all things in common "shared their belongings with one another" +ACT 2 45 h8tn κτήματα καὶ τὰς ὑπάρξεις 1 property and possessions "land and things they owned" +ACT 2 45 f74s figs-metonymy διεμέριζον αὐτὰ πᾶσιν 1 distributed them to all Here the word "them" refers to the profit that they made from selling their property and possessions. Alternate translation: "distributed the proceeds to all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 45 n9hi 0 according to the needs anyone had They distributed the proceeds that they earned from selling their property and possessions to any believer who had a need. -ACT 2 46 in43 0 they continued with one purpose Possible meanings are 1) "they continued meeting together" or 2) "they all continued to have the same attitude." +ACT 2 46 in43 προσκαρτεροῦντες ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 they continued with one purpose Possible meanings are 1) "they continued meeting together" or 2) "they all continued to have the same attitude." ACT 2 46 q1ge figs-synecdoche 0 they broke bread in homes Bread was part of their meals. Alternate translation: "they eat meals together in their homes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 46 i2yk figs-metonymy 0 with glad and humble hearts Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "joyfully and humbly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 2 47 z6ig 0 praising God and having favor with all the people "praising God. All the people approved of them" -ACT 2 47 kc42 figs-activepassive 0 those who were being saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the Lord saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 2 47 z6ig αἰνοῦντες τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἔχοντες χάριν πρὸς ὅλον τὸν λαόν 1 praising God and having favor with all the people "praising God. All the people approved of them" +ACT 2 47 kc42 figs-activepassive τοὺς σῳζομένους 1 those who were being saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the Lord saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 intro hpd9 0 # Acts 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The covenant God made with Abraham

This chapter explains that Jesus came to the Jews because God was fulfilling part of the covenant he had made with Abraham. Peter thought that the Jews were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus, but he

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "You delivered up"

The Romans were the ones who killed Jesus, but they killed him because the Jews captured him, brought him to the Romans, and told the Romans to kill him. For this reason Peter thought that they were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus. But he tells them that they are also the first ones to whom God has sent Jesus' followers to invite them to repent ([Luke 3:26](../../luk/03/26.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
ACT 3 1 u6nu writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 2 gives background information about the lame man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 3 1 b5rm 0 Connecting Statement: One day Peter and John go to the temple. -ACT 3 1 br7i 0 into the temple They did not go into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "to the temple courtyard" or "into the temple area" +ACT 3 1 br7i εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 into the temple They did not go into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "to the temple courtyard" or "into the temple area" ACT 3 2 f227 figs-activepassive 0 a man lame from birth was being carried every day to the Beautiful Gate of the temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Every day, people carried a certain man, lame from birth, and laid him near the Beautiful gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 3 2 j68t 0 lame unable to walk +ACT 3 2 j68t χωλὸς 1 lame unable to walk ACT 3 4 xq4u 0 Peter, fastening his eyes upon him, with John, said Both Peter and John looked at the man, but only Peter spoke. ACT 3 4 t1q9 figs-idiom 0 fastening his eyes upon him Possible meanings are 1) "looking directly at him" or 2) "looking intently at him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 3 5 e3c6 0 The lame man looked at them Here the word "looked" means to pay attention to something. Alternate translation: "The lame man paid close attention to them" -ACT 3 6 x6bm figs-metonymy 0 Silver and gold These words refer to money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 3 6 zi9t figs-explicit 0 what I do have It is understood that Peter has the ability to heal the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 3 6 t2vf figs-metonymy 0 In the name of Jesus Christ Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "With the authority of Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 3 7 ec6j 0 Peter raised him up "Peter caused him to stand" +ACT 3 6 x6bm figs-metonymy ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον 1 Silver and gold These words refer to money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 3 6 zi9t figs-explicit ὃ ἔχω 1 what I do have It is understood that Peter has the ability to heal the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 3 6 t2vf figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 In the name of Jesus Christ Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "With the authority of Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 3 7 ec6j ἤγειρεν αὐτόν ἤγειρεν 1 Peter raised him up "Peter caused him to stand" ACT 3 8 zp7x 0 he entered ... into the temple He did not go inside the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "he entered ... the temple area" or "he entered ... into the temple courtyard" ACT 3 10 zy7h 0 noticed that it was the man "realized that it was the man" or "recognized him as the man" -ACT 3 10 p2zh 0 the Beautiful Gate This was the name of one of the entrances to the temple area. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 3:2](../03/02.md). -ACT 3 10 j6zf figs-doublet 0 they were filled with wonder and amazement Here the words "wonder" and "amazement" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of the people's amazement. Alternate translation: "they were extremely amazed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 3 10 p2zh τῇ Ὡραίᾳ Πύλῃ 1 the Beautiful Gate This was the name of one of the entrances to the temple area. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 3:2](../03/02.md). +ACT 3 10 j6zf figs-doublet ἐπλήσθησαν θάμβους καὶ ἐκστάσεως 1 they were filled with wonder and amazement Here the words "wonder" and "amazement" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of the people's amazement. Alternate translation: "they were extremely amazed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 3 11 g4y1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The phrase "in the porch that is called Solomon's" makes it clear that they were not inside the temple where only the priests were allowed to enter. Here the words "us" and "we" refer to Peter and John but not to the crowd to whom Peter is talking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 3 11 eu1l 0 Connecting Statement: After healing the man who could not walk, Peter talks to the people. -ACT 3 11 rj43 0 the porch that is called Solomon's "Solomon's Porch." This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. -ACT 3 11 rk1m 0 greatly marveling "extremely surprised" -ACT 3 12 x9m9 0 When Peter saw this Here the word "this" refers to the amazement of the people. +ACT 3 11 rj43 τῇ στοᾷ τῇ καλουμένῃ Σολομῶντος' Σολομῶντος 1 the porch that is called Solomon's "Solomon's Porch." This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. +ACT 3 11 rk1m ἔκθαμβοι 1 greatly marveling "extremely surprised" +ACT 3 12 x9m9 δὲ ὁ Πέτρος ἰδὼν 1 When Peter saw this Here the word "this" refers to the amazement of the people. ACT 3 12 ndi3 0 You men of Israel "Fellow Israelites." Peter was addressing the crowd. -ACT 3 12 uyg1 figs-rquestion 0 why do you marvel? Peter asks this question to emphasize that they should not be surprised by what had happened. Alternate translation: "you should not be surprised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 3 12 uyg1 figs-rquestion , τί θαυμάζετε 1 why do you marvel? Peter asks this question to emphasize that they should not be surprised by what had happened. Alternate translation: "you should not be surprised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 3 12 j6ld figs-rquestion 0 Why do you fix your eyes on us, as if we had made him to walk by our own power or godliness? Peter asks this question to emphasize that the people should not think that he and John had healed the man by their own abilities. This could be written as two statements. Alternate translation: "Do not fix your eyes on us. We did not make him walk by our own power or godliness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 3 12 mwd9 figs-idiom 0 fix your eyes on us This means that they looked intently at them without stopping. Alternate translation: "stare at us" or "look at us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 3 13 q8q2 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md). ACT 3 13 cp1j figs-idiom 0 rejected before the face of Pilate Here the phrase "before the face of" means "in the presence of." Alternate translation: "rejected in Pilate's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 3 13 yy96 0 when he had decided to release him "when Pilate had decided to release Jesus" -ACT 3 14 s6qj figs-activepassive 0 for a murderer to be released to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Pilate to release a murderer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 3 13 yy96 κρίναντος ἐκείνου κρίναντος ἀπολύειν 1 when he had decided to release him "when Pilate had decided to release Jesus" +ACT 3 14 s6qj figs-activepassive ᾐτήσασθε ἄνδρα φονέα χαρισθῆναι ὑμῖν 1 for a murderer to be released to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Pilate to release a murderer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 15 jwb1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" includes just Peter and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 3 15 ljn8 figs-metaphor 0 Founder of life This refers to Jesus. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who gives people eternal life" or 2) "the ruler of life" or 3) "the founder of life" or 4) "the one who leads people to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 3 16 xu92 0 Now This word, "Now," shifts the audiences' attention to the lame man. +ACT 3 15 ljn8 figs-metaphor Ἀρχηγὸν τῆς ζωῆς 1 Founder of life This refers to Jesus. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who gives people eternal life" or 2) "the ruler of life" or 3) "the founder of life" or 4) "the one who leads people to life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 3 16 xu92 καὶ 1 Now This word, "Now," shifts the audiences' attention to the lame man. ACT 3 16 qt8w 0 made him strong "made him well" ACT 3 17 v45t 0 Now Here Peter shifts the audience's attention from the lame man and continues to talk to them directly. -ACT 3 17 x62k 0 you acted in ignorance Possible meanings are 1) that the people did not know that Jesus was the Messiah or 2) that the people did not understand the significance of what they were doing. -ACT 3 18 gcc1 0 God foretold by the mouth of all the prophets When the prophets spoke, it was as though God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: "God foretold by telling all of the prophets what to speak" -ACT 3 18 ms6d 0 God foretold "God spoke about ahead of time" or "God told about before they happened" -ACT 3 18 z3l7 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of all the prophets Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: "the words of all the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 3 19 cw18 figs-metaphor 0 and turn "and turn to the Lord." Here "turn" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and start obeying the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 3 19 zm6y figs-activepassive 0 so that your sins may be blotted out Here "blotted out" is a metaphor for forgiving. Sins are spoken of as if they are written in a book and God erases them from the book when he forgives them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God will forgive you for sinning against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 3 17 x62k ἐπράξατε κατὰ ἄγνοιαν 1 you acted in ignorance Possible meanings are 1) that the people did not know that Jesus was the Messiah or 2) that the people did not understand the significance of what they were doing. +ACT 3 18 gcc1 ὁ δὲ Θεὸς προκατήγγειλεν διὰ στόματος πάντων τῶν προφητῶν 1 God foretold by the mouth of all the prophets When the prophets spoke, it was as though God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: "God foretold by telling all of the prophets what to speak" +ACT 3 18 ms6d ὁ δὲ Θεὸς προκατήγγειλεν 1 God foretold "God spoke about ahead of time" or "God told about before they happened" +ACT 3 18 z3l7 figs-metonymy στόματος πάντων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the mouth of all the prophets Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: "the words of all the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 3 19 cw18 figs-metaphor καὶ ἐπιστρέψατε 1 and turn "and turn to the Lord." Here "turn" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and start obeying the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 3 19 zm6y figs-activepassive πρὸς ὑμῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας τὸ ἐξαλειφθῆναι 1 so that your sins may be blotted out Here "blotted out" is a metaphor for forgiving. Sins are spoken of as if they are written in a book and God erases them from the book when he forgives them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God will forgive you for sinning against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 3 19 x3ca 0 periods of refreshing from the presence of the Lord "times of relief from the presence of the Lord." Possible meanings are 1) "times when God will strengthen your spirits" or 2) "times when God will revive you" ACT 3 19 f2wm figs-metonymy 0 from the presence of the Lord Here the words "presence of the Lord" is a metonym for the Lord himself. Alternate translation: "from the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 20 h3nk 0 that he may send the Christ "that he may again send the Christ." This refers to Christ's coming again. -ACT 3 20 yzr6 figs-activepassive 0 who has been appointed for you This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom he has appointed for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 3 20 yzr6 figs-activepassive τὸν προκεχειρισμένον ὑμῖν 1 who has been appointed for you This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom he has appointed for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 21 sj21 0 General Information: In verses 22-23 Peter quotes something Moses told before the Messiah came. ACT 3 21 u33e 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md) to the Jews who stood in the temple area. -ACT 3 21 vgn8 figs-personification 0 He is the One heaven must receive "He is the One heaven must welcome." Peter speaks of heaven as if it were a person who welcomes Jesus into his home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ACT 3 21 y1ps 0 heaven must receive until This means that it is necessary for Jesus to remain in heaven because that is what God has planned. -ACT 3 21 x2f3 0 until the time of the restoration of all things Possible meanings are 1) "until the time when God will restore all things" or 2) "until the time when God will fulfill everything that he foretold." -ACT 3 21 a2m8 0 about which God spoke long ago by the mouth of his holy prophets When the prophets spoke long ago, it was as if God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: "about which things God spoke long ago by telling his holy prophets to speak about them" -ACT 3 21 a12i figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of his holy prophets Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: "the words of his holy prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 3 21 vgn8 figs-personification ὃν οὐρανὸν δεῖ μὲν δέξασθαι 1 He is the One heaven must receive "He is the One heaven must welcome." Peter speaks of heaven as if it were a person who welcomes Jesus into his home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ACT 3 21 y1ps οὐρανὸν δεῖ μὲν δέξασθαι ἄχρι 1 heaven must receive until This means that it is necessary for Jesus to remain in heaven because that is what God has planned. +ACT 3 21 x2f3 ἄχρι χρόνων ἀποκαταστάσεως πάντων 1 until the time of the restoration of all things Possible meanings are 1) "until the time when God will restore all things" or 2) "until the time when God will fulfill everything that he foretold." +ACT 3 21 a2m8 ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἐλάλησεν ἀπ’ αἰῶνος διὰ στόματος τῶν ἁγίων αὐτοῦ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν 1 about which God spoke long ago by the mouth of his holy prophets When the prophets spoke long ago, it was as if God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: "about which things God spoke long ago by telling his holy prophets to speak about them" +ACT 3 21 a12i figs-metonymy στόματος τῶν ἁγίων αὐτοῦ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν 1 the mouth of his holy prophets Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: "the words of his holy prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 22 v5nf 0 will raise up a prophet like me from among your brothers "will cause a one of your brothers to become a true prophet, and everyone will know about him" -ACT 3 22 t8di 0 your brothers "your nation" +ACT 3 22 t8di ὑμῶν τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 your brothers "your nation" ACT 3 23 t8a5 figs-activepassive 0 that prophet will be completely destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that prophet, God will completely destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 24 y1z7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md). ACT 3 24 u6x3 0 Yes, and all the prophets "In fact, all the prophets." Here the word "Yes" adds emphasis to what follows. -ACT 3 24 xp9h 0 from Samuel and those who came after him "beginning with Samuel and continuing with the prophets who lived after he did" -ACT 3 24 m9pr 0 these days "these times" or "the things that are happening now" -ACT 3 25 rh2n figs-idiom 0 You are the sons of the prophets and of the covenant Here the word "sons" refers to heirs who will receive what the prophets and the covenant promised. Alternate translation: "You are the heirs of the prophets and heirs of the covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 3 24 xp9h ἀπὸ Σαμουὴλ καὶ τῶν καθεξῆς 1 from Samuel and those who came after him "beginning with Samuel and continuing with the prophets who lived after he did" +ACT 3 24 m9pr ταύτας τὰς ἡμέρας 1 these days "these times" or "the things that are happening now" +ACT 3 25 rh2n figs-idiom ὑμεῖς ἐστε οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν καὶ τῆς διαθήκης 1 You are the sons of the prophets and of the covenant Here the word "sons" refers to heirs who will receive what the prophets and the covenant promised. Alternate translation: "You are the heirs of the prophets and heirs of the covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 3 25 mad5 0 In your seed "Because of your offspring" ACT 3 25 g31m figs-activepassive 0 shall all the families of the earth be blessed Here the word "families" refers to people groups or nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will bless all the people groups in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 3 26 b7tz 0 After God raised up his servant "After God caused Jesus to become his servant and made him famous" -ACT 3 26 z5q6 0 his servant This refers to the Messiah, Jesus. -ACT 3 26 x8ss figs-metaphor 0 turning every one of you from your wickedness Here "turning ... from" is a metaphor for causing someone stop doing something. Alternate translation: "causing every one of you to stop doing wicked things" or "causing every one of you to repent from your wickedness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 3 26 b7tz ἀναστήσας ὁ Θεὸς ἀναστήσας αὐτοῦ τὸν παῖδα 1 After God raised up his servant "After God caused Jesus to become his servant and made him famous" +ACT 3 26 z5q6 αὐτοῦ τὸν παῖδα 1 his servant This refers to the Messiah, Jesus. +ACT 3 26 x8ss figs-metaphor τῷ ἀποστρέφειν ἕκαστον ἀπὸ ὑμῶν τῶν πονηριῶν 1 turning every one of you from your wickedness Here "turning ... from" is a metaphor for causing someone stop doing something. Alternate translation: "causing every one of you to stop doing wicked things" or "causing every one of you to repent from your wickedness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 4 intro pv3a 0 # Acts 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:25-26.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Unity

The first Christians wanted very much to be united. They wanted to believe the same things and share everything they owned and help those who needed help.

##### "Signs and wonders"

This phrase refers to things that only God can do. The Christians wanted God to do what only he can do so that people would believe that what they said about Jesus was true.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Cornerstone

The cornerstone was the first piece of stone that people put down when they were building a building. This is a metaphor for the most important part of something, the part on which everything depends. To say that Jesus is the cornerstone of the church is to say that nothing in the church is more important than Jesus and that everything about the church depends on Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Name

"There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved" ([Acts 4:12](../../act/04/12.md)). With these words Peter was saying that no other person who has ever been on the earth or will ever be on earth can save people.
ACT 4 1 ew3l 0 Connecting Statement: The religious leaders arrest Peter and John after Peter's having healed the man who was born lame. ACT 4 1 d3tv 0 came upon them "approached them" or "came to them" -ACT 4 2 m74s figs-explicit 0 They were deeply troubled "They were very angry." The Sadducees, in particular, would have been angry about what Peter and John were saying because they did not believe in resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 4 2 mg5l 0 proclaiming in Jesus the resurrection from the dead Peter and John were saying that God would raise people from the dead in the same way as he had raised Jesus from among the dead. Translate this in a way that allows "the resurrection" to refer to both Jesus' resurrection and the general resurrection of other people. -ACT 4 2 np5g 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ACT 4 2 m74s figs-explicit διαπονούμενοι 1 They were deeply troubled "They were very angry." The Sadducees, in particular, would have been angry about what Peter and John were saying because they did not believe in resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 4 2 mg5l καταγγέλλειν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ τὴν ἀνάστασιν τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 proclaiming in Jesus the resurrection from the dead Peter and John were saying that God would raise people from the dead in the same way as he had raised Jesus from among the dead. Translate this in a way that allows "the resurrection" to refer to both Jesus' resurrection and the general resurrection of other people. +ACT 4 2 np5g τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 4 3 zla7 0 They arrested them "The priests, the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees arrested Peter and John" ACT 4 3 h5f9 0 since it was now evening It was common practice not to question people at night. -ACT 4 4 bm1f 0 the number of the men who believed This refers only to men and does not include how many women or children believed. -ACT 4 4 qd8g 0 was about five thousand "grew to about five thousand" +ACT 4 4 bm1f ἀριθμὸς τῶν ἀνδρῶν 1 the number of the men who believed This refers only to men and does not include how many women or children believed. +ACT 4 4 qd8g ἐγενήθη ὡς χιλιάδες πέντε 1 was about five thousand "grew to about five thousand" ACT 4 5 j6p8 0 General Information: Here the word "their" refers to the Jewish people as a whole. ACT 4 5 i9tj 0 Connecting Statement: The rulers question Peter and John who answer without fear. ACT 4 5 lw2d 0 It came about ... that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 4 5 cdj1 figs-synecdoche 0 their rulers, elders and scribes This is a reference to the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling court, which consisted of these three groups of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 4 6 l44n 0 John, and Alexander These two men were members of the high priest's family. This is not the same John as the apostle. -ACT 4 7 t1eq 0 By what power "Who gave you power" -ACT 4 7 jc21 figs-metonymy 0 in what name Here the word "name" refers to authority. Alternate translation: "by whose authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 8 su5x figs-activepassive 0 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled Peter and he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 6 l44n Ἰωάννης, καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος 1 John, and Alexander These two men were members of the high priest's family. This is not the same John as the apostle. +ACT 4 7 t1eq ἐν ποίᾳ δυνάμει 1 By what power "Who gave you power" +ACT 4 7 jc21 figs-metonymy ἐν ποίῳ ὀνόματι 1 in what name Here the word "name" refers to authority. Alternate translation: "by whose authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 8 su5x figs-activepassive τότε Πέτρος, πλησθεὶς Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled Peter and he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 9 pq85 figs-rquestion 0 if we this day are being questioned ... by what means was this man made well? Peter asks this question to clarify that this was the real reason that they were on trial. Alternate translation: "You are asking us this day ... by what means we made this man well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 4 9 je6d figs-activepassive 0 we this day are being questioned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are questioning us this day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 9 b92n figs-activepassive 0 by what means was this man made well This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by what means we have made this man well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 4 10 snd5 figs-activepassive 0 May this be known to you all and to all the people of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May all of you and all of the people of Israel know this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 4 10 j3px 0 to you all and to all the people of Israel "to you who are questioning us and to all the other people of Israel" -ACT 4 10 khn7 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "by the power of Jesus Christ of Nazareth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 10 jyj6 figs-idiom 0 whom God raised from the dead, Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 4 10 snd5 figs-activepassive ἔστω γνωστὸν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν πᾶσιν καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 May this be known to you all and to all the people of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May all of you and all of the people of Israel know this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 10 j3px πᾶσιν ὑμῖν πᾶσιν καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 to you all and to all the people of Israel "to you who are questioning us and to all the other people of Israel" +ACT 4 10 khn7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Ναζωραίου 1 in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "by the power of Jesus Christ of Nazareth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 10 jyj6 figs-idiom ὃν ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν, 1 whom God raised from the dead, Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 11 tdw8 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Peter as well as those to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 4 11 nwg6 0 Connecting Statement: Peter completes his speech to the Jewish religious rulers that he began in [Acts 4:8](../04/08.md). ACT 4 11 w195 figs-metaphor 0 Jesus Christ is the stone ... which has been made the head cornerstone Peter is quoting from the Psalms. This is a metaphor that means the religious leaders, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God will made him the most important in his kingdom, as a cornerstone in a building is important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -288,205 +288,205 @@ ACT 4 11 c1bh 0 you as builders despised "you as builders rejected" or "you as ACT 4 12 tq3z figs-abstractnouns 0 There is no salvation in any other person The noun "salvation" can be translated as a verb. This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "He is the only person who is able to save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 4 12 l66w figs-activepassive 0 no other name under heaven given among men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no other name under heaven that God has given among men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 12 iz7k figs-metonymy 0 no other name ... given among men The phrase "name ... given among men" refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "no other person under heaven, who is given among men, by whom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 12 jm25 figs-idiom 0 under heaven This is a way of referring to everywhere in the world. Alternate translation: "in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 4 12 gg8h figs-activepassive 0 by which we must be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which can save us" or "who can save us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 12 jm25 figs-idiom ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 under heaven This is a way of referring to everywhere in the world. Alternate translation: "in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 4 12 gg8h figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ ἡμᾶς δεῖ σωθῆναι 1 by which we must be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which can save us" or "who can save us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 13 xn39 0 General Information: Here the second instance of "they" refers to Peter and John. All other occurrences of the word "they" in this section refer to the Jewish leaders. -ACT 4 13 t6kc figs-explicit 0 the boldness of Peter and John Here the abstract noun "boldness" refers to the way in which Peter and John responded to the Jewish leaders, and can be translated with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: "how boldly Peter and John had spoken" or "how bold Peter and John were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 4 13 p9pq 0 boldness having no fear +ACT 4 13 t6kc figs-explicit τὴν παρρησίαν τοῦ Πέτρου καὶ Ἰωάννου 1 the boldness of Peter and John Here the abstract noun "boldness" refers to the way in which Peter and John responded to the Jewish leaders, and can be translated with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: "how boldly Peter and John had spoken" or "how bold Peter and John were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 4 13 p9pq παρρησίαν 1 boldness having no fear ACT 4 13 qaa5 figs-explicit 0 realized that they were ordinary, uneducated men The Jewish leaders "realized" this because of the way Peter and John spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 13 r6d6 0 and realized "and understood" ACT 4 13 erv7 figs-doublet 0 ordinary, uneducated men The words "ordinary" and "uneducated" share similar meanings. They emphasize that Peter and John had received no formal training in Jewish law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 4 14 h3cy figs-activepassive 0 the man who was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the man whom Peter and John had healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 14 h3cy figs-activepassive τόν ἄνθρωπον τὸν τεθεραπευμένον 1 the man who was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the man whom Peter and John had healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 14 fq4w 0 nothing to say against this "nothing to say against Peter and John's healing of the man." Here the word "this" refers to what Peter and John had done. -ACT 4 15 ql31 0 the apostles This refers to Peter and John. +ACT 4 15 ql31 αὐτοὺς 1 the apostles This refers to Peter and John. ACT 4 16 p4g6 figs-rquestion 0 What shall we do to these men? The Jewish leaders ask this question out of frustration because they could not think of what to do with Peter and John. Alternate translation: "There is nothing that we can do with these men!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 4 16 nh5s figs-activepassive 0 For the fact that a remarkable miracle has been done through them is known to everyone who lives in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For everyone who lives in Jerusalem knows that they have done a remarkable miracle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 4 16 jn12 figs-hyperbole 0 everyone who lives in Jerusalem This is a generalization. It may also be an exaggeration to show that the leaders think that this is a very big problem. Alternate translation: "many of the people who live in Jerusalem" or "people who live throughout Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 4 16 jn12 figs-hyperbole πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 everyone who lives in Jerusalem This is a generalization. It may also be an exaggeration to show that the leaders think that this is a very big problem. Alternate translation: "many of the people who live in Jerusalem" or "people who live throughout Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 4 17 f71l figs-explicit 0 in order that it spreads no further Here the word "it" refers to any miracles or teaching Peter and John might continue to do. Alternate translation: "in order that news of this miracle spreads no further" or "in order that no more people hear about this miracle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 17 w52j figs-metonymy 0 not to speak anymore to anyone in this name Here the word "name" refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "not to speak anymore to anyone about this person, Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 19 hf3u figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Peter and John but not to those whom they are addressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 4 19 jf1d figs-metonymy 0 Whether it is right in the sight of God Here the phrase "in the sight of God" refers to God's opinion. Alternate translation: "Whether God thinks it is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 19 jf1d figs-metonymy εἰ δίκαιόν ἐστιν δίκαιόν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Whether it is right in the sight of God Here the phrase "in the sight of God" refers to God's opinion. Alternate translation: "Whether God thinks it is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 21 gy8d writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 22 gives background information about the age of the lame man who was healed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 4 21 y5y1 0 After further warning The Jewish leaders again threatened to punish Peter and John. +ACT 4 21 y5y1 οἱ δὲ προσαπειλησάμενοι 1 After further warning The Jewish leaders again threatened to punish Peter and John. ACT 4 21 z2bx 0 They were unable to find any excuse to punish them Although the Jewish leaders threatened Peter and John, they could not find a reason to punish them without causing the people to riot. -ACT 4 21 jbl6 figs-activepassive 0 for what had been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for what Peter and John had done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 21 jbl6 figs-activepassive ἐπὶ τῷ γεγονότι 1 for what had been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for what Peter and John had done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 22 ju4w 0 The man who had experienced this miracle of healing "The man whom Peter and John had miraculously healed" ACT 4 23 j3ap 0 General Information: Speaking together, the people quote a Psalm of David from the Old Testament. Here the word "they" refers to the rest of the believers, but not to Peter and John. -ACT 4 23 j2cx figs-explicit 0 came to their own people The phrase "their own people" refers to the rest of the believers. Alternate translation: "went to the other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 4 24 zu28 0 they raised their voices together to God To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking. "they began speaking together to God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) +ACT 4 23 j2cx figs-explicit ἦλθον πρὸς τοὺς ἰδίους 1 came to their own people The phrase "their own people" refers to the rest of the believers. Alternate translation: "went to the other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 4 24 zu28 οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες ἦραν φωνὴν ὁμοθυμαδὸν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 they raised their voices together to God To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking. "they began speaking together to God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) ACT 4 25 vc5z 0 You spoke by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of your servant, our father David This means that the Holy Spirit caused David to speak or write down what God said. -ACT 4 25 ka83 figs-metonymy 0 through the mouth of your servant, our father David Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that David spoke or wrote down. Alternate translation: "by the words of your servant, our father David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 25 kat6 0 our father David Here "father" refers to "ancestor/" +ACT 4 25 ka83 figs-metonymy στόματος Δαυεὶδ σου παιδός, ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 through the mouth of your servant, our father David Here the word "mouth" refers to the words that David spoke or wrote down. Alternate translation: "by the words of your servant, our father David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 25 kat6 ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 our father David Here "father" refers to "ancestor/" ACT 4 25 f1x6 figs-rquestion 0 Why did the Gentile nations rage, and the peoples imagine useless things? This is a rhetorical question that emphasizes the futility of opposing God. Alternate translation: "The Gentile nations should not have raged, and the peoples should not have imagined useless things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 4 25 w622 figs-explicit 0 the peoples imagine useless things These "useless things" consist of plans to oppose God. Alternate translation: "the peoples imagine useless things against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 4 25 h6rc 0 peoples people groups +ACT 4 25 w622 figs-explicit λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά 1 the peoples imagine useless things These "useless things" consist of plans to oppose God. Alternate translation: "the peoples imagine useless things against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 4 25 h6rc λαοὶ 1 peoples people groups ACT 4 26 fb5a 0 Connecting Statement: The believers complete their quotation from King David in the Psalms that they began in [Acts 4:25](../04/25.md). ACT 4 26 w2by figs-parallelism 0 The kings of the earth set themselves together, and the rulers gathered together against the Lord These two lines mean basically the same thing. The two lines emphasize the combined effort of the earth's rulers to oppose God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 4 26 w64b figs-metonymy 0 set themselves together ... gathered together These two phrases mean that they joined their armies together to fight a battle. Alternate translation: "set their armies together ... gathered their troops together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 26 yv19 0 against the Lord, and against his Christ Here the word "Lord" refers to God. In the Psalms, the word "Christ" refers to the Messiah or God's anointed one. +ACT 4 26 yv19 κατὰ τοῦ Κυρίου, καὶ κατὰ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 against the Lord, and against his Christ Here the word "Lord" refers to God. In the Psalms, the word "Christ" refers to the Messiah or God's anointed one. ACT 4 27 b1g9 0 Connecting Statement: The believers continue praying. -ACT 4 27 nuc1 0 in this city "this city" refers to Jerusalem. -ACT 4 27 ca33 0 your holy servant Jesus "Jesus who serves you faithfully" -ACT 4 28 yz7m figs-metonymy 0 to do all that your hand and your plan had decided Here the word "hand" is used to mean God's power. Additionally, the phrase "your hand and your desire decided" shows God's power and plan. Alternate translation: "to do all that you had decided because you are powerful and did all that you planned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 4 27 nuc1 ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει 1 in this city "this city" refers to Jerusalem. +ACT 4 27 ca33 σου τὸν ἅγιον παῖδά Ἰησοῦν 1 your holy servant Jesus "Jesus who serves you faithfully" +ACT 4 28 yz7m figs-metonymy ποιῆσαι ὅσα σου ἡ χείρ καὶ σου ἡ βουλὴ προώρισεν 1 to do all that your hand and your plan had decided Here the word "hand" is used to mean God's power. Additionally, the phrase "your hand and your desire decided" shows God's power and plan. Alternate translation: "to do all that you had decided because you are powerful and did all that you planned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 4 29 b38z 0 Connecting Statement: The believers complete their prayer that they began in [Acts 4:24](../04/24.md). ACT 4 29 t5qm figs-idiom 0 look upon their warnings Here the words "look upon" are a request for God to take notice of the way in which the Jewish leaders threatened the believers. Alternate translation: "notice how they threaten to punish us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 4 29 zh7j figs-metonymy 0 speak your word with all boldness The word "word" here is a metonym for God's message. The abstract noun "boldness" can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: "speak your message boldly" or "be bold when we speak your message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 29 zh7j figs-metonymy λαλεῖν σου τὸν λόγον μετὰ πάσης παρρησίας 1 speak your word with all boldness The word "word" here is a metonym for God's message. The abstract noun "boldness" can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: "speak your message boldly" or "be bold when we speak your message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 30 x9r1 figs-metonymy 0 Stretch out your hand to heal Here the word "hand" refers to God's power. This is a request for God to show how powerful he is. Alternate translation: "while you show your power by healing people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 30 t5uw figs-metonymy 0 through the name of your holy servant Jesus Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "through the power of your holy servant Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 4 30 txb5 0 your holy servant Jesus "Jesus who serves you faithfully." See how you translated this in [Acts 4:27](../04/27.md). +ACT 4 30 t5uw figs-metonymy διὰ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ ἁγίου σου τοῦ ἁγίου παιδός Ἰησοῦ 1 through the name of your holy servant Jesus Here the word "name" refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: "through the power of your holy servant Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 4 30 txb5 σου τοῦ ἁγίου παιδός Ἰησοῦ 1 your holy servant Jesus "Jesus who serves you faithfully." See how you translated this in [Acts 4:27](../04/27.md). ACT 4 31 x9b3 figs-activepassive 0 the place ... was shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the place ... shook" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 4 31 ps3m figs-activepassive 0 they were all filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled them all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 31 ps3m figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθησαν ἅπαντες ἐπλήσθησαν τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 they were all filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: "The Holy Spirit filled them all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 32 xu3j figs-metonymy 0 were of one heart and soul Here the word "heart" refers to the thoughts and the word "soul" refers to the emotions. Together they refer to the total person. Alternate translation: "thought the same way and wanted the same things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 32 zyp5 0 they had everything in common "shared their belongings with one another." See how you translated this in [Acts 2:44](../02/44.md). ACT 4 33 d8dr 0 great grace was upon them all Possible meanings are: 1) that God was greatly blessing the believers or 2) that the people in Jerusalem held the believers in very high esteem. -ACT 4 34 gw3v figs-hyperbole 0 all who owned title to lands or houses The word "all" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "Many people who owned title to lands or houses" or "People who owned title to lands or houses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 4 34 ti1h 0 owned title to lands or houses "owned land or houses" -ACT 4 34 l938 figs-activepassive 0 the money of the things that were sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the money that they received from the things that they sold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 4 34 gw3v figs-hyperbole ὅσοι κτήτορες ὑπῆρχον χωρίων ἢ οἰκιῶν 1 all who owned title to lands or houses The word "all" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "Many people who owned title to lands or houses" or "People who owned title to lands or houses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 4 34 ti1h κτήτορες ὑπῆρχον χωρίων ἢ οἰκιῶν 1 owned title to lands or houses "owned land or houses" +ACT 4 34 l938 figs-activepassive τὰς τιμὰς τῶν πιπρασκομένων 1 the money of the things that were sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the money that they received from the things that they sold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 35 vv4z figs-idiom 0 laid it at the apostles' feet This means that they presented the money to the apostles. Alternate translation: "presented it to the apostles" or "gave it to the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 35 ps4s figs-activepassive 0 it was distributed to each one according to their need The noun "need" can be translated with a verb. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they distributed the money to each believer who needed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 4 36 uc2a writing-participants 0 General Information: Luke introduces Barnabas into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 4 36 nr4v figs-idiom 0 Son of Encouragement The apostles used this name to show that Joseph was a person who encouraged others. "Son of" is an idiom used to describe a person's behavior or character. Alternate translation: "Encourager" or "one who encourages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 4 36 nr4v figs-idiom υἱὸς παρακλήσεως 1 Son of Encouragement The apostles used this name to show that Joseph was a person who encouraged others. "Son of" is an idiom used to describe a person's behavior or character. Alternate translation: "Encourager" or "one who encourages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 37 gtv5 figs-idiom 0 laid it at the apostles' feet This means that they presented to money to the apostles. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:35](../04/35.md). Alternate translation: "presented it to the apostles" or "gave it to the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 intro k2uh 0 # Acts 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit"

No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](../05/01.md)), because Luke does not say. However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan.

When they lied to the believers, they also lied to the Holy Spirit. This is because the Holy Spirit lives inside believers.

ACT 5 1 v27a writing-background 0 Continuing the story of how the new Christians shared their belongings with other believers, Luke tells about two believers, Ananias and Sapphria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 5 1 ysl9 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line to tell a new part of the story. -ACT 5 2 xm1t 0 his wife also knew it "his wife also knew that he kept back part of the sale money" +ACT 5 1 ysl9 δέ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line to tell a new part of the story. +ACT 5 2 xm1t τῆς γυναικός καὶ συνειδυίης 1 his wife also knew it "his wife also knew that he kept back part of the sale money" ACT 5 2 dy8b figs-idiom 0 laid it at the apostles' feet This means that they presented to money to the apostles. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:35](../04/35.md). Alternate translation: "presented it to the apostles" or "gave it to the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 3 y7j6 0 General Information: If your language does not use rhetorical questions, you may reword these as statements. ACT 5 3 grr9 figs-rquestion 0 why has Satan filled your heart to lie ... land? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: "you should not have let Satan fill your heart to lie ... land." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 5 3 pqd4 figs-metonymy 0 Satan filled your heart Here the word "heart" is a metonym for the will and emotions. The phrase "Satan filled your heart" is a metaphor. Possible meanings of the metaphor are 1) "Satan completely controlled you" or 2) "Satan convinced you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 5 3 zz5u figs-explicit 0 to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price This implies that Ananias had told the apostles that he was giving the entire amount that he had received from selling his land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 3 pqd4 figs-metonymy ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐπλήρωσεν σου τὴν καρδίαν 1 Satan filled your heart Here the word "heart" is a metonym for the will and emotions. The phrase "Satan filled your heart" is a metaphor. Possible meanings of the metaphor are 1) "Satan completely controlled you" or 2) "Satan convinced you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 5 3 zz5u figs-explicit ψεύσασθαί σε τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα καὶ νοσφίσασθαι ἀπὸ τῆς τιμῆς 1 to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price This implies that Ananias had told the apostles that he was giving the entire amount that he had received from selling his land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 4 vu7g figs-rquestion 0 While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own ... control? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: "While it remained unsold, it was your own ... control." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 5 4 vi8w 0 While it remained unsold "While you had not sold it" -ACT 5 4 wm2r figs-rquestion 0 after it was sold, was it not in your control? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: "after it was sold, you had control over the money that you received." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 5 4 k7nc figs-activepassive 0 after it was sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after you sold it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 4 i5dw figs-rquestion 0 How is it that you thought of this thing in your heart? Peter used this question to rebuke Ananias. Here the word "heart" refers to the will and emotions. Alternate translation: "You should not have thought of doing this thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 5 cc5y figs-euphemism 0 fell down and breathed his last Here "breathed his last" means "breathed his final breath" and is a polite way of saying that he died. Ananias fell down because he died; he did not die because he fell down. Alternate translation: "died and fell to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 5 4 vi8w ἔμενεν 1 While it remained unsold "While you had not sold it" +ACT 5 4 wm2r figs-rquestion πραθὲν, ὑπῆρχεν ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐξουσίᾳ? 1 after it was sold, was it not in your control? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: "after it was sold, you had control over the money that you received." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 5 4 k7nc figs-activepassive πραθὲν 1 after it was sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after you sold it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 4 i5dw figs-rquestion τί ὅτι ἔθου τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐν σου τῇ καρδίᾳ? 1 How is it that you thought of this thing in your heart? Peter used this question to rebuke Ananias. Here the word "heart" refers to the will and emotions. Alternate translation: "You should not have thought of doing this thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 5 cc5y figs-euphemism πεσὼν ἐξέψυξεν 1 fell down and breathed his last Here "breathed his last" means "breathed his final breath" and is a polite way of saying that he died. Ananias fell down because he died; he did not die because he fell down. Alternate translation: "died and fell to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 5 7 ry54 0 his wife came in "Ananias' wife came in" or "Sapphira came in" -ACT 5 7 k3c9 0 what had happened "that her husband had died" -ACT 5 8 bcf6 0 for so much "for this much money." This refers to the amount of money that Ananias had given to the apostles. +ACT 5 7 k3c9 τὸ γεγονὸς 1 what had happened "that her husband had died" +ACT 5 8 bcf6 τοσούτου 1 for so much "for this much money." This refers to the amount of money that Ananias had given to the apostles. ACT 5 9 w1lb figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" is plural and refers to both Ananias and Sapphira. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 9 vym8 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Ananias and Sapphira. -ACT 5 9 v7sw figs-rquestion 0 How is it that you have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord? Peter asks this question to rebuke Sapphira. Alternate translation: "You should not have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 5 9 hc22 0 you have agreed together "the two of you have agreed together" -ACT 5 9 pg1e 0 to test the Spirit of the Lord Here the word "test" means to challenge or to prove. They were trying to see if they could get away with lying to God without receiving punishment. -ACT 5 9 xj1l figs-synecdoche 0 the feet of the men who buried your husband Here the phrase "the feet" refers to the men. Alternate translation: "the men who have buried your husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 5 10 nwb9 0 fell down at his feet This means that when she died, she fell on the floor in front of Peter. This expression should not be confused with falling down at a person's feet as a sign of humility. -ACT 5 10 s7en figs-euphemism 0 breathed her last Here "breathed his last" means "breathed her final breath" and is a polite way of saying "she died." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 5:5](../05/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 5 9 v7sw figs-rquestion τί ὅτι ὑμῖν συνεφωνήθη πειράσαι τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου? 1 How is it that you have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord? Peter asks this question to rebuke Sapphira. Alternate translation: "You should not have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 5 9 hc22 ὑμῖν συνεφωνήθη 1 you have agreed together "the two of you have agreed together" +ACT 5 9 pg1e πειράσαι τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου 1 to test the Spirit of the Lord Here the word "test" means to challenge or to prove. They were trying to see if they could get away with lying to God without receiving punishment. +ACT 5 9 xj1l figs-synecdoche οἱ πόδες τῶν θαψάντων σου τὸν ἄνδρα 1 the feet of the men who buried your husband Here the phrase "the feet" refers to the men. Alternate translation: "the men who have buried your husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 5 10 nwb9 ἔπεσεν πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας 1 fell down at his feet This means that when she died, she fell on the floor in front of Peter. This expression should not be confused with falling down at a person's feet as a sign of humility. +ACT 5 10 s7en figs-euphemism ἐξέψυξεν 1 breathed her last Here "breathed his last" means "breathed her final breath" and is a polite way of saying "she died." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 5:5](../05/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 5 12 aud2 0 General Information: Here the words "They" and "they" refer to the believers. ACT 5 12 c2e7 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues to tell what happens in the early days of the church. ACT 5 12 lde1 figs-activepassive 0 Many signs and wonders were taking place among the people through the hands of the apostles or "Many signs and wonders took place among the people through the hands of the apostles." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The apostles performed many signs and wonders among the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 12 ux3n 0 signs and wonders "supernatural events and miraculous deeds." See how you translated these terms in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md) -ACT 5 12 sri8 figs-synecdoche 0 through the hands of the apostles Here the word "hands" refers to the apostles. Alternate translation: "through the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 5 12 k99k 0 Solomon's Porch This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. See how you translated "the porch that is called Solomon's" in [Acts 3:11](../03/11.md). +ACT 5 12 ux3n σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα 1 signs and wonders "supernatural events and miraculous deeds." See how you translated these terms in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md) +ACT 5 12 sri8 figs-synecdoche διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 through the hands of the apostles Here the word "hands" refers to the apostles. Alternate translation: "through the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 5 12 k99k Σολομῶντος 1 Solomon's Porch This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. See how you translated "the porch that is called Solomon's" in [Acts 3:11](../03/11.md). ACT 5 13 qd8r figs-activepassive 0 they were held in high esteem by the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people held the believers in high esteem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 14 l9bs 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the people who lived in Jerusalem. -ACT 5 14 m9wx figs-activepassive 0 more believers were being added to the Lord This could be stated in active form. See how you translated "were added" in [Acts 2:41](../02/41.md). Alternate translation: "more people were believing in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 15 y2ev figs-explicit 0 his shadow might fall on some of them It is implied that God would heal them if Peter's shadow touched them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 5 16 fu1a 0 those afflicted with unclean spirits "those whom unclean spirits had afflicted" +ACT 5 14 m9wx figs-activepassive μᾶλλον πιστεύοντες προσετίθεντο τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 more believers were being added to the Lord This could be stated in active form. See how you translated "were added" in [Acts 2:41](../02/41.md). Alternate translation: "more people were believing in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 15 y2ev figs-explicit ἡ σκιὰ ἐπισκιάσῃ τινὶ αὐτῶν 1 his shadow might fall on some of them It is implied that God would heal them if Peter's shadow touched them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 16 fu1a ὀχλουμένους ὑπὸ ἀκαθάρτων πνευμάτων 1 those afflicted with unclean spirits "those whom unclean spirits had afflicted" ACT 5 16 lyc7 figs-activepassive 0 they were all healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God healed them all" or "the apostles healed them all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 17 p4ta 0 Connecting Statement: The religious leaders began to persecute the believers. -ACT 5 17 x2ed 0 But This begins a contrasting story. You may translate this in the way that your language introduces a contrasting narrative. -ACT 5 17 f9ye figs-idiom 0 the high priest rose up Here the phrase "rose up" means that the high priest decided to take action, not that he stood up from a seated position. Alternate translation: "the high priest took action" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 5 17 pc45 figs-activepassive 0 they were filled with jealousy The abstract noun "jealousy" can be translated as an adjective. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they became very jealous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 5 18 j58p figs-idiom 0 laid hands on the apostles This means that they seized the apostles by force. They would have ordered guards to do this. Alternate translation: "had the guards arrest the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 17 x2ed δὲ 1 But This begins a contrasting story. You may translate this in the way that your language introduces a contrasting narrative. +ACT 5 17 f9ye figs-idiom ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ἀναστὰς 1 the high priest rose up Here the phrase "rose up" means that the high priest decided to take action, not that he stood up from a seated position. Alternate translation: "the high priest took action" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 5 17 pc45 figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθησαν ζήλου 1 they were filled with jealousy The abstract noun "jealousy" can be translated as an adjective. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they became very jealous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 5 18 j58p figs-idiom ἐπέβαλον τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀποστόλους 1 laid hands on the apostles This means that they seized the apostles by force. They would have ordered guards to do this. Alternate translation: "had the guards arrest the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 19 wd37 0 General Information: Here the words "them" and "they" refer to the apostles. -ACT 5 20 qm16 figs-explicit 0 in the temple This phrase here refers to the temple courtyard, not to the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 5 20 z1x3 figs-metonymy 0 all the words of this life The word "words" here is a metonym for the message that the apostles had already proclaimed. Possible meanings are 1) "all this message of eternal life" or 2) "the whole message of this new way of living" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 21 df1u figs-explicit 0 into the temple They went into the temple courtyard, not into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 5 21 l7uf 0 about daybreak "as it began to be light." Although the angel led them out of the jail during the night, the sun was rising by the time the apostles reached the temple courtyard. +ACT 5 20 qm16 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple This phrase here refers to the temple courtyard, not to the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 20 z1x3 figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζωῆς ταύτης τῆς ζωῆς 1 all the words of this life The word "words" here is a metonym for the message that the apostles had already proclaimed. Possible meanings are 1) "all this message of eternal life" or 2) "the whole message of this new way of living" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 21 df1u figs-explicit εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 into the temple They went into the temple courtyard, not into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 21 l7uf ὑπὸ τὸν ὄρθρον 1 about daybreak "as it began to be light." Although the angel led them out of the jail during the night, the sun was rising by the time the apostles reached the temple courtyard. ACT 5 21 li6a figs-ellipsis 0 sent to the jail to have the apostles brought This implies someone went to the jail. Alternate translation: "sent someone to the jail to bring the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 5 23 ld7d figs-explicit 0 we found no one inside The words "no one" refer to the apostles. This implies that there was no one else in the jail cell besides the apostles. Alternate translation: "we did not find them inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 23 ld7d figs-explicit ἀνοίξαντες εὕρομεν οὐδένα ἔσω 1 we found no one inside The words "no one" refer to the apostles. This implies that there was no one else in the jail cell besides the apostles. Alternate translation: "we did not find them inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 24 a8dz figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" is plural and refers to the captain of the temple and the chief priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 24 k5g6 0 they were much perplexed "they were very puzzled" or "they were very confused" -ACT 5 24 baw2 0 concerning them "concerning the words they had just heard" or "concerning these things" +ACT 5 24 baw2 περὶ αὐτῶν 1 concerning them "concerning the words they had just heard" or "concerning these things" ACT 5 24 p78m 0 what would come of it "and what would happen as a result" -ACT 5 25 c1am figs-explicit 0 standing in the temple They did not go into the part of the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "standing in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 25 c1am figs-explicit ἑστῶτες ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 standing in the temple They did not go into the part of the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: "standing in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 26 f7pz figs-you 0 General Information: The word "they" in this section refers to the captain and the officers. In the phrase "feared that the people might stone them" the word "them" refers to the captain and the officers. All other occurrences of "them" in this chunk refer to the apostles. Here the word "you" is plural and refers to the apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 26 e24h 0 Connecting Statement: The captain and the officers bring the apostles before the Jewish religious council. -ACT 5 26 i2v5 0 they feared "they were afraid" +ACT 5 26 i2v5 ἐφοβοῦντο 1 they feared "they were afraid" ACT 5 27 iq7w 0 The high priest interrogated them "The high priest questioned them." The word "interrogate" means to question someone to find out what is true. -ACT 5 28 g2hi figs-metonymy 0 in this name Here the word "name" refers to the person of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: "not to speak anymore about this person, Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 28 j4kr figs-metaphor 0 you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching Teaching many people in a city is spoken of as if they were filling the city with a teaching. Alternate translation: "you have taught many people in Jerusalem about him" or "you have taught about him throughout the Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 5 28 g2hi figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τούτῳ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 in this name Here the word "name" refers to the person of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: "not to speak anymore about this person, Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 28 j4kr figs-metaphor πεπληρώκατε τὴν Ἰερουσαλὴμ τῆς διδαχῆς ὑμῶν τῆς διδαχῆς 1 you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching Teaching many people in a city is spoken of as if they were filling the city with a teaching. Alternate translation: "you have taught many people in Jerusalem about him" or "you have taught about him throughout the Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 5 28 ym1k figs-metonymy 0 desire to bring this man's blood upon us Here the word "blood" is a metonym for death, and to bring someone's blood on people is a metaphor for saying that they are guilty of that person's death. Alternate translation: "desire to make us responsible for this man's death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 5 29 y211 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "We" refers to the apostles, and not to the audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 5 29 di9u 0 Peter and the apostles answered Peter spoke on behalf of all of the apostles when he said the following words. -ACT 5 30 r7av figs-idiom 0 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus Here "raised up" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "The God of our fathers caused Jesus to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 5 30 pu5j figs-metonymy 0 by hanging him on a tree Here Peter uses the word "tree" to refer to the cross which was made out of wood. Alternate translation: "by hanging him on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 31 uh2d translate-symaction 0 God exalted him to his right hand To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "God exalted him to the place of honor beside him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 5 31 mr1d figs-abstractnouns 0 give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins The words "repentance" and "forgiveness" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "give the people of Israel an opportunity to repent and have God forgive their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 5 31 q1il figs-metonymy 0 Israel The word "Israel" refers to the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 32 yml6 0 those who obey him "those who submit to God's authority" +ACT 5 29 di9u Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι ἀποκριθεὶς 1 Peter and the apostles answered Peter spoke on behalf of all of the apostles when he said the following words. +ACT 5 30 r7av figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν τῶν πατέρων ἤγειρεν Ἰησοῦν 1 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus Here "raised up" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "The God of our fathers caused Jesus to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 5 30 pu5j figs-metonymy κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 by hanging him on a tree Here Peter uses the word "tree" to refer to the cross which was made out of wood. Alternate translation: "by hanging him on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 31 uh2d translate-symaction ὁ Θεὸς ὕψωσεν τοῦτον τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ τῇ δεξιᾷ 1 God exalted him to his right hand To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "God exalted him to the place of honor beside him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 5 31 mr1d figs-abstractnouns τοῦ δοῦναι μετάνοιαν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins The words "repentance" and "forgiveness" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "give the people of Israel an opportunity to repent and have God forgive their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 5 31 q1il figs-metonymy τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 Israel The word "Israel" refers to the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 32 yml6 τοῖς πειθαρχοῦσιν αὐτῷ 1 those who obey him "those who submit to God's authority" ACT 5 33 ekh2 0 Connecting Statement: Gamaliel addresses the council members. -ACT 5 34 i2rr writing-participants 0 Gamaliel, a teacher of the law, who was honored by all the people Luke introduces Gamaliel and provides background information about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 5 34 fpr4 figs-activepassive 0 who was honored by all the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom all the people honored" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 34 xk6g figs-activepassive 0 commanded the apostles to be taken outside This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded the guards to take the apostles outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 35 ae1u 0 pay close attention to "think carefully about" or "be cautious about." Gamaliel was warning them not to do something that they would later regret. -ACT 5 36 uaj6 0 Theudas rose up Possible meanings are 1) "Theudas rebelled" or 2) "Theudas appeared." +ACT 5 34 i2rr writing-participants Γαμαλιήλ, νομοδιδάσκαλος, τίμιος παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 Gamaliel, a teacher of the law, who was honored by all the people Luke introduces Gamaliel and provides background information about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +ACT 5 34 fpr4 figs-activepassive τίμιος παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 who was honored by all the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom all the people honored" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 34 xk6g figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ποιῆσαι ἔξω 1 commanded the apostles to be taken outside This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded the guards to take the apostles outside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 35 ae1u προσέχετε ἑαυτοῖς 1 pay close attention to "think carefully about" or "be cautious about." Gamaliel was warning them not to do something that they would later regret. +ACT 5 36 uaj6 Θευδᾶς ἀνέστη 1 Theudas rose up Possible meanings are 1) "Theudas rebelled" or 2) "Theudas appeared." ACT 5 36 b3nl 0 claiming to be somebody "claiming to be somebody important" -ACT 5 36 ie3x figs-activepassive 0 He was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People killed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 36 juz1 figs-activepassive 0 all who had been obeying him were scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the people scattered who had been obeying him" or "all who had been obeying him went in different directions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 36 rzg5 0 came to nothing This means that they did not do what they had planned to do. -ACT 5 37 f33y 0 After this man "After Theudas" -ACT 5 37 p56f 0 in the days of the census "during the time of the census" -ACT 5 37 kz4s figs-idiom 0 drew away some people after him This means that he persuaded some people to rebel with him against the Roman government. Alternate translation: "caused many people to follow him" or "caused many people to join him in rebellion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 5 36 ie3x figs-activepassive ὃς ἀνῃρέθη 1 He was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People killed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 36 juz1 figs-activepassive πάντες ὅσοι ἐπείθοντο αὐτῷ διελύθησαν 1 all who had been obeying him were scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the people scattered who had been obeying him" or "all who had been obeying him went in different directions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 36 rzg5 ἐγένοντο εἰς οὐδέν 1 came to nothing This means that they did not do what they had planned to do. +ACT 5 37 f33y μετὰ τοῦτον 1 After this man "After Theudas" +ACT 5 37 p56f ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς ἀπογραφῆς 1 in the days of the census "during the time of the census" +ACT 5 37 kz4s figs-idiom ἀπέστησε λαὸν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ 1 drew away some people after him This means that he persuaded some people to rebel with him against the Roman government. Alternate translation: "caused many people to follow him" or "caused many people to join him in rebellion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 38 i4bw 0 Connecting Statement: Gamaliel finishes addressing the council members. Though they beat the apostles, command them not to teach about Jesus, and let them go, the disciples continue to teach and preach. -ACT 5 38 wz89 figs-explicit 0 keep away from these men and let them alone Gamaliel is telling the Jewish leaders no to punish the apostles any more or to put them back in jail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 38 wz89 figs-explicit ἀπόστητε ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἄφετε αὐτούς ἄφετε 1 keep away from these men and let them alone Gamaliel is telling the Jewish leaders no to punish the apostles any more or to put them back in jail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 38 zh1d 0 if this plan or work is of men "if men have devised this plan or are doing this work" -ACT 5 38 uql8 figs-activepassive 0 it will be overthrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will overthrow it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 39 j819 figs-ellipsis 0 if it is of God Here the word "it" refers to "this plan or work." Alternate translation: "if God has devised this plan or commanded these men to do this work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 5 39 cyp1 figs-activepassive 0 So they were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So Gamaliel persuaded them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 38 uql8 figs-activepassive καταλυθήσεται 1 it will be overthrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will overthrow it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 5 39 j819 figs-ellipsis εἰ ἐστιν ἐκ Θεοῦ 1 if it is of God Here the word "it" refers to "this plan or work." Alternate translation: "if God has devised this plan or commanded these men to do this work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 5 39 cyp1 figs-activepassive δὲ ἐπείσθησαν 1 So they were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So Gamaliel persuaded them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 40 z31c 0 General Information: Here first word "they" refers to the council members. The rest of the words "them," "They," and "they" refer to the apostles. -ACT 5 40 p6lz figs-metonymy 0 they called the apostles in and beat them The council members would have ordered the temple guards to do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 40 fca9 figs-metonymy 0 to speak in the name of Jesus Here "name" refers to the authority of Jesus. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: "to speak anymore in the authority of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 40 p6lz figs-metonymy προσκαλεσάμενοι τοὺς ἀποστόλους προσκαλεσάμενοι δείραντες 1 they called the apostles in and beat them The council members would have ordered the temple guards to do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 40 fca9 figs-metonymy λαλεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 to speak in the name of Jesus Here "name" refers to the authority of Jesus. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: "to speak anymore in the authority of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 41 cv8y figs-activepassive 0 they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name The apostles rejoiced because God had honored them by letting the Jewish leaders dishonor them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God had counted them worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 5 41 lk82 figs-metonymy 0 for the Name Here "the Name" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "for Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 5 42 jj94 0 Thereafter every day "After that day, every day." This phrase marks what the apostles did every day through the following days. -ACT 5 42 kyp6 figs-explicit 0 in the temple and from house to house They did not go into the temple building where only the priests went. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard and in different people's houses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 5 41 lk82 figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 for the Name Here "the Name" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "for Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 5 42 jj94 τε πᾶσάν ἡμέραν 1 Thereafter every day "After that day, every day." This phrase marks what the apostles did every day through the following days. +ACT 5 42 kyp6 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ’ οἶκον 1 in the temple and from house to house They did not go into the temple building where only the priests went. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard and in different people's houses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 intro z5r5 0 # Acts 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The distribution to the widows

The believers in Jerusalem gave food every day to women whose husbands had died. All of them had been raised as Jews, but some of them had lived in Judea and spoke Hebrew, and others had lived in Gentile areas and spoke Greek. Those who gave out the food gave it to the Hebrew-speaking widows but not to the Greek-speaking widows. To please God, the church leaders appointed Greek-speaking men to make sure the Greek-speaking widows received their share of the food. One of these Greek-speaking men was Stephen.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "His face was like the face of an angel"

No one knows for sure what it was about Stephen's face that was like the face of an angel, because Luke does not tell us. It is best for the translation to say only what the ULT says about this.
ACT 6 1 ky47 writing-background 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story. Luke gives important background information to understand the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 6 1 f8br writing-newevent 0 Now in these days Consider how new parts of a story are introduced in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 6 1 t94s 0 was multiplying "was greatly increasing" -ACT 6 1 e7vb 0 Grecian Jews These were Jews who had lived most of their lives somewhere in the Roman Empire outside of Israel, and had grown up speaking Greek. Their language and culture were somewhat different from those who had grown up in Israel. -ACT 6 1 ftz8 0 the Hebrews These were Jews who had grown up in Israel speaking Hebrew or Aramaic. The church consisted of only Jews and converts to Judaism so far. -ACT 6 1 e1z9 0 widows women whose husband has died -ACT 6 1 s4qy figs-activepassive 0 their widows were being overlooked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Hebrew believers were overlooking the Grecian widows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 6 1 k4jg 0 being overlooked "being ignored" or "being forgotten." There were so many who needed help that some were missed. -ACT 6 1 rde8 0 daily distribution of food The money that was being given to the apostles was used in part to buy food for the early church widows. +ACT 6 1 f8br writing-newevent δὲ ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 Now in these days Consider how new parts of a story are introduced in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 6 1 t94s πληθυνόντων 1 was multiplying "was greatly increasing" +ACT 6 1 e7vb Ἑλληνιστῶν 1 Grecian Jews These were Jews who had lived most of their lives somewhere in the Roman Empire outside of Israel, and had grown up speaking Greek. Their language and culture were somewhat different from those who had grown up in Israel. +ACT 6 1 ftz8 τοὺς Ἑβραίους 1 the Hebrews These were Jews who had grown up in Israel speaking Hebrew or Aramaic. The church consisted of only Jews and converts to Judaism so far. +ACT 6 1 e1z9 αἱ χῆραι 1 widows women whose husband has died +ACT 6 1 s4qy figs-activepassive αὐτῶν αἱ χῆραι παρεθεωροῦντο 1 their widows were being overlooked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Hebrew believers were overlooking the Grecian widows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 6 1 k4jg παρεθεωροῦντο 1 being overlooked "being ignored" or "being forgotten." There were so many who needed help that some were missed. +ACT 6 1 rde8 τῇ καθημερινῇ διακονίᾳ 1 daily distribution of food The money that was being given to the apostles was used in part to buy food for the early church widows. ACT 6 2 jr1y figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" refers to the believers. The words "us" and "we" here refer to the 12 apostles. Where applicable, use the exclusive form in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 2 n5r4 0 The twelve This refers to the eleven apostles plus Matthias, who was selected in [Acts 1:26](../01/26.md). -ACT 6 2 g56w 0 the multitude of the disciples "all of the disciples" or "all the believers" -ACT 6 2 jm17 figs-hyperbole 0 give up the word of God This is an exaggeration in order to emphasize the importance of their task of teaching the word of God. Alternate translation: "stop preaching and teaching the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 6 2 fwk6 figs-metonymy 0 serve tables This is a phrase meaning to serve food to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 6 2 g56w τὸ πλῆθος τῶν μαθητῶν 1 the multitude of the disciples "all of the disciples" or "all the believers" +ACT 6 2 jm17 figs-hyperbole καταλείψαντας τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 give up the word of God This is an exaggeration in order to emphasize the importance of their task of teaching the word of God. Alternate translation: "stop preaching and teaching the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 6 2 fwk6 figs-metonymy διακονεῖν τραπέζαις 1 serve tables This is a phrase meaning to serve food to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 6 3 y3bm 0 men of good reputation, full of the Spirit and of wisdom Possible meanings are 1) the men have three qualities—a good reputation, being full of the Spirit, and being full of wisdom or 2) the men have a reputation for two qualities—being full of the Spirit, and being full of wisdom . -ACT 6 3 p1yz 0 men of good reputation "men that people know are good" or "men whom people trust" +ACT 6 3 p1yz ἄνδρας μαρτυρουμένους 1 men of good reputation "men that people know are good" or "men whom people trust" ACT 6 3 i27a 0 over this business "to be responsible to do this task" -ACT 6 4 b3bj figs-ellipsis 0 the ministry of the word It may be helpful to add more information. Alternate translation: "the ministry of teaching and preaching the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 6 4 b3bj figs-ellipsis τῇ διακονίᾳ τοῦ λόγου 1 the ministry of the word It may be helpful to add more information. Alternate translation: "the ministry of teaching and preaching the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 6 5 wh9t 0 Their speech pleased the whole multitude "All the disciples liked their suggestion" ACT 6 5 ajq1 figs-explicit 0 Stephen ... and Nicolaus These are Greek names, and suggest that all of the men elected were from the Grecian Jewish group of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 6 5 qas9 0 proselyte a Gentile who converted to the Jewish religion -ACT 6 6 wu1y translate-symaction 0 placed their hands upon them This represented giving a blessing and imparting responsibility and authority for the work to the seven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 6 5 qas9 προσήλυτον 1 proselyte a Gentile who converted to the Jewish religion +ACT 6 6 wu1y translate-symaction ἐπέθηκαν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῖς 1 placed their hands upon them This represented giving a blessing and imparting responsibility and authority for the work to the seven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 6 7 x48w 0 General Information: This verse gives an update on the church's growth. -ACT 6 7 wu4l figs-metaphor 0 word of God continued to spread The writer speaks of the growing number of people who believed the word as if the word of God itself were covering a larger area. Alternate translation: "the number of people who believed the word of God increased" or "the number of people who believed the message from God increased" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 6 7 jg8y 0 became obedient to the faith "followed the teaching of the new belief" -ACT 6 7 qq3l 0 the faith Possible meanings are 1) the gospel message of trust in Jesus or 2) the teaching of the church or 3) the Christian teaching. +ACT 6 7 wu4l figs-metaphor λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ηὔξανεν 1 word of God continued to spread The writer speaks of the growing number of people who believed the word as if the word of God itself were covering a larger area. Alternate translation: "the number of people who believed the word of God increased" or "the number of people who believed the message from God increased" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 6 7 jg8y ὑπήκουον τῇ πίστει 1 became obedient to the faith "followed the teaching of the new belief" +ACT 6 7 qq3l τῇ πίστει 1 the faith Possible meanings are 1) the gospel message of trust in Jesus or 2) the teaching of the church or 3) the Christian teaching. ACT 6 8 wn1t writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Stephen and other people that is important to understanding the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 6 8 n3re 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a new part of the story. -ACT 6 8 et2j writing-participants 0 Now Stephen This introduces Stephen as the main character in this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 6 8 h8sg figs-explicit 0 Stephen, full of grace and power, was doing The words "grace" and "power" here refer to power from God. This could be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "God was giving Stephen power to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 6 8 et2j writing-participants δὲ Στέφανος 1 Now Stephen This introduces Stephen as the main character in this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 6 8 h8sg figs-explicit Στέφανος, πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως, ἐποίει 1 Stephen, full of grace and power, was doing The words "grace" and "power" here refer to power from God. This could be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "God was giving Stephen power to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 9 k88n 0 synagogue of the Freedmen "Freedmen" were probably ex-slaves from these different locations. It is unclear if the other people listed were part of the synagogue or just participated in the debate with Stephen. -ACT 6 9 j8pq 0 debating with Stephen "arguing with Stephen" +ACT 6 9 j8pq συνζητοῦντες τῷ Στεφάνῳ 1 debating with Stephen "arguing with Stephen" ACT 6 10 s2cl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "We" refers only to the men they persuaded to lie. The word "they" refers back to the people from the synagogue of the freemen in [Acts 6:9](../06/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 10 fp41 0 Connecting Statement: The background information that began in [Acts 6:8](../06/08.md) continues through verse 10. -ACT 6 10 v5ia figs-idiom 0 not able to stand against This phrase means they could not prove false what he said. Alternate translation: "could not argue against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 6 10 fnb2 0 Spirit this refers to the Holy Spirit +ACT 6 10 v5ia figs-idiom οὐκ ἴσχυον ἀντιστῆναι 1 not able to stand against This phrase means they could not prove false what he said. Alternate translation: "could not argue against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 6 10 fnb2 Πνεύματι 1 Spirit this refers to the Holy Spirit ACT 6 11 ren5 figs-explicit 0 some men to say They were given money to give false testimony. Alternate translation: "some men to lie and say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 6 11 x747 0 blasphemous words against "bad things about" +ACT 6 11 x747 βλάσφημα ῥήματα εἰς 1 blasphemous words against "bad things about" ACT 6 12 tqk9 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Each use of word "they" most likely refers back to the people from the synagogue of the Freedmen in [Acts 6:9](../06/09.md). They were responsible for the false witnesses and for inciting the council, the elders, the scribes, and the other people. Here the word "we" refers only to the false witness that they brought to testify. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 12 l251 0 stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes "caused the people, the elders, and the scribes to be very angry at Stephen" ACT 6 12 j3wd 0 seized him "grabbed him and held him so he could not get away" -ACT 6 13 zv6s 0 does not stop speaking "continually speaks" -ACT 6 14 vak4 figs-idiom 0 handed down to us The phrase "handed down" means "passed on." Alternate translation: "taught our ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 6 13 zv6s παύεται οὐ παύεται λαλῶν 1 does not stop speaking "continually speaks" +ACT 6 14 vak4 figs-idiom παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν 1 handed down to us The phrase "handed down" means "passed on." Alternate translation: "taught our ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 6 15 gf7e figs-idiom 0 fixed their eyes on him This is an idiom that means they looked intently at him. Here "eyes" is a metonym for sight. Alternate translation: "looked intently at him" or "stared at him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 6 15 k8rw figs-simile 0 was like the face of an angel This phrase compares his face to that of an angel but does not say specifically what they have in common. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ACT 7 intro p9h4 0 # Acts 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 7:42-43 and 49-50.

It appears that 8:1 is part of the narrative of this chapter.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Stephen said"

Stephen told the history of Israel very briefly. He paid special attention to the times that the Israelites had rejected the people God had chosen to lead them. At the end of the story, he said that the Jewish leaders he was talking to had rejected Jesus just as the evil Israelites had always rejected the leaders God had appointed for them.

##### "Full of the Holy Spirit"

The Holy Spirit completely controlled Stephen so that he said only and all of what God wanted him to say.

##### Foreshadowing

When an author speaks of something that is not important at that time but will be important later in the story, this is called foreshadowing. Luke mentions Saul, also known as Paul, here, even though he is not an important person in this part of the story. This is because Paul is an important person in the rest of the Book of Acts.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Implied information

Stephen was talking to Jews who knew the law of Moses well, so he did not explain things that his hearers already knew. But you may need to explain some of these things so that your readers will be able to understand what Stephen was saying. For example, you may need to make explicit that when Joseph's brothers "sold him into Egypt" ([Acts 7:9](../../act/07/09.md)), Joseph was going to be a slave in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Metonymy

Stephen spoke of Joseph ruling "over Egypt" and over all of Pharaoh's household. By this he meant that Joseph ruled over the people of Egypt and of the people and possessions in Pharaoh's household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Background knowledge

The Jewish leaders to whom Stephen spoke already knew much about the events he was telling them about. They knew what Moses had written in the Book of Genesis. If the Book of Genesis has not been translated into your language, it may be difficult for your readers to understand what Stephen said.
@@ -499,1836 +499,1836 @@ ACT 7 5 ax1j 0 He gave none of it "He did not give any of it" ACT 7 5 qff6 figs-idiom 0 enough to set a foot on Possible meanings for this phrase are 1) enough ground to stand on or 2) enough ground to take a step. Alternate translation: "a very tiny piece of ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 5 u6iw 0 as a possession to him and to his descendants after him "for Abraham to own and to give to his descendants" ACT 7 6 tn6b 0 God was speaking to him like this It may be helpful to state that this occurred later than the statement in the previous verse. Alternate translation: "Later God told Abraham" -ACT 7 6 t1h9 translate-numbers 0 four hundred years "400 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 7 7 f7fw figs-metonymy 0 I will judge the nation "nation" refers to the people in it. Alternate translation: "I will judge the people of the nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 7 q7y6 0 the nation that they serve "the nation that they will serve" -ACT 7 8 mwc9 figs-explicit 0 gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision The Jews would have understood that this covenant required Abraham to circumcise the males of his family. Alternate translation: "made a covenant with Abraham to circumcise the males of his family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 8 g4bb 0 so Abraham became the father of Isaac The story transitions to Abraham's descendants. -ACT 7 8 ams1 figs-ellipsis 0 Jacob the father "Jacob became the father." Stephen shortened this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 7 9 n981 0 the patriarchs "Jacob's older sons" or "Joseph's older brothers" -ACT 7 9 tik7 figs-explicit 0 sold him into Egypt The Jews knew their ancestors sold Joseph to be a slave in Egypt. Alternate translation: "sold him as a slave in Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 9 w1is figs-idiom 0 was with him This is an idiom for helping someone. Alternate translation: "helped him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 7 10 yr7m figs-metonymy 0 over Egypt This refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "over all the people of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 10 pb4p figs-metonymy 0 all his household This refers to all his possessions. Alternate translation: "everything he owned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 11 p42j 0 there came a famine "a famine came." The ground stopped producing food. -ACT 7 11 p37v figs-explicit 0 our fathers This refers Jacob and his sons, who were the ancestors of the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 12 pia8 0 grain Grain was the most common food at that time. -ACT 7 12 mbg8 0 our fathers Here this phrase refers to Jabob's sons, Joseph's older brothers. +ACT 7 6 t1h9 translate-numbers τετρακόσια ἔτη 1 four hundred years "400 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 7 7 f7fw figs-metonymy ἐγώ κρινῶ τὸ ἔθνος 1 I will judge the nation "nation" refers to the people in it. Alternate translation: "I will judge the people of the nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 7 q7y6 τὸ ἔθνος ᾧ ἐὰν δουλεύσωσιν 1 the nation that they serve "the nation that they will serve" +ACT 7 8 mwc9 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ διαθήκην περιτομῆς 1 gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision The Jews would have understood that this covenant required Abraham to circumcise the males of his family. Alternate translation: "made a covenant with Abraham to circumcise the males of his family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 8 g4bb οὕτως ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαὰκ 1 so Abraham became the father of Isaac The story transitions to Abraham's descendants. +ACT 7 8 ams1 figs-ellipsis Ἰακὼβ τοὺς 1 Jacob the father "Jacob became the father." Stephen shortened this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 7 9 n981 οἱ πατριάρχαι 1 the patriarchs "Jacob's older sons" or "Joseph's older brothers" +ACT 7 9 tik7 figs-explicit ἀπέδοντο εἰς Αἴγυπτον 1 sold him into Egypt The Jews knew their ancestors sold Joseph to be a slave in Egypt. Alternate translation: "sold him as a slave in Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 9 w1is figs-idiom ἦν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 was with him This is an idiom for helping someone. Alternate translation: "helped him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 7 10 yr7m figs-metonymy ἐπ’ Αἴγυπτον 1 over Egypt This refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "over all the people of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 10 pb4p figs-metonymy ὅλον αὐτοῦ τὸν οἶκον 1 all his household This refers to all his possessions. Alternate translation: "everything he owned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 11 p42j ἦλθεν λιμὸς 1 there came a famine "a famine came." The ground stopped producing food. +ACT 7 11 p37v figs-explicit ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 our fathers This refers Jacob and his sons, who were the ancestors of the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 12 pia8 σιτία 1 grain Grain was the most common food at that time. +ACT 7 12 mbg8 ἡμῶν τοὺς πατέρας 1 our fathers Here this phrase refers to Jabob's sons, Joseph's older brothers. ACT 7 13 ce2b translate-ordinal 0 On their second trip "On their next trip" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ACT 7 13 m37e 0 made himself known Joseph revealed to his brothers his identity as their brother. +ACT 7 13 m37e ἀνεγνωρίσθη 1 made himself known Joseph revealed to his brothers his identity as their brother. ACT 7 13 jxk8 figs-activepassive 0 Joseph's family became known to Pharaoh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Pharaoh learned that they were Joseph's family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 14 aam5 0 sent his brothers back "sent his brothers back to Canaan" or "sent his brothers back home" -ACT 7 15 w2sm 0 he died Make sure it does not sound as though he died as soon as he arrived in Egypt. Alternate translation: "eventually Jacob died" -ACT 7 15 fe56 0 he and our fathers "Jacob and his sons who became our ancestors" +ACT 7 15 w2sm ἐτελεύτησεν 1 he died Make sure it does not sound as though he died as soon as he arrived in Egypt. Alternate translation: "eventually Jacob died" +ACT 7 15 fe56 ἐτελεύτησεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 he and our fathers "Jacob and his sons who became our ancestors" ACT 7 16 slg3 figs-activepassive 0 They were carried over ... and laid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jacob's descendants carried Jacob's body and his son's bodies over ... and buried them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 7 16 la8a 0 for a price in silver "with money" +ACT 7 16 la8a τιμῆς ἀργυρίου 1 for a price in silver "with money" ACT 7 17 np3u figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "our" includes Stephen and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 7 17 tuq2 0 As the time of the promise ... the people grew and multiplied In some languages it may be helpful to say that the people increased in number before saying that the time of the promise arrived. -ACT 7 17 tlh9 0 time of the promise approached It was close to the time that God would fulfill his promise to Abraham. +ACT 7 17 tlh9 χρόνος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ἤγγιζεν 1 time of the promise approached It was close to the time that God would fulfill his promise to Abraham. ACT 7 18 whe7 0 there arose another king "another king began to rule" -ACT 7 18 g2wq figs-metonymy 0 over Egypt "Egypt" refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "the people of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 18 g2wq figs-metonymy ἐπ’ Αἴγυπτον 1 over Egypt "Egypt" refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "the people of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 18 e2y6 figs-metonymy 0 who did not know about Joseph "Joseph" refers to the reputation of Joseph. Alternate translation: "who did not know that Joseph had helped Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 20 q66s writing-participants 0 At that time Moses was born This introduces Moses into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 7 20 q66s writing-participants ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ Μωϋσῆς ἐγεννήθη 1 At that time Moses was born This introduces Moses into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 7 20 cd5z figs-idiom 0 very beautiful before God This phrase is an idiom that means Moses was very beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 7 20 pnb1 figs-activepassive 0 was nourished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his parents nourished him" or "his parents cared for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 7 21 w3iu figs-activepassive 0 When he was placed outside Moses was "placed outside" because of Pharaoh's command. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When his parents placed him outside" or "When they abandoned him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 7 20 pnb1 figs-activepassive ἀνετράφη 1 was nourished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his parents nourished him" or "his parents cared for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 7 21 w3iu figs-activepassive δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐκτεθέντος 1 When he was placed outside Moses was "placed outside" because of Pharaoh's command. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When his parents placed him outside" or "When they abandoned him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 21 url3 0 Pharaoh's daughter ... raised him as her own son She did for him every good thing a mother would do for her own son. Use your language's normal word for what a mother does to make sure her son becomes a healthy adult. ACT 7 21 mbp7 0 as her own son "as if he were her own son" -ACT 7 22 c9nw figs-activepassive 0 Moses was educated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Egyptians educated Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 7 22 att9 figs-hyperbole 0 all the wisdom of the Egyptians This is an exaggeration to emphasize that he was trained in the best schools in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 7 22 m3dm 0 mighty in his words and works "effective in his speech and actions" or "influential in what he said and did" -ACT 7 23 fj9s figs-metonymy 0 it came into his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "mind." The phrase "it came into his heart" is an idiom that means to decide something. Alternate translation: "it came into his mind" or "he decided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 7 22 c9nw figs-activepassive Μωϋσῆς ἐπαιδεύθη 1 Moses was educated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Egyptians educated Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 7 22 att9 figs-hyperbole πάσῃ σοφίᾳ Αἰγυπτίων 1 all the wisdom of the Egyptians This is an exaggeration to emphasize that he was trained in the best schools in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 7 22 m3dm δυνατὸς ἐν αὐτοῦ λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις 1 mighty in his words and works "effective in his speech and actions" or "influential in what he said and did" +ACT 7 23 fj9s figs-metonymy ἀνέβη ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τὴν καρδίαν 1 it came into his heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "mind." The phrase "it came into his heart" is an idiom that means to decide something. Alternate translation: "it came into his mind" or "he decided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 23 x493 figs-explicit 0 visit his brothers, the children of Israel This refers to his people, and not just to his family. Alternate translation: "see how his own people, the children of Israel, were doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 24 l4zv figs-activepassive 0 Seeing an Israelite being mistreated ... the Egyptian This can be stated in active form by rearranging the order. Alternate translation: "Seeing an Egyptian mistreating an Israelite, Moses defended and avenged the Israelite by striking the Egyptian who was oppressing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 7 24 r2e8 0 striking the Egyptian Moses hit the Egyptian so hard that he died. -ACT 7 25 wm3j 0 he thought "he imagined" -ACT 7 25 nhb9 figs-metonymy 0 by his hand was rescuing them Here "hand" refers to the actions of Moses. Alternate translation: "was rescuing them through what Moses was doing" or "was using the actions of Moses to rescue them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 24 r2e8 πατάξας τὸν Αἰγύπτιον 1 striking the Egyptian Moses hit the Egyptian so hard that he died. +ACT 7 25 wm3j ἐνόμιζεν 1 he thought "he imagined" +ACT 7 25 nhb9 figs-metonymy διὰ αὐτοῦ χειρὸς δίδωσιν σωτηρίαν αὐτοῖς 1 by his hand was rescuing them Here "hand" refers to the actions of Moses. Alternate translation: "was rescuing them through what Moses was doing" or "was using the actions of Moses to rescue them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 26 t1hw figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" refers to the Israelites but does not include Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 7 26 t2vc figs-explicit 0 some Israelites The audience would have known from the account in Exodus that these were two men, but Stephen does not specify that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 26 t2vc figs-explicit αὐτοῖς 1 some Israelites The audience would have known from the account in Exodus that these were two men, but Stephen does not specify that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 26 mpc7 0 put them at peace with each other "make them stop fighting" -ACT 7 26 zzt4 0 Men, you are brothers Moses was addressing the Israelites who were fighting. +ACT 7 26 zzt4 ἄνδρες, ἐστε ἀδελφοί 1 Men, you are brothers Moses was addressing the Israelites who were fighting. ACT 7 26 k1ku figs-rquestion 0 why are you hurting one another? Moses asked this question to encourage them to stop fighting. Alternate translation: "you should not hurt each other!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 7 27 q2r4 figs-rquestion 0 Who made you a ruler and a judge over us? The man used this question to rebuke Moses. Alternate translation: "You have no authority over us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 7 27 q2r4 figs-rquestion τίς κατέστησεν σε ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστὴν ἐφ’ ἡμῶν? 1 Who made you a ruler and a judge over us? The man used this question to rebuke Moses. Alternate translation: "You have no authority over us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 28 hk1g 0 Would you like to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian yesterday? The man used this question to warn Moses that he and probably others knew Moses had killed the Egyptian. ACT 7 29 l149 figs-explicit 0 General Information: Stephen's audience already knew that Moses had married a Midianite woman when he fled Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 29 q8qv figs-explicit 0 after hearing this The implied information is that Moses understood that the Israelites knew that he had killed an Egyptian the day before ([Acts 7:28](../07/28.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 30 zx1c figs-explicit 0 When forty years were past "After 40 years passed." This was the amount of time Moses had been in Midian. Alternate translation: "Forty years after Moses fled from Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 30 f7yu figs-explicit 0 an angel appeared Stephen's audience knew that God spoke through the angel. The UST makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 31 q6w6 figs-explicit 0 he marveled at the sight Moses was surprised that the bush was not burning up in the fire. This was previously known by Stephen's audience. Alternate translation: "because the bush was not burning up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 31 uk7u 0 as he approached to look at it This may mean Moses initially drew close to the bush to investigate. -ACT 7 32 b4q6 0 I am the God of your fathers "I am the God whom your ancestors worshiped" +ACT 7 30 zx1c figs-explicit καὶ τεσσεράκοντα ἐτῶν πληρωθέντων 1 When forty years were past "After 40 years passed." This was the amount of time Moses had been in Midian. Alternate translation: "Forty years after Moses fled from Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 30 f7yu figs-explicit ἄγγελος ὤφθη 1 an angel appeared Stephen's audience knew that God spoke through the angel. The UST makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 31 q6w6 figs-explicit ἐθαύμασεν τὸ ὅραμα 1 he marveled at the sight Moses was surprised that the bush was not burning up in the fire. This was previously known by Stephen's audience. Alternate translation: "because the bush was not burning up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 31 uk7u δὲ αὐτοῦ προσερχομένου κατανοῆσαι 1 as he approached to look at it This may mean Moses initially drew close to the bush to investigate. +ACT 7 32 b4q6 ἐγὼ ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πατέρων σου τῶν πατέρων 1 I am the God of your fathers "I am the God whom your ancestors worshiped" ACT 7 32 tdr7 0 Moses trembled and did not dare to look This may mean Moses drew back in fear when he heard the voice. ACT 7 32 e19k figs-explicit 0 Moses trembled Moses shook from fear. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Moses trembled with fear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 33 x7cd translate-symaction 0 Take off the sandals God told Moses this so he would honor God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 7 33 x7cd translate-symaction λῦσον τὸ ὑπόδημα 1 Take off the sandals God told Moses this so he would honor God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 33 clk4 figs-explicit 0 for the place where you are standing is holy ground The implied information is that where God is present, the immediate area around God is considered or made holy by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 34 yz7b 0 certainly seen "seen for sure." The word certainly adds emphasis to seen. -ACT 7 34 x5bg 0 my people The word "my" emphasizes that these people belonged to God. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" -ACT 7 34 j32c 0 I have come down to rescue them "will personally cause their release" -ACT 7 34 sq8y 0 now come "get ready." God uses an order here. +ACT 7 34 yz7b ἰδὼν εἶδον 1 certainly seen "seen for sure." The word certainly adds emphasis to seen. +ACT 7 34 x5bg μου τοῦ λαοῦ 1 my people The word "my" emphasizes that these people belonged to God. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" +ACT 7 34 j32c κατέβην ἐξελέσθαι αὐτούς 1 I have come down to rescue them "will personally cause their release" +ACT 7 34 sq8y νῦν δεῦρο 1 now come "get ready." God uses an order here. ACT 7 35 x4p2 0 General Information: Verses 35-38 contains a series of connected phrases referring to Moses. Each phrase begins with statements such as "This Moses" or "This same Moses" or "This is the man" or "It is the same Moses." If possible, use similar statements to emphasize Moses. After the Israelites left Egypt, they spent 40 years wandering around the wilderness before God led them into the land he had promised them. ACT 7 35 gn6e 0 This Moses whom they rejected This refers back to the events recorded in [Acts 7:27-28](../07/27.md). -ACT 7 35 vp7e 0 deliverer "rescuer" +ACT 7 35 vp7e λυτρωτὴν 1 deliverer "rescuer" ACT 7 35 yjz9 figs-metonymy 0 by the hand of the angel ... bush The hand is a metonym for the action performed by the person. In this case, the angel had commanded Moses to return to Egypt. Stephen speaks as if the angel had a physical hand. You may need to make explicit what action the angel did. Alternate translation: "by the action of the angel" or "by having the angel ... bush command him to return to Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 36 gz9r figs-explicit 0 during forty years Stephen's audience knew about the forty years the Israelites spent in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "during the 40 years that the Israelite people lived in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 37 b4sg 0 raise up a prophet "cause a man to be a prophet" -ACT 7 37 j2rx 0 from among your brothers "from among your own people" +ACT 7 36 gz9r figs-explicit ἔτη τεσσεράκοντα ἔτη 1 during forty years Stephen's audience knew about the forty years the Israelites spent in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "during the 40 years that the Israelite people lived in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 37 b4sg ἀναστήσει προφήτην 1 raise up a prophet "cause a man to be a prophet" +ACT 7 37 j2rx ἐκ ὑμῶν τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 from among your brothers "from among your own people" ACT 7 38 l8u7 0 General Information: The quotation in verse 40 is from the writings of Moses. -ACT 7 38 e8qu 0 This is the man who was in the assembly "This is the man Moses who was among the Israelites" -ACT 7 38 fd25 0 This is the man The phrase "This is the man" throughout this passage refers to Moses. +ACT 7 38 e8qu οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ γενόμενος ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 This is the man who was in the assembly "This is the man Moses who was among the Israelites" +ACT 7 38 fd25 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ γενόμενος 1 This is the man The phrase "This is the man" throughout this passage refers to Moses. ACT 7 38 y2zu 0 this is the man who received living words to give to us God was the one who gave those words. Alternate translation: "this is the man to whom God spoke living words to give to us" -ACT 7 38 p3xk figs-metonymy 0 living words Possible meanings are 1) "a message that endures" or 2) "words that give life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 38 p3xk figs-metonymy ζῶντα λόγια 1 living words Possible meanings are 1) "a message that endures" or 2) "words that give life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 39 mvz8 figs-metaphor 0 pushed him away from themselves This metaphor emphasizes their rejection of Moses. Alternate translation: "they rejected him as their leader" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 7 39 z3ze figs-metonymy 0 in their hearts they turned back Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's thoughts. To do something in the heart means to desire do to something. Alternate translation: "they desired to turn back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 40 tk8u 0 At that time "When they decided to return to Egypt" ACT 7 41 w38i 0 General Information: Stephen's quotation here is from the prophet Amos. -ACT 7 41 ux1j figs-explicit 0 they made a calf Stephen's audience knew the calf they made was a statue. Alternate translation: "they made a statue that looked like a calf" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 41 ux1j figs-explicit ἐμοσχοποίησαν 1 they made a calf Stephen's audience knew the calf they made was a statue. Alternate translation: "they made a statue that looked like a calf" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 41 hh77 0 a calf ... the idol ... the work of their hands These phrases all refer to the same statue of the calf. -ACT 7 42 d3dd translate-symaction 0 God turned "God turned away." This action expresses that God was not pleased with the people and no longer helped them. Alternate translation: "God stopped correcting them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 7 42 rag5 0 gave them up "abandoned them" -ACT 7 42 u7lx 0 the stars in the sky Possible meanings for the original phrase are 1) the stars only or 2) the sun, moon, and stars. -ACT 7 42 f314 0 the book of the prophets This was apparently a collection of the writings of several of the Old Testament prophets into one scroll. It would also have included the writings of Amo. +ACT 7 42 d3dd translate-symaction ὁ Θεὸς ἔστρεψεν 1 God turned "God turned away." This action expresses that God was not pleased with the people and no longer helped them. Alternate translation: "God stopped correcting them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 7 42 rag5 παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς παρέδωκεν 1 gave them up "abandoned them" +ACT 7 42 u7lx τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 the stars in the sky Possible meanings for the original phrase are 1) the stars only or 2) the sun, moon, and stars. +ACT 7 42 f314 βίβλῳ τῶν προφητῶν 1 the book of the prophets This was apparently a collection of the writings of several of the Old Testament prophets into one scroll. It would also have included the writings of Amo. ACT 7 42 gd1b figs-rquestion 0 Did you offer to me slain beasts and sacrifices ... Israel? God asked this question to show Israel they did not worship Him with their sacrifices. Alternate translation: "You did not honor me when you offered slain beasts and sacrifices ... Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 7 42 j4q8 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel This refers to the whole nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "all you Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 42 j4q8 figs-metonymy οἶκος Ἰσραήλ 1 house of Israel This refers to the whole nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "all you Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 43 zek5 0 General Information: The quotation from the prophet Amos continues here. ACT 7 43 fs4q 0 Connecting Statement: Stephen continues his response to the high priest and the council which he began in [Acts 7:2](../07/02.md). ACT 7 43 rk4z figs-explicit 0 You accepted It is implied that they took these idols with them as they traveled in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "you carried with you from place to place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 43 im7e 0 tabernacle of Molech the tent that housed the false god Molech +ACT 7 43 im7e σκηνὴν τοῦ Μολὸχ 1 tabernacle of Molech the tent that housed the false god Molech ACT 7 43 cq47 0 the star of the god Rephan the star that is identified with the false god Rephan -ACT 7 43 gm4g 0 the images that you made They made statues or images of the gods Molech and Rephan in order to worship them. -ACT 7 43 zgq6 0 I will carry you away beyond Babylon "I will remove you to places even farther than Babylon." This would be God's act of judgment. +ACT 7 43 gm4g τοὺς τύπους οὓς ἐποιήσατε 1 the images that you made They made statues or images of the gods Molech and Rephan in order to worship them. +ACT 7 43 zgq6 μετοικιῶ ὑμᾶς μετοικιῶ ἐπέκεινα Βαβυλῶνος 1 I will carry you away beyond Babylon "I will remove you to places even farther than Babylon." This would be God's act of judgment. ACT 7 44 m9gw 0 the tabernacle of the testimony The tent that housed the ark (a box) with the 10 commandments carved in stone inside it ACT 7 45 n2sc 0 our fathers, under Joshua, received the tabernacle and brought it with them The phrase "under Joshua" means that their ancestors did these things in obedience to Joshua's direction. Alternate translation: "our fathers, in accordance with Joshua's instructions, received the tabernacle and brought it with them" ACT 7 45 n1pp 0 God took the land from the nations and drove them out before the face of our fathers This sentence tells why the ancestors were able to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: "God forced the nations to leave the land before the face of our fathers" ACT 7 45 spm5 figs-metonymy 0 God took the land ... before the face of our fathers Here "the face of our fathers" refers to the presence of their ancestors. Possible meanings are 1) "As our ancestors watched, God took the land from the nations and drove them out" or 2) "When our ancestors came, God took the land from the nations and drove them out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 45 c2fb figs-metonymy 0 the nations This refers to the people who lived in the land before Israel. Alternate translation: "the people who previously lived here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 45 m9ib 0 drove them out "forced them to leave the land" -ACT 7 46 w3cu 0 a dwelling place for the God of Jacob "a house for the ark where the God of Jacob could stay." David wanted a permanent place for the ark to reside in Jerusalem, not in a tent. +ACT 7 45 c2fb figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations This refers to the people who lived in the land before Israel. Alternate translation: "the people who previously lived here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 45 m9ib ἐξῶσεν ὧν ἐξῶσεν 1 drove them out "forced them to leave the land" +ACT 7 46 w3cu σκήνωμα τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰακώβ 1 a dwelling place for the God of Jacob "a house for the ark where the God of Jacob could stay." David wanted a permanent place for the ark to reside in Jerusalem, not in a tent. ACT 7 47 a7bx 0 General Information: In verses 49 and 50, Stephen quotes from the prophet Isaiah. In the quotation, God is speaking about himself. -ACT 7 48 c822 figs-synecdoche 0 made with hands The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "made by people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 7 48 c822 figs-synecdoche χειροποιήτοις 1 made with hands The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "made by people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 7 49 k2vn 0 Heaven is my throne ... the earth is the footstool for my feet The prophet is comparing the greatness of God's presence to how impossible it is for man to build a place for God to rest on earth since the whole earth is nothing but a place for God to rest his feet. -ACT 7 49 wc9m figs-rquestion 0 What kind of house can you build for me? God asks this question to show how useless man's efforts are to take care of God. Alternate translation: "You can not build a house adequate enough for me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 7 49 u1ft figs-rquestion 0 what is the place for my rest? God asks this question to show man that he cannot provide God any rest. Alternate translation: "There is no place of rest good enough for me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 7 50 rfk1 figs-rquestion 0 Did my hand not make all these things? God asks this question to show that man did not create anything. Alternate translation: "My hand made all these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 7 49 wc9m figs-rquestion ποῖον οἶκον οἰκοδομήσετέ μοι? 1 What kind of house can you build for me? God asks this question to show how useless man's efforts are to take care of God. Alternate translation: "You can not build a house adequate enough for me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 7 49 u1ft figs-rquestion τίς τόπος τῆς καταπαύσεώς μου τῆς καταπαύσεώς? 1 what is the place for my rest? God asks this question to show man that he cannot provide God any rest. Alternate translation: "There is no place of rest good enough for me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 7 50 rfk1 figs-rquestion ἐποίησεν μου ἡ χείρ οὐχὶ ἐποίησεν πάντα ταῦτα 1 Did my hand not make all these things? God asks this question to show that man did not create anything. Alternate translation: "My hand made all these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 51 zei2 0 Connecting Statement: With a sharp rebuke, Stephen finishes his response to the high priest and the council which he began in [Acts 7:2](../07/02.md). ACT 7 51 umq6 0 You people who are stiff-necked Stephen shifted from identifying with the Jewish leaders to rebuking them. -ACT 7 51 vn7h figs-idiom 0 stiff-necked This does not mean their necks were stiff but rather that they were "stubborn." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 7 51 zp55 figs-metonymy 0 uncircumcised in heart and ears The Jews regarded uncircumcised people as disobedient to God. Stephen uses "hearts and ears" to represent to the Jewish leaders who acted the way Gentiles act when they do not obey or listen to God. Alternate translation: "you refuse to obey and hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 7 52 x7kf figs-rquestion 0 Which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? Stephen asked this question to show them that they learned nothing from the errors of their forefathers. Alternate translation: "Your forefathers persecuted every prophet!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 7 52 q8wb 0 Righteous One This refers to the Christ, the Messiah. +ACT 7 51 vn7h figs-idiom σκληροτράχηλοι- σκληροτράχηλοι 1 stiff-necked This does not mean their necks were stiff but rather that they were "stubborn." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 7 51 zp55 figs-metonymy ἀπερίτμητοι καρδίαις καὶ τοῖς ὠσίν 1 uncircumcised in heart and ears The Jews regarded uncircumcised people as disobedient to God. Stephen uses "hearts and ears" to represent to the Jewish leaders who acted the way Gentiles act when they do not obey or listen to God. Alternate translation: "you refuse to obey and hear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 7 52 x7kf figs-rquestion τίνα τῶν προφητῶν ἐδίωξαν ὑμῶν οἱ πατέρες οὐκ ἐδίωξαν? 1 Which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? Stephen asked this question to show them that they learned nothing from the errors of their forefathers. Alternate translation: "Your forefathers persecuted every prophet!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 7 52 q8wb Δικαίου 1 Righteous One This refers to the Christ, the Messiah. ACT 7 52 agd9 0 you have now become the betrayers and murderers of him also "you have also betrayed and murdered him" -ACT 7 52 fcc6 0 murderers of him "murderers of the Righteous One" or "murderers of the Christ" +ACT 7 52 fcc6 φονεῖς 1 murderers of him "murderers of the Righteous One" or "murderers of the Christ" ACT 7 53 euw5 0 the law that angels had established "the laws that God caused angels to give to our ancestors" ACT 7 54 t4u2 0 Connecting Statement: The council reacts to Stephen's words. ACT 7 54 ef2g 0 Now when the council members heard these things This is the turning point; the sermon ends and the council members react. ACT 7 54 u4l7 figs-idiom 0 were cut to the heart To "cut to the heart" is an idiom for making a person extremely angry. Alternate translation: "were extremely angry" or "became very angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 7 54 ae9s translate-symaction 0 ground their teeth at Stephen This action expressed their strong anger at Stephen or hatred of Stephen. Alternate translation: "they became so angry that they ground their teeth together" or "moved their teeth back and forth as they looked at Stephen"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 7 55 ntp4 0 looked up intently into heaven "Stared up into heaven." It appears that only Stephen saw this vision and not anyone else in the crowd. -ACT 7 55 bl2j figs-explicit 0 saw the glory of God People normally experienced the glory of God as a bright light. Alternate translation: "saw a bright light from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 7 55 vyz3 translate-symaction 0 and he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God To stand at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "and he saw Jesus standing in the place of honor and authority beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 7 56 aqp8 0 Son of Man Stephen refers to Jesus by the title "Son of Man." -ACT 7 57 p4cg translate-symaction 0 covered their ears "put their hands on their ears." They did this to show that they did not want to hear any more of what Stephen said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 7 54 ae9s translate-symaction ἔβρυχον τοὺς ὀδόντας ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 ground their teeth at Stephen This action expressed their strong anger at Stephen or hatred of Stephen. Alternate translation: "they became so angry that they ground their teeth together" or "moved their teeth back and forth as they looked at Stephen"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 7 55 ntp4 ἀτενίσας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looked up intently into heaven "Stared up into heaven." It appears that only Stephen saw this vision and not anyone else in the crowd. +ACT 7 55 bl2j figs-explicit εἶδεν δόξαν Θεοῦ 1 saw the glory of God People normally experienced the glory of God as a bright light. Alternate translation: "saw a bright light from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 7 55 vyz3 translate-symaction καὶ Ἰησοῦν ἑστῶτα ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 and he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God To stand at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "and he saw Jesus standing in the place of honor and authority beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 7 56 aqp8 Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Stephen refers to Jesus by the title "Son of Man." +ACT 7 57 p4cg translate-symaction συνέσχον αὐτῶν τὰ ὦτα 1 covered their ears "put their hands on their ears." They did this to show that they did not want to hear any more of what Stephen said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 58 ks1u 0 They dragged him out of the city "They seized Stephen and forcefully took him out of the city" -ACT 7 58 wy7n 0 outer clothing These are cloaks or robes they would wear outside to stay warm, similar in function to a jacket or coat. -ACT 7 58 sx2p 0 at the feet "in front of." They were placed there so Saul could watch them. -ACT 7 58 e2vl 0 a young man Saul was probably around 30 years old at the time. +ACT 7 58 wy7n τὰ ἱμάτια 1 outer clothing These are cloaks or robes they would wear outside to stay warm, similar in function to a jacket or coat. +ACT 7 58 sx2p παρὰ τοὺς πόδας 1 at the feet "in front of." They were placed there so Saul could watch them. +ACT 7 58 e2vl νεανίου 1 a young man Saul was probably around 30 years old at the time. ACT 7 59 le7k 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the story of Stephen. -ACT 7 59 k2el 0 receive my spirit "take my spirit." It may be helpful to add "please" to show that this was a request. Alternate translation: "please receive my spirit" +ACT 7 59 k2el δέξαι μου τὸ πνεῦμά 1 receive my spirit "take my spirit." It may be helpful to add "please" to show that this was a request. Alternate translation: "please receive my spirit" ACT 7 60 u86q translate-symaction 0 He knelt down This is an act of submission to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 7 60 tvf8 figs-litotes 0 do not hold this sin against them This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: "forgive them for this sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 7 60 r9vi figs-euphemism 0 fell asleep Here to fall asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: "died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 7 60 tvf8 figs-litotes στήσῃς μὴ στήσῃς ταύτην τὴν ἁμαρτίαν αὐτοῖς 1 do not hold this sin against them This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: "forgive them for this sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 7 60 r9vi figs-euphemism ἐκοιμήθη 1 fell asleep Here to fall asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: "died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 8 intro q9d9 0 # Acts 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 8:32-33.

The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. Luke begins a new part of his history with the words "So there began."

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Receiving the Holy Spirit

In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](../08/15.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers.

##### Proclaimed

This chapter more than any other in the Book of Acts speaks of the believers proclaiming the word, proclaiming the good news, and proclaiming that Jesus is the Christ. The word "proclaim" translates a Greek word that means to tell good news about something.
ACT 8 1 tp9e translate-versebridge 0 General Information: It may be helpful to your audience to move these parts of the story about Stephen together by using a verse bridge as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) ACT 8 1 a7uc 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts from Stephen to Saul in these verses. ACT 8 1 ez88 writing-background 0 So there began ... except the apostles This part of verse 1 is background information about the persecution that began after Stephen's death. This explains why Saul was persecuting the believers in verse 3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 8 1 vc8x 0 that day This refers to the day that Stephen died ([Acts 7:59-60](../07/59.md)). -ACT 8 1 u5pi figs-hyperbole 0 the believers were all scattered The word "all" is a generalization to express that a large number of the believers left Jerusalem because of the persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 8 1 k5a2 figs-explicit 0 except the apostles This statement implies that the apostles remained in Jerusalem even though they also experienced this great persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 8 1 vc8x ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 that day This refers to the day that Stephen died ([Acts 7:59-60](../07/59.md)). +ACT 8 1 u5pi figs-hyperbole πάντες διεσπάρησαν πάντες διεσπάρησαν 1 the believers were all scattered The word "all" is a generalization to express that a large number of the believers left Jerusalem because of the persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 8 1 k5a2 figs-explicit πλὴν τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 except the apostles This statement implies that the apostles remained in Jerusalem even though they also experienced this great persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 2 sjc8 0 Devout men "God-fearing men" or "Men who feared God" -ACT 8 2 a38x 0 made great lamentation over him "greatly mourned his death" +ACT 8 2 a38x ἐποίησαν μέγαν κοπετὸν ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 made great lamentation over him "greatly mourned his death" ACT 8 3 nz28 0 dragged out men and women Saul forcefully took Jewish believers out of their home and put them into prison. -ACT 8 3 yd2i 0 house after house "houses one by one" +ACT 8 3 yd2i κατὰ τοὺς οἴκους 1 house after house "houses one by one" ACT 8 3 ylr6 0 dragged out men and women "took away men and women by force" -ACT 8 3 w6vk figs-explicit 0 men and women This refers to men and women who believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 8 3 w6vk figs-explicit ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας 1 men and women This refers to men and women who believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 4 dh3x 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the story of Philip, whom the people had chosen as a deacon ([Acts 6:5](../06/05.md)). -ACT 8 4 ymy5 figs-activepassive 0 who had been scattered The cause for the scattering, the persecution, was stated previously. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who had fled the great persecution and had gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 8 4 su6i figs-metonymy 0 the word This is a metonym for "the message." You may need to make explicit that the message was about Jesus. Alternate translation: "the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 8 5 gz5m 0 went down to the city of Samaria The phrase "went down" is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. -ACT 8 5 f45b 0 the city of Samaria Possible meanings are 1) Luke expected the readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: "the main city in Samaria" or 2) Luke did not expect his readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: "a city in Samaria" +ACT 8 4 ymy5 figs-activepassive διασπαρέντες 1 who had been scattered The cause for the scattering, the persecution, was stated previously. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who had fled the great persecution and had gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 8 4 su6i figs-metonymy εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸν λόγον 1 the word This is a metonym for "the message." You may need to make explicit that the message was about Jesus. Alternate translation: "the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 8 5 gz5m κατελθὼν εἰς τὴν πόλιν τῆς Σαμαρείας 1 went down to the city of Samaria The phrase "went down" is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. +ACT 8 5 f45b τὴν πόλιν τῆς Σαμαρείας 1 the city of Samaria Possible meanings are 1) Luke expected the readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: "the main city in Samaria" or 2) Luke did not expect his readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: "a city in Samaria" ACT 8 5 pk1l figs-metonymy 0 proclaimed to them the Christ The title "Christ" refers to Jesus, the Messiah. Alternate translation: "told them that Jesus is the Messiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 6 cnt9 0 When multitudes of people "When many people in the city of Samaria." The location was specified in [Acts 8:5](../08/05.md). ACT 8 6 wm83 0 they paid attention The reason people paid attention was because of all the healing Philip did. ACT 8 7 xb2n 0 who were possessed "who had them" or "who were controlled by unclean spirits" -ACT 8 8 z5z3 figs-metonymy 0 So there was much joy in that city The phrase "that city" refers to the people who were rejoicing. Alternate translation: "So the people of the city were rejoicing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 8 z5z3 figs-metonymy δὲ ἐγένετο πολλὴ χαρὰ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ πόλει 1 So there was much joy in that city The phrase "that city" refers to the people who were rejoicing. Alternate translation: "So the people of the city were rejoicing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 9 jm7n writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse gives the beginning of the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 9 bed1 writing-participants 0 But there was a certain man ... named Simon This is a way of introducing a new person into the story. Your language may use different wording to introduce a new person into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 8 9 cx7a 0 the city "the city in Samaria" ([Acts 8:5](../08/05.md)) +ACT 8 9 cx7a τῇ πόλει 1 the city "the city in Samaria" ([Acts 8:5](../08/05.md)) ACT 8 10 kb9b writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse continues to give the beginning of the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 8 10 evt7 figs-hyperbole 0 All the Samaritans The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "Many of the Samaritans" or "The Samaritans in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 8 10 ibl1 figs-merism 0 from the least to the greatest These two phrases refer to everyone from one extreme to the other. Alternate translation: "no matter how important they were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ACT 8 10 j3d8 0 This man is that power of God which is called Great People were saying that Simon was the divine power known as "The Great Power." -ACT 8 10 yw5v 0 that power of God which is called Great Possible meanings are 1) the powerful representative of God or 2) God or 3) the most powerful man or 4) and angel. Since the term is unclear, it may be best to simply translate it as "the Great power of God" . +ACT 8 10 evt7 figs-hyperbole πάντες 1 All the Samaritans The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "Many of the Samaritans" or "The Samaritans in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 8 10 ibl1 figs-merism ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου 1 from the least to the greatest These two phrases refer to everyone from one extreme to the other. Alternate translation: "no matter how important they were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ACT 8 10 j3d8 οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ Δύναμις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη Μεγάλη 1 This man is that power of God which is called Great People were saying that Simon was the divine power known as "The Great Power." +ACT 8 10 yw5v ἡ Δύναμις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη Μεγάλη 1 that power of God which is called Great Possible meanings are 1) the powerful representative of God or 2) God or 3) the most powerful man or 4) and angel. Since the term is unclear, it may be best to simply translate it as "the Great power of God" . ACT 8 11 pxj8 writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse ends the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 12 yiw3 0 Connecting Statement: These verses give more information about Simon and some of the Samaritans coming to believe in Jesus. -ACT 8 12 vsy8 figs-activepassive 0 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip baptized them" or "Philip baptized the new believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 8 12 vsy8 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip baptized them" or "Philip baptized the new believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 13 k2th figs-rpronouns 0 Simon himself believed The word "himself" is here used to emphasize that Simon believed. Alternate translation: "Simon was also one of those who believed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 8 13 v91t figs-activepassive 0 he was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip baptized Simon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 8 13 v91t figs-activepassive βαπτισθεὶς 1 he was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip baptized Simon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 13 aj93 0 When he saw signs This could begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: "When he saw" ACT 8 14 q8wx 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues the news of what was happening in Samaria. -ACT 8 14 s7lr writing-newevent 0 Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard This marks the beginning of a new part of the story of the Samaritan's becoming believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 8 14 ju21 figs-synecdoche 0 Samaria This refers to the many people, who had become believers, throughout the district of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 8 14 e682 0 had received "had believed" or "had accepted" -ACT 8 15 af1n 0 When they had come down "when Peter and John had come down" -ACT 8 15 hk1m 0 come down This phrase is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. -ACT 8 15 bun9 0 they prayed for them "Peter and John prayed for the Samaritan believers" -ACT 8 15 n7vc 0 that they might receive the Holy Spirit "that the Samaritan believers might receive the Holy Spirit" -ACT 8 16 m1nw figs-activepassive 0 they had only been baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip had only baptized the Samaritan believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 8 16 rn3c figs-metonymy 0 they had only been baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" represents authority, and being baptized into his name represents being baptized in order to be under his authority. Alternate translation: "they had only been baptized to become disciples of the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 17 fwh8 0 Peter and John placed their hands on them The word "them" refers to the Samaritan people who believed Stephen's message of the gospel. -ACT 8 17 q7gd translate-symaction 0 placed their hands on them This symbolic action shows that Peter and John wanted God to give the Holy Spirit to the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 8 14 s7lr writing-newevent δὲ ἀκούσαντες οἱ ἀπόστολοι ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἀκούσαντες 1 Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard This marks the beginning of a new part of the story of the Samaritan's becoming believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 8 14 ju21 figs-synecdoche ἡ Σαμάρεια 1 Samaria This refers to the many people, who had become believers, throughout the district of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 8 14 e682 δέδεκται 1 had received "had believed" or "had accepted" +ACT 8 15 af1n οἵτινες καταβάντες 1 When they had come down "when Peter and John had come down" +ACT 8 15 hk1m καταβάντες 1 come down This phrase is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. +ACT 8 15 bun9 καταβάντες προσηύξαντο περὶ αὐτῶν 1 they prayed for them "Peter and John prayed for the Samaritan believers" +ACT 8 15 n7vc ὅπως λάβωσιν Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα 1 that they might receive the Holy Spirit "that the Samaritan believers might receive the Holy Spirit" +ACT 8 16 m1nw figs-activepassive ὑπῆρχον μόνον ὑπῆρχον βεβαπτισμένοι 1 they had only been baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Philip had only baptized the Samaritan believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 8 16 rn3c figs-metonymy ὑπῆρχον μόνον ὑπῆρχον βεβαπτισμένοι εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 they had only been baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" represents authority, and being baptized into his name represents being baptized in order to be under his authority. Alternate translation: "they had only been baptized to become disciples of the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 17 fwh8 ἐπετίθεσαν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 Peter and John placed their hands on them The word "them" refers to the Samaritan people who believed Stephen's message of the gospel. +ACT 8 17 q7gd translate-symaction ἐπετίθεσαν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 placed their hands on them This symbolic action shows that Peter and John wanted God to give the Holy Spirit to the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 8 18 rh79 figs-activepassive 0 the Holy Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the apostles gave the Holy Spirit by laying their hands on people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 8 19 fbw9 0 that whoever I place my hands on might receive the Holy Spirit "that I can give the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom I place my hands" +ACT 8 19 fbw9 ἵνα ᾧ ἐὰν ἐπιθῶ τὰς χεῖρας ἐπιθῶ λαμβάνῃ Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα 1 that whoever I place my hands on might receive the Holy Spirit "that I can give the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom I place my hands" ACT 8 20 df1j 0 General Information: Here the words him, your, you, and yours all refer to Simon. -ACT 8 20 jju3 0 May your silver perish along with you "May you and your money be destroyed" -ACT 8 20 gh12 0 the gift of God Here this refers to the ability to give the Holy Spirit by laying his hands on someone. -ACT 8 21 p2ev figs-doublet 0 You have no part or share in this matter The words "part" and "share" mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "You may not participate in this work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 8 21 xbh2 figs-metonymy 0 your heart is not right Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: "you are not right in your heart" or "the motives of your mind are not right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 22 ppk5 figs-metonymy 0 for the intention of your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "for what you intended to do" or "for what you were thinking of doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 22 sa6s 0 this wickedness "these evil thoughts" -ACT 8 22 pe2u 0 he might perhaps forgive "he may be willing to forgive" -ACT 8 23 d3v7 figs-metaphor 0 in the poison of bitterness Here "in the poison of bitterness" is a metaphor for being very envious. It speaks of envy as if it tastes bitter and poisons the person who is envious. Alternate translation: "very envious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 8 20 jju3 εἴη εἰς ἀπώλειαν σου τὸ ἀργύριόν εἴη εἰς ἀπώλειαν σὺν σοὶ 1 May your silver perish along with you "May you and your money be destroyed" +ACT 8 20 gh12 τὴν δωρεὰν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the gift of God Here this refers to the ability to give the Holy Spirit by laying his hands on someone. +ACT 8 21 p2ev figs-doublet σοι ἔστιν οὐκ μερὶς οὐδὲ κλῆρος ἐν τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ 1 You have no part or share in this matter The words "part" and "share" mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "You may not participate in this work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ACT 8 21 xbh2 figs-metonymy σου ἡ γὰρ καρδία ἔστιν οὐκ εὐθεῖα 1 your heart is not right Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: "you are not right in your heart" or "the motives of your mind are not right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 22 ppk5 figs-metonymy ἡ ἐπίνοια τῆς καρδίας σου τῆς καρδίας 1 for the intention of your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "for what you intended to do" or "for what you were thinking of doing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 22 sa6s ταύτης τῆς κακίας 1 this wickedness "these evil thoughts" +ACT 8 22 pe2u ἀφεθήσεταί εἰ ἄρα ἀφεθήσεταί 1 he might perhaps forgive "he may be willing to forgive" +ACT 8 23 d3v7 figs-metaphor εἰς χολὴν πικρίας 1 in the poison of bitterness Here "in the poison of bitterness" is a metaphor for being very envious. It speaks of envy as if it tastes bitter and poisons the person who is envious. Alternate translation: "very envious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 8 23 j696 figs-metaphor 0 in the bonds of sin The phrase "bonds of sin" is spoken of as if sin can restrain Simon and keep him a prisoner. It is metaphor that means Simon is not able to stop himself from sinning. Alternate translation: "because you continue sinning you are like a prisoner" or "you are like a prisoner to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 8 24 n5cw 0 General Information: Here the word "you" refers to Peter and John. ACT 8 24 u1a4 0 so that nothing you have said may happen to me This can be stated another way. Alternate translation: "the things you have said ... may not happen to me" ACT 8 24 sk5w 0 so that nothing you have said may happen to me This refers to Peter's rebuke about Simon's silver perishing along with him. ACT 8 25 dl9f 0 Connecting Statement: This is concludes the part of the story about Simon and the Samaritans. -ACT 8 25 uz15 0 testified Peter and John told what they personally knew about Jesus to the Samaritans. -ACT 8 25 ww9k figs-metonymy 0 spoken the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Peter and John explained the message about Jesus to the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 25 eu66 figs-synecdoche 0 to many villages of the Samaritans Here "villages" refers to the people in them. Alternate translation: "to the people in many Samaritan villages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 8 25 uz15 διαμαρτυράμενοι 1 testified Peter and John told what they personally knew about Jesus to the Samaritans. +ACT 8 25 ww9k figs-metonymy λαλήσαντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 spoken the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Peter and John explained the message about Jesus to the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 25 eu66 figs-synecdoche κώμας πολλάς κώμας τῶν Σαμαρειτῶν 1 to many villages of the Samaritans Here "villages" refers to the people in them. Alternate translation: "to the people in many Samaritan villages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 8 26 zkc5 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 26 rnh4 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. -ACT 8 26 mbj9 writing-newevent 0 Now This marks a transition in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 8 26 w1nk 0 Arise and go These verbs work together to emphasize that he should get ready to start a long journey that will take some time. Alternate translation: "Get ready to travel" -ACT 8 26 le2c 0 goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza The phrase "goes down" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Gaza. -ACT 8 26 a18y writing-background 0 This road is in a desert Most scholars believe Luke added this comment to describe the area through which Philip would travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +ACT 8 26 mbj9 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This marks a transition in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 8 26 w1nk ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου 1 Arise and go These verbs work together to emphasize that he should get ready to start a long journey that will take some time. Alternate translation: "Get ready to travel" +ACT 8 26 le2c τὴν καταβαίνουσαν ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ εἰς Γάζαν 1 goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza The phrase "goes down" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Gaza. +ACT 8 26 a18y writing-background αὕτη ἐστὶν ἔρημος 1 This road is in a desert Most scholars believe Luke added this comment to describe the area through which Philip would travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 27 xy7x writing-participants 0 Behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 8 27 s1uf 0 eunuch The emphasis of "eunuch" here is about the Ethiopian's being a high government official, not so much his physical state of being castrated. -ACT 8 27 t5t1 translate-names 0 Candace This was a title for the queens of Ethiopia. It is similar to the way the word Pharaoh was used for the kings of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 8 27 v8q7 figs-explicit 0 He had come to Jerusalem to worship This implies that he was a Gentile who believed in God and had come to worship at the Jewish temple. Alternate translation: "He had come to worship God at the temple in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 8 28 d3kv 0 chariot Possibly "wagon" or "carriage" is more fitting in this context. Chariots are normally mentioned as a vehicle for war, not as a vehicle for long-distance travel. Also, people stood to ride in chariots. -ACT 8 28 bx2j figs-metonymy 0 reading the prophet Isaiah This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: "reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 29 llh1 figs-metonymy 0 stay close to this chariot Philip understood that this meant he was to stay close to the person riding in the chariot. Alternate translation: "accompany the man in this chariot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 8 30 ffh7 figs-metonymy 0 reading Isaiah the prophet This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: "reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 27 s1uf εὐνοῦχος 1 eunuch The emphasis of "eunuch" here is about the Ethiopian's being a high government official, not so much his physical state of being castrated. +ACT 8 27 t5t1 translate-names Κανδάκης 1 Candace This was a title for the queens of Ethiopia. It is similar to the way the word Pharaoh was used for the kings of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 8 27 v8q7 figs-explicit ὃς ἐληλύθει εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ προσκυνήσων 1 He had come to Jerusalem to worship This implies that he was a Gentile who believed in God and had come to worship at the Jewish temple. Alternate translation: "He had come to worship God at the temple in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 8 28 d3kv τοῦ ἅρματος 1 chariot Possibly "wagon" or "carriage" is more fitting in this context. Chariots are normally mentioned as a vehicle for war, not as a vehicle for long-distance travel. Also, people stood to ride in chariots. +ACT 8 28 bx2j figs-metonymy ἀνεγίνωσκεν τὸν προφήτην Ἠσαΐαν 1 reading the prophet Isaiah This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: "reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 29 llh1 figs-metonymy κολλήθητι τούτῳ τῷ ἅρματι 1 stay close to this chariot Philip understood that this meant he was to stay close to the person riding in the chariot. Alternate translation: "accompany the man in this chariot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 30 ffh7 figs-metonymy ἀναγινώσκοντος Ἠσαΐαν τὸν προφήτην 1 reading Isaiah the prophet This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: "reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 30 x98i 0 Do you understand what you are reading? The Ethiopian was intelligent and could read, but he lacked spiritual discernment. Alternate translation: "Do you understand the meaning of what you are reading?" ACT 8 31 r5g2 figs-rquestion 0 How can I, unless someone guides me? This question was asked to state emphatically that he could not understand without help. Alternate translation: "I cannot understand unless someone guides me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 8 31 zx9h figs-explicit 0 He begged Philip to ... sit with him It is implied here that Philip agreed to travel down the road with him to explain the scriptures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 32 nd93 0 General Information: This a passage from the book of Isaiah. Here the words "he" and "his" refer to the Messiah. -ACT 8 32 lu3j 0 like a lamb before his shearer is silent A shearer is a person who cuts the wool off the sheep so that it may be used. +ACT 8 32 lu3j ὡς ἀμνὸς ἐναντίον αὐτὸν τοῦ κείραντος ἄφωνος 1 like a lamb before his shearer is silent A shearer is a person who cuts the wool off the sheep so that it may be used. ACT 8 33 y2a1 figs-activepassive 0 In his humiliation justice was taken away from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He was humiliated and they did not judge him fairly" or "he allowed himself to be humbled before his accusers and he suffered injustice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 8 33 k3uz figs-rquestion 0 Who can fully describe his descendants? This question was used to emphasize the he will not have descendants. Alternate translation: "No one will be able to speak about his descendant, for there will not be any" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 8 33 idk8 figs-activepassive 0 his life was taken from the earth This referred to his death. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "men killed him" or "men took his life from the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 8 34 htb2 0 I beg you "Please tell me" -ACT 8 35 uw21 figs-metonymy 0 this scripture This refers to Isaiah's writings in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: "in the writings of Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 8 33 k3uz figs-rquestion τίς διηγήσεται αὐτοῦ τὴν γενεὰν? 1 Who can fully describe his descendants? This question was used to emphasize the he will not have descendants. Alternate translation: "No one will be able to speak about his descendant, for there will not be any" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 8 33 idk8 figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ ἡ ζωὴ αἴρεται ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς 1 his life was taken from the earth This referred to his death. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "men killed him" or "men took his life from the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 8 34 htb2 δέομαί σου 1 I beg you "Please tell me" +ACT 8 35 uw21 figs-metonymy ταύτης τῆς Γραφῆς 1 this scripture This refers to Isaiah's writings in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: "in the writings of Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 36 ip13 0 they went on the road "they continued to travel along the road" -ACT 8 36 muz2 figs-rquestion 0 What prevents me from being baptized? The eunuch uses this question as a way of asking Philip for permission to be baptized. Alternate translation: "Please allow me to be baptized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 8 38 l8wl 0 commanded the chariot to stop "told the driver of the chariot to stop" +ACT 8 36 muz2 figs-rquestion τί κωλύει με βαπτισθῆναι 1 What prevents me from being baptized? The eunuch uses this question as a way of asking Philip for permission to be baptized. Alternate translation: "Please allow me to be baptized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 8 38 l8wl ἐκέλευσεν τὸ ἅρμα στῆναι 1 commanded the chariot to stop "told the driver of the chariot to stop" ACT 8 39 tz5u 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. The story of Philip ends at Caesarea. ACT 8 39 xp52 0 the eunuch saw him no more "the eunuch did not see Philip again" -ACT 8 40 r1x7 0 Philip appeared at Azotus There was no indication of Philip's traveling between where he baptized the Ethiopian and Azotus. He just suddenly disappeared along the road to Gaza and reappeared at the town of Azotus. -ACT 8 40 arh5 0 that region This refers to the area around the town of Azotus. -ACT 8 40 zfn6 0 to all the cities "to all the cities in that region" +ACT 8 40 r1x7 Φίλιππος εὑρέθη εἰς Ἄζωτον 1 Philip appeared at Azotus There was no indication of Philip's traveling between where he baptized the Ethiopian and Azotus. He just suddenly disappeared along the road to Gaza and reappeared at the town of Azotus. +ACT 8 40 arh5 διερχόμενος 1 that region This refers to the area around the town of Azotus. +ACT 8 40 zfn6 τὰς πάσας εὐηγγελίζετο πόλεις 1 to all the cities "to all the cities in that region" ACT 9 intro jm6x 0 # Acts 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The Way"

No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.

##### "Letters for the synagogues in Damascus"

The "letters" Paul asked for were probably legal papers that permitted him to put Christians in prison. The synagogue leaders in Damascus would have obeyed the letter because it was written by the high priest. If the Romans had seen the letter, they also would have allowed Saul to persecute the Christians, because they permitted the Jews to do as they desired to people who broke their religious laws.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### What Saul saw when he met Jesus

It is clear that Saul saw a light and that it was because of this light that he "fell upon the ground." Some people think that Saul knew that it was the Lord speaking to him without seeing a human form, because the Bible often speaks of God as being light and living in light. Other people think that later in his life he was able to say, "I have seen the Lord Jesus" because it was a human form that he saw here.
ACT 9 1 r4n5 writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information telling us what Saul has been doing since the stoning of Stephen. Here the word "him" refers to the high priest and "he" refers to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 9 1 yt9e 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts back to Saul and his salvation. ACT 9 1 anb6 figs-abstractnouns 0 still speaking threats even of murder against the disciples The noun "murder" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "still speaking threats, even to murder the disciples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 9 2 v9lw figs-metonymy 0 for the synagogues This refers to the people in the synagogues. Alternate translation: "for the people in the synagogues" or "for the leaders in the synagogues" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 9 2 y8f6 0 if he found any "when he found anyone" or "if he found anyone" -ACT 9 2 pk19 0 who belonged to the Way "who followed the teachings of Jesus Christ" -ACT 9 2 n94s 0 the Way This term appears to have been a title for Christianity at that time. -ACT 9 2 a6z4 figs-explicit 0 he might bring them bound to Jerusalem "he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem." Paul's purpose can be made clear by adding "so that the Jewish leaders could judge and punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 9 2 y8f6 ἐάν εὕρῃ τινας 1 if he found any "when he found anyone" or "if he found anyone" +ACT 9 2 pk19 ὄντας τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 who belonged to the Way "who followed the teachings of Jesus Christ" +ACT 9 2 n94s τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This term appears to have been a title for Christianity at that time. +ACT 9 2 a6z4 figs-explicit ἀγάγῃ δεδεμένους εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 he might bring them bound to Jerusalem "he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem." Paul's purpose can be made clear by adding "so that the Jewish leaders could judge and punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 3 lv9q 0 Connecting Statement: After the high priest gave Saul the letters, Saul left for Damascus. ACT 9 3 jf4g 0 As he was traveling Saul left Jerusalem and now travels to Damascus. -ACT 9 3 by55 writing-newevent 0 it happened that This is an expression that marks a change in the story to show something different is about to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 9 3 dm6c 0 there shone all around him a light out of heaven "a light from heaven shone all around him" -ACT 9 3 gua8 0 out of heaven Possible meanings are 1) heaven, where God lives or 2) the sky. The first meaning is preferable. Use that meaning if your language has a separate word for it. -ACT 9 4 y4u4 0 he fell upon the ground Possible meanings are that 1) "Saul threw himself to the ground" or 2) "The light caused him to fall to the ground" or 3) "Saul fell to the ground the way one who fainted fell." Saul did not fall accidentally. -ACT 9 4 c9l4 figs-rquestion 0 why are you persecuting me? This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages a statement would be more natural (AT): "You are persecuting me!" or a command (AT): "Stop persecuting me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 9 3 by55 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 it happened that This is an expression that marks a change in the story to show something different is about to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 9 3 dm6c περιήστραψεν τε αὐτὸν φῶς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 there shone all around him a light out of heaven "a light from heaven shone all around him" +ACT 9 3 gua8 ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 out of heaven Possible meanings are 1) heaven, where God lives or 2) the sky. The first meaning is preferable. Use that meaning if your language has a separate word for it. +ACT 9 4 y4u4 πεσὼν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 1 he fell upon the ground Possible meanings are that 1) "Saul threw himself to the ground" or 2) "The light caused him to fall to the ground" or 3) "Saul fell to the ground the way one who fainted fell." Saul did not fall accidentally. +ACT 9 4 c9l4 figs-rquestion τί διώκεις με 1 why are you persecuting me? This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages a statement would be more natural (AT): "You are persecuting me!" or a command (AT): "Stop persecuting me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 9 5 q8ge 0 General Information: Every occurrence of the word "you" here is singular. -ACT 9 5 jaq2 0 Who are you, Lord? Saul was not acknowledging that Jesus is the Lord. He uses that title because he understood that he spoke to someone of supernatural power. +ACT 9 5 jaq2 ," τίς εἶ, κύριε?" 1 Who are you, Lord? Saul was not acknowledging that Jesus is the Lord. He uses that title because he understood that he spoke to someone of supernatural power. ACT 9 6 i1kj 0 but rise, enter into the city "get up and go into the city Damascus" -ACT 9 6 fbi6 figs-activepassive 0 it will be told you This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "someone will tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 9 7 xu7c 0 hearing the voice, but seeing no one "they heard the voice, but they did not see anyone" -ACT 9 7 f9fe 0 but seeing no one "but saw no one." Apparently only Saul experienced the light. -ACT 9 8 puw3 figs-explicit 0 when he opened his eyes This implies that he had closed his eyes because the light was too bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 9 8 dgg8 0 he could see nothing "he could not see anything." Saul was blind. -ACT 9 9 fhn6 0 was without sight "was blind" or "could not see anything" -ACT 9 9 t8uc 0 he neither ate nor drank It is not stated whether he chose not to eat or drink as a form of worship, or if he had no appetite because he was too distressed from his situation. It is preferable not to specify the reason. +ACT 9 6 fbi6 figs-activepassive λαληθήσεταί σοι 1 it will be told you This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "someone will tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 9 7 xu7c ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς, δὲ θεωροῦντες μηδένα 1 hearing the voice, but seeing no one "they heard the voice, but they did not see anyone" +ACT 9 7 f9fe δὲ θεωροῦντες μηδένα 1 but seeing no one "but saw no one." Apparently only Saul experienced the light. +ACT 9 8 puw3 figs-explicit ἀνεῳγμένων αὐτοῦ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 when he opened his eyes This implies that he had closed his eyes because the light was too bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 9 8 dgg8 ἔβλεπεν οὐδὲν 1 he could see nothing "he could not see anything." Saul was blind. +ACT 9 9 fhn6 ἦν μὴ βλέπων 1 was without sight "was blind" or "could not see anything" +ACT 9 9 t8uc ἔφαγεν οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδὲ ἔπιεν 1 he neither ate nor drank It is not stated whether he chose not to eat or drink as a form of worship, or if he had no appetite because he was too distressed from his situation. It is preferable not to specify the reason. ACT 9 10 kgn9 translate-names 0 General Information: The story of Saul continues but Luke introduces another man named Ananias. This is not the same Ananias who died earlier in Acts [Acts 5:3](../05/03.md). You may translate this name the same way though as you did in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md). Though there is more than one Judas mentioned in the New Testament, it is likely this is the only appearance of this Judas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 9 10 j847 writing-participants 0 Now there was This introduces Ananias as a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 9 10 j847 writing-participants δέ ἦν 1 Now there was This introduces Ananias as a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 9 10 vl8k 0 He said "Ananias said" -ACT 9 11 mn24 0 go to the street which is called Straight "go to Straight Street" -ACT 9 11 ie1l 0 house of Judas This Judas is not the disciple who betrayed Jesus. This Judas was owner of a house in Damascus where Saul was staying. +ACT 9 11 mn24 πορεύθητι ἐπὶ τὴν ῥύμην τὴν καλουμένην Εὐθεῖαν 1 go to the street which is called Straight "go to Straight Street" +ACT 9 11 ie1l οἰκίᾳ Ἰούδα 1 house of Judas This Judas is not the disciple who betrayed Jesus. This Judas was owner of a house in Damascus where Saul was staying. ACT 9 11 u5j8 0 a man from Tarsus named Saul "a man from the city of Tarsus named Saul" or "Saul of Tarsus" -ACT 9 12 jk46 translate-symaction 0 laying his hands on him This was a symbol of giving a spiritual blessing to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 9 12 nx5q 0 he might see again "he might regain his ability to see" +ACT 9 12 jk46 translate-symaction ἐπιθέντα χεῖρας αὐτῷ 1 laying his hands on him This was a symbol of giving a spiritual blessing to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 9 12 nx5q ἀναβλέψῃ 1 he might see again "he might regain his ability to see" ACT 9 13 la9t 0 your holy people Here "holy people" refers to Christians. Alternate translation: "the people in Jerusalem who believe in you" ACT 9 14 ptd6 figs-explicit 0 authority ... to arrest everyone here It is implied that the extent of the power and authority granted Saul was limited to the Jewish people at this point in time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 9 14 t3fl figs-metonymy 0 calls upon your name Here "your name" refers to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 9 14 t3fl figs-metonymy τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους σου τὸ ὄνομά 1 calls upon your name Here "your name" refers to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 15 jmt7 figs-metonymy 0 he is a chosen instrument of mine "chosen instrument" refers to something that is set apart for service. Alternate translation: "I have chosen him to serve me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 15 z5fj figs-metonymy 0 to carry my name This is an expression for identifying or speaking out for Jesus. Alternate translation: "in order that he might speak about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 16 kty3 figs-metonymy 0 for the cause of my name This is an expression meaning "for telling people about me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 17 q61x figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" here is singular and refers to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 9 17 j2pf 0 Connecting Statement: Ananias goes to the house where Saul is staying. After Saul is healed, the story shifts from Ananias back to Saul. -ACT 9 17 s8ms 0 So Ananias departed, and entered into the house It may be helpful to state that Ananias went to the house before he entered into it. Alternate translation: "So Ananias went, and after he found the house where Saul was, he entered it" +ACT 9 17 s8ms δὲ Ἁνανίας ἀπῆλθεν, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν 1 So Ananias departed, and entered into the house It may be helpful to state that Ananias went to the house before he entered into it. Alternate translation: "So Ananias went, and after he found the house where Saul was, he entered it" ACT 9 17 my6m translate-symaction 0 Laying his hands on him Ananias put his hands on Saul. This was a symbol of giving a blessing to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 9 17 a89q figs-activepassive 0 so that you might receive your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has sent me so that you might see again and that the Holy Spirit might fill you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 9 18 m1hx 0 something like scales fell "something that appeared like fish scales fell" -ACT 9 18 g2ea 0 he received his sight "he was able to see again" +ACT 9 17 a89q figs-activepassive ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 so that you might receive your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has sent me so that you might see again and that the Holy Spirit might fill you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 9 18 m1hx ὡς λεπίδες ἀπέπεσαν 1 something like scales fell "something that appeared like fish scales fell" +ACT 9 18 g2ea ἀνέβλεψέν 1 he received his sight "he was able to see again" ACT 9 18 efs9 figs-activepassive 0 he arose and was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he got up and Ananias baptized him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 20 rc49 0 General Information: Here only the second "he" refers to Jesus, the Son of God. The first "he" and the other ones refer to Saul. -ACT 9 20 w65r guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ACT 9 20 w65r guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) ACT 9 21 xid8 figs-hyperbole 0 All who heard him The word "All" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "Those who heard him" or "Many who heard him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 9 21 f4fd figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name? This is a rhetorical and negative question that emphasizes that Saul was indeed the man who had persecuted the believers. Alternate translation: "This is the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name Jesus!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 9 21 ctg3 figs-metonymy 0 this name Here "name" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "the name of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 9 22 r1np 0 causing distress among the Jews They were distressed in the sense that they could not find a way to refute Saul's arguments that Jesus was the Christ. +ACT 9 21 f4fd figs-rquestion ἐστιν οὐχ οὗτός ὁ πορθήσας τοὺς ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπικαλουμένους τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα? 1 Is not this the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name? This is a rhetorical and negative question that emphasizes that Saul was indeed the man who had persecuted the believers. Alternate translation: "This is the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name Jesus!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 9 21 ctg3 figs-metonymy τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα 1 this name Here "name" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "the name of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 9 22 r1np συνέχυννεν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους 1 causing distress among the Jews They were distressed in the sense that they could not find a way to refute Saul's arguments that Jesus was the Christ. ACT 9 23 g6gw 0 General Information: The word "him" in this section refers to Saul. -ACT 9 23 g74c figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 9 24 lv62 figs-activepassive 0 But their plan became known to Saul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But someone told their plan to Saul" or "But Saul learned about their plan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 9 23 g74c figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 9 24 lv62 figs-activepassive δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ ἐπιβουλὴ ἐγνώσθη τῷ Σαύλῳ 1 But their plan became known to Saul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But someone told their plan to Saul" or "But Saul learned about their plan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 24 cy9n 0 They watched the gates This city had a wall surrounding it. People could normally only enter and exit the city through the gates. -ACT 9 25 lc8m 0 his disciples people who believed Saul's message about Jesus and were following his teaching -ACT 9 25 u8g8 0 let him down through the wall, lowering him in a basket "used ropes to lower him in a large basket through an opening in the wall" +ACT 9 25 lc8m αὐτοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ 1 his disciples people who believed Saul's message about Jesus and were following his teaching +ACT 9 25 u8g8 καθῆκαν αὐτὸν καθῆκαν διὰ τοῦ τείχους, χαλάσαντες ἐν σπυρίδι 1 let him down through the wall, lowering him in a basket "used ropes to lower him in a large basket through an opening in the wall" ACT 9 26 j1el 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "him" refer to Saul all but one time. "And 'he' told them how" in verse 27 refers to Barnabas. -ACT 9 26 e38m figs-hyperbole 0 but they were all afraid of him Here "they were all" is a generalization, but it is possible that it refers to every person. Alternate translation: "but they were afraid of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 9 27 n9f1 figs-metonymy 0 had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus This is a way of saying he preached or taught the gospel message of Jesus Christ without fear. Alternate translation: "had openly preached the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 9 26 e38m figs-hyperbole καὶ ἐφοβοῦντο πάντες ἐφοβοῦντο αὐτόν 1 but they were all afraid of him Here "they were all" is a generalization, but it is possible that it refers to every person. Alternate translation: "but they were afraid of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 9 27 n9f1 figs-metonymy ἐπαρρησιάσατο ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus This is a way of saying he preached or taught the gospel message of Jesus Christ without fear. Alternate translation: "had openly preached the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 28 m5rs 0 He met with them Here the word "He" refers to Paul. The word "them" probably refers to the apostles and other disciples in Jerusalem. -ACT 9 28 fbb7 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord Jesus Possible meanings are 1) this simply refers to the Lord Jesus and tells who Paul spoke about. Alternate translation: "about the Lord Jesus" or 2) "name" is a metonym for authority. Alternate translation: "under the authority of the Lord Jesus" or "with the authority that the Lord Jesus gave him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 9 29 d7lm 0 debated with the Grecian Jews Saul tried to reason with the Jews who spoke Greek. -ACT 9 30 uz9a 0 the brothers The words "the brothers" refers to the believers in Jerusalem. -ACT 9 30 j4mt 0 brought him down to Caesarea The phrase "brought him down" is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. -ACT 9 30 aqn6 figs-explicit 0 sent him away to Tarsus Caesarea was a seaport. They brothers probably sent Saul to Tarsus by ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 9 28 fbb7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord Jesus Possible meanings are 1) this simply refers to the Lord Jesus and tells who Paul spoke about. Alternate translation: "about the Lord Jesus" or 2) "name" is a metonym for authority. Alternate translation: "under the authority of the Lord Jesus" or "with the authority that the Lord Jesus gave him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 9 29 d7lm συνεζήτει πρὸς τοὺς Ἑλληνιστάς 1 debated with the Grecian Jews Saul tried to reason with the Jews who spoke Greek. +ACT 9 30 uz9a οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The words "the brothers" refers to the believers in Jerusalem. +ACT 9 30 j4mt κατήγαγον αὐτὸν κατήγαγον εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 brought him down to Caesarea The phrase "brought him down" is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. +ACT 9 30 aqn6 figs-explicit ἐξαπέστειλαν αὐτὸν ἐξαπέστειλαν εἰς Ταρσόν 1 sent him away to Tarsus Caesarea was a seaport. They brothers probably sent Saul to Tarsus by ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 31 vk8y 0 General Information: Verse 31 is a statement that gives an update on the church's growth. ACT 9 31 n7c5 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 32, the story shifts from Saul to a new part of the story about Peter. -ACT 9 31 s4bn 0 the church throughout all Judea, Galilee, and Samaria This is the first use of the singular "church" to refer to more than one local congregation. Here it refers to all the believers in all the groups throughout Israel. -ACT 9 31 fh2g 0 had peace "lived peacefully." This means the persecution that started with the murder of Stephen was finished. -ACT 9 31 elq7 figs-activepassive 0 was built up The agent was either God or the Holy Spirit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God helped them grow" or "the Holy Spirit built them up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 9 31 j8c9 figs-metaphor 0 walking in the fear of the Lord "Walking" here is a metaphor for "living." Alternate translation: "living in obedience to the Lord" or "continuing to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 9 31 hl24 0 in the comfort of the Holy Spirit "with the Holy Spirit strengthening and encouraging them" -ACT 9 32 w68g writing-newevent 0 Now it came about This phrase is used to mark a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 9 32 m9sg figs-hyperbole 0 throughout the whole region This is an generalization for Peter's visiting the believers in many places in the region of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 9 32 ad7g 0 he came down The phrase "came down" is used here because Lydda is lower in elevation than the other places where he was traveling. -ACT 9 32 g5c4 0 Lydda Lydda is a city located about 18 kilometers southeast of Joppa. This city was called Lod in the Old Testament and in modern Israel. +ACT 9 31 s4bn ἐπληθύνετο 1 the church throughout all Judea, Galilee, and Samaria This is the first use of the singular "church" to refer to more than one local congregation. Here it refers to all the believers in all the groups throughout Israel. +ACT 9 31 fh2g εἶχεν εἰρήνην 1 had peace "lived peacefully." This means the persecution that started with the murder of Stephen was finished. +ACT 9 31 elq7 figs-activepassive οἰκοδομουμένη 1 was built up The agent was either God or the Holy Spirit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God helped them grow" or "the Holy Spirit built them up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 9 31 j8c9 figs-metaphor πορευομένη τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 walking in the fear of the Lord "Walking" here is a metaphor for "living." Alternate translation: "living in obedience to the Lord" or "continuing to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 9 31 hl24 τῇ παρακλήσει τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 in the comfort of the Holy Spirit "with the Holy Spirit strengthening and encouraging them" +ACT 9 32 w68g writing-newevent δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Now it came about This phrase is used to mark a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 9 32 m9sg figs-hyperbole διὰ πάντων 1 throughout the whole region This is an generalization for Peter's visiting the believers in many places in the region of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 9 32 ad7g κατελθεῖν 1 he came down The phrase "came down" is used here because Lydda is lower in elevation than the other places where he was traveling. +ACT 9 32 g5c4 Λύδδα 1 Lydda Lydda is a city located about 18 kilometers southeast of Joppa. This city was called Lod in the Old Testament and in modern Israel. ACT 9 33 hzd7 0 There he found a certain man Peter was not intentionally searching for a paralyzed person, but happened upon him. Alternate translation: "There Peter met a man" -ACT 9 33 jnc4 writing-participants 0 a certain man named Aeneas This introduces Aeneas as a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 9 33 jnc4 writing-participants ἄνθρωπόν τινα ἄνθρωπόν ὀνόματι Αἰνέαν 1 a certain man named Aeneas This introduces Aeneas as a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 9 33 uj5f writing-background 0 who had been in his bed ... was paralyzed This is background information about Aeneas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 9 33 k7hw 0 paralyzed unable to walk, probably unable to move below the waist -ACT 9 34 ff2a 0 make your bed "roll up your mat" -ACT 9 35 z3fp figs-hyperbole 0 everyone who lived in Lydda and in Sharon This is a generalization referring to many of the people there. Alternate translation: "those who lived in Lydda and in Sharon" or "many people who lived in Lydda and Sharon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 9 35 qkv4 0 in Lydda and in Sharon The city of Lydda was located in the Plain of Sharon. -ACT 9 35 pf23 0 saw the man It may be helpful to state that they saw that he was healed. Alternate translation: "saw the man whom Peter had healed" -ACT 9 35 x9yw figs-metaphor 0 and they turned to the Lord Here "turned to the Lord" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and they repented of their sins and started obeying the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 9 33 k7hw παραλελυμένος 1 paralyzed unable to walk, probably unable to move below the waist +ACT 9 34 ff2a στρῶσον σεαυτῷ στρῶσον 1 make your bed "roll up your mat" +ACT 9 35 z3fp figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες Λύδδα καὶ τὸν Σαρῶνα 1 everyone who lived in Lydda and in Sharon This is a generalization referring to many of the people there. Alternate translation: "those who lived in Lydda and in Sharon" or "many people who lived in Lydda and Sharon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 9 35 qkv4 Λύδδα καὶ τὸν Σαρῶνα 1 in Lydda and in Sharon The city of Lydda was located in the Plain of Sharon. +ACT 9 35 pf23 εἶδαν αὐτὸν 1 saw the man It may be helpful to state that they saw that he was healed. Alternate translation: "saw the man whom Peter had healed" +ACT 9 35 x9yw figs-metaphor οἵτινες ἐπέστρεψαν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 and they turned to the Lord Here "turned to the Lord" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and they repented of their sins and started obeying the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 9 36 gy8u writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the woman named Tabitha. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 9 36 du3s 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues the story with a new event about Peter. -ACT 9 36 zgq5 writing-newevent 0 Now there was This introduces a new part in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 9 36 gwr4 translate-names 0 Tabitha, which is translated as "Dorcas." Tabitha is her name in the Aramaic language, and Dorcas is her name in the Greek language. Both names mean "gazelle." Alternate translation: "Her name in the Greek language was Dorcas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 9 36 q2rn 0 full of good works "doing many good things" +ACT 9 36 zgq5 writing-newevent δέ ἦν 1 Now there was This introduces a new part in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 9 36 gwr4 translate-names Ταβειθά, ἣ διερμηνευομένη λέγεται" Δορκάς." 1 Tabitha, which is translated as "Dorcas." Tabitha is her name in the Aramaic language, and Dorcas is her name in the Greek language. Both names mean "gazelle." Alternate translation: "Her name in the Greek language was Dorcas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 9 36 q2rn πλήρης ἔργων ἀγαθῶν ἔργων 1 full of good works "doing many good things" ACT 9 37 mg72 figs-explicit 0 It came about in those days This refers to the time when Peter was in Joppa. This can be stated. Alternate translation: "It came about while Peter was nearby" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 9 37 y8sx 0 washed her This was washing to prepare for her burial. -ACT 9 37 znj4 0 they laid her in an upper room This was a temporary display of the body during the funeral process. -ACT 9 38 uhz5 0 they sent two men to him "the disciples sent two men to Peter" -ACT 9 39 k1se 0 to the upper room "to the upstairs room where Dorcas' body was lying" -ACT 9 39 me79 0 all the widows It is possible that all the widows of the town were there since it was not a large town. -ACT 9 39 piu7 0 widows women whose husbands had died and therefore needed help -ACT 9 39 y6q5 0 while she had been with them "while she was still alive with the disciples" +ACT 9 37 y8sx λούσαντες αὐτὴν 1 washed her This was washing to prepare for her burial. +ACT 9 37 znj4 ἔθηκαν ἐν ὑπερῴῳ 1 they laid her in an upper room This was a temporary display of the body during the funeral process. +ACT 9 38 uhz5 ἀπέστειλαν δύο ἄνδρας πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 they sent two men to him "the disciples sent two men to Peter" +ACT 9 39 k1se εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον 1 to the upper room "to the upstairs room where Dorcas' body was lying" +ACT 9 39 me79 πᾶσαι αἱ χῆραι 1 all the widows It is possible that all the widows of the town were there since it was not a large town. +ACT 9 39 piu7 χῆραι 1 widows women whose husbands had died and therefore needed help +ACT 9 39 y6q5 οὖσα μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 while she had been with them "while she was still alive with the disciples" ACT 9 40 ek9c writing-endofstory 0 The story of Tabitha ends in verse 42. Verse 43 tells us what happens to Peter after the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 9 40 yp2u 0 put them all out of the room "told them all to leave the room." Peter had everyone leave so he could be alone to pray for Tabitha. -ACT 9 41 r7n6 0 gave her his hand and lifted her up Peter took hold of her hand and helped her stand up. +ACT 9 40 yp2u ἐκβαλὼν πάντας ἔξω 1 put them all out of the room "told them all to leave the room." Peter had everyone leave so he could be alone to pray for Tabitha. +ACT 9 41 r7n6 δοὺς αὐτῇ χεῖρα ἀνέστησεν αὐτήν ἀνέστησεν 1 gave her his hand and lifted her up Peter took hold of her hand and helped her stand up. ACT 9 41 b73s 0 the believers and the widows The widows were possibly also believers but are mentioned specifically because Tabitha was so important to them. ACT 9 42 nda9 figs-activepassive 0 This matter became known throughout all Joppa This refers to the miracle of Peter's raising Tabitha from the dead. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People throughout all Joppa heard about this matter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 9 42 fyz4 0 believed on the Lord "believed in the gospel of the Lord Jesus" +ACT 9 42 fyz4 ἐπίστευσαν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 believed on the Lord "believed in the gospel of the Lord Jesus" ACT 9 43 k9ik writing-newevent 0 It happened that "It came about that." This introduces the beginning of the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 9 43 qar2 0 Simon, a tanner "a man named Simon who made leather from animal skins" +ACT 9 43 qar2 Σίμωνι, βυρσεῖ 1 Simon, a tanner "a man named Simon who made leather from animal skins" ACT 10 intro ym7z 0 # Acts 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Unclean

The Jews believed that they could become unclean in God's sight if they visited or ate food with a Gentile. This was because the Pharisees had made a law against it because they wanted to keep people from eating foods that the law of Moses said were unclean. The law of Moses did say that some foods were unclean, but it did not say that God's people could not visit or eat with Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

##### Baptism and the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit "fell on" those who were listening to Peter. This showed the Jewish believers that Gentiles could receive the word of God and receive the Holy Spirit just as the Jewish believers had. After that, the Gentiles were baptized.
ACT 10 1 m1vx writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Cornelius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 10 1 nfy5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of the part of the story about Cornelius. -ACT 10 1 wtb9 writing-participants 0 Now there was a certain man This was a way of introducing a new person to this part of the historical account. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 10 1 x476 0 Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment "his name was Cornelius. He was an officer in charge of 100 soldiers from the Italian section of the Roman army. +ACT 10 1 wtb9 writing-participants δέ ἀνὴρ τις ἀνὴρ 1 Now there was a certain man This was a way of introducing a new person to this part of the historical account. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 10 1 x476 Κορνήλιος ὀνόματι, ἑκατοντάρχης ἐκ τῆς καλουμένης Σπείρης Ἰταλικῆς Σπείρης 1 Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment "his name was Cornelius. He was an officer in charge of 100 soldiers from the Italian section of the Roman army. ACT 10 2 s6rh 0 He was a devout man, one who worshiped God "He believed in God and sought to honor and worship God in his life" ACT 10 2 n8i3 0 worshiped God The word for "worshiped" here has the sense of deep respect and awe. -ACT 10 2 w2kx figs-hyperbole 0 he constantly prayed to God The word "constantly" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "he prayed to God a lot" or "he prayed to God regularly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 10 3 up3j 0 the ninth hour "three o'clock in the afternoon." This is the normal afternoon prayer time for Jews. -ACT 10 3 g3lv 0 he clearly saw "Cornelius clearly saw" +ACT 10 2 w2kx figs-hyperbole δεόμενος διὰ παντός δεόμενος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 he constantly prayed to God The word "constantly" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "he prayed to God a lot" or "he prayed to God regularly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 10 3 up3j ὥραν ἐνάτην ὥραν 1 the ninth hour "three o'clock in the afternoon." This is the normal afternoon prayer time for Jews. +ACT 10 3 g3lv εἶδεν φανερῶς ὡσεὶ εἶδεν 1 he clearly saw "Cornelius clearly saw" ACT 10 4 p5ml figs-explicit 0 Your prayers and your gifts ... a memorial offering into God's presence It is implied that his gifts and prayers had been accepted by God. Alternate translation: "God is pleased by your prayers and your gifts ... a memorial offering to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 10 6 lt9n 0 a tanner a person who makes leather from animal skins +ACT 10 6 lt9n βυρσεῖ 1 a tanner a person who makes leather from animal skins ACT 10 7 g6lq 0 When the angel who spoke to him had left "When Cornelius' vision of the angel had ended." -ACT 10 7 i3x7 0 a devout soldier from among those who served him "one of the soldiers who served him, who also worshiped God." This soldier worshiped God. That was rare in the Roman army, so Cornelius' other soldiers probably did not worship God. -ACT 10 7 yg7g 0 devout An adjective to describe a person who worshiped God and served him. -ACT 10 8 pcg2 0 told them all that had happened Cornelius explained his vision to his two servants and to one of his soldiers. -ACT 10 8 d2p3 0 sent them to Joppa "sent two of his two servants and the one soldier to Joppa." +ACT 10 7 i3x7 στρατιώτην εὐσεβῆ στρατιώτην τῶν προσκαρτερούντων αὐτῷ 1 a devout soldier from among those who served him "one of the soldiers who served him, who also worshiped God." This soldier worshiped God. That was rare in the Roman army, so Cornelius' other soldiers probably did not worship God. +ACT 10 7 yg7g εὐσεβῆ 1 devout An adjective to describe a person who worshiped God and served him. +ACT 10 8 pcg2 ἐξηγησάμενος αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα 1 told them all that had happened Cornelius explained his vision to his two servants and to one of his soldiers. +ACT 10 8 d2p3 ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν Ἰόππην 1 sent them to Joppa "sent two of his two servants and the one soldier to Joppa." ACT 10 9 ey9n 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Cornelius' two servants and the soldier under Cornelius' command ([Acts 10:7](../10/07.md)). ACT 10 9 w3g4 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts away from Cornelius to tell us what God is doing with to Peter. -ACT 10 9 tu7n 0 about the sixth hour "around noon" -ACT 10 9 r6l8 0 up upon the housetop The roofs of the houses were flat, and people often did many different activities on them. -ACT 10 10 slq7 0 while the people were cooking some food "before the people finished cooking the food" +ACT 10 9 tu7n περὶ ὥραν ἕκτην ὥραν 1 about the sixth hour "around noon" +ACT 10 9 r6l8 ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα 1 up upon the housetop The roofs of the houses were flat, and people often did many different activities on them. +ACT 10 10 slq7 παρασκευαζόντων αὐτῶν παρασκευαζόντων 1 while the people were cooking some food "before the people finished cooking the food" ACT 10 10 im7x figs-activepassive 0 he was given a vision "God gave him a vision" or "he saw a vision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 11 n4hi 0 he saw the sky open This was the beginning of Peter's vision. It can be a new sentence. +ACT 10 11 n4hi θεωρεῖ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγμένον 1 he saw the sky open This was the beginning of Peter's vision. It can be a new sentence. ACT 10 11 u9u4 0 something like a large sheet ... four corners The container holding the animals had the appearance of a large square piece of cloth. -ACT 10 11 jh1m 0 let down by its four corners "with its four corners suspended" or "with its four corners higher than the rest of it" +ACT 10 11 jh1m καθιέμενον τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς 1 let down by its four corners "with its four corners suspended" or "with its four corners higher than the rest of it" ACT 10 12 ua3j figs-explicit 0 all kinds of four-footed animals ... birds of the sky From Peter's response in the next verse, it can be implied that the law of Moses commanded the Jews not to eat some of them. Alternate translation: "animals and birds that the Mosaic laws forbade Jews to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 10 13 a2z4 figs-synecdoche 0 a voice spoke to him The person speaking is not specified. The "voice" was probably God, although it could possibly have been an angel from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 10 14 z7r5 0 Not so "I will not do that" -ACT 10 14 a2jj figs-explicit 0 I have never eaten anything that was defiled and unclean It is implied that some the animals in the container were unclean as defined by the law of Moses and were not to be eaten by believers who lived before Christ died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 10 15 xs5s figs-123person 0 What God has cleansed If God is the speaker, he is referring to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "What I, God, have cleansed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ACT 10 13 a2z4 figs-synecdoche φωνὴ ἐγένετο πρὸς αὐτόν 1 a voice spoke to him The person speaking is not specified. The "voice" was probably God, although it could possibly have been an angel from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 10 14 z7r5 μηδαμῶς 1 Not so "I will not do that" +ACT 10 14 a2jj figs-explicit ἔφαγον οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ἀκάθαρτον 1 I have never eaten anything that was defiled and unclean It is implied that some the animals in the container were unclean as defined by the law of Moses and were not to be eaten by believers who lived before Christ died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 10 15 xs5s figs-123person ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν 1 What God has cleansed If God is the speaker, he is referring to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "What I, God, have cleansed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 10 16 rlr9 0 This happened three times It is not likely that everything Peter saw happened three times. This probably means that the phrase, "What God has cleansed, do not call it defiled," was repeated three times. However, it may be best to simply say "This happened three times" instead of trying to explain in detail. -ACT 10 17 d4zi 0 Peter was very confused This means that Peter was having difficulty understanding what the vision meant. -ACT 10 17 n6da 0 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows, in this case, the two men standing at the gate. -ACT 10 17 e62m figs-explicit 0 stood before the gate "stood before the gate to the house." It is implied that this house had a wall with a gate in it to enter the property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 10 17 h72m 0 after they had asked their way to the house This happened before they arrived at the house. This could be stated earlier in the verse, as the UST does. +ACT 10 17 d4zi ὁ Πέτρος διηπόρει 1 Peter was very confused This means that Peter was having difficulty understanding what the vision meant. +ACT 10 17 n6da ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows, in this case, the two men standing at the gate. +ACT 10 17 e62m figs-explicit ἐπέστησαν ἐπὶ τὸν πυλῶνα 1 stood before the gate "stood before the gate to the house." It is implied that this house had a wall with a gate in it to enter the property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 10 17 h72m διερωτήσαντες τὴν οἰκίαν 1 after they had asked their way to the house This happened before they arrived at the house. This could be stated earlier in the verse, as the UST does. ACT 10 18 qe9d 0 They called out Cornelius' men remained outside the gate while asking about Peter. -ACT 10 19 e8ai 0 thinking about the vision "wondering about the meaning of the vision" -ACT 10 19 d9q8 0 the Spirit "the Holy Spirit" +ACT 10 19 e8ai διενθυμουμένου περὶ τοῦ ὁράματος 1 thinking about the vision "wondering about the meaning of the vision" +ACT 10 19 d9q8 τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 the Spirit "the Holy Spirit" ACT 10 19 iqx5 0 Behold, three "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: three" ACT 10 19 va39 translate-textvariants 0 three men are looking for you Some ancient texts have a different number of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -ACT 10 20 ym1x 0 go down "go down from the roof of the house" +ACT 10 20 ym1x κατάβηθι 1 go down "go down from the roof of the house" ACT 10 20 wx4n 0 Do not hesitate to go with them It would be natural for Peter not to want to go with them, because they were strangers and they were Gentiles. -ACT 10 21 lj1f 0 I am he whom you are seeking "I am the man you are looking for" +ACT 10 21 lj1f ἐγώ εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖτε 1 I am he whom you are seeking "I am the man you are looking for" ACT 10 22 i4zh 0 General Information: The words "They" and "them" here refer to the two servants and the soldier from Cornelius ([Acts 10:7](../10/07.md)). ACT 10 22 baa3 figs-activepassive 0 A centurion named Cornelius ... listen to a message from you This can be divided into several sentences and stated in active form as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 22 wvl1 0 worships God The word for "worship" here has the sense of deep respect and awe. -ACT 10 22 gv91 figs-hyperbole 0 all the nation of the Jews This number of people is exaggerated with the word "all" to emphasize how widely this was known among the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 10 23 jlc7 0 So Peter invited them to come in and stay with him The journey to Caesarea was too long for them to begin that afternoon. -ACT 10 23 shs5 0 stay with him "be his guests" +ACT 10 22 gv91 figs-hyperbole ὅλου τοῦ ἔθνους τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 all the nation of the Jews This number of people is exaggerated with the word "all" to emphasize how widely this was known among the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 10 23 jlc7 οὖν εἰσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς εἰσκαλεσάμενος ἐξένισεν 1 So Peter invited them to come in and stay with him The journey to Caesarea was too long for them to begin that afternoon. +ACT 10 23 shs5 ἐξένισεν 1 stay with him "be his guests" ACT 10 23 t7cz 0 some of the brothers from Joppa This refers to believers who lived in Joppa. ACT 10 24 c3s6 0 On the following day This was the next day after they left Joppa. The journey to Caesarea took longer than one day. -ACT 10 24 g2up 0 Cornelius was waiting for them "Cornelius expected them" -ACT 10 25 wxt8 0 when Peter entered "when Peter entered the house" -ACT 10 25 b4pn translate-symaction 0 fell down at his feet to worship him "he knelt down and put his face close to Peter's feet." He did this to honor Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 10 25 u2x5 0 fell down He purposely lies down facing the ground to show that he is worshiping. -ACT 10 26 s7n5 0 Stand up! I too am a man This was a mild rebuke or correction to Cornelius not to worship Peter. Alternate translation: "Stop doing that! I am only a man, as you are" +ACT 10 24 g2up ὁ δὲ Κορνήλιος ἦν προσδοκῶν αὐτοὺς 1 Cornelius was waiting for them "Cornelius expected them" +ACT 10 25 wxt8 ὡς τὸν Πέτρον τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν 1 when Peter entered "when Peter entered the house" +ACT 10 25 b4pn translate-symaction πεσὼν ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας προσεκύνησεν 1 fell down at his feet to worship him "he knelt down and put his face close to Peter's feet." He did this to honor Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 10 25 u2x5 πεσὼν 1 fell down He purposely lies down facing the ground to show that he is worshiping. +ACT 10 26 s7n5 ἀνάστηθι! ἐγὼ καὶ εἰμι ἄνθρωπός 1 Stand up! I too am a man This was a mild rebuke or correction to Cornelius not to worship Peter. Alternate translation: "Stop doing that! I am only a man, as you are" ACT 10 27 f9x6 figs-you 0 General Information: The word "him" here refers to Cornelius. Here the words "You" and "you" are plural and include Cornelius as well as the Gentiles who were present. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 10 27 bg7b 0 Connecting Statement: Peter addresses the people who are gathered in Cornelius' house. -ACT 10 27 twp9 figs-explicit 0 many people gathered together "many Gentile people gathered together." It is implied that these people Cornelius had invited were Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 10 27 twp9 figs-explicit πολλούς συνεληλυθότας 1 many people gathered together "many Gentile people gathered together." It is implied that these people Cornelius had invited were Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 28 g7j7 0 You yourselves know Peter is addressing Cornelius and his invited guests. ACT 10 28 iyx6 0 it is not lawful for a Jewish man "it is forbidden for a Jewish man." This refers to the Jewish religious law. ACT 10 28 k3we 0 someone from another nation This refers to people who were not Jews and not specifically to where they lived. ACT 10 30 krz8 figs-you 0 General Information: In verses 31 and 32 Cornelius quotes what the angel had said to him when he appeared to him at the ninth hour. The words "you" and "your" are all singular. The word "we" here does not include Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 10 30 n5fs 0 Connecting Statement: Cornelius responds to Peter's question. -ACT 10 30 na4u 0 Four days ago Cornelius is referring to the day before the third night before he is speaking to Peter. Biblical culture counts the current day, so the day before three nights ago is "four days ago." Current Western culture does not count the current day, so many Western translations read, "three days ago." -ACT 10 30 mqv8 translate-textvariants 0 praying Some ancient authorities say "fasting and praying" instead of simply "praying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -ACT 10 30 yy6e 0 at the ninth hour The normal afternoon time that the Jews pray to God. +ACT 10 30 na4u τετάρτης ἡμέρας ἀπὸ 1 Four days ago Cornelius is referring to the day before the third night before he is speaking to Peter. Biblical culture counts the current day, so the day before three nights ago is "four days ago." Current Western culture does not count the current day, so many Western translations read, "three days ago." +ACT 10 30 mqv8 translate-textvariants προσευχόμενος 1 praying Some ancient authorities say "fasting and praying" instead of simply "praying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +ACT 10 30 yy6e τὴν ἐνάτην 1 at the ninth hour The normal afternoon time that the Jews pray to God. ACT 10 31 heh3 figs-activepassive 0 your prayer has been heard by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has heard your prayer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 31 s6nz 0 reminded God about you "brought you to God's attention." This does not imply that God had forgotten. ACT 10 32 ci31 0 call to you a man named Simon who is called Peter "tell Simon who is also called Peter to come to you" -ACT 10 33 p5ee 0 at once "right away" +ACT 10 33 p5ee ἐξαυτῆς 1 at once "right away" ACT 10 33 ruf3 0 You are kind to have come This expression is a polite way of thanking Peter for coming. Alternate translation: "I certainly thank you for coming" ACT 10 33 ry21 0 in the sight of God This refers to the presence of God. -ACT 10 33 xt4x figs-activepassive 0 that you have been instructed by the Lord to say This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the Lord has told you to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 10 33 xt4x figs-activepassive τὰ σοι προστεταγμένα ὑπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου προστεταγμένα 1 that you have been instructed by the Lord to say This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the Lord has told you to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 34 ku8u 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins speaking to everyone in the house of Cornelius. -ACT 10 34 cyn8 0 Then Peter opened his mouth and said "Peter began to speak to them" -ACT 10 34 ha31 0 Truly This means that what he is about to say is especially important to know. +ACT 10 34 cyn8 δὲ Πέτρος ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα εἶπεν 1 Then Peter opened his mouth and said "Peter began to speak to them" +ACT 10 34 ha31 ἐπ’ ἀληθείας 1 Truly This means that what he is about to say is especially important to know. ACT 10 34 iii7 0 God does not take anyone's side "God does not favor certain people" ACT 10 35 j78e 0 anyone who worships and does righteous deeds is acceptable to him "he accepts anyone who worships him and does righteous deeds" ACT 10 35 b5cr 0 worships The word "worships" here has the sense of deep respect and awe. ACT 10 36 bjk7 0 General Information: The word "him" here refers to Jesus. ACT 10 36 sv4s 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to talk to Cornelius and his guests. -ACT 10 36 md1l 0 who is Lord of all Here "all" means "all people." -ACT 10 37 ch65 figs-hyperbole 0 throughout all Judea The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "throughout Judea" or "in many places in Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 10 37 sq2i 0 after the baptism that John announced "after John preached to the people to repent and then baptized them" +ACT 10 36 md1l οὗτός ἐστιν Κύριος πάντων 1 who is Lord of all Here "all" means "all people." +ACT 10 37 ch65 figs-hyperbole καθ’ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 throughout all Judea The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "throughout Judea" or "in many places in Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 10 37 sq2i μετὰ τὸ βάπτισμα ὃ Ἰωάννης ἐκήρυξεν 1 after the baptism that John announced "after John preached to the people to repent and then baptized them" ACT 10 38 jtr3 0 the events ... and with power This long sentence, which begins in verse 36, can be shortened into several sentences as in the UST. "You know ... of all. You yourselves know ... announced. You know the events ... with power" -ACT 10 38 ku82 figs-metaphor 0 God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power The Holy Spirit and God's power are spoken of as if they are something that can be poured out onto a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 10 38 y5ya figs-hyperbole 0 all who were oppressed by the devil The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "those who were oppressed by the devil" or "many people who were oppressed by the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 10 38 tj3u figs-idiom 0 God was with him The idiom "was with him" means "was helping him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 10 38 ku82 figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι καὶ δυνάμει 1 God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power The Holy Spirit and God's power are spoken of as if they are something that can be poured out onto a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 10 38 y5ya figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς καταδυναστευομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου 1 all who were oppressed by the devil The word "all" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "those who were oppressed by the devil" or "many people who were oppressed by the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 10 38 tj3u figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς ἦν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 God was with him The idiom "was with him" means "was helping him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 10 39 kal7 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words "We" and "we" here refer to Peter and the apostles and believers who were with Jesus when he was on earth. The words "he" and "him" here refer to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 10 39 sx3a 0 in the country of the Jews This refers mainly to Judea at that time. -ACT 10 39 z4dt 0 hanging him on a tree This is another expression that refers to crucifixion. Alternate translation: "nailing him to a wooden cross" -ACT 10 40 cxj5 figs-idiom 0 God raised him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "God caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 10 40 w8kv 0 the third day "the third day after he died" -ACT 10 40 iz8l 0 caused him to be seen "permitted many people to see him after he was raised from the dead" -ACT 10 41 q7d1 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. +ACT 10 39 sx3a ἔν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 in the country of the Jews This refers mainly to Judea at that time. +ACT 10 39 z4dt κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 hanging him on a tree This is another expression that refers to crucifixion. Alternate translation: "nailing him to a wooden cross" +ACT 10 40 cxj5 figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν τοῦτον ἤγειρεν 1 God raised him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "God caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 10 40 w8kv τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the third day "the third day after he died" +ACT 10 40 iz8l ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν γενέσθαι ἐμφανῆ 1 caused him to be seen "permitted many people to see him after he was raised from the dead" +ACT 10 41 q7d1 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. ACT 10 42 ik96 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" includes Peter and believers. It excludes his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 10 42 zne5 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to everyone in the house of Cornelius, which he began in [Acts 10:34](../10/34.md). ACT 10 42 c1ak figs-activepassive 0 that this is the one who has been chosen by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God chose this Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 42 ws4t figs-nominaladj 0 the living and the dead This refers to people who are still living and people who have died. Alternate translation: "the people who are alive and the people who are dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 10 43 ub5d 0 It is to him that all the prophets bear witness "All the prophets bear witness to Jesus" -ACT 10 43 vq6l figs-activepassive 0 everyone who believes in him shall receive forgiveness of sins This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive the sins of everyone who believes in Jesus because of what Jesus has done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 43 y6d1 figs-metonymy 0 through his name Here "his name" refers to the actions of Jesus. His name means God who saves. Alternate translation: "through what Jesus has done for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 10 44 cz7x 0 the Holy Spirit fell Here the word "fell" means "happened suddenly." Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit suddenly came" -ACT 10 44 wf7u 0 all of those who were listening Here "all" refers to all the Gentiles at the house who were listening to Peter. -ACT 10 45 j6wt 0 the gift of the Holy Spirit This refers to the Holy Spirit himself who was given to them. -ACT 10 45 g161 figs-activepassive 0 the Holy Spirit was poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God poured out the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 45 mqs8 figs-metaphor 0 poured out The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that could be poured out upon people. It implies a generous amount. Alternate translation: "generously given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 10 45 je22 0 the gift "the free gift" -ACT 10 45 f33n 0 also on the Gentiles Here "also" refers to the fact that the Holy Spirit had already been given to the Jewish believers. +ACT 10 42 ws4t figs-nominaladj κριτὴς ζώντων καὶ νεκρῶν 1 the living and the dead This refers to people who are still living and people who have died. Alternate translation: "the people who are alive and the people who are dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ACT 10 43 ub5d τούτῳ πάντες οἱ προφῆται μαρτυροῦσιν 1 It is to him that all the prophets bear witness "All the prophets bear witness to Jesus" +ACT 10 43 vq6l figs-activepassive πάντα τὸν πιστεύοντα εἰς αὐτὸν λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 everyone who believes in him shall receive forgiveness of sins This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will forgive the sins of everyone who believes in Jesus because of what Jesus has done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 10 43 y6d1 figs-metonymy διὰ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 through his name Here "his name" refers to the actions of Jesus. His name means God who saves. Alternate translation: "through what Jesus has done for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 10 44 cz7x τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἐπέπεσε 1 the Holy Spirit fell Here the word "fell" means "happened suddenly." Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit suddenly came" +ACT 10 44 wf7u πάντας τοὺς ἀκούοντας 1 all of those who were listening Here "all" refers to all the Gentiles at the house who were listening to Peter. +ACT 10 45 j6wt ἡ δωρεὰ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 the gift of the Holy Spirit This refers to the Holy Spirit himself who was given to them. +ACT 10 45 g161 figs-activepassive τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἐκκέχυται 1 the Holy Spirit was poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God poured out the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 10 45 mqs8 figs-metaphor ἐκκέχυται 1 poured out The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that could be poured out upon people. It implies a generous amount. Alternate translation: "generously given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 10 45 je22 ἡ δωρεὰ 1 the gift "the free gift" +ACT 10 45 f33n καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη 1 also on the Gentiles Here "also" refers to the fact that the Holy Spirit had already been given to the Jewish believers. ACT 10 46 w58d 0 General Information: The words "he" and "him" refer to Peter. ACT 10 46 mpg5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Cornelius. -ACT 10 46 p6pa 0 Gentiles speak in other languages and praising God These were known spoken languages that caused the Jews to acknowledge that the Gentiles were indeed praising God. +ACT 10 46 p6pa αὐτῶν λαλούντων γλώσσαις καὶ μεγαλυνόντων τὸν Θεόν 1 Gentiles speak in other languages and praising God These were known spoken languages that caused the Jews to acknowledge that the Gentiles were indeed praising God. ACT 10 47 u5d5 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone keep water from these people so they should not be baptized, these people who have received ... we? Peter uses this question to convince the Jewish Christians that the Gentile believers should be baptized. Alternate translation: "No one should keep water from these people! We should baptize them because they have received ... we!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 48 t2y9 figs-explicit 0 he commanded them to be baptized It is implied that the Jewish Christians were the ones who would baptize them. Alternate translation: "Peter commanded the Gentile believers to allow the Jewish Christians to baptize them" or "Peter commanded the Jewish Christians to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 10 48 ax6x figs-metonymy 0 be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ Here "in the name of Jesus Christ" expresses that the reason for their baptism was that they believed in Jesus. Alternate translation: "be baptized as believers in Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 10 48 t2y9 figs-explicit προσέταξεν αὐτοὺς βαπτισθῆναι 1 he commanded them to be baptized It is implied that the Jewish Christians were the ones who would baptize them. Alternate translation: "Peter commanded the Gentile believers to allow the Jewish Christians to baptize them" or "Peter commanded the Jewish Christians to baptize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 10 48 ax6x figs-metonymy βαπτισθῆναι ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ Here "in the name of Jesus Christ" expresses that the reason for their baptism was that they believed in Jesus. Alternate translation: "be baptized as believers in Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 intro hva5 0 # Acts 11 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The Gentiles also had received the word of God"

Almost all of the first believers were Jewish. Luke writes in this chapter that many Gentiles started to believe in Jesus. They believed that the message about Jesus was true and so began to "receive the word of God." Some of the believers in Jerusalem did not believe that Gentiles could truly follow Jesus, so Peter went to them and told them what had happened to him and how he had seen the Gentiles receive the Word of God and receive the Holy Spirit.
ACT 11 1 uw5m 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new event in the story. ACT 11 1 j7f7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter arrives in Jerusalem and begins talking to the Jews there. -ACT 11 1 ab75 writing-newevent 0 Now This marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 11 1 f1md 0 the brothers The phrase "brothers" here refers to the believers in Judea. -ACT 11 1 q8wl 0 who were in Judea "who were in the province of Judea" -ACT 11 1 w3rx figs-metonymy 0 had received the word of God This expression refers to the fact that the Gentiles believed the gospel message about Jesus. Alternate translation: "believed the message of God about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 2 kb4m 0 had come up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of coming up to Jerusalem and going down from it. -ACT 11 2 yar6 figs-metonymy 0 they who belonged to the circumcision group This is a reference to some of the Jews who believed that every believer must be circumcised. Alternate translation: "some Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted all followers of Christ to be circumcized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 3 ah7v figs-metonymy 0 uncircumcised men The phrase "uncircumcised men" refers to Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 3 t9e1 0 ate with them It was against Jewish tradition for Jews to eat with Gentiles. +ACT 11 1 ab75 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 11 1 f1md οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The phrase "brothers" here refers to the believers in Judea. +ACT 11 1 q8wl οἱ ὄντες κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν 1 who were in Judea "who were in the province of Judea" +ACT 11 1 w3rx figs-metonymy ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 had received the word of God This expression refers to the fact that the Gentiles believed the gospel message about Jesus. Alternate translation: "believed the message of God about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 2 kb4m ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 had come up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of coming up to Jerusalem and going down from it. +ACT 11 2 yar6 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 they who belonged to the circumcision group This is a reference to some of the Jews who believed that every believer must be circumcised. Alternate translation: "some Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted all followers of Christ to be circumcized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 3 ah7v figs-metonymy ἀκροβυστίαν ἔχοντας ἄνδρας 1 uncircumcised men The phrase "uncircumcised men" refers to Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 3 t9e1 συνέφαγεν αὐτοῖς 1 ate with them It was against Jewish tradition for Jews to eat with Gentiles. ACT 11 4 lrh6 0 Connecting Statement: Peter responds to the Jews by telling them about his vision and about what had happened at Cornelius' house. -ACT 11 4 bfp5 0 Peter started to explain Peter did not criticize the Jewish believers but reacted in a friendly explanatory manner. -ACT 11 4 nuy6 0 in detail "exactly what happened" -ACT 11 5 j37p 0 like a large sheet The container holding the animals had the appearance of a large square piece of cloth. See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). -ACT 11 5 axu6 0 by its four corners "with its four corners suspended" or "with its four corners higher than the rest of it." See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). -ACT 11 6 lbh4 figs-explicit 0 four-legged animals of earth From Peter's response, it can be implied that the law of Moses commanded the Jews not to eat some of them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: "animals and birds that the Mosaic laws forbade Jews to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 11 6 ew64 0 wild beasts This probably refer to the animals people do not or can not tame or control. -ACT 11 6 t36i 0 creeping animals These are reptiles. +ACT 11 4 bfp5 Πέτρος ἀρξάμενος ἐξετίθετο 1 Peter started to explain Peter did not criticize the Jewish believers but reacted in a friendly explanatory manner. +ACT 11 4 nuy6 καθεξῆς 1 in detail "exactly what happened" +ACT 11 5 j37p ὡς ὀθόνην μεγάλην ὀθόνην 1 like a large sheet The container holding the animals had the appearance of a large square piece of cloth. See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). +ACT 11 5 axu6 τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς 1 by its four corners "with its four corners suspended" or "with its four corners higher than the rest of it." See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). +ACT 11 6 lbh4 figs-explicit τετράποδα- τετράποδα τῆς γῆς 1 four-legged animals of earth From Peter's response, it can be implied that the law of Moses commanded the Jews not to eat some of them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: "animals and birds that the Mosaic laws forbade Jews to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 11 6 ew64 θηρία 1 wild beasts This probably refer to the animals people do not or can not tame or control. +ACT 11 6 t36i ἑρπετὰ 1 creeping animals These are reptiles. ACT 11 7 i5ic figs-synecdoche 0 I heard a voice The person speaking is not specified. The "voice" was probably God, although it could possibly have been an angel from God. See how you translated "a voice" in [Acts 10:13](../10/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 11 8 m4mu 0 Not so "I will not do that." See how you translated this in [Acts 10:14](../10/14.md). -ACT 11 8 m5p5 figs-metonymy 0 nothing unholy or unclean has ever entered into my mouth Apparently the animals in the sheet were animals which the Jewish law in the Old Testament forbade the Jews to eat. This can be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: "I have eaten only meat from holy and clean animals" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ACT 11 8 kj91 0 unclean In the Old Testament Jewish law, a person became ritually "unclean" in various ways, such as eating certain forbidden animals. -ACT 11 9 n2gn figs-metonymy 0 What God has declared clean, do not call unclean This refers to the animals in the sheet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 8 m4mu μηδαμῶς 1 Not so "I will not do that." See how you translated this in [Acts 10:14](../10/14.md). +ACT 11 8 m5p5 figs-metonymy οὐδέποτε κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον εἰσῆλθεν οὐδέποτε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς μου τὸ στόμα 1 nothing unholy or unclean has ever entered into my mouth Apparently the animals in the sheet were animals which the Jewish law in the Old Testament forbade the Jews to eat. This can be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: "I have eaten only meat from holy and clean animals" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ACT 11 8 kj91 ἀκάθαρτον 1 unclean In the Old Testament Jewish law, a person became ritually "unclean" in various ways, such as eating certain forbidden animals. +ACT 11 9 n2gn figs-metonymy ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν, κοίνου σὺ μὴ κοίνου 1 What God has declared clean, do not call unclean This refers to the animals in the sheet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 10 xrq6 0 This happened three times It is not likely that everything was repeated three times. This probably means that "What God has cleansed, do not call it defiled" was repeated three times. However, it may be best to simply say "This happened three times" instead of trying to explain in detail. See how you translated "This happened three times" in [Acts 10:16](../10/16.md). ACT 11 11 ias8 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here "we" refers to Peter and the believers in Joppa. It does not include his current audience in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 11 11 b2qv 0 Behold This word alerts us to the new people in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -ACT 11 11 k44j 0 right away "immediately" or "at that exact moment" -ACT 11 11 qwn5 figs-activepassive 0 they had been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had sent them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 11 11 k44j ἐξαυτῆς 1 right away "immediately" or "at that exact moment" +ACT 11 11 qwn5 figs-activepassive ἀπεσταλμένοι 1 they had been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had sent them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 12 lf6m 0 that I should make no distinction regarding them "that I should not be concerned that they were Gentiles" ACT 11 12 cf8x 0 These six brothers went with me "These six brothers went with me to Caesarea" ACT 11 12 xrc6 0 These six brothers "These six Jewish believers" -ACT 11 12 w6ia 0 into the man's house This refers to the house of Cornelius. -ACT 11 13 few6 0 Simon who is called Peter "Simon who is also called Peter." See how you translated the same phrase in [Acts 10:32](../10/32.md). -ACT 11 14 hpr2 figs-metonymy 0 all your household This refers to all the people in the household. Alternate translation: "everyone who lives in your house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 12 w6ia εἰς τὸν τοῦ ἀνδρός' τοῦ ἀνδρός οἶκον 1 into the man's house This refers to the house of Cornelius. +ACT 11 13 few6 Σίμωνα τὸν ἐπικαλούμενον Πέτρον 1 Simon who is called Peter "Simon who is also called Peter." See how you translated the same phrase in [Acts 10:32](../10/32.md). +ACT 11 14 hpr2 figs-metonymy πᾶς σου ὁ οἶκός 1 all your household This refers to all the people in the household. Alternate translation: "everyone who lives in your house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 15 qy12 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" refers to Peter, the apostles, and any of the Jewish believers who had received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 11 15 a8jw 0 As I began to speak to them, the Holy Spirit came on them This implies that Peter had not finished speaking but had intended to say more. -ACT 11 15 ak2p figs-ellipsis 0 the Holy Spirit came on them, just as on us in the beginning Peter leaves out some things to keep the story short. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit came on the Gentile believers, just as he came on the Jewish believers at Pentecost" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 11 15 th4m 0 in the beginning Peter is referring to the day of Pentecost. +ACT 11 15 ak2p figs-ellipsis ἀρχῇ 1 the Holy Spirit came on them, just as on us in the beginning Peter leaves out some things to keep the story short. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit came on the Gentile believers, just as he came on the Jewish believers at Pentecost" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 11 15 th4m ἐν ἀρχῇ 1 in the beginning Peter is referring to the day of Pentecost. ACT 11 16 v116 figs-activepassive 0 you shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will baptize you in the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 17 pe42 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "them" refers to Cornelius and his Gentile guests and household. Peter does not call them Gentiles in his account to the Jewish believers at Jerusalem. The word "they" refers to the Jewish believers to whom Peter spoke. The word "us" includes all of the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 11 17 e576 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech (which he began in [Acts 11:4](../11/04.md)) to the Jews about his vision and about what had happened at the house of Cornelius. ACT 11 17 u3nu figs-rquestion 0 Then if God gave to them ... who was I, that I could oppose God? Peter uses this question to emphasize that he was only obeying God. Alternate translation: "Since God gave to them ... I decided that I could not oppose God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 11 17 y7ag 0 the same gift Peter refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit. -ACT 11 18 nr7g 0 they said nothing in response "they did not argue with Peter" -ACT 11 18 z3fy figs-abstractnouns 0 God has given repentance for life to the Gentiles also "God has given repentance that leads to life to the Gentiles also." Here "life" refers to eternal life. The abstract nouns "repentance" and "life" can be translated as the verbs "repent" and "live." Alternate translation: "God has allowed the Gentiles also to repent and live eternally" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 11 17 y7ag τὴν ἴσην δωρεὰν 1 the same gift Peter refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit. +ACT 11 18 nr7g ἡσύχασαν 1 they said nothing in response "they did not argue with Peter" +ACT 11 18 z3fy figs-abstractnouns ὁ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν τὴν μετάνοιαν εἰς ζωὴν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ 1 God has given repentance for life to the Gentiles also "God has given repentance that leads to life to the Gentiles also." Here "life" refers to eternal life. The abstract nouns "repentance" and "life" can be translated as the verbs "repent" and "live." Alternate translation: "God has allowed the Gentiles also to repent and live eternally" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 11 19 zck4 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about what happened to the believers who fled after the stoning of Stephen. -ACT 11 19 bwb8 writing-newevent 0 Now This introduces the new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 11 19 m3i7 0 those who had been scattered by the persecution that arose over Stephen spread The Jews began persecuting Jesus' followers because Stephen had said and done things that the Jews did not like. Because of this persecution, many of Jesus' followers left Jerusalem and went to many different places. +ACT 11 19 bwb8 writing-newevent οὖν 1 Now This introduces the new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 11 19 m3i7 οἱ διασπαρέντες ἀπὸ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς γενομένης ἐπὶ Στεφάνῳ διῆλθον 1 those who had been scattered by the persecution that arose over Stephen spread The Jews began persecuting Jesus' followers because Stephen had said and done things that the Jews did not like. Because of this persecution, many of Jesus' followers left Jerusalem and went to many different places. ACT 11 19 w5jn 0 those ... spread "those went in many different directions" -ACT 11 19 whm6 figs-activepassive 0 who had been scattered by the persecution This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Jews had been persecuting and so had left Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 11 19 vx4b 0 the persecution that arose over Stephen the persecution that happened because of what Stephen had said and done +ACT 11 19 whm6 figs-activepassive διασπαρέντες ἀπὸ τῆς θλίψεως 1 who had been scattered by the persecution This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Jews had been persecuting and so had left Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 11 19 vx4b τῆς θλίψεως τῆς γενομένης ἐπὶ Στεφάνῳ 1 the persecution that arose over Stephen the persecution that happened because of what Stephen had said and done ACT 11 19 c8ha 0 only to Jews The believers thought God's message was for the Jewish people, and not for the Gentiles. ACT 11 20 mww9 figs-explicit 0 spoke also to Greeks These Greek-speaking people were Gentiles, not Jews. Alternate translation: "also spoke to Gentiles who spoke Greek" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 11 21 aj5g figs-metonymy 0 The hand of the Lord was with them God's hand signifies his powerful help. Alternate translation: "God was powerfully enabling those believers to preach effectively" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 21 n9pq figs-metaphor 0 turned to the Lord Here "turned to the Lord" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and they repented of their sins and began to obey the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 11 21 n9pq figs-metaphor ἐπέστρεψεν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 turned to the Lord Here "turned to the Lord" is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: "and they repented of their sins and began to obey the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 11 22 mrg9 0 General Information: In these verses, the word "he" refers to Barnabas. The word "they" refers to the believers of the church at Jerusalem. The words "them" and "their" refer to the new believers ([Acts 11:20](../11/20.md)). -ACT 11 22 i7vs figs-metonymy 0 ears of the church Here "ears" refers to the believers' hearing about the event. Alternate translation: "the believers in the church" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 23 b7w7 0 saw the grace of God "saw how God acted kindly toward the believers" -ACT 11 23 m1q9 0 he encouraged them "he kept on encouraging them" -ACT 11 23 qlu4 0 to remain with the Lord "to remain faithful to the Lord" or "to continue to trust in the Lord" -ACT 11 23 bz6w figs-metonymy 0 with all their heart Here the "heart" refers to a person's will and desire. Alternate translation: "with all their will" or "with complete commitment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 11 24 he5z 0 full of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit controlled Barnabas as he obeyed the Holy Spirit. -ACT 11 24 e57t figs-metonymy 0 many people were added to the Lord Here "added" means they came to believe the same thing as the others. Alternate translation: "many more people also believed in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 22 i7vs figs-metonymy ὦτα τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 ears of the church Here "ears" refers to the believers' hearing about the event. Alternate translation: "the believers in the church" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 23 b7w7 ἰδὼν τὴν χάριν τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 saw the grace of God "saw how God acted kindly toward the believers" +ACT 11 23 m1q9 παρεκάλει πάντας 1 he encouraged them "he kept on encouraging them" +ACT 11 23 qlu4 προσμένειν τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 to remain with the Lord "to remain faithful to the Lord" or "to continue to trust in the Lord" +ACT 11 23 bz6w figs-metonymy τῇ προθέσει τῆς καρδίας 1 with all their heart Here the "heart" refers to a person's will and desire. Alternate translation: "with all their will" or "with complete commitment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 11 24 he5z πλήρης Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 full of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit controlled Barnabas as he obeyed the Holy Spirit. +ACT 11 24 e57t figs-metonymy ἱκανὸς ὄχλος προσετέθη τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 many people were added to the Lord Here "added" means they came to believe the same thing as the others. Alternate translation: "many more people also believed in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 25 yhl6 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Barnabas and "him" refers to Saul. -ACT 11 25 dm92 0 out to Tarsus "out to the city of Tarsus" +ACT 11 25 dm92 ἐξῆλθεν εἰς Ταρσὸν 1 out to Tarsus "out to the city of Tarsus" ACT 11 26 hu2g 0 When he found him It progably took some time and effort for Barnabas to locate Saul. ACT 11 26 wf5l writing-newevent 0 It came about This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 11 26 w4dz 0 they gathered together with the church "Barnabas and Saul gathered together with the church" +ACT 11 26 w4dz αὐτοῖς συναχθῆναι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 they gathered together with the church "Barnabas and Saul gathered together with the church" ACT 11 26 x8gx figs-activepassive 0 The disciples were called Christians This implies that other people called the believers by this name. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Antioch called the disciples Christians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 11 26 r6sl 0 first in Antioch "for the first time in Antioch" +ACT 11 26 r6sl πρώτως ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ 1 first in Antioch "for the first time in Antioch" ACT 11 27 pz7y writing-background 0 General Information: Here Luke tells background information about a prophecy in Antioch. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 11 27 h6zw 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story-line. -ACT 11 27 d8bb 0 came down from Jerusalem to Antioch Jerusalem was higher in elevation than Antioch, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem or going down from it. -ACT 11 28 wyk8 0 Agabus by name "whose name was Agabus" -ACT 11 28 q3tl 0 indicated by the Spirit "the Holy Spirit enabled him to prophesy" +ACT 11 27 h6zw δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story-line. +ACT 11 27 d8bb κατῆλθον ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 1 came down from Jerusalem to Antioch Jerusalem was higher in elevation than Antioch, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem or going down from it. +ACT 11 28 wyk8 Ἅγαβος ὀνόματι 1 Agabus by name "whose name was Agabus" +ACT 11 28 q3tl ἐσήμανεν διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 indicated by the Spirit "the Holy Spirit enabled him to prophesy" ACT 11 28 l3iz 0 a great famine would occur "a great shortage of food would happen" -ACT 11 28 pd2t figs-hyperbole 0 over all the world This was a generalization referring to the part of the world that they were interested in. Alternate translation: "all over the inhabited world" or "throughout the Roman Empire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 11 28 jmc5 figs-explicit 0 in the days of Claudius Luke's audience would know that Claudius was the emperor of Rome at that time. Alternate translation: "when Claudius was the Roman emperor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 11 28 pd2t figs-hyperbole ἐφ’ ὅλην τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 over all the world This was a generalization referring to the part of the world that they were interested in. Alternate translation: "all over the inhabited world" or "throughout the Roman Empire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 11 28 jmc5 figs-explicit ἐπὶ Κλαυδίου 1 in the days of Claudius Luke's audience would know that Claudius was the emperor of Rome at that time. Alternate translation: "when Claudius was the Roman emperor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 11 29 lhp8 0 General Information: The words "They" and "they" refer to the believers in the church in Antioch ([Acts 11:27](../11/27.md)). -ACT 11 29 de92 0 So This word means marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, they sent money because of Agabus' prophesy or the famine. +ACT 11 29 de92 δὲ 1 So This word means marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, they sent money because of Agabus' prophesy or the famine. ACT 11 29 rk9z 0 as each one was able The richer people sent more; the poorer people sent less. ACT 11 29 up7a 0 the brothers in Judea "the believers in Judea" -ACT 11 30 l8i8 figs-idiom 0 by the hand of Barnabas and Saul The hand is a synecdoche for the action of the whole person. Alternate translation: "by having Barnabas and Saul take to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 11 30 l8i8 figs-idiom διὰ χειρὸς Βαρναβᾶ καὶ Σαύλου 1 by the hand of Barnabas and Saul The hand is a synecdoche for the action of the whole person. Alternate translation: "by having Barnabas and Saul take to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 12 intro f66j 0 # Acts 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul back from Tarsus and they were delivering money from Antioch Jerusalem (11:25-30). He killed many of the leaders of the church, and he put Peter in prison. After God helped Peter escape the prison, Herod killed the prison guards, and then God killed Herod. In the last verse of the chapter, Luke tells how Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Personification

The "word of God" is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could grow and become many. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ACT 12 1 u4w7 writing-background 0 General Information: This is background information about Herod's killing James. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 12 1 ua9p 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the new persecution, first of James' death and then of Peter's imprisonment and then release. -ACT 12 1 ti1y writing-newevent 0 Now This begins a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ACT 12 1 f2gr 0 about that time This refers to the time of the famine. -ACT 12 1 zy6y figs-idiom 0 laid hands on This means Herod had the believers arrested. See how you translated this in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: "sent soldiers to arrest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 12 1 u1gv figs-explicit 0 some who belonged to the church Only James and Peter are specified, which implies that these were leaders of the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 12 1 s7lc 0 so that he might mistreat them "in order to cause the believers to suffer" +ACT 12 1 ti1y writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This begins a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 12 1 f2gr κατ’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρὸν 1 about that time This refers to the time of the famine. +ACT 12 1 zy6y figs-idiom ἐπέβαλεν τὰς χεῖρας τινας 1 laid hands on This means Herod had the believers arrested. See how you translated this in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: "sent soldiers to arrest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 12 1 u1gv figs-explicit τινας τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 some who belonged to the church Only James and Peter are specified, which implies that these were leaders of the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 1 s7lc κακῶσαί 1 so that he might mistreat them "in order to cause the believers to suffer" ACT 12 2 aw4t 0 He killed James ... with the sword This tells the manner in which James was killed. ACT 12 2 r1zv figs-metonymy 0 He killed James Possible meanings are 1) Herod himself killed James or 2) Herod ordered someone to kill James. Alternate translation: "Herod gave the order and they killed James" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 12 3 pms7 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Herod ([Acts 12:1](../12/01.md)). ACT 12 3 v4ag 0 After he saw that this pleased the Jews "When Herod realized that putting James to death pleased the Jewish leaders" ACT 12 3 wpm1 0 pleased the Jews "made the Jewish leaders happy" ACT 12 3 cu7s 0 That was "Herod did this" or "This happened" -ACT 12 3 ly66 0 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. Alternate translation: "the festival when the Jewish people ate bread without yeast" -ACT 12 4 pps1 0 four squads of soldiers "four groups of soldiers." Each squad had four soldiers that guarded Peter, one group at a time. The groups divided the 24 hour day into four shifts. Each time two soldiers would have been at his side and the other two soldiers by the entrance. -ACT 12 4 i23a 0 he was intending to bring him to the people "Herod planned to judge Peter in the presence of the people" or "Herod planned to judge Peter before the Jewish people" -ACT 12 5 v2yz figs-activepassive 0 So Peter was kept in the prison This implies that the soldiers continually guarded Peter in prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So the soldiers guarded Peter in the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 3 ly66 ἡμέραι τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. Alternate translation: "the festival when the Jewish people ate bread without yeast" +ACT 12 4 pps1 τέσσαρσιν τετραδίοις στρατιωτῶν 1 four squads of soldiers "four groups of soldiers." Each squad had four soldiers that guarded Peter, one group at a time. The groups divided the 24 hour day into four shifts. Each time two soldiers would have been at his side and the other two soldiers by the entrance. +ACT 12 4 i23a βουλόμενος ἀναγαγεῖν αὐτὸν τῷ λαῷ 1 he was intending to bring him to the people "Herod planned to judge Peter in the presence of the people" or "Herod planned to judge Peter before the Jewish people" +ACT 12 5 v2yz figs-activepassive ὁ μὲν οὖν Πέτρος ὁ μὲν οὖν Πέτρος ἐτηρεῖτο ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ 1 So Peter was kept in the prison This implies that the soldiers continually guarded Peter in prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So the soldiers guarded Peter in the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 5 f8qc figs-activepassive 0 prayer was made earnestly to God for him by those in the church This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the group of believers in Jerusalem earnestly prayed to God for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 12 5 g189 0 earnestly continuously and with dedication +ACT 12 5 g189 ἐκτενῶς 1 earnestly continuously and with dedication ACT 12 6 km83 figs-explicit 0 On the night before Herod was going to bring him out for trial That Herod planned to execute him can be clarified. Alternate translation: "The happened on the day before Herod was going to bring Peter out from prison to put him on trial and then to execute him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 12 6 g2bh 0 bound with two chains "tied with two chains" or "fastened with two chains." Each chain would have been attached to one of the two guards who stayed beside Peter. +ACT 12 6 g2bh δεδεμένος ἁλύσεσιν δυσίν ἁλύσεσιν 1 bound with two chains "tied with two chains" or "fastened with two chains." Each chain would have been attached to one of the two guards who stayed beside Peter. ACT 12 6 aqv1 0 were keeping watch over the prison "were guarding the prison doors" ACT 12 7 kk4i 0 General Information: The words "him" and "his" refer to Peter. ACT 12 7 i7g3 0 Behold This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -ACT 12 7 lu25 0 by him "next to him" or "beside him" -ACT 12 7 z2i1 0 in the prison cell "in the prison room" +ACT 12 7 lu25 ἐπέστη 1 by him "next to him" or "beside him" +ACT 12 7 z2i1 ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι 1 in the prison cell "in the prison room" ACT 12 7 dc5b 0 He struck Peter "The angel tapped Peter" or "The angel poked Peter." Peter was evidently sleeping deeply enough that this was required to wake him. -ACT 12 7 dqn9 0 his chains fell off his hands The angel caused the chains to fall from Peter without touching them. -ACT 12 8 hxt9 0 Peter did so "Peter did what the angel told him to do" or "Peter obeyed" +ACT 12 7 dqn9 αὐτοῦ αἱ ἁλύσεις ἐξέπεσαν ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν 1 his chains fell off his hands The angel caused the chains to fall from Peter without touching them. +ACT 12 8 hxt9 ἐποίησεν οὕτως 1 Peter did so "Peter did what the angel told him to do" or "Peter obeyed" ACT 12 9 gx77 0 General Information: Here the word "He" refers to Peter. The words "they" and "They" refer to Peter and the angel. ACT 12 9 sh8k 0 He did not know "He did not understand" -ACT 12 9 p9ty figs-activepassive 0 what was done by the angel was real This could be changed to active form. Alternate translation: "the actions of the angel were real" or "what the angel did truly happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 12 9 p9ty figs-activepassive τὸ γινόμενον διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου ἐστιν ἀληθές 1 what was done by the angel was real This could be changed to active form. Alternate translation: "the actions of the angel were real" or "what the angel did truly happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 10 r7gy figs-explicit 0 After they had passed by the first guard and the second It is implied that the soldiers were not able to see Peter and the angel as they walked by. Alternate translation: "The first and second guards did not see them as they passed by, and then" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 12 10 c18q 0 had passed by "had walked by" -ACT 12 10 e36s figs-ellipsis 0 and the second The word "guard" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and the second guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 12 10 y86k 0 they came to the iron gate "Peter and the angel arrived at the iron gate" -ACT 12 10 if3c 0 that led into the city "that opened to the city" or "that went from the prison to the city" -ACT 12 10 i3st figs-rpronouns 0 it opened for them by itself Here "by itself" means neither Peter nor the angel opened it. Alternate translation: "the gate swung open for them" or "the gate opened itself for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 12 10 j268 0 went down a street "walked along a street" -ACT 12 10 fl89 0 left him right away "left Peter suddenly" or "suddenly disappeared" -ACT 12 11 wlb6 figs-idiom 0 When Peter came to himself This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "When Peter became fully awake and alert" or "When Peter became aware that what had happened was real" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 12 11 ue4k figs-metonymy 0 delivered me out of the hand of Herod Here "the hand of Herod" refers to "Herod's hold" or "Herod's plans." Alternate translation: "brought me from the harm Herod had planned for me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 12 11 hw63 0 delivered me "rescued me" -ACT 12 11 p739 figs-synecdoche 0 everything the Jewish people were expecting Here "the people of the Jews" probably referred mainly to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "all that the Jewish leaders thought would happen to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 12 12 tfh3 0 realized this He became aware that God had rescued him. -ACT 12 12 ux4v figs-activepassive 0 John, also called Mark John was also called Mark. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John, whom people also called Mark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 12 10 c18q διελθόντες 1 had passed by "had walked by" +ACT 12 10 e36s figs-ellipsis καὶ δευτέραν 1 and the second The word "guard" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and the second guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 12 10 y86k ἦλθαν ἐπὶ τὴν τὴν σιδηρᾶν πύλην 1 they came to the iron gate "Peter and the angel arrived at the iron gate" +ACT 12 10 if3c τὴν φέρουσαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν 1 that led into the city "that opened to the city" or "that went from the prison to the city" +ACT 12 10 i3st figs-rpronouns ἥτις ἠνοίγη αὐτοῖς αὐτομάτη 1 it opened for them by itself Here "by itself" means neither Peter nor the angel opened it. Alternate translation: "the gate swung open for them" or "the gate opened itself for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 12 10 j268 ἐξελθόντες προῆλθον ῥύμην μίαν 1 went down a street "walked along a street" +ACT 12 10 fl89 ἀπέστη ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ εὐθέως 1 left him right away "left Peter suddenly" or "suddenly disappeared" +ACT 12 11 wlb6 figs-idiom καὶ ὁ Πέτρος γενόμενος ἐν ἑαυτῷ 1 When Peter came to himself This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "When Peter became fully awake and alert" or "When Peter became aware that what had happened was real" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 12 11 ue4k figs-metonymy ἐξείλατό με ἐκ χειρὸς Ἡρῴδου 1 delivered me out of the hand of Herod Here "the hand of Herod" refers to "Herod's hold" or "Herod's plans." Alternate translation: "brought me from the harm Herod had planned for me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 12 11 hw63 ἐξείλατό με 1 delivered me "rescued me" +ACT 12 11 p739 figs-synecdoche πάσης τοῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων λαοῦ τῆς προσδοκίας 1 everything the Jewish people were expecting Here "the people of the Jews" probably referred mainly to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "all that the Jewish leaders thought would happen to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 12 12 tfh3 συνιδών 1 realized this He became aware that God had rescued him. +ACT 12 12 ux4v figs-activepassive Ἰωάννου, τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Μάρκου 1 John, also called Mark John was also called Mark. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John, whom people also called Mark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 13 x5fg 0 General Information: Here the words "she" and "her" all refer to the servant girl Rhoda. Here the words they" and "They" refer to the people who were inside praying ([Acts 12:12](../12/12.md)). -ACT 12 13 pfn7 0 he knocked "Peter knocked." Tapping on the door was a normal Jewish custom to let others know you wish to visit them. You may need to change this to fit your culture. -ACT 12 13 c634 0 at the door of the gate "at the outer door" or "at the door of the entrance from the street to the courtyard" -ACT 12 13 khq1 0 came to answer "came to the gate to ask who was knocking" -ACT 12 14 y2ff 0 out of joy "because she was so joyful" or "being overly excited" -ACT 12 14 m3m7 0 failed to open the door "did not open the door" or "forgot to open the door" -ACT 12 14 ky3p 0 came running into the room You may prefer to say "went running into the room in the house" -ACT 12 14 yq3r 0 she reported "she told them" or "she said" -ACT 12 14 a19k 0 standing at the door "standing outside the door." Peter was still standing outside. -ACT 12 15 ybz7 0 You are insane The people not only did not believe her, but rebuked her by saying she was crazy. Alternate translation: "You are crazy" -ACT 12 15 xnm2 0 she insisted that it was so "she insisted that what she said was true" +ACT 12 13 pfn7 αὐτοῦ κρούσαντος 1 he knocked "Peter knocked." Tapping on the door was a normal Jewish custom to let others know you wish to visit them. You may need to change this to fit your culture. +ACT 12 13 c634 τὴν θύραν τοῦ πυλῶνος 1 at the door of the gate "at the outer door" or "at the door of the entrance from the street to the courtyard" +ACT 12 13 khq1 προσῆλθε ὑπακοῦσαι 1 came to answer "came to the gate to ask who was knocking" +ACT 12 14 y2ff ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς 1 out of joy "because she was so joyful" or "being overly excited" +ACT 12 14 m3m7 οὐκ ἤνοιξεν τὸν πυλῶνα 1 failed to open the door "did not open the door" or "forgot to open the door" +ACT 12 14 ky3p εἰσδραμοῦσα 1 came running into the room You may prefer to say "went running into the room in the house" +ACT 12 14 yq3r εἰσδραμοῦσα ἀπήγγειλεν 1 she reported "she told them" or "she said" +ACT 12 14 a19k ἑστάναι πρὸ τοῦ πυλῶνος 1 standing at the door "standing outside the door." Peter was still standing outside. +ACT 12 15 ybz7 μαίνῃ 1 You are insane The people not only did not believe her, but rebuked her by saying she was crazy. Alternate translation: "You are crazy" +ACT 12 15 xnm2 ἡ διϊσχυρίζετο ἔχειν οὕτως 1 she insisted that it was so "she insisted that what she said was true" ACT 12 15 en8b 0 They said "They answered" -ACT 12 15 qa8m 0 It is his angel "What you have seen is Peter's angel." Some Jews believed in guardian angels and may have thought that Peter's angel had come to them. +ACT 12 15 qa8m ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ὁ ἄγγελός 1 It is his angel "What you have seen is Peter's angel." Some Jews believed in guardian angels and may have thought that Peter's angel had come to them. ACT 12 16 wwg1 0 General Information: Here the words "they" and "them" refer to the people in the house. The words "He" and "he" refer to Peter. -ACT 12 16 bi6l 0 But Peter continued knocking The word "continued" means that Peter kept knocking the entire time those inside were talking. -ACT 12 17 jx1a 0 Report these things "Tell these things" -ACT 12 17 jf16 0 the brothers "the other believers" +ACT 12 16 bi6l ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἐπέμενεν κρούων 1 But Peter continued knocking The word "continued" means that Peter kept knocking the entire time those inside were talking. +ACT 12 17 jx1a ἀπαγγείλατε ταῦτα 1 Report these things "Tell these things" +ACT 12 17 jf16 τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers "the other believers" ACT 12 18 blx5 0 General Information: The word "him" here refers to Peter. The word "he" refers to Herod. -ACT 12 18 ail9 0 Now This word is used to mark a break in the story-line. Time has passed; it is now the next day. -ACT 12 18 iqv4 0 when it became day "in the morning" -ACT 12 18 zl7i figs-litotes 0 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter This phrase is used to emphasize what really happened. This could be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: "there was a great disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 12 18 ilz4 figs-abstractnouns 0 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter The abstract noun "disturbance" can be expressed with the words "disturbed" or "upset." Alternate translation: "the soldiers were very disturbed about what had happened to Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 12 19 twr1 0 After Herod had searched for him and could not find him "After Herod searched for Peter and could not find him" -ACT 12 19 pz6v 0 After Herod had searched for him Possible meanings are that 1) "when Herod heard Peter was missing, he went himself to search the prison" or 2) "when Herod heard Peter was missing, he sent other soldiers to search the prison." -ACT 12 19 c69i 0 he questioned the guards and ordered them to be put to death It was the normal punishment for the Roman government to kill the guards if their prisoner escaped. -ACT 12 19 br16 0 Then he went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Judea. +ACT 12 18 ail9 δὲ 1 Now This word is used to mark a break in the story-line. Time has passed; it is now the next day. +ACT 12 18 iqv4 γενομένης ἡμέρας 1 when it became day "in the morning" +ACT 12 18 zl7i figs-litotes ἦν οὐκ ὀλίγος τάραχος ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις τί ἐγένετο ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος 1 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter This phrase is used to emphasize what really happened. This could be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: "there was a great disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 12 18 ilz4 figs-abstractnouns ἦν οὐκ ὀλίγος τάραχος ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις τί ἐγένετο ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος 1 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter The abstract noun "disturbance" can be expressed with the words "disturbed" or "upset." Alternate translation: "the soldiers were very disturbed about what had happened to Peter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 12 19 twr1 δὲ Ἡρῴδης ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὸν καὶ εὑρὼν μὴ εὑρὼν 1 After Herod had searched for him and could not find him "After Herod searched for Peter and could not find him" +ACT 12 19 pz6v δὲ Ἡρῴδης ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὸν 1 After Herod had searched for him Possible meanings are that 1) "when Herod heard Peter was missing, he went himself to search the prison" or 2) "when Herod heard Peter was missing, he sent other soldiers to search the prison." +ACT 12 19 c69i ἀνακρίνας τοὺς φύλακας ἐκέλευσεν ἀπαχθῆναι 1 he questioned the guards and ordered them to be put to death It was the normal punishment for the Roman government to kill the guards if their prisoner escaped. +ACT 12 19 br16 καὶ κατελθὼν 1 Then he went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Judea. ACT 12 20 n2lw 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues with another event in Herod's life. -ACT 12 20 aip7 writing-newevent 0 Now This word is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +ACT 12 20 aip7 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 12 20 gxs4 figs-hyperbole 0 They went to him together Here the word "They" is a generalization. It is unlikely that all the people of Tyre and Sidon went to Herod. Alternate translation: "Men representing the people of Tyre and Sidon went together to talk with Herod" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 12 20 t6mi 0 They persuaded Blastus "These men persuaded Blastus" -ACT 12 20 qsg4 translate-names 0 Blastus Blastus was an assistant to or an officer of King Herod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 12 20 l5r1 0 they asked for peace "these men requested peace" -ACT 12 20 j253 figs-explicit 0 their country received its food from the king's country They probably purchased this food. Alternate translation: "the people of Tyre and Sidon bought all their food from the people that Herod ruled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 12 20 dy51 figs-explicit 0 received its food It is implied that Herod restricted this supply of food because he was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 20 qsg4 translate-names Βλάστον 1 Blastus Blastus was an assistant to or an officer of King Herod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 12 20 l5r1 ᾐτοῦντο εἰρήνην 1 they asked for peace "these men requested peace" +ACT 12 20 j253 figs-explicit τὴν χώραν τὸ τρέφεσθαι αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλικῆς' βασιλικῆς 1 their country received its food from the king's country They probably purchased this food. Alternate translation: "the people of Tyre and Sidon bought all their food from the people that Herod ruled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 20 dy51 figs-explicit τὸ τρέφεσθαι αὐτῶν 1 received its food It is implied that Herod restricted this supply of food because he was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 21 e3w9 0 On a set day This was probably the day on which Herod agreed to meet with the representatives. Alternate translation: "On the day when Herod agreed to meet them" -ACT 12 21 kv7g 0 royal clothing expensive clothing that would demonstrate he was the king +ACT 12 21 kv7g βασιλικὴν ἐσθῆτα 1 royal clothing expensive clothing that would demonstrate he was the king ACT 12 21 g6ir 0 sat on a throne This was where Herod formally addressed people who came to see him. ACT 12 22 ze1s 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Herod. ACT 12 23 b4bc 0 Immediately an angel "Right away an angel" or "While the people were praising Herod, an angel" -ACT 12 23 b5s9 0 struck him "afflicted Herod" or "caused Herod to become very ill" -ACT 12 23 iw57 0 he did not give God the glory Herod let those people worship him instead of telling them to worship God. -ACT 12 23 d419 figs-activepassive 0 he was eaten by worms and died Here "worms" refers to worms inside the body, probably intestinal worms. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "worms ate Herod's insides and he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 12 23 b5s9 ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν 1 struck him "afflicted Herod" or "caused Herod to become very ill" +ACT 12 23 iw57 ἔδωκεν οὐκ ἔδωκεν τῷ Θεῷ τὴν δόξαν 1 he did not give God the glory Herod let those people worship him instead of telling them to worship God. +ACT 12 23 d419 figs-activepassive γενόμενος σκωληκόβρωτος ἐξέψυξεν 1 he was eaten by worms and died Here "worms" refers to worms inside the body, probably intestinal worms. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "worms ate Herod's insides and he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 24 j2un writing-endofstory 0 Verse 24 continues the history from verse 23. Verse 25 continues the history from 11:30. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 12 24 m1sw figs-metaphor 0 the word of God increased and multiplied The word of God is spoken of as if it was a living plant that was able to grow and reproduce. Alternate translation: "the message of God spread to more places and more people believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 12 24 wn8m 0 the word of God "the message God sent about Jesus" -ACT 12 25 pv6a figs-explicit 0 completed their mission This refers back to when they brought money from the believers at Antioch in [Acts 11:29-30](../11/29.md). Alternate translation: "delivered the money to the church leaders in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 12 25 t7d8 figs-explicit 0 they returned from Jerusalem They went back to Antioch from Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Barnabas and Saul returned to Antioch" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 24 m1sw figs-metaphor ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ηὔξανεν καὶ ἐπληθύνετο 1 the word of God increased and multiplied The word of God is spoken of as if it was a living plant that was able to grow and reproduce. Alternate translation: "the message of God spread to more places and more people believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 12 24 wn8m ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God "the message God sent about Jesus" +ACT 12 25 pv6a figs-explicit πληρώσαντες τὴν διακονίαν 1 completed their mission This refers back to when they brought money from the believers at Antioch in [Acts 11:29-30](../11/29.md). Alternate translation: "delivered the money to the church leaders in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 12 25 t7d8 figs-explicit ὑπέστρεψαν εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 they returned from Jerusalem They went back to Antioch from Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Barnabas and Saul returned to Antioch" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 intro rlh6 0 # Acts 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the three quotes from Psalms in 13:33-35.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 13:41.

The chapter is where the second half of the Book of Acts begins. Luke writes more about Paul than about Peter, and it describes how it is the Gentiles and not the Jews to whom the believers tell the message about Jesus.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### A light for the Gentiles

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. The Jews considered all Gentiles as walking in darkness, but Paul and Barnabas spoke of telling the Gentiles about Jesus as if they were going to bring them physical light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
ACT 13 1 ce7s writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 1 gives background information about the people in the church at Antioch. Here the first word "they" probably refers to these five leaders but may also include the other believers. The next words "they" and "their" probably refer to the other three leaders not including Barnabas and Saul but could include other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 13 1 qa2i 0 Connecting Statement: Luke begins to tell about the mission trips on which the church at Antioch send Barnabas and Saul. ACT 13 1 rej8 0 Now in the church in Antioch "At that time in the church at Antioch" ACT 13 1 srw6 translate-names 0 Simeon ... Niger ... Lucius ... Manaen These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 13 1 u48c 0 foster brother of Herod the tetrarch Manaen was probably Herod's playmate or close friend growing up. +ACT 13 1 u48c σύντροφος Ἡρῴδου τοῦ τετράρχου 1 foster brother of Herod the tetrarch Manaen was probably Herod's playmate or close friend growing up. ACT 13 2 ifb9 0 Set apart for me "Appoint to serve me" -ACT 13 2 j6ym 0 I have called them The verb here means that God chose them to do this work. -ACT 13 3 ku45 translate-symaction 0 laid their hands on these men "laid their hands on these men whom God had set apart for his service." This act showed that the leaders agreed that the Holy Spirit had called Barnabas and Saul to do this work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 13 3 p1us 0 sent them off "sent those men off" or "sent those men off to do the work the Holy Spirit told them to do" +ACT 13 2 j6ym προσκέκλημαι αὐτούς 1 I have called them The verb here means that God chose them to do this work. +ACT 13 3 ku45 translate-symaction ἐπιθέντες τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῖς 1 laid their hands on these men "laid their hands on these men whom God had set apart for his service." This act showed that the leaders agreed that the Holy Spirit had called Barnabas and Saul to do this work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 13 3 p1us ἀπέλυσαν 1 sent them off "sent those men off" or "sent those men off to do the work the Holy Spirit told them to do" ACT 13 4 br2m 0 General Information: Here the words "they," "They," and "their" refer to Barnabas and Silas. -ACT 13 4 mt3h 0 So This word marks an event that happened because of a previous event. In this case, the previous event is Barnabas and Saul being set apart by the Holy Spirit. -ACT 13 4 iyh8 0 went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Seleucia is lower in elevation than Antioch. -ACT 13 4 d1q5 0 Seleucia a city by the sea -ACT 13 5 at85 0 city of Salamis The city of Salamis was on Cyprus Island. -ACT 13 5 ct8b figs-synecdoche 0 proclaimed the word of God "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message of God." Alternate translation: "proclaimed the message of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 13 5 p5t3 0 synagogues of the Jews Possible meanings are that 1) "there were multiple Jewish synagogues in the city of Salamis where Barnabas and Saul preached" or 2) "Barnabas and Saul started at the synagogue at Salamis and continued to preach in all the synagogues they found while they traveled around the Island of Cyprus." +ACT 13 4 mt3h οὖν 1 So This word marks an event that happened because of a previous event. In this case, the previous event is Barnabas and Saul being set apart by the Holy Spirit. +ACT 13 4 iyh8 κατῆλθον 1 went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Seleucia is lower in elevation than Antioch. +ACT 13 4 d1q5 Σελεύκιαν 1 Seleucia a city by the sea +ACT 13 5 at85 Σαλαμῖνι 1 city of Salamis The city of Salamis was on Cyprus Island. +ACT 13 5 ct8b figs-synecdoche κατήγγελλον τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 proclaimed the word of God "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message of God." Alternate translation: "proclaimed the message of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 13 5 p5t3 συναγωγαῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 synagogues of the Jews Possible meanings are that 1) "there were multiple Jewish synagogues in the city of Salamis where Barnabas and Saul preached" or 2) "Barnabas and Saul started at the synagogue at Salamis and continued to preach in all the synagogues they found while they traveled around the Island of Cyprus." ACT 13 5 sxw6 0 They also had John Mark as their assistant "John Mark went with them and was helping them" -ACT 13 5 ukx2 0 assistant "helper" +ACT 13 5 ukx2 ὑπηρέτην 1 assistant "helper" ACT 13 6 h9he 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul, Silas, and John Mark.The words "This man" refer to "Sergius Paulus." The first word "he" refers to Sergius Paulus, the proconsul; the second word "he" refers to Elymas (also called Bar-Jesus), the magician. -ACT 13 6 ja1i 0 the whole island They crossed from one side of the island to the other and shared the gospel message in each town they passed through. -ACT 13 6 cl2z 0 Paphos a major city on Cyprus island where the proconsul lived -ACT 13 6 zf3b 0 they found Here "found" means they came upon him without looking for him. Alternate translation: "they met" or "they came upon" -ACT 13 6 xe7h 0 a certain magician "a particular person who practices witchcraft" or "a person who practices supernatural magic arts" -ACT 13 6 ak38 translate-names 0 whose name was Bar Jesus "Bar Jesus" means "Son of Jesus." There is no relation between this man and Jesus Christ. Jesus was a common name at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 13 7 bee2 0 associated with "was often with" or "was often in the company of" -ACT 13 7 s1su 0 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: "governor" -ACT 13 7 h5xx writing-background 0 who was an intelligent man This is background information about Sergius Paulus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 13 8 lp2u translate-names 0 Elymas "the magician" This was Bar-Jesus, who was also called "the magician." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 13 8 qw4j 0 that is how his name is translated "that was what he was called in Greek" -ACT 13 8 n23s 0 opposed them; he tried to turn "resisted them by trying to turn" or "attempted to stop them by trying to turn" -ACT 13 8 w2xt figs-metaphor 0 tried to turn the proconsul away from the faith Here "to turn ... away from" is a metaphor for convincing someone to not do something. Alternate translation: "attempted to persuade the governor not to believe the gospel message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 13 6 ja1i τὴν ὅλην νῆσον 1 the whole island They crossed from one side of the island to the other and shared the gospel message in each town they passed through. +ACT 13 6 cl2z Πάφου 1 Paphos a major city on Cyprus island where the proconsul lived +ACT 13 6 zf3b εὗρον 1 they found Here "found" means they came upon him without looking for him. Alternate translation: "they met" or "they came upon" +ACT 13 6 xe7h ἄνδρα τινὰ μάγον 1 a certain magician "a particular person who practices witchcraft" or "a person who practices supernatural magic arts" +ACT 13 6 ak38 translate-names ᾧ ὄνομα Βαριησοῦς 1 whose name was Bar Jesus "Bar Jesus" means "Son of Jesus." There is no relation between this man and Jesus Christ. Jesus was a common name at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 13 7 bee2 σὺν 1 associated with "was often with" or "was often in the company of" +ACT 13 7 s1su ἀνθυπάτῳ 1 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: "governor" +ACT 13 7 h5xx writing-background συνετῷ ἀνδρὶ 1 who was an intelligent man This is background information about Sergius Paulus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +ACT 13 8 lp2u translate-names Ἐλύμας" ὁ μάγος"( 1 Elymas "the magician" This was Bar-Jesus, who was also called "the magician." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 13 8 qw4j οὕτως μεθερμηνεύεται αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα μεθερμηνεύεται 1 that is how his name is translated "that was what he was called in Greek" +ACT 13 8 n23s ἀνθίστατο αὐτοῖς; ζητῶν διαστρέψαι 1 opposed them; he tried to turn "resisted them by trying to turn" or "attempted to stop them by trying to turn" +ACT 13 8 w2xt figs-metaphor ζητῶν διαστρέψαι τὸν ἀνθύπατον διαστρέψαι ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 tried to turn the proconsul away from the faith Here "to turn ... away from" is a metaphor for convincing someone to not do something. Alternate translation: "attempted to persuade the governor not to believe the gospel message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 13 9 gws2 0 General Information: The word "him" refers to the magician Elymas, who is also called Bar Jesus ([Acts 13:6-8](./06.md)). ACT 13 9 nau1 0 Connecting Statement: While on the island of Paphos, Paul begins to talk to Elymas. -ACT 13 9 ey6d figs-activepassive 0 Saul, who is also called Paul "Saul" as his Jewish name, and "Paul" was his Roman name. Since he was speaking to a Roman official, he used his Roman name. Alternate translation: "Saul, who now called himself Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 9 xjy9 0 stared at him intensely "looked at him intensely" -ACT 13 10 d2pk figs-metonymy 0 You son of the devil Paul is saying the man is acting like the devil. Alternate translation: "You are like the devil" or "You act like the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 10 r8x2 0 you are full of all kinds of deceit and wickedness "you are always intent in causing others to believe what is not true using falsehood and always doing what is wrong" -ACT 13 10 pyu7 0 wickedness In this context it means to be lazy and not diligent in following God's law. -ACT 13 10 hlq9 0 You are an enemy of every kind of righteousness Paul is grouping Elymas with the devil. Just as the devil is an enemy of God and is against righteousness, so also was Elymas. -ACT 13 10 bc9p figs-rquestion 0 You will never stop twisting the straight paths of the Lord, will you? Paul uses this question to rebuke Elymas for opposing God. Alternate translation: "You are always saying that the truth about the Lord God is false!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 13 10 p8sa figs-idiom 0 the straight paths of the Lord Here "straight paths" refer to the ways that are true. Alternate translation: "the true ways of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 13 9 ey6d figs-activepassive Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος 1 Saul, who is also called Paul "Saul" as his Jewish name, and "Paul" was his Roman name. Since he was speaking to a Roman official, he used his Roman name. Alternate translation: "Saul, who now called himself Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 9 xjy9 ἀτενίσας εἰς αὐτὸν ἀτενίσας 1 stared at him intensely "looked at him intensely" +ACT 13 10 d2pk figs-metonymy υἱὲ διαβόλου 1 You son of the devil Paul is saying the man is acting like the devil. Alternate translation: "You are like the devil" or "You act like the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 10 r8x2 παύσῃ 1 you are full of all kinds of deceit and wickedness "you are always intent in causing others to believe what is not true using falsehood and always doing what is wrong" +ACT 13 10 pyu7 ῥᾳδιουργίας 1 wickedness In this context it means to be lazy and not diligent in following God's law. +ACT 13 10 hlq9 ἐχθρὲ πάσης δικαιοσύνης 1 You are an enemy of every kind of righteousness Paul is grouping Elymas with the devil. Just as the devil is an enemy of God and is against righteousness, so also was Elymas. +ACT 13 10 bc9p figs-rquestion παύσῃ οὐ παύσῃ διαστρέφων τὰς τὰς εὐθείας ὁδοὺς τοῦ Κυρίου, παύσῃ? 1 You will never stop twisting the straight paths of the Lord, will you? Paul uses this question to rebuke Elymas for opposing God. Alternate translation: "You are always saying that the truth about the Lord God is false!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 13 10 p8sa figs-idiom τὰς τὰς εὐθείας ὁδοὺς τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the straight paths of the Lord Here "straight paths" refer to the ways that are true. Alternate translation: "the true ways of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 11 k51g 0 General Information: The words "you" and "him" refer to Elymas the magician. The word "he" refers to the Sergius Paulus, proconsul (governor of Paphos). ACT 13 11 pey7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to Elymas. -ACT 13 11 xul9 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Lord is upon you Here "hand' represents the power of God and "upon you" implies punishment. Alternate translation: "The Lord will punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 11 rse8 figs-activepassive 0 you will become blind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make you blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 11 w3gh 0 You will not see the sun Elymas will be so completely blind that he not even be able to see the sun. Alternate translation: "You will not even see the sun" -ACT 13 11 b5b8 0 for a while "for a period of time" or "until the time appointed by God" -ACT 13 11 t7j1 0 there fell on Elymas a mist and darkness "the eyes of Elymas became blurry and then dark" or "Elymas started seeing unclearly and then he could not see anything" -ACT 13 11 a7es 0 he started going around "Elymas wandered around" or "Elymas started feeling around and" -ACT 13 12 x9fl 0 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: "governor" -ACT 13 12 pyh7 0 he believed "he believed in Jesus" -ACT 13 12 twa8 figs-activepassive 0 he was astonished at the teaching about the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the Lord amazed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 11 xul9 figs-metonymy χεὶρ Κυρίου ἐπὶ σέ 1 the hand of the Lord is upon you Here "hand' represents the power of God and "upon you" implies punishment. Alternate translation: "The Lord will punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 11 rse8 figs-activepassive ἔσῃ τυφλὸς 1 you will become blind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make you blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 11 w3gh βλέπων μὴ βλέπων τὸν ἥλιον 1 You will not see the sun Elymas will be so completely blind that he not even be able to see the sun. Alternate translation: "You will not even see the sun" +ACT 13 11 b5b8 ἄχρι καιροῦ 1 for a while "for a period of time" or "until the time appointed by God" +ACT 13 11 t7j1 ἔπεσεν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἀχλὺς καὶ σκότος 1 there fell on Elymas a mist and darkness "the eyes of Elymas became blurry and then dark" or "Elymas started seeing unclearly and then he could not see anything" +ACT 13 11 a7es περιάγων 1 he started going around "Elymas wandered around" or "Elymas started feeling around and" +ACT 13 12 x9fl ἀνθύπατος 1 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: "governor" +ACT 13 12 pyh7 ἐπίστευσεν 1 he believed "he believed in Jesus" +ACT 13 12 twa8 figs-activepassive ἐπίστευσεν ἐκπλησσόμενος ἐπὶ τῇ διδαχῇ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 he was astonished at the teaching about the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the Lord amazed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 13 i65t writing-background 0 General Information: Verses 13 and 14 give background information about this part of the story. "Paul and his friends" were Barnabas and John Mark (also called John). From this point on, Saul is called Paul in Acts. Paul's name is listed first which indicates that he had become the leader of the group. It is important to keep this order in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 13 13 rk3k 0 Connecting Statement: This is a new part of the story about Paul in Antioch in Pisidia. -ACT 13 13 r9hi 0 Now This marks the beginning of a new part of the story. -ACT 13 13 k4s9 0 set sail from Paphos "traveled by sailboat from Paphos" -ACT 13 13 h1cb 0 came to Perga in Pamphylia "arrived in Perga which is in Pamphylia" -ACT 13 13 g6l5 0 But John left them "But John Mark left Paul and Barnabas" -ACT 13 14 vrp1 0 Antioch of Pisidia "the city of Antioch in the district of Pisidia" +ACT 13 13 r9hi δὲ 1 Now This marks the beginning of a new part of the story. +ACT 13 13 k4s9 ἀναχθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς Πάφου 1 set sail from Paphos "traveled by sailboat from Paphos" +ACT 13 13 h1cb ἦλθον εἰς Πέργην τῆς Παμφυλίας 1 came to Perga in Pamphylia "arrived in Perga which is in Pamphylia" +ACT 13 13 g6l5 δὲ Ἰωάννης ἀποχωρήσας ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 But John left them "But John Mark left Paul and Barnabas" +ACT 13 14 vrp1 Ἀντιόχειαν τὴν Πισιδίαν 1 Antioch of Pisidia "the city of Antioch in the district of Pisidia" ACT 13 15 dnb4 figs-synecdoche 0 After the reading of the law and the prophets The "law and the prophets" refer to parts of the Jewish scriptures which were read. Alternate translation: "After someone read from the books of the law and the writings of the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 13 15 z7bh 0 sent them a message, saying "told someone to say" or "asked someone to say" +ACT 13 15 z7bh ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀπέστειλαν, λέγοντες 1 sent them a message, saying "told someone to say" or "asked someone to say" ACT 13 15 td4h 0 Brothers The term "brothers" is here used by the people in the synagogue to refer to Paul and Barnabas as fellow Jews. -ACT 13 15 jru8 0 if you have any message of encouragement "if you want to say anything to encourage us" -ACT 13 15 kj1h 0 say it "please speak it" or "please tell it to us" +ACT 13 15 jru8 εἴ ὑμῖν ἐστιν ἐν τίς λόγος παρακλήσεως 1 if you have any message of encouragement "if you want to say anything to encourage us" +ACT 13 15 kj1h λέγετε 1 say it "please speak it" or "please tell it to us" ACT 13 16 tbc4 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The first word "he" refers to Paul. The second word "he" refers to God. Here the word "our" refers to Paul and his fellow Jews. The words "they" and "them" refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 13 16 p93q 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins his speech to those in the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch. He begins by talking about things that happened in Israel's history. -ACT 13 16 i8pz translate-symaction 0 motioned with his hand This could refer to moving his hands as a signal that he was ready to speak. Alternate translation: "moved his hands to show that he was about to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 13 16 rh93 0 you who honor God This refers to Gentiles who had converted to Judaism. "you who are not Israelites but who worship God" -ACT 13 16 ah55 0 God, listen "God, listen to me" or "God, listen to what I am about to say" -ACT 13 17 se2b 0 The God of this people Israel "The God the people of Israel worship" -ACT 13 17 l9cn 0 our fathers "our ancestors" -ACT 13 17 aaj5 0 made the people numerous "caused them to become very numerous" -ACT 13 17 vw4z figs-metonymy 0 with an uplifted arm This refers to God's mighty power. Alternate translation: "with great power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 17 b74t 0 out of it "out from the land of Egypt" -ACT 13 18 zv9e 0 he put up with them This means "he tolerated them." Some versions have have a different word that means "he took care of them." Alternate translation: "God endured their disobedience" or "God took care of them" +ACT 13 16 i8pz translate-symaction κατασείσας τῇ χειρὶ 1 motioned with his hand This could refer to moving his hands as a signal that he was ready to speak. Alternate translation: "moved his hands to show that he was about to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 13 16 rh93 οἱ φοβούμενοι τὸν Θεόν 1 you who honor God This refers to Gentiles who had converted to Judaism. "you who are not Israelites but who worship God" +ACT 13 16 ah55 τὸν Θεόν, ἀκούσατε 1 God, listen "God, listen to me" or "God, listen to what I am about to say" +ACT 13 17 se2b ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Ἰσραὴλ 1 The God of this people Israel "The God the people of Israel worship" +ACT 13 17 l9cn ἡμῶν τοὺς πατέρας 1 our fathers "our ancestors" +ACT 13 17 aaj5 ὕψωσεν τὸν λαὸν ὕψωσεν 1 made the people numerous "caused them to become very numerous" +ACT 13 17 vw4z figs-metonymy μετὰ βραχίονος ὑψηλοῦ βραχίονος 1 with an uplifted arm This refers to God's mighty power. Alternate translation: "with great power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 17 b74t ἐξ αὐτῆς 1 out of it "out from the land of Egypt" +ACT 13 18 zv9e ἐτροποφόρησεν αὐτοὺς 1 he put up with them This means "he tolerated them." Some versions have have a different word that means "he took care of them." Alternate translation: "God endured their disobedience" or "God took care of them" ACT 13 19 nvp7 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to God. The words "their land" refer to the land the seven nations had previously occupied. The word "them" refers to the people of Israel. The word "our" refers to Paul and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 13 19 h5qg 0 nations Here the word "nations" refers to different people groups and not to geographical boundaries. -ACT 13 20 m4jd 0 took place over four hundred and fifty years "took more than 450 years to accomplish" -ACT 13 20 qmc8 0 until Samuel the prophet "until the time of the prophet Samuel" +ACT 13 19 h5qg ἔθνη 1 nations Here the word "nations" refers to different people groups and not to geographical boundaries. +ACT 13 20 m4jd ὡς τετρακοσίοις καὶ πεντήκοντα ἔτεσι 1 took place over four hundred and fifty years "took more than 450 years to accomplish" +ACT 13 20 qmc8 ἕως Σαμουὴλ προφήτου 1 until Samuel the prophet "until the time of the prophet Samuel" ACT 13 21 akg6 0 General Information: The quotation here is from the history of Samuel and from a Psalm of Ethan in the Old Testament. -ACT 13 21 yxi8 0 for forty years "to be their king for forty years" -ACT 13 22 z4x3 0 removed him from the kingship This expression means God caused Saul to stop being king. Alternate translation: "rejected Saul from being king" +ACT 13 21 yxi8 τεσσεράκοντα 1 for forty years "to be their king for forty years" +ACT 13 22 z4x3 μεταστήσας αὐτὸν μεταστήσας 1 removed him from the kingship This expression means God caused Saul to stop being king. Alternate translation: "rejected Saul from being king" ACT 13 22 bsp6 0 he raised up David to be their king "God chose David to be their king" -ACT 13 22 iyd6 0 their king "the king of Israel" or "the king over the Israelites" +ACT 13 22 iyd6 βασιλέα 1 their king "the king of Israel" or "the king over the Israelites" ACT 13 22 sw2r 0 It was about David that God said "God said this about David" -ACT 13 22 dbu5 0 I have found "I have observed that" -ACT 13 22 mp53 figs-idiom 0 to be a man after my heart This expression means he "is a man who wants what I want." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 13 22 dbu5 εὗρον 1 I have found "I have observed that" +ACT 13 22 mp53 figs-idiom ἄνδρα κατὰ μου τὴν καρδίαν 1 to be a man after my heart This expression means he "is a man who wants what I want." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 23 lby6 0 General Information: The quotation here is from the Gospels. -ACT 13 23 xj5a 0 From this man's descendants "From David's descendants." This is placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that the savior had to be one of David's descendants ([Acts 13:22](../13/22.md)). -ACT 13 23 kc76 figs-metonymy 0 brought to Israel This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "gave to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 23 mk5g 0 as he promised to do "just as God promised he would do" -ACT 13 24 x892 figs-abstractnouns 0 the baptism of repentance You can translate the word "repentance" as the verb "repent." Alternate translation: "the baptism to repent" or "the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent for their sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 13 25 vww3 figs-rquestion 0 Who do you think I am? John asked this question to compel the people to think about who he was. Alternate translation: "Think about who I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 13 25 rp32 figs-explicit 0 I am not the one John was referring to the Messiah, whom they were expecting to come. Alternate translation: "I am not the Messiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 25 nnl5 0 But listen This emphasizes the importance of what he will say next. -ACT 13 25 r1pl figs-explicit 0 one is coming after me This also refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: "The Messiah will soon come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 25 gys2 0 the shoes of whose feet I am not worthy to untie "I am not worthy even to untie his shoes." The Messiah is so much greater than John that he did not even feel worthy do the lowest job for him. +ACT 13 23 xj5a ἀπὸ τούτου' τούτου τοῦ σπέρματος 1 From this man's descendants "From David's descendants." This is placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that the savior had to be one of David's descendants ([Acts 13:22](../13/22.md)). +ACT 13 23 kc76 figs-metonymy ἤγαγεν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 brought to Israel This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "gave to the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 23 mk5g κατ’ ἐπαγγελίαν 1 as he promised to do "just as God promised he would do" +ACT 13 24 x892 figs-abstractnouns βάπτισμα μετανοίας 1 the baptism of repentance You can translate the word "repentance" as the verb "repent." Alternate translation: "the baptism to repent" or "the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent for their sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 13 25 vww3 figs-rquestion τί ὑπονοεῖτε ἐμὲ εἶναι? 1 Who do you think I am? John asked this question to compel the people to think about who he was. Alternate translation: "Think about who I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 13 25 rp32 figs-explicit ἐμὲ εἶναι ἐγώ εἰμὶ οὐκ ἐγώ 1 I am not the one John was referring to the Messiah, whom they were expecting to come. Alternate translation: "I am not the Messiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 25 nnl5 ἀλλ’ ἰδοὺ 1 But listen This emphasizes the importance of what he will say next. +ACT 13 25 r1pl figs-explicit ἔρχεται μετ’ ἐμὲ 1 one is coming after me This also refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: "The Messiah will soon come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 25 gys2 τὸ ὑπόδημα οὗ τῶν ποδῶν εἰμὶ οὐκ ἄξιος λῦσαι 1 the shoes of whose feet I am not worthy to untie "I am not worthy even to untie his shoes." The Messiah is so much greater than John that he did not even feel worthy do the lowest job for him. ACT 13 26 jdp6 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "they" and "their" refers to the Jews who lived in Jerusalem. Here the word "us" includes Paul and his entire audience in the synagogue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 13 26 kci9 0 Brothers, children of the line of Abraham ... who worship God Paul addresses his audience of Jews and Gentile converts to Judaism to remind them of their special status as worshiping the true God. -ACT 13 26 u6zn figs-activepassive 0 the message about this salvation has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has sent the message about this salvation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 26 v6r3 figs-abstractnouns 0 about this salvation The word "salvation" can be translated with the verb "save." Alternate translation: "that God will save people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 13 27 psk5 0 did not recognize him "did not realize that this man Jesus was the one whom God had sent to save them" -ACT 13 27 ri1f figs-metonymy 0 sayings of the prophets Here the word "sayings" represents the message of the prophets. Alternate translation: "the writings of the prophets" or "the message of the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 27 m4tz figs-activepassive 0 that are read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which someone reads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 27 rle6 0 they fulfilled sayings of the prophets "they actually did just what the prophets said they would do in the books of the prophets" +ACT 13 26 u6zn figs-activepassive ὁ λόγος τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης τῆς σωτηρίας ἐξαπεστάλη 1 the message about this salvation has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has sent the message about this salvation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 26 v6r3 figs-abstractnouns τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης τῆς σωτηρίας 1 about this salvation The word "salvation" can be translated with the verb "save." Alternate translation: "that God will save people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 13 27 psk5 ἀγνοήσαντες τοῦτον 1 did not recognize him "did not realize that this man Jesus was the one whom God had sent to save them" +ACT 13 27 ri1f figs-metonymy τὰς φωνὰς τῶν προφητῶν 1 sayings of the prophets Here the word "sayings" represents the message of the prophets. Alternate translation: "the writings of the prophets" or "the message of the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 27 m4tz figs-activepassive τὰς ἀναγινωσκομένας 1 that are read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which someone reads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 27 rle6 ἐπλήρωσαν τὰς φωνὰς τῶν προφητῶν 1 they fulfilled sayings of the prophets "they actually did just what the prophets said they would do in the books of the prophets" ACT 13 28 v3hw 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the Jewish people and their religious leaders in Jerusalem. The word him" here refers to Jesus. -ACT 13 28 y9j6 0 they found no reason for death "they did not find any reason why anyone should kill Jesus" -ACT 13 28 d4xm 0 they asked Pilate The word "asked" here is a strong word meaning to demand, beg or plead for. +ACT 13 28 y9j6 εὑρόντες μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν θανάτου 1 they found no reason for death "they did not find any reason why anyone should kill Jesus" +ACT 13 28 d4xm ᾐτήσαντο Πειλᾶτον 1 they asked Pilate The word "asked" here is a strong word meaning to demand, beg or plead for. ACT 13 29 sq1j 0 When they had completed all the things that were written about him "When thy did to Jesus all the things that the prophets said would happen to him" -ACT 13 29 m5f1 figs-explicit 0 they took him down from the tree It may be helpful to explicitly say Jesus died before this happened. Alternate translation: "they killed Jesus and then took him down from the cross after he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 29 vwt4 figs-explicit 0 from the tree "from the cross." This was another way people at that time referred to the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 30 h5jw 0 But God raised him "But" indicates a strong contrast between what the people did and what God did. -ACT 13 30 mqx8 0 raised him from the dead "raised him from among those who were dead." To be with "the dead" means that Jesus was dead. -ACT 13 30 zsx4 figs-idiom 0 raised him Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 13 30 d14p 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To raise someone from among them speaks of making that person alive again. +ACT 13 29 m5f1 figs-explicit καθελόντες ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου 1 they took him down from the tree It may be helpful to explicitly say Jesus died before this happened. Alternate translation: "they killed Jesus and then took him down from the cross after he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 29 vwt4 figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου 1 from the tree "from the cross." This was another way people at that time referred to the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 30 h5jw ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν 1 But God raised him "But" indicates a strong contrast between what the people did and what God did. +ACT 13 30 mqx8 ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 raised him from the dead "raised him from among those who were dead." To be with "the dead" means that Jesus was dead. +ACT 13 30 zsx4 figs-idiom ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν 1 raised him Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 13 30 d14p ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To raise someone from among them speaks of making that person alive again. ACT 13 31 ig7w figs-activepassive 0 He was seen ... Galilee to Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The disciples who traveled with Jesus from Galilee to Jerusalem saw him for many days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 31 g4vl 0 many days We know from other writings that this period was 40 days. Translate "many days" with a term that would be appropriate for that length of time. -ACT 13 31 vqj4 0 are now his witnesses to the people "are now testifying to the people about Jesus" or "are now telling the people about Jesus" +ACT 13 31 g4vl πλείους ἡμέρας 1 many days We know from other writings that this period was 40 days. Translate "many days" with a term that would be appropriate for that length of time. +ACT 13 31 vqj4 εἰσιν νῦν αὐτοῦ μάρτυρες πρὸς τὸν λαόν 1 are now his witnesses to the people "are now testifying to the people about Jesus" or "are now telling the people about Jesus" ACT 13 32 ipb9 0 General Information: The second quotation here is from the prophet Isaiah. -ACT 13 32 y273 0 So This word marks an event that happened because of previous event. In this case, the previous event is God's raising Jesus from the dead. -ACT 13 32 hr2g 0 our fathers "our ancestors." Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. +ACT 13 32 y273 καὶ 1 So This word marks an event that happened because of previous event. In this case, the previous event is God's raising Jesus from the dead. +ACT 13 32 hr2g τοὺς πατέρας 1 our fathers "our ancestors." Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. ACT 13 33 b1uh translate:translate_versebridge 0 he has fulfilled for us, their children, by You may need to rearrange the parts of this sentence, which begins in verse 32. "God has fulfilled for us, their children, these promises that he made to our ancestors, by" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_versebridge]]) -ACT 13 33 dy6w 0 for us, their children "for us, who are the children of our ancestors." Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. -ACT 13 33 d95n figs-idiom 0 by raising up Jesus Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "by making Jesus alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 13 33 dy6w ἡμῶν, τοῖς τέκνοις 1 for us, their children "for us, who are the children of our ancestors." Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. +ACT 13 33 d95n figs-idiom ἀναστήσας Ἰησοῦν 1 by raising up Jesus Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "by making Jesus alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 33 y3tz 0 As it is written in the second Psalm "This is what was written in the second Psalm" -ACT 13 33 h9ir 0 the second Psalm "Psalm 2" +ACT 13 33 h9ir τῷ τῷ δευτέρῳ ψαλμῷ 1 the second Psalm "Psalm 2" ACT 13 33 tla1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son ... Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) ACT 13 34 iy5q 0 The fact that he raised him up from the dead so that his body would never decay, God has spoken in this way "God spoke these words about his making Jesus alive again so that he would never die again" -ACT 13 34 h3nj 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -ACT 13 34 q3kq 0 sure blessings "certain blessings" -ACT 13 35 r1ev figs-explicit 0 This is why he also says in another Psalm Paul's audience would have understood that this Psalm refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: "In another Psalm of David, he also says about the Messiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 35 gl8s 0 he also says "David also says." David is the author of Psalm 16 from which this quotation is taken. -ACT 13 35 hvt8 figs-metonymy 0 You will not allow your Holy One to see decay The phrase "see decay" is a metonym for "decay." Alternate translation: "You will not allow the body of your Holy One to rot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 35 ry97 0 You will not allow David is speaking to God here. -ACT 13 36 u8vh 0 in his own generation "during his lifetime" -ACT 13 36 m5wx 0 served the desires of God "did what God wanted him to do" or "did what pleased God" -ACT 13 36 rpb4 figs-euphemism 0 he fell asleep This was a polite way to refer to death. Alternate translation: "he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ACT 13 36 nwy9 0 was laid with his fathers "was buried with his ancestors who had died" -ACT 13 36 la5s figs-metonymy 0 experienced decay The phrase "experienced decay" is a metonym for "his body decayed." Alternate translation: "his body rotted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 37 bmw3 0 But he whom "but Jesus whom" -ACT 13 37 n9pl figs-idiom 0 God raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 13 37 j52x figs-metonymy 0 experienced no decay The phrase "experienced no decay" is a way to say "his body did not decay." Alternate translation: "did not rot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 34 h3nj ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ACT 13 34 q3kq τὰ πιστά ὅσια 1 sure blessings "certain blessings" +ACT 13 35 r1ev figs-explicit διότι λέγει καὶ λέγει ἐν ἑτέρῳ 1 This is why he also says in another Psalm Paul's audience would have understood that this Psalm refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: "In another Psalm of David, he also says about the Messiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 35 gl8s λέγει καὶ λέγει 1 he also says "David also says." David is the author of Psalm 16 from which this quotation is taken. +ACT 13 35 hvt8 figs-metonymy δώσεις οὐ δώσεις σου τὸν Ὅσιόν ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 You will not allow your Holy One to see decay The phrase "see decay" is a metonym for "decay." Alternate translation: "You will not allow the body of your Holy One to rot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 35 ry97 δώσεις οὐ δώσεις 1 You will not allow David is speaking to God here. +ACT 13 36 u8vh ἰδίᾳ γενεᾷ 1 in his own generation "during his lifetime" +ACT 13 36 m5wx ὑπηρετήσας τῇ βουλῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 served the desires of God "did what God wanted him to do" or "did what pleased God" +ACT 13 36 rpb4 figs-euphemism ἐκοιμήθη 1 he fell asleep This was a polite way to refer to death. Alternate translation: "he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 13 36 nwy9 προσετέθη πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοὺς πατέρας 1 was laid with his fathers "was buried with his ancestors who had died" +ACT 13 36 la5s figs-metonymy εἶδεν διαφθοράν 1 experienced decay The phrase "experienced decay" is a metonym for "his body decayed." Alternate translation: "his body rotted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 37 bmw3 δὲ ὃν 1 But he whom "but Jesus whom" +ACT 13 37 n9pl figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν 1 God raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 13 37 j52x figs-metonymy εἶδεν οὐκ διαφθοράν 1 experienced no decay The phrase "experienced no decay" is a way to say "his body did not decay." Alternate translation: "did not rot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 38 ki8q 0 General Information: Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. -ACT 13 38 yg35 0 let it be known to you "know this" or "this is important for you to know" -ACT 13 38 qy18 0 brothers Paul uses this term because they are his fellow-Jews and followers of Judaism. They are not Christian believers at this point. Alternate translation: "my fellow Israelites and other friends" -ACT 13 38 t3i5 figs-activepassive 0 that through this man is proclaimed to you forgiveness of sins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that we proclaim to you that your sins can be forgiven through Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 13 38 w7y1 figs-abstractnouns 0 forgiveness of sins The abstract noun "forgiveness" can be translated with the verb "to forgive." Alternate translation: "that God can forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 13 39 j6rr 0 By him every one who believes "By him every person who believes" or "Every one who believes in him" -ACT 13 39 g5h9 figs-activepassive 0 By him every one who believes is justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus justifies everyone who believes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 38 yg35 ἔστω γνωστὸν ὑμῖν 1 let it be known to you "know this" or "this is important for you to know" +ACT 13 38 qy18 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Paul uses this term because they are his fellow-Jews and followers of Judaism. They are not Christian believers at this point. Alternate translation: "my fellow Israelites and other friends" +ACT 13 38 t3i5 figs-activepassive ὅτι διὰ τούτου καταγγέλλεται ὑμῖν ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν 1 that through this man is proclaimed to you forgiveness of sins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that we proclaim to you that your sins can be forgiven through Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 38 w7y1 figs-abstractnouns ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν 1 forgiveness of sins The abstract noun "forgiveness" can be translated with the verb "to forgive." Alternate translation: "that God can forgive your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 13 39 j6rr ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων 1 By him every one who believes "By him every person who believes" or "Every one who believes in him" +ACT 13 39 g5h9 figs-activepassive ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων δικαιοῦται 1 By him every one who believes is justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus justifies everyone who believes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 39 gt8n 0 all the things "all the sins" ACT 13 40 kk1j 0 General Information: In his message to the people in the synagogue, Paul quotes the prophet Habakkuk. Here the word "I" refers to God. ACT 13 40 zx6p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his speech in the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch, which he began in [Acts 13:16](../13/16.md). -ACT 13 40 y2kg figs-explicit 0 be careful It is implied that the thing they should be careful about is Paul's message. Alternate translation: "give close attention to the things I have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 40 tt1x 0 that the thing the prophets spoke about "so that what the prophets spoke about" -ACT 13 41 tqk5 0 Look, you despisers "you who feel contempt" or "you who ridicule" -ACT 13 41 ky3s 0 be astonished "be amazed" or "be shocked" -ACT 13 41 ilh2 0 then perish "then die" -ACT 13 41 dvn1 0 am doing a work "am doing something" or "am doing a deed" -ACT 13 41 nm2q 0 in your days "during your lifetime" -ACT 13 41 w6tq 0 A work that "I am doing something which" -ACT 13 41 p4c2 0 even if someone announces it to you "even if someone tells you about it" +ACT 13 40 y2kg figs-explicit βλέπετε 1 be careful It is implied that the thing they should be careful about is Paul's message. Alternate translation: "give close attention to the things I have said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 40 tt1x βλέπετε τὸ ἐν τοῖς προφήταις εἰρημένον 1 that the thing the prophets spoke about "so that what the prophets spoke about" +ACT 13 41 tqk5 ἴδετε, οἱ καταφρονηταί 1 Look, you despisers "you who feel contempt" or "you who ridicule" +ACT 13 41 ky3s θαυμάσατε 1 be astonished "be amazed" or "be shocked" +ACT 13 41 ilh2 καὶ ἀφανίσθητε 1 then perish "then die" +ACT 13 41 dvn1 ἐργάζομαι ἔργον 1 am doing a work "am doing something" or "am doing a deed" +ACT 13 41 nm2q ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 in your days "during your lifetime" +ACT 13 41 w6tq ἔργον ὃ 1 A work that "I am doing something which" +ACT 13 41 p4c2 ἐάν τις ἐκδιηγῆται ὑμῖν 1 even if someone announces it to you "even if someone tells you about it" ACT 13 42 ax8v 0 As Paul and Barnabas left "When Paul and Barnabas were leaving" ACT 13 42 f3sw 0 begged them that they might "begged them to" -ACT 13 42 y4p9 figs-metonymy 0 these same words Here "words" refers to the message that Paul had spoken. Alternate translation: "this same message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 42 y4p9 figs-metonymy ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα 1 these same words Here "words" refers to the message that Paul had spoken. Alternate translation: "this same message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 43 a58z 0 When the synagogue meeting ended Possible meanings are 1) this restates "As Paul and Barnabas left" in verse 42 or 2) Paul and Barnabas left the meeting before it ended and this occurs later. -ACT 13 43 sws7 0 proselytes These were non-Jewish people who converted to Judaism. -ACT 13 43 q2aj 0 who spoke to them and urged them "and Paul and Barnabas spoke to those people and urged them" -ACT 13 43 fv15 figs-explicit 0 to continue in the grace of God It is implied that they believed Paul's message that Jesus was the Messiah. Alternate translation: "to continue to trust that God kindly forgives people's sins because of what Jesus did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 43 sws7 προσηλύτων 1 proselytes These were non-Jewish people who converted to Judaism. +ACT 13 43 q2aj οἵτινες προσλαλοῦντες αὐτοῖς ἔπειθον αὐτοὺς 1 who spoke to them and urged them "and Paul and Barnabas spoke to those people and urged them" +ACT 13 43 fv15 figs-explicit προσμένειν τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to continue in the grace of God It is implied that they believed Paul's message that Jesus was the Messiah. Alternate translation: "to continue to trust that God kindly forgives people's sins because of what Jesus did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 44 m129 0 General Information: Here the word "him" refers to Paul. -ACT 13 44 vq3y figs-metonymy 0 almost the whole city The "city" represents the people in the city. This phrase is used to show the great response to the Lord's word. Alternate translation: "almost all the people of the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 13 44 yga7 figs-explicit 0 to hear the word of the Lord It is implied that Paul and Barnabas were the ones who spoke the word of the Lord. Alternate translation: "to hear Paul and Barnabas speak about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 45 j4zq figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews Here "Jews" represents Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 13 45 qrh2 figs-metaphor 0 filled with jealousy Here jealousy is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. Alternate translation: "became very jealous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 13 45 nc5l 0 spoke against "contradicted" or "opposed" -ACT 13 45 m1an figs-activepassive 0 the things that were said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 13 44 vq3y figs-metonymy σχεδὸν ἡ πᾶσα πόλις 1 almost the whole city The "city" represents the people in the city. This phrase is used to show the great response to the Lord's word. Alternate translation: "almost all the people of the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 44 yga7 figs-explicit ἀκοῦσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 to hear the word of the Lord It is implied that Paul and Barnabas were the ones who spoke the word of the Lord. Alternate translation: "to hear Paul and Barnabas speak about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 45 j4zq figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews Here "Jews" represents Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 13 45 qrh2 figs-metaphor ἐπλήσθησαν ζήλου 1 filled with jealousy Here jealousy is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. Alternate translation: "became very jealous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 13 45 nc5l ἀντέλεγον 1 spoke against "contradicted" or "opposed" +ACT 13 45 m1an figs-activepassive τοῖς λαλουμένοις ὑπὸ Παύλου 1 the things that were said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 46 zvt5 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The first two instances of the word "you" are plural and refer to the Jews to whom Paul is speaking. Here the words "we" and "us" refers to Paul and Barnabas but not the crowd that was present. Paul's quotation is from the prophet Isaiah in the Old Testament. In the original passage, the word "I" refers to God and the word "you" is singular and refers to the Messiah. Here, Paul and Barnabas seem to be saying that the quotation also refers to their ministry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 13 46 as6q figs-explicit 0 It was necessary This implies that God had commanded this be done. Alternate translation: "God commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 46 jn55 figs-activepassive 0 that the word of God should first be spoken to you This can be stated in active form. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message from God." Alternate translation: "that we speak the message from God to you first" or "that we speak the word of God to you first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 13 46 lly5 figs-metaphor 0 Seeing you push it away from yourselves Their rejection of the word of God is spoken of as if it were something they pushed away. Alternate translation: "Since you reject the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 13 46 ms36 0 consider yourselves unworthy of eternal life "have shown that you are not worthy of eternal life" or "act as though you are not worthy of eternal life" -ACT 13 46 rf9k figs-explicit 0 we will turn to the Gentiles "we will go to the Gentiles." Paul and Barnadas were implying that they would preach to the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "we will leave you and start preaching to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 13 47 v8au figs-metaphor 0 as a light Here the truth about Jesus that Paul was preaching is spoken of as if it were a light that allowed people to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 13 47 t5sp figs-abstractnouns 0 bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth The abstract word "salvation" can be translated with the verb "to save." The phrase "uttermost parts" refers to everywhere. Alternate translation: "tell people everywhere in the world that I want to save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 13 48 e9ag figs-metonymy 0 praised the word of the Lord Here "word" refers to the message about Jesus that they had believed. Alternate translation: "praised God for the message about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 13 46 as6q figs-explicit ἦν ἀναγκαῖον 1 It was necessary This implies that God had commanded this be done. Alternate translation: "God commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 46 jn55 figs-activepassive ἀναγκαῖον τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ λαληθῆναι πρῶτον λαληθῆναι ὑμῖν 1 that the word of God should first be spoken to you This can be stated in active form. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message from God." Alternate translation: "that we speak the message from God to you first" or "that we speak the word of God to you first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 13 46 lly5 figs-metaphor ἐπειδὴ ἀπωθεῖσθε αὐτὸν ἀπωθεῖσθε 1 Seeing you push it away from yourselves Their rejection of the word of God is spoken of as if it were something they pushed away. Alternate translation: "Since you reject the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 13 46 ms36 κρίνετε ἑαυτοὺς οὐκ ἀξίους τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 consider yourselves unworthy of eternal life "have shown that you are not worthy of eternal life" or "act as though you are not worthy of eternal life" +ACT 13 46 rf9k figs-explicit στρεφόμεθα εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 we will turn to the Gentiles "we will go to the Gentiles." Paul and Barnadas were implying that they would preach to the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "we will leave you and start preaching to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 13 47 v8au figs-metaphor εἰς φῶς 1 as a light Here the truth about Jesus that Paul was preaching is spoken of as if it were a light that allowed people to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 13 47 t5sp figs-abstractnouns εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς 1 bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth The abstract word "salvation" can be translated with the verb "to save." The phrase "uttermost parts" refers to everywhere. Alternate translation: "tell people everywhere in the world that I want to save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 13 48 e9ag figs-metonymy ἐδόξαζον τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 praised the word of the Lord Here "word" refers to the message about Jesus that they had believed. Alternate translation: "praised God for the message about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 48 jct2 figs-activepassive 0 As many as were appointed to eternal life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As many as God appointed to eternal life believed" or "All the people whom God had chosen to receive eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 49 qh9z figs-metonymy 0 The word of the Lord was spread out through the whole region Here "word" refers to the message about Jesus. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Those who believed spread the word of the Lord through the whole region" or "Those who believed went everywhere in the region and told others about the message of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 50 eqi5 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 13 50 t4bv 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul and Barnabas' time in Antioch of Pisidia and they go to Iconium. -ACT 13 50 u8rm figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This probably refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 13 50 cf21 0 urged on "convinced" or "stirred up" -ACT 13 50 wmm5 0 the leading men "the most important men" +ACT 13 50 u8rm figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This probably refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 13 50 cf21 παρώτρυναν 1 urged on "convinced" or "stirred up" +ACT 13 50 wmm5 τοὺς πρώτους 1 the leading men "the most important men" ACT 13 50 n7qe 0 These stirred up a persecution against Paul and Barnabas "They convinced the important men and women to persecute Paul and Barnabas" -ACT 13 50 cq9h 0 threw them out beyond the border of their city "removed Paul and Barnabas from their city" -ACT 13 51 xi1z writing-symlanguage 0 shook off the dust from their feet against them This was a symbolic act to indicate to the unbelieving people that God had rejected them and would punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -ACT 13 52 dp5k 0 the disciples This probably refers to the new believers in the Antioch of Pisidia that Paul and Silas just left. +ACT 13 50 cq9h ἐξέβαλον αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων αὐτῶν 1 threw them out beyond the border of their city "removed Paul and Barnabas from their city" +ACT 13 51 xi1z writing-symlanguage ἐκτιναξάμενοι τὸν κονιορτὸν τῶν ποδῶν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς 1 shook off the dust from their feet against them This was a symbolic act to indicate to the unbelieving people that God had rejected them and would punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +ACT 13 52 dp5k οἵ μαθηταὶ 1 the disciples This probably refers to the new believers in the Antioch of Pisidia that Paul and Silas just left. ACT 14 intro rsg2 0 # Acts 14 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "The message of his grace"

The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### Zeus and Hermes

The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings."

Jesus told his followers before he died that everyone who followed him would suffer persecution. Paul is saying the same thing using different words.
ACT 14 1 vh8u 0 General Information: The story of Paul and Barnabas in Iconium continues. ACT 14 1 hk1z 0 It came about in Iconium that Possible meanings here are 1) "It happened in Iconium that" or 2) "In Iconium as usual" -ACT 14 1 f4sq figs-explicit 0 spoke in such a way "spoke so powerfully." It may be helpful to state that they spoke the message about Jesus. Alternate translation: "spoke the message about Jesus so powerfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 14 2 wc4x 0 the Jews who were disobedient This refers to a portion of the Jews who did not believe the message about Jesus. -ACT 14 2 n2pp figs-metaphor 0 stirred up the minds of the Gentiles Causing the Gentiles to become angry is spoken of as if calm waters were disturbed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 14 2 k8mv figs-synecdoche 0 the minds Here the word "minds" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 14 2 fu13 0 the brothers Here "brothers" refers to Paul and Barnabas and the new believers. +ACT 14 1 f4sq figs-explicit λαλῆσαι οὕτως 1 spoke in such a way "spoke so powerfully." It may be helpful to state that they spoke the message about Jesus. Alternate translation: "spoke the message about Jesus so powerfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 14 2 wc4x οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀπειθήσαντες 1 the Jews who were disobedient This refers to a portion of the Jews who did not believe the message about Jesus. +ACT 14 2 n2pp figs-metaphor ἐπήγειραν τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 stirred up the minds of the Gentiles Causing the Gentiles to become angry is spoken of as if calm waters were disturbed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 14 2 k8mv figs-synecdoche τὰς ψυχὰς 1 the minds Here the word "minds" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 14 2 fu13 τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 the brothers Here "brothers" refers to Paul and Barnabas and the new believers. ACT 14 3 lp4v 0 General Information: Here the word "He" refers to the Lord. -ACT 14 3 a3gp 0 So they stayed there "Nevertheless they stayed there." Paul and Barnabas stayed in Iconium to help the many people who had believed in [Acts 14:1](../14/01.md). "So" could be omitted if it adds confusion to the text. -ACT 14 3 f2xh 0 gave evidence about the message of his grace "demonstrated that the message about his grace was true" -ACT 14 3 wcn5 0 about the message of his grace "about the message of the Lord's grace" -ACT 14 3 c2cv figs-activepassive 0 by granting signs and wonders to be done by the hands of Paul and Barnabas This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by enabling Paul and Barnabas to perform signs and wonders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 14 3 p9iq figs-synecdoche 0 by the hands of Paul and Barnabas Here "hands" refers to the will and effort of these two men as guided by the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "by the ministry of Paul and Barnabas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 14 3 a3gp μὲν οὖν διέτριψαν 1 So they stayed there "Nevertheless they stayed there." Paul and Barnabas stayed in Iconium to help the many people who had believed in [Acts 14:1](../14/01.md). "So" could be omitted if it adds confusion to the text. +ACT 14 3 f2xh τῷ μαρτυροῦντι τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 gave evidence about the message of his grace "demonstrated that the message about his grace was true" +ACT 14 3 wcn5 τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 about the message of his grace "about the message of the Lord's grace" +ACT 14 3 c2cv figs-activepassive διδόντι σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα γίνεσθαι διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν 1 by granting signs and wonders to be done by the hands of Paul and Barnabas This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by enabling Paul and Barnabas to perform signs and wonders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 14 3 p9iq figs-synecdoche διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν 1 by the hands of Paul and Barnabas Here "hands" refers to the will and effort of these two men as guided by the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "by the ministry of Paul and Barnabas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 14 4 btu3 figs-metonymy 0 the majority of the city was divided Here "city"refers to the people in the city. Alternate translation: "most of the people of the city were divided" or "most of the people of the city did not agree with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 14 4 smz5 0 sided with the Jews "supported the Jews" or "agreed with the Jews." The first group mentioned did not agree with the message about grace. -ACT 14 4 q1xc figs-ellipsis 0 with the apostles The second group mentioned agreed with the message about grace. It may be helpful to restate the verb. Alternate translation: "sided with the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 14 4 mw9h 0 the apostles Luke refers to Paul and Barnabas. Here "apostle" might be used in the general sense of "ones sent out." +ACT 14 4 smz5 ἦσαν σὺν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 sided with the Jews "supported the Jews" or "agreed with the Jews." The first group mentioned did not agree with the message about grace. +ACT 14 4 q1xc figs-ellipsis σὺν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 with the apostles The second group mentioned agreed with the message about grace. It may be helpful to restate the verb. Alternate translation: "sided with the apostles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 14 4 mw9h τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 the apostles Luke refers to Paul and Barnabas. Here "apostle" might be used in the general sense of "ones sent out." ACT 14 5 s5h7 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul and Barnabas. -ACT 14 5 yiv9 0 attempted to persuade their leaders "tried to convince the leaders of Iconium." Here "attempted" implies they were not able to fully persuade them before the apostles left the city. -ACT 14 5 q6g2 0 to mistreat and stone Paul and Barnabas "to beat Paul and Barnabas and to kill them by throwing stones at them" -ACT 14 6 tpl1 translate-names 0 Lycaonia A district in Asia Minor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 14 6 m5gv translate-names 0 Lystra A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and north of Derbe (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 14 6 tl4q translate-names 0 Derbe A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and Lystra (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 14 7 z5nd 0 where they continued to proclaim the gospel "where Paul and Barnabas continued to proclaim the good news" +ACT 14 5 yiv9 ἐγένετο ὁρμὴ αὐτῶν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν 1 attempted to persuade their leaders "tried to convince the leaders of Iconium." Here "attempted" implies they were not able to fully persuade them before the apostles left the city. +ACT 14 5 q6g2 ὑβρίσαι καὶ λιθοβολῆσαι αὐτούς 1 to mistreat and stone Paul and Barnabas "to beat Paul and Barnabas and to kill them by throwing stones at them" +ACT 14 6 tpl1 translate-names τῆς Λυκαονίας 1 Lycaonia A district in Asia Minor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 14 6 m5gv translate-names Λύστραν 1 Lystra A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and north of Derbe (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 14 6 tl4q translate-names Δέρβην 1 Derbe A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and Lystra (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 14 7 z5nd κἀκεῖ ἦσαν εὐαγγελιζόμενοι 1 where they continued to proclaim the gospel "where Paul and Barnabas continued to proclaim the good news" ACT 14 8 ep46 0 General Information: The first word "he" refers to the crippled man; the second word "he" refers to Paul. The word "him" refers to the crippled man. ACT 14 8 l5pu 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are now in Lystra. -ACT 14 8 wb5k writing-participants 0 a certain man sat This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 14 8 kz7d 0 powerless in his feet "unable to move his legs" or "unable to walk on his feet" -ACT 14 8 tca1 0 a cripple from his mother's womb "having been born as a cripple" -ACT 14 8 hw4l 0 cripple person who cannot walk -ACT 14 9 di49 0 Paul fixed his eyes on him "Paul looked straight at him" -ACT 14 9 xak4 figs-abstractnouns 0 had faith to be made well The abstract noun "faith" can be translated with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "believed that Jesus could heal him" or "believed that Jesus could make him well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 14 10 v1kz 0 jumped up "leaped in the air." This implies that his legs were completely healed. -ACT 14 11 axe6 0 what Paul had done This refers to Paul's healing the crippled man. -ACT 14 11 lvs9 0 they raised their voice To raise the voice is to speak loudly. Alternate translation: "they spoke loudly" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) -ACT 14 11 d1gz figs-explicit 0 The gods have come down to us A large number of people believed Paul and Barnabas were their pagan gods who had come down from heaven. Alternate translation: "The gods have come down from heaven to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 14 11 x3bi 0 in the dialect of Lycaonia "in their own Lycaonian language." The people of Lystra spoke Lycaonian and also Greek. -ACT 14 11 rm85 0 in the form of men These people believed that the gods needed to change their appearance in order to look like men. -ACT 14 12 t7uu translate-names 0 Zeus Zeus was the king over all the other pagan gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 14 12 hh25 translate-names 0 Hermes Hermes was the pagan god who brought messages to people from Zeus and the other gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 14 8 wb5k writing-participants τις ἀνὴρ ἐκάθητο 1 a certain man sat This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 14 8 kz7d ἀδύνατος τοῖς ποσὶν 1 powerless in his feet "unable to move his legs" or "unable to walk on his feet" +ACT 14 8 tca1 χωλὸς ἐκ αὐτοῦ μητρὸς' μητρὸς κοιλίας 1 a cripple from his mother's womb "having been born as a cripple" +ACT 14 8 hw4l χωλὸς 1 cripple person who cannot walk +ACT 14 9 di49 ὃς ἀτενίσας αὐτῷ 1 Paul fixed his eyes on him "Paul looked straight at him" +ACT 14 9 xak4 figs-abstractnouns ἔχει πίστιν τοῦ σωθῆναι 1 had faith to be made well The abstract noun "faith" can be translated with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "believed that Jesus could heal him" or "believed that Jesus could make him well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 14 10 v1kz ἥλατο 1 jumped up "leaped in the air." This implies that his legs were completely healed. +ACT 14 11 axe6 ὃ Παῦλος ἐποίησεν 1 what Paul had done This refers to Paul's healing the crippled man. +ACT 14 11 lvs9 ἐπῆραν αὐτῶν τὴν φωνὴν 1 they raised their voice To raise the voice is to speak loudly. Alternate translation: "they spoke loudly" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) +ACT 14 11 d1gz figs-explicit οἱ θεοὶ κατέβησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς 1 The gods have come down to us A large number of people believed Paul and Barnabas were their pagan gods who had come down from heaven. Alternate translation: "The gods have come down from heaven to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 14 11 x3bi Λυκαονιστὶ 1 in the dialect of Lycaonia "in their own Lycaonian language." The people of Lystra spoke Lycaonian and also Greek. +ACT 14 11 rm85 ὁμοιωθέντες ἀνθρώποις 1 in the form of men These people believed that the gods needed to change their appearance in order to look like men. +ACT 14 12 t7uu translate-names Δία 1 Zeus Zeus was the king over all the other pagan gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 14 12 hh25 translate-names Ἑρμῆν 1 Hermes Hermes was the pagan god who brought messages to people from Zeus and the other gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 13 iz6r figs-explicit 0 The priest of Zeus, whose temple was just outside the city, brought It may be helpful to include additional information about the priest. Alternate translation: "There was a temple just outside the city where the people worshiped Zeus. When the priest who served in the temple heard what Paul and Barnabas had done, he brought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 14 13 v2a9 0 oxen and wreaths The oxen were to be sacrificed. The wreaths were either to crown Paul and Barnabas, or put on the oxen for sacrifice. -ACT 14 13 iha1 0 to the gates The gates of the cities were often used as a meeting place for the people of the city. -ACT 14 13 ud37 0 wanted to offer sacrifice "wanted to offer sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas as the gods Zeus and Hermes" -ACT 14 14 kt1f 0 the apostles, Barnabas and Paul Luke is here probably using "apostle" in the general sense of "one sent out." -ACT 14 14 kx43 0 they tore their clothing This was a symbolic action to show that they were deeply distressed and upset that the crowd wanted to sacrifice to them. -ACT 14 15 w4fd figs-rquestion 0 Men, why are you doing these things? Barnabas and Paul are rebuking the people for trying to sacrifice to them. Alternate translation: "Men, you must not do these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 14 15 f8vc 0 doing these things "worshiping us" -ACT 14 15 u9pq 0 We also are human beings with the same feelings as you By this statement, Barnabas and Paul are saying that they are not gods. Alternate translation: "We are just human beings like you. We are not gods!" -ACT 14 15 n9e4 0 with the same feelings as you "like you in every way" -ACT 14 15 n98g figs-metaphor 0 turn from these useless things to a living God Here "turn from ... to" is a metaphor meaning to stop doing one thing and start doing something else. Alternate translation: "stop worshiping these false gods that cannot help you, and instead begin to worship the living God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 14 15 qr5b 0 a living God "a God who truly exists" or "a God who lives" -ACT 14 16 s2rn 0 In the past ages "In previous times" or "Until now" -ACT 14 16 vpt5 figs-metaphor 0 to walk in their own ways Walking in a way, or walking on a path, is a metaphor for living one's life. Alternate translation: "to live their lives the way they wanted to" or "to do whatever they wanted to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 14 13 v2a9 ταύρους καὶ στέμματα 1 oxen and wreaths The oxen were to be sacrificed. The wreaths were either to crown Paul and Barnabas, or put on the oxen for sacrifice. +ACT 14 13 iha1 ἐπὶ τοὺς πυλῶνας 1 to the gates The gates of the cities were often used as a meeting place for the people of the city. +ACT 14 13 ud37 ἤθελεν θύειν 1 wanted to offer sacrifice "wanted to offer sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas as the gods Zeus and Hermes" +ACT 14 14 kt1f οἱ ἀπόστολοι, Βαρναβᾶς καὶ Παῦλος 1 the apostles, Barnabas and Paul Luke is here probably using "apostle" in the general sense of "one sent out." +ACT 14 14 kx43 διαρρήξαντες ἑαυτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια 1 they tore their clothing This was a symbolic action to show that they were deeply distressed and upset that the crowd wanted to sacrifice to them. +ACT 14 15 w4fd figs-rquestion ἄνδρες, τί ποιεῖτε ταῦτα? 1 Men, why are you doing these things? Barnabas and Paul are rebuking the people for trying to sacrifice to them. Alternate translation: "Men, you must not do these things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 14 15 f8vc ποιεῖτε ταῦτα 1 doing these things "worshiping us" +ACT 14 15 u9pq ἡμεῖς καὶ ἐσμεν ἄνθρωποι ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ὑμῖν 1 We also are human beings with the same feelings as you By this statement, Barnabas and Paul are saying that they are not gods. Alternate translation: "We are just human beings like you. We are not gods!" +ACT 14 15 n9e4 ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ὑμῖν 1 with the same feelings as you "like you in every way" +ACT 14 15 n98g figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφειν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ματαίων ἐπὶ Θεὸν ζῶντα Θεὸν 1 turn from these useless things to a living God Here "turn from ... to" is a metaphor meaning to stop doing one thing and start doing something else. Alternate translation: "stop worshiping these false gods that cannot help you, and instead begin to worship the living God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 14 15 qr5b Θεὸν ζῶντα Θεὸν 1 a living God "a God who truly exists" or "a God who lives" +ACT 14 16 s2rn ἐν ταῖς παρῳχημέναις γενεαῖς 1 In the past ages "In previous times" or "Until now" +ACT 14 16 vpt5 figs-metaphor πορεύεσθαι ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν ταῖς ὁδοῖς 1 to walk in their own ways Walking in a way, or walking on a path, is a metaphor for living one's life. Alternate translation: "to live their lives the way they wanted to" or "to do whatever they wanted to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 14 17 fw2s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas continue speaking to the crowd outside the city of Lystra ([Acts 14:8](../14/08.md)). -ACT 14 17 kig8 figs-litotes 0 he did not leave himself without witness This could also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God has certainly left a witness" or "God has indeed testified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 14 17 s3qn 0 in that "as shown by the fact that" -ACT 14 17 ps9z figs-metonymy 0 filling your hearts with food and gladness Here "you hearts" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "giving you enough to eat and things about which to be happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 14 18 ut73 0 Paul and Barnabas barely kept the multitudes from sacrificing to them Paul and Barnabas stopped the multitude from sacrificing to them, but it was difficult to do so. -ACT 14 18 la43 0 barely kept "had difficulty preventing" +ACT 14 17 kig8 figs-litotes ἀφῆκεν οὐκ ἀφῆκεν αὑτὸν ἀμάρτυρον 1 he did not leave himself without witness This could also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God has certainly left a witness" or "God has indeed testified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 14 17 s3qn ἀγαθουργῶν 1 in that "as shown by the fact that" +ACT 14 17 ps9z figs-metonymy ἐμπιπλῶν ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας τροφῆς καὶ εὐφροσύνης 1 filling your hearts with food and gladness Here "you hearts" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "giving you enough to eat and things about which to be happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 14 18 ut73 κατέπαυσαν μόλις κατέπαυσαν τοὺς ὄχλους τοῦ μὴ θύειν αὐτοῖς 1 Paul and Barnabas barely kept the multitudes from sacrificing to them Paul and Barnabas stopped the multitude from sacrificing to them, but it was difficult to do so. +ACT 14 18 la43 μόλις κατέπαυσαν 1 barely kept "had difficulty preventing" ACT 14 19 bz7k 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "him" refer to Paul. -ACT 14 19 wmc2 figs-explicit 0 persuaded the crowds It my be helpful to explicitly state what they persuaded the crowd to do. Alternate translation: "persuaded the people not to believe Paul and Barnabas, and to turn against them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 14 19 xbv3 0 the crowds This may not be the same group as the "multitude" in the previous verse. Some time had passed, and this might be a different group that gathered together. -ACT 14 19 t8mg 0 thinking that he was dead "because they thought that he was already dead" -ACT 14 20 pan3 0 the disciples These were new believers in the city of Lystra. +ACT 14 19 wmc2 figs-explicit πείσαντες τοὺς ὄχλους 1 persuaded the crowds It my be helpful to explicitly state what they persuaded the crowd to do. Alternate translation: "persuaded the people not to believe Paul and Barnabas, and to turn against them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 14 19 xbv3 τοὺς ὄχλους 1 the crowds This may not be the same group as the "multitude" in the previous verse. Some time had passed, and this might be a different group that gathered together. +ACT 14 19 t8mg νομίζοντες αὐτὸν τεθνηκέναι 1 thinking that he was dead "because they thought that he was already dead" +ACT 14 20 pan3 τῶν μαθητῶν 1 the disciples These were new believers in the city of Lystra. ACT 14 20 aqx3 0 entered the city "Paul re-entered Lystra with the believers" -ACT 14 20 e2y9 0 he went to Derbe with Barnabas "Paul and Barnabas went to the city of Derbe" +ACT 14 20 e2y9 ἐξῆλθεν εἰς Δέρβην σὺν τῷ Βαρναβᾷ 1 he went to Derbe with Barnabas "Paul and Barnabas went to the city of Derbe" ACT 14 21 wv7e figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "they" and "They" refer to Paul. Here the word "We" includes Paul, Barnabas, and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 14 21 ykt4 0 that city "Derbe" ([Acts 14:20](../14/20.md)) -ACT 14 22 ek9l figs-synecdoche 0 They kept strengthening the souls of the disciples Here "souls" refers to the disciples. This emphasizes their inner thoughts and beliefs. Alternate translation: "Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to believe the message about Jesus" or "Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to grow strong in their relationship with Jesus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 14 22 zkd2 0 encouraging them to continue in the faith "encouraging the believers to keep trusting in Jesus" -ACT 14 22 d9ic writing-quotations 0 saying, "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." Some version translate this as an indirect quote, "saying that we must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." The word "we" here includes Luke and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 14 22 wu1c figs-inclusive 0 We must enter Paul includes his hearers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ACT 14 21 ykt4 ἐκείνην τὴν πόλιν 1 that city "Derbe" ([Acts 14:20](../14/20.md)) +ACT 14 22 ek9l figs-synecdoche ἐπιστηρίζοντες τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν μαθητῶν 1 They kept strengthening the souls of the disciples Here "souls" refers to the disciples. This emphasizes their inner thoughts and beliefs. Alternate translation: "Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to believe the message about Jesus" or "Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to grow strong in their relationship with Jesus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 14 22 zkd2 παρακαλοῦντες ἐμμένειν τῇ πίστει 1 encouraging them to continue in the faith "encouraging the believers to keep trusting in Jesus" +ACT 14 22 d9ic writing-quotations , καὶ ὅτι," ἡμᾶς δεῖ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ πολλῶν θλίψεων." 1 saying, "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." Some version translate this as an indirect quote, "saying that we must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." The word "we" here includes Luke and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ACT 14 22 wu1c figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς δεῖ εἰσελθεῖν 1 We must enter Paul includes his hearers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 14 23 pk5l 0 General Information: Except for the third use of the word "they" which refers to the people that Paul and Barnabas had led to the Lord, all the words "they" here refer to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 14 23 mqp9 0 When they had appointed for them elders in every church "When Paul and Barnabas had appointed leaders in each new group of believers" -ACT 14 23 nd87 0 they entrusted them Possible meanings are 1) "Paul and Barnabas entrusted the elders they had appointed" or 2) "Paul and Barnabas entrusted the leaders and other believers" -ACT 14 23 ls62 0 in whom they had believed Who "they" refers to depends on your choice for the meaning of "them" in the previous note (either elders or leaders and other believers). -ACT 14 25 t513 figs-metonymy 0 When they had spoken the word in Perga "Word" here is a metonym for "message of God." Alternate translation: "(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 14 25 h8sh 0 went down to Attalia The phrase "went down" is used here because Attalia is lower in elevation than Perga. -ACT 14 26 f2cg 0 where they had been committed to the grace of God This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "where believers and leaders in Antioch had committed Paul and Barnabas to the grace of God" or "where the people of Antioch prayed that God would care for and protect Paul and Barnabas" +ACT 14 23 nd87 παρέθεντο αὐτοὺς 1 they entrusted them Possible meanings are 1) "Paul and Barnabas entrusted the elders they had appointed" or 2) "Paul and Barnabas entrusted the leaders and other believers" +ACT 14 23 ls62 εἰς ὃν πεπιστεύκεισαν 1 in whom they had believed Who "they" refers to depends on your choice for the meaning of "them" in the previous note (either elders or leaders and other believers). +ACT 14 25 t513 figs-metonymy καὶ λαλήσαντες τὸν λόγον ἐν Πέργῃ 1 When they had spoken the word in Perga "Word" here is a metonym for "message of God." Alternate translation: "(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 14 25 h8sh κατέβησαν εἰς Ἀττάλιαν 1 went down to Attalia The phrase "went down" is used here because Attalia is lower in elevation than Perga. +ACT 14 26 f2cg ὅθεν ἦσαν παραδεδομένοι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 where they had been committed to the grace of God This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "where believers and leaders in Antioch had committed Paul and Barnabas to the grace of God" or "where the people of Antioch prayed that God would care for and protect Paul and Barnabas" ACT 14 27 vcd3 0 General Information: Here the words "they," "them," and "They" refer to Paul and Barnabas. The word "he" refers to God. -ACT 14 27 i9dv 0 gathered the church together "called the local believers to meet together" -ACT 14 27 b4id figs-metaphor 0 he had opened a door of faith for the Gentiles God's enabling the Gentiles to believe is spoken of as if he had opened a door that had prevented them from entering into faith. Alternate translation: "God had made it possible for the Gentiles to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 14 27 i9dv συναγαγόντες τὴν ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγόντες 1 gathered the church together "called the local believers to meet together" +ACT 14 27 b4id figs-metaphor ἤνοιξεν θύραν πίστεως τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 he had opened a door of faith for the Gentiles God's enabling the Gentiles to believe is spoken of as if he had opened a door that had prevented them from entering into faith. Alternate translation: "God had made it possible for the Gentiles to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 intro h917 0 # Acts 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 15:16-17.

The meeting that Luke describes in this chapter is commonly called the "Jerusalem Council." This was a time when many church leaders got together to decide if believers needed to obey the whole law of Moses.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Brothers

In this chapter Luke begins to use the word "brothers" to refer to fellow Christians instead of fellow Jews.

##### Obeying the law of Moses

Some believers wanted the Gentiles to be circumcised because God had told Abraham and Moses that everyone who wanted to belong to him had to be circumcised and that this was a law that would always exist. But Paul and Barnabas had seen God give uncircumcised Gentiles the gift of the Holy Spirit, so they did not want the Gentiles to be circumcised. Both groups went to Jerusalem to have the church leaders decide what they should do.

##### "Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality"

It is possible that the church leaders decided on these laws so that Jews and Gentiles could not only live together but eat the same foods together.
ACT 15 1 qck6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are still in Antioch when there is a dispute about the Gentiles and circumcision. ACT 15 1 su66 figs-explicit 0 Some men "Some men." You can make explicit that these men were Jews who believed in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 1 p3k9 0 came down from Judea The phrase "came down" is used here because Judea is higher in elevation than Antioch. -ACT 15 1 zi1n figs-explicit 0 taught the brothers Here "brothers" stands for believers in Christ. It is implied that they were in Antioch. Alternate translation: "taught the believers at Antioch" or "were teaching the believers at Antioch" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 1 pm8h figs-activepassive 0 Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Unless someone circumcises you according to the custom of Moses, God cannot save you" or "God will not save you from your sins unless you receive circumcision according to the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 2 f9nd figs-abstractnouns 0 a sharp dispute and debate with them The abstract nouns "sharp dispute" and "debate" can be stated as verbs and where the men came from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "had confronted and debated with the men from Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 2 ek6a 0 go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. -ACT 15 2 z983 0 this question "this issue" +ACT 15 1 p3k9 κατελθόντες ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 came down from Judea The phrase "came down" is used here because Judea is higher in elevation than Antioch. +ACT 15 1 zi1n figs-explicit ἐδίδασκον τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 taught the brothers Here "brothers" stands for believers in Christ. It is implied that they were in Antioch. Alternate translation: "taught the believers at Antioch" or "were teaching the believers at Antioch" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 1 pm8h figs-activepassive ἐὰν μὴ περιτμηθῆτε τῷ ἔθει τῷ Μωϋσέως, οὐ δύνασθε σωθῆναι 1 Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Unless someone circumcises you according to the custom of Moses, God cannot save you" or "God will not save you from your sins unless you receive circumcision according to the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 2 f9nd figs-abstractnouns στάσεως οὐκ ὀλίγης στάσεως καὶ ζητήσεως πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 a sharp dispute and debate with them The abstract nouns "sharp dispute" and "debate" can be stated as verbs and where the men came from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "had confronted and debated with the men from Judea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 2 ek6a ἀναβαίνειν εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. +ACT 15 2 z983 τούτου τοῦ ζητήματος 1 this question "this issue" ACT 15 3 h2mw 0 General Information: Here the words "They," "they," and "them" refer to Paul, Barnabas, and certain others ([Acts 15:2](../15/02.md)). -ACT 15 3 av5y figs-activepassive 0 They therefore, being sent by the church This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore the community of believers sent them from Antioch to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 3 aia5 figs-metonymy 0 being sent by the church Here "church" stands for the people that were a part of the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 3 av5y figs-activepassive οἱ μὲν οὖν, προπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 They therefore, being sent by the church This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore the community of believers sent them from Antioch to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 3 aia5 figs-metonymy προπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 being sent by the church Here "church" stands for the people that were a part of the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 3 i5kd 0 passed through ... announced The words "passed through" and "announced" indicate they spent some time in different places sharing in detail what God was doing. ACT 15 3 rk37 figs-abstractnouns 0 announced the conversion of the Gentiles The abstract noun "conversion" means the Gentiles were rejecting their false gods and believing in God. Alternate translation: "announced to the community of believers in those places that Gentiles were believing in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 15 3 nje7 figs-metaphor 0 They brought great joy to all the brothers Their message causing the brothers to be joyful is spoken of as if "joy" were an object that they brought to the brothers. Alternate translation: "What they said caused their fellow believers to rejoice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 3 bbd4 0 the brothers Here "brothers" refers to fellow believers. -ACT 15 4 ej1r figs-activepassive 0 they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the apostles, the elders, and the rest of the community of believers welcomed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 4 a2x1 0 with them "through them" +ACT 15 3 bbd4 τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers Here "brothers" refers to fellow believers. +ACT 15 4 ej1r figs-activepassive παρεδέχθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων 1 they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the apostles, the elders, and the rest of the community of believers welcomed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 4 a2x1 μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 with them "through them" ACT 15 5 efe5 0 General Information: Here the word "them" refers to non-Jewish believers who were not circumcised and did not keep the Old Testament laws of God. ACT 15 5 f2b5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are now in Jerusalem to meet with the apostles and elders there. -ACT 15 5 k6k7 0 But certain men Here Luke contrasts those who believe that salvation is only in Jesus to others who believe salvation is by Jesus yet also believe that circumcision is required for salvation. -ACT 15 5 b9nt 0 to keep the law of Moses "to obey the law of Moses" -ACT 15 6 ugu6 0 to consider this matter The church leaders decided to discuss whether or not Gentiles needed to be circumcised and obey the law of Moses in order for God to save them from their sins. +ACT 15 5 k6k7 δέ τινες 1 But certain men Here Luke contrasts those who believe that salvation is only in Jesus to others who believe salvation is by Jesus yet also believe that circumcision is required for salvation. +ACT 15 5 b9nt παραγγέλλειν τηρεῖν τὸν νόμον Μωϋσέως 1 to keep the law of Moses "to obey the law of Moses" +ACT 15 6 ugu6 ἰδεῖν περὶ τούτου τοῦ λόγου 1 to consider this matter The church leaders decided to discuss whether or not Gentiles needed to be circumcised and obey the law of Moses in order for God to save them from their sins. ACT 15 7 wct8 figs-you 0 General Information: The first word "them" refers to apostles and elders ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)) and the other words "them" and "their" refer to the believing Gentiles. Here the word "you" is plural and refers to the apostles and elders present. The word "he" refers to God. Here "us" is plural and refers to Peter, the apostles and elders, and all Jewish believers in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 7 hxu9 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins to speak to the apostles and elders who met to discuss whether Gentiles had to receive circumcision and keep the law ([Acts 15:5-6](./05.md)). ACT 15 7 a6q9 0 Brothers Peter is addressing all of the believers who were present. -ACT 15 7 s3wb figs-synecdoche 0 by my mouth Here "mouth" refers to Peter. Alternate translation: "from me" or "by me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 15 7 yer1 0 the Gentiles should hear "the Gentiles would hear" -ACT 15 7 b5s8 figs-metonymy 0 the word of the gospel Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 8 m1xc figs-metonymy 0 who knows the heart Here "heart" refers to the "minds" or "inner beings." Alternate translation: "who knows the people's minds" or "who knows what people think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 8 p6d2 0 witnesses to them "witnesses to the Gentiles" -ACT 15 8 i1gc 0 giving them the Holy Spirit "causing the Holy Spirit to come upon them" -ACT 15 9 zs2g 0 made no distinction God did not treat Jewish believers different from Gentile believers. -ACT 15 9 ase1 figs-metaphor 0 making their hearts clean by faith God's forgiving the Gentile believers' sins is spoken as though he literally cleaned their hearts. Here "heart" stands for the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "forgiving their sins because they believed in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 7 s3wb figs-synecdoche διὰ μου τοῦ στόματός 1 by my mouth Here "mouth" refers to Peter. Alternate translation: "from me" or "by me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 15 7 yer1 τὰ ἔθνη ἀκοῦσαι 1 the Gentiles should hear "the Gentiles would hear" +ACT 15 7 b5s8 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the word of the gospel Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 8 m1xc figs-metonymy ὁ καρδιογνώστης 1 who knows the heart Here "heart" refers to the "minds" or "inner beings." Alternate translation: "who knows the people's minds" or "who knows what people think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 8 p6d2 ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτοῖς 1 witnesses to them "witnesses to the Gentiles" +ACT 15 8 i1gc δοὺς τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα 1 giving them the Holy Spirit "causing the Holy Spirit to come upon them" +ACT 15 9 zs2g διέκρινεν οὐδὲν διέκρινεν 1 made no distinction God did not treat Jewish believers different from Gentile believers. +ACT 15 9 ase1 figs-metaphor καθαρίσας αὐτῶν τὰς καρδίας καθαρίσας τῇ πίστει 1 making their hearts clean by faith God's forgiving the Gentile believers' sins is spoken as though he literally cleaned their hearts. Here "heart" stands for the person's inner being. Alternate translation: "forgiving their sins because they believed in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 10 ha45 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Peter includes his audience by his use of "our" and "we." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 10 wjq7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes speaking to the apostles and elders. -ACT 15 10 rfr4 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -ACT 15 10 zaz6 figs-rquestion 0 why do you test God, that you should put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? Peter uses a question with a word picture to tell the Jewish believers they should not require the non-Jewish believers to perform circumcision to be saved. Alternate translation: "Do not test God by putting a burden on the non-Jewish believers which we Jews were not able to bear!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 10 bfd5 0 our fathers This refers to their Jewish ancestors. -ACT 15 11 q28c figs-activepassive 0 But we believe that we shall be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they were This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But we believe the Lord Jesus shall save us by his grace, just as he saved the non-Jewish believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 10 rfr4 νῦν 1 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +ACT 15 10 zaz6 figs-rquestion τί πειράζετε τὸν Θεόν, ἐπιθεῖναι ζυγὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῶν μαθητῶν ὃν οὔτε ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες οὔτε ἡμεῖς ἰσχύσαμεν βαστάσαι? 1 why do you test God, that you should put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? Peter uses a question with a word picture to tell the Jewish believers they should not require the non-Jewish believers to perform circumcision to be saved. Alternate translation: "Do not test God by putting a burden on the non-Jewish believers which we Jews were not able to bear!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 15 10 bfd5 ἡμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 our fathers This refers to their Jewish ancestors. +ACT 15 11 q28c figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ, καθ’ ὃν τρόπον κἀκεῖνοι 1 But we believe that we shall be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they were This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But we believe the Lord Jesus shall save us by his grace, just as he saved the non-Jewish believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 12 um1p 0 General Information: Here the word "them" refers to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 15 12 d1uc 0 All the multitude "Everyone" or "The whole group" ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)) -ACT 15 12 uks6 0 God had worked "God had done" or "God had caused" +ACT 15 12 uks6 ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησεν 1 God had worked "God had done" or "God had caused" ACT 15 13 vb25 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul and Barnabas ([Acts 15:12](../15/12.md)). ACT 15 13 l7mp 0 Connecting Statement: James begins to speak to the apostles and elders ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)). ACT 15 13 pl6m 0 Brothers, listen "Fellow believers, listen." James was probably speaking only to men. -ACT 15 14 s9dn 0 in order to take from them a people "so that he might choose from among them a people" -ACT 15 14 pnr9 figs-metonymy 0 for his name "for God's name." Here "name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "for himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 14 s9dn λαβεῖν ἐξ ἐθνῶν λαὸν 1 in order to take from them a people "so that he might choose from among them a people" +ACT 15 14 pnr9 figs-metonymy τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 for his name "for God's name." Here "name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "for himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 15 h9um 0 General Information: Here "I" refers to God who spoke through the words of his prophet. ACT 15 15 ibb2 0 Connecting Statement: James quotes the prophet Amos from the Old Testament. ACT 15 15 am6y figs-metonymy 0 The words of the prophets agree Here "words" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "What the prophets said agrees" or "The prophets agree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 15 nbi1 0 agree with this "confirm this truth" -ACT 15 15 j4f5 figs-activepassive 0 as it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as they wrote" or "as the prophet Amos wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 15 nbi1 συμφωνοῦσιν τούτῳ 1 agree with this "confirm this truth" +ACT 15 15 j4f5 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 as it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as they wrote" or "as the prophet Amos wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 16 f5wf figs-metaphor 0 I will build again the tent of David, which has fallen down ... its ruins again This speaks of God's again choosing one of David's descendants to rule over his people as though he were setting up a tent again after it fell down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 16 ist8 figs-metonymy 0 tent Here "tent" stands for David's family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 17 sm79 figs-metaphor 0 the remnant of men may seek the Lord This speaks about people wanting to obey God and learn more about him as if they were literally looking for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 17 hkw1 figs-gendernotations 0 remnant of men Here "men" includes males and females. Alternate translation: "remnant of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 15 17 pe4l figs-123person 0 may seek the Lord God is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "may seek me, the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ACT 15 17 tu21 figs-activepassive 0 including all the Gentiles called by my name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "including all the Gentiles who belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 17 c8gm figs-metonymy 0 my name Here "my name" stands for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 18 tr27 figs-activepassive 0 that have been known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people have known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 16 ist8 figs-metonymy σκηνὴν 1 tent Here "tent" stands for David's family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 17 sm79 figs-metaphor οἱ κατάλοιποι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκζητήσωσιν τὸν Κύριον 1 the remnant of men may seek the Lord This speaks about people wanting to obey God and learn more about him as if they were literally looking for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 15 17 hkw1 figs-gendernotations κατάλοιποι τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 remnant of men Here "men" includes males and females. Alternate translation: "remnant of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 15 17 pe4l figs-123person ἐκζητήσωσιν τὸν Κύριον 1 may seek the Lord God is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "may seek me, the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ACT 15 17 tu21 figs-activepassive καὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐφ’ οὓς ἐπικέκληται τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 including all the Gentiles called by my name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "including all the Gentiles who belong to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 17 c8gm figs-metonymy ἐφ’ οὓς ἐπικέκληται τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 my name Here "my name" stands for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 18 tr27 figs-activepassive γνωστὰ 1 that have been known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people have known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 19 g3zx figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here "we" includes James, the apostles, and the elders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 19 f6za 0 Connecting Statement: James finishes speaking to the apostles and elders. (See: [Acts 15:2](../15/02.md) and [Acts 15:13](./13.md)) -ACT 15 19 pyb9 figs-explicit 0 we should not trouble those of the Gentiles You can make explicit in what way James does not want to trouble the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "we should not require the Gentiles to become circumcised and obey the laws of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 19 vr6u figs-metaphor 0 who turn to God A person who starts obeying God is spoken of as if the person is physically turning towards God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 15 19 pyb9 figs-explicit παρενοχλεῖν μὴ παρενοχλεῖν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 we should not trouble those of the Gentiles You can make explicit in what way James does not want to trouble the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "we should not require the Gentiles to become circumcised and obey the laws of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 19 vr6u figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Θεόν 1 who turn to God A person who starts obeying God is spoken of as if the person is physically turning towards God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 20 wx8f 0 they must keep away from the pollution of idols ... sexual immorality ... strangled ... blood Sexual immorality, strangling animals, and consuming blood were often part of ceremonies to worship idols and false gods. -ACT 15 20 n6f2 figs-explicit 0 pollution of idols This possibly refers to eating the meat of an animal that someone has sacrificed to an idol or to anything to do with idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 20 j2rl figs-explicit 0 from the meat of strangled animals, and from blood God did not allow Jews to eat meat that still had the blood in it. Also, even earlier in Moses' writings in Genesis, God had forbidden the drinking of blood. Therefore, they could not eat an animal that someone strangled because the blood was not properly drained from the body of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 20 n6f2 figs-explicit ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων 1 pollution of idols This possibly refers to eating the meat of an animal that someone has sacrificed to an idol or to anything to do with idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 20 j2rl figs-explicit τοῦ πνικτοῦ, καὶ τοῦ αἵματος 1 from the meat of strangled animals, and from blood God did not allow Jews to eat meat that still had the blood in it. Also, even earlier in Moses' writings in Genesis, God had forbidden the drinking of blood. Therefore, they could not eat an animal that someone strangled because the blood was not properly drained from the body of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 21 si1h figs-explicit 0 Moses has been proclaimed in every city ... and he is read in the synagogues every Sabbath James is implying that Gentiles know how important these rules are because Jews preach them in every city where there is a synagogue. It also implies the Gentiles can go to the teachers from the synagogues to learn more about these rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 21 zd7t figs-metonymy 0 Moses has been proclaimed Here "Moses" represents the law of Moses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The law of Moses has been proclaimed" or "Jews have taught the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 21 xg5n figs-hyperbole 0 in every city The word "every" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "in many cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 15 21 pbm5 figs-metonymy 0 and he is read Here "he" refers to Moses, whose name here represents his law. Alternate translation: "and the law is read" or "and they read the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 21 xg5n figs-hyperbole κατὰ πόλιν 1 in every city The word "every" here is a generalization. Alternate translation: "in many cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 15 21 pbm5 figs-metonymy ἀναγινωσκόμενος 1 and he is read Here "he" refers to Moses, whose name here represents his law. Alternate translation: "and the law is read" or "and they read the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 22 rhn3 0 General Information: Here the word "them" refers to Judas and Silas. The word "They" refers to the apostles, elders, and other believers of the church in Jerusalem. -ACT 15 22 hp6j figs-explicit 0 the whole church Here "church" refers to the people who are a part of the church in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the church in Jerusalem" or "the whole community of believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 22 c711 translate-names 0 Judas called Barsabbas This is the name of a man. "Barsabbas" is a second name that people called him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 15 22 hp6j figs-explicit τῇ ὅλῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 the whole church Here "church" refers to the people who are a part of the church in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the church in Jerusalem" or "the whole community of believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 22 c711 translate-names Ἰούδαν τὸν καλούμενον Βαρσαββᾶν 1 Judas called Barsabbas This is the name of a man. "Barsabbas" is a second name that people called him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 15 23 e4g2 0 From the apostles and elders, your brothers, to the Gentile brothers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia: Greetings! This is the introduction of the letter. Your language may have a way of introducing the author of the letter and to whom it is written. Alternate translation: "This letter is from your brothers, the apostles and elders. We are writing to you Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia. Greetings to you" or "To our Gentile brothers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia. Greetings from the apostles and elders, your brothers" ACT 15 23 kp51 0 your brothers ... the Gentile brothers Here the word "brothers" refers to fellow believers. By using these words, the apostles and elders assure the Gentile believers that they accept them as fellow believers. -ACT 15 23 php8 translate-names 0 Cilicia This is the name of a province on the coast in Asia Minor north of the Island of Cyprus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 15 23 php8 translate-names Κιλικίαν 1 Cilicia This is the name of a province on the coast in Asia Minor north of the Island of Cyprus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 15 24 g8m9 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here all instances of "we," "our," and "us" refer to the believers in the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) -ACT 15 24 p1tl 0 that certain men "that some men" -ACT 15 24 kh16 0 with no orders from us "even though we gave no orders for them to go" -ACT 15 24 bxq8 figs-synecdoche 0 disturbed you with teachings that upset your souls Here "souls" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "have taught things that have troubled you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 15 25 c3dl 0 to choose men The men they sent were Judas called Barsabbas and Silas ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)). -ACT 15 26 t7vw figs-metonymy 0 for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ Here "name" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "because they believe in our Lord Jesus Christ" or "because they serve our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 24 p1tl ὅτι τινὲς 1 that certain men "that some men" +ACT 15 24 kh16 οἷς οὐ διεστειλάμεθα 1 with no orders from us "even though we gave no orders for them to go" +ACT 15 24 bxq8 figs-synecdoche ἐτάραξαν ὑμᾶς λόγοις ἀνασκευάζοντες ὑμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς 1 disturbed you with teachings that upset your souls Here "souls" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "have taught things that have troubled you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 15 25 c3dl ἐκλεξαμένοις ἄνδρας 1 to choose men The men they sent were Judas called Barsabbas and Silas ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)). +ACT 15 26 t7vw figs-metonymy τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ Here "name" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "because they believe in our Lord Jesus Christ" or "because they serve our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 27 j1jb figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "We" and "us" refer to the leaders and believers in the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) ACT 15 27 v2ee 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the letter from the Jerusalem church to the Gentile believers in Antioch. ACT 15 27 xw8l figs-explicit 0 who will tell you the same thing themselves in their own words This phrase emphasizes that Judas and Silas will say the same things that the apostles and elders had written. Alternate translation: "who themselves will tell you the same things about which we have written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 28 l9z6 figs-metaphor 0 to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things This speaks about laws that people need to obey as if they were objects that people carry on their shoulders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 29 nt7s 0 from things sacrificed to idols This means they are not allowed to eat the meat of an animal that someone sacrifices to an idol. -ACT 15 29 vcc6 figs-explicit 0 blood This refers to drinking blood or eating meat from which the blood has not been drained. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 29 rt55 0 things strangled A strangled animal was killed but its blood was not drained. -ACT 15 29 buy9 0 Farewell This announces the end of the letter. Alternate translation: "Goodbye" +ACT 15 28 l9z6 figs-metaphor ἐπιτίθεσθαι ὑμῖν μηδὲν πλέον βάρος πλὴν τούτων τῶν ἐπάναγκες 1 to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things This speaks about laws that people need to obey as if they were objects that people carry on their shoulders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 15 29 nt7s εἰδωλοθύτων 1 from things sacrificed to idols This means they are not allowed to eat the meat of an animal that someone sacrifices to an idol. +ACT 15 29 vcc6 figs-explicit αἵματος 1 blood This refers to drinking blood or eating meat from which the blood has not been drained. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 29 rt55 πνικτῶν 1 things strangled A strangled animal was killed but its blood was not drained. +ACT 15 29 buy9 ἔρρωσθε 1 Farewell This announces the end of the letter. Alternate translation: "Goodbye" ACT 15 30 khi8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul, Barnabas, Judas, and Silas leave for Antioch. ACT 15 30 c3uk 0 So they, when they were dismissed, came down to Antioch The word "they" refers to Paul, Barnabas, Judas, and Silas. Alternate translation: "So when the four men were dismissed, they came down to Antioch" -ACT 15 30 usz6 figs-activepassive 0 when they were dismissed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when the apostles and elders dismissed the four men" or "when the believers in Jerusalem sent them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 30 t55a 0 came down to Antioch The phrase "came down" is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. -ACT 15 31 k1mr 0 they rejoiced "the believers in Antioch rejoiced" -ACT 15 31 e4gf figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the encouragement The abstract noun "encouragement" can be expressed with the verb "encourage." Alternate translation: "because what the apostles and elders wrote encouraged them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 15 30 usz6 figs-activepassive ἀπολυθέντες 1 when they were dismissed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when the apostles and elders dismissed the four men" or "when the believers in Jerusalem sent them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 30 t55a κατῆλθον εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 1 came down to Antioch The phrase "came down" is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. +ACT 15 31 k1mr ἀναγνόντες ἐχάρησαν 1 they rejoiced "the believers in Antioch rejoiced" +ACT 15 31 e4gf figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῇ παρακλήσει 1 because of the encouragement The abstract noun "encouragement" can be expressed with the verb "encourage." Alternate translation: "because what the apostles and elders wrote encouraged them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 15 32 r65l 0 also prophets Prophets were teachers authorized by God to speak for him. Alternate translation: "because they were prophets" or "who were also prophets" -ACT 15 32 e2en 0 the brothers "the fellow believers" -ACT 15 32 j99g figs-metaphor 0 strengthened them Helping someone to depend even more on Jesus is spoken of as if they were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 15 32 e2en τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 the brothers "the fellow believers" +ACT 15 32 j99g figs-metaphor ἐπεστήριξαν 1 strengthened them Helping someone to depend even more on Jesus is spoken of as if they were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 33 y2ls 0 Connecting Statement: Judas and Silas return to Jerusalem while Paul and Barnabas remain in Antioch. ACT 15 33 v7pj figs-metaphor 0 After they had spent some time there This speaks about time as if it were a commodity that a person could spend. The word "they" refers to Judas and Silas. Alternate translation: "After they stayed there for a while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 15 33 v6im figs-activepassive 0 they were sent away in peace from the brothers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the brothers sent Judas and Silas back in peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 33 wzw4 0 the brothers This refers to the believers in Antioch. -ACT 15 33 xv3h 0 to those who had sent them "to the believers in Jerusalem who sent Judas and Silas" ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) -ACT 15 35 e7s4 figs-metonymy 0 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 33 v6im figs-activepassive ἀπελύθησαν μετ’ εἰρήνης ἀπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 they were sent away in peace from the brothers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the brothers sent Judas and Silas back in peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 33 wzw4 τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 the brothers This refers to the believers in Antioch. +ACT 15 33 xv3h πρὸς τοὺς ἀποστείλαντας αὐτούς 1 to those who had sent them "to the believers in Jerusalem who sent Judas and Silas" ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) +ACT 15 35 e7s4 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 36 k6c6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas go on separate journeys. -ACT 15 36 i1n5 0 Let us return now "I suggest we now return" -ACT 15 36 ib2j 0 visit the brothers "care for the brothers" or "offer to help the believers" -ACT 15 36 ua1f figs-metonymy 0 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for the message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 15 36 y9i9 0 see how they are "learn how they are doing." They want to learn about the current condition of the brothers and how they are holding on to God's truth. -ACT 15 37 s635 0 to also take with them John who was called Mark "to take John, who was also called Mark" -ACT 15 38 a5nn figs-litotes 0 Paul thought it was not good to take Mark The words "not good" are used to say the opposite of good. Alternate translation: "Paul thought that taking Mark would be bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 15 38 ht3k 0 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). -ACT 15 38 ln7w 0 did not go further with them in the work "did not continue to work with them then" or "did not continue to serve with them" +ACT 15 36 i1n5 ἐπιστρέψαντες δὴ 1 Let us return now "I suggest we now return" +ACT 15 36 ib2j ἐπισκεψώμεθα τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 visit the brothers "care for the brothers" or "offer to help the believers" +ACT 15 36 ua1f figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for the message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 36 y9i9 πῶς ἔχουσιν 1 see how they are "learn how they are doing." They want to learn about the current condition of the brothers and how they are holding on to God's truth. +ACT 15 37 s635 συνπαραλαβεῖν καὶ συνπαραλαβεῖν τὸν Ἰωάννην τὸν καλούμενον Μᾶρκον 1 to also take with them John who was called Mark "to take John, who was also called Mark" +ACT 15 38 a5nn figs-litotes Παῦλος ἠξίου μὴ ἠξίου συνπαραλαμβάνειν τοῦτον 1 Paul thought it was not good to take Mark The words "not good" are used to say the opposite of good. Alternate translation: "Paul thought that taking Mark would be bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 15 38 ht3k Παμφυλίας 1 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). +ACT 15 38 ln7w συνελθόντα μὴ συνελθόντα αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸ ἔργον 1 did not go further with them in the work "did not continue to work with them then" or "did not continue to serve with them" ACT 15 39 bb8w 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Barnabas and Paul. -ACT 15 39 u97a figs-abstractnouns 0 Then there arose a sharp disagreement The abstract noun "disagreement" can be stated as the verb "disagree." Alternate translation: "They strongly disagreed with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 15 40 l2uq figs-activepassive 0 after he was entrusted by the brothers to the grace of the Lord To entrust to someone means to place the care and responsibility for someone or something to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after the believers in Antioch entrusted Paul to the grace of the Lord" or "after the believers in Antioch prayed for the Lord to take care of Paul and show kindness to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 15 41 e3ym figs-explicit 0 he went The previous sentence implies that Silas was with Paul. Alternate translation: "they went" or "Paul and Silas went" or "Paul took Silas and went" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 15 41 t81z 0 went through Syria and Cilicia These are provinces or areas in Asia Minor, near the island of Cyprus. -ACT 15 41 tbv3 figs-metaphor 0 strengthening the churches Encouraging the believers in the churches is spoken of as though Paul and Silas were making the believers physically stronger. The word "churches" refers to the groups of believers in Syria and Cilicia. Alternate translation: "encouraging the believers in the churches" or "helping the community of believers to depend even more in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 15 39 u97a figs-abstractnouns δὲ ἐγένετο παροξυσμὸς 1 Then there arose a sharp disagreement The abstract noun "disagreement" can be stated as the verb "disagree." Alternate translation: "They strongly disagreed with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 15 40 l2uq figs-activepassive παραδοθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Κυρίου 1 after he was entrusted by the brothers to the grace of the Lord To entrust to someone means to place the care and responsibility for someone or something to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after the believers in Antioch entrusted Paul to the grace of the Lord" or "after the believers in Antioch prayed for the Lord to take care of Paul and show kindness to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 15 41 e3ym figs-explicit διήρχετο 1 he went The previous sentence implies that Silas was with Paul. Alternate translation: "they went" or "Paul and Silas went" or "Paul took Silas and went" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 15 41 t81z διήρχετο τὴν Συρίαν καὶ τὴν Κιλικίαν 1 went through Syria and Cilicia These are provinces or areas in Asia Minor, near the island of Cyprus. +ACT 15 41 tbv3 figs-metaphor ἐπιστηρίζων τὰς ἐκκλησίας 1 strengthening the churches Encouraging the believers in the churches is spoken of as though Paul and Silas were making the believers physically stronger. The word "churches" refers to the groups of believers in Syria and Cilicia. Alternate translation: "encouraging the believers in the churches" or "helping the community of believers to depend even more in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 intro e7z2 0 # Acts 16 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Timothy's circumcision

Paul circumcised Timothy because they were telling the message of Jesus to Jews and Gentiles. Paul wanted the Jews to know that he respected the law of Moses even though the church leaders in Jerusalem had decided that Christians did not need to be circumcised..

##### The woman who had a spirit of divination

Most people want very much to know the future, but the law of Moses said that speaking with the spirits of dead people to learn about the future is a sin. This woman seems to have been able to tell the future very well. She was a slave, and her masters made much money from her work. Paul wanted her to stop sinning, so he told the spirit to leave her. Luke does not say that she began to follow Jesus or tell us anything more about her.
ACT 16 1 l2b1 0 General Information: The first, third, and fourth instances of the word "him" refer to Timothy. The second "him" refers to Paul. ACT 16 1 f49m writing-background 0 This continues the missionary journeys of Paul with Silas. Timothy is introduced into the story and joins Paul and Silas. Verses 1 and 2 give background information about Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 16 1 km5q figs-go 0 Paul also came Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ACT 16 1 d4ka 0 Derbe This is the name of a city in Asia Minor. See how you translated it in [Acts 14:6](../14/06.md). -ACT 16 1 u3vr 0 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the narrative. Your language may have a way of doing this. -ACT 16 1 wxl8 figs-ellipsis 0 who believed The words "in Christ" are understood. Alternate translation: "who believed in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 16 2 t1lu figs-activepassive 0 He was well spoken of by the brothers This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: "The brothers spoke well of him" or "Timothy had a good reputation among the brothers" or "The brothers said good things about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 2 rez2 0 by the brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers. Alternate translation: "by the believers" -ACT 16 3 p6z8 0 circumcised him It is possible that Paul himself circumcised Timothy, but it is more likely that he had someone else circumcise Timothy. -ACT 16 3 za93 0 because of the Jews that were in those places "because of the Jews living in the areas where Paul and Timothy would be traveling" -ACT 16 3 hk2l figs-explicit 0 for they all knew that his father was a Greek Since Greek men did not have their sons circumcised, the Jews would have known Timothy was not circumcised, and they would have rejected Paul and Timothy before hearing their message about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 16 1 km5q figs-go κατήντησεν καὶ κατήντησεν 1 Paul also came Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 16 1 d4ka Δέρβην 1 Derbe This is the name of a city in Asia Minor. See how you translated it in [Acts 14:6](../14/06.md). +ACT 16 1 u3vr ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word "behold" alerts us to a new person in the narrative. Your language may have a way of doing this. +ACT 16 1 wxl8 figs-ellipsis πιστῆς 1 who believed The words "in Christ" are understood. Alternate translation: "who believed in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 16 2 t1lu figs-activepassive ὃς ἐμαρτυρεῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 He was well spoken of by the brothers This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: "The brothers spoke well of him" or "Timothy had a good reputation among the brothers" or "The brothers said good things about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 2 rez2 ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 by the brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers. Alternate translation: "by the believers" +ACT 16 3 p6z8 περιέτεμεν αὐτὸν 1 circumcised him It is possible that Paul himself circumcised Timothy, but it is more likely that he had someone else circumcise Timothy. +ACT 16 3 za93 διὰ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους τοὺς ὄντας ἐν ἐκείνοις τοῖς τόποις 1 because of the Jews that were in those places "because of the Jews living in the areas where Paul and Timothy would be traveling" +ACT 16 3 hk2l figs-explicit γὰρ ᾔδεισαν ἅπαντες ᾔδεισαν ὅτι αὐτοῦ ὁ πατὴρ ὑπῆρχεν Ἕλλην 1 for they all knew that his father was a Greek Since Greek men did not have their sons circumcised, the Jews would have known Timothy was not circumcised, and they would have rejected Paul and Timothy before hearing their message about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 4 n46i 0 General Information: The word "they" here refers to Paul, Silas ([Acts 15:40](../15/40.md)), and Timothy ([Acts 16:3](./03.md)). -ACT 16 4 bu6r 0 for them to obey "for the church members to obey" or "for the believers to obey" +ACT 16 4 bu6r αὐτοῖς φυλάσσειν 1 for them to obey "for the church members to obey" or "for the believers to obey" ACT 16 4 gpi3 figs-activepassive 0 that had been written by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the apostles and elders in Jerusalem had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 4 mqe4 figs-metonymy 0 the churches Here this stands for the believers in the churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 4 mqe4 figs-metonymy παρεδίδοσαν 1 the churches Here this stands for the believers in the churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 5 q8v9 figs-activepassive 0 the churches were strengthened in the faith and increased in number daily This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The believers became stronger in their faith, and there were more and more people becoming believers every day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 5 lv4f figs-metaphor 0 the churches were strengthened in the faith This speaks of helping someone to believe more confidently as if it were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 16 6 g97e 0 Phrygia This is a region in Asia. See how you translated this name in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). -ACT 16 6 ue3k figs-activepassive 0 they had been forbidden by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit had forbidden them" or "the Holy Spirit did not permit them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 6 h4u4 figs-metonymy 0 the word Here "word" stands for "message." Alternate translation: "the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 7 x1b1 figs-go 0 When they came Here "came" can be translated as "went" or "arrived." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 16 5 lv4f figs-metaphor αἱ ἐκκλησίαι ἐστερεοῦντο τῇ πίστει 1 the churches were strengthened in the faith This speaks of helping someone to believe more confidently as if it were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 16 6 g97e τὴν Φρυγίαν 1 Phrygia This is a region in Asia. See how you translated this name in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). +ACT 16 6 ue3k figs-activepassive κωλυθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 they had been forbidden by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit had forbidden them" or "the Holy Spirit did not permit them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 6 h4u4 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 the word Here "word" stands for "message." Alternate translation: "the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 7 x1b1 figs-go δὲ ἐλθόντες 1 When they came Here "came" can be translated as "went" or "arrived." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 7 b1xq translate-names 0 Mysia ... Bithynia These are two more regions in Asia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 16 7 b539 0 the Spirit of Jesus "the Holy Spirit" -ACT 16 8 s6l1 0 they came down to the city of Troas The phrase "came down" is used here because Troas is lower in elevation than Mysia. -ACT 16 8 xq6n figs-go 0 they came down Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 16 7 b539 τὸ Πνεῦμα Ἰησοῦ 1 the Spirit of Jesus "the Holy Spirit" +ACT 16 8 s6l1 κατέβησαν εἰς Τρῳάδα 1 they came down to the city of Troas The phrase "came down" is used here because Troas is lower in elevation than Mysia. +ACT 16 8 xq6n figs-go κατέβησαν 1 they came down Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 9 t6v2 0 A vision appeared to Paul "Paul saw a vision from God" or "Paul had a vision from God" -ACT 16 9 hq8e 0 calling him "begging him" or "inviting him" -ACT 16 9 cm2u 0 Come over into Macedonia The phrase "Come over" is used because Macedonia is across the sea from Troas. +ACT 16 9 hq8e παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν 1 calling him "begging him" or "inviting him" +ACT 16 9 cm2u διαβὰς εἰς Μακεδονίαν 1 Come over into Macedonia The phrase "Come over" is used because Macedonia is across the sea from Troas. ACT 16 10 fg5h 0 we set out to go to Macedonia ... God had called us Here the words "we" and "us" refer to Paul and his companions including Luke, the author of Acts. ACT 16 11 m2p5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and his companions are now in Philippi on their missionary trip. Verse 13 begins the story of Lydia. This short story happens during Paul's travels. ACT 16 11 q2pr translate-names 0 Samothrace ... Neapolis These are coastal cities near Phillipi in Macedonia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 16 11 yy6z figs-go 0 we came to Neapolis Here "came to" can be translated as "went to" or "arrived at." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ACT 16 12 tl9f figs-explicit 0 a Roman colony This is a city outside of Italy where many people who came from Rome lived. The people there had the same rights and freedoms as people who lived in cities in Italy. They could govern themselves and they did not have to pay taxes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 16 11 yy6z figs-go εἰς Νέαν Πόλιν 1 we came to Neapolis Here "came to" can be translated as "went to" or "arrived at." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 16 12 tl9f figs-explicit κολωνία 1 a Roman colony This is a city outside of Italy where many people who came from Rome lived. The people there had the same rights and freedoms as people who lived in cities in Italy. They could govern themselves and they did not have to pay taxes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 14 x8bp 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the story of Lydia. ACT 16 14 n952 writing-participants 0 A certain woman named Lydia Here "A certain woman" introduces a new person in the story. Alternate translation: "There was a woman named Lydia" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 16 14 qj86 figs-ellipsis 0 a seller of purple Here "cloth" is understood. Alternate translation: "a merchant who sold purple cloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 16 14 c6n8 translate-names 0 Thyatira This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 16 14 cyk3 0 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him, but does not obey all of the Jewish laws. -ACT 16 14 rd4r figs-metaphor 0 The Lord opened her heart to pay attention For the Lord to cause someone to pay attention and believe a message is spoken of as if he were opening a person's heart. Alternate translation: "The Lord caused her to listen well and to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 16 14 s9ju figs-metonymy 0 opened her heart Here "heart" stands for a person's mind. Also, the author speaks about the "heart" or "mind" as if it were a box that a person could open so it is ready for someone to fill it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 16 14 a74y figs-activepassive 0 what was said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 14 qj86 figs-ellipsis πορφυρόπωλις 1 a seller of purple Here "cloth" is understood. Alternate translation: "a merchant who sold purple cloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 16 14 c6n8 translate-names Θυατείρων 1 Thyatira This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 16 14 cyk3 σεβομένη τὸν Θεόν 1 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him, but does not obey all of the Jewish laws. +ACT 16 14 rd4r figs-metaphor ὁ Κύριος διήνοιξεν ἧς τὴν καρδίαν προσέχειν 1 The Lord opened her heart to pay attention For the Lord to cause someone to pay attention and believe a message is spoken of as if he were opening a person's heart. Alternate translation: "The Lord caused her to listen well and to believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 16 14 s9ju figs-metonymy διήνοιξεν ἧς τὴν καρδίαν 1 opened her heart Here "heart" stands for a person's mind. Also, the author speaks about the "heart" or "mind" as if it were a box that a person could open so it is ready for someone to fill it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 16 14 a74y figs-activepassive τοῖς λαλουμένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ Παύλου 1 what was said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 15 g7e9 figs-activepassive 0 When she and her house were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When they baptized Lydia and members of her household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 15 s799 figs-metonymy 0 her house Here "house" represents the people who live in her house. Alternate translation: "the members of her household" or "her family and household servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 16 vyn4 writing-background 0 General Information: Background information is given here to explain that this young fortune teller brought much financial gain to her masters by guessing people's futures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 16 16 anc1 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the first event in another short story during Paul's travels; it is about a young fortune teller. ACT 16 16 ufy4 0 It came about that This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ACT 16 16 y1gc writing-participants 0 a certain young woman The phrase "a certain" introduces a new person to the story. Alternate translation: "there was a young woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 16 16 ymt9 0 a spirit of divination An evil spirit spoke to her often about the immediate future of people. -ACT 16 17 tni9 figs-metaphor 0 the way of salvation How a person can be saved is spoken of here as if it were a way or path that a person walks on. Alternate translation: "how God can save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 16 16 y1gc writing-participants παιδίσκην τινὰ παιδίσκην 1 a certain young woman The phrase "a certain" introduces a new person to the story. Alternate translation: "there was a young woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 16 16 ymt9 πνεῦμα Πύθωνα 1 a spirit of divination An evil spirit spoke to her often about the immediate future of people. +ACT 16 17 tni9 figs-metaphor ὁδὸν σωτηρίας 1 the way of salvation How a person can be saved is spoken of here as if it were a way or path that a person walks on. Alternate translation: "how God can save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 16 18 lj79 figs-activepassive 0 But Paul, being greatly annoyed by her, turned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But she greatly annoyed Paul so he turned around" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 18 qi1k figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Jesus Christ Here "name" stands for speaking with the authority or as the representative of Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 18 u4z8 0 it came out right away "the spirit came out immediately" -ACT 16 19 m1y7 0 her masters "the owners of the slave girl" +ACT 16 18 qi1k figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of Jesus Christ Here "name" stands for speaking with the authority or as the representative of Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 18 u4z8 ἐξῆλθεν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 it came out right away "the spirit came out immediately" +ACT 16 19 m1y7 αὐτῆς οἱ κύριοι 1 her masters "the owners of the slave girl" ACT 16 19 r1a1 figs-explicit 0 When her masters saw that their opportunity to make money was now gone It can be stated clearly why they no longer hoped to make money. Alternate translation: "When her masters saw that she could no longer earn money for them by telling fortunes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 16 19 bws7 0 into the marketplace "into the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services takes place. -ACT 16 19 hf82 0 before the authorities "into the presence of the authorities" or "so that the authorities could judge them" +ACT 16 19 bws7 εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν 1 into the marketplace "into the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services takes place. +ACT 16 19 hf82 ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας 1 before the authorities "into the presence of the authorities" or "so that the authorities could judge them" ACT 16 20 d2rg 0 When they had brought them to the magistrates "When they had brought them to the judges" -ACT 16 20 wa94 0 magistrates rulers, judges -ACT 16 20 dkz2 figs-inclusive 0 These men are stirring up our city Here the word "our" refers to the people of the city and includes the magistrates who ruled it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 16 21 gna6 0 to accept or practice "to believe or to obey" or "to accept or to do" +ACT 16 20 wa94 στρατηγοῖς 1 magistrates rulers, judges +ACT 16 20 dkz2 figs-inclusive οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐκταράσσουσιν ἡμῶν τὴν πόλιν 1 These men are stirring up our city Here the word "our" refers to the people of the city and includes the magistrates who ruled it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ACT 16 21 gna6 παραδέχεσθαι οὐδὲ ποιεῖν 1 to accept or practice "to believe or to obey" or "to accept or to do" ACT 16 22 r1gr 0 General Information: Here the words "their" and "them" refer to Paul and Silas. The word "they" here refers to soldiers. -ACT 16 22 at6i figs-activepassive 0 commanded them to be beaten with rods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded the soldiers to beat them with rods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 23 dsr3 0 had laid many blows upon them "had hit them many times with rods" -ACT 16 23 y4mc 0 commanded the jailer to keep them securely "told the jailer to make sure they did not get out" -ACT 16 23 zkp7 0 jailer a person responsible for all the people held in the jail or prison -ACT 16 24 a79x 0 he got this command "he heard this command" -ACT 16 24 rl8c 0 fastened their feet in the stocks "securely locked their feet in the stocks" -ACT 16 24 jug6 0 stocks a piece of wood with holes for preventing a person's feet from moving +ACT 16 22 at6i figs-activepassive ἐκέλευον ῥαβδίζειν 1 commanded them to be beaten with rods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded the soldiers to beat them with rods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 23 dsr3 ἐπιθέντες πολλάς πληγὰς αὐτοῖς 1 had laid many blows upon them "had hit them many times with rods" +ACT 16 23 y4mc παραγγείλαντες τῷ δεσμοφύλακι ἀσφαλῶς αὐτούς τηρεῖν 1 commanded the jailer to keep them securely "told the jailer to make sure they did not get out" +ACT 16 23 zkp7 δεσμοφύλακι 1 jailer a person responsible for all the people held in the jail or prison +ACT 16 24 a79x ὃς λαβὼν τοιαύτην παραγγελίαν 1 he got this command "he heard this command" +ACT 16 24 rl8c ἠσφαλίσατο αὐτῶν τοὺς πόδας εἰς τὸ ξύλον 1 fastened their feet in the stocks "securely locked their feet in the stocks" +ACT 16 24 jug6 ξύλον 1 stocks a piece of wood with holes for preventing a person's feet from moving ACT 16 25 rwu3 0 General Information: The word "them" refers to Paul and Silas. ACT 16 25 hme2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues Paul and Silas' time in Philippi in prison and tells what happens to their jailer. -ACT 16 26 q7z1 figs-activepassive 0 earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "earthquake which shook the foundations of the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 26 m4ye figs-synecdoche 0 the foundations of the prison When the foundations shook, this caused the entire prison to shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 16 26 s6mu figs-activepassive 0 all the doors were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the doors opened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 26 p393 figs-activepassive 0 everyone's chains were unfastened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone's chains came loose" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 26 q7z1 figs-activepassive σεισμὸς, ὥστε τὰ θεμέλια τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου σαλευθῆναι 1 earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "earthquake which shook the foundations of the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 26 m4ye figs-synecdoche τὰ θεμέλια τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου 1 the foundations of the prison When the foundations shook, this caused the entire prison to shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 16 26 s6mu figs-activepassive πᾶσαι αἱ θύραι ἠνεῴχθησαν 1 all the doors were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all the doors opened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 26 p393 figs-activepassive πάντων' πάντων τὰ δεσμὰ ἀνέθη 1 everyone's chains were unfastened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone's chains came loose" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 27 ljy6 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Paul, Silas, and all of the other prisoners but excludes the jailer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 16 27 hr9q figs-activepassive 0 The jailer was awakened from sleep This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The jailer woke up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 27 cwt5 0 was about to kill himself "was ready to kill himself." The jailer preferred to commit suicide rather than suffer the consequences of letting the prisoners escape. -ACT 16 29 pe66 figs-explicit 0 called for lights The reason why the jailer needed light can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "called for someone to bring light so he could see who was still in the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 16 29 h5ai figs-metonymy 0 for lights The word "lights" stands for something that makes light. Alternate translation: "for torches" or "for lamps" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 29 r6is 0 rushed in "quickly entered the jail" -ACT 16 29 bb6t translate-symaction 0 fell down before Paul and Silas The jailer humbled himself by bowing down at the feet of Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 16 30 a3h6 0 brought them out "led them outside the jail" -ACT 16 30 u132 figs-activepassive 0 what must I do to be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what must I do for God to save me from my sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 16 31 br4k figs-activepassive 0 you will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save you" or "God will save you from your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 27 cwt5 ἤμελλεν ἀναιρεῖν ἑαυτὸν 1 was about to kill himself "was ready to kill himself." The jailer preferred to commit suicide rather than suffer the consequences of letting the prisoners escape. +ACT 16 29 pe66 figs-explicit αἰτήσας φῶτα 1 called for lights The reason why the jailer needed light can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "called for someone to bring light so he could see who was still in the prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 16 29 h5ai figs-metonymy αἰτήσας φῶτα 1 for lights The word "lights" stands for something that makes light. Alternate translation: "for torches" or "for lamps" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 29 r6is εἰσεπήδησεν 1 rushed in "quickly entered the jail" +ACT 16 29 bb6t translate-symaction προσέπεσεν τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ Σιλᾷ 1 fell down before Paul and Silas The jailer humbled himself by bowing down at the feet of Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 16 30 a3h6 προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς ἔξω 1 brought them out "led them outside the jail" +ACT 16 30 u132 figs-activepassive τί δεῖ με ποιεῖν ἵνα σωθῶ 1 what must I do to be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what must I do for God to save me from my sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 31 br4k figs-activepassive σωθήσῃ 1 you will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save you" or "God will save you from your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 31 w8ed figs-metonymy 0 your house Here "house" stands for the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: "all the members of your household" or "your family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 32 kb35 0 General Information: Here the first use of the word "they" as well as the words "their" and "them" refer to Paul and Silas. Compare [Acts 16:25](../16/25.md). The last use of the word "they" refers to the people in the jailers' household. The words "him," "his," and "he" refer to the jailer. ACT 16 32 pq5w figs-metonymy 0 They spoke the word of the Lord to him Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "They told him the message about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 33 r3la figs-activepassive 0 he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Paul and Silas baptized the jailer and all the members of his household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 16 33 r3la figs-activepassive αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ αὐτοῦ πάντες αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθη παραχρῆμα 1 he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Paul and Silas baptized the jailer and all the members of his household" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 35 x3x8 0 General Information: This is the last event in the story of Paul and Silas in Philippi ([Acts 16:12](../16/12.md)). -ACT 16 35 lb4z 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells the last event in the story that started in [Acts 16:16](../16/16.md). -ACT 16 35 qum8 figs-metonymy 0 sent word to the guards Here "word" stands for "message" or "command." Alternate translation: "sent a message to the guards" or "sent a command to the guards" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 35 j5m6 0 sent word Here "sent" means the magistrates told someone to go tell the guards their message. -ACT 16 35 vev9 0 Let those men go "Release those men" or "Allow those men to leave" -ACT 16 36 k3i6 0 come out "come outside of the jail" +ACT 16 35 lb4z δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells the last event in the story that started in [Acts 16:16](../16/16.md). +ACT 16 35 qum8 figs-metonymy ἀπέστειλαν τοὺς ῥαβδούχους 1 sent word to the guards Here "word" stands for "message" or "command." Alternate translation: "sent a message to the guards" or "sent a command to the guards" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 35 j5m6 ἀπέστειλαν 1 sent word Here "sent" means the magistrates told someone to go tell the guards their message. +ACT 16 35 vev9 ἀπόλυσον ἐκείνους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπόλυσον 1 Let those men go "Release those men" or "Allow those men to leave" +ACT 16 36 k3i6 ἐξελθόντες 1 come out "come outside of the jail" ACT 16 37 v4yk figs-exclusive 0 General Information: All of the times the word "they" is used and the first time "them" is used, the words refer to the magistrates. The word "themselves" refers to the magistrates. The second time the word "them" is used, it refers to Paul and Silas. The word "us" refers only to Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 16 37 b4jm figs-explicit 0 said to them Probably Paul is speaking to the jailer, but he intends for the jailer to tell the magistrates what he says. Alternate translation: "said to the jailer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 16 37 b7cc figs-metonymy 0 They have publicly beaten us Here "They" refers to the magistrates who commanded their soldiers to beat them. Alternate translation: "The magistrates ordered their soldiers to beat us in public" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 16 37 wc37 0 without a trial, even though we are Romans citizens—and they threw us into prison "men who are Roman citizens, and they had their soldiers put us in jail though they had not proven in court that we were guilty" +ACT 16 37 b4jm figs-explicit ἔφη πρὸς αὐτούς 1 said to them Probably Paul is speaking to the jailer, but he intends for the jailer to tell the magistrates what he says. Alternate translation: "said to the jailer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 16 37 b7cc figs-metonymy δείραντες δημοσίᾳ δείραντες ἡμᾶς 1 They have publicly beaten us Here "They" refers to the magistrates who commanded their soldiers to beat them. Alternate translation: "The magistrates ordered their soldiers to beat us in public" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 16 37 wc37 ἀκατακρίτους, ὑπάρχοντας Ῥωμαίους ἀνθρώπους— ἔβαλαν εἰς φυλακήν 1 without a trial, even though we are Romans citizens—and they threw us into prison "men who are Roman citizens, and they had their soldiers put us in jail though they had not proven in court that we were guilty" ACT 16 37 qq1u figs-rquestion 0 Do they now want to send us away secretly? No! Paul uses a question to emphasize that he will not allow the magistrates to send them out the city in secret after they had mistreated Paul and Silas. Alternate translation: "I will certainly not let them send us out of the city in secret!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 16 37 jr2j figs-rpronouns 0 Let them come themselves Here "themselves" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 16 38 ym2u figs-explicit 0 when they heard that Paul and Silas were Romans, they were afraid To be a Roman meant to be a legal citizens of the Empire. Citizenship provided freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial. The city leaders were afraid that more important Roman authorities might learn how the city leaders had mistreated Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 16 38 ym2u figs-explicit ἀκούσαντες ὅτι εἰσιν Ῥωμαῖοί, ἐφοβήθησαν 1 when they heard that Paul and Silas were Romans, they were afraid To be a Roman meant to be a legal citizens of the Empire. Citizenship provided freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial. The city leaders were afraid that more important Roman authorities might learn how the city leaders had mistreated Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 40 q59h 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul and Silas. The word "them" refers to the believers in Philippi. ACT 16 40 y14i writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of Paul and Silas' time in Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 16 40 t1pf figs-go 0 came to the house Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ACT 16 40 ylk9 0 the house of Lydia "the home of Lydia" -ACT 16 40 ntc9 figs-gendernotations 0 saw the brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers whether male or female. Alternate translation: "saw the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 16 40 t1pf figs-go εἰσῆλθον πρὸς τὴν Λυδίαν 1 came to the house Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 16 40 ylk9 τὴν Λυδίαν 1 the house of Lydia "the home of Lydia" +ACT 16 40 ntc9 figs-gendernotations ἰδόντες 1 saw the brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers whether male or female. Alternate translation: "saw the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 17 intro gj4c 0 # Acts 17 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Misunderstandings about the Messiah

The Jews expected the Christ or Messiah to be a powerful king because the Old Testament says so many times. But it also says many times that the Messiah would suffer, and that was what Paul was telling the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

##### The religion of Athens

Paul said that the Athenians were "religious," but they did not worship the true God. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

In this chapter Luke describes for the first time how Paul told the message of Christ to people who knew nothing of the Old Testament.
ACT 17 1 q9x4 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to Paul and Silas. Compare [Acts 16:40](../16/40.md). The word "them" refers to the Jews at the synagogue in Thessalonica. ACT 17 1 r3qb 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the story of Paul, Silas, and Timothy's missionary trip. They arrive in Thessalonica, apparently without Luke, since he says "they" and not "we." -ACT 17 1 e4w5 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke, the author, starts to tell a new part of the story. -ACT 17 1 b7np 0 passed through "traveled through" -ACT 17 1 kll1 translate-names 0 cities of Amphipolis and Apollonia These are coastal cities in Macedonia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 1 yj66 figs-go 0 they came to the city Here "came" can be translated as "went" or "arrived." Alternate translation: "they came to the city" or "they arrived at the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ACT 17 2 vbf2 0 as his custom was "as his habit was" or "as his common practice was." Paul usually went to the synagogue on the Sabbath when Jews would be present. -ACT 17 2 bt5e 0 for three Sabbath days "on each Sabbath day for three weeks" -ACT 17 2 wp3k figs-explicit 0 reasoned with them from the scriptures Paul explained what the scriptures means in order to prove to the Jews that Jesus is the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 17 2 qf4t 0 reasoned with them "gave them reasons" or "debated with them" or "discussed with them" +ACT 17 1 e4w5 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke, the author, starts to tell a new part of the story. +ACT 17 1 b7np διοδεύσαντες 1 passed through "traveled through" +ACT 17 1 kll1 translate-names τὴν Ἀμφίπολιν καὶ τὴν Ἀπολλωνίαν 1 cities of Amphipolis and Apollonia These are coastal cities in Macedonia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 1 yj66 figs-go ἦλθον εἰς Θεσσαλονίκην 1 they came to the city Here "came" can be translated as "went" or "arrived." Alternate translation: "they came to the city" or "they arrived at the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +ACT 17 2 vbf2 κατὰ τὸ εἰωθὸς κατὰ 1 as his custom was "as his habit was" or "as his common practice was." Paul usually went to the synagogue on the Sabbath when Jews would be present. +ACT 17 2 bt5e ἐπὶ τρία Σάββατα 1 for three Sabbath days "on each Sabbath day for three weeks" +ACT 17 2 wp3k figs-explicit διελέξατο αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν 1 reasoned with them from the scriptures Paul explained what the scriptures means in order to prove to the Jews that Jesus is the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 17 2 qf4t διελέξατο αὐτοῖς 1 reasoned with them "gave them reasons" or "debated with them" or "discussed with them" ACT 17 3 e85n 0 General Information: Here the word "He" refers to Paul ([Acts 17:2](../17/02.md)). ACT 17 3 ir9q figs-metaphor 0 He was opening the scriptures Possible meanings are 1) to explain the scriptures in a way that people can understand is spoken of as if Paul were opening something so people can see what is inside of it) or 2) Paul was literally opening a book or scroll and reading from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 17 3 he78 0 it was necessary "it was part of God's plan" -ACT 17 3 ipb2 0 to rise again "to come back to life" -ACT 17 3 b9qi 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -ACT 17 4 es2u figs-activepassive 0 the Jews were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews believed" or "the Jews understood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 17 4 nyp2 0 joined Paul "became associated with Paul" -ACT 17 4 t21z 0 devout Greeks This refers to Greeks who worship God but have not converted to Judaism through circumcision. -ACT 17 4 ye8v figs-litotes 0 not a few of the leading women This is an understatement to emphasize that many leading women joined them. Alternate translation: "many leading women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 17 3 he78 ἔδει 1 it was necessary "it was part of God's plan" +ACT 17 3 ipb2 ἀναστῆναι 1 to rise again "to come back to life" +ACT 17 3 b9qi ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ACT 17 4 es2u figs-activepassive αὐτῶν ἐπείσθησαν 1 the Jews were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews believed" or "the Jews understood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 17 4 nyp2 προσεκληρώθησαν τῷ Παύλῳ 1 joined Paul "became associated with Paul" +ACT 17 4 t21z σεβομένων Ἑλλήνων 1 devout Greeks This refers to Greeks who worship God but have not converted to Judaism through circumcision. +ACT 17 4 ye8v figs-litotes οὐκ ὀλίγαι τῶν πρώτων γυναικῶν 1 not a few of the leading women This is an understatement to emphasize that many leading women joined them. Alternate translation: "many leading women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 17 5 nuh6 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the unbelieving Jews and wicked men from the marketplace. ACT 17 5 uj43 figs-metaphor 0 being moved with jealousy The feeling of jealousy is spoken of as if jealousy were actually moving the person. Alternate translation: "feeling very jealous" or "feeling very angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 5 vev6 figs-explicit 0 with jealousy It can be stated explicitly that these Jews were jealous because some of the Jews and Greeks believed Paul's message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 17 5 btw6 0 took certain wicked men Here "took" does not mean the Jews took these people by force. It means the Jews persuaded these wicked men to help them. -ACT 17 5 lc6g 0 certain wicked men "some evil men." The word "men" here refers specifically to males. -ACT 17 5 ie1f 0 from the marketplace "from the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. -ACT 17 5 t3bc figs-metonymy 0 set the city in an uproar Here "the city" stands for the people in the city. Alternate translation: "caused the people of the city to be in an uproar" or "caused the people of the city to riot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 5 btw6 προσλαβόμενοι τινὰς πονηροὺς ἄνδρας 1 took certain wicked men Here "took" does not mean the Jews took these people by force. It means the Jews persuaded these wicked men to help them. +ACT 17 5 lc6g τινὰς πονηροὺς ἄνδρας 1 certain wicked men "some evil men." The word "men" here refers specifically to males. +ACT 17 5 ie1f τῶν ἀγοραίων 1 from the marketplace "from the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. +ACT 17 5 t3bc figs-metonymy ἐθορύβουν τὴν πόλιν ἐθορύβουν 1 set the city in an uproar Here "the city" stands for the people in the city. Alternate translation: "caused the people of the city to be in an uproar" or "caused the people of the city to riot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 5 s3uv 0 Assaulting the house "Violently attacking the house." This probably means the people were throwing rocks at the house and trying to break down the door of the house. -ACT 17 5 ks2l translate-names 0 Jason This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 5 pp7k 0 out to the people Possible meanings or "people" are 1) a governmental or legal group of citizens gathered to make a decision or 2) a mob. -ACT 17 6 i79p 0 certain other brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers. Alternate translation: "some other believers" -ACT 17 6 e44z 0 before the officials "in the presence of the officials" -ACT 17 6 g7xj 0 These men who have The Jewish leaders were speaking and the phrase, "These men," refers to Paul and Silas. -ACT 17 6 c2av figs-hyperbole 0 turned the world upside down This phrase is another way of saying Paul and Silas where causing trouble everywhere they went. The Jewish leaders were exaggerating the influence Paul and Silas were having with their teaching. Alternate translation: "caused trouble everywhere in the world" or "caused trouble everywhere they have gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 17 7 hlc9 0 Jason has welcomed This phrase signals that Jason was in agreement with the apostles' troubling message. -ACT 17 8 th2f 0 were disturbed "were worried" +ACT 17 5 ks2l translate-names Ἰάσονος 1 Jason This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 5 pp7k προαγαγεῖν εἰς τὸν δῆμον 1 out to the people Possible meanings or "people" are 1) a governmental or legal group of citizens gathered to make a decision or 2) a mob. +ACT 17 6 i79p τινας ἀδελφοὺς 1 certain other brothers Here "brothers" refers to believers. Alternate translation: "some other believers" +ACT 17 6 e44z ἐπὶ τοὺς πολιτάρχας 1 before the officials "in the presence of the officials" +ACT 17 6 g7xj οὗτοι οἱ ἀναστατώσαντες 1 These men who have The Jewish leaders were speaking and the phrase, "These men," refers to Paul and Silas. +ACT 17 6 c2av figs-hyperbole ἀναστατώσαντες τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀναστατώσαντες 1 turned the world upside down This phrase is another way of saying Paul and Silas where causing trouble everywhere they went. The Jewish leaders were exaggerating the influence Paul and Silas were having with their teaching. Alternate translation: "caused trouble everywhere in the world" or "caused trouble everywhere they have gone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 17 7 hlc9 Ἰάσων οὓς ὑποδέδεκται 1 Jason has welcomed This phrase signals that Jason was in agreement with the apostles' troubling message. +ACT 17 8 th2f ἐτάραξαν 1 were disturbed "were worried" ACT 17 9 ya44 0 made Jason and the rest pay money as security Jason and the others had to pay the money to the city officials as a promise of good behavior; that money might be returned if all went well or it might be used to repair the damages brought on by bad behavior. -ACT 17 9 bj48 0 the rest The words "the rest" refers to other believers that the Jews brought before the officials. -ACT 17 9 aru6 0 they let them go "the officials let Jason and the other believers go" +ACT 17 9 bj48 τῶν λοιπῶν 1 the rest The words "the rest" refers to other believers that the Jews brought before the officials. +ACT 17 9 aru6 ἀπέλυσαν αὐτούς ἀπέλυσαν 1 they let them go "the officials let Jason and the other believers go" ACT 17 10 na8h 0 General Information: Paul and Silas travel on to the town of Berea. -ACT 17 10 qy5c figs-gendernotations 0 the brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 17 11 k2st writing-background 0 Now The word "now" is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about the people in Berea and how they were willing to listen to Paul and examine what he said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 17 11 gu6s 0 these people were more noble These "well-born" people were willing to think more objectively about new ideas than other people. Alternate translation: "more open minded" or "more willing to listen" -ACT 17 11 hle3 figs-metonymy 0 received the word Here "word" refers to a teaching. Alternate translation: "listened to the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 17 11 uh8a 0 with all readiness of mind These Bereans were prepared to examine earnestly Paul's teachings about the scripture. -ACT 17 11 lzm3 0 examining the scriptures daily "carefully reading and evaluating the scriptures every day" -ACT 17 11 g8an 0 these things were so "the things Paul said were true" +ACT 17 10 qy5c figs-gendernotations οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 17 11 k2st writing-background δὲ 1 Now The word "now" is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about the people in Berea and how they were willing to listen to Paul and examine what he said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +ACT 17 11 gu6s οὗτοι ἦσαν εὐγενέστεροι 1 these people were more noble These "well-born" people were willing to think more objectively about new ideas than other people. Alternate translation: "more open minded" or "more willing to listen" +ACT 17 11 hle3 figs-metonymy ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον 1 received the word Here "word" refers to a teaching. Alternate translation: "listened to the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 11 uh8a μετὰ πάσης προθυμίας 1 with all readiness of mind These Bereans were prepared to examine earnestly Paul's teachings about the scripture. +ACT 17 11 lzm3 ἀνακρίνοντες τὰς Γραφὰς καθ’ ἡμέραν 1 examining the scriptures daily "carefully reading and evaluating the scriptures every day" +ACT 17 11 g8an ταῦτα ἔχοι οὕτως 1 these things were so "the things Paul said were true" ACT 17 13 vn8h translate-names 0 General Information: Athens is down the coast from Barea which is in Macedonia. Athens was one of the most important cities in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 13 asb4 figs-metaphor 0 went there and stirred up This speaks about their agitating people as though it were a person stirring a liquid and causing the things at the bottom of the liquid to rise to the surface. Alternate translation: "went there and agitated" or "went there and disturbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 17 13 wjq3 0 troubled the crowds "and worried the crowds" or "caused dread and fear among the people" -ACT 17 14 ael8 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 17 14 zw1c 0 to go to the sea "to go to the coast." From here Paul would probably sail to another city. -ACT 17 15 tjh5 0 who were leading Paul "who were accompanying Paul" or "who were going along with Paul" -ACT 17 15 gs1p figs-quotations 0 they received from him instructions for Silas and Timothy "he told them to instruct Silas and Timothy." This can also be stated as a direct quotation as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ACT 17 13 asb4 figs-metaphor ἦλθον κἀκεῖ σαλεύοντες 1 went there and stirred up This speaks about their agitating people as though it were a person stirring a liquid and causing the things at the bottom of the liquid to rise to the surface. Alternate translation: "went there and agitated" or "went there and disturbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 17 13 wjq3 ταράσσοντες τοὺς ὄχλους 1 troubled the crowds "and worried the crowds" or "caused dread and fear among the people" +ACT 17 14 ael8 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 17 14 zw1c πορεύεσθαι ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν 1 to go to the sea "to go to the coast." From here Paul would probably sail to another city. +ACT 17 15 tjh5 καθιστάνοντες τὸν Παῦλον 1 who were leading Paul "who were accompanying Paul" or "who were going along with Paul" +ACT 17 15 gs1p figs-quotations ἐξῄεσαν 1 they received from him instructions for Silas and Timothy "he told them to instruct Silas and Timothy." This can also be stated as a direct quotation as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 17 16 wk63 0 General Information: This is another part of the story of Paul and Silas' travels. Paul is now in Athens where he is waiting for Silas and Timothy to join him. -ACT 17 16 y9cr 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. -ACT 17 16 we78 figs-synecdoche 0 his spirit was provoked within him as he saw the city full of idols Here "spirit" stands for Paul himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he became upset because he saw that there were idols everywhere in the city" or "seeing the idols everywhere in the city upset him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 17 17 q8px 0 he reasoned "he debated" or "he discussed." This means that there is interaction from the listeners rather than only his preaching. They are talking with him as well. -ACT 17 17 jkj8 0 others who worshiped God This refers to Gentiles (non-Jews) who give praise to God and follow him but do not obey all of the Jewish laws. -ACT 17 17 ec14 0 in the marketplace "in the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. +ACT 17 16 y9cr δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. +ACT 17 16 we78 figs-synecdoche αὐτοῦ τὸ πνεῦμα παρωξύνετο ἐν αὐτῷ θεωροῦντος τὴν πόλιν κατείδωλον οὖσαν 1 his spirit was provoked within him as he saw the city full of idols Here "spirit" stands for Paul himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he became upset because he saw that there were idols everywhere in the city" or "seeing the idols everywhere in the city upset him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 17 17 q8px τοὺς παρατυγχάνοντας 1 he reasoned "he debated" or "he discussed." This means that there is interaction from the listeners rather than only his preaching. They are talking with him as well. +ACT 17 17 jkj8 τοῖς σεβομένοις 1 others who worshiped God This refers to Gentiles (non-Jews) who give praise to God and follow him but do not obey all of the Jewish laws. +ACT 17 17 ec14 ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ 1 in the marketplace "in the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. ACT 17 18 ru6a 0 General Information: Here the words "him," "He, "and "he" refer to Paul. -ACT 17 18 l7le translate-names 0 Epicurean and Stoic philosophers These people believed all things were formed by chance and that the gods were too busy being happy to be bothered with governing the universe. They rejected the resurrection and wanted only simple pleasures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 18 f976 translate-names 0 Stoic philosophers These people believed freedom comes from resigning oneself to fate. They rejected a personal loving God and the resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 18 tjk6 0 encountered him "happened upon him" +ACT 17 18 l7le translate-names Ἐπικουρίων καὶ Στοϊκῶν φιλοσόφων 1 Epicurean and Stoic philosophers These people believed all things were formed by chance and that the gods were too busy being happy to be bothered with governing the universe. They rejected the resurrection and wanted only simple pleasures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 18 f976 translate-names Στοϊκῶν φιλοσόφων 1 Stoic philosophers These people believed freedom comes from resigning oneself to fate. They rejected a personal loving God and the resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 18 tjk6 συνέβαλλον αὐτῷ 1 encountered him "happened upon him" ACT 17 18 dnj8 0 Some said "Some of the philosophers said" -ACT 17 18 g4bv figs-metaphor 0 What is this babbler The word "babbler" was used to refer to birds picking up seeds as food. It refers negatively to a person who only knows a little bit of information. The philosophers said Paul had bits of information which were not worth listening to. Alternate translation: "What is this uneducated person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 17 18 g4bv figs-metaphor τί ἂν θέλοι οὗτος ὁ σπερμολόγος 1 What is this babbler The word "babbler" was used to refer to birds picking up seeds as food. It refers negatively to a person who only knows a little bit of information. The philosophers said Paul had bits of information which were not worth listening to. Alternate translation: "What is this uneducated person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 18 k2ps 0 Others said "Other philosophers said" ACT 17 18 l41t 0 He seems to be one who calls people to follow "He seems to be a proclaimer" or "He seems to be on a mission to add people to his philosophy" ACT 17 18 sx9t 0 strange gods This is not in the sense of "odd," but in the sense of "foreign," that is, gods that Greeks and Romans do not worship or know about. ACT 17 19 fs5g figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words "him," "He" and "you" refer to Paul ([Acts 17:18](../17/18.md)). Here the words "They" and "we" refer to the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 17 19 mv8c 0 They took ... brought him This does not mean they arrested Paul. The philosophers invited Paul to speak formally to their leaders. -ACT 17 19 b56g figs-metonymy 0 to the Areopagus The "Areopagus" was the place where the leaders met. Alternate translation: "to the leaders that met on the Areopagus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 17 19 ze7e 0 the Areopagus, saying Here the leaders on the Areopagus are speaking. This can stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "the Areopagus. The leaders said to Paul" -ACT 17 19 unc8 translate-names 0 Areopagus This is a prominent rock outcropping or hill in Athens upon which the supreme court of Athens may have met. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 20 lay8 figs-metaphor 0 For you bring some strange things to our ears Paul's teachings about Jesus and the resurrection are spoken of as an object that a person can bring to another person. Here "ears" refers to what they hear. Alternate translation: "For you teachings some things that we have never heard before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 17 21 dn1t figs-hyperbole 0 Now all the Athenians and the strangers living there The word "all" is a generalization referring to many. Alternate translation: "Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there" or "Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 17 21 d8yb translate-names 0 all the Athenians "Athenians" are people from Athens, a city near the coast below Macedonia (present day Greece). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 21 m8u1 0 the strangers "the foreigners" -ACT 17 21 sk5b figs-metaphor 0 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening Here "time" is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could spend. Alternate translation: "used their time doing nothing but either telling or listening" or "were always doing nothing but telling or listening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 17 21 ij4e figs-hyperbole 0 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening The phrase "spent their time in nothing" is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: "did not do much but tell or listen" or "spent much of their time telling or listening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 17 19 b56g figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον 1 to the Areopagus The "Areopagus" was the place where the leaders met. Alternate translation: "to the leaders that met on the Areopagus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 19 ze7e τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον, λέγοντες 1 the Areopagus, saying Here the leaders on the Areopagus are speaking. This can stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "the Areopagus. The leaders said to Paul" +ACT 17 19 unc8 translate-names Ἄρειον Πάγον 1 Areopagus This is a prominent rock outcropping or hill in Athens upon which the supreme court of Athens may have met. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 20 lay8 figs-metaphor γάρ εἰσφέρεις τινα ξενίζοντα εἰς ἡμῶν τὰς ἀκοὰς 1 For you bring some strange things to our ears Paul's teachings about Jesus and the resurrection are spoken of as an object that a person can bring to another person. Here "ears" refers to what they hear. Alternate translation: "For you teachings some things that we have never heard before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 21 dn1t figs-hyperbole δὲ πάντες Ἀθηναῖοι καὶ οἱ ξένοι ἐπιδημοῦντες 1 Now all the Athenians and the strangers living there The word "all" is a generalization referring to many. Alternate translation: "Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there" or "Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 17 21 d8yb translate-names πάντες Ἀθηναῖοι 1 all the Athenians "Athenians" are people from Athens, a city near the coast below Macedonia (present day Greece). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 21 m8u1 οἱ ξένοι 1 the strangers "the foreigners" +ACT 17 21 sk5b figs-metaphor ηὐκαίρουν εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν 1 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening Here "time" is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could spend. Alternate translation: "used their time doing nothing but either telling or listening" or "were always doing nothing but telling or listening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 17 21 ij4e figs-hyperbole ηὐκαίρουν εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν 1 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening The phrase "spent their time in nothing" is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: "did not do much but tell or listen" or "spent much of their time telling or listening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 17 21 wr1r 0 telling or listening about something new "discussing new philosophical ideas" or "talking about what was new to them" ACT 17 22 zq3y 0 General Information: Paul begins his speech to the philosophers on the Areopagus. -ACT 17 22 ja1k 0 very religious in every way Paul is referring to the Athenians' public display of honoring the gods through prayers, building altars, and offering sacrifices. -ACT 17 23 gn1j 0 For as I passed along "Because as I walked past" or "I walked along" -ACT 17 23 cem7 0 To an Unknown God Possible meanings are 1) "to a certain unknown god" or 2) "to a god not known." This was a specific writing or inscription on that altar. -ACT 17 24 m1jm 0 the world In the most general sense, the "world" refers to the heavens and the earth and everything in them. -ACT 17 24 rqk9 0 since he is Lord "because he is the Lord." Here "he" is referring to the unknown god mentioned in [Acts 17:23](../17/23.md) that Paul is explaining is the Lord God. -ACT 17 24 f2mz figs-merism 0 of heaven and earth The words "heaven" and "earth" are used together to mean all beings and things in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ACT 17 24 ju4h figs-synecdoche 0 built with hands Here "hands" stands for people. Alternate translation: "built by the hands of people" or "that people built" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 17 25 e3dg figs-activepassive 0 Neither is he served by men's hands Here "served" has the sense of a doctor treating a patient to make the patient well again. Alternate translation: "Neither do men's hands take care of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 17 25 yq68 figs-synecdoche 0 by men's hands Here "hands" stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: "by humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 17 25 sj89 figs-rpronouns 0 since he himself "because he himself." The word "himself" is added for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 17 22 ja1k δεισιδαιμονεστέρους κατὰ πάντα 1 very religious in every way Paul is referring to the Athenians' public display of honoring the gods through prayers, building altars, and offering sacrifices. +ACT 17 23 gn1j γὰρ διερχόμενος 1 For as I passed along "Because as I walked past" or "I walked along" +ACT 17 23 cem7 ἀγνώστῳ Θεῷ 1 To an Unknown God Possible meanings are 1) "to a certain unknown god" or 2) "to a god not known." This was a specific writing or inscription on that altar. +ACT 17 24 m1jm τὸν κόσμον 1 the world In the most general sense, the "world" refers to the heavens and the earth and everything in them. +ACT 17 24 rqk9 ὑπάρχων οὗτος ὑπάρχων Κύριος 1 since he is Lord "because he is the Lord." Here "he" is referring to the unknown god mentioned in [Acts 17:23](../17/23.md) that Paul is explaining is the Lord God. +ACT 17 24 f2mz figs-merism οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς 1 of heaven and earth The words "heaven" and "earth" are used together to mean all beings and things in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ACT 17 24 ju4h figs-synecdoche χειροποιήτοις 1 built with hands Here "hands" stands for people. Alternate translation: "built by the hands of people" or "that people built" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 17 25 e3dg figs-activepassive οὐδὲ θεραπεύεται ὑπὸ ἀνθρωπίνων' ἀνθρωπίνων χειρῶν 1 Neither is he served by men's hands Here "served" has the sense of a doctor treating a patient to make the patient well again. Alternate translation: "Neither do men's hands take care of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 17 25 yq68 figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ ἀνθρωπίνων' ἀνθρωπίνων χειρῶν 1 by men's hands Here "hands" stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: "by humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 17 25 sj89 figs-rpronouns διδοὺς αὐτὸς 1 since he himself "because he himself." The word "himself" is added for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 17 26 r3lt figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "him" refer to the one true God, the creator. The words "their" and "them" refer to every nation of people living on the surface of the earth. In using the word "us," Paul includes himself, his audience, and every nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 17 26 p1e4 0 one man This means Adam, the first person God created. This can be stated to include Eve. It was through Adam and Eve that God made all other people. Alternate translation: "one couple" -ACT 17 26 js4p 0 having determined their appointed seasons and the boundaries of their living areas This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "And he determined when and where they would live" +ACT 17 26 p1e4 ἑνὸς 1 one man This means Adam, the first person God created. This can be stated to include Eve. It was through Adam and Eve that God made all other people. Alternate translation: "one couple" +ACT 17 26 js4p ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιροὺς καὶ τὰς ὁροθεσίας τῆς κατοικίας αὐτῶν τῆς κατοικίας 1 having determined their appointed seasons and the boundaries of their living areas This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "And he determined when and where they would live" ACT 17 27 jae5 figs-metaphor 0 so that they should search for God and perhaps they may feel their way toward him and find him Here "search for God" represents desiring to know him, and "feel their way toward him and find him" represents praying and having a relationship with him. Alternate translation: "so that they should want to know God and perhaps pray to him and become one of his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 27 p8hk figs-litotes 0 Yet he is not far from each one of us This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Yet he is very near to everyone of us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 17 28 tkd3 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "him" and "his" refer to God ([Acts 17:24](../17/24.md)). When Paul says "we" here, he includes himself as well as his hearers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 17 28 cbd9 0 For in him "Because of him" -ACT 17 29 k9ws figs-metaphor 0 are God's offspring Because God created everyone, all people are spoken of as if they were God's literal children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 17 29 czi9 figs-metonymy 0 qualities of deity Here "deity" refers to God's nature or attributes. Alternate translation: "that God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 17 29 q4q2 figs-activepassive 0 images created by the art and imagination of man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which a man then uses his skill to make it into something that he has designed" or "images that people make by using their art and imagination" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 17 28 cbd9 γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 For in him "Because of him" +ACT 17 29 k9ws figs-metaphor ὑπάρχοντες τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ γένος 1 are God's offspring Because God created everyone, all people are spoken of as if they were God's literal children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 17 29 czi9 figs-metonymy τὸ θεῖον 1 qualities of deity Here "deity" refers to God's nature or attributes. Alternate translation: "that God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 29 q4q2 figs-activepassive χαράγματι τέχνης καὶ ἐνθυμήσεως ἀνθρώπου 1 images created by the art and imagination of man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which a man then uses his skill to make it into something that he has designed" or "images that people make by using their art and imagination" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 17 30 y2u8 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to God. ACT 17 30 zj28 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his speech to the philosophers in the Areopagus, which he began in [Acts 17:22](../17/22.md). -ACT 17 30 suh6 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" +ACT 17 30 suh6 οὖν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" ACT 17 30 iva4 0 God overlooked the times of ignorance "God decided not to punish people during the time of ignorance" -ACT 17 30 h8uy 0 times of ignorance This refers to the time before God fully revealed himself through Jesus Christ and before people truly knew how to obey God. -ACT 17 30 qim5 figs-gendernotations 0 all men This means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: "all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 17 31 htp7 0 when he will judge the world in righteousness by the man he has chosen "when the man he has chosen will judge the world in righteousness" -ACT 17 31 jt3a figs-metonymy 0 he will judge the world Here "world" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "he will judge all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 17 31 i9aw 0 in righteousness "justly" or "fairly" -ACT 17 31 l61p 0 God has given proof of this man "God has demonstrated his choice of this man" -ACT 17 31 ulr4 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ACT 17 30 h8uy χρόνους τῆς ἀγνοίας 1 times of ignorance This refers to the time before God fully revealed himself through Jesus Christ and before people truly knew how to obey God. +ACT 17 30 qim5 figs-gendernotations πάντας τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 all men This means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: "all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 17 31 htp7 ἐν ᾗ μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν 1 when he will judge the world in righteousness by the man he has chosen "when the man he has chosen will judge the world in righteousness" +ACT 17 31 jt3a figs-metonymy μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 he will judge the world Here "world" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "he will judge all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 17 31 i9aw ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ 1 in righteousness "justly" or "fairly" +ACT 17 31 l61p παρασχὼν πίστιν 1 God has given proof of this man "God has demonstrated his choice of this man" +ACT 17 31 ulr4 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 17 32 tc8t figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "We" refers to the men of Athens but not to Paul, so this is exclusive. Though some of them probably did want to hear Paul again, they may only have been being polite. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 17 32 c4sm writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story about Paul in Athens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 17 32 nb26 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke shifts from Paul's teachings to the reaction of the people of Athens. -ACT 17 32 jlm5 0 the men of Athens These are the people who were present at the Areopagus listening to Paul. -ACT 17 32 sn6j 0 some mocked Paul "some ridiculed Paul" or "some laughed at Paul." These did not believe it was possible for someone to die and then return to life. -ACT 17 34 psh8 translate-names 0 Dionysius the Areopagite Dionysius is a man's name. Areopagite implies that Dionysius was one of the judges at the council of Areopagus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 17 34 hsz3 translate-names 0 Damaris This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 32 nb26 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke shifts from Paul's teachings to the reaction of the people of Athens. +ACT 17 32 jlm5 ἀκούσαντες 1 the men of Athens These are the people who were present at the Areopagus listening to Paul. +ACT 17 32 sn6j οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύαζον 1 some mocked Paul "some ridiculed Paul" or "some laughed at Paul." These did not believe it was possible for someone to die and then return to life. +ACT 17 34 psh8 translate-names Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης 1 Dionysius the Areopagite Dionysius is a man's name. Areopagite implies that Dionysius was one of the judges at the council of Areopagus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 17 34 hsz3 translate-names Δάμαρις 1 Damaris This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 intro rky6 0 # Acts 18 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The baptism of John

Some Jews who lived far away from Jerusalem and Judea had heard of John the Baptist and followed his teachings. They had not yet heard about Jesus. One of these Jews was Apollos. He followed John the Baptist, but he did not know that the Messiah had come. John had baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins, but this baptism was different from Christian baptism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
ACT 18 1 jat1 writing-background 0 General Information: Aquila and Priscilla are introduced to the story and verses 2 and 3 give background information about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 18 1 qa9b 0 Connecting Statement: This is another part of the story of Paul's travels as he goes to Corinth. -ACT 18 1 fky7 0 After these things "After these events took place in Athens" -ACT 18 1 h2si 0 Athens Athens was one of the most important cities in Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 17:15](../17/15.md). +ACT 18 1 fky7 μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things "After these events took place in Athens" +ACT 18 1 h2si ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν 1 Athens Athens was one of the most important cities in Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 17:15](../17/15.md). ACT 18 2 d9zx 0 There he met Possible meanings are that 1) Paul happened to find by chance or 2) Paul intentionally found. -ACT 18 2 hm16 writing-participants 0 a Jew named Aquila Here the phrase "a certain" indicates this is introducing new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 18 2 y97p translate-names 0 a native of Pontus Pontus was a province on the southern coast of the Black Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 2 q4va 0 had recently come This is probably sometime in the past year. -ACT 18 2 n631 translate-names 0 Italy This is the name of land. Rome is the capital city of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 2 n95f 0 Claudius had commanded Claudius was the current Roman emperor. See how you translated this in [Acts 11:28](../11/28.md). -ACT 18 3 q259 0 he worked at the same trade "he did the same kind of work that they did" +ACT 18 2 hm16 writing-participants τινα Ἰουδαῖον ὀνόματι Ἀκύλαν 1 a Jew named Aquila Here the phrase "a certain" indicates this is introducing new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 18 2 y97p translate-names τῷ γένει Ποντικὸν 1 a native of Pontus Pontus was a province on the southern coast of the Black Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 2 q4va ἐληλυθότα προσφάτως ἐληλυθότα 1 had recently come This is probably sometime in the past year. +ACT 18 2 n631 translate-names τῆς Ἰταλίας 1 Italy This is the name of land. Rome is the capital city of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 2 n95f Κλαύδιον τὸ διατεταχέναι 1 Claudius had commanded Claudius was the current Roman emperor. See how you translated this in [Acts 11:28](../11/28.md). +ACT 18 3 q259 εἶναι τὸ ὁμότεχνον 1 he worked at the same trade "he did the same kind of work that they did" ACT 18 4 r56h 0 General Information: Silas and Timothy rejoin Paul. -ACT 18 4 h3az 0 So Paul reasoned "So Paul debated" or "So Paul discussed." He gave reasons. This means that rather than just preaching, Paul talked and interacted with the people. -ACT 18 4 r2gp 0 He persuaded both Jews and Greeks Possible meanings are 1) "He caused both Jews and Greeks to believe" or 2) "He kept trying to persuade the Jews and the Greeks." +ACT 18 4 h3az δὲ διελέγετο 1 So Paul reasoned "So Paul debated" or "So Paul discussed." He gave reasons. This means that rather than just preaching, Paul talked and interacted with the people. +ACT 18 4 r2gp ἔπειθέν τε Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας 1 He persuaded both Jews and Greeks Possible meanings are 1) "He caused both Jews and Greeks to believe" or 2) "He kept trying to persuade the Jews and the Greeks." ACT 18 5 d191 figs-activepassive 0 Paul was compelled by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit compelled Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 18 6 ncx8 translate-symaction 0 shook out his garment This is a symbolic action to indicate that Paul will no longer try to teach the Jews there about Jesus. He is leaving them to God's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 18 6 z12a figs-metonymy 0 May your blood be upon your own heads Here "blood" stands for the guilt of their actions. Here "heads" refers to the whole person. Paul tells the Jews they are solely responsible for the judgment they will face for their stubbornness if they refuse to repent. Alternate translation: "You alone bear the responsibility for your punishment for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 18 6 ncx8 translate-symaction ἐκτιναξάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια 1 shook out his garment This is a symbolic action to indicate that Paul will no longer try to teach the Jews there about Jesus. He is leaving them to God's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 18 6 z12a figs-metonymy ἐπὶ ὑμῶν τὸ αἷμα ἐπὶ ὑμῶν τὴν κεφαλὴν 1 May your blood be upon your own heads Here "blood" stands for the guilt of their actions. Here "heads" refers to the whole person. Paul tells the Jews they are solely responsible for the judgment they will face for their stubbornness if they refuse to repent. Alternate translation: "You alone bear the responsibility for your punishment for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 7 cd3u 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Paul. The first word "his" refers to Titius Justus. The second word "his" refers to Crispus. -ACT 18 7 vs6y translate-names 0 Titius Justus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 7 v8xg 0 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him but does not necessarily obey all of the Jewish laws. -ACT 18 8 lj2t translate-names 0 Crispus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 8 kkk9 0 leader of the synagogue a layperson who sponsored and administered the synagogue, not necessarily the teacher -ACT 18 8 uaq5 figs-metonymy 0 all those who lived in his house Here "house" refers to the people who lived together. Alternate translation: "the people who lived with him in his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 18 8 t3np figs-activepassive 0 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "received baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 18 7 vs6y translate-names Τιτίου Ἰούστου 1 Titius Justus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 7 v8xg σεβομένου τὸν Θεόν 1 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him but does not necessarily obey all of the Jewish laws. +ACT 18 8 lj2t translate-names Κρίσπος 1 Crispus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 8 kkk9 ἀρχισυνάγωγος 1 leader of the synagogue a layperson who sponsored and administered the synagogue, not necessarily the teacher +ACT 18 8 uaq5 figs-metonymy ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ τῷ οἴκῳ 1 all those who lived in his house Here "house" refers to the people who lived together. Alternate translation: "the people who lived with him in his house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 18 8 t3np figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "received baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 9 ws7p figs-parallelism 0 Do not be afraid, but speak and do not be silent The Lord is giving one command in two different ways to emphasize that Paul should certainly continue preaching. Alternate translation: "You must not be afraid and, instead, continue to speak and not become silent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 18 9 zg8a figs-doublet 0 speak and do not be silent The Lord gives the same command in two different ways to strongly command Paul to speak. Alternate translation: "you must certainly continue to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ACT 18 9 a529 figs-explicit 0 do not be silent It can be stated explicitly what the Lord wants Paul to speak. Alternate translation: "do not stop speaking about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 18 10 a8lq 0 I have many people in this city "there are many people in this city who have put their faith in me" or "many people in this city will put their faith in me" +ACT 18 9 a529 figs-explicit σιωπήσῃς μὴ σιωπήσῃς 1 do not be silent It can be stated explicitly what the Lord wants Paul to speak. Alternate translation: "do not stop speaking about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 18 10 a8lq ἐστί μοι πολὺς λαός ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει 1 I have many people in this city "there are many people in this city who have put their faith in me" or "many people in this city will put their faith in me" ACT 18 11 mqx2 writing-endofstory 0 Paul lived there ... teaching the word of God among them This is a concluding statement for this part of the story. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for the entire scriptures. Alternate translation: "Paul lived there ... teaching the scriptures among them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 12 f41k translate-names 0 General Information: Achaia was the Roman province in which Corinth was located. Corinth was the largest city in southern Greece and the capital of the province. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 12 b5bf 0 Connecting Statement: The unbelieving Jews bring Paul to the judgment seat before Gallio. -ACT 18 12 se8m translate-names 0 Gallio This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 12 j762 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This stands for the Jewish leaders that did not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 18 12 lp79 0 rose up together "came together" or "joined together" -ACT 18 12 u36c figs-metonymy 0 brought him before the judgment seat The Jews took Paul by force to bring Paul before the court. Here "judgment seat" refers to the place where Gallio sat when he made legal decisions in court. Alternate translation: "took him so that the governor could judge him at the judgment seat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 18 14 d13b 0 Gallio said Gallio was the Roman governor of the Province. -ACT 18 15 y6mt 0 your own law Here "law" refers to the law of Moses and as well as the Jewish customs of Paul's time. -ACT 18 15 khr5 0 I do not wish to be a judge of these matters "I refuse to make a judgment about these matters" +ACT 18 12 se8m translate-names Γαλλίωνος 1 Gallio This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 12 j762 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This stands for the Jewish leaders that did not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 18 12 lp79 κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 rose up together "came together" or "joined together" +ACT 18 12 u36c figs-metonymy ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα 1 brought him before the judgment seat The Jews took Paul by force to bring Paul before the court. Here "judgment seat" refers to the place where Gallio sat when he made legal decisions in court. Alternate translation: "took him so that the governor could judge him at the judgment seat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 18 14 d13b ὁ Γαλλίων εἶπεν 1 Gallio said Gallio was the Roman governor of the Province. +ACT 18 15 y6mt τοῦ καθ’ ὑμᾶς νόμου 1 your own law Here "law" refers to the law of Moses and as well as the Jewish customs of Paul's time. +ACT 18 15 khr5 ἐγὼ βούλομαι οὐ βούλομαι εἶναι κριτὴς τούτων 1 I do not wish to be a judge of these matters "I refuse to make a judgment about these matters" ACT 18 16 yf81 0 General Information: Here the word "they" probably refers to the Gentiles at the court. They reacted against the Jews who had brought Paul before the judgment seat ([Acts 18:12](../18/12.md)). ACT 18 16 d6nh figs-metonymy 0 Gallio made them leave the judgment seat "Gallio dismissed them from the judgment seat." Here "judgment seat" refers to the place where Gallio sits to make legal decisions in court. Alternate translation: "Gallio made them leave his presence in the court" or "Gallio made them leave the court" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 18 17 cyk6 figs-hyperbole 0 they all seized This may be an exaggeration to emphasize the strong feelings the people had. Alternate translation: "many people seized" or "many of them grabbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 18 17 mj77 0 So they all seized Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue, and beat him in front of the judgment seat Possible meanings are 1) the Gentiles beat Sosthenes in the court in front of the judgment seat because he was the Jewish leader or 2) it is possible that Sosthenes was a believer in Christ, so the Jews beat him in front of the court. -ACT 18 17 x9w5 translate-names 0 Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue "Sosthenes" was the Jewish ruler of the synagogue at Corinth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 17 z9fv 0 beat him "repeatedly hit him" or "repeatedly punched him." +ACT 18 17 cyk6 figs-hyperbole ἐπιλαβόμενοι πάντες ἐπιλαβόμενοι 1 they all seized This may be an exaggeration to emphasize the strong feelings the people had. Alternate translation: "many people seized" or "many of them grabbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 18 17 mj77 δὲ ἐπιλαβόμενοι πάντες ἐπιλαβόμενοι Σωσθένην, τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον, ἔτυπτον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος 1 So they all seized Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue, and beat him in front of the judgment seat Possible meanings are 1) the Gentiles beat Sosthenes in the court in front of the judgment seat because he was the Jewish leader or 2) it is possible that Sosthenes was a believer in Christ, so the Jews beat him in front of the court. +ACT 18 17 x9w5 translate-names Σωσθένην, τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον 1 Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue "Sosthenes" was the Jewish ruler of the synagogue at Corinth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 17 z9fv ἔτυπτον 1 beat him "repeatedly hit him" or "repeatedly punched him." ACT 18 18 x25w translate-names 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Paul. Cenchreae was a seaport that was part of the greater Corinth city area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 18 ura9 0 Connecting Statement: This continues Paul's missionary journey as Paul, Priscilla, and Aquila leave Corinth. This seems to indicate that Silas and Timothy remain since it says "he" here and not "we." The word "they" refers to Paul, Priscilla, and Aquila. -ACT 18 18 et8c figs-gendernotations 0 left the brothers The word "brothers" refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "left the fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 18 18 et8c figs-gendernotations ἀποταξάμενος τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 left the brothers The word "brothers" refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: "left the fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 18 18 v5kl 0 sailed for Syria with Priscilla and Aquila Paul got on a ship that sailed for Syria. Priscilla and Aquila went with him. ACT 18 18 kq6f translate-symaction 0 he had his hair cut off because of a vow he had taken This is a symbolic action that indicates the completion of a vow. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he had someone cut off the hair on his head" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 18 19 st93 0 reasoned with "discussed with" or "debated with" +ACT 18 19 st93 διελέξατο τοῖς 1 reasoned with "discussed with" or "debated with" ACT 18 20 u44s 0 General Information: Here the words "they" and "them" refer to the Jews in Ephesus. ACT 18 21 iz1u 0 taking his leave of them "saying good-bye to them" ACT 18 22 pr6u 0 General Information: Phrygia is a province in Asia which is now modern day Turkey. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 18 22 p364 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues his missionary journey. -ACT 18 22 gyy4 0 landed at Caesarea "arrived at Caesarea." The word "landed" is used to show that he arrived by ship. -ACT 18 22 r26z 0 he went up He traveled to the city of Jerusalem. The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. -ACT 18 22 q9j6 figs-metonymy 0 greeted the Jerusalem church Here "church" refers to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "greeted the members of the church of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 18 22 n3rh 0 then went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. -ACT 18 23 pww5 0 Paul departed "Paul went away" or "Paul left" -ACT 18 23 h65j figs-metaphor 0 After having spent some time there This speaks about "time" as if it were a commodity that a person could spend. Alternate translation: After staying there for a while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 18 22 gyy4 κατελθὼν εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 landed at Caesarea "arrived at Caesarea." The word "landed" is used to show that he arrived by ship. +ACT 18 22 r26z ἀναβὰς 1 he went up He traveled to the city of Jerusalem. The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. +ACT 18 22 q9j6 figs-metonymy ἀσπασάμενος τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 greeted the Jerusalem church Here "church" refers to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "greeted the members of the church of Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 18 22 n3rh κατέβη 1 then went down The phrase "went down" is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. +ACT 18 23 pww5 ἐξῆλθεν 1 Paul departed "Paul went away" or "Paul left" +ACT 18 23 h65j figs-metaphor καὶ ποιήσας τινὰ χρόνον ποιήσας 1 After having spent some time there This speaks about "time" as if it were a commodity that a person could spend. Alternate translation: After staying there for a while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 18 24 a7p9 writing-background 0 General Information: Apollos is introduced to the story. Verses 24 and 25 give background information about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 18 24 muc2 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells what happens in Ephesus with Priscilla and Aquila. -ACT 18 24 xqy7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. -ACT 18 24 n2b4 writing-participants 0 a certain Jew named Apollos The phrase "a certain" indicates that Luke is introducing a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 18 24 di14 translate-names 0 an Alexandrian by birth "a man who was born in the city of Alexandria." This was a city in Egypt on the north coast of Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 18 24 t4zi 0 eloquent in speech "a good speaker" -ACT 18 24 bh25 0 mighty in the scriptures "he knew the scriptures thoroughly." He understood the Old Testament writings well. +ACT 18 24 xqy7 δέ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. +ACT 18 24 n2b4 writing-participants Ἰουδαῖος τις Ἰουδαῖος ὀνόματι Ἀπολλῶς 1 a certain Jew named Apollos The phrase "a certain" indicates that Luke is introducing a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 18 24 di14 translate-names Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ γένει 1 an Alexandrian by birth "a man who was born in the city of Alexandria." This was a city in Egypt on the north coast of Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 18 24 t4zi λόγιος 1 eloquent in speech "a good speaker" +ACT 18 24 bh25 δυνατὸς ἐν ταῖς Γραφαῖς 1 mighty in the scriptures "he knew the scriptures thoroughly." He understood the Old Testament writings well. ACT 18 25 z7a8 figs-activepassive 0 Apollos had been instructed in the teachings of the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Other believers had taught Apollos how the Lord Jesus wanted people to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 25 ift8 figs-synecdoche 0 Being fervent in spirit Here "spirit" refers to the entire person of Apollos. Alternate translation: "Being very enthusiastic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 18 25 lr1h 0 the baptism of John "The baptism that John performed." This is comparing John's baptism which was with water to Jesus' baptism which is with the Holy Spirit. -ACT 18 26 ga6v figs-metaphor 0 the way of God How God wants people to live is spoken of as if it were a road that a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 18 26 k1lb 0 more accurately "correctly" or "more fully" +ACT 18 25 lr1h τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου 1 the baptism of John "The baptism that John performed." This is comparing John's baptism which was with water to Jesus' baptism which is with the Holy Spirit. +ACT 18 26 ga6v figs-metaphor τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the way of God How God wants people to live is spoken of as if it were a road that a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 18 26 k1lb ἀκριβέστερον 1 more accurately "correctly" or "more fully" ACT 18 27 c2sq 0 General Information: Here the he words "he" and "him" refer to Apollos ([Acts 18:24](./24.md)). -ACT 18 27 ll36 0 to pass over into Achaia "to go to the region of Achaia." The phrase "pass over" is used here because Apollos had to cross the Aegean Sea to get to Achaia from Ephesus. -ACT 18 27 pql7 0 Achaia Achaia was a Roman Province in the southern section of Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). -ACT 18 27 v2i6 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. You can make explicit that these are believers in Ephesus. Alternate translation: "fellow believers in Ephesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 18 27 q5f2 0 wrote to the disciples "wrote a letter to the Christians in Achaia" -ACT 18 27 f99p 0 those who believed by grace "those who had believed in salvation by grace" or "those who by God's grace believed in Jesus" -ACT 18 28 l2zt 0 Apollos powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate "In public debate Apollos powerfully showed that the Jews were wrong" -ACT 18 28 v4sx 0 showing by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ "as he showed them by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ" +ACT 18 27 ll36 διελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Ἀχαΐαν 1 to pass over into Achaia "to go to the region of Achaia." The phrase "pass over" is used here because Apollos had to cross the Aegean Sea to get to Achaia from Ephesus. +ACT 18 27 pql7 τὴν Ἀχαΐαν 1 Achaia Achaia was a Roman Province in the southern section of Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). +ACT 18 27 v2i6 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers The word "brothers" here refers to men and women believers. You can make explicit that these are believers in Ephesus. Alternate translation: "fellow believers in Ephesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 18 27 q5f2 ἔγραψαν τοῖς μαθηταῖς 1 wrote to the disciples "wrote a letter to the Christians in Achaia" +ACT 18 27 f99p τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν διὰ τῆς χάριτος 1 those who believed by grace "those who had believed in salvation by grace" or "those who by God's grace believed in Jesus" +ACT 18 28 l2zt διακατηλέγχετο εὐτόνως διακατηλέγχετο τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις δημοσίᾳ 1 Apollos powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate "In public debate Apollos powerfully showed that the Jews were wrong" +ACT 18 28 v4sx ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν Γραφῶν Ἰησοῦν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν 1 showing by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ "as he showed them by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ" ACT 19 intro g38y 0 # Acts 19 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Baptism

John baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins. Jesus' followers baptized people who wanted to follow Jesus.

##### Temple of Diana

The temple of Diana was an important place in the city of Ephesus. Many people came to Ephesus to see this temple, and they bought statues of the goddess Diana while they were there. The people who sold statues of Diana were afraid that if people did not believe Diana was a real goddess, they would stop giving the sellers money for statues.
ACT 19 1 rhv1 0 General Information: The "upper country" was an area of Asia which today is part of modern-day Turkey to the north of Ephesus. Paul must have traveled by land around the top of the Aegean sea in order to come to Ephesus (also in Turkey today) which is directly east of Corinth by sea. ACT 19 1 wu6p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul travels to Ephesus. ACT 19 1 lp23 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ACT 19 1 ati9 0 passed through "traveled through" -ACT 19 2 wqi4 0 receive the Holy Spirit This means to have the Holy Spirit come upon them. +ACT 19 1 ati9 διελθόντα 1 passed through "traveled through" +ACT 19 2 wqi4 ἐλάβετε εἰ Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον εἰ Πνεῦμα 1 receive the Holy Spirit This means to have the Holy Spirit come upon them. ACT 19 2 nvn4 0 we did not even hear about the Holy Spirit "we have not even heard about the Holy Spirit" ACT 19 3 hml1 0 General Information: Here the words "They," "you," and "they" refer to certain disciples in the city of Ephesus ([Acts 19:1](../19/01.md)). The word "him" refers to John. -ACT 19 3 mrm6 figs-activepassive 0 Into what then were you baptized? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "What kind of baptism did you receive?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 19 3 mrm6 figs-activepassive ," εἰς τί οὖν ἐβαπτίσθητε?" 1 Into what then were you baptized? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "What kind of baptism did you receive?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 3 jzp7 figs-ellipsis 0 Into John's baptism You can translate this as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "We received the kind of baptism about which John taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 19 4 r46y figs-abstractnouns 0 the baptism of repentance You can translate the abstract noun "repentance" as the verb "repent." Alternate translation: "the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 19 4 pv7t 0 the one who would come Here "the one" refers to Jesus. -ACT 19 4 q5fh 0 come after him This means to come after John the Baptist in time and not following after him physically. +ACT 19 4 r46y figs-abstractnouns βάπτισμα μετανοίας 1 the baptism of repentance You can translate the abstract noun "repentance" as the verb "repent." Alternate translation: "the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 19 4 pv7t τὸν ἐρχόμενον 1 the one who would come Here "the one" refers to Jesus. +ACT 19 4 q5fh τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ’ αὐτὸν 1 come after him This means to come after John the Baptist in time and not following after him physically. ACT 19 5 zx2b 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues staying in Ephesus. -ACT 19 5 k9st 0 When the people Here "people" refers to the disciples in Ephesus who were talking with Paul ([Acts 19:1](../19/01.md)), -ACT 19 5 ueh1 figs-activepassive 0 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they received baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 19 5 g2dm figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. Alternate translation: "as believers in the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 19 6 gk8l 0 laid his hands on them "placed his hands on them." He probably placed his hands on their shoulders or heads. Alternate translation: "placed his hands on their heads as he prayed" +ACT 19 5 k9st δὲ ἀκούσαντες 1 When the people Here "people" refers to the disciples in Ephesus who were talking with Paul ([Acts 19:1](../19/01.md)), +ACT 19 5 ueh1 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθησαν 1 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they received baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 19 5 g2dm figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 in the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. Alternate translation: "as believers in the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 6 gk8l καὶ ἐπιθέντος χεῖρας αὐτοῖς 1 laid his hands on them "placed his hands on them." He probably placed his hands on their shoulders or heads. Alternate translation: "placed his hands on their heads as he prayed" ACT 19 6 j4n8 0 they spoke in other languages and prophesied Unlike in [Acts 2:3-4](../02/03.md), there are no details of who understood their messages. ACT 19 7 e7kj writing-background 0 In all they were about twelve men This tells how many men were baptized. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 19 7 u71i translate-numbers 0 twelve men "12 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 19 8 qv8z 0 Paul went into the synagogue and spoke boldly for three months "Paul regularly attended the synagogue meetings for three months and spoke there boldly" -ACT 19 8 yky2 0 reasoning and persuading them "convincing people with convincing arguments and with clear teaching" -ACT 19 8 v8et figs-metonymy 0 about the kingdom of God Here "kingdom" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "about God's rule as king" or "about how God would show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 19 9 mq1g figs-metaphor 0 some Jews were hardened and disobedient To stubbornly refuse to believe is spoken of as though the people were becoming hard and unable to move. Alternate translation: "some Jews were stubborn and did not believe" or "some Jews stubbornly refused to accept and obey the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 19 9 n6ir figs-metaphor 0 to speak evil of the Way before the crowd What Christ wants people to believe is spoken of as though it were a road that a person travels. The phrase, "the Way," seems to have been a title for Christianity at the time. Alternate translation: "to speak evil about Christianity to the crowd" or "to speak to the crowd evil things about those who follow Christ and who obey his teaching about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md)) -ACT 19 9 ts8d 0 to speak evil of "to speak bad things about" -ACT 19 9 xsm6 0 in the lecture hall of Tyrannus "in the large room where Tyrannus had taught people" -ACT 19 9 den4 translate-names 0 Tyrannus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 19 10 cw5g figs-hyperbole 0 all who lived in Asia heard the word of the Lord Here "all" is a generalization that means very many people throughout Asia heard the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 19 10 kj12 figs-metonymy 0 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 7 u71i translate-numbers δώδεκα ἄνδρες 1 twelve men "12 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 19 8 qv8z εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν ἐπαρρησιάζετο ἐπὶ τρεῖς μῆνας 1 Paul went into the synagogue and spoke boldly for three months "Paul regularly attended the synagogue meetings for three months and spoke there boldly" +ACT 19 8 yky2 διαλεγόμενος καὶ πείθων 1 reasoning and persuading them "convincing people with convincing arguments and with clear teaching" +ACT 19 8 v8et figs-metonymy περὶ τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 about the kingdom of God Here "kingdom" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "about God's rule as king" or "about how God would show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 9 mq1g figs-metaphor τινες ἐσκληρύνοντο καὶ ἠπείθουν 1 some Jews were hardened and disobedient To stubbornly refuse to believe is spoken of as though the people were becoming hard and unable to move. Alternate translation: "some Jews were stubborn and did not believe" or "some Jews stubbornly refused to accept and obey the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 19 9 n6ir figs-metaphor κακολογοῦντες τὴν ὁδὸν ἐνώπιον τοῦ πλήθους 1 to speak evil of the Way before the crowd What Christ wants people to believe is spoken of as though it were a road that a person travels. The phrase, "the Way," seems to have been a title for Christianity at the time. Alternate translation: "to speak evil about Christianity to the crowd" or "to speak to the crowd evil things about those who follow Christ and who obey his teaching about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md)) +ACT 19 9 ts8d κακολογοῦντες τὴν 1 to speak evil of "to speak bad things about" +ACT 19 9 xsm6 ἐν τῇ σχολῇ Τυράννου 1 in the lecture hall of Tyrannus "in the large room where Tyrannus had taught people" +ACT 19 9 den4 translate-names Τυράννου 1 Tyrannus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 10 cw5g figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀκοῦσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 all who lived in Asia heard the word of the Lord Here "all" is a generalization that means very many people throughout Asia heard the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 19 10 kj12 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the message about the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 11 cb6w 0 General Information: Here the words "them" and "they" refer to those who were sick. ACT 19 11 fa6h figs-synecdoche 0 God was doing mighty deeds by the hands of Paul Here "hands" stands for Paul's whole person. Alternate translation: "God was causing Paul to do miracles" or "God was doing miracles through Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 19 12 m3kl 0 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick and This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when they took to sick people even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched Paul" -ACT 19 12 vc1v 0 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him Possible meanings are 1) these were cloth items that Paul had touched or 2) these were cloth items that Paul had worn or used. -ACT 19 12 aks4 0 handkerchiefs cloths worn around the head -ACT 19 12 xs31 0 aprons clothing worn on the front of the body to protect the clothes of people -ACT 19 12 kw9z figs-nominaladj 0 the sick This refers to sick people. Alternate translation: "sick people" or "those who were sick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 19 12 nl3a 0 their illnesses left them "those who were sick became healthy" +ACT 19 12 m3kl καὶ σουδάρια ἢ σιμικίνθια ἀπὸ τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ ἀποφέρεσθαι ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας καὶ 1 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick and This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when they took to sick people even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched Paul" +ACT 19 12 vc1v καὶ σουδάρια ἢ σιμικίνθια ἀπὸ τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ 1 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him Possible meanings are 1) these were cloth items that Paul had touched or 2) these were cloth items that Paul had worn or used. +ACT 19 12 aks4 σουδάρια 1 handkerchiefs cloths worn around the head +ACT 19 12 xs31 σιμικίνθια 1 aprons clothing worn on the front of the body to protect the clothes of people +ACT 19 12 kw9z figs-nominaladj τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας 1 the sick This refers to sick people. Alternate translation: "sick people" or "those who were sick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ACT 19 12 nl3a τὰς νόσους ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 their illnesses left them "those who were sick became healthy" ACT 19 13 he2x 0 General Information: This is the beginning of another event that happened while Paul was in Ephesus. It is about Jewish exorcists. -ACT 19 13 fgq4 0 exorcists people who send evil spirits away from people or places -ACT 19 13 s12u figs-metonymy 0 the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 19 13 d59p 0 By the Jesus whom Paul proclaims "Jesus" was a common name at the time, so these exorcists wanted people to know of whom they spoke. -ACT 19 13 vqt1 figs-metonymy 0 By the Jesus This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "by the authority of Jesus" or "by the power of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 19 14 cb8p translate-names 0 Sceva This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 19 15 i4a2 0 Jesus I know, and Paul I know "I know Jesus and Paul" or "I know Jesus, and I know Paul" -ACT 19 15 nsl1 figs-rquestion 0 but who are you? The spirit asked this question to emphasize that the exorcists had no authority over evil spirits. Alternate translation: "but I do not know you!" or "but you have no authority over me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 19 13 fgq4 ἐξορκιστῶν 1 exorcists people who send evil spirits away from people or places +ACT 19 13 s12u figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to Jesus' power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 13 d59p τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὃν Παῦλος κηρύσσει 1 By the Jesus whom Paul proclaims "Jesus" was a common name at the time, so these exorcists wanted people to know of whom they spoke. +ACT 19 13 vqt1 figs-metonymy τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 By the Jesus This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: "by the authority of Jesus" or "by the power of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 14 cb8p translate-names Σκευᾶ 1 Sceva This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 15 i4a2 τὸν Ἰησοῦν γινώσκω, καὶ τὸν Παῦλον ἐπίσταμαι 1 Jesus I know, and Paul I know "I know Jesus and Paul" or "I know Jesus, and I know Paul" +ACT 19 15 nsl1 figs-rquestion δὲ τίνες ἐστέ ὑμεῖς 1 but who are you? The spirit asked this question to emphasize that the exorcists had no authority over evil spirits. Alternate translation: "but I do not know you!" or "but you have no authority over me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 19 16 ty4x 0 The evil spirit in the man leaped This means that the evil spirit caused the man whom it was controlling to leap on the exorcists. -ACT 19 16 lu7u 0 exorcists This refers to people who send evil spirits from people or places. See how you translated this in [Acts 19:13](../19/13.md). +ACT 19 16 lu7u αὐτοὺς 1 exorcists This refers to people who send evil spirits from people or places. See how you translated this in [Acts 19:13](../19/13.md). ACT 19 16 b8cb 0 they fled ... naked The exorcists fled with their clothes ripped off them. -ACT 19 17 j85h figs-activepassive 0 the name of the Lord Jesus was honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they honored the name of the Lord Jesus" or "they considered the name of the Lord Jesus to be great" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 19 17 j2hh figs-metonymy 0 the name This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 17 j85h figs-activepassive τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ ἐμεγαλύνετο 1 the name of the Lord Jesus was honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they honored the name of the Lord Jesus" or "they considered the name of the Lord Jesus to be great" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 19 17 j2hh figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα 1 the name This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 18 tj8t writing-endofstory 0 This ends the story about the Jewish exorcists. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 19 19 z9rj 0 brought their books "collected their books." The word "books" refers to scrolls on which magical incantations and formulas were written. -ACT 19 19 m6nf 0 in the sight of everyone "in front of everyone" -ACT 19 19 upz3 0 the value of them "the value of the books" or "the value of the scrolls" -ACT 19 19 u9pi translate-numbers 0 fifty thousand "50,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 19 19 bcv2 translate-bmoney 0 pieces of silver A "piece of silver" was the approximate daily wage for a common laborer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +ACT 19 19 z9rj συνενέγκαντες τὰς βίβλους 1 brought their books "collected their books." The word "books" refers to scrolls on which magical incantations and formulas were written. +ACT 19 19 m6nf ἐνώπιον πάντων 1 in the sight of everyone "in front of everyone" +ACT 19 19 upz3 τὰς τιμὰς αὐτῶν 1 the value of them "the value of the books" or "the value of the scrolls" +ACT 19 19 u9pi translate-numbers μυριάδας πέντε 1 fifty thousand "50,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 19 19 bcv2 translate-bmoney ἀργυρίου 1 pieces of silver A "piece of silver" was the approximate daily wage for a common laborer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) ACT 19 20 es71 figs-synecdoche 0 So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways "So because of these powerful deeds, more and more people heard the message about the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 19 21 k1j1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks about going Jerusalem but does not leave Ephesus yet. -ACT 19 21 de4f 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. -ACT 19 21 q18b 0 Paul completed his ministry in Ephesus "Paul completed the work that God had for him to do in Ephesus" -ACT 19 21 fgq5 0 he decided in the Spirit Possible meanings are 1) Paul decided with the help of the Holy Spirit or 2) Paul decided within his own spirit, which means he made up his mind. -ACT 19 21 brb7 0 Achaia Achaia was the Roman province in which Corinth was located. It was the largest city in southern Greece and the capital of the province. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). -ACT 19 21 rdz4 0 I must also see Rome "I must also travel to Rome" -ACT 19 22 cy6f translate-names 0 Erastus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 19 22 k35j figs-explicit 0 But he himself stayed in Asia for a while It is made explicit in the next few verses that Paul remains in Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 19 22 uy9x figs-rpronouns 0 he himself This is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 19 21 de4f δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. +ACT 19 21 q18b ὁ Παῦλος ἐπληρώθη ταῦτα 1 Paul completed his ministry in Ephesus "Paul completed the work that God had for him to do in Ephesus" +ACT 19 21 fgq5 ἔθετο ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι 1 he decided in the Spirit Possible meanings are 1) Paul decided with the help of the Holy Spirit or 2) Paul decided within his own spirit, which means he made up his mind. +ACT 19 21 brb7 Ἀχαΐαν 1 Achaia Achaia was the Roman province in which Corinth was located. It was the largest city in southern Greece and the capital of the province. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). +ACT 19 21 rdz4 με δεῖ καὶ ἰδεῖν Ῥώμην 1 I must also see Rome "I must also travel to Rome" +ACT 19 22 cy6f translate-names Ἔραστον 1 Erastus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 22 k35j figs-explicit αὐτὸς ἐπέσχεν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν χρόνον 1 But he himself stayed in Asia for a while It is made explicit in the next few verses that Paul remains in Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 19 22 uy9x figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς 1 he himself This is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 19 23 y5ae writing-background 0 General Information: Demetrius is introduced to the story. Verse 24 introduces background information about Demetrius. Ephesus had a large temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis, sometimes translated as "Diana." She was a false goddess of fertility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 23 l7gz 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about a riot that broke out while Paul was in Ephesus. -ACT 19 23 kn49 0 there was no small disturbance in Ephesus concerning the Way This is a summary opening statement. -ACT 19 23 nb3p 0 there was no small disturbance "the people became very upset" See how you translated this in [Acts 12:18](../12/18.md) -ACT 19 23 rwf2 0 the Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated this title in [Acts 9:1](../09/01.md). +ACT 19 23 kn49 ἐγένετο οὐκ ὀλίγος τάραχος ἐγένετο περὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 there was no small disturbance in Ephesus concerning the Way This is a summary opening statement. +ACT 19 23 nb3p ἐγένετο οὐκ ὀλίγος τάραχος 1 there was no small disturbance "the people became very upset" See how you translated this in [Acts 12:18](../12/18.md) +ACT 19 23 rwf2 τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated this title in [Acts 9:1](../09/01.md). ACT 19 24 cg16 writing-participants 0 A certain silversmith named Demetrius The use of the words "a certain" introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 19 24 nwt7 0 silversmith a craftsman who works with silver metal to make statues and jewelry -ACT 19 24 v8cb translate-names 0 named Demetrius This is the name of a man. Demetrius was a silversmith in Ephesus who was against Paul and the local church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 19 24 p58m 0 brought in much business "made a lot of money for those who made the idols" -ACT 19 25 kuz6 0 the workmen of that occupation An occupation is a profession or job. Alternate translation: "others who did that kind of work" +ACT 19 24 nwt7 ἀργυροκόπος 1 silversmith a craftsman who works with silver metal to make statues and jewelry +ACT 19 24 v8cb translate-names ὀνόματι Δημήτριος 1 named Demetrius This is the name of a man. Demetrius was a silversmith in Ephesus who was against Paul and the local church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 24 p58m παρείχετο οὐκ ὀλίγην ἐργασίαν 1 brought in much business "made a lot of money for those who made the idols" +ACT 19 25 kuz6 τοὺς ἐργάτας περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα 1 the workmen of that occupation An occupation is a profession or job. Alternate translation: "others who did that kind of work" ACT 19 26 w5z6 0 Connecting Statement: Demetrius continues to speak to the craftsmen. ACT 19 26 rm6w 0 You see and hear that "You have come to know and understand that" -ACT 19 26 rx32 figs-metaphor 0 turned away many people Paul's stopping people from worshiping idols is spoken of as though Paul were literally turning the people in a different direction. Alternate translation: "caused many people to stop worshiping the local gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 19 26 rx32 figs-metaphor μετέστησεν ἱκανὸν ὄχλον 1 turned away many people Paul's stopping people from worshiping idols is spoken of as though Paul were literally turning the people in a different direction. Alternate translation: "caused many people to stop worshiping the local gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 26 z7e7 figs-ellipsis 0 He is saying that there are no gods that are made with hands Here the word "hands" can refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: "He is saying that the idols that people make are not real gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 19 27 r1w2 figs-activepassive 0 that our trade will no longer be needed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the people will no longer want to buy idols from us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 19 27 j3bb figs-activepassive 0 the temple of the great goddess Artemis may be considered worthless This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people will think there is no benefit in going to the temple to worship the great goddess Artemis" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 19 27 j3bb figs-activepassive τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς μεγάλης θεᾶς Ἀρτέμιδος λογισθῆναι εἰς οὐθὲν 1 the temple of the great goddess Artemis may be considered worthless This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people will think there is no benefit in going to the temple to worship the great goddess Artemis" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 27 bqt4 0 she would even lose her greatness Artemis's greatness only comes from what people think of her. -ACT 19 27 hz7l figs-hyperbole 0 whom all Asia and the world worships This was an exaggeration to show how popular the goddess Artemis was. Here the words "Asia" and "the world" refer to the people in Asia and the known world. Alternate translation: "whom many people in Asia and in other parts of the world worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 19 27 hz7l figs-hyperbole ἣν ὅλη ἡ Ἀσία καὶ ἡ οἰκουμένη σέβεται 1 whom all Asia and the world worships This was an exaggeration to show how popular the goddess Artemis was. Here the words "Asia" and "the world" refer to the people in Asia and the known world. Alternate translation: "whom many people in Asia and in other parts of the world worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 28 t4lm 0 General Information: Here "they" refers to the craftsmen who made the idols ([Acts 19:24-25](./24.md)). ACT 19 28 uc5c figs-metaphor 0 they were filled with anger This speaks of the craftsmen as though they were containers. Here "anger" is spoken of as if it were the contents that fill a container. Alternate translation: "they became very angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 19 28 lcx8 0 cried out "shouted aloud" or "shouted loudly" +ACT 19 28 lcx8 ἔκραζον 1 cried out "shouted aloud" or "shouted loudly" ACT 19 29 t7xs figs-metonymy 0 The whole city was filled with confusion Here "city" refers to the people. The city is spoken of as if it were a container. And, "confusion" is spoken of as if it were the contents that filled the container. Alternate translation: "Then people all over the city became upset and started shouting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 19 29 nt7y 0 the people rushed together This was a mob or near riot situation. -ACT 19 29 ej3q 0 into the theater The Ephesus theater was used for public meetings and for entertainment such as plays and music. It was an outdoor semi-circular area with bench seats that could hold thousands of people. -ACT 19 29 hjc8 0 Paul's travel companions The men who had been with Paul. -ACT 19 29 d6r9 translate-names 0 Gaius and Aristarchus These are names of men. Gaius and Aristarchus came from Macedonia but were working with Paul in Ephesus at this time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 29 nt7y ὥρμησάν ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 the people rushed together This was a mob or near riot situation. +ACT 19 29 ej3q εἰς τὸ θέατρον 1 into the theater The Ephesus theater was used for public meetings and for entertainment such as plays and music. It was an outdoor semi-circular area with bench seats that could hold thousands of people. +ACT 19 29 hjc8 Παύλου' Παύλου συνεκδήμους 1 Paul's travel companions The men who had been with Paul. +ACT 19 29 d6r9 translate-names Γάϊον καὶ Ἀρίσταρχον 1 Gaius and Aristarchus These are names of men. Gaius and Aristarchus came from Macedonia but were working with Paul in Ephesus at this time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 30 ii1u 0 General Information: Ephesus was part of the Roman empire and in the province of Asia. ACT 19 31 z7ww 0 enter the theater The Ephesus theater was used for public meetings and for entertainment such as plays and music. It was an outdoor semi-circular area with bench seats that could hold thousands of people. See how you translated "theater" in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). -ACT 19 33 jr85 translate-names 0 Alexander This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 19 33 j1mi figs-explicit 0 motioned with his hand You can make explicit that Alexander was showing the crowd that he wanted them to be quiet. Alternate translation: "gestured to the crowd to be quiet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 19 33 tlq7 0 to give a defense It is not clear whom or what Alexander wanted to defend. If your language requires this information, it might be best to use a general phrase like "to explain what was going on." +ACT 19 33 jr85 translate-names Ἀλέξανδρον 1 Alexander This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 19 33 j1mi figs-explicit κατασείσας τὴν χεῖρα 1 motioned with his hand You can make explicit that Alexander was showing the crowd that he wanted them to be quiet. Alternate translation: "gestured to the crowd to be quiet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 19 33 tlq7 ἀπολογεῖσθαι 1 to give a defense It is not clear whom or what Alexander wanted to defend. If your language requires this information, it might be best to use a general phrase like "to explain what was going on." ACT 19 34 u1hp figs-metaphor 0 with one voice The shouting together of the people at the same time is spoken of as though they were speaking with one voice. Alternate translation: "in unison" or "together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 35 fm3m figs-you 0 General Information: The words "You" and "you" refer to all the men present who were from Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 19 35 pu96 0 Connecting Statement: The clerk of Ephesus speaks to quiet the crowd. -ACT 19 35 sy9m 0 the town clerk This refers to the town "writer" or "secretary." +ACT 19 35 sy9m ὁ γραμματεὺς 1 the town clerk This refers to the town "writer" or "secretary." ACT 19 35 sd3s figs-rquestion 0 what man is there who does not know that the city of the Ephesians is temple keeper ... heaven? The clerk asked this question to assure the crowd they were right and to comfort them. Alternate translation: "every man knows that the city of the Ephesians is temple keeper ... heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 19 35 k8dy figs-litotes 0 who does not know The town clerk uses "not" to emphasize that all of the people knew this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 19 35 hiw3 0 temple keeper The Ephesian people maintained and guarded the temple of Artemis. -ACT 19 35 afd1 0 the image which fell down from heaven Within the temple of Artemis was an image of the goddess. It had been fashioned from a meteorite which fell from the sky. People thought that his rock had come directly from Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods (idols). -ACT 19 36 r8cf 0 Seeing then that these things are undeniable "Since you know these things" -ACT 19 36 xj2n 0 do nothing rash "do not do anything before you have had time to think about it" -ACT 19 36 s67q 0 rash without careful thought -ACT 19 37 s8a9 0 these men The words "these men" refer to Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul's traveling companions ([Acts 19:29](../19/29.md)). +ACT 19 35 k8dy figs-litotes ὃς γινώσκει οὐ γινώσκει 1 who does not know The town clerk uses "not" to emphasize that all of the people knew this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 19 35 hiw3 νεωκόρον 1 temple keeper The Ephesian people maintained and guarded the temple of Artemis. +ACT 19 35 afd1 τοῦ διοπετοῦς 1 the image which fell down from heaven Within the temple of Artemis was an image of the goddess. It had been fashioned from a meteorite which fell from the sky. People thought that his rock had come directly from Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods (idols). +ACT 19 36 r8cf οὖν τούτων ὄντων ἀναντιρρήτων 1 Seeing then that these things are undeniable "Since you know these things" +ACT 19 36 xj2n πράσσειν μηδὲν προπετὲς 1 do nothing rash "do not do anything before you have had time to think about it" +ACT 19 36 s67q προπετὲς 1 rash without careful thought +ACT 19 37 s8a9 τούτους τοὺς ἄνδρας 1 these men The words "these men" refer to Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul's traveling companions ([Acts 19:29](../19/29.md)). ACT 19 38 wgv5 0 Connecting Statement: The town clerk finishes speaking to the crowd. -ACT 19 38 qd4s 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." The town clerk had said in [Acts 19:37](../19/37.md) that Gaius and Aristarchus were not robbers or blasphemers. -ACT 19 38 zkx5 figs-abstractnouns 0 have an accusation against anyone The word "accusation" can be stated as the verb "accuse." Alternate translation: "want to accuse someone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 19 38 szf7 translate-unknown 0 proconsuls the Roman governor's representatives who made legal decisions in court (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ACT 19 38 g8tp 0 Let them accuse one another This does not mean Demetrius and those with him will accuse each other. It means this is a place where people in general can speak their accusation. Alternate translation: "There people can accuse one another" -ACT 19 39 hxh3 0 But if you seek anything about other matters "But if you have other matters to discuss" -ACT 19 39 wga5 figs-activepassive 0 it shall be settled in the regular assembly This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let us settle it in the regular assembly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 19 39 et5j 0 the regular assembly This refers to a public gathering of citizens over which the county clerk presided. +ACT 19 38 qd4s οὖν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." The town clerk had said in [Acts 19:37](../19/37.md) that Gaius and Aristarchus were not robbers or blasphemers. +ACT 19 38 zkx5 figs-abstractnouns ἔχουσιν λόγον πρός τινα 1 have an accusation against anyone The word "accusation" can be stated as the verb "accuse." Alternate translation: "want to accuse someone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 19 38 szf7 translate-unknown ἀνθύπατοί 1 proconsuls the Roman governor's representatives who made legal decisions in court (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ACT 19 38 g8tp ἐγκαλείτωσαν ἀλλήλοις 1 Let them accuse one another This does not mean Demetrius and those with him will accuse each other. It means this is a place where people in general can speak their accusation. Alternate translation: "There people can accuse one another" +ACT 19 39 hxh3 δέ εἰ ἐπιζητεῖτε τι περὶ ἑτέρων 1 But if you seek anything about other matters "But if you have other matters to discuss" +ACT 19 39 wga5 figs-activepassive ἐπιλυθήσεται ἐν τῇ ἐννόμῳ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 it shall be settled in the regular assembly This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let us settle it in the regular assembly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 19 39 et5j τῇ ἐννόμῳ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 the regular assembly This refers to a public gathering of citizens over which the county clerk presided. ACT 19 40 sds7 figs-activepassive 0 in danger of being accused concerning this day's riot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in danger of the Roman authorities accusing us of starting this riot today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 20 intro u91c 0 # Acts 20 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter Luke describes Paul's last visits to believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Asia before he went to Jerusalem.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Race

Paul spoke of living for Jesus as if he were running in a race. By this he meant that he needed to keep working hard even when things were difficult and he wanted to quit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])

##### "Compelled by the Spirit"

Paul thought that the Holy Spirit wanted him to go to Jerusalem even if Paul did not want to go there. The same Holy Spirit told other people that when Paul arrived in Jerusalem, people would try to harm him.
ACT 20 1 cwq7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul leaves Ephesus and continues his travels. ACT 20 1 y5cq 0 After the uproar "After the riot" or "Following the riot" -ACT 20 1 hr32 0 he said farewell "he said goodbye" -ACT 20 2 edb8 0 spoken many words of encouragement to them "had greatly encouraged the believers" or "had said many things to encourage the believers" -ACT 20 3 yxj3 figs-metaphor 0 After he had spent three months there "After he had stayed there three months." This speaks about time as if it were something a person could spend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 3 cit9 figs-activepassive 0 a plot was formed against him by the Jews This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews formed a plot against him" or "the Jews formed a secret plan to harm him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 20 3 ah5w figs-synecdoche 0 by the Jews This means only some of the Jews. Alternate translation: "by some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 20 3 m7na 0 as he was about to sail for Syria "as he was ready to sail for Syria" +ACT 20 1 hr32 παρακαλέσας ἀσπασάμενος 1 he said farewell "he said goodbye" +ACT 20 2 edb8 παρακαλέσας πολλῷ λόγῳ αὐτοὺς 1 spoken many words of encouragement to them "had greatly encouraged the believers" or "had said many things to encourage the believers" +ACT 20 3 yxj3 figs-metaphor τε ποιήσας τρεῖς μῆνας τρεῖς 1 After he had spent three months there "After he had stayed there three months." This speaks about time as if it were something a person could spend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 3 cit9 figs-activepassive ἐπιβουλῆς γενομένης αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 a plot was formed against him by the Jews This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews formed a plot against him" or "the Jews formed a secret plan to harm him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 20 3 ah5w figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 by the Jews This means only some of the Jews. Alternate translation: "by some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 3 m7na μέλλοντι ἀνάγεσθαι εἰς τὴν Συρίαν 1 as he was about to sail for Syria "as he was ready to sail for Syria" ACT 20 4 y35x figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "him" refers to Paul ([Acts 20:1](../20/01.md)). All instances of "us" and "we" in the verses that follow refer to the writer and Paul and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 20 4 c9et 0 Accompanying him "Traveling with him" ACT 20 4 dw6j translate-names 0 Sopater ... Pyrrhus ... Secundus ... Tychicus ... Trophimus These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 4 w4n1 translate-names 0 Berea ... Derbe These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 4 w8j6 0 Aristarchus ... Gaius These are names of men. See how you translated these names in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). -ACT 20 5 itz1 translate-names 0 Troas This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 5 kv8t 0 these men had gone before us "these men had traveled ahead of us" -ACT 20 6 l5dr 0 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. See how you translated this in [Acts 12:3](../12/03.md). +ACT 20 5 itz1 translate-names Τρῳάδι 1 Troas This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 5 kv8t οὗτοι προσελθόντες 1 these men had gone before us "these men had traveled ahead of us" +ACT 20 6 l5dr τὰς ἡμέρας τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. See how you translated this in [Acts 12:3](../12/03.md). ACT 20 7 dnt4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 20:4-6](./04.md)) ACT 20 7 mbr8 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about Paul's preaching in Troas and about what happened to Eutychus. -ACT 20 7 zff8 figs-synecdoche 0 to break bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers simply to eating a meal together. Alternate translation: "eat a meal" or 2) this refers to the meal they would eat together in order to remember Christ's death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "to eat the Lord's Supper" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 7 zff8 figs-synecdoche κλάσαι ἄρτον 1 to break bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers simply to eating a meal together. Alternate translation: "eat a meal" or 2) this refers to the meal they would eat together in order to remember Christ's death and resurrection. Alternate translation: "to eat the Lord's Supper" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 7 j888 0 he kept speaking "he continued to speak" -ACT 20 8 ak8z 0 upper room This may have been the third floor house. +ACT 20 8 ak8z ὑπερῴῳ 1 upper room This may have been the third floor house. ACT 20 9 hw7b 0 General Information: Here the word "himself" refers to Paul. The first word "he" refers to Paul; the second word "he" refers to the young man, Eutychus. The word "him" refers to Eutychus. ACT 20 9 v5q7 0 In the window This was an opening in the wall with a ledge that was wide enough on which a person could sit. -ACT 20 9 ju64 translate-names 0 Eutychus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 9 tsp4 figs-metaphor 0 who fell into a deep sleep This speaks about sleep as if it were a deep hole into which a person could fall. Alternate translation: "who slept soundly" or "who became more and more tired until finally he was sleeping soundly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 9 jp89 figs-activepassive 0 third story and was picked up dead When they went down to check his condition, they saw he was dead. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "third story; and when they went to pick him up, they found that he was dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 20 9 kh3h 0 third story This means two floors above the ground floor. If your culture does not count the ground floor, you may state this as the "second story." +ACT 20 9 ju64 translate-names Εὔτυχος 1 Eutychus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 9 tsp4 figs-metaphor καταφερόμενος ὕπνῳ βαθεῖ καταφερόμενος ὕπνῳ 1 who fell into a deep sleep This speaks about sleep as if it were a deep hole into which a person could fall. Alternate translation: "who slept soundly" or "who became more and more tired until finally he was sleeping soundly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 9 jp89 figs-activepassive τριστέγου καὶ ἤρθη νεκρός 1 third story and was picked up dead When they went down to check his condition, they saw he was dead. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "third story; and when they went to pick him up, they found that he was dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 20 9 kh3h τριστέγου 1 third story This means two floors above the ground floor. If your culture does not count the ground floor, you may state this as the "second story." ACT 20 11 av7m 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Paul. ACT 20 11 lih8 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Paul's preaching at Troas and about Eutychus. -ACT 20 11 w5w8 figs-synecdoche 0 broke bread Bread was a common food during meals. Here "break bread" probably means they shared a meal with more kinds of food than just bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 20 11 t88c 0 he left "he went away" -ACT 20 12 jkj5 0 the boy This refers to Eutychus ([Acts 20:9](../20/09.md)). Possible meanings are 1) he was a young man over 14 years old or 2) he was a boy between 9 and 14 years old or 3) the word "boy" implies that he was a servant or a slave. +ACT 20 11 w5w8 figs-synecdoche κλάσας τὸν ἄρτον 1 broke bread Bread was a common food during meals. Here "break bread" probably means they shared a meal with more kinds of food than just bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 11 t88c οὕτως ἐξῆλθεν 1 he left "he went away" +ACT 20 12 jkj5 τὸν παῖδα 1 the boy This refers to Eutychus ([Acts 20:9](../20/09.md)). Possible meanings are 1) he was a young man over 14 years old or 2) he was a boy between 9 and 14 years old or 3) the word "boy" implies that he was a servant or a slave. ACT 20 13 dja7 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words "he," "himself," and "him" refer to Paul. Here the word "we" refers to the writer and those traveling with him, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 20 13 awt9 0 Connecting Statement: The writer Luke, Paul, and his other companions continue their travels; however, Paul goes separately for part of the trip. ACT 20 13 w4ew figs-rpronouns 0 We ourselves went The word "ourselves" adds emphasis and separates Luke and his traveling companions from Paul, who did not travel by boat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 20 13 q4yz translate-names 0 sailed away to Assos Assos is a town located directly below present day Behram in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 13 q4yz translate-names ἀνήχθημεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἆσσον 1 sailed away to Assos Assos is a town located directly below present day Behram in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 13 nq2q figs-rpronouns 0 he himself desired Himself is used to emphasize that this is what Paul wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 20 13 p8y7 0 to go by land "to travel on land" -ACT 20 14 ju8f translate-names 0 went to Mitylene Mitylene is a town located in present day Mitilini in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 13 p8y7 πεζεύειν 1 to go by land "to travel on land" +ACT 20 14 ju8f translate-names ἤλθομεν εἰς Μιτυλήνην 1 went to Mitylene Mitylene is a town located in present day Mitilini in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 15 ll2h figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Paul, the writer, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 20 15 e6va 0 opposite the island "near the island" or "across from the island" -ACT 20 15 ulk6 translate-names 0 the island of Chios Chios is an island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the Aegean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 15 jyr7 0 we touched at the island of Samos "we arrived at the island of Samos" -ACT 20 15 b6c6 translate-names 0 island of Samos Samos is an island south of Chios in the Aegean Sea off the coast of modern day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 15 s7g2 translate-names 0 the city of Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 16 p272 translate-names 0 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus Paul sailed south past the port city of Ephesus, further south in order to land at Miletus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 16 p61e figs-metaphor 0 so that he would not spend any time This speaks about "time" as if it were a commodity that a person could spend or use up. Alternate translation: "so that he would not have to remain for a time" or "so that he would not have a delay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 15 e6va ἄντικρυς Χίου 1 opposite the island "near the island" or "across from the island" +ACT 20 15 ulk6 translate-names Χίου 1 the island of Chios Chios is an island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the Aegean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 15 jyr7 παρεβάλομεν εἰς Σάμον 1 we touched at the island of Samos "we arrived at the island of Samos" +ACT 20 15 b6c6 translate-names Σάμον 1 island of Samos Samos is an island south of Chios in the Aegean Sea off the coast of modern day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 15 s7g2 translate-names Μίλητον 1 the city of Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 16 p272 translate-names γὰρ ὁ Παῦλος κεκρίκει παραπλεῦσαι τὴν Ἔφεσον 1 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus Paul sailed south past the port city of Ephesus, further south in order to land at Miletus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 16 p61e figs-metaphor ὅπως αὐτῷ γένηται μὴ χρονοτριβῆσαι 1 so that he would not spend any time This speaks about "time" as if it were a commodity that a person could spend or use up. Alternate translation: "so that he would not have to remain for a time" or "so that he would not have a delay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 17 nw52 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Paul. The word "our" refers to Paul and the elders to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 20 17 v9al 0 Connecting Statement: Paul calls the elders of the church of Ephesus and begins to speak to them. -ACT 20 17 l9aj translate-names 0 Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. See how you translated this in [Acts 20:15](../20/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 20 18 b6li figs-rpronouns 0 You yourselves Here "yourselves" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 20 17 l9aj translate-names τῆς Μιλήτου 1 Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. See how you translated this in [Acts 20:15](../20/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 20 18 b6li figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς 1 You yourselves Here "yourselves" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 20 18 vw6n figs-synecdoche 0 I set foot in Asia Here "foot" stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: "I entered Asia" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 18 t7zs figs-metaphor 0 how I always spent my time with you This speaks about time as if it were something that a person could spend. Alternate translation: "how I always conducted myself when I was with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 19 m8x9 figs-metaphor 0 lowliness of mind This speaks about something humble as if it were low to the ground. The word "mind" stands for a person's inner attitude. Alternate translation: "humility" or "humbleness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 19 wh5m figs-metonymy 0 with tears Here "tears" stands for feeling sad and crying. Alternate translation: "I crying as I served the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 19 e6k7 0 in sufferings that happened to me "Sufferings" is an abstract noun. The meaning can be expressed as a verb. Alternate Translation: "while I suffered" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) -ACT 20 19 y5iw figs-synecdoche 0 of the Jews This does not mean every Jew. This lets us know who plotted. Alternate translation: "of some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 20 20 nu7h 0 You know how I did not keep back from declaring to you "You know how I was never silent, but I always declared to you" -ACT 20 20 kut9 figs-ellipsis 0 from house to house Paul taught people in various private homes. The words "I taught" are understood. Alternate translation: "I also taught when I was in your homes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 20 21 w7mv figs-abstractnouns 0 about repentance toward God and of faith in our Lord Jesus The abstract nouns "repentance" and "faith" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "that they need to repent before God and believe in our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 20 19 m8x9 figs-metaphor ταπεινοφροσύνης 1 lowliness of mind This speaks about something humble as if it were low to the ground. The word "mind" stands for a person's inner attitude. Alternate translation: "humility" or "humbleness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 19 wh5m figs-metonymy δακρύων 1 with tears Here "tears" stands for feeling sad and crying. Alternate translation: "I crying as I served the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 19 e6k7 πειρασμῶν τῶν συμβάντων μοι 1 in sufferings that happened to me "Sufferings" is an abstract noun. The meaning can be expressed as a verb. Alternate Translation: "while I suffered" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) +ACT 20 19 y5iw figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 of the Jews This does not mean every Jew. This lets us know who plotted. Alternate translation: "of some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 20 nu7h ὡς ὑπεστειλάμην οὐδὲν ὑπεστειλάμην τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν 1 You know how I did not keep back from declaring to you "You know how I was never silent, but I always declared to you" +ACT 20 20 kut9 figs-ellipsis κατ’ οἴκους 1 from house to house Paul taught people in various private homes. The words "I taught" are understood. Alternate translation: "I also taught when I was in your homes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 20 21 w7mv figs-abstractnouns τὴν εἰς Θεὸν μετάνοιαν καὶ πίστιν εἰς ἡμῶν τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν 1 about repentance toward God and of faith in our Lord Jesus The abstract nouns "repentance" and "faith" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "that they need to repent before God and believe in our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 20 22 ty3b 0 General Information: Here the word "I" refers to Paul. -ACT 20 22 vam4 figs-activepassive 0 compelled by the Spirit They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the Spirit compels me to go there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 20 22 a9j1 0 not knowing what will happen to me there "and I do not know what will happen to me there" -ACT 20 23 q3ie figs-metonymy 0 chains and sufferings await me Here "chains" refers to Paul's being arrested and put in prison. Alternate translation: "people will put me in prison and cause me to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 22 vam4 figs-activepassive δεδεμένος τῷ Πνεύματι 1 compelled by the Spirit They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the Spirit compels me to go there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 20 22 a9j1 μὴ εἰδώς τὰ συναντήσοντά μοι ἐν αὐτῇ 1 not knowing what will happen to me there "and I do not know what will happen to me there" +ACT 20 23 q3ie figs-metonymy δεσμὰ καὶ θλίψεις μένουσιν με 1 chains and sufferings await me Here "chains" refers to Paul's being arrested and put in prison. Alternate translation: "people will put me in prison and cause me to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 24 w8d2 figs-metaphor 0 if only I may finish the race and complete the ministry that I received from the Lord Jesus This speaks about Paul's "race" and "ministry" as if they are objects that Jesus gives and Paul receives. Here "race" and "ministry" mean basically the same thing. Paul repeats this for emphasis. Alternate translation: "so that I may complete the work that the Lord Jesus has commanded me to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 20 24 m5gc figs-metaphor 0 finish the race Paul speaks about completing the work that Jesus has commanded him to do as if he were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 24 hg3l 0 to testify to the gospel of the grace of God "to tell people the good news about God's grace." This is the ministry that Paul received from Jesus. +ACT 20 24 hg3l διαμαρτύρασθαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to testify to the gospel of the grace of God "to tell people the good news about God's grace." This is the ministry that Paul received from Jesus. ACT 20 25 f1sb 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to talk to the Ephesian elders ([Acts 20:17](../20/17.md)). ACT 20 25 kj9c 0 Now look, I know "Now, pay careful attention, because I know" -ACT 20 25 z4ng 0 I know that you all "I know that all of you" -ACT 20 25 aur9 figs-metonymy 0 among whom I went about proclaiming the kingdom Here "kingdom" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "to whom I preached the message about God's reign as king" or "to whom I preached about how God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 25 cq45 figs-synecdoche 0 will see my face no more The word "face" here represents Paul's physical body. Alternate translation: "will not see me anymore on this earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 20 26 e546 figs-metonymy 0 I am innocent of the blood of any man Here "blood" stands for a person's death, which, in this case, is not physical death but spiritual death when God declares a person guilty of sin. Paul had told them God's truth. Alternate translation: "I am not responsible for anyone whom God judges guilty of sin because they did not trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 26 v5el figs-gendernotations 0 any man Here this means any person whether male or female. Alternate translation: "any person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 20 27 qa9y figs-litotes 0 For I did not hold back from declaring to you "For I did not keep silent and not tell you." This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "For I certainly declared to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 20 28 ddg1 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true," referring to all that Paul has said so far in his speech about his leaving them. -ACT 20 28 u52d figs-metaphor 0 the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the church of God Believers are likened to a "flock" of sheep here. Church leaders are entrusted by God with the care of the community of believers just as a shepherd would care for his flock of sheep and protect them from wolves. Alternate translation: "the group of believers the Holy spirit has entrusted to you. Be sure to take care of the church of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 28 cx69 figs-metaphor 0 the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood The shedding of the "blood" of Christ here is likened to a payment to God for our sins. Alternate translation: "the people Christ saved from their sins by shedding his blood on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 28 hjh6 figs-metonymy 0 his own blood Here "blood" stands for Christ's death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 29 ka6u figs-metaphor 0 vicious wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock This is a picture of people who teach false doctrine and who harm the community of believers as though they were wolves that eat the sheep of the flock. Alternate translation: "many enemies will come among you and try to harm the community of believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 25 z4ng ἐγὼ οἶδα ὅτι ὑμεῖς πάντες 1 I know that you all "I know that all of you" +ACT 20 25 aur9 figs-metonymy ἐν οἷς διῆλθον κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν 1 among whom I went about proclaiming the kingdom Here "kingdom" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "to whom I preached the message about God's reign as king" or "to whom I preached about how God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 25 cq45 figs-synecdoche ὄψεσθε μου τὸ πρόσωπόν οὐκέτι 1 will see my face no more The word "face" here represents Paul's physical body. Alternate translation: "will not see me anymore on this earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 26 e546 figs-metonymy εἰμι καθαρός ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος πάντων 1 I am innocent of the blood of any man Here "blood" stands for a person's death, which, in this case, is not physical death but spiritual death when God declares a person guilty of sin. Paul had told them God's truth. Alternate translation: "I am not responsible for anyone whom God judges guilty of sin because they did not trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 26 v5el figs-gendernotations πάντων 1 any man Here this means any person whether male or female. Alternate translation: "any person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 20 27 qa9y figs-litotes γὰρ ὑπεστειλάμην οὐ ὑπεστειλάμην τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν 1 For I did not hold back from declaring to you "For I did not keep silent and not tell you." This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "For I certainly declared to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 20 28 ddg1 προσέχετε 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true," referring to all that Paul has said so far in his speech about his leaving them. +ACT 20 28 u52d figs-metaphor τῷ ποιμνίῳ ἐν ᾧ τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἔθετο ὑμᾶς ἐπισκόπους. ποιμαίνειν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the church of God Believers are likened to a "flock" of sheep here. Church leaders are entrusted by God with the care of the community of believers just as a shepherd would care for his flock of sheep and protect them from wolves. Alternate translation: "the group of believers the Holy spirit has entrusted to you. Be sure to take care of the church of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 28 cx69 figs-metaphor τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἣν περιεποιήσατο διὰ τοῦ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος 1 the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood The shedding of the "blood" of Christ here is likened to a payment to God for our sins. Alternate translation: "the people Christ saved from their sins by shedding his blood on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 28 hjh6 figs-metonymy τοῦ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος 1 his own blood Here "blood" stands for Christ's death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 29 ka6u figs-metaphor βαρεῖς λύκοι εἰσελεύσονται εἰς ὑμᾶς φειδόμενοι μὴ φειδόμενοι τοῦ ποιμνίου 1 vicious wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock This is a picture of people who teach false doctrine and who harm the community of believers as though they were wolves that eat the sheep of the flock. Alternate translation: "many enemies will come among you and try to harm the community of believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 30 ftf4 figs-metaphor 0 in order to draw away the disciples after them A false teacher convincing believers to start believing his false teaching is spoken of as if he were leading sheep away from the flock to follow him. Alternate translation: "in order to convince people who are disciples of Christ to become his disciples instead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 31 q2nl 0 be on guard. Remember "be on guard and remember" or "be on guard as you remember" -ACT 20 31 ll64 figs-metaphor 0 be on guard "be awake and alert" or "watch out." Christian leaders being alert about anyone that may harm the community of believers is spoken of as if they were guards in an army watching out for the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 31 pvt6 0 Remember that "Continue to remember that" or "Do not forget that" +ACT 20 31 q2nl γρηγορεῖτε. μνημονεύοντες 1 be on guard. Remember "be on guard and remember" or "be on guard as you remember" +ACT 20 31 ll64 figs-metaphor γρηγορεῖτε 1 be on guard "be awake and alert" or "watch out." Christian leaders being alert about anyone that may harm the community of believers is spoken of as if they were guards in an army watching out for the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 31 pvt6 μνημονεύοντες ὅτι 1 Remember that "Continue to remember that" or "Do not forget that" ACT 20 31 rt1h figs-hyperbole 0 for three years I did not stop instructing ... night and day Paul did not teach them continuously for three years, but over the space of three years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 20 31 hs1m 0 I did not stop instructing "I did not stop warning" -ACT 20 31 rvh6 figs-metonymy 0 with tears Here "tears" refers to Paul's crying because of the strong emotion of concern he felt while he was warning the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 32 ylm3 figs-metonymy 0 I entrust you to God and to the word of his grace Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "I ask God to take care of you and that he will help you to keep believing the message I spoke to you about his grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 32 vnb2 0 entrust to give someone else the responsibility of taking care of someone or something -ACT 20 32 s7rf figs-metaphor 0 which is able to build you up A person's faith becoming stronger is spoken of as if the person were a wall and someone were building him higher and stronger. Alternate translation: "which is able to make become stronger and stronger in your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 20 32 zvz8 figs-personification 0 to give you the inheritance This speaks about the "word of his grace" as if it were God himself that would give the inheritance to believers. Alternate translation: "God will give you the inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ACT 20 32 x5jy figs-metaphor 0 the inheritance The blessings that God gives believers is spoken of as if they were money or property that a child inherits from his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 31 hs1m ἐπαυσάμην οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην νουθετῶν 1 I did not stop instructing "I did not stop warning" +ACT 20 31 rvh6 figs-metonymy μετὰ δακρύων 1 with tears Here "tears" refers to Paul's crying because of the strong emotion of concern he felt while he was warning the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 32 ylm3 figs-metonymy παρατίθεμαι ὑμᾶς τῷ Θεῷ καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 I entrust you to God and to the word of his grace Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "I ask God to take care of you and that he will help you to keep believing the message I spoke to you about his grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 32 vnb2 παρατίθεμαι 1 entrust to give someone else the responsibility of taking care of someone or something +ACT 20 32 s7rf figs-metaphor τῷ δυναμένῳ οἰκοδομῆσαι 1 which is able to build you up A person's faith becoming stronger is spoken of as if the person were a wall and someone were building him higher and stronger. Alternate translation: "which is able to make become stronger and stronger in your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 20 32 zvz8 figs-personification δοῦναι τὴν κληρονομίαν 1 to give you the inheritance This speaks about the "word of his grace" as if it were God himself that would give the inheritance to believers. Alternate translation: "God will give you the inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ACT 20 32 x5jy figs-metaphor τὴν κληρονομίαν 1 the inheritance The blessings that God gives believers is spoken of as if they were money or property that a child inherits from his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 33 y6ii 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to the elders of the church of Ephesus; he began to speak them in [Acts 20:18](../20/18.md). -ACT 20 33 yw8a 0 I coveted no man's silver "I did not desire someone's silver" or "I did not want for myself anyone's silver" +ACT 20 33 yw8a ἐπεθύμησα οὐδενὸς' οὐδενὸς ἀργυρίου 1 I coveted no man's silver "I did not desire someone's silver" or "I did not want for myself anyone's silver" ACT 20 33 ipq5 0 man's silver, gold, or clothing Clothing was considered a treasure; the more you had, the richer you were. -ACT 20 34 f5a3 figs-rpronouns 0 You yourselves The word "yourselves" is used here to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 20 34 ja5v figs-synecdoche 0 these hands served my own needs The word "hands" here represents the entire person. Alternate translation: "I worked to earn money and pay for my own expenses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 20 34 f5a3 figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 You yourselves The word "yourselves" is used here to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 20 34 ja5v figs-synecdoche αὗται αἱ χεῖρες ὑπηρέτησαν μου ταῖς χρείαις 1 these hands served my own needs The word "hands" here represents the entire person. Alternate translation: "I worked to earn money and pay for my own expenses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 35 wn8j 0 you should help the weak by working "you should work so as to have money to help people who cannot earn it for themselves" ACT 20 35 p3n8 figs-nominaladj 0 the weak You can state this nominal adjective as an adjective. Alternate translation: "weak persons" or "those who are weak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 20 35 dpu1 0 weak "sick" -ACT 20 35 ps2i figs-metonymy 0 the words of the Lord Jesus Here "words" refers to what Jesus has said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 20 35 e396 0 It is more blessed to give than to receive This means a person receives the favor of God and experiences more joy when he gives to other people rather than always receiving from other people. +ACT 20 35 dpu1 τῶν ἀσθενούντων 1 weak "sick" +ACT 20 35 ps2i figs-metonymy τῶν λόγων τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 the words of the Lord Jesus Here "words" refers to what Jesus has said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 20 35 e396 ἐστιν μᾶλλον μακάριόν διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν 1 It is more blessed to give than to receive This means a person receives the favor of God and experiences more joy when he gives to other people rather than always receiving from other people. ACT 20 36 q6bs 0 Connecting Statement: Paul ends his time with the elders of the church of Ephesus by praying with them. ACT 20 36 u3uc translate-symaction 0 he knelt down and prayed It was a common custom to kneel down while praying. It was a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 20 37 pb4r 0 embraced Paul "hugged him closely" or "put their arms around him" -ACT 20 37 sze4 0 kissed him Kissing someone on the cheek is an expression of brotherly or friendly love in the Middle East. +ACT 20 37 pb4r ἐπιπεσόντες ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τοῦ Παύλου 1 embraced Paul "hugged him closely" or "put their arms around him" +ACT 20 37 sze4 κατεφίλουν αὐτόν 1 kissed him Kissing someone on the cheek is an expression of brotherly or friendly love in the Middle East. ACT 20 38 bs3s figs-synecdoche 0 they would never see his face again The word "face" here represents Paul's physical body. Alternate translation: "will not see me anymore on this earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 intro gh1j 0 # Acts 21 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul's journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and gave him a chance to speak to the Jews.

The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translations leave the sentence incomplete, as the ULT does.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "They are all determined to keep the law"

The Jews in Jerusalem were following the law of Moses. Even those who were following Jesus still kept the law. Both groups thought that Paul had been telling Jews in Greece not to keep the law. But it was only the Gentiles to whom Paul was saying that.

##### Nazarite vow
The vow that Paul and his three friends made was probably a Nazarite vow, because they shaved their heads ([Acts 21:23](../../act/21/23.md)).

##### Gentiles in the temple

The Jews accused Paul of bringing a Gentile man into a part of the temple into which God only allowed Jews to go. They thought that God wanted them to punish Paul by killing him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

##### Roman citizenship

The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens.
ACT 21 1 s3h3 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 1 i6f8 0 Connecting Statement: The writer Luke, Paul, and his companions continue their travels. ACT 21 1 zz5h 0 we took a straight course to the city of Cos "we went straight to the city of Cos" or "we went directly to the city of Cos" -ACT 21 1 e5y6 translate-names 0 city of Cos Cos is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 1 p6ss translate-names 0 city of Rhodes Rhodes is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region south of Cos and northeast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 1 x7kg translate-names 0 city of Patara Patara is a city on the southwest coast of modern day Turkey south of the Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 2 nz9k figs-metonymy 0 When we found a ship crossing over to Phoenicia Here "a ship crossing over" stands for the crew that would sail the ship. Alternate translation: "When we found a ship with a crew sailing over to Phoenicia" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 2 vbd3 0 a ship crossing over Here "crossing" does not mean it was presently crossing but that it would be crossing to Phoenicia soon. Alternate translation: "a ship that would be going across the water" or "a ship that would be going" +ACT 21 1 e5y6 translate-names Κῶ 1 city of Cos Cos is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 21 1 p6ss translate-names Ῥόδον 1 city of Rhodes Rhodes is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region south of Cos and northeast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 21 1 x7kg translate-names Πάταρα 1 city of Patara Patara is a city on the southwest coast of modern day Turkey south of the Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 21 2 nz9k figs-metonymy καὶ εὑρόντες πλοῖον διαπερῶν Φοινίκην 1 When we found a ship crossing over to Phoenicia Here "a ship crossing over" stands for the crew that would sail the ship. Alternate translation: "When we found a ship with a crew sailing over to Phoenicia" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 2 vbd3 πλοῖον διαπερῶν 1 a ship crossing over Here "crossing" does not mean it was presently crossing but that it would be crossing to Phoenicia soon. Alternate translation: "a ship that would be going across the water" or "a ship that would be going" ACT 21 3 er3r figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 3 vkr2 0 leaving it on the left side of the boat "passed the island on the left" the left is the "port" side of a boat. ACT 21 3 hwx8 figs-metonymy 0 where the ship was to unload its cargo Here "ship" stands for the crew that was sailing the ship. Alternate translation: "the crew would unload the cargo from the ship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 4 y35m 0 Through the Spirit they kept urging Paul "These believers told Paul what the Holy Spirit had revealed to them." They "urged him over and over." +ACT 21 4 y35m διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος οἵτινες ἔλεγον τῷ Παύλῳ 1 Through the Spirit they kept urging Paul "These believers told Paul what the Holy Spirit had revealed to them." They "urged him over and over." ACT 21 5 fe1u 0 General Information: Here the word "They" refers to the believers from Tyre. ACT 21 5 a5wj figs-metaphor 0 When our days there were over This speaks about days as if they were something that a person could spend. Alternate translation: "When the seven days were over" or "When it was time to leave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 5 q8xl translate-symaction 0 knelt down on the beach, prayed It was a common custom to kneel down while praying. This was a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 21 6 ja1x 0 said farewell to each other "said goodbye to one another" +ACT 21 6 ja1x ἀπησπασάμεθα ἀλλήλους 1 said farewell to each other "said goodbye to one another" ACT 21 7 hy6e figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Luke, Paul and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 7 kt6u 0 Connecting Statement: This begins Paul's time in Caesarea. -ACT 21 7 z4nt translate-names 0 we arrived at Ptolemais Ptolemaic was a city south of Tyre, Lebanon. Ptolemaic is modern day Acre, Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 7 ff1s 0 the brothers "fellow believers" -ACT 21 8 ay52 0 one of the seven The "seven" refers to the men chosen to distribute food and aid to the widows in [Acts 6:5](../06/05.md). -ACT 21 8 vi48 0 evangelist a person who tells people good news -ACT 21 9 rcf4 0 this man "Philip" from verse 8. -ACT 21 9 cv8b writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about Philip and his daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 21 9 r1i1 0 four virgin daughters who prophesied "four virgin daughters who regularly received and passed along messages from God" +ACT 21 7 z4nt translate-names κατηντήσαμεν εἰς Πτολεμαΐδα 1 we arrived at Ptolemais Ptolemaic was a city south of Tyre, Lebanon. Ptolemaic is modern day Acre, Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 21 7 ff1s τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 the brothers "fellow believers" +ACT 21 8 ay52 ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ 1 one of the seven The "seven" refers to the men chosen to distribute food and aid to the widows in [Acts 6:5](../06/05.md). +ACT 21 8 vi48 εὐαγγελιστοῦ 1 evangelist a person who tells people good news +ACT 21 9 rcf4 τούτῳ 1 this man "Philip" from verse 8. +ACT 21 9 cv8b writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about Philip and his daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +ACT 21 9 r1i1 τέσσαρες παρθένοι θυγατέρες προφητεύουσαι 1 four virgin daughters who prophesied "four virgin daughters who regularly received and passed along messages from God" ACT 21 10 fe6s figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "we" and "us" refers to Luke, Paul, and those with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 10 hx8k 0 Connecting Statement: This tells about a prophecy made about Paul in Caesarea by the prophet Agabus. -ACT 21 10 n3i8 writing-participants 0 a certain prophet named Agabus This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -ACT 21 10 f9cb translate-names 0 named Agabus Agabus was a man from Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 11 i8t2 0 took Paul's belt "removed Paul's belt from Paul's waist" +ACT 21 10 n3i8 writing-participants τις προφήτης ὀνόματι Ἅγαβος 1 a certain prophet named Agabus This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +ACT 21 10 f9cb translate-names ὀνόματι Ἅγαβος 1 named Agabus Agabus was a man from Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 21 11 i8t2 ἄρας τοῦ Παύλου' τοῦ Παύλου τὴν ζώνην 1 took Paul's belt "removed Paul's belt from Paul's waist" ACT 21 11 nq2y figs-quotesinquotes 0 Thus says the Holy Spirit, 'So shall the Jews in Jerusalem tie up ... of the Gentiles.' This is a quotation within a quotation. The inner quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "'The Holy Spirit says that this will be how the Jews in Jerusalem will tie up ... of the Gentiles.' (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ACT 21 11 i8u7 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews, but that these were the people who would do that. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" or "some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 21 11 zvw8 0 hand him over "deliver him" -ACT 21 11 s92d figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of the Gentiles The word "hands" here represents control. Alternate translation: "into the legal custody of the Gentiles" or "to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 11 b59g figs-synecdoche 0 the Gentiles This stands for the authorities among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "the Gentile authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 21 11 i8u7 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews, but that these were the people who would do that. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" or "some of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 21 11 zvw8 παραδώσουσιν 1 hand him over "deliver him" +ACT 21 11 s92d figs-metonymy εἰς χεῖρας ἐθνῶν 1 into the hands of the Gentiles The word "hands" here represents control. Alternate translation: "into the legal custody of the Gentiles" or "to the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 11 b59g figs-synecdoche χεῖρας ἐθνῶν 1 the Gentiles This stands for the authorities among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: "the Gentile authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 12 fvh4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Luke and the other believers but does not include the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 21 13 uwt2 figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart Paul asks this question to show the believers they should stop trying to persuade him. Alternate translation: "Stop what you are doing. Your weeping is breaking my heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 21 13 bj76 figs-metaphor 0 breaking my heart To make someone sad or to discourage someone is spoken of as if it were a heart being broken. Here "heart" stands for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "discouraging me" or "making me very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 13 p5e5 figs-activepassive 0 not only to be tied up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "not only for them to tie me up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 13 q35x figs-metonymy 0 for the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "for the sake of the Lord Jesus" or "because I believe in the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 14 hwc5 figs-activepassive 0 Paul would not be persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Paul would not allow us to to persuade him" or "We were unable to persuade Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 14 zl98 figs-ellipsis 0 persuaded You may need to make explicit what they could not persuade Paul not to do. Alternate translation: "persuaded not to go up to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 21 14 as1i figs-activepassive 0 May the will of the Lord be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May everything happen as the Lord has planned it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 13 uwt2 figs-rquestion τί ποιεῖτε, κλαίοντες καὶ συνθρύπτοντές μου τὴν καρδίαν 1 What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart Paul asks this question to show the believers they should stop trying to persuade him. Alternate translation: "Stop what you are doing. Your weeping is breaking my heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 21 13 bj76 figs-metaphor συνθρύπτοντές μου τὴν καρδίαν 1 breaking my heart To make someone sad or to discourage someone is spoken of as if it were a heart being broken. Here "heart" stands for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "discouraging me" or "making me very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 13 p5e5 figs-activepassive οὐ μόνον δεθῆναι 1 not only to be tied up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "not only for them to tie me up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 13 q35x figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 for the name of the Lord Jesus Here "name" refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: "for the sake of the Lord Jesus" or "because I believe in the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 14 hwc5 figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ πειθομένου μὴ πειθομένου 1 Paul would not be persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Paul would not allow us to to persuade him" or "We were unable to persuade Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 14 zl98 figs-ellipsis πειθομένου 1 persuaded You may need to make explicit what they could not persuade Paul not to do. Alternate translation: "persuaded not to go up to Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 21 14 as1i figs-activepassive γινέσθω τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Κυρίου γινέσθω 1 May the will of the Lord be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May everything happen as the Lord has planned it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 15 p5fl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, and not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 15 p5fl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word "They" refers to some of the disciples from Caesarea. ACT 21 15 kd5l 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul's time in Caesarea. -ACT 21 16 k9kr 0 They brought with them a man "Among them was a man" +ACT 21 16 k9kr ἄγοντες παρ’ τινι 1 They brought with them a man "Among them was a man" ACT 21 16 zd9i translate-names 0 Mnason, a man from Cyprus Mnason is a man from the island of Cyprus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 21 16 c7r2 0 an early disciple This means Mnason was one of the first to believe in Jesus. +ACT 21 16 c7r2 ἀρχαίῳ μαθητῇ 1 an early disciple This means Mnason was one of the first to believe in Jesus. ACT 21 17 zpa7 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "his" refers to Paul. The word "them" refers to the elders. ACT 21 17 wz34 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and his companions arrive in Jerusalem. -ACT 21 17 d3gj figs-gendernotations 0 the brothers welcomed us Here "brothers" refers to the believers in Jerusalem whether male or female. Alternate translation: "the fellow believers welcomed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 21 19 bx9e 0 he reported one by one "he gave a detailed account of all" +ACT 21 17 d3gj figs-gendernotations οἱ ἀδελφοί ἀπεδέξαντο ἡμᾶς 1 the brothers welcomed us Here "brothers" refers to the believers in Jerusalem whether male or female. Alternate translation: "the fellow believers welcomed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 21 19 bx9e ἐξηγεῖτο καθ’ ἓν ἕκαστον 1 he reported one by one "he gave a detailed account of all" ACT 21 20 zks9 0 Connecting Statement: The elders in Jerusalem begin their response to Paul. ACT 21 20 a1hk 0 they heard ... they praised ... they said to him Here the word "they" refers to James and the elders. The word "him" refers to Paul. -ACT 21 20 xki4 0 brother Here "brother" means "fellow believer." +ACT 21 20 xki4 ἀδελφέ 1 brother Here "brother" means "fellow believer." ACT 21 20 c5pu 0 They are The word "they" refers to Jewish believers who wanted all believing Jews to keep the Jewish laws and customs. ACT 21 21 pyg8 figs-explicit 0 They have been told about you ... not to follow the old customs Apparently here there are some Jews that are distorting what Paul is teaching. He does not discourage the Jews from obeying the law of Moses. His message is that circumcision and the other customs are not necessary for Jesus to save them. You can make explicit that the leaders of the Jewish believers in Jerusalem knew that Paul was teaching God's true message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 21 e5s4 figs-activepassive 0 They have been told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have told the Jewish believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 21 sdl3 figs-metonymy 0 to abandon Moses Here "Moses" stands for the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "to stop obeying the laws that Moses gave us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 21 sdl3 figs-metonymy ἀποστασίαν ἀπὸ Μωϋσέως 1 to abandon Moses Here "Moses" stands for the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "to stop obeying the laws that Moses gave us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 21 knt4 figs-metaphor 0 not to follow the old customs To obey the old customs is spoken of as if the customs were leading them and the people follow behind. Alternate translation: "not to obey the old customs" or "not to practice the old customs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 21 21 u56t 0 the old customs "the customs that Jews normally do" +ACT 21 21 u56t τοῖς ἔθεσιν 1 the old customs "the customs that Jews normally do" ACT 21 22 b28b figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to James and the elders ([Acts 21:18](../21/18.md)). The word "They" refers to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted to teach Jewish believers that they could still follow the laws of Moses ([Acts 21:20-21](./20.md)). The words "them," "their," and the first "they" refer to the four men who made a vow. The second words "they" and "They" refer to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted to teach Jewish believers that they could still follow the laws of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 23 b22r 0 four men who made a vow "four men who made a promise to God." This was the kind of vow where a person would not drink alcohol or cut his hair until the end of a set period of time. -ACT 21 24 km4w figs-explicit 0 Take these men and purify yourself with them They had to make themselves ritually pure so they could worship in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 21 24 c3ap figs-explicit 0 pay their expenses for them "pay for what they will need." The expenses would go toward buying a male and female lamb, a ram, and grain and drink offerings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 21 24 abq6 translate-symaction 0 they may shave their heads This was a sign that the person had completed what they promised God they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 21 24 nu9v figs-activepassive 0 the things they have been told about you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that people are saying about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 24 km4w figs-explicit παραλαβὼν τούτους ἁγνίσθητι σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 Take these men and purify yourself with them They had to make themselves ritually pure so they could worship in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 21 24 c3ap figs-explicit δαπάνησον ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς 1 pay their expenses for them "pay for what they will need." The expenses would go toward buying a male and female lamb, a ram, and grain and drink offerings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 21 24 abq6 translate-symaction ξυρήσονται τὴν κεφαλήν 1 they may shave their heads This was a sign that the person had completed what they promised God they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 21 24 nu9v figs-activepassive ὧν κατήχηνται περὶ σοῦ 1 the things they have been told about you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that people are saying about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 24 sv6i figs-metaphor 0 follow the law This speaks of obeying the law as if the law were a leader and the people follow behind it. Alternate translation: "obey the law" or "live a life that conforms to the law of Moses and other Jewish customs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 25 c4kl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to James and the elders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 25 cqm9 0 Connecting Statement: James and the elders in Jerusalem finish their request to Paul ([Acts 21:18](../21/18.md)). ACT 21 25 a35u figs-explicit 0 they should keep themselves from things sacrificed to idols, from blood, from what is strangled All of these are rules about what they can eat. They are forbidden to eat meat of animals sacrificed to an idol, meat with blood still in it, and meat from a strangled animal because it would still have blood in the meat. See how you translated similar phrases in [Acts 15:20](../15/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 21 25 bpb5 figs-activepassive 0 they should keep themselves from things sacrificed to idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they stay away from the meat of an animal that someone sacrificed to an idol" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 25 wjd2 figs-explicit 0 from what is strangled This can be stated in active form. You can also state explicitly the assumed information about strangled animals. Alternate translation: "from animals that a person has strangled" or "from animals that a person killed for food but did not drain its blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 26 cr14 0 took the men These are the 4 men who made a vow. -ACT 21 26 s8z9 0 purifying himself with them Before entering the temple area the Jews were required to be ceremonially or ritually clean. This cleansing had to do with Jews having contact with Gentiles. -ACT 21 26 xu9r figs-synecdoche 0 went into the temple They did not go into the temple itself where only the high priest was allowed to enter. They entered the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: "went into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 21 26 pvy3 0 the days of purification This is a separate purification process from the purification process which they were required to fulfill in order to enter the temple area. -ACT 21 26 gc23 figs-activepassive 0 until the offering was offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until they presented the animals for an offering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 25 bpb5 figs-activepassive φυλάσσεσθαι αὐτοὺς τό τε εἰδωλόθυτον 1 they should keep themselves from things sacrificed to idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they stay away from the meat of an animal that someone sacrificed to an idol" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 25 wjd2 figs-explicit πνικτὸν 1 from what is strangled This can be stated in active form. You can also state explicitly the assumed information about strangled animals. Alternate translation: "from animals that a person has strangled" or "from animals that a person killed for food but did not drain its blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 26 cr14 παραλαβὼν τοὺς ἄνδρας 1 took the men These are the 4 men who made a vow. +ACT 21 26 s8z9 ἁγνισθεὶς σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 purifying himself with them Before entering the temple area the Jews were required to be ceremonially or ritually clean. This cleansing had to do with Jews having contact with Gentiles. +ACT 21 26 xu9r figs-synecdoche εἰσῄει εἰς τὸ ἱερόν 1 went into the temple They did not go into the temple itself where only the high priest was allowed to enter. They entered the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: "went into the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 21 26 pvy3 τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ ἁγνισμοῦ 1 the days of purification This is a separate purification process from the purification process which they were required to fulfill in order to enter the temple area. +ACT 21 26 gc23 figs-activepassive ἕως ἡ προσφορά οὗ προσηνέχθη 1 until the offering was offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until they presented the animals for an offering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 27 l3bg 0 General Information: Verse 29 gives background information about the Jews from Asia. ACT 21 27 p4gi 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the story of Paul's arrest. -ACT 21 27 j9zm 0 the seven days These are the seven days for purification. -ACT 21 27 k4l1 figs-synecdoche 0 in the temple Paul was not in the temple itself. He was in the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 21 27 u942 figs-metaphor 0 stirred up the whole crowd Inciting people to become very angry at Paul is spoken of as if they stirred up the crowd's emotions. Alternate translation: "caused a large number of people to be very angry at Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 21 27 mks6 figs-idiom 0 laid hands on him Here "laid hands on" means to "seize" or to "grab." See how you translated "laid hands on" in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: "grabbed Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ACT 21 27 j9zm αἱ ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι 1 the seven days These are the seven days for purification. +ACT 21 27 k4l1 figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Paul was not in the temple itself. He was in the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: "in the temple courtyard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 21 27 u942 figs-metaphor συνέχεον τὸν πάντα ὄχλον 1 stirred up the whole crowd Inciting people to become very angry at Paul is spoken of as if they stirred up the crowd's emotions. Alternate translation: "caused a large number of people to be very angry at Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 21 27 mks6 figs-idiom ἐπέβαλον τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 laid hands on him Here "laid hands on" means to "seize" or to "grab." See how you translated "laid hands on" in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: "grabbed Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 21 28 sfg3 0 the people, the law, and this place "the people of Israel, the law of Moses, and the temple" -ACT 21 28 jc9q figs-explicit 0 Besides, he has also brought Greeks into the temple Only Jewish males were allowed in certain areas of the courtyard of the Jerusalem temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 21 28 jc9q figs-explicit ἔτι, εἰσήγαγεν τε καὶ εἰσήγαγεν Ἕλληνας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 Besides, he has also brought Greeks into the temple Only Jewish males were allowed in certain areas of the courtyard of the Jerusalem temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 29 t2z7 writing-background 0 For they had previously ... into the temple This is background information. Luke is explaining why the Jews from Asia thought Paul brought a Greek into the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 21 29 h1uu 0 Trophimus This was a Greek man that they accused Paul of having brought into the inner temple area that was only for Jews. See how you translated his name in [Acts 20:4](../20/04.md). +ACT 21 29 h1uu Τρόφιμον 1 Trophimus This was a Greek man that they accused Paul of having brought into the inner temple area that was only for Jews. See how you translated his name in [Acts 20:4](../20/04.md). ACT 21 30 upl8 figs-hyperbole 0 All the city was excited The word "All" here is an exaggeration for emphasis. The word "city" represents the people in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Many people in the city became angry at Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 30 x2sx 0 laid hold of Paul "seized Paul" or "grabbed Paul" -ACT 21 30 xd6r figs-explicit 0 the doors were immediately shut They shut the doors so that there would not be rioting in the temple area. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews immediately shut the temple doors" or "The temple guards immediately shut the doors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 31 d6vt figs-metonymy 0 news came up to the chief captain of the guard Here "news" refers to the messenger who went to speak the news. Alternate translation: "someone gave news to the chief captain of the guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 21 31 hu5r 0 news came up to the chief captain The phrase "came up to" is used because the chief captain was in a fortress connected to the temple that was higher in elevation than the temple courtyard. -ACT 21 31 p85a 0 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers -ACT 21 31 u65r figs-hyperbole 0 all Jerusalem was in an uproar The word "Jerusalem" here represents the people of Jerusalem. The word "all" is an exaggeration to show a large crowd was upset. Alternate translation: "a lot of people in Jerusalem were in an uproar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 30 x2sx ἐπιλαβόμενοι τοῦ Παύλου 1 laid hold of Paul "seized Paul" or "grabbed Paul" +ACT 21 30 xd6r figs-explicit αἱ θύραι ἐκλείσθησαν εὐθέως ἐκλείσθησαν 1 the doors were immediately shut They shut the doors so that there would not be rioting in the temple area. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews immediately shut the temple doors" or "The temple guards immediately shut the doors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 31 d6vt figs-metonymy φάσις ἀνέβη τῷ χιλιάρχῳ τῆς σπείρης 1 news came up to the chief captain of the guard Here "news" refers to the messenger who went to speak the news. Alternate translation: "someone gave news to the chief captain of the guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 21 31 hu5r φάσις ἀνέβη τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 news came up to the chief captain The phrase "came up to" is used because the chief captain was in a fortress connected to the temple that was higher in elevation than the temple courtyard. +ACT 21 31 p85a τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers +ACT 21 31 u65r figs-hyperbole ὅλη Ἰερουσαλήμ συνχύννεται 1 all Jerusalem was in an uproar The word "Jerusalem" here represents the people of Jerusalem. The word "all" is an exaggeration to show a large crowd was upset. Alternate translation: "a lot of people in Jerusalem were in an uproar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 32 j81t 0 General Information: The first word "he" and the word "He" refer to the chief captain of the guard mentioned in [Acts 21:31](../21/31.md). -ACT 21 32 dgz5 0 ran down From the fortress, there are stairs going down into the court. -ACT 21 32 e4rj 0 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers -ACT 21 33 w28u 0 laid hold of Paul "took hold of Paul" or "arrested Paul" -ACT 21 33 zi4l figs-activepassive 0 commanded him to be bound This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded his soldiers to bind him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 33 xd9w 0 with two chains This means they bound Paul to two Roman soldiers, one on each side of him. -ACT 21 33 y6zw figs-quotations 0 he asked who he was and what he had done. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "He asked, 'Who is this man? What has he done?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ACT 21 33 fi22 0 he asked who he was The chief captain is speaking to the crowd, not to Paul. -ACT 21 34 pci2 figs-ellipsis 0 and others another The words "were shouting" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and others were shouting another" or "and others in the crowd were shouting something else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 21 34 k35e 0 the captain This was a military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers. -ACT 21 34 qcc6 figs-activepassive 0 he ordered that Paul be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he ordered his soldiers to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 34 w2qj 0 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. +ACT 21 32 dgz5 κατέδραμεν 1 ran down From the fortress, there are stairs going down into the court. +ACT 21 32 e4rj τὸν χιλίαρχον 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers +ACT 21 33 w28u ἐπελάβετο αὐτοῦ 1 laid hold of Paul "took hold of Paul" or "arrested Paul" +ACT 21 33 zi4l figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσε δεθῆναι 1 commanded him to be bound This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "commanded his soldiers to bind him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 33 xd9w ἁλύσεσι δυσί ἁλύσεσι 1 with two chains This means they bound Paul to two Roman soldiers, one on each side of him. +ACT 21 33 y6zw figs-quotations ἐπυνθάνετο τίς εἴη καὶ τί ἐστιν πεποιηκώς. 1 he asked who he was and what he had done. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "He asked, 'Who is this man? What has he done?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ACT 21 33 fi22 ἐπυνθάνετο τίς εἴη 1 he asked who he was The chief captain is speaking to the crowd, not to Paul. +ACT 21 34 pci2 figs-ellipsis ἄλλο 1 and others another The words "were shouting" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and others were shouting another" or "and others in the crowd were shouting something else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 21 34 k35e αὐτοῦ 1 the captain This was a military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers. +ACT 21 34 qcc6 figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν αὐτὸν ἄγεσθαι 1 he ordered that Paul be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he ordered his soldiers to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 34 w2qj εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. ACT 21 35 h9n7 figs-activepassive 0 When he came to the steps, he was carried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When Paul came to the steps of the fortress, the soldiers carried him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 36 kax6 figs-euphemism 0 Away with him The crowd is using somewhat milder and less exact language to ask for Paul's death. Alternate translation: "Put him to death" or "Kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ACT 21 37 j9xk figs-activepassive 0 As Paul was about to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As the soldiers were ready to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 21 37 qp63 0 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). -ACT 21 37 inl1 0 the chief captain a Roman military officer of about 600 soldiers +ACT 21 36 kax6 figs-euphemism αἶρε αὐτόν 1 Away with him The crowd is using somewhat milder and less exact language to ask for Paul's death. Alternate translation: "Put him to death" or "Kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ACT 21 37 j9xk figs-activepassive τε μέλλων εἰσάγεσθαι 1 As Paul was about to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As the soldiers were ready to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 21 37 qp63 τὴν παρεμβολὴν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). +ACT 21 37 inl1 τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer of about 600 soldiers ACT 21 37 p5cd figs-rquestion 0 The captain said, "Do you speak Greek? The chief captain uses this questions to express surprise that Paul is not who he thought he was. Alternate translation: "So you speak Greek." or "I didn't know you spoke Greek." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 21 38 xx2w figs-rquestion 0 Are you not then the Egyptian ... wilderness? The chief captain uses this question and the question "Do you speak Greek?" (verse 37) to express surprise that Paul is not who he thought he was. Possible meanings are 1) as in ULT, the chief captain believes that even though Paul speaks Greek, Paul is the Egyptian. "Even though you speak Greek, I still think you are the Egyptian ... wilderness." 2) Because Paul speaks Greek, the chief captain thinks that perhaps Paul is not the Egyptian. "So you speak Greek. Perhaps I was wrong to think you were that Egyptian ... wilderness." It is best to retain the questions if the reader can infer one of the two meanings from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 21 38 nxs6 figs-explicit 0 Are you not then the Egyptian Shortly before Paul's visit, an unnamed man from Egypt had launched a revolt against Rome in Jerusalem. Later he escaped into the wilderness and the commander wonders if Paul might be the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 21 38 lwi4 figs-abstractnouns 0 started a rebellion This word "rebellion" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "caused people to rebel against the Roman government" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 21 38 tqh6 translate-numbers 0 the four thousand men "the 4,000 terrorists" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 21 38 p2ym 0 Assassins This refers to a group of Jewish rebels who killed Romans and anyone who supported Romans. +ACT 21 38 nxs6 figs-explicit εἶ σὺ οὐκ ἄρα ὁ Αἰγύπτιος 1 Are you not then the Egyptian Shortly before Paul's visit, an unnamed man from Egypt had launched a revolt against Rome in Jerusalem. Later he escaped into the wilderness and the commander wonders if Paul might be the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 21 38 lwi4 figs-abstractnouns ἀναστατώσας 1 started a rebellion This word "rebellion" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "caused people to rebel against the Roman government" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 21 38 tqh6 translate-numbers τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους ἄνδρας 1 the four thousand men "the 4,000 terrorists" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 21 38 p2ym σικαρίων 1 Assassins This refers to a group of Jewish rebels who killed Romans and anyone who supported Romans. ACT 21 39 t6ax 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to defend what he did. -ACT 21 39 ys84 0 I ask you "I beg you" or "I plead with you" -ACT 21 39 a139 0 allow me "please allow me" or please permit me" -ACT 21 40 qp2q figs-abstractnouns 0 the captain had given him permission The word "permission" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "the captain permitted Paul to speak" or "the captain allowed Paul to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 21 40 a4y2 0 Paul stood on the steps The word "steps" here refers to the steps on the stairway to the fortress. -ACT 21 40 rk1y figs-explicit 0 motioned with the hand to the people It can be stated explicitly why Paul motioned with the hand. Alternate translation: "motioned with his hand for the people to be quiet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 21 40 xj6i 0 When there was a deep silence "When the people were completely silent" +ACT 21 39 ys84 δέομαι σου 1 I ask you "I beg you" or "I plead with you" +ACT 21 39 a139 ἐπίτρεψόν μοι 1 allow me "please allow me" or please permit me" +ACT 21 40 qp2q figs-abstractnouns αὐτοῦ ἐπιτρέψαντος 1 the captain had given him permission The word "permission" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "the captain permitted Paul to speak" or "the captain allowed Paul to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 21 40 a4y2 ὁ Παῦλος ἑστὼς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν 1 Paul stood on the steps The word "steps" here refers to the steps on the stairway to the fortress. +ACT 21 40 rk1y figs-explicit κατέσεισε τῇ χειρὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 motioned with the hand to the people It can be stated explicitly why Paul motioned with the hand. Alternate translation: "motioned with his hand for the people to be quiet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 21 40 xj6i δὲ γενομένης πολλῆς σιγῆς 1 When there was a deep silence "When the people were completely silent" ACT 22 intro gq5g 0 # Acts 22 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md))

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "In the Hebrew language"

Most Jews at this time spoke Aramaic and Greek. Most of the people who spoke Hebrew were educated Jewish scholars. This is why the people paid attention when Paul started speaking in Hebrew.

##### "The Way"

No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.

##### Roman citizenship

The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen.
ACT 22 1 kq95 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 2 gives background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 22 1 a8ir 0 Connecting Statement: Paul speaks to the Jewish crowd in Jerusalem. ACT 22 1 xe46 0 Brothers and fathers This is a polite way of addressing men who are Paul's age as well as the older men in the audience. ACT 22 1 pe8t 0 I will now make to you "I will now explain to you" or "I will now present to you" -ACT 22 2 b4sk 0 the Hebrew language The Hebrew language was the language of the Jews. -ACT 22 3 g311 figs-activepassive 0 but educated in this city at the feet of Gamaliel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but I was a student of rabbi Gamaliel here in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 22 3 d4dx figs-metonymy 0 at the feet of Gamaliel Here "feet" stands for the place where a student would sit while learning from a teacher. Alternate translation: "by Gamaliel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 22 3 b1dq 0 Gamaliel Gamaliel was one of the most prominent teachers of the Jewish law. See how you translated this name in [Acts 5:34](../05/34.md). -ACT 22 3 iz4g figs-activepassive 0 I was instructed according to the strict ways of the law of our fathers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He instructed me how to carefully obey every law of our forefathers" or "The instruction I received followed the exact details of the law of our forefathers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 22 3 lqk7 0 law of our fathers "law of our ancestors." This refers to the law that God gave to the people of Israel through Moses. -ACT 22 3 a8d6 0 I am zealous for God "I am completely dedicated to obeying God" or "I am passionate about my service to God" -ACT 22 3 dbl4 0 just as all of you are today "in the same way all of you are today." Paul compares himself with the crowd. -ACT 22 4 jy3z figs-metonymy 0 I persecuted this Way Here "this Way" represents the people who belonged to the group called "the Way." Alternate translation: "I persecuted the people who belonged to this Way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 22 4 bk4c 0 this Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated "the Way" in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). -ACT 22 4 dr8c figs-abstractnouns 0 to the death The word "death" can be translated with the verb "kill" or "die." Alternate translation: "and I looked for ways to kill them" or "and I even caused them to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 22 4 zd2r 0 binding up and delivering them to prison both men and women "tying up both men and women and taking them to prison" -ACT 22 5 v2km 0 can bear witness "can testify" or "can tell you" +ACT 22 2 b4sk τῇ Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ 1 the Hebrew language The Hebrew language was the language of the Jews. +ACT 22 3 g311 figs-activepassive δὲ ἀνατεθραμμένος ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ 1 but educated in this city at the feet of Gamaliel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but I was a student of rabbi Gamaliel here in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 3 d4dx figs-metonymy παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ 1 at the feet of Gamaliel Here "feet" stands for the place where a student would sit while learning from a teacher. Alternate translation: "by Gamaliel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 22 3 b1dq Γαμαλιήλ 1 Gamaliel Gamaliel was one of the most prominent teachers of the Jewish law. See how you translated this name in [Acts 5:34](../05/34.md). +ACT 22 3 iz4g figs-activepassive πεπαιδευμένος κατὰ ἀκρίβειαν τοῦ νόμου πατρῴου 1 I was instructed according to the strict ways of the law of our fathers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He instructed me how to carefully obey every law of our forefathers" or "The instruction I received followed the exact details of the law of our forefathers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 3 lqk7 νόμου πατρῴου 1 law of our fathers "law of our ancestors." This refers to the law that God gave to the people of Israel through Moses. +ACT 22 3 a8d6 ὑπάρχων ζηλωτὴς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I am zealous for God "I am completely dedicated to obeying God" or "I am passionate about my service to God" +ACT 22 3 dbl4 καθὼς πάντες ὑμεῖς ἐστε σήμερον 1 just as all of you are today "in the same way all of you are today." Paul compares himself with the crowd. +ACT 22 4 jy3z figs-metonymy ὃς ἐδίωξα ταύτην τὴν Ὁδὸν 1 I persecuted this Way Here "this Way" represents the people who belonged to the group called "the Way." Alternate translation: "I persecuted the people who belonged to this Way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 22 4 bk4c ταύτην τὴν Ὁδὸν 1 this Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated "the Way" in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). +ACT 22 4 dr8c figs-abstractnouns ἄχρι θανάτου 1 to the death The word "death" can be translated with the verb "kill" or "die." Alternate translation: "and I looked for ways to kill them" or "and I even caused them to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 22 4 zd2r δεσμεύων καὶ παραδιδοὺς εἰς φυλακὰς τε ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας 1 binding up and delivering them to prison both men and women "tying up both men and women and taking them to prison" +ACT 22 5 v2km μαρτυρεῖ 1 can bear witness "can testify" or "can tell you" ACT 22 5 i45u 0 I received letters from them "The high priests and elders gave me letters" -ACT 22 5 in72 0 for the brothers in Damascus Here "brothers" refers to "fellow Jews." -ACT 22 5 y82b 0 to bring them back in bonds to Jerusalem "They ordered me to bind with chains those of the Way and bring them back to Jerusalem" -ACT 22 5 ht9f figs-activepassive 0 in order for them to be punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in order that they may receive punishment" or "in order that the Jewish authorities could punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 5 in72 πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς εἰς Δαμασκὸν 1 for the brothers in Damascus Here "brothers" refers to "fellow Jews." +ACT 22 5 y82b τιμωρηθῶσιν 1 to bring them back in bonds to Jerusalem "They ordered me to bind with chains those of the Way and bring them back to Jerusalem" +ACT 22 5 ht9f figs-activepassive ἵνα τιμωρηθῶσιν 1 in order for them to be punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in order that they may receive punishment" or "in order that the Jewish authorities could punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 6 pe9s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul describes his encounter with Jesus. ACT 22 6 w4l7 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ACT 22 7 d6nd figs-synecdoche 0 heard a voice say to me Here "voice" stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: "I heard someone say to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 22 9 h95h figs-synecdoche 0 they did not understand the voice of him who spoke to me Here "voice" stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: "they did not understand what the one who spoke to me was saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 22 10 a91a figs-activepassive 0 there you will be told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there someone will tell you" or "there you will find out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 7 d6nd figs-synecdoche ἤκουσα φωνῆς λεγούσης μοι 1 heard a voice say to me Here "voice" stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: "I heard someone say to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 22 9 h95h figs-synecdoche ἤκουσαν οὐκ ἤκουσαν τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ λαλοῦντός μοι 1 they did not understand the voice of him who spoke to me Here "voice" stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: "they did not understand what the one who spoke to me was saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 22 10 a91a figs-activepassive κἀκεῖ σοι λαληθήσεται 1 there you will be told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there someone will tell you" or "there you will find out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 11 n1kb 0 I could not see because of that light's brightness "I was left blind because of that light's brightness" -ACT 22 11 n2n1 figs-synecdoche 0 being led by the hands of those who were with me, I came into Damascus Here "hands" stands for those leading Paul. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those with me guided me into Damascus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 11 n2n1 figs-synecdoche χειραγωγούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων μοι, ἦλθον εἰς Δαμασκόν 1 being led by the hands of those who were with me, I came into Damascus Here "hands" stands for those leading Paul. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those with me guided me into Damascus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 12 a17q 0 General Information: The words "He" and "him" refer to Ananias. -ACT 22 12 h5bh translate-names 0 Ananias Though this is not the same Ananias who died earlier in Acts [Acts 5:3](../05/03.md), you may translate it the same way though as you did in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 22 12 z1g3 0 devout man according to the law Ananias was very serious about following God's law. -ACT 22 12 e7uw figs-activepassive 0 well spoken of by all the Jews who lived there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews who lived there spoke well of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 22 13 un4g 0 Brother Saul Here "Brother" is a polite way to address someone. Alternate translation: "My friend Saul" -ACT 22 13 x3kc figs-abstractnouns 0 receive your sight The word"sight" can be translated with the verb "see." Alternate translation: "see again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 22 12 h5bh translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias Though this is not the same Ananias who died earlier in Acts [Acts 5:3](../05/03.md), you may translate it the same way though as you did in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 22 12 z1g3 εὐλαβὴς ἀνὴρ κατὰ τὸν νόμον 1 devout man according to the law Ananias was very serious about following God's law. +ACT 22 12 e7uw figs-activepassive μαρτυρούμενος ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν κατοικούντων Ἰουδαίων τῶν κατοικούντων 1 well spoken of by all the Jews who lived there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Jews who lived there spoke well of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 13 un4g ἀδελφέ Σαοὺλ 1 Brother Saul Here "Brother" is a polite way to address someone. Alternate translation: "My friend Saul" +ACT 22 13 x3kc figs-abstractnouns ἀνάβλεψον 1 receive your sight The word"sight" can be translated with the verb "see." Alternate translation: "see again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 22 13 se47 figs-idiom 0 In that very hour This was a customary way of saying something happened immediately. Alternate translation: "At that instant" or "Instantly" or "Immediately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 22 14 v2i7 0 General Information: The word "he" refers to Ananias ([Acts 22:12](../22/12.md)). ACT 22 14 k3ck 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes telling what had happened to him in Damascus. He quotes what Ananias said to him. This is still part of his speech to the crowd in Jerusalem. -ACT 22 14 k417 0 his will "what God is planning and will cause to happen" -ACT 22 14 dg8q figs-synecdoche 0 to hear the voice coming from his own mouth Both "voice" and "mouth" refer to the one speaking. Alternate translation: "to hear him speak directly to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 22 15 i5q8 figs-gendernotations 0 to all men Here "men" means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: "to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 22 14 k417 αὐτοῦ τὸ θέλημα 1 his will "what God is planning and will cause to happen" +ACT 22 14 dg8q figs-synecdoche ἀκοῦσαι φωνὴν ἐκ αὐτοῦ τοῦ στόματος 1 to hear the voice coming from his own mouth Both "voice" and "mouth" refer to the one speaking. Alternate translation: "to hear him speak directly to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 22 15 i5q8 figs-gendernotations πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 to all men Here "men" means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: "to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 22 16 bhg9 0 Now Here "now" does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -ACT 22 16 mmx9 figs-rquestion 0 why are you waiting? This question was asked to exhort Paul to be baptized. Alternate translation: "Do not wait!" or "Do not delay!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 22 16 lt2i figs-activepassive 0 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let me baptize you" or "receive baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 22 16 zr5p figs-metaphor 0 wash away your sins As washing one's body removes dirt, calling on the name of Jesus for forgiveness cleanses one's inner being from sin. Alternate translation: "ask forgiveness for your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 22 16 g5dq 0 calling on his name Here "name" refers to the Lord. Alternate translation: "calling on the Lord" or "trusting in the Lord" +ACT 22 16 mmx9 figs-rquestion τί μέλλεις? 1 why are you waiting? This question was asked to exhort Paul to be baptized. Alternate translation: "Do not wait!" or "Do not delay!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 22 16 lt2i figs-activepassive βάπτισαι 1 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "let me baptize you" or "receive baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 16 zr5p figs-metaphor ἀπόλουσαι σου τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 wash away your sins As washing one's body removes dirt, calling on the name of Jesus for forgiveness cleanses one's inner being from sin. Alternate translation: "ask forgiveness for your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 22 16 g5dq ἐπικαλεσάμενος αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 calling on his name Here "name" refers to the Lord. Alternate translation: "calling on the Lord" or "trusting in the Lord" ACT 22 17 znq6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to tell the crowd about his vision of Jesus. ACT 22 17 its2 0 it happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 22 17 yr9l figs-activepassive 0 I was given a vision This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I had a vision" or "God gave me a vision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 18 jy2c 0 I saw him say to me "I saw Jesus as he said to me" -ACT 22 18 qul6 0 they will not accept your testimony about me "those who live in Jerusalem will not believe what you tell them about me" +ACT 22 18 qul6 παραδέξονταί οὐ παραδέξονταί σου μαρτυρίαν περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 they will not accept your testimony about me "those who live in Jerusalem will not believe what you tell them about me" ACT 22 19 q5cl 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the non-believing Jews in Jerusalem. ACT 22 19 p7gz 0 Connecting Statement: This ends what Paul was able to say to the crowd of Jewish people by the fortress. -ACT 22 19 im4n figs-rpronouns 0 they themselves know The word "themselves" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ACT 22 19 da1e 0 in every synagogue Paul went to synagogues to find Jews who believed in Jesus. -ACT 22 20 y7t1 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of Stephen your witness was spilled Here "blood" stands for Stephen's life. To spill blood means to kill. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they killed Stephen who testified about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 19 im4n figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ ἐπίστανται 1 they themselves know The word "themselves" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 22 19 da1e κατὰ τὰς συναγωγὰς 1 in every synagogue Paul went to synagogues to find Jews who believed in Jesus. +ACT 22 20 y7t1 figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου σου τοῦ μάρτυρός ἐξεχύννετο 1 the blood of Stephen your witness was spilled Here "blood" stands for Stephen's life. To spill blood means to kill. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they killed Stephen who testified about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 22 fj9x 0 General Information: Here the words "him" and the first two words "he" refer to Paul. The word "He" and the last "he" refer to the chief captain. ACT 22 22 ta8z 0 Away with such a fellow from the earth The phrase "from the earth" adds emphasis to "Away with such a fellow." Alternate translation: "Kill him" ACT 22 23 ylr7 0 As they were "While they were." The phrase "As they were" is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. -ACT 22 23 b6a7 translate-symaction 0 throwing off their cloaks, and throwing dust into the air These actions show that the Jews there are outraged because they feel Paul has spoken against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ACT 22 24 x7zv 0 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers -ACT 22 24 h6gp figs-activepassive 0 commanded Paul to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "ordered his soldiers to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 22 24 sth6 0 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). +ACT 22 23 b6a7 translate-symaction ῥιπτούντων τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ βαλλόντων κονιορτὸν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα 1 throwing off their cloaks, and throwing dust into the air These actions show that the Jews there are outraged because they feel Paul has spoken against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ACT 22 24 x7zv χιλίαρχος 1 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers +ACT 22 24 h6gp figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν αὐτὸν εἰσάγεσθαι 1 commanded Paul to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "ordered his soldiers to bring Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 22 24 sth6 τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 22 24 pz47 figs-activepassive 0 He ordered that he should be questioned with scourging The commander wants Paul tortured by whipping him to ensure he tells the truth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He ordered his soldiers to whip Paul to force him to tell the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 22 24 e7fp figs-rpronouns 0 that he himself The word "himself" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ACT 22 24 e7fp figs-rpronouns οὕτως 1 that he himself The word "himself" is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 22 25 ar63 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the soldiers. ACT 22 25 st4k 0 the thongs These were strips of leather or animal hide. ACT 22 25 yjw3 figs-rquestion 0 Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman and who has not been put on trial? Paul uses this question to make the centurion check the validity of having his soldiers whip Paul. Alternate translation: "It is not lawful for you to whip a man who is a Roman and who was not given his legal right to a trial!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 22 26 pca7 figs-rquestion 0 What are you about to do? This question is used to urge the commander to reconsider his plan to whip Paul. Alternate translation: "You should not do this!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 22 26 pca7 figs-rquestion τί μέλλεις ποιεῖν? 1 What are you about to do? This question is used to urge the commander to reconsider his plan to whip Paul. Alternate translation: "You should not do this!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 22 27 pe31 0 General Information: Here the word "him" refers to Paul. ACT 22 27 e69y figs-go 0 The chief captain came Here "came" can be translated as "went." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 22 28 dr2w 0 It was only with a large amount of money "It was only after I paid a lot of money to the Roman authorities." The captain makes this statement because he knows how hard it is to become a Roman citizen, and he suspects Paul is not telling truth. ACT 22 28 r79c figs-abstractnouns 0 I acquired citizenship "I got citizenship." The word "citizenship" is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: "I became a citizen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 22 28 rly1 0 I was born a Roman citizen If the father is a Roman citizen, then his children become Roman citizens automatically when they are born. -ACT 22 29 ii8p 0 the men who were going to question "the men who planned to question" or "the men who were preparing to question" +ACT 22 29 ii8p οἱ μέλλοντες ἀνετάζειν 1 the men who were going to question "the men who planned to question" or "the men who were preparing to question" ACT 22 30 g33i 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to the chief captain. -ACT 22 30 np3d 0 chief captain a military officer of about 600 soldiers +ACT 22 30 np3d βουλόμενος 1 chief captain a military officer of about 600 soldiers ACT 22 30 kx58 figs-metonymy 0 So he untied his bonds Possibly the "chief officer" stands for the chief officers' soldiers. Alternate translation: "So the chief captain ordered his soldiers to untie Paul's bonds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 22 30 c5ia 0 he brought Paul down From the fortress, there is a stairway going down to the temple courts. +ACT 22 30 c5ia καταγαγὼν τὸν Παῦλον καταγαγὼν 1 he brought Paul down From the fortress, there is a stairway going down to the temple courts. ACT 23 intro gbw5 0 # Acts 23 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 23:5.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Resurrection of the dead

The Pharisees believed that after people died, they would become alive again and God would either reward them or punish them. The Sadducees believed that once people died, they stayed dead and would never become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])

##### "Called a curse"

Some Jews promised God that they would not eat or drink until they killed Paul, and they asked God to punish them if they did not do what they had promised to do.

##### Roman citizenship

The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Whitewash

This is a common metaphor in Scripture for appearing to be good or clean or righteous when one is evil or unclean or unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ACT 23 1 z2sq 0 Connecting Statement: Paul stands before the chief priests and the council members ([Acts 22:30](../22/30.md)). ACT 23 1 jru4 0 Brothers Here this means "Fellow Jews." -ACT 23 1 nn2q 0 I have lived before God in all good conscience until this day "I know that even to this day I have done what God has wanted me to do" -ACT 23 2 yz4n translate-names 0 Ananias This is the name of a man. Though this is the same name, this not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 23 3 igq4 figs-metaphor 0 whitewashed wall This refers to a wall that was painted white to make it look clean. Paul told Ananias that just as a wall can be painted to look clean so Ananias appeared to look morally clean, but he was really full of evil intent. Alternate translation: "whitepainted wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 23 1 nn2q ἐγὼ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ Θεῷ πάσῃ ἀγαθῇ συνειδήσει ἄχρι ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας 1 I have lived before God in all good conscience until this day "I know that even to this day I have done what God has wanted me to do" +ACT 23 2 yz4n translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias This is the name of a man. Though this is the same name, this not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 23 3 igq4 figs-metaphor κεκονιαμένε τοῖχε 1 whitewashed wall This refers to a wall that was painted white to make it look clean. Paul told Ananias that just as a wall can be painted to look clean so Ananias appeared to look morally clean, but he was really full of evil intent. Alternate translation: "whitepainted wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 23 3 un7g figs-rquestion 0 Are you sitting to judge ... against the law? Paul uses a question to point out Ananias' hypocrisy. Alternate translation: "You sit there to judge ... against the law." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 23 3 m6nb figs-activepassive 0 order me to be struck This can be stated in active form. You can use the same word for "strike" as you did in the phrase "God will strike you." Alternate translation: "command people to strike me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 3 m6nb figs-activepassive κελεύεις με τύπτεσθαι 1 order me to be struck This can be stated in active form. You can use the same word for "strike" as you did in the phrase "God will strike you." Alternate translation: "command people to strike me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 4 lkh8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this how you insult God's high priest? The men use this question to scold Paul for what he has said in [Acts 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: "Do not insult God's high priest!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 23 5 e8lg figs-explicit 0 For it is written Paul is about to quote what Moses wrote in the law. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Moses wrote in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 5 e8lg figs-explicit γὰρ γέγραπται 1 For it is written Paul is about to quote what Moses wrote in the law. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Moses wrote in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 6 pbe1 0 Brothers Here "Brothers" means "Fellow Jews" -ACT 23 6 as3f 0 a son of Pharisees Here "son" means he is the literal son of a Pharisee and also the descendant of Pharisees. Alternate translation: "and my father and forefathers were Pharisees" -ACT 23 6 iz18 figs-abstractnouns 0 the resurrection of the dead that I The word "resurrection" can be stated as "come back to life." The word "dead" can be stated as "those who have died." Alternate translation: "those who have died will come back to life, I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 23 6 ys5k figs-activepassive 0 I am being judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are judging me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 23 7 abs3 0 the crowd was divided "the people in the crowd strongly disagreed with one another" +ACT 23 6 as3f Φαρισαῖός υἱὸς Φαρισαίων 1 a son of Pharisees Here "son" means he is the literal son of a Pharisee and also the descendant of Pharisees. Alternate translation: "and my father and forefathers were Pharisees" +ACT 23 6 iz18 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίδος καὶ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 the resurrection of the dead that I The word "resurrection" can be stated as "come back to life." The word "dead" can be stated as "those who have died." Alternate translation: "those who have died will come back to life, I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ACT 23 6 ys5k figs-activepassive ἐγὼ κρίνομαι ἐγὼ 1 I am being judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are judging me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 7 abs3 τὸ πλῆθος ἐσχίσθη 1 the crowd was divided "the people in the crowd strongly disagreed with one another" ACT 23 8 gl1s writing-background 0 For the Sadducees ... but the Pharisees This is background information about the Sadducees and Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 23 9 eaf1 0 So a large uproar occurred "So they began shouting loudly at one another." The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened previously. In this case, the previous event is Paul's stating his belief in the resurrection. +ACT 23 9 eaf1 δὲ κραυγὴ μεγάλη κραυγὴ ἐγένετο 1 So a large uproar occurred "So they began shouting loudly at one another." The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened previously. In this case, the previous event is Paul's stating his belief in the resurrection. ACT 23 9 ayr8 figs-hypo 0 What if a spirit or an angel has spoken to him? The Pharisees are rebuking the Sadducees by affirming that spirits and angels do exist and can speak to people. Alternate translation: "Maybe a spirit or an angel has spoken with him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ACT 23 10 dr1d figs-abstractnouns 0 When there arose a great argument The words "a great argument" can be re-stated as "argue violently." Alternate translation: "When they began to argue violently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 23 10 s65i 0 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers -ACT 23 10 f568 figs-activepassive 0 Paul would be torn to pieces by them This can be stated in active form. The phrase "be torn to pieces" might be an exaggeration of how the people might harm Paul. Alternate translation: "they might tear Paul to pieces" or "they would cause Paul great physical harm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ACT 23 10 man3 0 take him by force "use physical force to take him away" -ACT 23 10 ap3c 0 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). +ACT 23 10 dr1d figs-abstractnouns δὲ γινομένης πολλῆς στάσεως 1 When there arose a great argument The words "a great argument" can be re-stated as "argue violently." Alternate translation: "When they began to argue violently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 23 10 s65i χιλίαρχος 1 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers +ACT 23 10 f568 figs-activepassive ὁ Παῦλος μὴ διασπασθῇ ὑπ’ αὐτῶν 1 Paul would be torn to pieces by them This can be stated in active form. The phrase "be torn to pieces" might be an exaggeration of how the people might harm Paul. Alternate translation: "they might tear Paul to pieces" or "they would cause Paul great physical harm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 23 10 man3 ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν ἁρπάσαι 1 take him by force "use physical force to take him away" +ACT 23 10 ap3c εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 23 11 i9w5 0 The following night This means the night after the day Paul went before the council. Alternate translation: "That night" ACT 23 11 r4q4 figs-ellipsis 0 bear witness in Rome The words "about me" are understood. Alternate translation: "bear witness about me in Rome" or "testify about me in Rome" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 23 12 fm3y 0 Connecting Statement: While Paul was in the prison at the fortress, the disbelieving religious Jews vow to kill him. -ACT 23 12 klb4 0 formed a conspiracy "organized a group with a shared purpose" here, to kill Paul. +ACT 23 12 klb4 ποιήσαντες συστροφὴν 1 formed a conspiracy "organized a group with a shared purpose" here, to kill Paul. ACT 23 12 g3sj figs-abstractnouns 0 called a curse down upon themselves with an oath The noun "curse" can be translated as a verb. It can also be made explicit what would cause them to be cursed. Alternate translation: "asked God to curse them if they did not do what they promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 23 13 f1u2 translate-numbers 0 forty men "40 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 23 13 u5s5 0 who formed this conspiracy "who made this plan" or "who planned to kill Paul" +ACT 23 13 f1u2 translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα οἱ 1 forty men "40 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 23 13 u5s5 ποιησάμενοι ταύτην τὴν συνωμοσίαν 1 who formed this conspiracy "who made this plan" or "who planned to kill Paul" ACT 23 14 zb6w figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "They" refers to the forty Jews in [Acts 23:13](../23/13.md). Here "you" is plural and refers to the chief priests and elders. Both "us" and "we" refer to the forty Jews who planned to kill Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 23 14 ur73 figs-metaphor 0 We have put ourselves under a great curse, to eat nothing until we have killed Paul To make a vow and to ask God to curse them if they do not fulfill their vow is spoken of as if the curse were an object that they carry on their shoulders. Alternate translation: "We have sworn to eat nothing until we have killed Paul. We asked God to curse us if we do not do what we promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 23 15 w418 0 Now, therefore "Because what we have just said is true" or "Because we have put ourselves under this curse" -ACT 23 15 q9e6 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -ACT 23 15 q9mb 0 bring him down to you "bring Paul from the fortress to meet with you" +ACT 23 14 ur73 figs-metaphor ἀνεθεματίσαμεν ἑαυτοὺς ἀνεθεματίσαμεν ἀναθέματι, γεύσασθαι μηδενὸς ἕως οὗ ἀποκτείνωμεν τὸν Παῦλον 1 We have put ourselves under a great curse, to eat nothing until we have killed Paul To make a vow and to ask God to curse them if they do not fulfill their vow is spoken of as if the curse were an object that they carry on their shoulders. Alternate translation: "We have sworn to eat nothing until we have killed Paul. We asked God to curse us if we do not do what we promised to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 23 15 w418 νῦν, οὖν 1 Now, therefore "Because what we have just said is true" or "Because we have put ourselves under this curse" +ACT 23 15 q9e6 νῦν 1 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +ACT 23 15 q9mb καταγάγῃ αὐτὸν καταγάγῃ εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 bring him down to you "bring Paul from the fortress to meet with you" ACT 23 15 m133 0 as if you would decide his case more precisely "as though you want to learn more about what Paul has done" ACT 23 16 d7cy 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers to Paul's nephew. The word "him" refers to the chief captain. -ACT 23 16 w6fe 0 Paul's sister's son "the son of Paul's sister" or "Paul's nephew" +ACT 23 16 w6fe τῷ Παύλῳ 1 Paul's sister's son "the son of Paul's sister" or "Paul's nephew" ACT 23 16 pj5h 0 they were lying in wait "they were ready to ambush Paul" or "they were waiting to kill Paul" -ACT 23 16 a5hx 0 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). +ACT 23 16 a5hx εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 23 18 lzf3 0 Paul the prisoner called me to him "Paul the prisoner asked me to come talk with him" -ACT 23 18 ju2b 0 this young man Since the chief captain calls him a young man, this suggests Paul's nephew may have been 12 to 15 years old. +ACT 23 18 ju2b τοῦτον τὸν νεανίαν 1 this young man Since the chief captain calls him a young man, this suggests Paul's nephew may have been 12 to 15 years old. ACT 23 19 yp12 0 chief captain took him by the hand Since the chief captain took the young man by the hand and calls him a young man (verse 18), this suggests Paul's nephew may have been 12 to 15 years old. -ACT 23 20 uv6r figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews have agreed This does not mean all Jews, but all of the group that was there. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews have agreed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 23 20 uv6r figs-synecdoche ὅτι οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι συνέθεντο 1 The Jews have agreed This does not mean all Jews, but all of the group that was there. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews have agreed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 23 20 wp5d 0 to bring down Paul "to bring Paul down from the fortress" ACT 23 20 fev5 0 they were going to ask more precisely about his case "they want to learn more about what Paul has done" ACT 23 21 vdr5 translate-numbers 0 forty men "40 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -2337,210 +2337,210 @@ ACT 23 21 r695 0 They have called a curse down on themselves, neither to eat n ACT 23 22 av3g 0 General Information: Here the word "he" refers the chief captain. ACT 23 22 av3g 0 General Information: Felix, who resided at Caesarea, was the roman governor of the area. ACT 23 23 wk7k 0 he called to him "he called to himself" -ACT 23 23 q741 translate-numbers 0 two of the centurions "2 of the centurions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 23 23 b7z3 translate-numbers 0 seventy horsemen "70 horsemen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 23 23 mgi9 translate-numbers 0 two hundred spearmen "200 soldiers that are armed with spears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 23 23 kg8s 0 third hour of the night This was about 9:00 p.m. at night. +ACT 23 23 q741 translate-numbers δύο τῶν ἑκατονταρχῶν 1 two of the centurions "2 of the centurions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 23 23 b7z3 translate-numbers ἱππεῖς ἑβδομήκοντα 1 seventy horsemen "70 horsemen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 23 23 mgi9 translate-numbers διακοσίους δεξιολάβους 1 two hundred spearmen "200 soldiers that are armed with spears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 23 23 kg8s τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νυκτός 1 third hour of the night This was about 9:00 p.m. at night. ACT 23 25 vg8x 0 General Information: The chief captain writes a letter to Governor Felix about the arrest of Paul. ACT 23 25 vg8x translate-names 0 General Information: Claudius Lysias is the name of the chief captain. Governor Felix was the Roman governor over the whole region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 23 26 zf93 figs-123person 0 Claudius Lysias to the most excellent Governor Felix, greetings This is a formal introduction to the letter. The chief captain begins by referring to himself. You can translate it in the first person. The words "am writing" are understood. Alternate translation: "I, Claudius Lysias, am writing to you, the most excellent Governor Felix. Greetings to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ACT 23 26 u2ih 0 to the most excellent Governor Felix "to Governor Felix who deserves greatest honors" -ACT 23 27 zr7l figs-synecdoche 0 This man was arrested by the Jews Here "Jews" means "some of the Jews." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews arrested this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 23 27 ha13 figs-activepassive 0 was about to be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they were ready to kill Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 23 27 v78t 0 I came upon them with soldiers "I with my soldiers arrived at the place where Paul and these Jews were" +ACT 23 26 zf93 figs-123person Κλαύδιος Λυσίας τῷ κρατίστῳ ἡγεμόνι Φήλικι, χαίρειν 1 Claudius Lysias to the most excellent Governor Felix, greetings This is a formal introduction to the letter. The chief captain begins by referring to himself. You can translate it in the first person. The words "am writing" are understood. Alternate translation: "I, Claudius Lysias, am writing to you, the most excellent Governor Felix. Greetings to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ACT 23 26 u2ih τῷ κρατίστῳ ἡγεμόνι Φήλικι 1 to the most excellent Governor Felix "to Governor Felix who deserves greatest honors" +ACT 23 27 zr7l figs-synecdoche τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα συνλημφθέντα ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 This man was arrested by the Jews Here "Jews" means "some of the Jews." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Some of the Jews arrested this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 27 ha13 figs-activepassive μέλλοντα ἀναιρεῖσθαι 1 was about to be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they were ready to kill Paul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 27 v78t ἐπιστὰς σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι 1 I came upon them with soldiers "I with my soldiers arrived at the place where Paul and these Jews were" ACT 23 28 lb1a 0 General Information: Here the word "I" refers to Claudius Lysias, the chief captain. ACT 23 28 lb1a 0 General Information: The word "they" refers to the group of Jews who accused Paul. ACT 23 28 lb1a figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" is singular and refers to Governor Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 23 28 pmq7 0 Connecting Statement: The chief captain ends his letter to Governor Felix. -ACT 23 29 zt4f figs-activepassive 0 that he was being accused about questions concerning This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that they were accusing him of questions about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 23 29 wsh2 figs-abstractnouns 0 but that there was no accusation against him that deserved death or imprisonment The abstract nouns "accusation," "death," and "imprisonment" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "but nobody accused him of anything that should cause Roman authorities to kill him or to send him to prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 23 30 i2ji figs-activepassive 0 Then it was made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Later I learned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 29 zt4f figs-activepassive εὗρον ὃν ἐνκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ 1 that he was being accused about questions concerning This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that they were accusing him of questions about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 23 29 wsh2 figs-abstractnouns δὲ ἔχοντα μηδὲν ἔγκλημα ἄξιον θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν 1 but that there was no accusation against him that deserved death or imprisonment The abstract nouns "accusation," "death," and "imprisonment" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "but nobody accused him of anything that should cause Roman authorities to kill him or to send him to prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 23 30 i2ji figs-activepassive δέ μηνυθείσης μοι 1 Then it was made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Later I learned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 31 ifs1 translate-names 0 General Information: Here the first word "him" refers to Paul; the second use of the word "him" refers to Governor Felix. Antipatris was a city built by Herod in honor of his father, Antipater. It stood at a site located today in central Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 23 31 s9rf 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul's time under arrest in Jerusalem and begins his time of arrest in Caesarea with Governor Felix. ACT 23 31 ny4k 0 So the soldiers obeyed their orders The word "so" marks an event that happened because of something else that happened previously. In this case, the previous event is the chief captain's commanding the soldiers to escort Paul. ACT 23 31 ptv4 0 They took Paul and brought him by night Here "brought" can be translated as "took." Alternate translation: "They got Paul and took him at night" ACT 23 34 u44w 0 General Information: Here the first and second words "he" refer to Governor Felix, the third word "he" and the word "him" refer to Paul, and the last word "he" refers to Governor Felix. The words "you" and your" refer to Paul. ACT 23 34 dtx1 figs-quotations 0 he asked what province Paul was from. When This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "he asked Paul, 'What province are you from?' When" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ACT 23 35 dwv2 figs-quotations 0 he said This sentence, which begins with the words "When he learned" in verse 43, can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "Paul said, 'I am from Cilicia.' Then the governor said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ACT 23 35 uji1 0 I will hear you fully "I will listen to all you have to say" -ACT 23 35 mga2 0 he commanded him to be kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he commanded soldiers to keep him" or "commanded soldiers to restrain him" +ACT 23 35 dwv2 figs-quotations ἔφη 1 he said This sentence, which begins with the words "When he learned" in verse 43, can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "Paul said, 'I am from Cilicia.' Then the governor said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ACT 23 35 uji1 διακούσομαί σου διακούσομαί 1 I will hear you fully "I will listen to all you have to say" +ACT 23 35 mga2 κελεύσας αὐτόν φυλάσσεσθαι 1 he commanded him to be kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he commanded soldiers to keep him" or "commanded soldiers to restrain him" ACT 24 intro j74u 0 # Acts 24 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul told the governor that he had not done what the Jews were accusing him of doing and that the governor should not punish him for what he did do.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Respect

Both the Jewish leaders ([Acts 24:2-4](./02.md)) and Paul ([Acts 24:10](../../act/24/10.md)) began their speeches with words that show respect to the governor.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Governmental leaders

The words "governor," "commander," and "centurion" may be difficult to translate into some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ACT 24 1 qw1r figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" refers to Felix, the governor. Here "we" refers to the citizens under Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 24 1 bc8k 0 Connecting Statement: Paul is on trial in Caesarea. Tertullus presents Governor Felix with the charges against Paul. ACT 24 1 e8rp 0 After five days "five days after the Roman soldiers took Paul to Caesarea" -ACT 24 1 n9gu translate-names 0 Ananias This is the name of a man. This is not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). See how you translated this in [Acts 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 24 1 n9gu translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias This is the name of a man. This is not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). See how you translated this in [Acts 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 1 f3vx 0 an orator "a lawyer." Tertullus was an expert in Roman law who was there to accuse Paul in court. -ACT 24 1 xm6c translate-names 0 Tertullus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 24 1 q7wj 0 went there "went to Caesarea where Paul was" -ACT 24 1 nq9x 0 before the governor "in the presence of the governor who was judge in the court" -ACT 24 1 zm5e 0 brought charges against Paul "began to argue the case before the governor that Paul had broken the law." -ACT 24 2 e6zg figs-exclusive 0 we have great peace Here "we" refers to the citizens under Felix. Alternate translation: "we, the people that you govern, have great peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 24 2 sv8c 0 and your foresight brings good reform to our nation "and your planning has greatly improved our nation" +ACT 24 1 xm6c translate-names Τερτύλλου 1 Tertullus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 24 1 q7wj κατέβη 1 went there "went to Caesarea where Paul was" +ACT 24 1 nq9x τῷ ἡγεμόνι 1 before the governor "in the presence of the governor who was judge in the court" +ACT 24 1 zm5e ἐνεφάνισαν κατὰ τοῦ Παύλου 1 brought charges against Paul "began to argue the case before the governor that Paul had broken the law." +ACT 24 2 e6zg figs-exclusive τυγχάνοντες πολλῆς εἰρήνης 1 we have great peace Here "we" refers to the citizens under Felix. Alternate translation: "we, the people that you govern, have great peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ACT 24 2 sv8c καὶ διὰ τῆς σῆς προνοίας γινομένων διορθωμάτων τῷ τούτῳ ἔθνει 1 and your foresight brings good reform to our nation "and your planning has greatly improved our nation" ACT 24 3 r5jl 0 so with all thankfulness we welcome everything that you do The word "thankfulness" is an abstract noun. It can be stated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: "so we are very thankful and we welcome everything that you do" or "so we thank you very much and welcome everything that you do" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun) -ACT 24 3 q3fj 0 most excellent Felix "Governor Felix who deserves greatest honor" Felix was the roman governor over the whole region. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 23:25](../23/25.md). +ACT 24 3 q3fj κράτιστε Φῆλιξ 1 most excellent Felix "Governor Felix who deserves greatest honor" Felix was the roman governor over the whole region. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 23:25](../23/25.md). ACT 24 4 tyq8 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word "we" refers to Ananias, certain elders, and Tertullus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 24 4 jww2 0 So that I detain you no more Possible meanings are 1) "so that I will not take up too much of your time" or 2) "so that I will not tire you" ACT 24 4 xfm5 0 briefly listen to me with kindness "kindly listen to my short speech" -ACT 24 5 i1qs figs-metaphor 0 this man to be a pest This speaks of Paul as if he were a plague that spreads from one person to another. Alternate translation: "this man to be a trouble maker" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 24 5 k1v1 figs-hyperbole 0 all the Jews throughout the world The word "all" here is probably an exaggeration used to strengthen their accusation against Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 24 5 i1qs figs-metaphor τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα εὑρόντες λοιμὸν 1 this man to be a pest This speaks of Paul as if he were a plague that spreads from one person to another. Alternate translation: "this man to be a trouble maker" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 24 5 k1v1 figs-hyperbole πᾶσι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις τοῖς κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 all the Jews throughout the world The word "all" here is probably an exaggeration used to strengthen their accusation against Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 24 5 zg4a figs-explicit 0 He is a leader of the Nazarene sect The phrase "Nazarene sect" is another name for the Christians. Alternate translation: "He also leads the entire group whom people call the followers of the Nazarene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 24 5 n6zb 0 sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. +ACT 24 5 n6zb αἱρέσεως 1 sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. ACT 24 7 ujn8 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" is singular and refers to Governor Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 24 7 xkr4 0 Connecting Statement: Tertullus finishes presenting the charges against Paul before Governor Felix. ACT 24 8 e26a 0 to learn about these charges we are bringing against him "to learn whether or not these charges that we bring against him are true" or "to learn whether or not he is guilty of the things we accuse him of" ACT 24 9 rq5f figs-synecdoche 0 The Jews This refers to the Jewish leaders who were there at Paul's trial. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 24 10 my1c 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the Jews who were accusing Paul. ACT 24 10 ict8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul responds to Governor Felix about the charges brought against him. -ACT 24 10 s92a 0 the governor motioned "the governor gestured" -ACT 24 10 uu7a figs-metonymy 0 a judge to this nation Here "nation" refers to the people of the Jewish nation. Alternate translation: "a judge for the people of the Jewish nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 24 10 s92a τοῦ ἡγεμόνος νεύσαντος 1 the governor motioned "the governor gestured" +ACT 24 10 uu7a figs-metonymy κριτὴν τῷ ἔθνει τούτῳ τῷ ἔθνει 1 a judge to this nation Here "nation" refers to the people of the Jewish nation. Alternate translation: "a judge for the people of the Jewish nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 24 10 sr5t 0 explain myself "explain my situation" -ACT 24 11 dr4u translate-numbers 0 twelve days since "12 days since" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 24 11 dr4u translate-numbers δώδεκα ἡμέραι ἀφ’ ἧς 1 twelve days since "12 days since" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 24 12 wbf6 figs-metaphor 0 I did not stir up a crowd "Stir up" here is a metaphor for agitating people into unrest, just as stirring a liquid agitates it. Alternate translation: "I did not provoke the crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 24 13 m3yk 0 the accusations "the blames for wrongdoings" or "the charges for crimes" -ACT 24 14 c5xa 0 I confess this to you "I acknowledge this to you" -ACT 24 14 k79p 0 that according to the Way The phrase "the Way" was a title used for Christianity during Paul's time. -ACT 24 14 rqu3 0 they call a sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. See how you translated "sect" in [Acts 24:5](../24/05.md). -ACT 24 14 cg73 0 in that same way I serve the God of our fathers Paul uses the phrase "in that same way" to mean that he, as a believer in Jesus, serves God the same way as their Jewish ancestors did. He is not leading a "sect" or teaching something new that is opposed to their ancient religion. +ACT 24 14 c5xa ὁμολογῶ τοῦτό σοι 1 I confess this to you "I acknowledge this to you" +ACT 24 14 k79p ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ὁδὸν 1 that according to the Way The phrase "the Way" was a title used for Christianity during Paul's time. +ACT 24 14 rqu3 λέγουσιν αἵρεσιν 1 they call a sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. See how you translated "sect" in [Acts 24:5](../24/05.md). +ACT 24 14 cg73 οὕτως λατρεύω τῷ Θεῷ πατρῴῳ 1 in that same way I serve the God of our fathers Paul uses the phrase "in that same way" to mean that he, as a believer in Jesus, serves God the same way as their Jewish ancestors did. He is not leading a "sect" or teaching something new that is opposed to their ancient religion. ACT 24 15 nv5a 0 as these men "as these men have." Here "these men" refers to the Jews who are accusing Paul in court. ACT 24 15 qza8 figs-abstractnouns 0 that there will be a resurrection of both the righteous and the wicked The abstract noun "resurrection" can be stated with the verb "resurrect." Alternate translation: "that God will resurrect all who have died, both the righteous and the unrighteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 24 15 x1yd figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous and the wicked These nominal adjectives refer to righteous people and wicked people. AT "righteous people and wicked people" or "those who have done what is right and those who have done what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 24 16 sfw4 0 I always strive "I always work hard" or "I do my best" -ACT 24 16 kcg8 figs-metonymy 0 to have a clear conscience before God Here "conscience" refers to a person's inner morality that chooses between right and wrong. Alternate translation: "to be blameless" or "to always do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 24 16 va3b 0 before God "in the presence of God" -ACT 24 17 p92m 0 Now This word marks a shift in Paul's argument. Here he explains the situation in Jerusalem when some of the Jews arrested him. -ACT 24 17 py9v 0 after many years "after many years away from Jerusalem" +ACT 24 15 x1yd figs-nominaladj δικαίων καὶ ἀδίκων 1 the righteous and the wicked These nominal adjectives refer to righteous people and wicked people. AT "righteous people and wicked people" or "those who have done what is right and those who have done what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ACT 24 16 sfw4 αὐτὸς διὰ ἀσκῶ 1 I always strive "I always work hard" or "I do my best" +ACT 24 16 kcg8 figs-metonymy ἔχειν ἀπρόσκοπον συνείδησιν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 to have a clear conscience before God Here "conscience" refers to a person's inner morality that chooses between right and wrong. Alternate translation: "to be blameless" or "to always do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 24 16 va3b πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 before God "in the presence of God" +ACT 24 17 p92m δὲ 1 Now This word marks a shift in Paul's argument. Here he explains the situation in Jerusalem when some of the Jews arrested him. +ACT 24 17 py9v δι’ πλειόνων ἐτῶν 1 after many years "after many years away from Jerusalem" ACT 24 17 ryk6 figs-go 0 I came to bring help to my nation and gifts of money Here "I came" can be translated as "I went." Alternate translation: "I went to help my people by bringing them money as a gift" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 24 18 pk2m 0 in a purification ceremony in the temple "in the temple after I had finished a ceremony to purify myself" ACT 24 18 x6iy figs-explicit 0 not with a crowd or an uproar This can be stated as a separate new sentence. Alternate translation: "I had not gathered a crowd nor was I trying to start a riot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 24 19 s528 0 These men "The Jews from Asia" -ACT 24 19 ntg3 0 if they have anything "if they have anything to say" +ACT 24 19 ntg3 εἴ ἔχοιεν τι 1 if they have anything "if they have anything to say" ACT 24 20 npt5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes responding to Governor Felix about the charges brought against him. -ACT 24 20 ag5d 0 these same men This refers to the members of the council who were present in Jerusalem at Paul's trial. -ACT 24 20 hnt9 0 should say what wrong they found in me "should say the wrong thing I did that they were able to prove" +ACT 24 20 ag5d αὐτοὶ 1 these same men This refers to the members of the council who were present in Jerusalem at Paul's trial. +ACT 24 20 hnt9 εἰπάτωσαν τί ἀδίκημα εὗρον μου 1 should say what wrong they found in me "should say the wrong thing I did that they were able to prove" ACT 24 21 ds1s figs-abstractnouns 0 It is concerning the resurrection of the dead The abstract noun "resurrection" can be stated as "God brings back to life." Alternate translation: "It is because I believe that God will bring back to life those who have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ACT 24 21 d2lm figs-activepassive 0 I am on trial before you today This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are judging me today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 24 21 d2lm figs-activepassive ἐγὼ κρίνομαι ἐφ’ ὑμῶν σήμερον 1 I am on trial before you today This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you are judging me today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 24 22 w1tn translate-names 0 General Information: Felix is the Roman governor of the area who resides at Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:24](../23/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 24 22 a87f 0 the Way This is a title for Christianity. See how you translated this in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). -ACT 24 22 y3pg 0 When Lysias the commander comes down "when Lysias the commander comes down" or "at the time Lysias the commander comes down" -ACT 24 22 k1f7 0 Lysias This is the name of the chief captain. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:26](../23/26.md). -ACT 24 22 z5f9 0 comes down from Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than Caesarea so it was normal for them to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. +ACT 24 22 a87f τῆς Ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This is a title for Christianity. See how you translated this in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). +ACT 24 22 y3pg ὅταν Λυσίας ὁ χιλίαρχος καταβῇ 1 When Lysias the commander comes down "when Lysias the commander comes down" or "at the time Lysias the commander comes down" +ACT 24 22 k1f7 Λυσίας 1 Lysias This is the name of the chief captain. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:26](../23/26.md). +ACT 24 22 z5f9 καταβῇ 1 comes down from Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than Caesarea so it was normal for them to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. ACT 24 22 ldi8 0 I will decide your case "I will make a decision concerning these accusations against you" or "I will judge whether you are guilty" -ACT 24 23 sxy2 0 have some freedom "grant Paul some freedom not otherwise granted to prisoners" +ACT 24 23 sxy2 ἔχειν ἄνεσιν 1 have some freedom "grant Paul some freedom not otherwise granted to prisoners" ACT 24 24 wus4 0 After some days "After several days" ACT 24 24 qy9y translate-names 0 Drusilla his wife Drusilla is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 24 24 xmq5 figs-explicit 0 a Jewess This means a female Jew. Alternate translation: "who was a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 24 25 b8v1 0 Felix became frightened Felix may have felt conviction of his sins. -ACT 24 25 p8yi 0 for now "for the present time" +ACT 24 24 xmq5 figs-explicit Ἰουδαίᾳ 1 a Jewess This means a female Jew. Alternate translation: "who was a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 24 25 b8v1 ὁ Φῆλιξ γενόμενος ἔμφοβος 1 Felix became frightened Felix may have felt conviction of his sins. +ACT 24 25 p8yi τὸ νῦν ἔχον 1 for now "for the present time" ACT 24 26 h4v7 0 Paul to give money to him Felix was hoping Paul would offer him a bribe to set him free. ACT 24 26 n45p 0 so he often sent for him and spoke with him "so Felix often sent for Paul and spoke with Paul" -ACT 24 27 ur2y translate-names 0 Porcius Festus This was the new roman Governor who replaced Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 24 27 p59c figs-synecdoche 0 wanted to gain favor with the Jews Here "the Jews" refers to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "wanted the Jewish leaders to like him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 24 27 gln6 0 he left Paul to continue under guard "he left Paul in prison" +ACT 24 27 ur2y translate-names Πόρκιον Φῆστον 1 Porcius Festus This was the new roman Governor who replaced Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 24 27 p59c figs-synecdoche θέλων καταθέσθαι χάριτα τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 wanted to gain favor with the Jews Here "the Jews" refers to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "wanted the Jewish leaders to like him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 24 27 gln6 ὁ Φῆλιξ κατέλιπε τὸν Παῦλον δεδεμένον 1 he left Paul to continue under guard "he left Paul in prison" ACT 25 intro b6uk 0 # Acts 25 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Favor

This word is used in two different ways in this chapter. When the Jewish leaders asked Festus for a favor, they were asking him to do something special for them on that day. They wanted him to do for them something that he would not usually do. When Festus "wanted to gain the favor of the Jews," he wanted them to like him and be willing to obey him in the months and years to come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])

##### Roman citizenship

The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. Roman officials could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way they would treat a non-citizen.

ACT 25 1 c84u 0 General Information: Festus becomes the governor of Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 24:27](../24/27.md). ACT 25 1 tj76 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to be a prisoner in Caesarea. -ACT 25 1 w8h3 0 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. -ACT 25 1 i7t9 0 Festus entered the province Possible meanings are 1) Festus arrived in the area to begin his rule or 2) Festus simply arrived in the area. -ACT 25 1 zz4l 0 he went from Caesarea up to Jerusalem The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. +ACT 25 1 w8h3 οὖν 1 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. +ACT 25 1 i7t9 Φῆστος ἐπιβὰς τῇ ἐπαρχείᾳ 1 Festus entered the province Possible meanings are 1) Festus arrived in the area to begin his rule or 2) Festus simply arrived in the area. +ACT 25 1 zz4l ἀνέβη ἀπὸ Καισαρείας ἀνέβη εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 he went from Caesarea up to Jerusalem The phrase "went up" is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. ACT 25 2 qnc8 figs-metaphor 0 The chief priest and the prominent Jews brought accusations against Paul This speaks about accusations as if they were an object that a person could bring to someone else. Alternate translation: "The chief priest and the important Jews accused Paul to Festus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 25 2 uj5p 0 they urged him Here the word "him" refers to Festus. +ACT 25 2 uj5p παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν 1 they urged him Here the word "him" refers to Festus. ACT 25 3 w8um 0 asked him for a favor Here the word "him" refers to Festus. -ACT 25 3 qz46 0 that Festus might summon Paul to Jerusalem This means that Festus would order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "that he might order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem" +ACT 25 3 qz46 ὅπως μεταπέμψηται αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 that Festus might summon Paul to Jerusalem This means that Festus would order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "that he might order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem" ACT 25 3 pg8x 0 so that they could kill him along the way They were going to ambush Paul. ACT 25 4 p3tt figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" refers to Festus and the Romans traveling with him, but not to his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 25 4 v5f9 figs-quotations 0 Festus answered that Paul was being held at Caesarea, and that he himself was going there soon. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "But Festus said, 'Paul is being held prisoner in Caesarea, and I myself will soon return there.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 25 5 a54h writing-quotations 0 "Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us The phrase "he said" can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: "Then he said, 'Therefore, those who are able to go to Caesarea should go there with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -ACT 25 5 iz98 0 If there is something wrong with the man "If Paul has done something wrong" +ACT 25 5 iz98 εἴ ἐστιν τί ἄτοπον ἐν τῷ ἀνδρὶ 1 If there is something wrong with the man "If Paul has done something wrong" ACT 25 5 nei6 0 you should accuse him "you should accuse him of violating laws" or "you should bring charges against him" ACT 25 6 fi27 0 General Information: Here the first three times the word "he" is used as well as the word "him," the words refer to Festus. The fourth word "he" refers to Paul. The word "they" refers to the Jews who came from Jerusalem. -ACT 25 6 s69c 0 down to Caesarea Jerusalem is higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. -ACT 25 6 qv24 figs-metonymy 0 sat in the judgment seat Here "judgment seat" refers to Festus' ruling as judge over Paul's trial. Alternate translation: "sat upon the seat where he acted as judge" or "he sat down as judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 25 6 j7c5 figs-activepassive 0 Paul to be brought to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his soldiers bring Paul to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 25 6 s69c καταβὰς εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 down to Caesarea Jerusalem is higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. +ACT 25 6 qv24 figs-metonymy καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος 1 sat in the judgment seat Here "judgment seat" refers to Festus' ruling as judge over Paul's trial. Alternate translation: "sat upon the seat where he acted as judge" or "he sat down as judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 25 6 j7c5 figs-activepassive τὸν Παῦλον ἀχθῆναι 1 Paul to be brought to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his soldiers bring Paul to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 7 v4v8 0 When he arrived "When he came and stood before Festus" ACT 25 7 e7g2 figs-metaphor 0 they brought many serious charges Charging a person with a crime is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could bring to court. Alternate translation: "they spoke against Paul many serious things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 25 8 hc3w figs-synecdoche 0 against the temple Paul says he did not break any rules about who could enter the Jerusalem temple. Alternate translation: "against the entry rules of the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 25 8 hc3w figs-synecdoche εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 against the temple Paul says he did not break any rules about who could enter the Jerusalem temple. Alternate translation: "against the entry rules of the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 25 9 m49r 0 Connecting Statement: Paul asks to be taken before Caesar for judgment. ACT 25 9 b49x figs-synecdoche 0 wanted to gain the favor of the Jews Here "the Jews" means the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: "wanted to please the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ACT 25 9 qe8h 0 to go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of going up to Jerusalem. +ACT 25 9 qe8h ἀναβὰς εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 to go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of going up to Jerusalem. ACT 25 9 wi2d figs-activepassive 0 and to be judged by me about these things there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where I will judge you with regard to these charges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 10 u1ef figs-metonymy 0 I stand before the judgment seat of Caesar where I must be judged The "judgment seat" refers to Caesar's authority to judge Paul. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I ask to go before Caesar, so he can judge me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 11 el9d figs-hypo 0 Though if I have done wrong ... no one may hand me over to them Paul is stating a hypothetical situation. If he were guilty, he would accept the punishment, but he knows that he is not guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ACT 25 11 ta55 0 if I have done what is worthy of death "if I have done some wrong that deserves the death penalty" ACT 25 11 hxr1 0 if their accusations are nothing "if the charges against me are not true" ACT 25 11 hr23 0 no one may hand me over to them Possible meanings are 1) Festus does not have the legal authority to hand Paul over to these false accusers or 2) Paul was saying that if he has done nothing wrong, the governor should not give into the request of the Jews. -ACT 25 11 b1bf 0 I appeal to Caesar "I ask that I go before Caesar so he can judge me" -ACT 25 12 t96z 0 with the council This is not the Sanhedrin that is referred to as "council" throughout Acts. This is a political council in the Roman government. Alternate translation: "with his own government advisors" +ACT 25 11 b1bf ἐπικαλοῦμαι Καίσαρα 1 I appeal to Caesar "I ask that I go before Caesar so he can judge me" +ACT 25 12 t96z μετὰ τοῦ συμβουλίου 1 with the council This is not the Sanhedrin that is referred to as "council" throughout Acts. This is a political council in the Roman government. Alternate translation: "with his own government advisors" ACT 25 13 izu8 writing-participants 0 General Information: King Agrippa and Bernice are new people in the story. Though he ruled over only a few territories, King Agrippa is the current reigning king in Palestine. Bernice is Agrippa's sister.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 25 13 ge5h 0 Connecting Statement: Festus explains Paul's case to King Agrippa. -ACT 25 13 c3gc 0 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. -ACT 25 13 ukd3 0 to pay an official visit to Festus "to visit Festus concerning official matters" +ACT 25 13 c3gc δὲ 1 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. +ACT 25 13 ukd3 ἀσπασάμενοι τὸν Φῆστον 1 to pay an official visit to Festus "to visit Festus concerning official matters" ACT 25 14 x8jf figs-activepassive 0 A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When Felix left office, he left a man in prison here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 25 14 z7yw 0 Felix Felix was the Roman governor of the area who resided in Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:24](../23/24.md). -ACT 25 15 b6hx figs-metaphor 0 brought charges against this man To charge someone in court is spoken of as if it were an object that a person brings to court. Alternate translation: "spoke to me against this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 25 14 z7yw Φήλικος 1 Felix Felix was the Roman governor of the area who resided in Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:24](../23/24.md). +ACT 25 15 b6hx figs-metaphor ἐνεφάνισαν περὶ οὗ 1 brought charges against this man To charge someone in court is spoken of as if it were an object that a person brings to court. Alternate translation: "spoke to me against this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 15 hyp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 they asked for a sentence of condemnation against him The abstract nouns "sentence" and "condemnation" can be expressed as verbs. The phrase "a sentence of condemnation" implies that they were requesting that Paul be executed. Alternate translation: "they asked me to sentence him to death" or "they asked me to condemn him to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 25 16 e4tk figs-metaphor 0 to hand over anyone Here "hand over" represents sending someone to people who will punish or kill him. Alternate translation: "let someone punish anyone" or "to condemn anyone to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 16 xjb4 figs-idiom 0 before the accused had faced his accusers Here "faced his accusers" is an idiom that means to meet with the people who accuse him. Alternate translation: "before the person whom others have accused of a crime had met directly with those who accused him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 25 17 z6g2 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." Fetus had just said that an accused man should be able to face his accusers and make his defense. -ACT 25 17 rm5z 0 when they came together here "when the Jewish leaders came to meet with me here" -ACT 25 17 efe2 figs-metonymy 0 I sat in the judgment seat Here "judgment seat" refers to Festus ruling over Paul's trial as judge. Alternate translation: "I sat upon the seat to act as judge" or "I sat down as judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 25 17 hm6g figs-activepassive 0 I ordered the man to be brought in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I ordered the soldiers to bring Paul before me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 25 19 d1qm 0 their own religion Here "religion" means the belief system people have toward life and the supernatural. +ACT 25 17 z6g2 οὖν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." Fetus had just said that an accused man should be able to face his accusers and make his defense. +ACT 25 17 rm5z συνελθόντων ἐνθάδε 1 when they came together here "when the Jewish leaders came to meet with me here" +ACT 25 17 efe2 figs-metonymy καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος 1 I sat in the judgment seat Here "judgment seat" refers to Festus ruling over Paul's trial as judge. Alternate translation: "I sat upon the seat to act as judge" or "I sat down as judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 25 17 hm6g figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσα τὸν ἄνδρα ἀχθῆναι 1 I ordered the man to be brought in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I ordered the soldiers to bring Paul before me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 25 19 d1qm τῆς ἰδίας δεισιδαιμονίας 1 their own religion Here "religion" means the belief system people have toward life and the supernatural. ACT 25 20 y9bv figs-idiom 0 to stand trial there about these charges To "stand trial" is an idiom meaning to speak to a judge so the judge can decide if a person is right or wrong. Alternate translation: "to go to trial about these charges" or "for a judge to decide if these charges against him are true or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 25 21 yli3 0 Connecting Statement: Festus finishes explaining Paul's case to King Agrippa. -ACT 25 21 ie7x figs-activepassive 0 But when Paul appealed to be kept in custody while awaiting the decision of the emperor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But when Paul insisted that he stay under Roman guard until the time when the emperor could decide his case" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 25 21 ceq2 figs-activepassive 0 I ordered him to be held in custody This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I ordered the soldiers to keep him in custody" or "I told the soldiers to guard him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 25 22 t322 writing-quotations 0 "Tomorrow," Festus said, "you will hear him." The phrase "Festus said" can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: "Festus said, 'I will arrange for you to listen to Paul tomorrow.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ACT 25 21 ie7x figs-activepassive τοῦ δὲ Παύλου ἐπικαλεσαμένου τοῦ δὲ Παύλου ἐπικαλεσαμένου τηρηθῆναι αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν διάγνωσιν τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ 1 But when Paul appealed to be kept in custody while awaiting the decision of the emperor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But when Paul insisted that he stay under Roman guard until the time when the emperor could decide his case" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 25 21 ceq2 figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσα αὐτὸν τηρεῖσθαι 1 I ordered him to be held in custody This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I ordered the soldiers to keep him in custody" or "I told the soldiers to guard him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 25 22 t322 writing-quotations ."" αὔριον," φησίν," ἀκούσῃ αὐτοῦ." 1 "Tomorrow," Festus said, "you will hear him." The phrase "Festus said" can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: "Festus said, 'I will arrange for you to listen to Paul tomorrow.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ACT 25 23 y1yj 0 General Information: Though he ruled over only a few territories, Agrippa was the current reigning king in Palestine. Bernice was his sister. See how you translated these names in [Acts 25:13](../25/13.md). ACT 25 23 qlm5 0 Connecting Statement: Festus again gives information about Paul's case to King Agrippa. -ACT 25 23 yw76 0 with much ceremony "with a great ceremony to honor them" -ACT 25 23 ldb7 0 the hall This was a large room where people gathered for ceremonies, trials, and other events. -ACT 25 23 at4t figs-activepassive 0 Paul was brought to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the soldiers brought Paul to appear before them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 25 24 n8qj figs-hyperbole 0 all the multitude of Jews The word "all" is an exaggeration used to emphasize that a great number of Jews wanted Paul to die. Alternate translation: "a great number of the Jews" or "many of the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 25 23 yw76 μετὰ πολλῆς φαντασίας 1 with much ceremony "with a great ceremony to honor them" +ACT 25 23 ldb7 τὸ ἀκροατήριον 1 the hall This was a large room where people gathered for ceremonies, trials, and other events. +ACT 25 23 at4t figs-activepassive ὁ Παῦλος ἤχθη 1 Paul was brought to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the soldiers brought Paul to appear before them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 25 24 n8qj figs-hyperbole ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 all the multitude of Jews The word "all" is an exaggeration used to emphasize that a great number of Jews wanted Paul to die. Alternate translation: "a great number of the Jews" or "many of the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 25 24 ae3v 0 they shouted to me "they spoke very strongly to me" ACT 25 24 yv2q figs-litotes 0 he should no longer live This statement is made in the negative to emphasize the positive equivalent. Alternate translation: "he should die immediately" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 25 25 fe2n figs-you 0 General Information: Here the first "you" is plural; the second "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 25 25 f6hy 0 because he appealed to the emperor "because he said that he wanted the emperor to judge him" -ACT 25 25 g856 0 the emperor The emperor was the ruler of the Roman empire. He ruled over many countries and provinces. +ACT 25 25 g856 τὸν Σεβαστὸν 1 the emperor The emperor was the ruler of the Roman empire. He ruled over many countries and provinces. ACT 25 26 jcq2 0 I have brought him to you, especially to you, King Agrippa "I have brought Paul to all of you, but especially to you, King Agrippa." ACT 25 26 rhy2 0 so that I might have something more to write "so that I will have something else to write" or "so that I will know what I should write" ACT 25 27 txs6 figs-doublenegatives 0 it seems unreasonable for me to send a prisoner and to not also state The negative words "unreasonable" and "to not" can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "it seems reasonable to me that if I send a prisoner then I should also state" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ACT 25 27 xm65 0 the charges against him Possible meanings are 1) the accusations that the Jewish leaders have brought against him or 2) the charges under Roman law that apply to Paul's case. +ACT 25 27 xm65 τὰς αἰτίας κατ’ αὐτοῦ 1 the charges against him Possible meanings are 1) the accusations that the Jewish leaders have brought against him or 2) the charges under Roman law that apply to Paul's case. ACT 26 intro e2q6 0 # Acts 26 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This is the third account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 22](../22/01.md))

Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governor should not punish him for that.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Light and darkness

The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
ACT 26 1 b34d 0 Connecting Statement: Festus has brought Paul before King Agrippa. In verse 2, Paul gives his defense to King Agrippa. -ACT 26 1 gz9f 0 Agrippa Agrippa was the current reigning king in Palestine, though he ruled over only a few territories. See how you translated this name in [Acts 25:13](../25/13.md). -ACT 26 1 wme6 0 stretched out his hand "held out his hand" or "gestured with his hand" -ACT 26 1 vni8 figs-abstractnouns 0 made his defense The abstract noun "defense" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "began to defend himself against those who were accusing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 26 1 gz9f Ἀγρίππας 1 Agrippa Agrippa was the current reigning king in Palestine, though he ruled over only a few territories. See how you translated this name in [Acts 25:13](../25/13.md). +ACT 26 1 wme6 ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα 1 stretched out his hand "held out his hand" or "gestured with his hand" +ACT 26 1 vni8 figs-abstractnouns ἀπελογεῖτο 1 made his defense The abstract noun "defense" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "began to defend himself against those who were accusing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 26 2 ha47 0 I regard myself as happy Paul was happy because he considered his appearance before Agrippa to be an opportunity to speak about the gospel. ACT 26 2 xhz1 0 to make my case This phrase means to describe one's situation, so that those in court can discuss and make a decision about it. Alternate translation: "to defend myself" ACT 26 2 mdq2 figs-abstractnouns 0 against all the accusations of the Jews The abstract noun "accusations" can be stated as the verb "accuse." Alternate translation: "against all the Jews who are accusing me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 26 2 cbr3 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 26 2 cbr3 figs-synecdoche Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 3 kns2 figs-explicit 0 questions You can make explicit what kinds of questions this means. Alternate translation: "questions about religious matters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 26 4 t8bg figs-hyperbole 0 all the Jews This is a generalization. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to Jews in general who knew about Paul. Alternate translation: "the Jews" or 2) this refers to Pharisees who knew Paul. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ACT 26 4 t8bg figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 all the Jews This is a generalization. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to Jews in general who knew about Paul. Alternate translation: "the Jews" or 2) this refers to Pharisees who knew Paul. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 26 4 x96h 0 in my own nation Possible meanings are 1) among his own people, not necessarily in the geographical land of Israel or 2) in the land of Israel. -ACT 26 5 y9a1 0 the strictest party of our religion "a group within Judaism who live by very strict rules" +ACT 26 5 y9a1 τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην αἵρεσιν τῆς ἡμετέρας θρησκείας 1 the strictest party of our religion "a group within Judaism who live by very strict rules" ACT 26 6 xkp9 figs-you 0 General Information: Here "you" is plural and refers to the people who were listening to Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 26 6 s9kr 0 Now This word marks a shift from Paul discussing his past to talking about himself in the present. ACT 26 6 i9y5 figs-activepassive 0 I stand here to be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am here, where they are putting me on trial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 6 r42g figs-metaphor 0 of my certain hope in the promise made by God to our fathers This speaks about a promise as if it were something a person could look for and see. Alternate translation: "I am waiting expectantly for God to do what he promised our forefathers he would do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 26 7 hnf1 figs-metonymy 0 For this is the promise that our twelve tribes sought to receive The phrase "our twelve tribes" stands for the people in those tribes. Alternate translation: "This is also what our fellow Jews in the twelve tribes were waiting for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 26 7 hnf1 figs-metonymy εἰς ἣν ἡμῶν τὸ δωδεκάφυλον ἐλπίζει καταντῆσαι 1 For this is the promise that our twelve tribes sought to receive The phrase "our twelve tribes" stands for the people in those tribes. Alternate translation: "This is also what our fellow Jews in the twelve tribes were waiting for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 7 apf2 figs-metaphor 0 the promise ... sought to receive This speaks about a promise as if it were an object that can be received. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 26 7 kzg4 figs-merism 0 worshiped God night and day The extremes "night" and "day" mean they "worshiped God continually." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ACT 26 7 kzg4 figs-merism λατρεῦον νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν 1 worshiped God night and day The extremes "night" and "day" mean they "worshiped God continually." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ACT 26 7 c4lm figs-synecdoche 0 that the Jews This does not mean all the Jews. Alternate translation: "that the leaders of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 8 de83 figs-rquestion 0 Why should any of you think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead? Paul uses a question to challenge the Jews present. They believe God can raise the dead but do not think God brought Jesus back to life. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "None of you think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 26 8 ukk6 0 raises the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "makes dead people come alive again" -ACT 26 9 hm33 0 Now indeed Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now beginning to describe how he formerly persecuted Jesus' people. -ACT 26 9 r4df figs-metonymy 0 against the name of Jesus The word "name" here stands for the teaching about the person. Alternate translation: "to stop people from teaching about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 26 10 nys7 figs-activepassive 0 when they were killed, I cast my vote against them The phrase "were killed" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I voted in agreement with the other Jewish leaders to condemn believers to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 26 8 ukk6 ἐγείρει νεκροὺς 1 raises the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "makes dead people come alive again" +ACT 26 9 hm33 οὖν μὲν 1 Now indeed Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now beginning to describe how he formerly persecuted Jesus' people. +ACT 26 9 r4df figs-metonymy ἐναντία τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ 1 against the name of Jesus The word "name" here stands for the teaching about the person. Alternate translation: "to stop people from teaching about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 26 10 nys7 figs-activepassive ἀναιρουμένων αὐτῶν ἀναιρουμένων 1 when they were killed, I cast my vote against them The phrase "were killed" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I voted in agreement with the other Jewish leaders to condemn believers to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 11 rri6 0 I punished them many times Possible meanings are 1) Paul punished some believers many times or 2) Paul punished many different believers. ACT 26 12 p55i 0 Connecting Statement: While talking to King Agrippa, Paul tells about when the Lord spoke with him. -ACT 26 12 us8d 0 While I was doing this Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now telling about when he saw Jesus and became his disciple. -ACT 26 12 h3ic 0 While This word is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. In this case, Paul went to Damascus during the time when he persecuted Christians. +ACT 26 12 us8d ἐν οἷς 1 While I was doing this Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now telling about when he saw Jesus and became his disciple. +ACT 26 12 h3ic ἐν οἷς 1 While This word is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. In this case, Paul went to Damascus during the time when he persecuted Christians. ACT 26 12 ajp6 0 with authority and orders Paul had written letters from the Jewish leaders, granting him authority to persecute the Jewish believers. ACT 26 14 sip5 figs-metonymy 0 I heard a voice speaking to me that said Here "voice" stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: "I heard someone speaking to me who said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 26 14 du3t 0 Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? This is a rhetorical question. The speaker is alerting Saul to what Saul is doing to him, and implying that Saul should not do that. Alternate translation: "Saul, Saul, you are persecuting me." or "Saul, Saul, stop persecuting me." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion) -ACT 26 14 zsi2 figs-metaphor 0 It is hard for you to kick a goad For Paul to resist Jesus and to persecute believers is spoken of as if he were an ox kicking at the sharp stick that a person uses to prod (or "goad") the animal. It means that Paul is only harming himself. Alternate translation: "You will only harm yourself like an ox kicking a goad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 26 14 du3t Σαοὺλ, Σαούλ, τί διώκεις με? 1 Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? This is a rhetorical question. The speaker is alerting Saul to what Saul is doing to him, and implying that Saul should not do that. Alternate translation: "Saul, Saul, you are persecuting me." or "Saul, Saul, stop persecuting me." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion) +ACT 26 14 zsi2 figs-metaphor σκληρόν σοι πρὸς λακτίζειν κέντρα 1 It is hard for you to kick a goad For Paul to resist Jesus and to persecute believers is spoken of as if he were an ox kicking at the sharp stick that a person uses to prod (or "goad") the animal. It means that Paul is only harming himself. Alternate translation: "You will only harm yourself like an ox kicking a goad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 15 h2ws 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving his defense to King Agrippa. In these verses he continues quoting his conversation with the Lord. -ACT 26 18 fk1k figs-metaphor 0 to open their eyes Helping people to understand the truth is spoken of as if a person were literally helping someone to open his eyes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 26 18 fk1k figs-metaphor ἀνοῖξαι αὐτῶν ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 to open their eyes Helping people to understand the truth is spoken of as if a person were literally helping someone to open his eyes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 gw8f figs-metaphor 0 to turn them from darkness to light Helping someone to stop doing what is evil and to start trusting and obeying God is spoken of as if the person is literally leading someone out of a dark place into a place of light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 q3h8 figs-metaphor 0 to turn them ... from the power of Satan to God Helping someone to stop obeying Satan and to start obeying God is spoken of as if a person were literally turning a person and taking them from the place where Satan rules and leading him to the place where God rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 m65i figs-abstractnouns 0 they may receive from God the forgiveness of sins The abstract noun "forgiveness" can be stated as the verb "forgive." Alternate translation: "God may forgive their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -2548,245 +2548,245 @@ ACT 26 18 wq4q figs-abstractnouns 0 the inheritance that I give The abstract no ACT 26 18 m9ve figs-metaphor 0 the inheritance The blessings that Jesus gives to those who believe in him are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that children receive from their father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 c5ij figs-metaphor 0 sanctified by faith in me Jesus choosing some people to belong to him is spoken of as if he literally set them apart from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 bgc5 0 by faith in me "because they believe in me." Here Paul finishes quoting the Lord. -ACT 26 19 ljx2 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." Paul had just explained what the Lord had commanded him in his vision. +ACT 26 19 ljx2 ὅθεν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true." Paul had just explained what the Lord had commanded him in his vision. ACT 26 19 zv2u figs-doublenegatives 0 I did not disobey This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "I obeyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ACT 26 19 sn4h figs-metonymy 0 the heavenly vision This refers to what the person in the vision told Paul. Alternate translation: "what the person from heaven told me in the vision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 26 20 fei4 figs-metaphor 0 turn to God To start trusting God is spoken of as if a person turns to start walking toward God. Alternate translation: "trust in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 26 20 h1v2 figs-abstractnouns 0 doing deeds worthy of repentance The abstract noun "repentance" can be stated as the verb "repented." Alternate translation: "and start doing good deeds to show they truly have repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 26 21 tl6t figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: "some Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 26 19 sn4h figs-metonymy τῇ οὐρανίῳ ὀπτασίᾳ 1 the heavenly vision This refers to what the person in the vision told Paul. Alternate translation: "what the person from heaven told me in the vision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 26 20 fei4 figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφειν ἐπὶ τὸν Θεόν 1 turn to God To start trusting God is spoken of as if a person turns to start walking toward God. Alternate translation: "trust in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 26 20 h1v2 figs-abstractnouns πράσσοντας ἔργα ἄξια τῆς μετανοίας 1 doing deeds worthy of repentance The abstract noun "repentance" can be stated as the verb "repented." Alternate translation: "and start doing good deeds to show they truly have repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 26 21 tl6t figs-synecdoche Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: "some Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 22 n5hn 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes giving his defense to King Agrippa. ACT 26 22 t8f4 0 to the common people and to the great ones about nothing Here "common people" and "great ones" are used together to mean "all people." Alternate translation: "to all people, whether common or great, about nothing" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism) ACT 26 22 f6py 0 about nothing more than what This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "about the exact thing that" ACT 26 22 i9ki 0 what the prophets Paul is referring to the collective writings of the Old Testament prophets. ACT 26 23 pe9h figs-explicit 0 that Christ must suffer You can make explicit that Christ must also die. Alternate translation: "that Christ must suffer and die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 26 23 p9t8 0 to rise to come back to life -ACT 26 23 sc5f 0 from the dead The phrase "the dead" refers to the spirits of people who have died. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -ACT 26 23 z2ms figs-metaphor 0 he would proclaim light "he would proclaim the message about the light." To tell people about how God saves people is spoken of as if a person were speaking about the light. Alternate translation: "he would proclaim the message about how God saves people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 26 23 p9t8 ἐξ ἀναστάσεως 1 to rise to come back to life +ACT 26 23 sc5f νεκρῶν 1 from the dead The phrase "the dead" refers to the spirits of people who have died. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ACT 26 23 z2ms figs-metaphor μέλλει καταγγέλλειν φῶς 1 he would proclaim light "he would proclaim the message about the light." To tell people about how God saves people is spoken of as if a person were speaking about the light. Alternate translation: "he would proclaim the message about how God saves people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 24 h5b9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and King Agrippa continue to talk together. -ACT 26 24 dvn2 0 you are insane "you are speaking nonsense" or "you are crazy" -ACT 26 24 tk27 0 your great learning makes you insane "you have learned so much that you are now crazy" +ACT 26 24 dvn2 μαίνῃ 1 you are insane "you are speaking nonsense" or "you are crazy" +ACT 26 24 tk27 τὰ πολλά σε γράμματα περιτρέπει εἰς μανίαν 1 your great learning makes you insane "you have learned so much that you are now crazy" ACT 26 25 dur9 figs-doublenegatives 0 I am not insane ... but This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "I am sane ... and" or "I am able to think well ... and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ACT 26 25 a6pb 0 most excellent Festus "Festus, who deserves highest honors" +ACT 26 25 a6pb κράτιστε Φῆστε 1 most excellent Festus "Festus, who deserves highest honors" ACT 26 26 ed7y figs-123person 0 For the king ... to him ... from him Paul is still speaking to King Agrippa, but he is referring to him in the third person. Alternate translation: "For you ... to you ... from you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 26 26 cs7b 0 I speak freely Paul was not afraid to speak to the king about Christ. Alternate translation: "I speak boldly" -ACT 26 26 svn9 figs-activepassive 0 I am persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am sure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 26 26 svn9 figs-activepassive πείθομαι 1 I am persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am sure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 26 tta8 figs-activepassive 0 that none of this is hidden from him This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "that he is aware of this" or "that you are aware of this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 26 26 v1uu figs-activepassive 0 has not been done in a corner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has not happened in a corner" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 26 26 i5wg figs-metaphor 0 in a corner This means doing something in secret as if a person went and did something in the corner of a room where no one can see him. Alternate translation: "in a dark place" or "in secret" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 26 27 a4a2 figs-rquestion 0 Do you believe the prophets, King Agrippa? Paul asks this question to remind Agrippa that Agrippa already believes what the prophets said about Jesus. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You already believe what the Jewish prophets said, King Agrippa." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ACT 26 26 i5wg figs-metaphor ἐν γωνίᾳ 1 in a corner This means doing something in secret as if a person went and did something in the corner of a room where no one can see him. Alternate translation: "in a dark place" or "in secret" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 26 27 a4a2 figs-rquestion πιστεύεις τοῖς προφήταις, Βασιλεῦ Ἀγρίππα? 1 Do you believe the prophets, King Agrippa? Paul asks this question to remind Agrippa that Agrippa already believes what the prophets said about Jesus. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You already believe what the Jewish prophets said, King Agrippa." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 26 28 y8qq figs-rquestion 0 In a short time would you persuade me and make me a Christian? Agrippa asks this question to show Paul that he cannot convince Agrippa so easily without more proof. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "Surely you do not think you can convince me so easily to believe in Jesus!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ACT 26 29 k7kq figs-metonymy 0 but without these prison chains Here "prison chains" stands for being a prisoner. Alternate translation: "but, of course, I do no want you to be a prisoner like I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 26 29 k7kq figs-metonymy παρεκτὸς τούτων τῶν δεσμῶν 1 but without these prison chains Here "prison chains" stands for being a prisoner. Alternate translation: "but, of course, I do no want you to be a prisoner like I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 30 k7jh 0 General Information: Bernice was the sister of King Agrippa ([Acts 25:13](../25/13.md)). ACT 26 30 gaq5 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul's time before King Agrippa. -ACT 26 30 u8vl 0 Then the king stood up, and the governor "Then King Agrippa stood up, and Governor Festus" -ACT 26 31 q1tw 0 the hall This is a large room for ceremonies, trials, and other events. +ACT 26 30 u8vl τε ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀνέστη, καὶ ὁ ἡγεμὼν 1 Then the king stood up, and the governor "Then King Agrippa stood up, and Governor Festus" +ACT 26 31 q1tw ἀναχωρήσαντες 1 the hall This is a large room for ceremonies, trials, and other events. ACT 26 31 blz8 figs-abstractnouns 0 This man does nothing worthy of death or of bonds The abstract noun "death" can be stated as the verb "die." Here "bonds" stands for being in prison. Alternate translation: "This man does not deserve to die or to be in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 32 n293 figs-activepassive 0 This man could have been freed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This man could have gone free" or "I could have freed this man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 intro r82x 0 # Acts 27 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sailing

People who lived near the sea traveled by boat powered by the wind. During some months of the year, the wind would blow in the wrong direction or so hard that sailing was impossible.

##### Trust

Paul trusted God to bring him safely to land. He told the sailers and soldiers to trust that God would also keep them alive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

##### Paul breaks bread

Luke uses almost the same words here to describe Paul taking bread, thanking God, breaking it, and eating it that he used to describe the last supper Jesus ate with his disciples. However, your translation should not make your reader think that Paul was leading a religious celebration here.
ACT 27 1 efe4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Adramyttium was a city possibly located on the west coast of modern-day Turkey. The word "we" includes the author of Acts, Paul, and the others traveling with Paul, but not the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 1 dyf5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul, as a prisoner, begins his journey to Rome. ACT 27 1 b2yz figs-activepassive 0 When it was decided This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When the king and the governor decided" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 27 1 yv84 0 sail for Italy Italy is the name of the province Rome was in. See how you translated "Italy" in [Acts 18:2](../18/02.md). +ACT 27 1 yv84 ἀποπλεῖν εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν 1 sail for Italy Italy is the name of the province Rome was in. See how you translated "Italy" in [Acts 18:2](../18/02.md). ACT 27 1 s6ny 0 they put Paul and some other prisoners under the charge of a centurion named Julius of the Imperial Regiment "they put a centurion named Julius, of the Imperial Regiment, in charge of Paul and some other prisoners" ACT 27 1 k52u 0 they put Paul and some other prisoners Possible meanings are that 1) "they" refers to the governor and the king or 2) "they" refers to other Roman officials. -ACT 27 1 un2s translate-names 0 a centurion named Julius Julius is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 1 un2s translate-names τόν ἑκατοντάρχῃ ὀνόματι Ἰουλίῳ 1 a centurion named Julius Julius is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 1 d22f translate-names 0 the Imperial Regiment This was the name of the battalion or army from which the centurion came. Some versions translate this as "the Augustan Regiment." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 2 dnr9 figs-metonymy 0 We boarded a ship ... which was about to sail Here "ship ... which was about to sail" stands for the crew that will sail the ship. Alternate translation: "We boarded a ship ... which a crew was about to sail" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 27 2 fqy2 0 a ship from Adramyttium Possible meanings are 1) a ship that had come from Adramyttium or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Adramyttium. -ACT 27 2 f8pf 0 about to sail "soon going to sail" or "would depart soon" +ACT 27 2 fqy2 πλοίῳ Ἀδραμυντηνῷ 1 a ship from Adramyttium Possible meanings are 1) a ship that had come from Adramyttium or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Adramyttium. +ACT 27 2 f8pf μέλλοντι πλεῖν εἰς 1 about to sail "soon going to sail" or "would depart soon" ACT 27 2 m3ps 0 went to sea "began our journey on the sea" -ACT 27 2 h3uy 0 Aristarchus Aristarchus came from Macedonia but had been working with Paul in Ephesus. See how you translated his name in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). +ACT 27 2 h3uy Ἀριστάρχου 1 Aristarchus Aristarchus came from Macedonia but had been working with Paul in Ephesus. See how you translated his name in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). ACT 27 3 r71e figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 27 3 u6lt 0 Julius treated Paul kindly "Julius treated Paul with a friendly concern." See how you translated "Julius" in [Acts 27:1](../27/01.md). -ACT 27 3 rp73 figs-abstractnouns 0 go to his friends to receive their care The abstract noun "care" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "go to his friends so they could care for him" or "go to his friends so they could help him with whatever he needed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ACT 27 4 d4hg 0 we went to sea and sailed "we started sailing and went" +ACT 27 3 u6lt ὁ Ἰούλιος χρησάμενος τῷ Παύλῳ φιλανθρώπως 1 Julius treated Paul kindly "Julius treated Paul with a friendly concern." See how you translated "Julius" in [Acts 27:1](../27/01.md). +ACT 27 3 rp73 figs-abstractnouns πορευθέντι πρὸς τοὺς φίλους τυχεῖν ἐπιμελείας 1 go to his friends to receive their care The abstract noun "care" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "go to his friends so they could care for him" or "go to his friends so they could help him with whatever he needed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ACT 27 4 d4hg ἀναχθέντες ὑπεπλεύσαμεν 1 we went to sea and sailed "we started sailing and went" ACT 27 4 mjt8 0 sailed under the lee of Cyprus, close to the island "the lee of Cyprus" is the side of that island that blocks the strong wind, so sailing vessels are not forced off their course. -ACT 27 5 g1t7 0 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). +ACT 27 5 g1t7 Παμφυλίαν 1 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 27 5 y6m6 figs-explicit 0 we landed at Myra, a city of Lycia You can make explicit that they got off of the ship in Myra. Alternate translation: "came to Myra, a city of Lycia, where we got off the ship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 5 ni2x translate-names 0 landed at Myra Myra is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 5 uaf4 translate-names 0 a city of Lycia Lycia was a Roman province, located on the southwestern coast of modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 5 uaf4 translate-names τῆς Λυκίας 1 a city of Lycia Lycia was a Roman province, located on the southwestern coast of modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 6 j4cf figs-explicit 0 found a ship from Alexandria that was going to sail to Italy It is implied that a crew would sail the ship to Italy. Alternate translation: "found a ship that a crew had sailed from Alexandria and was about to sail to Italy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 27 6 fdq2 translate-names 0 Alexandria This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 6 fdq2 translate-names Ἀλεξανδρῖνον 1 Alexandria This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 7 zzw1 figs-explicit 0 When we had sailed slowly ... finally arrived with difficulty You can make explicit that the reason they were sailing slowly and with difficulty was because the wind was blowing against them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 27 7 pye5 translate-names 0 near Cnidus This is an ancient settlement located in modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 7 hhf1 0 the wind no longer allowed us to go that way "we could no longer go that way because of the strong wind" -ACT 27 7 b746 0 so we sailed along the sheltered side of Crete "so we sailed along the side of Crete where there was less wind" -ACT 27 7 mq4n translate-names 0 opposite Salmone This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 7 pye5 translate-names κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον 1 near Cnidus This is an ancient settlement located in modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 7 hhf1 τοῦ ἀνέμου μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς προσεῶντος 1 the wind no longer allowed us to go that way "we could no longer go that way because of the strong wind" +ACT 27 7 b746 ὑπεπλεύσαμεν τὴν Κρήτην 1 so we sailed along the sheltered side of Crete "so we sailed along the side of Crete where there was less wind" +ACT 27 7 mq4n translate-names κατὰ Σαλμώνην 1 opposite Salmone This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 8 p4ri figs-explicit 0 We sailed along the coast with difficulty You can make explicit that even though the winds were not as strong as before, they were still strong enough to make sailing difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 27 8 a64y translate-names 0 Fair Havens This was a port near Lasea, located on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 8 n7re translate-names 0 near the city of Lasea This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 8 a64y translate-names Καλοὺς Λιμένας 1 Fair Havens This was a port near Lasea, located on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 8 n7re translate-names ἐγγὺς πόλις ἦν Λασαία 1 near the city of Lasea This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 9 ea4l 0 We had now taken much time Because of the direction the wind was blowing, the journey from Caesarea to Fair Havens had taken more time than planned. ACT 27 9 vlu4 figs-exclusive 0 We had now taken The writer includes himself, Paul, and those who were traveling with them, but not the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 27 9 u6x5 0 the time of the Jewish fast also had passed, and it had now become dangerous to sail This fast took place on the Day of Atonement, which was usually either in the last part of September or the first part of October according to Western calendars. After this time, there was a higher risk of seasonal storms. ACT 27 10 p29v 0 I see that the voyage we are about to take will be with injury and much loss "if we travel now, we will suffer much injury and loss" ACT 27 10 wq8l figs-inclusive 0 we are about to take ... our lives Paul includes himself and his hearers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ACT 27 10 nx9c 0 loss, not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives Here "loss" means destruction when referring to things and death when referring to people. -ACT 27 10 q9xt 0 not only of the cargo and the ship Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. Alternate translation: "not only the ship and the goods on the ship" -ACT 27 11 b1kz figs-activepassive 0 that were spoken by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 10 nx9c ζημίας, οὐ μόνον τοῦ φορτίου καὶ τοῦ πλοίου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν τῶν ψυχῶν 1 loss, not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives Here "loss" means destruction when referring to things and death when referring to people. +ACT 27 10 q9xt οὐ μόνον τοῦ φορτίου καὶ τοῦ πλοίου 1 not only of the cargo and the ship Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. Alternate translation: "not only the ship and the goods on the ship" +ACT 27 11 b1kz figs-activepassive λεγομένοις ὑπὸ Παύλου 1 that were spoken by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that Paul said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 12 l2n4 figs-activepassive 0 harbor was not easy to spend the winter in You can make explicit why it was not easy to stay in the harbor. Alternate translation: "harbor did not sufficiently protect docked ships during winter storms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 27 12 jmi3 0 harbor a place near land that is usually safe for ships -ACT 27 12 k2ti translate-names 0 city of Phoenix Phoenix is a city port on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 12 z1lf figs-metaphor 0 to spend the winter there This speaks about the season of winter as if it were a commodity that someone can spend. Alternate translation: "to stay there for the cold season" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 27 12 jmi3 λιμένος 1 harbor a place near land that is usually safe for ships +ACT 27 12 k2ti translate-names εἰς Φοίνικα 1 city of Phoenix Phoenix is a city port on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 12 z1lf figs-metaphor παραχειμάσαι 1 to spend the winter there This speaks about the season of winter as if it were a commodity that someone can spend. Alternate translation: "to stay there for the cold season" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 27 12 x6vl 0 facing both southwest and northwest Here "faces northwest and southwest" means the opening of the harbor was toward those directions. Alternate translation: "it opened to the northwest and southwest" ACT 27 12 gyd2 0 southwest and northwest These directions are based on the rising and setting sun. Northeast is a little to the left of the rising sun. Southeast is a little to the right of the rising sun. Some versions say "northeast and southeast." -ACT 27 13 xx67 0 weighed anchor Here "weighed" means to pull out of the water. An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. +ACT 27 13 xx67 ἄραντες 1 weighed anchor Here "weighed" means to pull out of the water. An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. ACT 27 14 hv8h 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and those traveling on the boat encounter a fierce storm. ACT 27 14 m2xe 0 after a short time "after a little while" -ACT 27 14 fs4z 0 a wind of hurricane force "a very strong, dangerous wind" -ACT 27 14 g1ek translate-transliterate 0 called the northeaster "called 'a strong wind from the northeast.'" The word for "the northeaster" in the original language is "Euroclydon." You can transliterate this word for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +ACT 27 14 fs4z ἄνεμος τυφωνικὸς 1 a wind of hurricane force "a very strong, dangerous wind" +ACT 27 14 g1ek translate-transliterate καλούμενος Εὐρακύλων 1 called the northeaster "called 'a strong wind from the northeast.'" The word for "the northeaster" in the original language is "Euroclydon." You can transliterate this word for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) ACT 27 14 tz2k 0 began to beat down from the island "came in from the island of Crete, and it blew strongly against our ship" -ACT 27 15 fxp1 0 When the ship was caught by the storm and could no longer head into the wind "When the wind blew so strongly against the front of the ship that we could not sail against it" -ACT 27 15 w1hl figs-activepassive 0 we had to give way to the storm and were driven along by the wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we stopped trying to sail forward, and we let the wind push us whichever way it blew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 15 fxp1 δὲ τοῦ πλοίου συναρπασθέντος καὶ δυναμένου μὴ ἀντοφθαλμεῖν τῷ ἀνέμῳ 1 When the ship was caught by the storm and could no longer head into the wind "When the wind blew so strongly against the front of the ship that we could not sail against it" +ACT 27 15 w1hl figs-activepassive ἐπιδόντες ἐφερόμεθα 1 we had to give way to the storm and were driven along by the wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we stopped trying to sail forward, and we let the wind push us whichever way it blew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 16 c4cg 0 We sailed along the lee of a small island "We sailed on the side of the island where the wind was not so strong" ACT 27 16 aq56 translate-names 0 a small island called Cauda This island was located on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 16 h9z2 0 lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship, and sometimes it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. -ACT 27 17 v9ag 0 they had hoisted the lifeboat up "they had lifted up the lifeboat" or "they had pulled the lifeboat aboard the ship" -ACT 27 17 tx1f 0 they used its ropes to bind the hull of the ship The "hull" is the body of the ship. They tied ropes around it so that the ship would not come apart during the storm. -ACT 27 17 dvv4 translate-names 0 sandbars of Syrtis Sandbars are very shallow areas in the sea where ships can get stuck in the sand. Syrtis is located on the coast of Libya, northern Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 27 17 l8kl 0 they lowered the sea anchor They put the ship's anchor in the water in order to slow down where the wind would blow them. -ACT 27 17 v6dn 0 anchor An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). -ACT 27 17 g7rw figs-activepassive 0 were driven along This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "had to go in whatever direction the wind blew us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 16 h9z2 σκάφης 1 lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship, and sometimes it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. +ACT 27 17 v9ag ἄραντες ἣν ἄραντες 1 they had hoisted the lifeboat up "they had lifted up the lifeboat" or "they had pulled the lifeboat aboard the ship" +ACT 27 17 tx1f ἐχρῶντο βοηθείαις ὑποζωννύντες τὸ πλοῖον 1 they used its ropes to bind the hull of the ship The "hull" is the body of the ship. They tied ropes around it so that the ship would not come apart during the storm. +ACT 27 17 dvv4 translate-names τὴν Σύρτιν 1 sandbars of Syrtis Sandbars are very shallow areas in the sea where ships can get stuck in the sand. Syrtis is located on the coast of Libya, northern Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 17 l8kl χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος 1 they lowered the sea anchor They put the ship's anchor in the water in order to slow down where the wind would blow them. +ACT 27 17 v6dn σκεῦος 1 anchor An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). +ACT 27 17 g7rw figs-activepassive ἐφέροντο 1 were driven along This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "had to go in whatever direction the wind blew us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 18 fx4m figs-activepassive 0 We took such a violent battering by the storm This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The wind blew us roughly back and forth that all of us were badly battered and bruised by the storm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 27 18 nd5h 0 they began throwing the cargo overboard "they" is the sailors. This is done to lighten the weight of the ship in an effort to prevent the ship from sinking. -ACT 27 18 ny6k 0 cargo Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:10](../27/10.md). Alternate translation: "goods on the ship" +ACT 27 18 nd5h ἐποιοῦντο ἐκβολὴν 1 they began throwing the cargo overboard "they" is the sailors. This is done to lighten the weight of the ship in an effort to prevent the ship from sinking. +ACT 27 18 ny6k ἐκβολὴν 1 cargo Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:10](../27/10.md). Alternate translation: "goods on the ship" ACT 27 19 vm2k 0 the sailors threw overboard the ship's equipment with their own hands Here "equipment" refers to the sailors' equipment needed to sail the ship: tackle, hoists, beams of wood, block and tackle, ropes, lines, sails, and the like. This indicates how desperate the situation was. ACT 27 20 if7a 0 When the sun and stars did not shine on us for many days They could not see the sun and stars because of the dark storm clouds. Sailors needed to see the sun and stars in order to know where they were and what direction they were headed. ACT 27 20 p2wd 0 the great storm still beat upon us "the terrible storm still blew us roughly back and forth" ACT 27 20 mnj5 figs-activepassive 0 any more hope that we should be saved was abandoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone stopped hoping we would survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 21 mmb2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul speaks to the sailors on the ship. -ACT 27 21 d1le figs-explicit 0 When they had gone long without food Here "they" refers to the sailors. It is implied that Luke, Paul, and those with them had not eaten either. Alternate translation: "When we had gone a long time without food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 27 21 d1le figs-explicit τε ὑπαρχούσης πολλῆς ἀσιτίας 1 When they had gone long without food Here "they" refers to the sailors. It is implied that Luke, Paul, and those with them had not eaten either. Alternate translation: "When we had gone a long time without food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 21 zns2 0 among the sailors "among the men" ACT 27 21 bc1x 0 so as to get this injury and loss "and as a result suffer this harm and loss" -ACT 27 22 d95r figs-explicit 0 there will be no loss of life among you Paul is speaking to the sailors. It is implied that Paul also means that he and those with him will not die either. Alternate translation: "none of us will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ACT 27 22 djh4 0 but only the loss of the ship Here "loss" is used in the sense of destroy. Alternate translation: "but the storm will destroy only the ship" -ACT 27 24 z1j8 figs-metonymy 0 You must stand before Caesar The phrase "stand before Caesar" refers to Paul's going to court and letting Caesar judge him. Alternate translation: "You must stand before Caesar so he can judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 27 24 s3wv 0 has given to you all those who are sailing with you "has decided to allow all those who are sailing with you to live" +ACT 27 22 d95r figs-explicit ἔσται οὐδεμία ἀποβολὴ ψυχῆς ἐξ ὑμῶν 1 there will be no loss of life among you Paul is speaking to the sailors. It is implied that Paul also means that he and those with him will not die either. Alternate translation: "none of us will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 27 22 djh4 πλὴν τοῦ πλοίου 1 but only the loss of the ship Here "loss" is used in the sense of destroy. Alternate translation: "but the storm will destroy only the ship" +ACT 27 24 z1j8 figs-metonymy σε δεῖ παραστῆναι Καίσαρί 1 You must stand before Caesar The phrase "stand before Caesar" refers to Paul's going to court and letting Caesar judge him. Alternate translation: "You must stand before Caesar so he can judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 27 24 s3wv κεχάρισταί σοι πάντας τοὺς πλέοντας μετὰ σοῦ 1 has given to you all those who are sailing with you "has decided to allow all those who are sailing with you to live" ACT 27 25 r9t8 figs-activepassive 0 just as it was told to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as the angel told me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 27 26 vmp6 0 we must run aground upon some island "we must steer our boat so that it wrecks on some island" +ACT 27 26 vmp6 ἡμᾶς δεῖ ἐκπεσεῖν εἰς τινα νῆσον 1 we must run aground upon some island "we must steer our boat so that it wrecks on some island" ACT 27 27 im34 0 Connecting Statement: The fierce storm continues. ACT 27 27 rrm5 translate-ordinal 0 When the fourteenth night had come The ordinal number "fourteenth" can be translated as "fourteen" or "14." Alternate translation: "After 14 days since the storm started, that night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 27 27 la7u figs-activepassive 0 as we were driven this way and that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as the wind blew us back and forth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 27 27 afs6 translate-names 0 the Adriatic Sea This is the sea between Italy and Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 27 27 la7u figs-activepassive διαφερομένων ἡμῶν διαφερομένων 1 as we were driven this way and that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as the wind blew us back and forth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 27 afs6 translate-names τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ 1 the Adriatic Sea This is the sea between Italy and Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 28 ruj1 0 They took soundings "They measured the depth of the sea water." They measured the depth of water by dropping a line with a weight tied to the end of it into the water. -ACT 27 28 tq53 translate-numbers 0 found twenty fathoms "found 20 fathoms." A "fathom" is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: "found 40 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 27 28 ig3m translate-numbers 0 found fifteen fathoms "found 15 fathoms." A "fathom" is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: "found 30 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ACT 27 29 b1qc 0 anchors An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea, keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). -ACT 27 29 q4am 0 from the stern "from the back of the ship" +ACT 27 28 tq53 translate-numbers εὗρον εἴκοσι ὀργυιὰς 1 found twenty fathoms "found 20 fathoms." A "fathom" is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: "found 40 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 27 28 ig3m translate-numbers εὗρον δεκαπέντε ὀργυιὰς 1 found fifteen fathoms "found 15 fathoms." A "fathom" is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: "found 30 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ACT 27 29 b1qc ἀγκύρας 1 anchors An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea, keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). +ACT 27 29 q4am ἐκ πρύμνης 1 from the stern "from the back of the ship" ACT 27 30 br71 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" is plural and refers to the centurion and the Roman soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ACT 27 30 b4wv 0 the lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship and sometime it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:16](../27/16.md). -ACT 27 30 rr89 0 from the bow "from the front of the ship" -ACT 27 31 ez5c figs-doublenegatives 0 Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved The negative words "Unless" and "cannot" can be stated in positive form. The passive phrase "be saved" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "These men must stay in the ship in order for you to survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 30 b4wv τὴν σκάφην 1 the lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship and sometime it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:16](../27/16.md). +ACT 27 30 rr89 ἐκ πρῴρης 1 from the bow "from the front of the ship" +ACT 27 31 ez5c figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν μὴ οὗτοι μείνωσιν ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ, ὑμεῖς οὐ δύνασθε σωθῆναι 1 Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved The negative words "Unless" and "cannot" can be stated in positive form. The passive phrase "be saved" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "These men must stay in the ship in order for you to survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 33 q3y8 0 When daylight was coming on "When it was almost sunrise" ACT 27 33 j5yg translate-ordinal 0 This day is the fourteenth day that The ordinal number "fourteenth" can be stated as "fourteen." Alternate translation: "For 14 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 27 34 j3qx figs-idiom 0 not one of you will lose a single hair from his head This was a customary way of saying no harm would come upon them. Alternate translation: "every one of you will survive this disaster unharmed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ACT 27 35 yh7y 0 broke the bread "tore the bread" or "tore off a piece from the loaf of bread" -ACT 27 36 zt9q figs-activepassive 0 Then they were all encouraged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This encouraged all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 27 35 yh7y κλάσας 1 broke the bread "tore the bread" or "tore off a piece from the loaf of bread" +ACT 27 36 zt9q figs-activepassive δὲ γενόμενοι πάντες εὔθυμοι 1 Then they were all encouraged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This encouraged all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 37 ynq3 translate-numbers 0 We were 276 people in the ship "We were two hundred and seventy-six people in the ship." This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ACT 27 39 vdk2 0 bay a large area of water partly surrounded by land -ACT 27 39 r1bx 0 did not recognize the land "saw land but could not recognize it as any place they knew" -ACT 27 40 k66v 0 cut loose the anchors and left them "cut the ropes and left the anchors behind" -ACT 27 40 ntr9 0 rudders large oars or pieces of wood at the back of the ship used for steering -ACT 27 40 cn2w 0 the foresail "the sail at the front of the ship." The sail was a large piece of cloth that catches the wind to move the ship. -ACT 27 40 pa1k 0 they headed to the beach "they steered the ship toward the beach" -ACT 27 41 y22n 0 they came to a place where two currents met A current is water flowing in one continuous direction. Sometimes more than one water current can flow across another. This may cause the sand under the water to pile up making the water more shallow. +ACT 27 39 vdk2 κόλπον 1 bay a large area of water partly surrounded by land +ACT 27 39 r1bx ἐπεγίνωσκον οὐκ ἐπεγίνωσκον τὴν γῆν 1 did not recognize the land "saw land but could not recognize it as any place they knew" +ACT 27 40 k66v περιελόντες τὰς ἀγκύρας εἴων 1 cut loose the anchors and left them "cut the ropes and left the anchors behind" +ACT 27 40 ntr9 πηδαλίων 1 rudders large oars or pieces of wood at the back of the ship used for steering +ACT 27 40 cn2w τὸν ἀρτέμωνα 1 the foresail "the sail at the front of the ship." The sail was a large piece of cloth that catches the wind to move the ship. +ACT 27 40 pa1k κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν 1 they headed to the beach "they steered the ship toward the beach" +ACT 27 41 y22n περιπεσόντες εἰς τόπον διθάλασσον 1 they came to a place where two currents met A current is water flowing in one continuous direction. Sometimes more than one water current can flow across another. This may cause the sand under the water to pile up making the water more shallow. ACT 27 41 cpu5 0 The bow of the ship "The front of the ship" -ACT 27 41 v35z 0 the stern "the back of the ship" +ACT 27 41 v35z ἡ πρύμνα 1 the stern "the back of the ship" ACT 27 42 qul7 0 The soldiers' plan was "The soldiers were planning" -ACT 27 43 s2sz 0 so he stopped their plan "so he stopped them from doing what they planned to do" -ACT 27 43 br8u 0 jump overboard "jump off the ship into the water" +ACT 27 43 s2sz ἐκώλυσεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ βουλήματος 1 so he stopped their plan "so he stopped them from doing what they planned to do" +ACT 27 43 br8u ἀπορίψαντας 1 jump overboard "jump off the ship into the water" ACT 27 44 hw7p 0 some on planks "some on wooden boards" ACT 28 intro w8yn 0 # Acts 28 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

No one knows for sure why Luke ends his history without telling what happened to Paul after he had been in Rome for two years.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Letters" and "brothers"

The Jewish leaders were surprised that Paul wanted to speak with them, because they had received no letters from the high priest in Jerusalem telling them that Paul was coming.

When the Jewish leaders spoke of "brothers," they were referring to fellow Jews, not to Christians.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "He was a god"

The native people believed that Paul was a god, but they did not believe that he was the one true God. We do not know why Paul did not tell the native people that he was not a god.
ACT 28 1 p1bd figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Paul, the writer, and those who traveled with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 1 twx8 0 Connecting Statement: After the shipwreck, people on the island of Malta helped Paul and everyone on the ship. They stay there for 3 months. ACT 28 1 j1yf figs-activepassive 0 When we were brought safely through This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When we arrived safely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 1 tt1i figs-exclusive 0 we learned Paul and Luke learned the name of the island. Alternate translation: "we learned from the people" or "we found out from the residents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ACT 28 1 f8y4 translate-names 0 the island was called Malta Malta is an island located south of the modern-day island of Sicily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 28 1 tt1i figs-exclusive διασωθέντες ἐπέγνωμεν 1 we learned Paul and Luke learned the name of the island. Alternate translation: "we learned from the people" or "we found out from the residents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ACT 28 1 f8y4 translate-names ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται Μελίτη 1 the island was called Malta Malta is an island located south of the modern-day island of Sicily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 2 e7w6 0 The native people "The local people" -ACT 28 2 v8yh figs-metaphor 0 offered to us not just ordinary kindness Being kind to someone is spoken of as if it were an object that someone offers. Alternate translation: "were not only very kind to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 28 2 r7jy figs-litotes 0 not just ordinary kindness This phrase is used to emphasize the opposite of what is said. Alternate translation: "a great deal of kindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ACT 28 2 z9cp 0 they lit a fire "they put together twigs and branches and burned them" -ACT 28 2 itw2 0 welcomed us all Possible meanings are 1) "welcomed all of the people from the ship" or 2) "welcomed Paul and all his companions." -ACT 28 3 g4ad 0 a viper came out "a poisonous snake came out of the bundle of sticks" -ACT 28 3 xmx4 0 fastened onto his hand "bit Paul's hand and did not let go" -ACT 28 4 ye7h 0 This man certainly is a murderer "For sure, this man is a murderer" or "This man is truly a murderer" -ACT 28 4 ma1b figs-explicit 0 yet justice The word "justice" refers to the name of a god that they worshiped. Alternate translation: "the god called Justice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ACT 28 2 v8yh figs-metaphor παρεῖχαν ἡμῖν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν 1 offered to us not just ordinary kindness Being kind to someone is spoken of as if it were an object that someone offers. Alternate translation: "were not only very kind to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 28 2 r7jy figs-litotes οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν 1 not just ordinary kindness This phrase is used to emphasize the opposite of what is said. Alternate translation: "a great deal of kindness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ACT 28 2 z9cp ἅψαντες πυρὰν 1 they lit a fire "they put together twigs and branches and burned them" +ACT 28 2 itw2 προσελάβοντο ἡμᾶς πάντας 1 welcomed us all Possible meanings are 1) "welcomed all of the people from the ship" or 2) "welcomed Paul and all his companions." +ACT 28 3 g4ad ἔχιδνα ἐξελθοῦσα ἀπὸ 1 a viper came out "a poisonous snake came out of the bundle of sticks" +ACT 28 3 xmx4 καθῆψε τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς χειρὸς 1 fastened onto his hand "bit Paul's hand and did not let go" +ACT 28 4 ye7h οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος πάντως ἐστιν φονεύς 1 This man certainly is a murderer "For sure, this man is a murderer" or "This man is truly a murderer" +ACT 28 4 ma1b figs-explicit εἴασεν ἡ δίκη 1 yet justice The word "justice" refers to the name of a god that they worshiped. Alternate translation: "the god called Justice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 28 5 q5i3 0 shook the animal into the fire "shook his hand so that the snake fell from his hand into the fire" -ACT 28 5 asr8 0 suffered no harm "Paul was not hurt at all" +ACT 28 5 asr8 ἔπαθεν οὐδὲν κακόν 1 suffered no harm "Paul was not hurt at all" ACT 28 6 m11i 0 become inflamed with a fever Possible meanings are 1) his body would swell because of the snake venom or 2) he would become very hot with fever. ACT 28 6 i6i6 figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing was unusual with him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "everything about him was as it should be" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ACT 28 6 u81u figs-metaphor 0 they changed their minds To think differently about a situation is spoken of as if a person is changing his mind. Alternate translation: "they thought again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 28 6 cfe9 figs-quotations 0 said that he was a god. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "said, 'This man must be a god.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ACT 28 6 d1rj 0 said that he was a god Perhaps there was a belief that someone who lived after a poisonous snake bite was divine or a god. +ACT 28 6 u81u figs-metaphor μεταβαλόμενοι 1 they changed their minds To think differently about a situation is spoken of as if a person is changing his mind. Alternate translation: "they thought again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 28 6 cfe9 figs-quotations ἔλεγον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν. 1 said that he was a god. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "said, 'This man must be a god.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ACT 28 6 d1rj ἔλεγον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν 1 said that he was a god Perhaps there was a belief that someone who lived after a poisonous snake bite was divine or a god. ACT 28 7 f4sa figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "us" and we" refer to Paul, Luke, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 7 r95r 0 Now in a nearby place "Now" is used to introduce a new person or event in the account. -ACT 28 7 wx6t 0 chief man of the island Possible meanings are 1) the main leader of the people or 2) someone who was the most important person on the island, perhaps because of his wealth. -ACT 28 7 wh2d translate-names 0 a man named Publius This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 28 7 wx6t πρώτῳ τῆς νήσου 1 chief man of the island Possible meanings are 1) the main leader of the people or 2) someone who was the most important person on the island, perhaps because of his wealth. +ACT 28 7 wh2d translate-names ὀνόματι Ποπλίῳ 1 a man named Publius This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 8 g12t writing-background 0 It happened that the father of Publius ... fever and dysentery This is background information about Publius' father that is important to understanding the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 28 8 m154 figs-activepassive 0 had been made ill This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "was ill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 8 fr46 0 ill with a fever and dysentery Dysentery is an infectious intestinal disease. ACT 28 8 pwk5 0 placed his hands on him "touched him with his hands" -ACT 28 9 yk6u figs-activepassive 0 were healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he healed them too" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 10 ydg4 0 honored us with many honors Probably they honored Paul and those with him by giving them gifts. +ACT 28 9 yk6u figs-activepassive ἐθεραπεύοντο 1 were healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he healed them too" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 10 ydg4 ἐτίμησαν ἡμᾶς πολλαῖς τιμαῖς 1 honored us with many honors Probably they honored Paul and those with him by giving them gifts. ACT 28 11 jc5t figs-explicit 0 General Information: The Twin Brothers refers to Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Zeus, a Greek god. They were thought to be protectors of ships. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 28 11 be1c 0 Connecting Statement: Paul's journey to Rome continues. -ACT 28 11 qi6e 0 that had spent the winter at the island "that the crew left at the island for the cold season" -ACT 28 11 cm2t 0 a ship of Alexandria Possible meanings are this refers to 1) a ship that came from Alexandria, or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Alexandria. -ACT 28 11 em5p 0 the twin gods On the bow of the ship, there was a carving of the two idols called "the twin gods." Their names were Castor and Pollux. -ACT 28 12 w5c6 translate-names 0 city of Syracuse Syracuse is a city on the southeast coast of the modern-day island of Sicily, just southwest of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 28 11 qi6e παρακεχειμακότι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ 1 that had spent the winter at the island "that the crew left at the island for the cold season" +ACT 28 11 cm2t Ἀλεξανδρίνῳ 1 a ship of Alexandria Possible meanings are this refers to 1) a ship that came from Alexandria, or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Alexandria. +ACT 28 11 em5p Διοσκούροις 1 the twin gods On the bow of the ship, there was a carving of the two idols called "the twin gods." Their names were Castor and Pollux. +ACT 28 12 w5c6 translate-names Συρακούσας 1 city of Syracuse Syracuse is a city on the southeast coast of the modern-day island of Sicily, just southwest of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 13 se8v translate-names 0 General Information: The Market of Appius and The Three Taverns was a popular market and inn on the main highway called the Appian Way, about 50 kilometers south of the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 28 13 z2u4 translate-names 0 city of Rhegium This is the port city located at the southwestern tip of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 28 13 p633 0 a south wind sprang up "the wind began to blow from the south" -ACT 28 13 tz4h translate-names 0 city of Puteoli Puteoli is located in modern-day Naples on the west coast of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ACT 28 14 m1is 0 There we found "There we met" -ACT 28 14 n3tw figs-gendernotations 0 brothers These were followers of Jesus, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ACT 28 14 a2c5 figs-activepassive 0 were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they invited us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 13 z2u4 translate-names Ῥήγιον 1 city of Rhegium This is the port city located at the southwestern tip of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 28 13 p633 νότου ἐπιγενομένου 1 a south wind sprang up "the wind began to blow from the south" +ACT 28 13 tz4h translate-names Ποτιόλους 1 city of Puteoli Puteoli is located in modern-day Naples on the west coast of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ACT 28 14 m1is οὗ εὑρόντες 1 There we found "There we met" +ACT 28 14 n3tw figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers These were followers of Jesus, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +ACT 28 14 a2c5 figs-activepassive παρεκλήθημεν 1 were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they invited us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 14 bc3j 0 In this way we came to Rome Once Paul reached Puteoli, the rest of the journey to Rome was on land. Alternate translation: "And after we stayed seven days with them, we went to Rome" ACT 28 15 k754 0 after they heard about us "after they heard we were coming" -ACT 28 15 m9tz figs-metaphor 0 he thanked God and took courage Taking courage is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could take. Alternate translation: "this encouraged him, and he thanked God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 28 15 m9tz figs-metaphor εὐχαριστήσας τῷ Θεῷ ἔλαβε θάρσος 1 he thanked God and took courage Taking courage is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could take. Alternate translation: "this encouraged him, and he thanked God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 16 fib2 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 16 hf2t 0 Connecting Statement: Paul arrives in Rome as a prisoner but with the freedom to stay in his own place. He calls the local Jews together to explain what has happened to him. ACT 28 16 te8v figs-activepassive 0 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After we had arrived in Rome, the Roman authorities gave Paul permission to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 17 vf7r 0 Then it came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ACT 28 17 d77z 0 the leaders among the Jews These are the Jewish civil or religious leaders present in Rome. +ACT 28 17 vf7r δὲ ἐγένετο 1 Then it came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. +ACT 28 17 d77z τῶν πρώτους Ἰουδαίων 1 the leaders among the Jews These are the Jewish civil or religious leaders present in Rome. ACT 28 17 e1dd 0 Brothers Here this means "Fellow Jews." -ACT 28 17 g55i 0 against the people "against our people" or "against the Jews" -ACT 28 17 hgk4 figs-activepassive 0 I was delivered as a prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some of the Jews arrested me in Jerusalem and placed me in the custody of the Roman authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 17 x3r2 figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of the Romans Here "hands" stands for power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 18 fed7 0 there was no reason in me for a death penalty "I had done nothing to cause them to execute me" -ACT 28 19 lr96 figs-synecdoche 0 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ACT 28 17 g55i ἐναντίον τῷ λαῷ 1 against the people "against our people" or "against the Jews" +ACT 28 17 hgk4 figs-activepassive παρεδόθην δέσμιος ἐξ Ἱεροσολύμων εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν Ῥωμαίων 1 I was delivered as a prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some of the Jews arrested me in Jerusalem and placed me in the custody of the Roman authorities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 17 x3r2 figs-metonymy εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν Ῥωμαίων 1 into the hands of the Romans Here "hands" stands for power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 18 fed7 τὸ ὑπάρχειν μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν ἐν ἐμοί αἰτίαν θανάτου 1 there was no reason in me for a death penalty "I had done nothing to cause them to execute me" +ACT 28 19 lr96 figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 28 19 zk8f 0 spoke against their desire "complained about what the Roman authorities wanted to do" -ACT 28 19 n6vf figs-activepassive 0 I was forced to appeal to Caesar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I had to ask for Caesar to judge me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 19 n6vf figs-activepassive ἠναγκάσθην ἐπικαλέσασθαι Καίσαρα 1 I was forced to appeal to Caesar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I had to ask for Caesar to judge me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 19 e7gr figs-activepassive 0 although it is not as if I were bringing any accusation against my nation The abstract noun "accusation" can be stated as the verb "accuse." Here "nation" stands for the people. Alternate translation: "but it was not because I wanted to accuse the people of my nation before Caesar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 20 b1fd 0 the certain hope of Israel Possible meanings are 1) the people of Israel confidently expect the Messiah to come or 2) the people of Israel confidently expect God to bring those who have died back to life. -ACT 28 20 n3s7 figs-metonymy 0 Israel Here "Israel" stands for the people. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" or "the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 20 b1fd τῆς ἐλπίδος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ 1 the certain hope of Israel Possible meanings are 1) the people of Israel confidently expect the Messiah to come or 2) the people of Israel confidently expect God to bring those who have died back to life. +ACT 28 20 n3s7 figs-metonymy τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ 1 Israel Here "Israel" stands for the people. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" or "the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 20 pgr8 figs-metonymy 0 that I am bound with this chain Here "bound with this chain" stands for being a prisoner. Alternate translation: "that I am a prisoner" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 21 x5d5 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "We," "we," and "us" refer to the Jewish leaders in Rome. (See: [Acts 28:17](../28/17.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 21 biz7 0 Connecting Statement: The Jewish leaders respond to Paul. -ACT 28 21 y4bx 0 nor did any of the brothers Here "brothers" stands for fellow Jews. Alternate translation: "nor did any of our fellow Jews" -ACT 28 22 kw1d 0 you think about this sect A sect is a smaller group within a larger group. Here it refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: "you think about this group to which you belong" +ACT 28 21 y4bx οὔτε παραγενόμενός τις τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 nor did any of the brothers Here "brothers" stands for fellow Jews. Alternate translation: "nor did any of our fellow Jews" +ACT 28 22 kw1d φρονεῖς περὶ ταύτης τῆς αἱρέσεως 1 you think about this sect A sect is a smaller group within a larger group. Here it refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: "you think about this group to which you belong" ACT 28 22 gy8t figs-activepassive 0 because it is known by us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because we know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 22 j12v figs-activepassive 0 it is spoken against everywhere This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "many Jews all over the Roman Empire are saying bad things about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 22 j12v figs-activepassive ἐστιν ἀντιλέγεται πανταχοῦ 1 it is spoken against everywhere This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "many Jews all over the Roman Empire are saying bad things about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 23 u7pc 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the Jewish leaders in Rome. The words "him," "his," and "He" and refer to Paul ([Acts 28:17](../28/17.md)). -ACT 28 23 q4iv 0 had set a day for him "had chosen a time for him to speak to them" -ACT 28 23 dg5f figs-metonymy 0 testified about the kingdom of God Here "kingdom of God" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "told them about God's rule as king" or "told them how God would show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 23 peu1 figs-metonymy 0 from the prophets Here "the prophets" refers to what they wrote. Alternate translation: "from what the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 23 q4iv ταξάμενοι ἡμέραν αὐτῷ 1 had set a day for him "had chosen a time for him to speak to them" +ACT 28 23 dg5f figs-metonymy διαμαρτυρόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 testified about the kingdom of God Here "kingdom of God" stands for God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "told them about God's rule as king" or "told them how God would show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 23 peu1 figs-metonymy τῶν προφητῶν 1 from the prophets Here "the prophets" refers to what they wrote. Alternate translation: "from what the prophets wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 24 pmd6 figs-activepassive 0 Some were convinced about the things which were said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Paul was able to convince some of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 25 t5dq 0 General Information: Here the word "they" refers to the Jewish leaders in Rome ([Acts 28:17](../28/17.md)). The word "your" refers to the people to whom Paul had been speaking. In verse 26, Paul begins to quote the prophet Isaiah. ACT 28 25 i5xz 0 Connecting Statement: As the Jewish leaders were ready to leave, Paul quotes the Old Testament scriptures that were appropriate for this time. ACT 28 25 n7pm figs-metonymy 0 after Paul had spoken this one word Here "word" stands for a message or statement. Alternate translation: "after Paul had said one more thing" or "after Paul had made this statement" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 25 b11n figs-quotesinquotes 0 The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers. This sentence contains quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) -ACT 28 26 qj7q figs-quotesinquotes 0 He said, 'Go to this people and say, "By hearing you will hear, but not understand; and seeing you will see, but will not perceive This is the end of the sentence that begins with the words "The Holy Spirit spoke" in verse 25 and that contains quotations within quotations. You can translate one of the inner quotations as an indirect quotation, or you can translate two of the inner quotations as indirect quotations. "The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your forefathers when the Spirit told Isaiah to go tell them that they will hear but will not understand and they will see but they will not perceive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) +ACT 28 25 b11n figs-quotesinquotes τὸ τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἐλάλησεν καλῶς διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου πρὸς ὑμῶν τοὺς πατέρας. 1 The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers. This sentence contains quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) +ACT 28 26 qj7q figs-quotesinquotes λέγων,' πορεύθητι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν λαὸν εἰπόν," ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετε, καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε; καὶ βλέποντες βλέψετε, καὶ ἴδητε οὐ μὴ ἴδητε. 1 He said, 'Go to this people and say, "By hearing you will hear, but not understand; and seeing you will see, but will not perceive This is the end of the sentence that begins with the words "The Holy Spirit spoke" in verse 25 and that contains quotations within quotations. You can translate one of the inner quotations as an indirect quotation, or you can translate two of the inner quotations as indirect quotations. "The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your forefathers when the Spirit told Isaiah to go tell them that they will hear but will not understand and they will see but they will not perceive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) ACT 28 26 pax8 0 By hearing you will hear ... and seeing you will see The words "hear" and "see" are repeated for emphasis. "You will listen carefully ... and you will look intently" ACT 28 26 s1ti figs-parallelism 0 but not understand ... but will not perceive Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the Jewish people will not understand God's plan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 28 27 fz42 0 General Information: Translate Paul's quotation of Isaiah as a direct quotation or indirect quotation according to how you translated it in [Acts 28:25-26](./25.md). ACT 28 27 qu6t 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes quoting Isaiah the prophet. -ACT 28 27 ts5a figs-metaphor 0 For the heart of this people has become dull People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if their heart is dull. Here "heart" is a metonym for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 27 f5m4 figs-metaphor 0 with their ears they hardly hear, and they have shut their eyes People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if they are unable to hear and are shutting their eyes so that they will see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 28 27 lr99 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their heart Here "heart" stands for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ACT 28 27 q8c2 figs-metaphor 0 turn again To start obeying God is spoken of as though the person were physically turning toward God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ACT 28 27 vb9f 0 I would heal them This does not mean God will only heal them physically. He will also heal them spiritually by forgiving their sins. +ACT 28 27 ts5a figs-metaphor γὰρ ἡ καρδία τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπαχύνθη 1 For the heart of this people has become dull People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if their heart is dull. Here "heart" is a metonym for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 27 f5m4 figs-metaphor τοῖς ὠσὶν ἤκουσαν βαρέως ἤκουσαν, καὶ ἐκάμμυσαν αὐτῶν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 with their ears they hardly hear, and they have shut their eyes People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if they are unable to hear and are shutting their eyes so that they will see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 28 27 lr99 figs-metonymy συνῶσιν τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 understand with their heart Here "heart" stands for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 27 q8c2 figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψωσιν 1 turn again To start obeying God is spoken of as though the person were physically turning toward God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ACT 28 27 vb9f ἰάσομαι αὐτούς 1 I would heal them This does not mean God will only heal them physically. He will also heal them spiritually by forgiving their sins. ACT 28 28 c575 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to the Jewish leaders in Rome. -ACT 28 28 b2za figs-metaphor 0 this salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles God's message about how he saves people is spoken of as if it were an object that is sent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is sending his messengers to the Gentiles to tell them about how he will save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ACT 28 28 d18n 0 they will listen "some of them will listen." This response of the Gentiles is in contrast to the way the Jews of that time responded. +ACT 28 28 b2za figs-metaphor τοῦτο τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπεστάλη τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 this salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles God's message about how he saves people is spoken of as if it were an object that is sent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is sending his messengers to the Gentiles to tell them about how he will save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ACT 28 28 d18n αὐτοὶ ἀκούσονται 1 they will listen "some of them will listen." This response of the Gentiles is in contrast to the way the Jews of that time responded. ACT 28 30 c56e writing-endofstory 0 Luke ends the story of Paul in the book of Acts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -ACT 28 31 wv1l figs-metonymy 0 He was proclaiming the kingdom of God Here "kingdom of God" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "He was preaching about God's rule as king" or "He was preaching about how God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ACT 28 31 wv1l figs-metonymy κηρύσσων τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 He was proclaiming the kingdom of God Here "kingdom of God" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "He was preaching about God's rule as king" or "He was preaching about how God will show himself as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv index 4ff42e2292..ad9f503fed 100644 --- a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv @@ -1,1116 +1,1116 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ROM front intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Romans

1. Introduction (1:1-15)
1. Righteousness by faith in Jesus Christ (1:16-17)
1. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18-3:20)
1. Righteousness through Jesus Christ by faith in him (3:21-4:25)
1. The fruits of the Spirit (5:1-11)
1. Adam and Christ compared (5:12-21)
1. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1-8:39)
1. God's plan for Israel (9:1-11:36)
1. Practical advice for living as Christians (12:1-15:13)
1. Conclusion and greetings (15:14-16:27)

#### Who wrote the Book of Romans?

The Apostle Paul wrote the Book of Romans. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.

#### What is the Book of Romans about?

Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to "bring about the obedience of faith" (16:26).

In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1-11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12-16),

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Romans." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Rome," or "A Letter to the Christians in Rome." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?

In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).

#### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?

Paul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are "justification" (5:1), "works of the law" (3:20), "reconcile" (5:10), "propitiation" (3:25), "sanctification" (6:19), and "the old man" (6:6).

The "key terms" dictionary can help translators understand many of these terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])

Terms such as those given above are difficult to explain. It is often hard or impossible for translators to find equivalent terms in their own languages. It can help to know that word equivalents of these terms are not necessary. Instead, translators can develop short expressions to communicate these ideas. For example, the term "gospel" can be translated as "the good news about Jesus Christ."

Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, "righteousness" sometimes means that a person obeys God's law. At other times, "righteousness" means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God's law for us.

#### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)?

The idea of a "remnant" is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as "the remnant."

In 11:1-9, Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What did Paul mean by being "in Christ"?

The phrase "in Christ" and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages.

These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in 3:24 ("the redemption that is in Christ Jesus"), Paul referred to our being redeemed "because" of Jesus Christ. In 8:9 ("you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit"), Paul spoke of believers submitting "to" the Holy Spirit. In 9:1 ("I tell the truth in Christ"), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that "is in agreement with" Jesus Christ.

Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use "in." He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of "in," such as, "by means of," "in the manner of," or "in regard to." But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that reprents the immediate sense and the sense of "in union with." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])

#### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULT?

The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones" or "holy people." (See: 1:7)
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have "saints" or "holy ones," the ULT uses "believers." (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses "set apart," "dedicated to," "consecrated," or "reserved for." (See: 15:16)

The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans?

For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.

* "he [God] works all things together for good" (8:28). Some older versions read, "All things work together for good."
* "But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace" (11:6). Some older versions read: "But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work."

The following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators' region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Romans.

* "May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen" (16:24).

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
ROM 1 intro hn5n 0 # Romans 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The first verse is a type of introduction. People in the ancient Mediterranean region often started their letters this way. Sometimes this is called a "salutation."

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The gospel
This chapter refers to the contents of the Book of Romans as "the gospel" ([Romans 1:2](../../rom/01/02.md)). Romans is not a gospel like Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Instead, chapters 1-8 present the biblical gospel: All have sinned. Jesus died for our sins. He was raised again that we might have new life in him.

##### Fruit
This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. In this chapter, it refers to the results of Paul's work among the Roman Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God
This chapter explains that everyone is without excuse. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the wrath of God. This wrath was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### "God gave them over"
Many scholars view the phrases "God gave them over" and "God gave them up" as theologically significant. For this reason, it is important to translate these phrases with God playing a passive role in the action. God simply allows men to pursue their own desires, he does not force them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Difficult phrases and concepts

This chapter has many difficult ideas in it. How Paul writes makes many of the phrases in this chapter difficult to translate. The translator may need to use the UST to understand the meaning of the phrases. And it may be necessary to more freely translate these phrases. Some of the difficult phrases include: "obedience of faith," "whom I serve in my spirit," "from faith to faith" and "exchanged the glory of the imperishable God for the likenesses of an image of perishable man."
-ROM 1 1 x3em figs-explicit 0 Paul Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. You may also need to tell in this same verse who the people are to whom Paul wrote the letter ([Romans 1:7](./07.md)). Alternate translation: "I, Paul, wrote this letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 1 v5b9 figs-activepassive 0 called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God called me to be an apostle and chose me to tell people about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 1 sg88 0 called This means that God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus. -ROM 1 2 r5x7 0 which he promised beforehand by his prophets in the holy scriptures God promised his people that he would set up his kingdom. He told the prophets to write these promises in the Scriptures. -ROM 1 3 lab1 0 concerning his Son This refers to "the gospel of God," the good news that God promised to send his Son into the world. -ROM 1 3 lk5q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 1 3 rj9f figs-explicit 0 who was a descendant of David according to the flesh Here the word "flesh" refers to the physical body. Alternate translation: "who is a descendant of David according to the physical nature" or "who was born into the family of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 1 x3em figs-explicit Παῦλος 1 Paul Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. You may also need to tell in this same verse who the people are to whom Paul wrote the letter ([Romans 1:7](./07.md)). Alternate translation: "I, Paul, wrote this letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 1 v5b9 figs-activepassive κλητὸς ἀπόστολος ἀφωρισμένος εἰς εὐαγγέλιον Θεοῦ 1 called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God called me to be an apostle and chose me to tell people about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 1 sg88 κλητὸς 1 called This means that God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus. +ROM 1 2 r5x7 ὃ προεπηγγείλατο διὰ αὐτοῦ τῶν προφητῶν ἐν Γραφαῖς ἁγίαις Γραφαῖς 1 which he promised beforehand by his prophets in the holy scriptures God promised his people that he would set up his kingdom. He told the prophets to write these promises in the Scriptures. +ROM 1 3 lab1 περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 concerning his Son This refers to "the gospel of God," the good news that God promised to send his Son into the world. +ROM 1 3 lk5q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 1 3 rj9f figs-explicit τοῦ γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυεὶδ κατὰ σάρκα 1 who was a descendant of David according to the flesh Here the word "flesh" refers to the physical body. Alternate translation: "who is a descendant of David according to the physical nature" or "who was born into the family of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 1 4 z3yq 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks here about his obligation to preach. -ROM 1 4 at5s figs-activepassive 0 he was declared with power to be the Son of God The word "he" refers to Jesus Christ. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God declared him with power to be the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 4 h97z 0 by the resurrection from the dead "by raising him from among the people who are dead." This expression speaks of all dead people together in the underworld, and coming alive again is spoken of as resurrection from among them. -ROM 1 4 m89w 0 Spirit of holiness This refers to the Holy Spirit. -ROM 1 5 ww9a figs-activepassive 0 we have received grace and apostleship God has given Paul the gift of being an apostle. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God caused me to be an apostle. This is a special privilege" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 5 sxc7 figs-metonymy 0 for obedience of faith among all the nations, for the sake of his name Paul uses the word "name" as a metonym to refer to Jesus. Alternate translation: "in order to teach all nations to obey because of their faith in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 1 7 z85a figs-activepassive 0 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God, who are called to be holy people You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I am writing this letter to all of you in Rome whom God loves and has chosen to become his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 7 v8bl figs-activepassive 0 May grace be to you, and peace You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "May God give you grace and peace" or "May God bless you and give you inner peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 7 d8pa guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 God our Father The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 1 8 e6el 0 the whole world the world Paul and his readers knew and could travel in, which was the Roman Empire -ROM 1 9 c7pa 0 For God is my witness Paul emphasizes that he earnestly prays for them and that God has seen him praying. The word "for" is often left untranslated. -ROM 1 9 dx6p 0 in my spirit A person's spirit is the part of him that can know God and believe in him. -ROM 1 9 rnp6 0 the gospel of his Son The good news (gospel) of the Bible is that the Son of God has given himself as the Savior of the world. -ROM 1 9 r2l5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 1 9 f9p2 0 I make mention of you "I talk to God about you" +ROM 1 4 at5s figs-activepassive τοῦ ὁρισθέντος ἐν δυνάμει Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 he was declared with power to be the Son of God The word "he" refers to Jesus Christ. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God declared him with power to be the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 4 h97z ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 by the resurrection from the dead "by raising him from among the people who are dead." This expression speaks of all dead people together in the underworld, and coming alive again is spoken of as resurrection from among them. +ROM 1 4 m89w Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης 1 Spirit of holiness This refers to the Holy Spirit. +ROM 1 5 ww9a figs-activepassive ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν 1 we have received grace and apostleship God has given Paul the gift of being an apostle. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God caused me to be an apostle. This is a special privilege" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 5 sxc7 figs-metonymy εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 for obedience of faith among all the nations, for the sake of his name Paul uses the word "name" as a metonym to refer to Jesus. Alternate translation: "in order to teach all nations to obey because of their faith in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 1 7 z85a figs-activepassive πᾶσιν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ, ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ, κλητοῖς ἁγίοις 1 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God, who are called to be holy people You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I am writing this letter to all of you in Rome whom God loves and has chosen to become his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 7 v8bl figs-activepassive χάρις ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη 1 May grace be to you, and peace You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "May God give you grace and peace" or "May God bless you and give you inner peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 7 d8pa guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Θεοῦ ἡμῶν Πατρὸς 1 God our Father The word "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 1 8 e6el τῷ ὅλῳ κόσμῳ 1 the whole world the world Paul and his readers knew and could travel in, which was the Roman Empire +ROM 1 9 c7pa γάρ ὁ Θεός ἐστιν μού μάρτυς 1 For God is my witness Paul emphasizes that he earnestly prays for them and that God has seen him praying. The word "for" is often left untranslated. +ROM 1 9 dx6p ἐν μου τῷ πνεύματί 1 in my spirit A person's spirit is the part of him that can know God and believe in him. +ROM 1 9 rnp6 τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ αὐτοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 the gospel of his Son The good news (gospel) of the Bible is that the Son of God has given himself as the Savior of the world. +ROM 1 9 r2l5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 1 9 f9p2 ποιοῦμαι μνείαν ὑμῶν 1 I make mention of you "I talk to God about you" ROM 1 10 mdc8 0 I always request in my prayers that ... I may at last be successful ... in coming to you "Every time I pray, I ask God that ... I may succeed ... in coming to visit you" -ROM 1 10 zfp4 0 by any means "in whatever way God allows" -ROM 1 10 is3p 0 at last "eventually" or "finally" -ROM 1 10 b5wy 0 by the will of God "because God desires it" +ROM 1 10 zfp4 εἴ πως 1 by any means "in whatever way God allows" +ROM 1 10 is3p ποτὲ 1 at last "eventually" or "finally" +ROM 1 10 b5wy ἐν τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 by the will of God "because God desires it" ROM 1 11 n5ql 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues his opening statements to the people in Rome by stating his desire to see them in person. -ROM 1 11 ki6h 0 For I desire to see you "Because I really want to see you" -ROM 1 11 f3g1 figs-explicit 0 some spiritual gift, in order to strengthen you Paul wants to strengthen the Roman Christians spiritually. Alternate translation: "some gift that will help you to grow spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 12 ux1x figs-activepassive 0 That is, I long to be mutually encouraged among you, through each other's faith, yours and mine You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I mean that I want us to encourage each other by sharing our experiences of faith in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 13 yi1f figs-doublenegatives 0 I do not want you to be uninformed Paul is emphasizing that he wanted them to have this information. You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I want you to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 1 13 u1cq 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 1 13 ru3x figs-activepassive 0 but I was hindered until now You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "something has always prevented me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 13 gnu7 figs-metaphor 0 in order to have a harvest among you The word "harvest" is a metaphor that represents people in Rome whom Paul wants to believe the gospel. Alternate translation: "that more people among you might trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 1 13 j96v 0 the rest of the Gentiles the Gentiles in the other regions where he had gone -ROM 1 14 s4bm figs-metaphor 0 I am a debtor both to Using the metaphor "debtor," Paul speaks of his duty to serve God as if he owed God a financial debt. Alternate translation: "I must take the gospel to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 1 16 mm2f figs-litotes 0 I am not ashamed of the gospel You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I trust completely in the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ROM 1 16 h7nu figs-explicit 0 it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes Here "believes" means that one puts his trust in Christ. Alternate translation: "it is through the gospel that God powerfully saves those who put their trust in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 16 f5x9 0 for the Jew first and for the Greek "for Jewish people and also for Greek people" -ROM 1 16 sz5b 0 first Here "first" means coming before all others in order of time. -ROM 1 17 ii3m 0 For in it Here "it" refers to the gospel. Paul explains why he completely trusts in the gospel. -ROM 1 17 h38h figs-activepassive 0 God's righteousness is revealed from faith to faith Paul speaks about the gospel message as if it were an object that God could physically show to people. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has told us that it is by faith from beginning to end that people become righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 17 igg9 figs-activepassive 0 as it has been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 11 ki6h γὰρ ἐπιποθῶ ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς 1 For I desire to see you "Because I really want to see you" +ROM 1 11 f3g1 figs-explicit τι πνευματικὸν χάρισμα, εἰς τὸ στηριχθῆναι ὑμᾶς 1 some spiritual gift, in order to strengthen you Paul wants to strengthen the Roman Christians spiritually. Alternate translation: "some gift that will help you to grow spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 12 ux1x figs-activepassive τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν, συνπαρακληθῆναι ἐν ὑμῖν, διὰ τῆς ἐν ἀλλήλοις' τῆς ἐν ἀλλήλοις πίστεως, ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ 1 That is, I long to be mutually encouraged among you, through each other's faith, yours and mine You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I mean that I want us to encourage each other by sharing our experiences of faith in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 13 yi1f figs-doublenegatives θέλω οὐ θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 I do not want you to be uninformed Paul is emphasizing that he wanted them to have this information. You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I want you to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 1 13 u1cq ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 1 13 ru3x figs-activepassive καὶ ἐκωλύθην ἄχρι τοῦ δεῦρο 1 but I was hindered until now You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "something has always prevented me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 13 gnu7 figs-metaphor ἵνα σχῶ τινὰ καρπὸν καὶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 in order to have a harvest among you The word "harvest" is a metaphor that represents people in Rome whom Paul wants to believe the gospel. Alternate translation: "that more people among you might trust in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 1 13 j96v τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 the rest of the Gentiles the Gentiles in the other regions where he had gone +ROM 1 14 s4bm figs-metaphor εἰμί ὀφειλέτης τε Ἕλλησίν 1 I am a debtor both to Using the metaphor "debtor," Paul speaks of his duty to serve God as if he owed God a financial debt. Alternate translation: "I must take the gospel to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 1 16 mm2f figs-litotes ἐπαισχύνομαι οὐ ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 I am not ashamed of the gospel You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I trust completely in the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ROM 1 16 h7nu figs-explicit ἐστιν δύναμις Θεοῦ εἰς σωτηρίαν παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes Here "believes" means that one puts his trust in Christ. Alternate translation: "it is through the gospel that God powerfully saves those who put their trust in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 16 f5x9 Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι 1 for the Jew first and for the Greek "for Jewish people and also for Greek people" +ROM 1 16 sz5b τε πρῶτον 1 first Here "first" means coming before all others in order of time. +ROM 1 17 ii3m γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 For in it Here "it" refers to the gospel. Paul explains why he completely trusts in the gospel. +ROM 1 17 h38h figs-activepassive Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνη ἀποκαλύπτεται ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν 1 God's righteousness is revealed from faith to faith Paul speaks about the gospel message as if it were an object that God could physically show to people. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has told us that it is by faith from beginning to end that people become righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 17 igg9 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 as it has been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 1 17 hbv6 figs-explicit 0 The righteous will live by faith Here "righteous" refers to those who trust in God. Alternate translation: "It is people who trust in God that he considers right with him, and they will live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 1 18 gqv3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reveals God's great anger against sinful man. -ROM 1 18 r15v figs-activepassive 0 For the wrath of God is revealed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God shows how angry he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 18 c69s 0 For Paul uses the word "for" to show he is about to tell why people know that what he has said in [Romans 1:17](../01/17.md) is true. -ROM 1 18 wzy3 figs-abstractnouns 0 the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people The words "ungodliness" and "unrighteousness" are abstract nouns that can be expressed using the adjectives "ungodly," which describes the people, and "unrighteous," which describes their deeds. These nouns are metonyms for the people with whom God is angry. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: "God reveals from heaven how angry he is with people because they are ungodly and do unrighteous deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 1 18 rn72 figs-explicit 0 hold back the truth Here "truth" refers to true information about God. Alternate translation: "hide the true information about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 19 tbu2 figs-activepassive 0 that which is known about God is visible to them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "they can know about God because of what they can plainly see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 19 u8z3 figs-explicit 0 For God has enlightened them Here "enlightened them" means God has shown them the truth about him. Alternate translation: "Because God has shown everyone what he is like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 18 r15v figs-activepassive γὰρ ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀποκαλύπτεται 1 For the wrath of God is revealed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God shows how angry he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 18 c69s γὰρ 1 For Paul uses the word "for" to show he is about to tell why people know that what he has said in [Romans 1:17](../01/17.md) is true. +ROM 1 18 wzy3 figs-abstractnouns ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀποκαλύπτεται ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων 1 the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people The words "ungodliness" and "unrighteousness" are abstract nouns that can be expressed using the adjectives "ungodly," which describes the people, and "unrighteous," which describes their deeds. These nouns are metonyms for the people with whom God is angry. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: "God reveals from heaven how angry he is with people because they are ungodly and do unrighteous deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 1 18 rn72 figs-explicit κατεχόντων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 hold back the truth Here "truth" refers to true information about God. Alternate translation: "hide the true information about God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 19 tbu2 figs-activepassive τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν φανερόν ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 that which is known about God is visible to them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "they can know about God because of what they can plainly see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 19 u8z3 figs-explicit γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν αὐτοῖς 1 For God has enlightened them Here "enlightened them" means God has shown them the truth about him. Alternate translation: "Because God has shown everyone what he is like" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 1 20 szu6 figs-metaphor 0 For his invisible qualities ... have been clearly seen Paul speaks of people understanding God's invisible qualities as if people have seen those qualities. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "For people have clearly understood God's invisible qualities, namely his eternal power and divine nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 20 wk7u 0 divine nature "all the qualities and characteristics of God" or "the things about God that make him God" -ROM 1 20 uvc1 0 world This refers to the heavens and the earth, as well as everything in them. +ROM 1 20 wk7u θειότης 1 divine nature "all the qualities and characteristics of God" or "the things about God that make him God" +ROM 1 20 uvc1 κόσμου 1 world This refers to the heavens and the earth, as well as everything in them. ROM 1 20 c7hp figs-activepassive 0 in the things that have been made This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "because of the things that God has made" or "because people have seen the things that God has made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 20 dxr6 0 they are without excuse "these people can never say that they did not know" -ROM 1 21 xm6i figs-activepassive 0 became foolish in their thoughts You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "began to think foolish things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 21 gw8y figs-metaphor 0 their senseless hearts were darkened Here "darkness" is a metaphor that represents the people's lack of understanding. Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "they became unable to understand what God wanted them to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 1 22 ddr2 0 They claimed to be wise, but they became foolish "While they were claiming that they were wise, they became foolish" +ROM 1 20 dxr6 αὐτοὺς τὸ εἶναι ἀναπολογήτους 1 they are without excuse "these people can never say that they did not know" +ROM 1 21 xm6i figs-activepassive ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν αὐτῶν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς 1 became foolish in their thoughts You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "began to think foolish things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 21 gw8y figs-metaphor αὐτῶν ἡ ἀσύνετος καρδία ἐσκοτίσθη 1 their senseless hearts were darkened Here "darkness" is a metaphor that represents the people's lack of understanding. Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "they became unable to understand what God wanted them to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 1 22 ddr2 φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοὶ, ἐμωράνθησαν 1 They claimed to be wise, but they became foolish "While they were claiming that they were wise, they became foolish" ROM 1 22 ly68 0 They ... they the people in [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md) -ROM 1 23 k9xu 0 exchanged the glory of the imperishable God "traded the truth that God is glorious and will never die" or "stopped believing that God is glorious and will never die" -ROM 1 23 x2wl 0 for the likenesses of an image of "and instead chose to worship idols that looked like" -ROM 1 23 r14e 0 perishable man "some human being that will die" -ROM 1 23 u971 0 of birds, of four-footed beasts, and of creeping things "or that looked like birds, four-footed beasts, or creeping things" -ROM 1 24 fvv6 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" -ROM 1 24 ec9q 0 God gave them over to "God allowed them to indulge in" +ROM 1 23 k9xu καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ 1 exchanged the glory of the imperishable God "traded the truth that God is glorious and will never die" or "stopped believing that God is glorious and will never die" +ROM 1 23 x2wl ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ 1 for the likenesses of an image of "and instead chose to worship idols that looked like" +ROM 1 23 r14e φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 perishable man "some human being that will die" +ROM 1 23 u971 καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων- καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν 1 of birds, of four-footed beasts, and of creeping things "or that looked like birds, four-footed beasts, or creeping things" +ROM 1 24 fvv6 διὸ 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" +ROM 1 24 ec9q ὁ Θεὸς παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς παρέδωκεν ἐν 1 God gave them over to "God allowed them to indulge in" ROM 1 24 tlv5 0 them ... their ... themselves These words refer to the "mankind" of [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md). -ROM 1 24 n8ac figs-synecdoche 0 the lusts of their hearts for uncleanness Here "lusts of their hearts" is a synecdoche that represents the evil things they wanted to do. Alternate translation: "the morally impure things they desired greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 1 24 a8pm figs-euphemism 0 for their bodies to be dishonored among themselves This is a euphemism that means they committed immoral sexual acts. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and they committed sexually immoral and degrading acts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 25 dv6h 0 they This word refers to the "mankind" of [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md). -ROM 1 25 e9pj figs-explicit 0 who worshiped and served the creation Here "creation" refers to what God created. Alternate translation: "They worshiped things that God created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 25 v89u 0 instead of "rather than" -ROM 1 26 jb2g 0 Because of this "Because of idolatry and sexual sin" -ROM 1 26 pil3 0 God gave them over to "God allowed them to indulge in" -ROM 1 26 hw81 0 dishonorable passions "shameful sexual desires" -ROM 1 26 j4ni 0 for their women "because their women" -ROM 1 26 vs4a figs-euphemism 0 exchanged natural relations for those that were unnatural The idea of relations "that were unnatural" is a euphemism for immoral sexuality. Alternate translation: "started practicing sexuality in a way God did not design" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ROM 1 27 g3ja figs-euphemism 0 men also left their natural relations with women Here "natural relations" is a euphemism for sexual relationships. Alternate translation: "many men stopped having natural sexual desire for women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ROM 1 27 c7ja 0 burned in their lust for one another "experienced strong sexual desire for other men" -ROM 1 27 gn3f 0 committed shameless acts "committed acts for which they should have been ashamed, but they were not ashamed" -ROM 1 27 qvi3 0 men and received in themselves the penalty they deserved for their error "men, and God has punished them justly for the error they committed" -ROM 1 27 yvm1 0 error moral wrong, not a mistake about facts -ROM 1 28 cx7y 0 Because they did not approve of having God in their awareness "They did not think it was necessary to know God" +ROM 1 24 n8ac figs-synecdoche ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν τῶν καρδιῶν εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 the lusts of their hearts for uncleanness Here "lusts of their hearts" is a synecdoche that represents the evil things they wanted to do. Alternate translation: "the morally impure things they desired greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 1 24 a8pm figs-euphemism τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν τὰ σώματα τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 for their bodies to be dishonored among themselves This is a euphemism that means they committed immoral sexual acts. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and they committed sexually immoral and degrading acts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 25 dv6h οἵτινες 1 they This word refers to the "mankind" of [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md). +ROM 1 25 e9pj figs-explicit ἐσεβάσθησαν καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν τῇ κτίσει 1 who worshiped and served the creation Here "creation" refers to what God created. Alternate translation: "They worshiped things that God created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 25 v89u παρὰ 1 instead of "rather than" +ROM 1 26 jb2g διὰ τοῦτο 1 Because of this "Because of idolatry and sexual sin" +ROM 1 26 pil3 ὁ Θεὸς παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς παρέδωκεν εἰς 1 God gave them over to "God allowed them to indulge in" +ROM 1 26 hw81 ἀτιμίας πάθη 1 dishonorable passions "shameful sexual desires" +ROM 1 26 j4ni αἵ τε γὰρ αὐτῶν θήλειαι 1 for their women "because their women" +ROM 1 26 vs4a figs-euphemism μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν 1 exchanged natural relations for those that were unnatural The idea of relations "that were unnatural" is a euphemism for immoral sexuality. Alternate translation: "started practicing sexuality in a way God did not design" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ROM 1 27 g3ja figs-euphemism ἄρσενες καὶ ἀφέντες τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας 1 men also left their natural relations with women Here "natural relations" is a euphemism for sexual relationships. Alternate translation: "many men stopped having natural sexual desire for women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ROM 1 27 c7ja ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν αὐτῶν τῇ ὀρέξει εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 burned in their lust for one another "experienced strong sexual desire for other men" +ROM 1 27 gn3f κατεργαζόμενοι τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην 1 committed shameless acts "committed acts for which they should have been ashamed, but they were not ashamed" +ROM 1 27 qvi3 ἄρσεσιν καὶ ἀπολαμβάνοντες ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν τῆς πλάνης 1 men and received in themselves the penalty they deserved for their error "men, and God has punished them justly for the error they committed" +ROM 1 27 yvm1 τῆς πλάνης 1 error moral wrong, not a mistake about facts +ROM 1 28 cx7y καὶ καθὼς ἐδοκίμασαν οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν ἔχειν τὸν Θεὸν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει 1 Because they did not approve of having God in their awareness "They did not think it was necessary to know God" ROM 1 28 bt7u 0 they ... their ... them These words refer to the "mankind" of [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md). ROM 1 28 yy1c figs-explicit 0 he gave them up to a depraved mind Here "a depraved mind" means a mind that thinks only about immoral things. Alternate translation: "God allowed their minds, which they had filled with worthless and immoral thoughts, to completely control them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 28 p8z2 0 not proper "disgraceful" or "sinful" -ROM 1 29 c2e2 figs-activepassive 0 They have been filled with You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "They have in them a strong desire for" or "They strongly desire to do deeds of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 29 t4qm figs-activepassive 0 They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and evil intentions You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Many are constantly envying other people ... Many constantly desire to murder people ... to cause arguments and quarrels among people ... to deceive others ... to speak hatefully about others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 1 30 f4tt 0 slanderers A slanderer says false things about another person in order to damage that person's reputation. -ROM 1 30 th8q 0 inventing ways of doing evil "thinking of new ways to do evil things to others" -ROM 1 32 cxx8 0 They understand the regulations of God "They know how God wants them to live" -ROM 1 32 ytu6 figs-explicit 0 that those who practice such things Here "practice" refers to continually or habitually doing things that are evil. Alternate translation: "and that those who keep on doing wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 1 32 z12q 0 are deserving of death "deserve to die" -ROM 1 32 ama2 0 these things "these kinds of evil things" -ROM 1 32 iqg1 figs-explicit 0 who do them Here the verb "do" refers to continuing to do things that are evil. Alternate translation: "who keep on doing evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 28 p8z2 μὴ καθήκοντα 1 not proper "disgraceful" or "sinful" +ROM 1 29 c2e2 figs-activepassive πεπληρωμένους 1 They have been filled with You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "They have in them a strong desire for" or "They strongly desire to do deeds of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 29 t4qm figs-activepassive μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας 1 They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and evil intentions You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Many are constantly envying other people ... Many constantly desire to murder people ... to cause arguments and quarrels among people ... to deceive others ... to speak hatefully about others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 1 30 f4tt καταλάλους 1 slanderers A slanderer says false things about another person in order to damage that person's reputation. +ROM 1 30 th8q ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 inventing ways of doing evil "thinking of new ways to do evil things to others" +ROM 1 32 cxx8 οἵτινες ἐπιγνόντες τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 They understand the regulations of God "They know how God wants them to live" +ROM 1 32 ytu6 figs-explicit ὅτι οἱ πράσσοντες τὰ τοιαῦτα 1 that those who practice such things Here "practice" refers to continually or habitually doing things that are evil. Alternate translation: "and that those who keep on doing wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 1 32 z12q εἰσίν ἄξιοι θανάτου 1 are deserving of death "deserve to die" +ROM 1 32 ama2 αὐτὰ 1 these things "these kinds of evil things" +ROM 1 32 iqg1 figs-explicit τοῖς πράσσουσιν 1 who do them Here the verb "do" refers to continuing to do things that are evil. Alternate translation: "who keep on doing evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 2 intro dse2 0 # Romans 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter shifts its audience from Roman Christians to those who "judge" other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### "Therefore you are without excuse"
This phrase looks back at Chapter 1. In some ways, it actually concludes what Chapter 1 teaches. This phrase explains why everyone in the world must worship the true God.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Doers of the Law"
Those who try to obey the law will not be justified by trying to obey it. Those who are justified by believing in Jesus show that their faith is real by obeying God's commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions
Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### Hypothetical Situation
In context, "he will give eternal life" in verse 7 is a hypothetical statement. If a person could live a perfect life, they would earn eternal life as a reward. But only Jesus was able to live a perfect life.

Paul gives another hypothetical situation in verses 17-29. Here he explains that even those who earnestly try to obey the law of Moses are guilty of violating the law. In English, this is about those who follow the "letter" of the law but cannot follow the "spirit" or general principles of the law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "You who judge"
At times, this could be translated in a simpler way. But it is translated in this relatively awkward way because when Paul refers to "people who judge" he is also saying that everyone judges. It is possible to translate this as "those who judge (and everyone judges)."
ROM 2 1 y6ts 0 Connecting Statement: Paul has affirmed all men are sinners and continues to remind them that all people are wicked. -ROM 2 1 d7pj figs-explicit 0 Therefore you are without excuse The word "therefore" marks a new section of the letter. It also makes a concluding statement based on what Paul has said in [Romans 1:1-32](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: "Since God will punish those who continually sin, he will certainly not excuse your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 2 1 x3mi figs-apostrophe 0 you are Paul is writing here as if he were addressing a Jewish person who is arguing with him. Paul is doing this to teach his audience that God will punish everyone who continually sins, whether Jew or Gentile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ROM 2 1 md5e figs-you 0 you Here the pronoun "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 2 1 jt4b figs-explicit 0 you person, you who judge Paul uses the word "person" here to scold anyone who might think he can act like God and judge others. Alternate translation: "You are just a human being, yet you judge others and say they deserve God's punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 2 1 ybp2 0 for what you judge in another you condemn in yourself "But you are only judging yourself because you do the same wicked deeds as they do" -ROM 2 2 jr4i figs-inclusive 0 But we know Here the pronoun "we" may include Christian believers and also Jews who are not Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 2 2 kfy1 figs-personification 0 God's judgment is according to truth when it falls on those Here Paul speaks of "God's judgment" as if it were alive and could "fall" on people. Alternate translation: "God will judge those people truly and fairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 2 2 rgw4 0 those who practice such things "the people who do those wicked deeds" -ROM 2 3 wg1h 0 But consider this "So consider this" or "Therefore, consider this" -ROM 2 3 ijd6 0 consider this "think about what I am going to tell you" -ROM 2 3 zwg7 0 person Use the general word for a human being "whoever you are" -ROM 2 3 rk75 0 you who judge those who practice such things although you do the same things "you who say someone deserves God's punishment while you do the same wicked deeds" -ROM 2 3 p7mw figs-rquestion 0 Will you escape from the judgment of God? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. You can also translate this question as a strong negative statement. Alternate translation: "You will certainly not escape God's judgment!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 2 1 d7pj figs-explicit διὸ εἶ ἀναπολόγητος 1 Therefore you are without excuse The word "therefore" marks a new section of the letter. It also makes a concluding statement based on what Paul has said in [Romans 1:1-32](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: "Since God will punish those who continually sin, he will certainly not excuse your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 1 x3mi figs-apostrophe εἶ 1 you are Paul is writing here as if he were addressing a Jewish person who is arguing with him. Paul is doing this to teach his audience that God will punish everyone who continually sins, whether Jew or Gentile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +ROM 2 1 md5e figs-you εἶ 1 you Here the pronoun "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 2 1 jt4b figs-explicit ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων 1 you person, you who judge Paul uses the word "person" here to scold anyone who might think he can act like God and judge others. Alternate translation: "You are just a human being, yet you judge others and say they deserve God's punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 1 ybp2 γὰρ ἐν ᾧ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον κατακρίνεις σεαυτὸν 1 for what you judge in another you condemn in yourself "But you are only judging yourself because you do the same wicked deeds as they do" +ROM 2 2 jr4i figs-inclusive δὲ οἴδαμεν 1 But we know Here the pronoun "we" may include Christian believers and also Jews who are not Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 2 2 kfy1 figs-personification τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸ κρίμα ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τοὺς 1 God's judgment is according to truth when it falls on those Here Paul speaks of "God's judgment" as if it were alive and could "fall" on people. Alternate translation: "God will judge those people truly and fairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 2 2 rgw4 τοὺς πράσσοντας τὰ τοιαῦτα 1 those who practice such things "the people who do those wicked deeds" +ROM 2 3 wg1h δὲ λογίζῃ τοῦτο 1 But consider this "So consider this" or "Therefore, consider this" +ROM 2 3 ijd6 λογίζῃ τοῦτο 1 consider this "think about what I am going to tell you" +ROM 2 3 zwg7 ὦ ἄνθρωπε 1 person Use the general word for a human being "whoever you are" +ROM 2 3 rk75 ὦ ἄνθρωπε ὁ κρίνων τοὺς πράσσοντας τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά 1 you who judge those who practice such things although you do the same things "you who say someone deserves God's punishment while you do the same wicked deeds" +ROM 2 3 p7mw figs-rquestion ἐκφεύξῃ ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ? 1 Will you escape from the judgment of God? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. You can also translate this question as a strong negative statement. Alternate translation: "You will certainly not escape God's judgment!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 2 4 pex3 figs-rquestion 0 Or do you think so little of the riches of his goodness, his delayed punishment, and his patience ... repentance? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. You can also translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You should not act like it does not matter that God is good and that he patiently waits a long time before he punishes people, so that his goodness will cause them to repent!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 2 4 w537 0 think so little of the riches ... patience "consider the riches ... patience unimportant" or "consider ... not good" ROM 2 4 swj9 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know that his goodness is meant to lead you to repentance? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. You can also translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You must know that God shows you he is good so that you might repent!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 2 5 t8pv 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to remind the people that all people are wicked. -ROM 2 5 agl8 figs-metaphor 0 But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 2 5 f52g figs-doublet 0 hardness and unrepentant heart This is a doublet that you can combine as "unrepentant heart." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 2 5 fv4k figs-metaphor 0 you are storing up for yourself wrath The phrase "storing up" implies a metaphor that usually refers to a person gathering his treasures and putting them in a safe place. Paul says, instead of treasures, that the person is gathering God's punishment. The longer they go without repenting, the more severe the punishment. Alternate translation: "you are making your punishment worse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 2 5 agl8 figs-metaphor δὲ κατὰ σου τὴν σκληρότητά καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν 1 But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 2 5 f52g figs-doublet τὴν σκληρότητά καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν 1 hardness and unrepentant heart This is a doublet that you can combine as "unrepentant heart." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 2 5 fv4k figs-metaphor θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν 1 you are storing up for yourself wrath The phrase "storing up" implies a metaphor that usually refers to a person gathering his treasures and putting them in a safe place. Paul says, instead of treasures, that the person is gathering God's punishment. The longer they go without repenting, the more severe the punishment. Alternate translation: "you are making your punishment worse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 2 5 h8cp figs-doublet 0 on the day of wrath ... the day of the revelation of God's righteous judgment Both of these phrases refer to the same day. Alternate translation: "when God shows everyone that he is angry and that he judges all people fairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 2 6 c4dn 0 pay back "give a fair reward or punishment" -ROM 2 6 gj1q 0 to every person according to his actions "each person according to what that person has done" -ROM 2 7 gec6 0 have sought This means that they act in a way that will lead to a positive decision from God on judgment day. -ROM 2 7 ub51 0 praise, honor, and incorruptibility They want God to praise and honor them, and they want to never die. -ROM 2 7 m341 0 incorruptibility This refers to physical, not moral, decay. +ROM 2 6 c4dn ἀποδώσει 1 pay back "give a fair reward or punishment" +ROM 2 6 gj1q ἑκάστῳ κατὰ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα 1 to every person according to his actions "each person according to what that person has done" +ROM 2 7 gec6 ζητοῦσιν 1 have sought This means that they act in a way that will lead to a positive decision from God on judgment day. +ROM 2 7 ub51 δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν 1 praise, honor, and incorruptibility They want God to praise and honor them, and they want to never die. +ROM 2 7 m341 ἀφθαρσίαν 1 incorruptibility This refers to physical, not moral, decay. ROM 2 8 guq1 0 Connecting Statement: Though this section is speaking to the non-religious wicked person, Paul sums it up by stating both non-Jews and Jews are wicked before God. -ROM 2 8 wa6f 0 self-seeking "selfish" or "only concerned with what makes themselves happy" -ROM 2 8 fcb4 figs-parallelism 0 disobey the truth but obey unrighteousness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second intensifies the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ROM 2 8 j1e6 figs-doublet 0 wrath and fierce anger will come The words "wrath" and "fierce anger" mean basically the same thing and emphasize God's anger. Alternate translation: "God will show his terrible anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 2 8 c2n3 figs-metonymy 0 wrath Here the word "wrath" is a metonym that refers to God's severe punishment of wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 2 9 u8f7 figs-doublet 0 tribulation and distress on The words "tribulation" and "distress" mean basically the same thing here and emphasize how bad God's punishment will be. Alternate translation: "awful punishments will happen to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 2 9 ck9i figs-synecdoche 0 on every human soul Here, Paul uses the word "soul" as a synecdoche that refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "upon every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 2 9 n7q4 0 has practiced evil "has continually done evil things" -ROM 2 9 a9s5 0 to the Jew first, and also to the Greek "God will judge the Jewish people first, and then those who are not Jewish people" -ROM 2 9 n5ev 0 first Possible meanings are 1) "first in order of time" or 2) "most certainly" -ROM 2 10 vt1f 0 But praise, honor, and peace will come "But God will give praise, honor, and peace" -ROM 2 10 i9tg 0 practices good "continually does what is good" -ROM 2 10 zg3s 0 to the Jew first, and also to the Greek "God will reward the Jewish people first, and then those who are not Jewish people" -ROM 2 10 ib56 0 first You should translate this the same way you did in [Romans 2:9](../02/09.md). -ROM 2 11 s7a6 figs-litotes 0 For there is no favoritism with God You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "For God treats all people the same" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ROM 2 12 wkx8 0 For as many as have sinned "For those who have sinned" -ROM 2 12 ml3k figs-explicit 0 without the law will also perish without the law Paul repeats "without the law" to emphasize that it does not matter if people do not know the law of Moses. If they sin, God will judge them. Alternate translation: "without knowing the law of Moses will certainly still die spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 2 12 m6cy 0 as many as have sinned "all those who have sinned" -ROM 2 12 y3bu figs-explicit 0 with respect to the law will be judged by the law God will judge sinful people according to his law. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and who do know the law of Moses, God will judge them according to that law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 8 wa6f ἐξ ἐριθείας- ἐξ ἐριθείας 1 self-seeking "selfish" or "only concerned with what makes themselves happy" +ROM 2 8 fcb4 figs-parallelism καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ δὲ πειθομένοις τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 disobey the truth but obey unrighteousness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second intensifies the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ROM 2 8 j1e6 figs-doublet ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 wrath and fierce anger will come The words "wrath" and "fierce anger" mean basically the same thing and emphasize God's anger. Alternate translation: "God will show his terrible anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 2 8 c2n3 figs-metonymy ὀργὴ 1 wrath Here the word "wrath" is a metonym that refers to God's severe punishment of wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 2 9 u8f7 figs-doublet θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία ἐπὶ 1 tribulation and distress on The words "tribulation" and "distress" mean basically the same thing here and emphasize how bad God's punishment will be. Alternate translation: "awful punishments will happen to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 2 9 ck9i figs-synecdoche ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀνθρώπου ψυχὴν 1 on every human soul Here, Paul uses the word "soul" as a synecdoche that refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "upon every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 2 9 n7q4 τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν 1 has practiced evil "has continually done evil things" +ROM 2 9 a9s5 Ἰουδαίου πρῶτον, τε καὶ Ἕλληνος 1 to the Jew first, and also to the Greek "God will judge the Jewish people first, and then those who are not Jewish people" +ROM 2 9 n5ev πρῶτον 1 first Possible meanings are 1) "first in order of time" or 2) "most certainly" +ROM 2 10 vt1f δὲ δόξα, καὶ τιμὴ, καὶ εἰρήνη παντὶ 1 But praise, honor, and peace will come "But God will give praise, honor, and peace" +ROM 2 10 i9tg τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 practices good "continually does what is good" +ROM 2 10 zg3s Ἰουδαίῳ πρῶτον, τε καὶ Ἕλληνι 1 to the Jew first, and also to the Greek "God will reward the Jewish people first, and then those who are not Jewish people" +ROM 2 10 ib56 πρῶτον 1 first You should translate this the same way you did in [Romans 2:9](../02/09.md). +ROM 2 11 s7a6 figs-litotes γάρ ἐστιν οὐ προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 For there is no favoritism with God You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "For God treats all people the same" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ROM 2 12 wkx8 γὰρ ὅσοι ἥμαρτον 1 For as many as have sinned "For those who have sinned" +ROM 2 12 ml3k figs-explicit ἀνόμως ἀπολοῦνται καὶ ἀπολοῦνται ἀνόμως 1 without the law will also perish without the law Paul repeats "without the law" to emphasize that it does not matter if people do not know the law of Moses. If they sin, God will judge them. Alternate translation: "without knowing the law of Moses will certainly still die spiritually" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 12 m6cy ὅσοι ἥμαρτον 1 as many as have sinned "all those who have sinned" +ROM 2 12 y3bu figs-explicit ἐν νόμῳ κριθήσονται διὰ νόμου 1 with respect to the law will be judged by the law God will judge sinful people according to his law. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "and who do know the law of Moses, God will judge them according to that law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 2 13 sw8x 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to let the reader know that perfect obedience to God's law is required even for those who never had God's law. -ROM 2 13 k32u 0 For Verses 14 and 15 interrupt Paul's main argument to give the reader extra information. If you have a way to mark an interruption like this in your language, you can use it here. -ROM 2 13 t28w figs-explicit 0 it is not the hearers of the law Here "the law" refers to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "it is not those who only hear the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 2 13 eg4h 0 who are righteous before God "whom God considers righteous" -ROM 2 13 s4na 0 but it is the doers of the law "but it is those who obey the law of Moses" -ROM 2 13 c1bu figs-activepassive 0 who will be justified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom God will accept" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 13 k32u γὰρ 1 For Verses 14 and 15 interrupt Paul's main argument to give the reader extra information. If you have a way to mark an interruption like this in your language, you can use it here. +ROM 2 13 t28w figs-explicit οἱ οὐ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ νόμου 1 it is not the hearers of the law Here "the law" refers to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "it is not those who only hear the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 13 eg4h δίκαιοι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 who are righteous before God "whom God considers righteous" +ROM 2 13 s4na ἀλλ’ οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου 1 but it is the doers of the law "but it is those who obey the law of Moses" +ROM 2 13 c1bu figs-activepassive δικαιωθήσονται 1 who will be justified You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom God will accept" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 2 14 tn5f figs-idiom 0 Gentiles, who do not have the law ... are a law to themselves The phrase "law to themselves" is an idiom that means that these people naturally obey God's laws. Alternate translation: "have God's laws already inside them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 2 14 q2id figs-explicit 0 they do not have the law Here "the law" refers to the law of Moses." Alternate translation: "they do not actually have the laws that God gave to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 2 15 xl6v 0 By this they show "By naturally obeying the law they show" -ROM 2 15 x35c figs-metonymy 0 that the actions required by the law are written in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for the person's thoughts or inner person. The phrase "written in their hearts" is a metaphor for knowing something in their mind. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God has written on their hearts what the law requires them to do" or "that they know the actions that God wants them to do according to his law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 2 15 z28q figs-idiom 0 bears witness to them, and their own thoughts either accuse or defend them to themselves Here "bears witness" refers to the knowledge they gain from the law that God has written in their hearts. Alternate translation: "tells them if they are disobeying or obeying God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 2 16 c5fp 0 on the day when God will judge This finishes Paul's thought from [Romans 2:13](../02/13.md). "This will happen when God judges" +ROM 2 14 q2id figs-explicit ἔχοντες μὴ ἔχοντες νόμον 1 they do not have the law Here "the law" refers to the law of Moses." Alternate translation: "they do not actually have the laws that God gave to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 15 xl6v οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται 1 By this they show "By naturally obeying the law they show" +ROM 2 15 x35c figs-metonymy ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν αὐτῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 that the actions required by the law are written in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for the person's thoughts or inner person. The phrase "written in their hearts" is a metaphor for knowing something in their mind. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God has written on their hearts what the law requires them to do" or "that they know the actions that God wants them to do according to his law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 15 z28q figs-idiom συνμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν, καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων 1 bears witness to them, and their own thoughts either accuse or defend them to themselves Here "bears witness" refers to the knowledge they gain from the law that God has written in their hearts. Alternate translation: "tells them if they are disobeying or obeying God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 2 16 c5fp ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε ὁ Θεὸς κρίνει 1 on the day when God will judge This finishes Paul's thought from [Romans 2:13](../02/13.md). "This will happen when God judges" ROM 2 17 lc6m 0 Connecting Statement: Here begins Paul's discussion that the law the Jews possess actually condemns them because they do not obey it. -ROM 2 17 cnq7 0 if you call yourself a Jew "since you call yourself a Jew" +ROM 2 17 cnq7 εἰ σὺ ἐπονομάζῃ Ἰουδαῖος 1 if you call yourself a Jew "since you call yourself a Jew" ROM 2 17 gz6j figs-metaphor 0 rest upon the law The phrase "rest upon the law" represents believing that they can become righteous by obeying the law. Alternate translation: "rely on the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 2 18 l3we 0 know his will "and know God's will" -ROM 2 18 xn6w figs-activepassive 0 because you have been instructed from the law This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because people have taught you what is right from the law" or "because you have learned from the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 2 19 wi7z figs-parallelism 0 that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness Here "the blind" and "those who walk in darkness" represent people who do not understand the law. Alternate translation: "that because you teach the law, you yourself are like a guide to blind people, and you are like a light to people who are lost in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 2 20 p7qq 0 a corrector of the foolish "you correct those who do wrong" -ROM 2 20 ar5a figs-metaphor 0 a teacher of little children Here Paul compares those who do not know anything about the law to very small children. Alternate translation: "and you teach those who do not know the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 2 20 gh9s figs-explicit 0 and that you have in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth The knowledge of the truth that is in the law comes from God. Alternate translation: "because you are sure you understand the truth that God has given in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 2 18 l3we γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα 1 know his will "and know God's will" +ROM 2 18 xn6w figs-activepassive κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 because you have been instructed from the law This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because people have taught you what is right from the law" or "because you have learned from the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 19 wi7z figs-parallelism πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν εἶναι ὁδηγὸν τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει 1 that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness Here "the blind" and "those who walk in darkness" represent people who do not understand the law. Alternate translation: "that because you teach the law, you yourself are like a guide to blind people, and you are like a light to people who are lost in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 2 20 p7qq παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων 1 a corrector of the foolish "you correct those who do wrong" +ROM 2 20 ar5a figs-metaphor διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 a teacher of little children Here Paul compares those who do not know anything about the law to very small children. Alternate translation: "and you teach those who do not know the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 2 20 gh9s figs-explicit ἔχοντα ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 and that you have in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth The knowledge of the truth that is in the law comes from God. Alternate translation: "because you are sure you understand the truth that God has given in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 2 21 uq9y figs-rquestion 0 You who teach others, do you not teach yourself? Paul is using a question to scold his listeners. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You teach others, but you do not teach yourself!" or "You teach others, but you do not do what you teach!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 2 21 hl38 figs-rquestion 0 You who preach against stealing, do you steal? Paul is using a question to scold his listeners. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You tell people not to steal, but you steal!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 2 22 vb45 figs-rquestion 0 You who say that one must not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? Paul is using a question to scold his listeners. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You tell people not to commit adultery, but you commit adultery!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 2 22 qn68 figs-rquestion 0 You who hate idols, do you rob temples? Paul is using a question to scold his listener. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You say you hate idols, but you rob temples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 2 22 mv4d 0 rob temples Possible meanings are 1) "steal items from local pagan temples to sell and make a profit" or 2) "do not send to the Jerusalem temple all the money that is due to God." -ROM 2 23 grr3 figs-rquestion 0 You who boast in the law, do you dishonor God by breaking the law? Paul uses a question to scold his listener. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "It is wicked that you claim to be proud of the law, while at the same time you disobey it and bring shame to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 2 24 q13d figs-activepassive 0 the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "many Gentiles blaspheme the name of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 2 24 xq7q figs-metonymy 0 name of God The word "name" is a metonym that refers to the entirety of God, not just his name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 2 21 hl38 figs-rquestion ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν, κλέπτεις? 1 You who preach against stealing, do you steal? Paul is using a question to scold his listeners. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You tell people not to steal, but you steal!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 2 22 vb45 figs-rquestion ὁ λέγων μοιχεύειν μὴ μοιχεύειν, μοιχεύεις? 1 You who say that one must not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? Paul is using a question to scold his listeners. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You tell people not to commit adultery, but you commit adultery!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 2 22 qn68 figs-rquestion ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα, ἱεροσυλεῖς? 1 You who hate idols, do you rob temples? Paul is using a question to scold his listener. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You say you hate idols, but you rob temples!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 2 22 mv4d ἱεροσυλεῖς 1 rob temples Possible meanings are 1) "steal items from local pagan temples to sell and make a profit" or 2) "do not send to the Jerusalem temple all the money that is due to God." +ROM 2 23 grr3 figs-rquestion ὃς καυχᾶσαι ἐν νόμῳ, ἀτιμάζεις τὸν Θεὸν διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου? 1 You who boast in the law, do you dishonor God by breaking the law? Paul uses a question to scold his listener. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "It is wicked that you claim to be proud of the law, while at the same time you disobey it and bring shame to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 2 24 q13d figs-activepassive τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "many Gentiles blaspheme the name of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 24 xq7q figs-metonymy ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 name of God The word "name" is a metonym that refers to the entirety of God, not just his name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 2 25 i497 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to show that God, by his law, condemns even the Jews who have God's law. -ROM 2 25 jg8q 0 For circumcision indeed benefits you "I say all of this because being circumcised does benefit you" -ROM 2 25 sbm3 0 if you break the law "if you do not obey the commandments found in the law" -ROM 2 25 xq62 0 your circumcision becomes uncircumcision "it is as though you were no longer circumcised" -ROM 2 26 vt7f 0 the uncircumcised person "the person who is not circumcised" -ROM 2 26 nf3j 0 keeps the requirements of the law "obeys what God commands in the law" -ROM 2 26 be71 figs-rquestion 0 will not his uncircumcision be considered as circumcision? This is the first of two questions Paul asks here to emphasize that circumcision is not what makes one right before God. You can translate this question as a statement in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will consider him as circumcised." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 2 25 jg8q γὰρ περιτομὴ μὲν ὠφελεῖ 1 For circumcision indeed benefits you "I say all of this because being circumcised does benefit you" +ROM 2 25 sbm3 ἐὰν παραβάτης νόμου ᾖς 1 if you break the law "if you do not obey the commandments found in the law" +ROM 2 25 xq62 σου ἡ περιτομή γέγονεν ἀκροβυστία 1 your circumcision becomes uncircumcision "it is as though you were no longer circumcised" +ROM 2 26 vt7f ἡ ἀκροβυστία 1 the uncircumcised person "the person who is not circumcised" +ROM 2 26 nf3j φυλάσσῃ τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου 1 keeps the requirements of the law "obeys what God commands in the law" +ROM 2 26 be71 figs-rquestion λογισθήσεται οὐχ αὐτοῦ ἡ ἀκροβυστία λογισθήσεται εἰς περιτομὴν? 1 will not his uncircumcision be considered as circumcision? This is the first of two questions Paul asks here to emphasize that circumcision is not what makes one right before God. You can translate this question as a statement in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will consider him as circumcised." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 2 27 lqz2 figs-rquestion 0 And will not the one who is naturally uncircumcised condemn you ... the law? This is the second of two questions that Paul asks here (the first is in Romans 2:26 (./26.md)) to emphasize that circumcision is not what makes one right before God. You can translate this questions as a statement in an active form. Alternate translation: "The one who is not physically circumcised will condemn you ... the law." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 2 28 g2vh 0 outwardly This refers to Jewish rituals, such as circumcision, which people can see. -ROM 2 28 bl6h 0 merely outward in the flesh This refers to the physical change to a man's body when someone circumcises him. -ROM 2 28 s44m figs-synecdoche 0 flesh This is a synecdoche for the whole body. Alternate translation: "body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 2 29 hkk4 figs-parallelism 0 he is a Jew who is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the heart These two phrases have similar meanings. The first phrase, "he is a Jew who is one inwardly," explains the second phrase, "circumcision is that of the heart." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ROM 2 29 v149 0 inwardly This refers to the values and motivations of the person whom God has transformed. -ROM 2 29 dk8q figs-metonymy 0 of the heart Here "heart" is a metonym for the inner person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 2 29 dd3p figs-synecdoche 0 in the Spirit, not in the letter Here "letter" is a synecdoche that refers to written Scripture. Alternate translation: "through the work of the Holy Spirit, not because you know the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 2 29 qa6b 0 in the Spirit This refers to the internal, spiritual part of a person that "God's Spirit" changes . +ROM 2 28 g2vh ἐν τῷ φανερῷ 1 outwardly This refers to Jewish rituals, such as circumcision, which people can see. +ROM 2 28 bl6h ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ 1 merely outward in the flesh This refers to the physical change to a man's body when someone circumcises him. +ROM 2 28 s44m figs-synecdoche σαρκὶ 1 flesh This is a synecdoche for the whole body. Alternate translation: "body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 2 29 hkk4 figs-parallelism Ἰουδαῖος ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ, καὶ περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 he is a Jew who is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the heart These two phrases have similar meanings. The first phrase, "he is a Jew who is one inwardly," explains the second phrase, "circumcision is that of the heart." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ROM 2 29 v149 ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ 1 inwardly This refers to the values and motivations of the person whom God has transformed. +ROM 2 29 dk8q figs-metonymy καρδίας 1 of the heart Here "heart" is a metonym for the inner person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 2 29 dd3p figs-synecdoche ἐν Πνεύματι, οὐ γράμματι 1 in the Spirit, not in the letter Here "letter" is a synecdoche that refers to written Scripture. Alternate translation: "through the work of the Holy Spirit, not because you know the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 2 29 qa6b ἐν Πνεύματι 1 in the Spirit This refers to the internal, spiritual part of a person that "God's Spirit" changes . ROM 3 intro y2kb 0 # Romans 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 4 and 10-18 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

Chapter 3 answers the question, "What advantage does being a Jew have over being a Gentile?" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

##### "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God"
Because God is holy, anyone with him in heaven must be perfect. Any sin at all will condemn a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]])

##### The purpose of the law of Moses
Obeying the law cannot make a person right with God. Obeying God's law is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions
Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]])
ROM 3 1 v788 0 Connecting Statement: Paul proclaims the advantage that Jews have because God gave them his law. -ROM 3 1 gcd6 figs-explicit 0 Then what advantage does the Jew have? And what is the benefit of circumcision? Paul presents ideas that people might have after they hear what he wrote in chapter 2. He does this in order to respond to them in verse 2. Alternate translation: "Some people might say, 'Then what advantage does the Jew have? And what is the benefit of circumcision?'" or "Some people might say, 'If that is true, then the Jews do not have any advantage, and there is no benefit in being circumcised.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 2 rri9 figs-explicit 0 It is great in every way Paul now responds to the concerns brought up in verse 1. Here "It" refers to being a member of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "But there is great advantage to being a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 2 q2dh 0 First of all Possible meanings are 1) "First in order of time" or 2) "Most certainly" or 3) "Most importantly." -ROM 3 2 r62g figs-explicit 0 the Jews were entrusted with revelation from God Here "revelation" refers to God's words and promises. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God gave his words that contain his promises to the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 3 d9k3 figs-rquestion 0 For what if some Jews were without faith? Will their unbelief abolish God's faithfulness? Paul uses these questions to make people think. Alternate translation: "Some Jews have not been faithful to God. Should we conclude from this that God will not fulfill his promise?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 4 z465 0 May it never be This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have an expression in your language that you could use here. "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" -ROM 3 4 kz4j 0 Instead, let "We should say this instead, let" -ROM 3 4 ld9h figs-explicit 0 let God be found to be true God will always be true and will keep his promises. Alternate translation: "God always does what he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 4 nud9 figs-hyperbole 0 even though every man is a liar The words "every" and "liar" are exaggerations here to add emphasis that God alone is always true to his promises. Alternate translation: "even if every man were a liar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 3 4 te39 figs-activepassive 0 As it has been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The Scriptures themselves agree with what I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 4 x6ax figs-parallelism 0 That you might be shown to be righteous in your words, and that you might prevail when you come into judgment These two phrases have very similar meanings. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone must acknowledge that what you say is true, and you will always win your case when anyone accuses you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 1 gcd6 figs-explicit οὖν τί τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου τὸ περισσὸν? ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς? 1 Then what advantage does the Jew have? And what is the benefit of circumcision? Paul presents ideas that people might have after they hear what he wrote in chapter 2. He does this in order to respond to them in verse 2. Alternate translation: "Some people might say, 'Then what advantage does the Jew have? And what is the benefit of circumcision?'" or "Some people might say, 'If that is true, then the Jews do not have any advantage, and there is no benefit in being circumcised.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 2 rri9 figs-explicit πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον 1 It is great in every way Paul now responds to the concerns brought up in verse 1. Here "It" refers to being a member of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "But there is great advantage to being a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 2 q2dh πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ὅτι 1 First of all Possible meanings are 1) "First in order of time" or 2) "Most certainly" or 3) "Most importantly." +ROM 3 2 r62g figs-explicit ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Jews were entrusted with revelation from God Here "revelation" refers to God's words and promises. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God gave his words that contain his promises to the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 3 d9k3 figs-rquestion γάρ τί εἰ τινες ἠπίστησάν? μὴ αὐτῶν ἡ ἀπιστία καταργήσει τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν πίστιν? 1 For what if some Jews were without faith? Will their unbelief abolish God's faithfulness? Paul uses these questions to make people think. Alternate translation: "Some Jews have not been faithful to God. Should we conclude from this that God will not fulfill his promise?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 4 z465 μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have an expression in your language that you could use here. "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" +ROM 3 4 kz4j δὲ, γινέσθω 1 Instead, let "We should say this instead, let" +ROM 3 4 ld9h figs-explicit γινέσθω ὁ Θεὸς γινέσθω ἀληθής 1 let God be found to be true God will always be true and will keep his promises. Alternate translation: "God always does what he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 4 nud9 figs-hyperbole δὲ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ψεύστης 1 even though every man is a liar The words "every" and "liar" are exaggerations here to add emphasis that God alone is always true to his promises. Alternate translation: "even if every man were a liar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 3 4 te39 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 As it has been written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The Scriptures themselves agree with what I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 4 x6ax figs-parallelism ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν σου τοῖς λόγοις, καὶ νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί 1 That you might be shown to be righteous in your words, and that you might prevail when you come into judgment These two phrases have very similar meanings. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone must acknowledge that what you say is true, and you will always win your case when anyone accuses you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 3 5 dgk8 figs-rquestion 0 But if our unrighteousness shows the righteousness of God, what can we say? Can we say that God is unrighteous to bring his wrath upon us? Paul uses these questions to present what some people were arguing and to get his readers to think about whether or not this argument is true. Alternate translation: "Some people say that since our unrighteousness shows God's righteousness, then God is unrighteous when he punishes us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 3 5 e9ux figs-metonymy 0 to bring his wrath upon us Here "wrath" is a metonym for punishment. Alternate translation: "to bring his punishment upon us" or "to punish us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 5 j631 0 I am using a human argument "I am saying here what some people say" or "This is what some people say" -ROM 3 6 gd5f 0 May it never be "We must never say that God is unrighteous" -ROM 3 6 zg9s figs-rquestion 0 For then how would God judge the world? Paul uses this question to show that the arguments against the gospel are not valid, since the Jews believe that God will judge all people. Alternate translation: "We all know that God will in fact judge the world!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 6 lnp3 figs-metonymy 0 the world The "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "anyone in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 7 b9k1 figs-rquestion 0 But if the truth of God through my lie provides abundant praise for him, why am I still being judged as a sinner? Here Paul imagines someone continuing to reject the Christian gospel. That adversary argues, because his sin shows the righteousness of God, then God should not declare that he is a sinner on judgment day if, for example, he tells lies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 5 j631 λέγω κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 I am using a human argument "I am saying here what some people say" or "This is what some people say" +ROM 3 6 gd5f μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "We must never say that God is unrighteous" +ROM 3 6 zg9s figs-rquestion ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς κρινεῖ τὸν κόσμον? 1 For then how would God judge the world? Paul uses this question to show that the arguments against the gospel are not valid, since the Jews believe that God will judge all people. Alternate translation: "We all know that God will in fact judge the world!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 6 lnp3 figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 the world The "world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "anyone in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 7 b9k1 figs-rquestion δὲ εἰ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί κἀγὼ ἔτι κρίνομαι ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς? 1 But if the truth of God through my lie provides abundant praise for him, why am I still being judged as a sinner? Here Paul imagines someone continuing to reject the Christian gospel. That adversary argues, because his sin shows the righteousness of God, then God should not declare that he is a sinner on judgment day if, for example, he tells lies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 3 8 tz14 figs-rquestion 0 Why not say ... come"? Here Paul raises a question of his own, to show how ridiculous the argument of his imaginary adversary is. Alternate translation: "I might as well be saying ... come!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 8 kb9d 0 as we are falsely reported to say "some lie to tell others that this is what we are saying" -ROM 3 8 cn1c 0 The judgment on them is just It will be only fair when God condemns these enemies of Paul, for telling lies about what Paul has been teaching. +ROM 3 8 kb9d καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα 1 as we are falsely reported to say "some lie to tell others that this is what we are saying" +ROM 3 8 cn1c τὸ κρίμα ὧν ἐστιν ἔνδικόν 1 The judgment on them is just It will be only fair when God condemns these enemies of Paul, for telling lies about what Paul has been teaching. ROM 3 9 z3wu 0 Connecting Statement: Paul sums up that all are guilty of sin, none are righteous, and no one seeks God. -ROM 3 9 fia9 figs-rquestion 0 What then? Are we excusing ourselves? Paul asks these questions to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "We Jews should not try to imagine we are going to escape God's judgment, just because we are Jewish!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 9 g85q 0 Not at all These words are stronger than a simple "no," but not as strong as "absolutely not!" -ROM 3 10 u88n figs-activepassive 0 This is as it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This is as the prophets have written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 11 h9e9 figs-explicit 0 There is no one who understands There is no one who understands what is right. Alternate translation: "No one really understands what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 11 y7et figs-explicit 0 There is no one who seeks after God Here the phrase "seeks after God" means to have a relationship with God. Alternate translation: "No one sincerely tries to have a right relationship with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 12 cen3 figs-idiom 0 They have all turned away This is an idiom that means the people do not even want to think about God. They want to avoid him. Alternate translation: "They have all turned away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 3 12 y6qa figs-explicit 0 They together have become useless Since no one does what is good, they are useless to God. Alternate translation: "Everyone has become useless to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 9 fia9 figs-rquestion τί οὖν? προεχόμεθα? 1 What then? Are we excusing ourselves? Paul asks these questions to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "We Jews should not try to imagine we are going to escape God's judgment, just because we are Jewish!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 9 g85q οὐ πάντως 1 Not at all These words are stronger than a simple "no," but not as strong as "absolutely not!" +ROM 3 10 u88n figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 This is as it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This is as the prophets have written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 11 h9e9 figs-explicit ἔστιν οὐκ ὁ συνίων 1 There is no one who understands There is no one who understands what is right. Alternate translation: "No one really understands what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 11 y7et figs-explicit ἔστιν οὐκ ὁ συνίων ἔστιν οὐκ ὁ ἐκζητῶν τὸν Θεόν 1 There is no one who seeks after God Here the phrase "seeks after God" means to have a relationship with God. Alternate translation: "No one sincerely tries to have a right relationship with God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 12 cen3 figs-idiom ἐξέκλιναν πάντες ἐξέκλιναν 1 They have all turned away This is an idiom that means the people do not even want to think about God. They want to avoid him. Alternate translation: "They have all turned away from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 3 12 y6qa figs-explicit ἠχρεώθησαν ἅμα ἠχρεώθησαν 1 They together have become useless Since no one does what is good, they are useless to God. Alternate translation: "Everyone has become useless to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 3 13 zf4i 0 Their ... Their The word "their" refers to the "Jews and Greeks" of [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). -ROM 3 13 bbq5 figs-metonymy 0 Their throat is an open grave The word "throat" is a metonym for everything that people say that is unrighteous and disgusting. Here "open grave" is a metaphor that refers to the stench of the evil words of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 3 13 sx6y figs-metonymy 0 Their tongues have deceived The word "tongues" is a metonym for the false words that people speak. Alternate translation: "People speak lies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 13 qk16 figs-metaphor 0 The poison of snakes is under their lips Here "poison of snakes" is a metaphor that is used to represent the great harm of the evil words that the people speak. The word "lips" refers to the words of the people. Alternate translation: "Their evil words injure people just like the poison of a venomous snake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 14 sqr5 figs-metonymy 0 Their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness Here "mouths" is a metonym that represents the evil words of the people. The word "full" exaggerates how often people speak bitterly and curse. Alternate translation: "They often speak curses and cruel words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 3 15 vds1 figs-synecdoche 0 Their feet are swift to pour out blood Here "feet" is a synecdoche that represents the people themselves. The word "blood" is a metaphor that refers to killing people. Alternate translation: "They are in a hurry to harm and murder people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 3 15 a1dr 0 Their feet The word "their" refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). -ROM 3 16 d4y3 0 their paths The word "their" refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). -ROM 3 16 lyh1 figs-metonymy 0 Destruction and suffering are in their paths Here "destruction and suffering" are metonyms that represent the harm that these people cause others to suffer. Alternate translation: "They try to destroy others and cause them to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 17 zk1i 0 These people These words refer to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). -ROM 3 17 jb6b 0 a way of peace "how to live at peace with others." A "way" is a road or path. -ROM 3 18 cpf2 0 their This word refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). -ROM 3 18 bx27 figs-synecdoche 0 There is no fear of God before their eyes Here "fear" is a metonym that represents respect for God and willingness to honor him. Alternate translation: "Everyone refuses to give God the respect he deserves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 3 19 e8h2 figs-personification 0 whatever the law says, it speaks to Paul speaks of the law here as if it were alive and had its own voice. Alternate translation: "everything that the law says people should do is for" or "all the commands that Moses wrote in the law are for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 3 19 n399 0 the ones who are under the law "those who must obey the law" -ROM 3 19 cu9x figs-synecdoche 0 in order that every mouth may be shut Here "mouth" is a synecdoche that means the words people speak. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that no people will be able to say anything valid to defend themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 19 w12y figs-synecdoche 0 the whole world held accountable to God Here "world" is a synecdoche that represents all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "that God can declare everyone in the world guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 3 20 xs9x 0 flesh Here "flesh" refers to all human beings. -ROM 3 20 gaa3 0 For Possible meanings are 1) "Therefore" or 2) "This is because" -ROM 3 20 wtp4 0 through the law comes the knowledge of sin "when someone knows God's law, he realizes that he has sinned" +ROM 3 13 bbq5 figs-metonymy αὐτῶν ὁ λάρυγξ τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος τάφος 1 Their throat is an open grave The word "throat" is a metonym for everything that people say that is unrighteous and disgusting. Here "open grave" is a metaphor that refers to the stench of the evil words of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 3 13 sx6y figs-metonymy αὐτῶν ταῖς γλώσσαις ἐδολιοῦσαν 1 Their tongues have deceived The word "tongues" is a metonym for the false words that people speak. Alternate translation: "People speak lies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 13 qk16 figs-metaphor ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ αὐτῶν τὰ χείλη 1 The poison of snakes is under their lips Here "poison of snakes" is a metaphor that is used to represent the great harm of the evil words that the people speak. The word "lips" refers to the words of the people. Alternate translation: "Their evil words injure people just like the poison of a venomous snake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 14 sqr5 figs-metonymy ὧν τὸ στόμα γέμει ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας 1 Their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness Here "mouths" is a metonym that represents the evil words of the people. The word "full" exaggerates how often people speak bitterly and curse. Alternate translation: "They often speak curses and cruel words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 3 15 vds1 figs-synecdoche αὐτῶν οἱ πόδες ὀξεῖς ἐκχέαι αἷμα 1 Their feet are swift to pour out blood Here "feet" is a synecdoche that represents the people themselves. The word "blood" is a metaphor that refers to killing people. Alternate translation: "They are in a hurry to harm and murder people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 3 15 a1dr αὐτῶν οἱ πόδες 1 Their feet The word "their" refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). +ROM 3 16 d4y3 αὐτῶν ταῖς ὁδοῖς 1 their paths The word "their" refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). +ROM 3 16 lyh1 figs-metonymy σύντριμμα καὶ ταλαιπωρία ἐν αὐτῶν ταῖς ὁδοῖς 1 Destruction and suffering are in their paths Here "destruction and suffering" are metonyms that represent the harm that these people cause others to suffer. Alternate translation: "They try to destroy others and cause them to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 17 zk1i ἔγνωσαν 1 These people These words refer to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). +ROM 3 17 jb6b καὶ ὁδὸν εἰρήνης 1 a way of peace "how to live at peace with others." A "way" is a road or path. +ROM 3 18 cpf2 αὐτῶν 1 their This word refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md). +ROM 3 18 bx27 figs-synecdoche ἔστιν οὐκ φόβος Θεοῦ ἀπέναντι αὐτῶν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 There is no fear of God before their eyes Here "fear" is a metonym that represents respect for God and willingness to honor him. Alternate translation: "Everyone refuses to give God the respect he deserves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 3 19 e8h2 figs-personification ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, λαλεῖ τοῖς 1 whatever the law says, it speaks to Paul speaks of the law here as if it were alive and had its own voice. Alternate translation: "everything that the law says people should do is for" or "all the commands that Moses wrote in the law are for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 3 19 n399 τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 the ones who are under the law "those who must obey the law" +ROM 3 19 cu9x figs-synecdoche ἵνα πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ 1 in order that every mouth may be shut Here "mouth" is a synecdoche that means the words people speak. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "so that no people will be able to say anything valid to defend themselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 19 w12y figs-synecdoche πᾶς ὁ κόσμος ὑπόδικος γένηται τῷ Θεῷ 1 the whole world held accountable to God Here "world" is a synecdoche that represents all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "that God can declare everyone in the world guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 3 20 xs9x πᾶσα σὰρξ 1 flesh Here "flesh" refers to all human beings. +ROM 3 20 gaa3 γὰρ 1 For Possible meanings are 1) "Therefore" or 2) "This is because" +ROM 3 20 wtp4 διὰ νόμου ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας 1 through the law comes the knowledge of sin "when someone knows God's law, he realizes that he has sinned" ROM 3 21 fqz4 0 Connecting Statement: The word "but" here shows Paul has completed his introduction and is now beginning to make his main point. -ROM 3 21 y3te 0 now The word "now" refers to the time since Jesus came to the earth. -ROM 3 21 e4qe figs-activepassive 0 apart from the law the righteousness of God has been made known You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has made known a way to be right with him without obeying the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 21 tnf8 figs-personification 0 It was witnessed by the Law and the Prophets The words "the Law and the Prophets" refer to the parts of scripture that Moses and the prophets wrote in the Jewish scriptures. Paul describes them here as if they were people testifying in court. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "What Moses and the prophets wrote confirms this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 22 ffw8 figs-explicit 0 the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ Here "righteousness" means being right with God. Alternate translation: "being right with God through trusting Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 22 s36i figs-explicit 0 For there is no distinction Paul implies that God accepts all people in the same way. Alternate translation: "There is no difference at all between the Jews and the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 3 23 lym5 figs-metonymy 0 come short of the glory of God Here the "glory of God" is a metonym that refers to the image of God and his nature. Alternate translation: "have failed to be like God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 24 xcu6 figs-explicit 0 they are freely justified by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus Here "justified" refers to being made right with God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God makes them right with himself as a free gift, because Christ Jesus sets them free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 24 bcc2 0 they are freely justified This means that they are justified without having to earn or merit being justified. God freely justifies them. Alternate translation: "they are made right with God without earning it" -ROM 3 25 m159 figs-metonymy 0 in his blood This is a metonym for the death of Jesus as a sacrifice for sins. Alternate translation: "in his death as a sacrifice for sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 3 25 ieq9 0 disregard Possible meanings are 1) ignoring or 2) forgiving. -ROM 3 26 lm1r 0 This all happened for the demonstration of his righteousness at this present time "He did this to show how God makes people right with himself" -ROM 3 26 cg55 0 This was so he could prove himself just, and to show that he justifies anyone because of faith in Jesus "By this he shows that he is both just and the one who declares everyone righteous who has faith in Jesus" -ROM 3 27 fjm4 figs-rquestion 0 Where then is boasting? It is excluded Paul asks this question to show that there is no reason for people to boast about obeying the law. Alternate translation: "So there is no way that we can boast that God favors us because we obeyed those laws. Boasting is excluded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 27 v3ut figs-rquestion 0 On what grounds? Of works? No, but on the grounds of faith Paul asks and answers these rhetorical questions to emphasize that each point he is making is certainly true. You can translate this by including the words that Paul implies, and by using an active form. Alternate translation: "On what grounds should we exclude boasting? Should we exclude it because of our good works? No, rather, we should exclude it because of faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 28 t8um figs-abstractnouns 0 a person is justified by faith Here "faith" is an abstract noun that refers to the person believing in God. The "person" here is any person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God justifies any person who believes in God" or "when God justifies a person, he does so because the person believes in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 3 28 ycx2 0 without works of the law "even if he has done no works of the law" -ROM 3 29 n7r5 figs-rquestion 0 Or is God the God of Jews only? Paul asks this question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "You who are Jews certainly should not think that you are the only ones whom God will accept!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 29 gdt4 figs-rquestion 0 Is he not also the God of Gentiles? Yes, of Gentiles also Paul asks this question to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "He will also accept non-Jews, that is, Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 30 gk5d figs-metonymy 0 he will justify the circumcision by faith, and the uncircumcision through faith Here "circumcision" is a metonym that refers to Jews and "uncircumcision" is a metonym that refers to non-Jews. Alternate translation: "God will make both Jews and non-Jews right with himself through their faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 21 y3te νυνὶ 1 now The word "now" refers to the time since Jesus came to the earth. +ROM 3 21 e4qe figs-activepassive χωρὶς νόμου δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ πεφανέρωται 1 apart from the law the righteousness of God has been made known You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has made known a way to be right with him without obeying the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 21 tnf8 figs-personification μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 It was witnessed by the Law and the Prophets The words "the Law and the Prophets" refer to the parts of scripture that Moses and the prophets wrote in the Jewish scriptures. Paul describes them here as if they were people testifying in court. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "What Moses and the prophets wrote confirms this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 22 ffw8 figs-explicit δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ διὰ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ Here "righteousness" means being right with God. Alternate translation: "being right with God through trusting Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 22 s36i figs-explicit γάρ ἐστιν οὐ διαστολή 1 For there is no distinction Paul implies that God accepts all people in the same way. Alternate translation: "There is no difference at all between the Jews and the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 3 23 lym5 figs-metonymy ὑστεροῦνται τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 come short of the glory of God Here the "glory of God" is a metonym that refers to the image of God and his nature. Alternate translation: "have failed to be like God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 24 xcu6 figs-explicit δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν δικαιούμενοι τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι διὰ τῆς ἀπολυτρώσεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 they are freely justified by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus Here "justified" refers to being made right with God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God makes them right with himself as a free gift, because Christ Jesus sets them free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 24 bcc2 δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν δικαιούμενοι 1 they are freely justified This means that they are justified without having to earn or merit being justified. God freely justifies them. Alternate translation: "they are made right with God without earning it" +ROM 3 25 m159 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι 1 in his blood This is a metonym for the death of Jesus as a sacrifice for sins. Alternate translation: "in his death as a sacrifice for sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 3 25 ieq9 τὴν πάρεσιν 1 disregard Possible meanings are 1) ignoring or 2) forgiving. +ROM 3 26 lm1r πρὸς τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ 1 This all happened for the demonstration of his righteousness at this present time "He did this to show how God makes people right with himself" +ROM 3 26 cg55 εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν δίκαιον, καὶ δικαιοῦντα τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 This was so he could prove himself just, and to show that he justifies anyone because of faith in Jesus "By this he shows that he is both just and the one who declares everyone righteous who has faith in Jesus" +ROM 3 27 fjm4 figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις? ἐξεκλείσθη 1 Where then is boasting? It is excluded Paul asks this question to show that there is no reason for people to boast about obeying the law. Alternate translation: "So there is no way that we can boast that God favors us because we obeyed those laws. Boasting is excluded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 27 v3ut figs-rquestion διὰ ποίου νόμου? τῶν ἔργων? οὐχί, ἀλλὰ διὰ νόμου πίστεως 1 On what grounds? Of works? No, but on the grounds of faith Paul asks and answers these rhetorical questions to emphasize that each point he is making is certainly true. You can translate this by including the words that Paul implies, and by using an active form. Alternate translation: "On what grounds should we exclude boasting? Should we exclude it because of our good works? No, rather, we should exclude it because of faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 28 t8um figs-abstractnouns ἄνθρωπον δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει 1 a person is justified by faith Here "faith" is an abstract noun that refers to the person believing in God. The "person" here is any person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God justifies any person who believes in God" or "when God justifies a person, he does so because the person believes in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 3 28 ycx2 χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου 1 without works of the law "even if he has done no works of the law" +ROM 3 29 n7r5 figs-rquestion ἢ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰουδαίων μόνον? 1 Or is God the God of Jews only? Paul asks this question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "You who are Jews certainly should not think that you are the only ones whom God will accept!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 29 gdt4 figs-rquestion οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? ναὶ, ἐθνῶν καὶ 1 Is he not also the God of Gentiles? Yes, of Gentiles also Paul asks this question to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "He will also accept non-Jews, that is, Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 30 gk5d figs-metonymy ὃς δικαιώσει περιτομὴν ἐκ πίστεως, καὶ ἀκροβυστίαν διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 he will justify the circumcision by faith, and the uncircumcision through faith Here "circumcision" is a metonym that refers to Jews and "uncircumcision" is a metonym that refers to non-Jews. Alternate translation: "God will make both Jews and non-Jews right with himself through their faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 3 31 if2b 0 Connecting Statement: Paul confirms the law though faith. -ROM 3 31 wb6r figs-rquestion 0 Do we then nullify the law through faith? Paul asks a question that one of his readers might have. Alternate translation: "Someone might say that we can ignore the law because we have faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 31 jdq1 figs-rquestion 0 May it never be This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar express in your language that you could use here. Alternate translation: "This is certainly not true" or "Certainly not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 3 31 y6qx 0 we uphold the law "we obey the law" -ROM 3 31 nzr7 figs-inclusive 0 we This pronoun refers to Paul, other believers, and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 3 31 wb6r figs-rquestion καταργοῦμεν οὖν καταργοῦμεν νόμον διὰ τῆς πίστεως? 1 Do we then nullify the law through faith? Paul asks a question that one of his readers might have. Alternate translation: "Someone might say that we can ignore the law because we have faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 31 jdq1 figs-rquestion μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar express in your language that you could use here. Alternate translation: "This is certainly not true" or "Certainly not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 3 31 y6qx ἱστάνομεν νόμον 1 we uphold the law "we obey the law" +ROM 3 31 nzr7 figs-inclusive καταργοῦμεν 1 we This pronoun refers to Paul, other believers, and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ROM 4 intro f9jc 0 # Romans 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 7-8 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The purpose of the law of Moses
Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### Circumcision
Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions
Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
ROM 4 1 gw29 0 Connecting Statement: Paul confirms that even in the past believers were made right with God by faith and not by the law. -ROM 4 1 gwp3 figs-rquestion 0 What then will we say that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh, found? Paul uses the question to catch the attention of the reader and to start talking about something new. Alternate translation: "This is what Abraham our physical ancestor found" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 4 3 w9i5 figs-rquestion 0 For what does the scripture say Paul uses this question to add emphasis. He speaks of the Scriptures as if they were alive and could talk. Alternate translation: "For we can read in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 4 3 smc6 figs-activepassive 0 it was counted to him as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considered Abraham as a righteous person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 4 dsl8 figs-activepassive 0 what he is paid is not counted as a gift This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one counts what the employer pays him as a gift from the employer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 4 et9x figs-activepassive 0 but as what is owed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but as what his employer owes him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 5 ynp2 0 in the one who justifies "in God, who justifies" -ROM 4 5 va3e figs-activepassive 0 his faith is counted as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considers that person's faith as righteousness" or "God considers that person righteous because of his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 6 fhq9 0 David also pronounces blessing on the man to whom God counts righteousness without works "David also wrote about how God blesses the man whom God makes righteous without works" +ROM 4 1 gwp3 figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν Ἀβραὰμ, ἡμῶν τὸν προπάτορα κατὰ σάρκα, εὑρηκέναι? 1 What then will we say that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh, found? Paul uses the question to catch the attention of the reader and to start talking about something new. Alternate translation: "This is what Abraham our physical ancestor found" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 4 3 w9i5 figs-rquestion γὰρ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει 1 For what does the scripture say Paul uses this question to add emphasis. He speaks of the Scriptures as if they were alive and could talk. Alternate translation: "For we can read in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 4 3 smc6 figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 it was counted to him as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considered Abraham as a righteous person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 4 dsl8 figs-activepassive ὁ μισθὸς λογίζεται οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν 1 what he is paid is not counted as a gift This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one counts what the employer pays him as a gift from the employer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 4 et9x figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ κατὰ ὀφείλημα 1 but as what is owed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but as what his employer owes him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 5 ynp2 ἐπὶ τὸν δικαιοῦντα 1 in the one who justifies "in God, who justifies" +ROM 4 5 va3e figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ ἡ πίστις λογίζεται εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 his faith is counted as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considers that person's faith as righteousness" or "God considers that person righteous because of his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 6 fhq9 Δαυεὶδ καθάπερ καὶ λέγει τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ᾧ ὁ Θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων 1 David also pronounces blessing on the man to whom God counts righteousness without works "David also wrote about how God blesses the man whom God makes righteous without works" ROM 4 7 dur6 figs-parallelism 0 whose lawless deeds are forgiven ... whose sins are covered The same concept is stated in two different ways. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord has forgiven those who have broken the law ... whose sins the Lord has covered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 9 sgz7 figs-rquestion 0 Then is this blessing pronounced only on those of the circumcision, or also on those of the uncircumcision? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Does God bless only those who are circumcised, or also those who are not circumcised?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 4 9 dn7v figs-metonymy 0 those of the circumcision This is a metonym that refers to the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 4 9 d5qp figs-metonymy 0 those of the uncircumcision This is a metonym that refers to the people who are not Jews. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 4 9 m3uh figs-activepassive 0 Faith was counted to Abraham as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considered the faith of Abraham as righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 10 uy4t figs-rquestion 0 So how was it counted? When Abraham was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Paul asks these questions to add emphasis to his remarks. Alternate translation: "When did God consider Abraham to be righteous? Was it before his circumcision, or after it?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 4 10 p5rp 0 It was not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision "It happened before he was circumcised, not after he was circumcised" -ROM 4 11 s2ez figs-explicit 0 a seal of the righteousness of the faith that he had already possessed when he was in uncircumcision Here "righteousness of the faith" means that God considered him to be righteous. Alternate translation: "a visible sign that God considered him righteous because he had believed in God before he was circumcised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 4 11 i2vz 0 even if they are in uncircumcision "even if they are not circumcised" -ROM 4 11 a5b6 figs-activepassive 0 This means that righteousness will be counted for them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This means that God will consider them righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 12 u8j3 0 Abraham became the father of the circumcision Here "the circumcision" refers to those who are true believers in God, both Jews and Gentiles. -ROM 4 12 s9jt figs-idiom 0 who follow in the steps of faith of our father Abraham Here "follow in the steps of faith" is an idiom that means to follow someone's example of follow. Alternate translation: "who follow our father Abraham's example of faith" or "who have faith as our father Abraham did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 4 13 x9s9 figs-ellipsis 0 but through the righteousness of faith The words "the promise came" are understood from the first phrase. You can translate this by adding these implied words. Alternate translation: "but the promise came through faith, which God considers as righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 4 14 cf9t figs-metaphor 0 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 4 14 p51n figs-explicit 0 if those who live by the law are to be the heirs Here "live by the law" refers to obeying the law. Alternate translation: "if those who obey the law are the ones who will inherit the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 4 14 gd78 0 faith is made empty, and the promise is void "faith has no value, and the promise is meaningless" -ROM 4 15 b3h8 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no trespass This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "trespass." Alternate translation: "no one can break the law" or "it is impossible to disobey the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 4 16 d4jz 0 For this reason "So" -ROM 4 16 tm4j 0 it is by faith The word "it" refers to receiving what God had promised. Alternate translation: "it is by faith that we receive the promise" or "we receive the promise by faith" +ROM 4 9 sgz7 figs-rquestion οὖν οὗτος ὁ μακαρισμὸς ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν, ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν? 1 Then is this blessing pronounced only on those of the circumcision, or also on those of the uncircumcision? This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Does God bless only those who are circumcised, or also those who are not circumcised?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 4 9 dn7v figs-metonymy τὴν περιτομὴν 1 those of the circumcision This is a metonym that refers to the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 4 9 d5qp figs-metonymy τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν 1 those of the uncircumcision This is a metonym that refers to the people who are not Jews. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 4 9 m3uh figs-activepassive ἡ πίστις ἐλογίσθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Faith was counted to Abraham as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God considered the faith of Abraham as righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 10 uy4t figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη? ὄντι ἐν περιτομῇ, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? 1 So how was it counted? When Abraham was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Paul asks these questions to add emphasis to his remarks. Alternate translation: "When did God consider Abraham to be righteous? Was it before his circumcision, or after it?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 4 10 p5rp οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 It was not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision "It happened before he was circumcised, not after he was circumcised" +ROM 4 11 s2ez figs-explicit σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 a seal of the righteousness of the faith that he had already possessed when he was in uncircumcision Here "righteousness of the faith" means that God considered him to be righteous. Alternate translation: "a visible sign that God considered him righteous because he had believed in God before he was circumcised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 4 11 i2vz δι’ ἀκροβυστίας 1 even if they are in uncircumcision "even if they are not circumcised" +ROM 4 11 a5b6 figs-activepassive εἰς τὸ τὴν δικαιοσύνην λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς 1 This means that righteousness will be counted for them You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This means that God will consider them righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 12 u8j3 καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς 1 Abraham became the father of the circumcision Here "the circumcision" refers to those who are true believers in God, both Jews and Gentiles. +ROM 4 12 s9jt figs-idiom τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς πίστεως τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς Ἀβραάμ 1 who follow in the steps of faith of our father Abraham Here "follow in the steps of faith" is an idiom that means to follow someone's example of follow. Alternate translation: "who follow our father Abraham's example of faith" or "who have faith as our father Abraham did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 4 13 x9s9 figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης πίστεως 1 but through the righteousness of faith The words "the promise came" are understood from the first phrase. You can translate this by adding these implied words. Alternate translation: "but the promise came through faith, which God considers as righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 4 14 cf9t figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι 1 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 4 14 p51n figs-explicit εἰ οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι 1 if those who live by the law are to be the heirs Here "live by the law" refers to obeying the law. Alternate translation: "if those who obey the law are the ones who will inherit the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 4 14 gd78 ἡ πίστις κεκένωται, καὶ ἡ ἐπαγγελία κατήργηται 1 faith is made empty, and the promise is void "faith has no value, and the promise is meaningless" +ROM 4 15 b3h8 figs-abstractnouns οὐδὲ παράβασις 1 there is no trespass This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "trespass." Alternate translation: "no one can break the law" or "it is impossible to disobey the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ROM 4 16 d4jz διὰ τοῦτο 1 For this reason "So" +ROM 4 16 tm4j ἐκ πίστεως 1 it is by faith The word "it" refers to receiving what God had promised. Alternate translation: "it is by faith that we receive the promise" or "we receive the promise by faith" ROM 4 16 mex6 figs-metaphor 0 in order that the promise may rest on grace Here "the promise may rest on grace" represents God giving what he promised because of his grace. Alternate translation: "so that what he promised might be a free gift" or "so that his promise would be because of his grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 4 16 ns6r 0 those who are under the law This refers to the Jewish people, who were obligated to obey the law of Moses. -ROM 4 16 v4z9 0 those who share the faith of Abraham This refers to those who have faith as Abraham did before he was circumcised. Alternate translation: "those who believe as Abraham did" -ROM 4 16 l7gg figs-inclusive 0 father of us all Here the word "us" refers to Paul and includes all Jewish and non-Jewish believers in Christ. Abraham is the physical ancestor of the Jewish people, but he is also the spiritual father of those who have faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 4 17 iju4 figs-explicit 0 as it is written Where it is written can be made explicit. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 17 mxm5 figs-you 0 I have made you Here the word "you" is singular and refers to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 4 17 ph37 figs-explicit 0 Abraham was in the presence of him whom he trusted, that is, God, who gives life to the dead Here "of him whom he trusted" refers to God. Alternate translation: "Abraham was in the presence of God whom he trusted, who gives life to those who have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 4 17 uun9 0 calls the things that do not exist into existence "created everything from nothing" -ROM 4 18 g8fm figs-explicit 0 In hope he believed against hope This idiom means that Abraham trusted God even though it did not seem that he could have a son. Alternate translation: "Even though it seemed impossible for him to have descendants, he believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 4 18 b92q figs-activepassive 0 according to what he had been told You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as God said to Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 18 p5el figs-explicit 0 So will your descendants be The full promise God gave to Abraham can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "You will have more descendants than you can count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 4 19 m9gq figs-litotes 0 Without becoming weak in faith, You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "He remained strong in his faith, although" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ROM 4 20 ep2z figs-doublenegatives 0 did not hesitate in unbelief You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "kept on acting in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 4 20 zdj5 figs-activepassive 0 he was strengthened in faith You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he became stronger in his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 21 y2sh 0 He was fully convinced "Abraham was completely sure" -ROM 4 21 sbu3 0 he was also able to accomplish "God was able to do" -ROM 4 22 i56a figs-activepassive 0 Therefore this was also counted to him as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore God counted Abraham's belief as righteousness" or "Therefore God considered Abraham righteous because Abraham believed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 23 a92n 0 Now it was "Now" is used here to connect Abraham's being made right by faith to present-day believer's being made right by faith in Christ's death and resurrection. -ROM 4 23 r65c 0 only for his benefit "for Abraham only" -ROM 4 23 z432 figs-activepassive 0 that it was counted for him You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God counted righteousness to him" or "God considered him righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 24 pfc9 figs-inclusive 0 for us The word "us" refers to Paul and includes all believers in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 4 16 ns6r τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 those who are under the law This refers to the Jewish people, who were obligated to obey the law of Moses. +ROM 4 16 v4z9 τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 those who share the faith of Abraham This refers to those who have faith as Abraham did before he was circumcised. Alternate translation: "those who believe as Abraham did" +ROM 4 16 l7gg figs-inclusive πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν πάντων 1 father of us all Here the word "us" refers to Paul and includes all Jewish and non-Jewish believers in Christ. Abraham is the physical ancestor of the Jewish people, but he is also the spiritual father of those who have faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 4 17 iju4 figs-explicit καθὼς γέγραπται 1 as it is written Where it is written can be made explicit. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 17 mxm5 figs-you τέθεικά σε 1 I have made you Here the word "you" is singular and refers to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 4 17 ph37 figs-explicit οὗ κατέναντι ἐπίστευσεν, Θεοῦ, Θεοῦ, τοῦ ζῳοποιοῦντος τοὺς νεκροὺς 1 Abraham was in the presence of him whom he trusted, that is, God, who gives life to the dead Here "of him whom he trusted" refers to God. Alternate translation: "Abraham was in the presence of God whom he trusted, who gives life to those who have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 4 17 uun9 καλοῦντος τὰ ὄντα μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα 1 calls the things that do not exist into existence "created everything from nothing" +ROM 4 18 g8fm figs-explicit ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ὃς ἐπίστευσεν παρ’ ἐλπίδα 1 In hope he believed against hope This idiom means that Abraham trusted God even though it did not seem that he could have a son. Alternate translation: "Even though it seemed impossible for him to have descendants, he believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 4 18 b92q figs-activepassive κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον 1 according to what he had been told You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as God said to Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 18 p5el figs-explicit οὕτως ἔσται σου τὸ σπέρμα ἔσται 1 So will your descendants be The full promise God gave to Abraham can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "You will have more descendants than you can count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 4 19 m9gq figs-litotes καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει, 1 Without becoming weak in faith, You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "He remained strong in his faith, although" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ROM 4 20 ep2z figs-doublenegatives διεκρίθη οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 did not hesitate in unbelief You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "kept on acting in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 4 20 zdj5 figs-activepassive ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει 1 he was strengthened in faith You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he became stronger in his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 21 y2sh καὶ πληροφορηθεὶς 1 He was fully convinced "Abraham was completely sure" +ROM 4 21 sbu3 ἐστιν καὶ δυνατός ποιῆσαι 1 he was also able to accomplish "God was able to do" +ROM 4 22 i56a figs-activepassive διὸ ἐλογίσθη καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Therefore this was also counted to him as righteousness You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Therefore God counted Abraham's belief as righteousness" or "Therefore God considered Abraham righteous because Abraham believed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 23 a92n δὲ ἐγράφη 1 Now it was "Now" is used here to connect Abraham's being made right by faith to present-day believer's being made right by faith in Christ's death and resurrection. +ROM 4 23 r65c μόνον δι’ αὐτὸν 1 only for his benefit "for Abraham only" +ROM 4 23 z432 figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ 1 that it was counted for him You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God counted righteousness to him" or "God considered him righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 24 pfc9 figs-inclusive δι’ ἡμᾶς 1 for us The word "us" refers to Paul and includes all believers in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ROM 4 24 nh4k figs-activepassive 0 It was written also for us, for whom it will be counted, we who believe You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "It was also for our benefit, because God will consider us righteous also if we believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 4 24 a6c7 figs-idiom 0 him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead "Raised ... from the dead" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." Alternate translation: "him who caused Jesus our Lord to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 4 25 cca1 figs-activepassive 0 who was delivered up for our trespasses and was raised for our justification You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom God gave over to enemies for our trespasses and whom God brought back to life so he could make us right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 4 24 a6c7 figs-idiom τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν ἡμῶν τὸν Κύριον ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead "Raised ... from the dead" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." Alternate translation: "him who caused Jesus our Lord to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 4 25 cca1 figs-activepassive ὃς παρεδόθη διὰ ἡμῶν τὰ παραπτώματα καὶ ἠγέρθη διὰ ἡμῶν τὴν δικαίωσιν 1 who was delivered up for our trespasses and was raised for our justification You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom God gave over to enemies for our trespasses and whom God brought back to life so he could make us right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 5 intro i1dt 0 # Romans 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Many scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, verses in Scripture to understand. Some of their richness and meaning has likely been lost while being translated from how the original Greek was constructed.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Results of justification
How Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

##### "All sinned"
Scholars are divided over what Paul meant in verse 12: "And death spread to all people, because all sinned." Some believe that all of mankind was present in the "seed of Adam." So, as Adam is the father of all mankind, all of mankind was present when Adam sinned. Others believe that Adam served as a representative head for mankind. So when he sinned, all of mankind "fell" as a result. Whether people today played an active or passive role in Adam's original sin is one way these views differ. Other passages will help one decide. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

##### The second Adam
Adam was the first man and the first "son" of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. Paul describes Jesus as the "second Adam" in this chapter and the true son of God. He brings life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
ROM 5 1 xmp3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to tell many different things that happen when God makes believers right with him. -ROM 5 1 age4 0 Since we are justified "Because we are justified" +ROM 5 1 age4 οὖν δικαιωθέντες 1 Since we are justified "Because we are justified" ROM 5 1 s6xd figs-inclusive 0 we ... our All occurrences of "we" and "our" refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 5 1 p11y 0 through our Lord Jesus Christ "because of our Lord Jesus Christ" -ROM 5 1 me59 0 Lord Here "Lord" means that Jesus is God. -ROM 5 2 du8b 0 Through him we also have our access by faith into this grace in which we stand Here "by faith" refers to our trust in Jesus, which allows us to stand before God. Alternate translation: "Because we trust in Jesus, God allows us to come into his presence" -ROM 5 3 q5p7 0 Not only this The word "this" refers to the ideas described in [Romans 5:1-2](./01.md). +ROM 5 1 p11y διὰ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through our Lord Jesus Christ "because of our Lord Jesus Christ" +ROM 5 1 me59 τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Lord Here "Lord" means that Jesus is God. +ROM 5 2 du8b δι’ οὗ ἐσχήκαμεν καὶ ἐσχήκαμεν τὴν προσαγωγὴν τῇ πίστει εἰς ταύτην τὴν χάριν ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν 1 Through him we also have our access by faith into this grace in which we stand Here "by faith" refers to our trust in Jesus, which allows us to stand before God. Alternate translation: "Because we trust in Jesus, God allows us to come into his presence" +ROM 5 3 q5p7 οὐ μόνον δέ 1 Not only this The word "this" refers to the ideas described in [Romans 5:1-2](./01.md). ROM 5 3 u14f figs-inclusive 0 we ... our ... We These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 5 4 sx5f 0 certain hope This is the certainty that God will fulfill all his promises for those who trust in Christ. +ROM 5 4 sx5f ἐλπίδα 1 certain hope This is the certainty that God will fulfill all his promises for those who trust in Christ. ROM 5 5 i8pd figs-inclusive 0 our ... us These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 5 5 pp1n figs-personification 0 that hope does not disappoint Paul uses personification here as he speaks of "confidence" as if it were alive. Alternate translation: "we are very confident that we will receive the things that we wait for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 5 5 qka8 figs-metonymy 0 because the love of God has been poured into our hearts Here "hearts" represents a person's thoughts, feelings, or inner person. The phrase "the love of God has been poured into our hearts" is a metaphor for God showing love to his people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because he has loved us greatly" or "because God has shown us how much he loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 5 6 x5eg figs-inclusive 0 we The word "we" here refers to all believers and so should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 5 7 xv5w 0 For one will hardly die for a righteous man "It is hard to find someone who is willing to die, even for a righteous man" +ROM 5 5 pp1n figs-personification ἡ ἐλπὶς καταισχύνει οὐ καταισχύνει 1 that hope does not disappoint Paul uses personification here as he speaks of "confidence" as if it were alive. Alternate translation: "we are very confident that we will receive the things that we wait for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 5 5 qka8 figs-metonymy ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ἡμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 because the love of God has been poured into our hearts Here "hearts" represents a person's thoughts, feelings, or inner person. The phrase "the love of God has been poured into our hearts" is a metaphor for God showing love to his people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because he has loved us greatly" or "because God has shown us how much he loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 6 x5eg figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 we The word "we" here refers to all believers and so should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 5 7 xv5w γὰρ τις ἀποθανεῖται μόλις ἀποθανεῖται ὑπὲρ δικαίου 1 For one will hardly die for a righteous man "It is hard to find someone who is willing to die, even for a righteous man" ROM 5 7 nnj9 0 That is, perhaps someone would dare to die for a good person "But you might find someone who is willing to die for such a good person" -ROM 5 8 xew8 0 proves You can translate this verb in past tense using "demonstrated" or "showed." -ROM 5 8 bw77 figs-inclusive 0 us ... we All occurrences of "us" and "we" refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 5 9 l35j figs-explicit 0 Much more, then, now that we are justified by his blood Here "justified" means that God puts us in a right relationship with himself. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "How much more will God do for us now that he has made us right with himself because of the death of Jesus on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 5 9 nvs3 figs-metonymy 0 blood This is a metonym for the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 5 9 sh8f 0 saved This means that through Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross, God has forgiven us and rescued us from being punished in hell for our sin. -ROM 5 9 bev3 figs-metonymy 0 the wrath of God Here "wrath" is a metonym that refers to God's punishment of those who have sinned against him. Alternate translation: "God's punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 5 10 v8a1 figs-inclusive 0 we were All occurrences of "we" refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 5 8 xew8 συνίστησιν 1 proves You can translate this verb in past tense using "demonstrated" or "showed." +ROM 5 8 bw77 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν. 1 us ... we All occurrences of "us" and "we" refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 5 9 l35j figs-explicit πολλῷ μᾶλλον, οὖν, νῦν δικαιωθέντες ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ αἵματι 1 Much more, then, now that we are justified by his blood Here "justified" means that God puts us in a right relationship with himself. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "How much more will God do for us now that he has made us right with himself because of the death of Jesus on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 9 nvs3 figs-metonymy τῷ αἵματι 1 blood This is a metonym for the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 5 9 sh8f σωθησόμεθα 1 saved This means that through Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross, God has forgiven us and rescued us from being punished in hell for our sin. +ROM 5 9 bev3 figs-metonymy τῆς ὀργῆς 1 the wrath of God Here "wrath" is a metonym that refers to God's punishment of those who have sinned against him. Alternate translation: "God's punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 5 10 v8a1 figs-inclusive ὄντες 1 we were All occurrences of "we" refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ROM 5 10 u6bn 0 his Son ... his life "God's Son ... the life of God's Son" -ROM 5 10 rnc5 figs-activepassive 0 we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son The death of the Son of the God has provided eternal forgiveness and made us friends with God, for all who believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed us to have a peaceful relationship with him because his son died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 5 10 cu3c guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 5 10 qe6y figs-activepassive 0 after having been reconciled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "now that God has made us his friends again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 10 rnc5 figs-activepassive κατηλλάγημεν τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son The death of the Son of the God has provided eternal forgiveness and made us friends with God, for all who believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed us to have a peaceful relationship with him because his son died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 10 cu3c guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 5 10 qe6y figs-activepassive καταλλαγέντες 1 after having been reconciled You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "now that God has made us his friends again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 5 12 hjx4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains why death happened even before God gave the law to Moses. ROM 5 12 wf9f figs-personification 0 through one man sin entered ... death entered through sin Paul describes sin as a dangerous thing that came into the world through the actions of "one man," Adam. This sin then became an opening through which death, pictured here as another dangerous thing, also came into the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 5 13 eqa2 figs-explicit 0 For until the law, sin was in the world This means that the people sinned before God gave the law. Alternate translation: "People in the world sinned before God gave his law to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 13 juq7 figs-explicit 0 but there is no accounting for sin when there is no law This means that God did not charge the people with sinning before he gave the law. Alternate translation: "but God recorded no sin against the law before he gave the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 14 ev8a 0 Nevertheless, death "Even though what I have just said is true, death" or "There was no written law from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, but death" ([Romans 5:13](../05/13.md)). -ROM 5 14 bd3q figs-personification 0 death ruled from Adam until Moses Paul is speaking of death as if it were a king who ruled. Alternate translation: "people continued to die from the time of Adam until the time of Moses as a consequence of their sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 5 14 t481 0 even over those who did not sin like Adam's disobedience "even people whose sins were different from Adam's continue to die" -ROM 5 14 hdj4 0 who is a pattern of him who was to come Adam was a pattern of Christ, who appeared much later. He had much in common with him. -ROM 5 15 kln1 figs-explicit 0 For if by the trespass of one the many died Here "one" refers to Adam. Alternate translation: "For if by one man's sin, many died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 15 p83v figs-explicit 0 how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abound for the many Here "grace" refers to God's free gift that he made available to everyone through Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "even more through the man Jesus Christ, who died for us all, did God kindly offer us this gift of everlasting life, although we do not deserve it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 16 pe38 figs-explicit 0 For the gift is not like the outcome of that one man's sin Here "the gift" refers to God's freely erasing the record of our sins. Alternate translation: "The gift is not like the result of Adam's sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 13 eqa2 figs-explicit γὰρ ἄχρι νόμου, ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ 1 For until the law, sin was in the world This means that the people sinned before God gave the law. Alternate translation: "People in the world sinned before God gave his law to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 13 juq7 figs-explicit δὲ ἐλλογεῖται οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται ἁμαρτία ὄντος μὴ νόμου 1 but there is no accounting for sin when there is no law This means that God did not charge the people with sinning before he gave the law. Alternate translation: "but God recorded no sin against the law before he gave the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 14 ev8a ἀλλὰ, ὁ θάνατος 1 Nevertheless, death "Even though what I have just said is true, death" or "There was no written law from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, but death" ([Romans 5:13](../05/13.md)). +ROM 5 14 bd3q figs-personification ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως 1 death ruled from Adam until Moses Paul is speaking of death as if it were a king who ruled. Alternate translation: "people continued to die from the time of Adam until the time of Moses as a consequence of their sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 5 14 t481 καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἁμαρτήσαντας μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι Ἀδάμ' Ἀδάμ τῆς παραβάσεως 1 even over those who did not sin like Adam's disobedience "even people whose sins were different from Adam's continue to die" +ROM 5 14 hdj4 ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος 1 who is a pattern of him who was to come Adam was a pattern of Christ, who appeared much later. He had much in common with him. +ROM 5 15 kln1 figs-explicit γὰρ εἰ τῷ τοῦ παραπτώματι ἑνὸς οἱ πολλοὶ ἀπέθανον 1 For if by the trespass of one the many died Here "one" refers to Adam. Alternate translation: "For if by one man's sin, many died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 15 p83v figs-explicit πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι τῇ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς 1 how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abound for the many Here "grace" refers to God's free gift that he made available to everyone through Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "even more through the man Jesus Christ, who died for us all, did God kindly offer us this gift of everlasting life, although we do not deserve it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 16 pe38 figs-explicit καὶ τὸ δώρημα οὐχ ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος' δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος 1 For the gift is not like the outcome of that one man's sin Here "the gift" refers to God's freely erasing the record of our sins. Alternate translation: "The gift is not like the result of Adam's sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 5 16 ci72 figs-explicit 0 The judgment followed one trespass and brought condemnation, but the gift ... justification Here Paul gives two reasons why "the gift is not like the result of Adam's sin." The "judgment of condemnation" implies that we all deserve God's punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: "Because on the one hand, God declared that all people deserve to be punished because of the sin of one man, but on the other hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 16 m63g figs-explicit 0 the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification This refers to how God makes us right with him even when we do not deserve it. Alternate translation: "God's kind gift to put us right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 16 uh4x 0 followed many trespasses "after the sins of many" -ROM 5 17 f94r 0 trespass of the one This refers to the sin of Adam. -ROM 5 17 kz6z figs-personification 0 death ruled Here Paul speaks of "death" as a king who ruled. The "rule" of death causes everyone to die. Alternate translation: "everyone died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 5 18 wr2r 0 by one trespass "through the one sin committed by Adam" or "because of Adam's sin" -ROM 5 18 ta2j figs-explicit 0 condemnation came to all people Here "condemnation" refers to God's punishment. Alternate translation: "all people deserve God's punishment for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 18 wgh4 0 one act the sacrifice of Jesus Christ -ROM 5 18 ifk1 figs-explicit 0 justification and life for all people Here "justification" refers to God's ability to make people right with him. Alternate translation: "God's offer to make all people right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 19 j5yh 0 one man's disobedience the disobedience of Adam -ROM 5 19 q8lj figs-activepassive 0 the many were made sinners You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "many people sinned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 5 19 aa3e 0 the obedience of the one the obedience of Jesus -ROM 5 19 w571 figs-activepassive 0 will the many be made righteous You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will make many people right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 5 20 w958 figs-personification 0 the law came in Here Paul speaks of the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "God gave his law to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 5 20 c59u 0 sin abounded "sin increased" -ROM 5 20 x7ny figs-explicit 0 grace abounded even more Here "grace" refers to God's undeserved blessings. Alternate translation: "God continued to act even more kindly toward them, in a way that they did not deserve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 21 wmy8 figs-personification 0 as sin ruled in death Here Paul speaks of "sin" as if it were a king that ruled. Alternate translation: "as sin resulted in death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 5 21 w4ut figs-personification 0 even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord Paul speaks of "grace" here as if it were a king that ruled. Alternate translation: "grace gave people everlasting life through the righteousness of Jesus Christ our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 5 21 m5by figs-personification 0 so grace might rule through righteousness Paul speaks of "grace" here as if it were a king that ruled. The word "righteousness" refers to God's ability to make people right with him. Alternate translation: "so God might give his free gift to people to make them right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 5 21 ew1b figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Paul includes himself, his readers, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 5 16 m63g figs-explicit τὸ χάρισμα ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων εἰς δικαίωμα 1 the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification This refers to how God makes us right with him even when we do not deserve it. Alternate translation: "God's kind gift to put us right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 16 uh4x ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων 1 followed many trespasses "after the sins of many" +ROM 5 17 f94r παραπτώματι τοῦ ἑνὸς 1 trespass of the one This refers to the sin of Adam. +ROM 5 17 kz6z figs-personification ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν 1 death ruled Here Paul speaks of "death" as a king who ruled. The "rule" of death causes everyone to die. Alternate translation: "everyone died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 5 18 wr2r ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς παραπτώματος 1 by one trespass "through the one sin committed by Adam" or "because of Adam's sin" +ROM 5 18 ta2j figs-explicit εἰς κατάκριμα εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 condemnation came to all people Here "condemnation" refers to God's punishment. Alternate translation: "all people deserve God's punishment for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 18 wgh4 δι’ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος 1 one act the sacrifice of Jesus Christ +ROM 5 18 ifk1 figs-explicit δικαίωσιν ζωῆς εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 justification and life for all people Here "justification" refers to God's ability to make people right with him. Alternate translation: "God's offer to make all people right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 19 j5yh τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου' ἀνθρώπου παρακοῆς 1 one man's disobedience the disobedience of Adam +ROM 5 19 q8lj figs-activepassive οἱ πολλοί κατεστάθησαν ἁμαρτωλοὶ 1 the many were made sinners You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "many people sinned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 19 aa3e τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς 1 the obedience of the one the obedience of Jesus +ROM 5 19 w571 figs-activepassive κατασταθήσονται οἱ πολλοί κατασταθήσονται δίκαιοι 1 will the many be made righteous You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will make many people right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 5 20 w958 figs-personification νόμος παρεισῆλθεν 1 the law came in Here Paul speaks of the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "God gave his law to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 5 20 c59u ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐπλεόνασεν 1 sin abounded "sin increased" +ROM 5 20 x7ny figs-explicit ἡ χάρις ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν 1 grace abounded even more Here "grace" refers to God's undeserved blessings. Alternate translation: "God continued to act even more kindly toward them, in a way that they did not deserve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 21 wmy8 figs-personification ὥσπερ ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ 1 as sin ruled in death Here Paul speaks of "sin" as if it were a king that ruled. Alternate translation: "as sin resulted in death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 5 21 w4ut figs-personification καὶ οὕτως ἡ χάρις βασιλεύσῃ διὰ δικαιοσύνης εἰς αἰώνιον ζωὴν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord Paul speaks of "grace" here as if it were a king that ruled. Alternate translation: "grace gave people everlasting life through the righteousness of Jesus Christ our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 5 21 m5by figs-personification οὕτως ἡ χάρις βασιλεύσῃ διὰ δικαιοσύνης 1 so grace might rule through righteousness Paul speaks of "grace" here as if it were a king that ruled. The word "righteousness" refers to God's ability to make people right with him. Alternate translation: "so God might give his free gift to people to make them right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 5 21 ew1b figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 our Lord Paul includes himself, his readers, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ROM 6 intro v522 0 # Romans 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul begins this chapter by answering how someone might hypothetically object to what he taught in Chapter 5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Against the Law
In this chapter, Paul refutes the teaching that Christians can live however they want after they are saved. Scholars call this "antinomianism" or being "against the law." To motivate godly living, Paul recalls the great price Jesus paid for a Christian to be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

##### Servants of sin
Before believing in Jesus, sin enslaves people. God frees Christians from serving sin. They are able to choose to serve Christ in their lives. Paul explains that when Christians choose to sin, they willingly choose to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

##### Fruit
This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions
Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Death
Paul uses "death" many different ways in this chapter: physical death, spiritual death, sin reigning in the heart of man, and to end something. He contrasts sin and death with the new life provided by Christ and the new way Christians are supposed to live after they are saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
ROM 6 1 x13n 0 Connecting Statement: Under grace, Paul tells those who believe in Jesus to live a new life as though dead to sin and alive to God. -ROM 6 1 pvg3 figs-rquestion 0 What then will we say? Should we continue in sin so that grace may abound? Paul asks these rhetorical questions to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "So, what should we say about all of this? We certainly should not keep on sinning so that God will give us more and more grace! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 6 1 fj9e figs-inclusive 0 we say The pronoun "we" refers to Paul, his readers, and other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 6 2 be39 figs-metaphor 0 We who died to sin, how can we still live in it? Here "died to sin" means that those who follow Jesus are now like dead people who cannot be affected by sin. Paul uses this rhetorical question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "We are now like dead people on whom sin has no effect! So we certainly should not keep on sinning!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 6 1 pvg3 figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? 1 What then will we say? Should we continue in sin so that grace may abound? Paul asks these rhetorical questions to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "So, what should we say about all of this? We certainly should not keep on sinning so that God will give us more and more grace! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 6 1 fj9e figs-inclusive ἐροῦμεν 1 we say The pronoun "we" refers to Paul, his readers, and other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 6 2 be39 figs-metaphor ἀπεθάνομεν οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ζήσομεν ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ? 1 We who died to sin, how can we still live in it? Here "died to sin" means that those who follow Jesus are now like dead people who cannot be affected by sin. Paul uses this rhetorical question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "We are now like dead people on whom sin has no effect! So we certainly should not keep on sinning!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 6 3 x4xs figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know that as many as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Remember, when someone baptized us to show that we have a relationship with Christ, this also shows that we died with Christ on the cross! (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 6 4 f4va figs-metaphor 0 We were buried, then, with him through baptism into death Here Paul speaks of a believer's baptism in water as if it were a death and burial. Alternate translation: "When someone baptized us, it is just like that person buried us with Christ in the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 4 t47r figs-simile 0 just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, so also we might walk in newness of life To raise from the dead is an idiom for causing a person to live again. This compares a believer's new spiritual life to Jesus coming back to life physically. The believer's new spiritual life enables that person to obey God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as the Father brought Jesus back to life after he died, we might have new spiritual life and obey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 6 4 ps5d 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +ROM 6 4 f4va figs-metaphor συνετάφημεν, οὖν, αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον 1 We were buried, then, with him through baptism into death Here Paul speaks of a believer's baptism in water as if it were a death and burial. Alternate translation: "When someone baptized us, it is just like that person buried us with Christ in the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 4 t47r figs-simile ὥσπερ Χριστὸς ἠγέρθη ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς περιπατήσωμεν ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς 1 just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, so also we might walk in newness of life To raise from the dead is an idiom for causing a person to live again. This compares a believer's new spiritual life to Jesus coming back to life physically. The believer's new spiritual life enables that person to obey God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as the Father brought Jesus back to life after he died, we might have new spiritual life and obey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 6 4 ps5d ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ROM 6 5 wnd4 figs-metaphor 0 become united with him in the likeness of his death ... be united with his resurrection Paul compares our union with Christ to death. Those who are joined with Christ in death will share in his resurrection. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "died with him ... come back to life with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 6 f13e figs-metaphor 0 our old man was crucified with him The "old man" is a metaphor that refers to the person before he believes in Jesus. Paul describes our old sinful person as dying on the cross with Jesus when we believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "our sinful person died on the cross with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 6 m7c2 0 old man This means the person who once was, but who does not exist now. -ROM 6 6 l6pd figs-metonymy 0 the body of sin This is a metonym that refers to the whole sinful person. Alternate translation: "our sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 6 6 syc4 figs-activepassive 0 might be destroyed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "might die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 6 ft8v figs-activepassive 0 we should no longer be enslaved to sin This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "sin should no longer enslave us" or "we should no longer be slaves to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 6 hq35 figs-metaphor 0 we should no longer be enslaved to sin Slavery to sin is a metaphor meaning having such a strong desire to sin that one is unable to stop himself from sinning. It is as if sin controls the person. Alternate translation: "we should no longer be controlled by sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 6 f13e figs-metaphor ἡμῶν ὁ παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη 1 our old man was crucified with him The "old man" is a metaphor that refers to the person before he believes in Jesus. Paul describes our old sinful person as dying on the cross with Jesus when we believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "our sinful person died on the cross with Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 6 m7c2 ὁ παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος 1 old man This means the person who once was, but who does not exist now. +ROM 6 6 l6pd figs-metonymy τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 the body of sin This is a metonym that refers to the whole sinful person. Alternate translation: "our sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 6 6 syc4 figs-activepassive καταργηθῇ 1 might be destroyed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "might die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 6 ft8v figs-activepassive ἡμᾶς δουλεύειν μηκέτι δουλεύειν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 we should no longer be enslaved to sin This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "sin should no longer enslave us" or "we should no longer be slaves to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 6 hq35 figs-metaphor ἡμᾶς δουλεύειν μηκέτι δουλεύειν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 we should no longer be enslaved to sin Slavery to sin is a metaphor meaning having such a strong desire to sin that one is unable to stop himself from sinning. It is as if sin controls the person. Alternate translation: "we should no longer be controlled by sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 6 7 g3pf figs-explicit 0 He who has died is declared righteous with respect to sin Here "righteous" refers to God's ability to make people right with him. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "When God declares a person right with him, that person is no longer controlled by sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 8 muv7 figs-explicit 0 we have died with Christ Here "died" refers to the fact that believers are no longer controlled by sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 6 9 zkq2 figs-activepassive 0 We know that since Christ has been raised from the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "We know since God brought Christ back to life after he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 6 9 kl3e 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them is to become alive again. -ROM 6 9 wem1 figs-personification 0 death no longer has authority over him Here "death" is described as a king or ruler that has power over people. Alternate translation: "He can never die again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 6 8 muv7 figs-explicit ἀπεθάνομεν σὺν Χριστῷ 1 we have died with Christ Here "died" refers to the fact that believers are no longer controlled by sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 6 9 zkq2 figs-activepassive εἰδότες ὅτι Χριστὸς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 We know that since Christ has been raised from the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "We know since God brought Christ back to life after he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 6 9 kl3e ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them is to become alive again. +ROM 6 9 wem1 figs-personification θάνατος οὐκέτι κυριεύει αὐτοῦ 1 death no longer has authority over him Here "death" is described as a king or ruler that has power over people. Alternate translation: "He can never die again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 6 10 s2xy figs-idiom 0 For in regard to the death that he died to sin, he died once for all The phrase "once for all" means to finish something completely. You can make this full meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "For when he died he broke the power of sin completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 6 11 cac8 0 In the same way, you also must consider "For this reason consider" -ROM 6 11 jja7 0 consider yourselves "think of yourselves as" or "see yourselves as" -ROM 6 11 dw6l figs-metaphor 0 dead to sin Just as one cannot force a corpse to do anything, sin has no power to force believers to dishonor God. Alternate translation: "as if you were dead to the power of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 11 q4ky 0 dead to sin, but alive to God "dead to the power of sin, but living to honor God" -ROM 6 11 vtl1 0 alive to God in Christ Jesus "living to honor God through the power Christ Jesus gives you" +ROM 6 11 cac8 οὕτως, ὑμεῖς καὶ λογίζεσθε 1 In the same way, you also must consider "For this reason consider" +ROM 6 11 jja7 λογίζεσθε ἑαυτοὺς 1 consider yourselves "think of yourselves as" or "see yourselves as" +ROM 6 11 dw6l figs-metaphor νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 dead to sin Just as one cannot force a corpse to do anything, sin has no power to force believers to dishonor God. Alternate translation: "as if you were dead to the power of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 11 q4ky νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, δὲ ζῶντας τῷ Θεῷ 1 dead to sin, but alive to God "dead to the power of sin, but living to honor God" +ROM 6 11 vtl1 ζῶντας τῷ Θεῷ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 alive to God in Christ Jesus "living to honor God through the power Christ Jesus gives you" ROM 6 12 dng2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us that grace rules over us, not the law; we are not sin's slaves, but God's slaves. -ROM 6 12 s6h1 figs-personification 0 do not let sin rule in your mortal body Paul speaks of people sinning as if sin was there master or king that controlled them. Alternate translation: "Do not let sinful desires control you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 6 12 cm8d figs-synecdoche 0 in your mortal body This phrase refers to the physical part of a person, which will die. Alternate translation: "you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 6 12 r462 figs-personification 0 in order that you may obey its lusts Paul speaks of a person having evil desires as if it sin were a master that had evil desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 6 13 rh3z figs-synecdoche 0 Do not present the parts of your body to sin, to be tools used for unrighteousness The picture is of the sinner offering the "parts of his body" to his master or king. One's "body parts" are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "Do not offer yourselves to sin so that you do what is not right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 6 13 r4wz figs-explicit 0 But present yourselves to God, as those who have been brought from death to life Here "now living" refers to the believer's new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "But offer yourselves to God, because he has given you new spiritual life" or "But offer yourselves to God, as those who had died and are now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 6 13 pgw5 figs-synecdoche 0 present the parts of your body to God as tools to be used for righteousness Here "parts of your body" is a synecdoche that refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "let God use you for what is pleasing to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 6 14 gez3 figs-personification 0 Do not allow sin to rule over you Paul speaks of "sin" here as if it were a king who rules over people. Alternate translation: "Do not let sinful desires control what you do" or "Do not allow yourselves to do the sinful things you want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 6 14 iev9 figs-explicit 0 For you are not under law To be "under law" means to be subject to its limitations and weaknesses. You can make the full meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "For you are no longer bound to the law of Moses, which could not give you the power to stop sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 6 14 fl3e figs-explicit 0 but under grace To be "under grace" means that God's free gift provides the power to keep from sinning. You can make the full meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "but you are bound to God's grace, which does give you the power to stop sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 6 15 zxb8 figs-rquestion 0 What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law, but under grace? May it never be Paul is using a question to emphasize that living under grace is not a reason to sin. Alternate translation: "However, just because we are bound to grace instead of the law of Moses certainly does not mean we are allowed to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 6 15 c77g 0 May it never be "We would never want that to happen!" or "May God help me not to do that!" This expression shows an extremely strong desire that this does not take place. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated it in [Romans 3:31](../03/31.md). +ROM 6 12 s6h1 figs-personification βασιλευέτω μὴ βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία βασιλευέτω ἐν ὑμῶν τῷ θνητῷ σώματι 1 do not let sin rule in your mortal body Paul speaks of people sinning as if sin was there master or king that controlled them. Alternate translation: "Do not let sinful desires control you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 6 12 cm8d figs-synecdoche ἐν ὑμῶν τῷ θνητῷ σώματι 1 in your mortal body This phrase refers to the physical part of a person, which will die. Alternate translation: "you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 6 12 r462 figs-personification εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις 1 in order that you may obey its lusts Paul speaks of a person having evil desires as if it sin were a master that had evil desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 6 13 rh3z figs-synecdoche παριστάνετε μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ὅπλα ἀδικίας 1 Do not present the parts of your body to sin, to be tools used for unrighteousness The picture is of the sinner offering the "parts of his body" to his master or king. One's "body parts" are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "Do not offer yourselves to sin so that you do what is not right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 6 13 r4wz figs-explicit ἀλλὰ παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Θεῷ, ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας 1 But present yourselves to God, as those who have been brought from death to life Here "now living" refers to the believer's new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "But offer yourselves to God, because he has given you new spiritual life" or "But offer yourselves to God, as those who had died and are now alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 6 13 pgw5 figs-synecdoche καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν τῷ Θεῷ ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης 1 present the parts of your body to God as tools to be used for righteousness Here "parts of your body" is a synecdoche that refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "let God use you for what is pleasing to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 6 14 gez3 figs-personification κυριεύσει οὐ κυριεύσει ἁμαρτία γὰρ κυριεύσει ὑμῶν 1 Do not allow sin to rule over you Paul speaks of "sin" here as if it were a king who rules over people. Alternate translation: "Do not let sinful desires control what you do" or "Do not allow yourselves to do the sinful things you want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 6 14 iev9 figs-explicit γάρ ἐστε οὐ ὑπὸ νόμον 1 For you are not under law To be "under law" means to be subject to its limitations and weaknesses. You can make the full meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "For you are no longer bound to the law of Moses, which could not give you the power to stop sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 6 14 fl3e figs-explicit ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν 1 but under grace To be "under grace" means that God's free gift provides the power to keep from sinning. You can make the full meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "but you are bound to God's grace, which does give you the power to stop sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 6 15 zxb8 figs-rquestion τί οὖν? ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι ἐσμὲν οὐκ ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν? μὴ γένοιτο 1 What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law, but under grace? May it never be Paul is using a question to emphasize that living under grace is not a reason to sin. Alternate translation: "However, just because we are bound to grace instead of the law of Moses certainly does not mean we are allowed to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 6 15 c77g μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "We would never want that to happen!" or "May God help me not to do that!" This expression shows an extremely strong desire that this does not take place. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated it in [Romans 3:31](../03/31.md). ROM 6 16 jl1w figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know that the one to whom you present yourselves as slaves is the one to which you are obedient, the one you must obey? Paul uses a question to scold anyone who may think God's grace is a reason to keep sinning. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You should know that you are slaves to the master you choose to obey!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 6 16 q2i4 figs-personification 0 whether you are slaves to sin ... or slaves to obedience Here, Paul speaks of "sin" and "obedience" as if they were masters that a slave would obey. Alternate translation: "whether you are like slaves to sin ... or like slaves to obedience" or "You are either a slave to sin ... or you are a slave to obedience" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 6 16 w9wf 0 which leads to death ... which leads to righteousness "which results in death ... which results in righteousness" -ROM 6 17 dz5x 0 But thanks be to God! "But I thank God!" -ROM 6 17 yxt7 figs-metaphor 0 For you were slaves of sin Slavery of sin is a metaphor meaning having such a strong desire to sin that one is unable to stop himself from sinning. It is as if sin controls the person. Alternate translation: "you were like slaves of sin" or "you were controlled by sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 17 my2z figs-metonymy 0 but you have obeyed from the heart Here the word "heart" refers to having sincere or honest motives for doing something. Alternate translation: "but you truly obeyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 6 17 pz14 figs-activepassive 0 the pattern of teaching that you were given Here "pattern" refers to the way of living that leads to righteousness. The believers change their old way of living to match this new way of living that Christian leaders teach to them. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching that Christian leaders gave you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 18 y2zg figs-activepassive 0 You have been made free from sin You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has freed you from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 18 idu4 0 You have been made free from sin Here "free from sin" is a metaphor for no longer having a strong desire to sin and being able to stop oneself from sinning. Alternate translation: "Your strong desire to sin has been taken away" or "you have been made free from sin's control over you" -ROM 6 18 g42l figs-metaphor 0 you have been made slaves of righteousness Slavery of righteousness is a metaphor meaning having a strong desire to do what is right. It is as if righteousness controls the person. Alternate translation: "you have been made like slaves of righteousness" or "you are now controlled by righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 18 fx5r 0 you have been made slaves of righteousness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has made you slaves of righteousness" or "Christ has changed you so that now you are controlled by righteousness" -ROM 6 19 l4cl 0 I speak like a man Paul may have expected his readers to wonder why he was speaking of slavery and freedom. Here he is saying that he is using these ideas from their everyday experience to help them understand that people are controlled either by sin or by righteousness. Alternate translation: "I am speaking about this in human terms" or "I am using examples from everyday life" -ROM 6 19 l4ah figs-metonymy 0 because of the weakness of your flesh Often Paul uses the word "flesh" as the opposite of "spirit." Alternate translation: "because you do not fully understand spiritual things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 6 17 dz5x δὲ χάρις τῷ Θεῷ! 1 But thanks be to God! "But I thank God!" +ROM 6 17 yxt7 figs-metaphor ὅτι ἦτε δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 For you were slaves of sin Slavery of sin is a metaphor meaning having such a strong desire to sin that one is unable to stop himself from sinning. It is as if sin controls the person. Alternate translation: "you were like slaves of sin" or "you were controlled by sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 17 my2z figs-metonymy δὲ ὑπηκούσατε ἐκ καρδίας 1 but you have obeyed from the heart Here the word "heart" refers to having sincere or honest motives for doing something. Alternate translation: "but you truly obeyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 6 17 pz14 figs-activepassive καρδίας τύπον διδαχῆς εἰς ὃν παρεδόθητε 1 the pattern of teaching that you were given Here "pattern" refers to the way of living that leads to righteousness. The believers change their old way of living to match this new way of living that Christian leaders teach to them. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching that Christian leaders gave you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 18 y2zg figs-activepassive ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 You have been made free from sin You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has freed you from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 18 idu4 ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 You have been made free from sin Here "free from sin" is a metaphor for no longer having a strong desire to sin and being able to stop oneself from sinning. Alternate translation: "Your strong desire to sin has been taken away" or "you have been made free from sin's control over you" +ROM 6 18 g42l figs-metaphor ἐδουλώθητε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 you have been made slaves of righteousness Slavery of righteousness is a metaphor meaning having a strong desire to do what is right. It is as if righteousness controls the person. Alternate translation: "you have been made like slaves of righteousness" or "you are now controlled by righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 18 fx5r ἐδουλώθητε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 you have been made slaves of righteousness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has made you slaves of righteousness" or "Christ has changed you so that now you are controlled by righteousness" +ROM 6 19 l4cl λέγω ἀνθρώπινον 1 I speak like a man Paul may have expected his readers to wonder why he was speaking of slavery and freedom. Here he is saying that he is using these ideas from their everyday experience to help them understand that people are controlled either by sin or by righteousness. Alternate translation: "I am speaking about this in human terms" or "I am using examples from everyday life" +ROM 6 19 l4ah figs-metonymy διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν τῆς σαρκὸς 1 because of the weakness of your flesh Often Paul uses the word "flesh" as the opposite of "spirit." Alternate translation: "because you do not fully understand spiritual things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 6 19 ran5 figs-synecdoche 0 presented the parts of your body as slaves to uncleanness and to evil Here, "body parts" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "offered yourselves as slaves to everything that is evil and not pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 6 19 wzt1 figs-synecdoche 0 present the parts of your body as slaves to righteousness for sanctification Here "body parts" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "offer yourselves as slaves to what is right before God so that he might set you apart and give you the power to serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 6 20 i1ze figs-metaphor 0 you were free from righteousness Here "free from righteousness" is a metaphor for not having to do what is righteous. The people were living as though they thought that they did not have to do what was right. Alternate translation: "it was as though you were free from righteousness" or "you behaved as though you did not have to do what was right" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ROM 6 21 kjl5 figs-rquestion 0 At that time, what fruit then did you have of the things of which you are now ashamed? "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Paul is using a question to emphasize that sinning results in nothing good. Alternate translation: "Nothing good came from those things that now cause you shame" or "You gained nothing by doing those things that now cause you shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 6 22 z3ap figs-activepassive 0 But now that you have been made free from sin and are enslaved to God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But now that you have become free from sin and have become God's slaves" or "But now that God has freed you from sin and made you his slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 6 22 j25t figs-metaphor 0 But now that you have been made free from sin Being "free from sin" is a metaphor for being able not to sin. Alternate translation: "But now that God has made you able not to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 22 u9dm figs-metaphor 0 and are enslaved to God Being "enslaved" to God is a metaphor for being able to serve and obey God. Alternate translation: "and God has made you able to serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 22 npf3 figs-metaphor 0 you have your fruit for sanctification Here "fruit" is a metaphor for "result" or "benefit." Alternate translation: "the benefit is your sanctification" or "the benefit is that you live in a holy way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 6 22 a478 0 The result is eternal life "The result of all of this is that you will live forever with God" -ROM 6 23 ze3f 0 For the wages of sin are death The word "wages" refers to a payment given to someone for their work. "For if you serve sin, you will receive spiritual death as payment" or "For if you continue sinning, God will punish you with spiritual death" -ROM 6 23 pf3s 0 but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord "but God gives eternal life to those who belong to Christ Jesus our Lord" +ROM 6 19 wzt1 figs-synecdoche παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν μέλη δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν 1 present the parts of your body as slaves to righteousness for sanctification Here "body parts" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "offer yourselves as slaves to what is right before God so that he might set you apart and give you the power to serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 6 20 i1ze figs-metaphor ἦτε ἐλεύθεροι τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 you were free from righteousness Here "free from righteousness" is a metaphor for not having to do what is righteous. The people were living as though they thought that they did not have to do what was right. Alternate translation: "it was as though you were free from righteousness" or "you behaved as though you did not have to do what was right" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +ROM 6 21 kjl5 figs-rquestion οὖν, τίνα καρπὸν τότε εἴχετε ἐφ’ οἷς ἐπαισχύνεσθε νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε? 1 At that time, what fruit then did you have of the things of which you are now ashamed? "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Paul is using a question to emphasize that sinning results in nothing good. Alternate translation: "Nothing good came from those things that now cause you shame" or "You gained nothing by doing those things that now cause you shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 6 22 z3ap figs-activepassive δέ νυνὶ ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας δὲ δουλωθέντες τῷ Θεῷ 1 But now that you have been made free from sin and are enslaved to God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But now that you have become free from sin and have become God's slaves" or "But now that God has freed you from sin and made you his slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 6 22 j25t figs-metaphor δέ νυνὶ ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 But now that you have been made free from sin Being "free from sin" is a metaphor for being able not to sin. Alternate translation: "But now that God has made you able not to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 22 u9dm figs-metaphor δὲ δουλωθέντες τῷ Θεῷ 1 and are enslaved to God Being "enslaved" to God is a metaphor for being able to serve and obey God. Alternate translation: "and God has made you able to serve him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 22 npf3 figs-metaphor ἔχετε ὑμῶν τὸν καρπὸν εἰς ἁγιασμόν 1 you have your fruit for sanctification Here "fruit" is a metaphor for "result" or "benefit." Alternate translation: "the benefit is your sanctification" or "the benefit is that you live in a holy way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 6 22 a478 τὸ δὲ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 The result is eternal life "The result of all of this is that you will live forever with God" +ROM 6 23 ze3f γὰρ τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος 1 For the wages of sin are death The word "wages" refers to a payment given to someone for their work. "For if you serve sin, you will receive spiritual death as payment" or "For if you continue sinning, God will punish you with spiritual death" +ROM 6 23 pf3s δὲ τὸ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιος ζωὴ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἡμῶν τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord "but God gives eternal life to those who belong to Christ Jesus our Lord" ROM 7 intro fl1y 0 # Romans 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### "Or do you not know"
Paul uses this phrase to discuss a new topic, while connecting what follows with the previous teaching.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "We have been released from the law"
Paul explains that the law of Moses is no longer in effect. While this is true, the timeless principles behind the law reflect the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Marriage
Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh
This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
ROM 7 1 nj1k 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains how the law controls those who want to live under the law. ROM 7 1 mk7w figs-rquestion 0 do you not know, brothers ... that the law controls a person for as long as he lives? Paul asks this question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "So you certainly know that people have to obey laws only while they are alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 7 1 r9fl 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 7 1 r9fl ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. ROM 7 2 as1h 0 Connecting Statement: This verse begins a description of what Paul means by "the law controls a person for as long as he lives" ([Romans 7:1](./01.md)). -ROM 7 2 l6d9 figs-metaphor 0 the married woman is bound by law to the husband Here "bound by law to the husband" is a metaphor for a woman being united to her husband according to the law of marriage. Alternate translation: "according to the law, the married woman is united to the husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 2 iu7r 0 the married woman This refers to any woman who is married. +ROM 7 2 l6d9 figs-metaphor ἡ ὕπανδρος γυνὴ δέδεται νόμῳ τῷ ἀνδρὶ 1 the married woman is bound by law to the husband Here "bound by law to the husband" is a metaphor for a woman being united to her husband according to the law of marriage. Alternate translation: "according to the law, the married woman is united to the husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 2 iu7r ἡ ὕπανδρος γυνὴ 1 the married woman This refers to any woman who is married. ROM 7 3 w3yw 0 Connecting Statement: This verse ends a description of what Paul means by "the law controls a person for as long as he lives" ([Romans 7:1](./01.md)). -ROM 7 3 r2m4 figs-activepassive 0 she will be called an adulteress You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will consider her an adulteress" or "people will call her an adulteress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 7 3 wg4k 0 she is free from the law Here being free from the law means not having to obey the law. In this case, the woman does not have to obey the law that says that a married woman cannot marry another man. Alternate translation: "she does not have to obey that law" -ROM 7 4 ne64 0 Therefore, my brothers This relates back to [Romans 7:1](../07/01.md). -ROM 7 4 u5nu 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 7 4 z8zj figs-activepassive 0 you were also made dead to the law through the body of Christ You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "you also died to the law when through Christ you died on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 7 4 t9nt figs-idiom 0 to him who was raised from the dead "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "to him who was caused to live again" or "to him whom God raised from the dead" or "to him whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 7 4 c4rl figs-metaphor 0 we might produce fruit for God Here "fruit" is a metaphor for actions that please God. Alternate translation: "we might be able to do things pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 5 xed9 figs-metaphor 0 to bear fruit for death Here "fruit" is a metaphor for a "result of one's actions" or "outcome of one's actions." Alternate translation: "which resulted in spiritual-death" or "the outcome of which was our own spiritual death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 3 r2m4 figs-activepassive χρηματίσει μοιχαλὶς 1 she will be called an adulteress You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will consider her an adulteress" or "people will call her an adulteress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 7 3 wg4k ἐστὶν ἐλευθέρα ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου 1 she is free from the law Here being free from the law means not having to obey the law. In this case, the woman does not have to obey the law that says that a married woman cannot marry another man. Alternate translation: "she does not have to obey that law" +ROM 7 4 ne64 ὥστε, μου ἀδελφοί 1 Therefore, my brothers This relates back to [Romans 7:1](../07/01.md). +ROM 7 4 u5nu ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 7 4 z8zj figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς καὶ ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 you were also made dead to the law through the body of Christ You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "you also died to the law when through Christ you died on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 7 4 t9nt figs-idiom τῷ ἐγερθέντι ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 to him who was raised from the dead "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "to him who was caused to live again" or "to him whom God raised from the dead" or "to him whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 7 4 c4rl figs-metaphor καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ 1 we might produce fruit for God Here "fruit" is a metaphor for actions that please God. Alternate translation: "we might be able to do things pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 5 xed9 figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι τῷ θανάτῳ 1 to bear fruit for death Here "fruit" is a metaphor for a "result of one's actions" or "outcome of one's actions." Alternate translation: "which resulted in spiritual-death" or "the outcome of which was our own spiritual death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 7 6 mze7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us that God does not make us holy by the law. -ROM 7 6 l8w4 figs-activepassive 0 we have been released from the law You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has released us from the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 7 6 j6i3 figs-inclusive 0 we This pronoun refers to Paul and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 7 6 l2l3 figs-activepassive 0 to that by which we were held This refers to the law. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to the law which held us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 7 6 rm8r figs-explicit 0 the letter This refers to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 7 7 k1jj figs-rquestion 0 What will we say then? Paul is introducing a new topic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 7 7 erx6 0 May it never be "Of course that is not true!" This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). -ROM 7 7 zl8m figs-personification 0 I would never have known sin, if it were not through the law Paul is speaking of sin as if it were a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 7 n43p 0 sin "my desire to sin" +ROM 7 6 l8w4 figs-activepassive κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου 1 we have been released from the law You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has released us from the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 7 6 j6i3 figs-inclusive κατηργήθημεν 1 we This pronoun refers to Paul and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 7 6 l2l3 figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα 1 to that by which we were held This refers to the law. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to the law which held us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 7 6 rm8r figs-explicit γράμματος 1 the letter This refers to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "the law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 7 7 k1jj figs-rquestion τί ἐροῦμεν οὖν? 1 What will we say then? Paul is introducing a new topic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 7 7 erx6 μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "Of course that is not true!" This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). +ROM 7 7 zl8m figs-personification ἔγνων οὐκ ἔγνων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου 1 I would never have known sin, if it were not through the law Paul is speaking of sin as if it were a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 7 n43p ἁμαρτία 1 sin "my desire to sin" ROM 7 8 mz77 figs-personification 0 But sin took the opportunity ... brought about every lust Paul continues comparing sin to a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 8 nj21 0 lust This word includes both the desire to have what belongs to other people and wrong sexual desire. -ROM 7 8 r5i2 0 without the law, sin is dead "if there were no law, there would be no breaking of the law, so there would be no sin" -ROM 7 9 q9le figs-personification 0 sin regained life This can mean 1) "I realized that I was sinning" or 2) "I strongly desired to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 8 nj21 ἐπιθυμίαν 1 lust This word includes both the desire to have what belongs to other people and wrong sexual desire. +ROM 7 8 r5i2 χωρὶς νόμου, ἁμαρτία νεκρά 1 without the law, sin is dead "if there were no law, there would be no breaking of the law, so there would be no sin" +ROM 7 9 q9le figs-personification ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀνέζησεν 1 sin regained life This can mean 1) "I realized that I was sinning" or 2) "I strongly desired to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 7 10 yu1u figs-metaphor 0 The commandment that was to bring life turned out to be death for me Paul speaks of God's condemnation as if it resulted primarily in physical death. Alternate translation: "God gave me the commandment so I would live, but it killed me instead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 11 r582 figs-personification 0 For sin took the opportunity through the commandment and deceived me. Through the commandment it killed me As in [Romans 7:7-8](./07.md), Paul is describing sin as a person who can do 3 things: take the opportunity, deceive, and kill. Alternate translation: "Because I wanted to sin, I deceived myself into thinking that I could sin and obey the commandment at the same time, but God punished me for disobeying the commandment by separating me from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 11 qi99 0 sin "my desire to sin" -ROM 7 11 cw46 figs-personification 0 took the opportunity through the commandment Paul is comparing sin to a person who can act. See how you translated this in [Romans 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 11 f6sx figs-metaphor 0 it killed me Paul speaks of God's condemnation on sinners as if it resulted primarily in physical death. Alternate translation: "it separated me from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 12 t9uk 0 holy Morally perfect, without sin +ROM 7 11 r582 figs-personification ἡ γὰρ ἁμαρτία λαβοῦσα ἀφορμὴν διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς ἐξηπάτησέν με. καὶ δι’ αὐτῆς ἀπέκτεινεν 1 For sin took the opportunity through the commandment and deceived me. Through the commandment it killed me As in [Romans 7:7-8](./07.md), Paul is describing sin as a person who can do 3 things: take the opportunity, deceive, and kill. Alternate translation: "Because I wanted to sin, I deceived myself into thinking that I could sin and obey the commandment at the same time, but God punished me for disobeying the commandment by separating me from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 11 qi99 ἡ γὰρ ἁμαρτία 1 sin "my desire to sin" +ROM 7 11 cw46 figs-personification λαβοῦσα ἀφορμὴν διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 took the opportunity through the commandment Paul is comparing sin to a person who can act. See how you translated this in [Romans 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 11 f6sx figs-metaphor ἀπέκτεινεν 1 it killed me Paul speaks of God's condemnation on sinners as if it resulted primarily in physical death. Alternate translation: "it separated me from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 12 t9uk ἅγιος 1 holy Morally perfect, without sin ROM 7 13 cz5k 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between sin in his inner man and his mind with the law of God—between sin and good. -ROM 7 13 us69 0 So Paul is introducing a new topic. -ROM 7 13 e1bx figs-rquestion 0 did what is good become death to me? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 7 13 g451 0 what is good This refers to God's law. -ROM 7 13 qwe9 0 become death to me "cause me to die" -ROM 7 13 hgm6 figs-rquestion 0 May it never be This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. Alternate translation: "Of course that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 7 13 us69 οὖν 1 So Paul is introducing a new topic. +ROM 7 13 e1bx figs-rquestion ἐγένετο τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐγένετο θάνατος ἐμοὶ? 1 did what is good become death to me? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 7 13 g451 τὸ ἀγαθὸν 1 what is good This refers to God's law. +ROM 7 13 qwe9 ἐγένετο θάνατος ἐμοὶ 1 become death to me "cause me to die" +ROM 7 13 hgm6 figs-rquestion μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. Alternate translation: "Of course that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 7 13 m4l5 figs-personification 0 sin ... brought about death in me Paul is viewing sin as though it were a person who could act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 13 pnq6 0 brought about death in me "separated me from God" -ROM 7 13 a6zb 0 through the commandment "because I disobeyed the commandment" +ROM 7 13 pnq6 κατεργαζομένη θάνατον μοι 1 brought about death in me "separated me from God" +ROM 7 13 a6zb διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 through the commandment "because I disobeyed the commandment" ROM 7 15 udc8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between his flesh and the law of God—between sin and good. -ROM 7 15 u3av 0 For what I do, I do not really understand "I am not sure why I do some of the things that I do" -ROM 7 15 hv9g 0 For what I do "because what I do" +ROM 7 15 u3av γὰρ ὃ κατεργάζομαι, γινώσκω οὐ γινώσκω 1 For what I do, I do not really understand "I am not sure why I do some of the things that I do" +ROM 7 15 hv9g γὰρ ὃ κατεργάζομαι 1 For what I do "because what I do" ROM 7 15 az2z figs-hyperbole 0 what I want to do, I do not do The words "I do not do" are an exaggeration to emphasize that Paul does not do what he wants to do as often as he would like or that he does what he does not want to do too often. Alternate translation: "I do not always do what I want to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ROM 7 15 zv5l figs-hyperbole 0 what I hate, I do The words "I do," which implies that he always does what he hates to do, are an exaggeration to emphasize that Paul does what he does not want to do too often. Alternate translation: "the things that I know are not good are the things that I sometimes do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 7 16 y26s 0 But if I do "However, if I do" -ROM 7 16 q3b5 0 I agree with the law "I know God's law is good" -ROM 7 17 f6n8 figs-personification 0 the sin that lives in me Paul describes sin as a living being that has the power to influence him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 18 p1c1 figs-metonymy 0 my flesh Here "flesh" is a metonym for the sinful nature. Alternate translation: "my sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 7 19 ri3b 0 the good "the good deeds" or "the good actions" -ROM 7 19 j69g 0 the evil "the evil deeds" or "the evil actions" -ROM 7 20 afw6 figs-personification 0 rather sin that lives in me Paul speaks of "sin" as if it were alive and living inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 21 fbr9 figs-personification 0 that evil is actually present in me Paul speaks of "evil" here as if it were alive and living inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 7 22 m13q figs-metaphor 0 the inner man This is the newly-revived spirit of a person who trusts in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 23 clu4 0 But I see a different principle in my body parts. It fights against that new principle in my mind. It takes me captive "I am able only to do what my old nature tells me to do, not to live the new way the Spirit shows me" -ROM 7 23 t7yh 0 new principle This is the new spiritually alive nature. -ROM 7 23 fct8 0 a different principle in my body parts This is the old nature, the way people are when they are born. -ROM 7 23 u4ny 0 the principle of sin that is in my body parts "my sinful nature" -ROM 7 24 h8l8 figs-rquestion 0 Who will deliver me from this body of death? Paul uses this question to express great emotion. If your language has a way of showing great emotion through an exclamation or a question, use it here. Alternate translation: "I want someone to set me free from the control of what my body desires!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 7 24 nu6u 0 deliver me "rescue me" -ROM 7 24 md8e figs-metaphor 0 this body of death This is a metaphor that means a body that will experience physical death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 25 w9ui 0 But thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord This is the answer to the question in 7:24. -ROM 7 25 adx1 figs-metaphor 0 So then, I myself serve the law of God with my mind. However, with the flesh I serve the principle of sin The mind and flesh are used here to show how they compare to serve either God's law or the principle of sin. With the mind or intellect one can choose to please and obey God and with the flesh or physical nature to serve sin. Alternate translation: "My mind chooses to please God, but my flesh chooses to obey sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 16 y26s δὲ εἰ τοῦτο ποιῶ 1 But if I do "However, if I do" +ROM 7 16 q3b5 σύνφημι τῷ νόμῳ 1 I agree with the law "I know God's law is good" +ROM 7 17 f6n8 figs-personification ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐνοικοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 the sin that lives in me Paul describes sin as a living being that has the power to influence him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 18 p1c1 figs-metonymy μου τῇ σαρκί 1 my flesh Here "flesh" is a metonym for the sinful nature. Alternate translation: "my sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 7 19 ri3b ἀγαθόν 1 the good "the good deeds" or "the good actions" +ROM 7 19 j69g κακὸν 1 the evil "the evil deeds" or "the evil actions" +ROM 7 20 afw6 figs-personification ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτία ἡ οἰκοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 rather sin that lives in me Paul speaks of "sin" as if it were alive and living inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 21 fbr9 figs-personification ὅτι τὸ κακὸν παράκειται ἐμοὶ 1 that evil is actually present in me Paul speaks of "evil" here as if it were alive and living inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 7 22 m13q figs-metaphor τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 1 the inner man This is the newly-revived spirit of a person who trusts in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 23 clu4 δὲ βλέπω νόμον ἕτερον νόμον ἐν μου τοῖς μέλεσίν. ἀντιστρατευόμενον τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ νοός μου τοῦ νοός. καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντά με καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντά 1 But I see a different principle in my body parts. It fights against that new principle in my mind. It takes me captive "I am able only to do what my old nature tells me to do, not to live the new way the Spirit shows me" +ROM 7 23 t7yh νόμῳ 1 new principle This is the new spiritually alive nature. +ROM 7 23 fct8 νόμον ἕτερον νόμον ἐν μου τοῖς μέλεσίν 1 a different principle in my body parts This is the old nature, the way people are when they are born. +ROM 7 23 u4ny τῷ νόμῳ τῆς ἁμαρτίας τῷ ὄντι ἐν μου τοῖς μέλεσίν 1 the principle of sin that is in my body parts "my sinful nature" +ROM 7 24 h8l8 figs-rquestion τίς ῥύσεται με ἐκ τούτου τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου? 1 Who will deliver me from this body of death? Paul uses this question to express great emotion. If your language has a way of showing great emotion through an exclamation or a question, use it here. Alternate translation: "I want someone to set me free from the control of what my body desires!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 7 24 nu6u ῥύσεται με 1 deliver me "rescue me" +ROM 7 24 md8e figs-metaphor τούτου τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου 1 this body of death This is a metaphor that means a body that will experience physical death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 7 25 w9ui χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 But thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord This is the answer to the question in 7:24. +ROM 7 25 adx1 figs-metaphor οὖν ἄρα, ἐγὼ αὐτὸς δουλεύω νόμῳ Θεοῦ τῷ μὲν νοῒ. τῇ δὲ, σαρκὶ νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 So then, I myself serve the law of God with my mind. However, with the flesh I serve the principle of sin The mind and flesh are used here to show how they compare to serve either God's law or the principle of sin. With the mind or intellect one can choose to please and obey God and with the flesh or physical nature to serve sin. Alternate translation: "My mind chooses to please God, but my flesh chooses to obey sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 8 intro ev4r 0 # Romans 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The first verse of this chapter is a transitional sentence. Paul concludes his teaching of Chapter 7 and leads into the words of Chapter 8.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Indwelling of the Spirit
The Holy Spirit is said to live inside a person or inside their heart. If the Spirit is present, this signifies that a person is saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

##### "These are sons of God"
Jesus is the Son of God in a unique way. God also adopts Christians to be his children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])

##### Predestination
Many scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some to be eternally saved. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor
Paul poetically presents his teaching in verses 38 and 39 in the form of an extended metaphor. He explains that nothing can separate a person from the love of God in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### No condemnation
This phrase must be translated carefully to avoid doctrinal confusion. People are still guilty of their sin. God disapproves of acting sinfully, even after believing in Jesus. God still punishes the sins of believers, but Jesus has paid the punishment for their sin. This is what Paul expresses here. The word "condemn" has several possible meanings. Here Paul emphasizes that people who believe in Jesus are no longer punished eternally for their sin by being "condemned to hell." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]])

##### Flesh

This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
ROM 8 1 xq2y 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives the answer to the struggle he has with sin and good. -ROM 8 1 xw65 figs-explicit 0 There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus Here "condemnation" refers to punishing people. Alternate translation: "God will not condemn and punish those who are joined to Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 1 i12t 0 therefore "for that reason" or "because what I have just told you is true" -ROM 8 2 x8uu figs-explicit 0 the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus This refers to God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "God's Spirit in Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 2 th4n figs-metaphor 0 has set you free from the law of sin and death Being free from the law of sin and death is a metaphor for not being controlled by the law of sin and death. Alternate translation: "has caused the law of sin and death to no longer control you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 2 u82e 0 the law of sin and death Possible meanings are that this refers to 1) the law, which provokes people to sin, and their sin causes them to die. Alternate translation: "the law which causes sin and death" or 2) the principle that people sin and die. -ROM 8 3 j98t figs-personification 0 For what the law was unable to do because it was weak through the flesh, God did Here the law is described as a person who could not break the power of sin. Alternate translation: "For the law did not have the power to stop us from sinning, because the power of sin within us was too strong. But God did stop us from sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 8 3 etf2 0 through the flesh "because of people's sinful nature" -ROM 8 3 p4qq 0 He ... sent his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh ... an offering for sin ... he condemned sin The Son of God forever satisfied God's holy anger against our sin by giving his own body and human life as the eternal sacrifice for sin. -ROM 8 3 csl8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 8 3 uf94 0 in the likeness of sinful flesh "who looked like any other sinful human being" -ROM 8 3 hfr2 0 to be an offering for sin "so that he could die as a sacrifice for our sins" -ROM 8 3 es29 0 he condemned sin in the flesh "God broke the power of sin through the body of his Son" -ROM 8 4 j9ff figs-activepassive 0 the requirements of the law might be fulfilled in us You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "we might fulfill what the law requires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 4 acc4 figs-metaphor 0 we who walk not according to the flesh Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. The flesh is an idiom for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: "we who do not obey our sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 8 4 a5t4 0 but according to the Spirit "but who obey the Holy Spirit" +ROM 8 1 xw65 figs-explicit οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν οὐδὲν κατάκριμα τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus Here "condemnation" refers to punishing people. Alternate translation: "God will not condemn and punish those who are joined to Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 1 i12t ἄρα 1 therefore "for that reason" or "because what I have just told you is true" +ROM 8 2 x8uu figs-explicit ὁ νόμος τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus This refers to God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "God's Spirit in Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 2 th4n figs-metaphor ἠλευθέρωσέν σε ἠλευθέρωσέν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου 1 has set you free from the law of sin and death Being free from the law of sin and death is a metaphor for not being controlled by the law of sin and death. Alternate translation: "has caused the law of sin and death to no longer control you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 2 u82e τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου 1 the law of sin and death Possible meanings are that this refers to 1) the law, which provokes people to sin, and their sin causes them to die. Alternate translation: "the law which causes sin and death" or 2) the principle that people sin and die. +ROM 8 3 j98t figs-personification γὰρ τὸ τοῦ νόμου ἀδύνατον ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός, ὁ Θεὸς πέμψας 1 For what the law was unable to do because it was weak through the flesh, God did Here the law is described as a person who could not break the power of sin. Alternate translation: "For the law did not have the power to stop us from sinning, because the power of sin within us was too strong. But God did stop us from sinning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 8 3 etf2 διὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 through the flesh "because of people's sinful nature" +ROM 8 3 p4qq . πέμψας τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας σαρκὸς καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας, κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 He ... sent his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh ... an offering for sin ... he condemned sin The Son of God forever satisfied God's holy anger against our sin by giving his own body and human life as the eternal sacrifice for sin. +ROM 8 3 csl8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 8 3 uf94 ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας σαρκὸς 1 in the likeness of sinful flesh "who looked like any other sinful human being" +ROM 8 3 hfr2 καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας 1 to be an offering for sin "so that he could die as a sacrifice for our sins" +ROM 8 3 es29 κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐν τῇ σαρκί 1 he condemned sin in the flesh "God broke the power of sin through the body of his Son" +ROM 8 4 j9ff figs-activepassive τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν 1 the requirements of the law might be fulfilled in us You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "we might fulfill what the law requires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 4 acc4 figs-metaphor τοῖς περιπατοῦσιν μὴ κατὰ σάρκα 1 we who walk not according to the flesh Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. The flesh is an idiom for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: "we who do not obey our sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 8 4 a5t4 ἀλλὰ κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 but according to the Spirit "but who obey the Holy Spirit" ROM 8 6 y6p7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to contrast the flesh with the Spirit we now have. ROM 8 6 vyw4 figs-personification 0 the mind set on the flesh ... the mind set on the Spirit Here Paul speaks of both the "flesh" and the "spirit" as if they were living persons. Alternate translation: "the way sinful people think ... the way people who listen to the Holy Spirit think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 8 6 ec7j 0 death Here this means the separation of a person from God. -ROM 8 8 me7u 0 Those who are in the flesh This refers to people who do what their sinful nature tells them to do. -ROM 8 9 czm9 0 in the flesh "acting according to your sinful natures." See how "the flesh" was translated in [Romans 8:5](../08/05.md). -ROM 8 9 e54u 0 in the Spirit "acting according to the Holy Spirit" +ROM 8 6 ec7j θάνατος 1 death Here this means the separation of a person from God. +ROM 8 8 me7u οἱ δὲ ὄντες ἐν σαρκὶ 1 Those who are in the flesh This refers to people who do what their sinful nature tells them to do. +ROM 8 9 czm9 ἐν σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh "acting according to your sinful natures." See how "the flesh" was translated in [Romans 8:5](../08/05.md). +ROM 8 9 e54u ἐν Πνεύματι 1 in the Spirit "acting according to the Holy Spirit" ROM 8 9 p55f 0 Spirit ... God's Spirit ... Spirit of Christ These all refer to the Holy Spirit. -ROM 8 9 bei3 0 if it is true that This phrase does not mean Paul doubts that some of them have God's Spirit. Paul wants them to realize that they all have God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "since" or "because" -ROM 8 10 q8be figs-explicit 0 If Christ is in you How Christ lives in a person could be made explicit. Alternate translation: "If Christ lives in you through the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 10 e6g9 figs-idiom 0 the body is dead with respect to sin Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually dead to the power of sin or 2) the physical body will still die because of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 8 10 yb1b figs-idiom 0 the spirit is alive with respect to righteousness Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually alive because God has given him power to do what is right or 2) God will bring the person back to life after he dies because God is righteous and gives believers eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 8 9 bei3 εἴπερ 1 if it is true that This phrase does not mean Paul doubts that some of them have God's Spirit. Paul wants them to realize that they all have God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "since" or "because" +ROM 8 10 q8be figs-explicit εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If Christ is in you How Christ lives in a person could be made explicit. Alternate translation: "If Christ lives in you through the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 10 e6g9 figs-idiom τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν 1 the body is dead with respect to sin Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually dead to the power of sin or 2) the physical body will still die because of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 8 10 yb1b figs-idiom τὸ Πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 the spirit is alive with respect to righteousness Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually alive because God has given him power to do what is right or 2) God will bring the person back to life after he dies because God is righteous and gives believers eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 8 11 jlc9 0 If the Spirit ... lives in you Paul assumes that the Holy Spirit lives in his readers. Alternate translation: "Since the Spirit ... lives in you" -ROM 8 11 b9pu 0 of him who raised "of God, who raised" -ROM 8 11 jr6p figs-idiom 0 raised Jesus Here to raise is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "caused Jesus to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 8 11 t27d 0 mortal bodies "physical bodies" or "bodies, which will die someday" -ROM 8 12 mv1r 0 So then "Because what I have just told you is true" -ROM 8 12 qw5b 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 8 12 e3j8 figs-metaphor 0 we are debtors Paul is speaking of obedience as if it were paying back a debt. Alternate translation: "we need to obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 12 fb3m figs-ellipsis 0 but not to the flesh to live according to the flesh Again Paul speaks of obedience as if it were paying back a debt. You can include the implied word "debtors." Alternate translation: "but we are not debtors to the flesh, and we do not have to obey our sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 13 ri75 0 For if you live according to the flesh "Because if you live only to please your sinful desires" -ROM 8 13 b9n5 0 you are about to die "you will certainly be separated from God" -ROM 8 13 ld2h figs-metaphor 0 but if by the Spirit you put to death the body's actions Paul speaks of the "old man," crucified with Christ, as the person who is responsible for his sinful desires. Alternate translation: "but if by the power of the Holy Spirit you stop obeying your sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 14 u8pv figs-activepassive 0 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For all the people whom the Spirit of God leads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 14 gd1i 0 sons of God Here this means all believers in Jesus and is often translated as "children of God." -ROM 8 15 ecq3 0 by which we cry "who causes us to cry out" -ROM 8 15 vxs9 translate-unknown 0 Abba, Father "Abba" is "Father" in the Aramaic language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 8 17 fj7w figs-metaphor 0 heirs of God Paul speaks of the Christian believers as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "we also will one day receive what God has promised us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 17 q751 figs-metaphor 0 we are joint heirs with Christ Paul speaks of the Christian believers as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. God will give to us what he gives to Christ. Alternate translation: "we will also receive what God has promised us and Christ together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 17 j6ia figs-activepassive 0 that we may also be glorified with him God will honor Christian believers when he honors Christ. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God may glorify us along with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 11 b9pu τοῦ ἐγείραντος 1 of him who raised "of God, who raised" +ROM 8 11 jr6p figs-idiom τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 raised Jesus Here to raise is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "caused Jesus to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 8 11 t27d τὰ θνητὰ σώματα 1 mortal bodies "physical bodies" or "bodies, which will die someday" +ROM 8 12 mv1r ἄρα οὖν 1 So then "Because what I have just told you is true" +ROM 8 12 qw5b ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 8 12 e3j8 figs-metaphor ἐσμέν ὀφειλέται 1 we are debtors Paul is speaking of obedience as if it were paying back a debt. Alternate translation: "we need to obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 12 fb3m figs-ellipsis οὐ τῇ σαρκὶ ζῆν κατὰ τοῦ σάρκα 1 but not to the flesh to live according to the flesh Again Paul speaks of obedience as if it were paying back a debt. You can include the implied word "debtors." Alternate translation: "but we are not debtors to the flesh, and we do not have to obey our sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 13 ri75 γὰρ εἰ ζῆτε κατὰ σάρκα 1 For if you live according to the flesh "Because if you live only to please your sinful desires" +ROM 8 13 b9n5 μέλλετε ἀποθνῄσκειν 1 you are about to die "you will certainly be separated from God" +ROM 8 13 ld2h figs-metaphor δὲ εἰ Πνεύματι θανατοῦτε τὰς τοῦ σώματος' τοῦ σώματος πράξεις 1 but if by the Spirit you put to death the body's actions Paul speaks of the "old man," crucified with Christ, as the person who is responsible for his sinful desires. Alternate translation: "but if by the power of the Holy Spirit you stop obeying your sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 14 u8pv figs-activepassive γὰρ ὅσοι ἄγονται Πνεύματι Θεοῦ 1 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For all the people whom the Spirit of God leads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 14 gd1i υἱοί Θεοῦ 1 sons of God Here this means all believers in Jesus and is often translated as "children of God." +ROM 8 15 ecq3 ἐν ᾧ κράζομεν 1 by which we cry "who causes us to cry out" +ROM 8 15 vxs9 translate-unknown Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 Abba, Father "Abba" is "Father" in the Aramaic language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 8 17 fj7w figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι κληρονόμοι μὲν Θεοῦ 1 heirs of God Paul speaks of the Christian believers as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "we also will one day receive what God has promised us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 17 q751 figs-metaphor συνκληρονόμοι Χριστοῦ 1 we are joint heirs with Christ Paul speaks of the Christian believers as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. God will give to us what he gives to Christ. Alternate translation: "we will also receive what God has promised us and Christ together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 17 j6ia figs-activepassive ἵνα συνδοξασθῶμεν καὶ συνδοξασθῶμεν 1 that we may also be glorified with him God will honor Christian believers when he honors Christ. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that God may glorify us along with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 8 18 phk6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us as believers that our bodies will be changed at the redemption of our bodies in this section which ends in [Romans 8:25](../08/25.md). -ROM 8 18 i5nu 0 For This emphasizes "I consider." It does not mean "because." +ROM 8 18 i5nu γὰρ 1 For This emphasizes "I consider." It does not mean "because." ROM 8 18 b3b1 figs-activepassive 0 I consider that ... are not worthy to be compared with You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I cannot compare the sufferings of this present time with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 18 jjb8 figs-activepassive 0 will be revealed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will reveal" or "God will make known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 19 d911 figs-personification 0 the eager expectation of the creation waits for Paul describes everything that God created as a person who eagerly waits for something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 8 19 dm6s figs-activepassive 0 for the revealing of the sons of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "for the time when God will reveal his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 19 sr2p 0 sons of God Here this means all believers in Jesus. You can also translate this as "children of God." -ROM 8 20 l9ab figs-activepassive 0 For the creation was subjected to futility You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God caused what he had created to be unable to achieve what he intended" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 20 yvl3 figs-personification 0 not of its own will, but because of him who subjected it Here Paul describes "creation" as a person who can desire. Alternate translation: "not because this is what the created things wanted, but because it is what God wanted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 8 21 l6qc figs-activepassive 0 the creation itself will be delivered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 21 ba5h figs-metaphor 0 from slavery to decay Here being in slavery to decay is a metaphor for being certain to decay. Alternate translation: "from being like a slave to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 21 tx57 figs-metaphor 0 that it will be brought into the freedom of the glory of the children of God "Freedom" here is in contrast with slavery to decay. It is a metaphor meaning that the creation will not decay. Alternate translation: "that it will become gloriously free from decay like the children of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 22 l69k figs-metaphor 0 For we know that the whole creation groans and labors in pain together even now The creation is compared to a woman groaning while giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: "For we know that everything that God created wants to be free and groans for it like a woman giving birth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 23 k1wy figs-explicit 0 waiting for our adoption, the redemption of our body Here "our adoption" means when we become full members of God's family, as adopted children. The word "redemption" means when God saves us. Alternate translation: "waiting for when we are fully members of God's family and he saves our bodies from decay and death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 24 x4gi figs-activepassive 0 For in this certain hope we were saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God saved us because we hoped in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 24 tks9 figs-rquestion 0 Now hope that is seen is not hope. For who hopes for what he can see? Paul uses a question to help his audience understand what "hope" is. Alternate translation: "But if we are confidently waiting, that means we do not yet have what we want. No one can confidently wait if he already has what he wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 18 jjb8 figs-activepassive μέλλουσαν δόξαν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 will be revealed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will reveal" or "God will make known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 19 d911 figs-personification ἡ ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως ἀπεκδέχεται τὴν 1 the eager expectation of the creation waits for Paul describes everything that God created as a person who eagerly waits for something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 8 19 dm6s figs-activepassive τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 for the revealing of the sons of God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "for the time when God will reveal his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 19 sr2p υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 sons of God Here this means all believers in Jesus. You can also translate this as "children of God." +ROM 8 20 l9ab figs-activepassive τῇ γὰρ ματαιότητι ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη τῇ γὰρ ματαιότητι 1 For the creation was subjected to futility You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God caused what he had created to be unable to achieve what he intended" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 20 yvl3 figs-personification οὐχ ἑκοῦσα, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν ὑποτάξαντα 1 not of its own will, but because of him who subjected it Here Paul describes "creation" as a person who can desire. Alternate translation: "not because this is what the created things wanted, but because it is what God wanted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 8 21 l6qc figs-activepassive ἡ κτίσις αὐτὴ ἐλευθερωθήσεται 1 the creation itself will be delivered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 21 ba5h figs-metaphor ἀπὸ τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς 1 from slavery to decay Here being in slavery to decay is a metaphor for being certain to decay. Alternate translation: "from being like a slave to decay" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 21 tx57 figs-metaphor εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης τῶν τέκνων τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 that it will be brought into the freedom of the glory of the children of God "Freedom" here is in contrast with slavery to decay. It is a metaphor meaning that the creation will not decay. Alternate translation: "that it will become gloriously free from decay like the children of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 22 l69k figs-metaphor γὰρ οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἡ πᾶσα κτίσις συνστενάζει καὶ συνωδίνει ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν 1 For we know that the whole creation groans and labors in pain together even now The creation is compared to a woman groaning while giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: "For we know that everything that God created wants to be free and groans for it like a woman giving birth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 23 k1wy figs-explicit ἀπεκδεχόμενοι υἱοθεσίαν, τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν τοῦ σώματος 1 waiting for our adoption, the redemption of our body Here "our adoption" means when we become full members of God's family, as adopted children. The word "redemption" means when God saves us. Alternate translation: "waiting for when we are fully members of God's family and he saves our bodies from decay and death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 24 x4gi figs-activepassive γὰρ τῇ ἐλπίδι ἐσώθημεν 1 For in this certain hope we were saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For God saved us because we hoped in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 24 tks9 figs-rquestion δὲ ἐλπὶς βλεπομένη ἔστιν οὐκ ἐλπίς. γὰρ τις ἐλπίζει ὃ βλέπει? 1 Now hope that is seen is not hope. For who hopes for what he can see? Paul uses a question to help his audience understand what "hope" is. Alternate translation: "But if we are confidently waiting, that means we do not yet have what we want. No one can confidently wait if he already has what he wants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 8 26 h8jy 0 Connecting Statement: Though Paul has been emphasizing that there is a struggle in believers between the flesh and the Spirit, he affirms that the Spirit is aiding us. -ROM 8 26 jmp8 0 inexpressible groans "groanings that we cannot express in words" +ROM 8 26 jmp8 ἀλαλήτοις στεναγμοῖς 1 inexpressible groans "groanings that we cannot express in words" ROM 8 27 tq4n figs-metonymy 0 He who searches the hearts Here "He" refers to God. Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's thoughts and emotions. The phrase "searches the hearts" is a metaphor for examining thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "God, who knows all our thoughts and feelings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 8 28 w4rz 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers that nothing can separate them from God's love. -ROM 8 28 q3ce figs-activepassive 0 for those who are called You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "for those whom God chose" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 29 m3vv 0 those whom he foreknew "those whom he knew before he even created them" -ROM 8 29 rg4t 0 he also predestined "he also made it their destiny" or "he also planned in advance" -ROM 8 29 xhn2 figs-activepassive 0 to be conformed to the image of his Son God planned from before the beginning of creation to grow those who believe in Jesus, the Son of God, into persons who are like Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that he would change them to be like his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 29 yuw2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 8 29 lf49 0 that he might be the firstborn "so that his Son would be the firstborn" -ROM 8 29 s552 figs-explicit 0 among many brothers Here "brothers" refers to all believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: "among many brothers and sisters who belong to the family of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 30 hg3f 0 Those whom he predestined "Those whom God made plans for in advance" -ROM 8 30 g1y3 figs-explicit 0 these he also justified Here "justified" is in the past tense to emphasize that this will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "these he also put right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 30 g29g figs-explicit 0 these he also glorified The word "glorified" is in the past tense to emphasize that this will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "these he will also glorify" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 31 xpu3 figs-rquestion 0 What then shall we say about these things? If God is for us, who is against us? Paul uses questions to emphasize the main point of what he said previously. Alternate translation: "This is what we should know from all of this: since God is helping us, no one can defeat us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 8 32 l73i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 He who did not spare his own Son God the Father sent the Son of God, Jesus Christ, to the cross as the holy, infinite sacrifice necessary to satisfy God's infinite, holy nature against the sin of humanity. Here "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -ROM 8 32 b3au 0 but delivered him up "but put him under the control of his enemies" -ROM 8 32 gk4l figs-rquestion 0 how will he not also with him freely give us all things? Paul is using a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "he will certainly and freely give us all things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 8 32 rib2 0 freely give us all things "kindly give us all things" -ROM 8 33 vr1b figs-rquestion 0 Who will bring any accusation against God's chosen ones? God is the one who justifies Paul uses a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "No one can accuse us before God because he is the one who makes us right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 8 34 vt5r figs-rquestion 0 Who is the one who condemns? Paul uses a question for emphasis. He does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: "No one will condemn us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 28 q3ce figs-activepassive τοῖς οὖσιν κλητοῖς 1 for those who are called You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "for those whom God chose" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 29 m3vv οὓς προέγνω 1 those whom he foreknew "those whom he knew before he even created them" +ROM 8 29 rg4t προέγνω προώρισεν καὶ προώρισεν 1 he also predestined "he also made it their destiny" or "he also planned in advance" +ROM 8 29 xhn2 figs-activepassive συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 to be conformed to the image of his Son God planned from before the beginning of creation to grow those who believe in Jesus, the Son of God, into persons who are like Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that he would change them to be like his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 29 yuw2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 8 29 lf49 εἰς αὐτὸν τὸ εἶναι πρωτότοκον 1 that he might be the firstborn "so that his Son would be the firstborn" +ROM 8 29 s552 figs-explicit ἐν πολλοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 among many brothers Here "brothers" refers to all believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: "among many brothers and sisters who belong to the family of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 30 hg3f οὓς δὲ προώρισεν 1 Those whom he predestined "Those whom God made plans for in advance" +ROM 8 30 g1y3 figs-explicit τούτους ἐδικαίωσεν καὶ ἐδικαίωσεν 1 these he also justified Here "justified" is in the past tense to emphasize that this will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "these he also put right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 30 g29g figs-explicit τούτους ἐδόξασεν καὶ ἐδόξασεν 1 these he also glorified The word "glorified" is in the past tense to emphasize that this will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "these he will also glorify" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 31 xpu3 figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα? εἰ ὁ Θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ’ ἡμῶν? 1 What then shall we say about these things? If God is for us, who is against us? Paul uses questions to emphasize the main point of what he said previously. Alternate translation: "This is what we should know from all of this: since God is helping us, no one can defeat us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 32 l73i guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὅς γε ἐφείσατο οὐκ ἐφείσατο τοῦ ἰδίου Υἱοῦ 1 He who did not spare his own Son God the Father sent the Son of God, Jesus Christ, to the cross as the holy, infinite sacrifice necessary to satisfy God's infinite, holy nature against the sin of humanity. Here "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +ROM 8 32 b3au ἀλλὰ παρέδωκεν αὐτόν παρέδωκεν 1 but delivered him up "but put him under the control of his enemies" +ROM 8 32 gk4l figs-rquestion πῶς χαρίσεται οὐχὶ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ χαρίσεται ἡμῖν τὰ πάντα? 1 how will he not also with him freely give us all things? Paul is using a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "he will certainly and freely give us all things!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 32 rib2 χαρίσεται ἡμῖν τὰ πάντα 1 freely give us all things "kindly give us all things" +ROM 8 33 vr1b figs-rquestion τίς ἐγκαλέσει κατὰ Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ ἐκλεκτῶν? Θεὸς ὁ δικαιῶν 1 Who will bring any accusation against God's chosen ones? God is the one who justifies Paul uses a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: "No one can accuse us before God because he is the one who makes us right with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 34 vt5r figs-rquestion τίς ὁ κατακρινῶν? 1 Who is the one who condemns? Paul uses a question for emphasis. He does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: "No one will condemn us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 8 34 vd8g translate-symaction 0 who is at the right hand of God To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "who is at the place of honor beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ROM 8 35 h9ba figs-rquestion 0 Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Paul uses this question to teach that nothing can separate us from the love of Christ. Alternate translation: "No one will ever separate us from the love of Christ!" or "Nothing will ever separate us from the love of Christ!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 8 35 m2hl figs-ellipsis 0 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? The words "shall separate us from the love of Christ" are understood from the previous question. Alternate translation: "Shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword separate us from the love of Christ?"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 8 35 ldx1 figs-rquestion 0 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? Paul uses this question to emphasize that even these things cannot separate us from the love of Christ. Alternate translation: "Even tribulation, distress, persecution, hunger, nakedness, danger, and sword cannot separate us from the love of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 8 35 qe2z figs-abstractnouns 0 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? The abstract nouns can be expressed with verb phrases. Here "sword" is a metonym that represents being killed violently. Alternate translation: "Even if people cause us trouble, hurt us, take away our clothes and food, or kill us, they cannot separate us from the love of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 8 35 q2dc figs-doublet 0 Tribulation, or distress These words both mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 8 36 t67y figs-you 0 For your benefit Here "your" is singular and refers to God. Alternate translation: "For you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 8 36 s7wj figs-inclusive 0 we are killed all day long Here "we" refers to the one who wrote this part of Scripture, but not his audience, who was God. The phrase "all day long" is an exaggeration to emphasize how much danger they are in. Paul uses this part of Scripture to show that all who belong to God should expect difficult times. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "our enemies continually seek to kill us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 36 g3pi figs-simile 0 We were considered as sheep for the slaughter Here Paul compares to livestock those whom people kill because they are loyal to God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Our lives have no more value to them than the sheep they kill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 8 37 iui3 0 we are more than conquerors "we have complete victory" -ROM 8 37 wcm6 figs-explicit 0 through the one who loved us You can make explicit the kind of love that Jesus showed. Alternate translation: "because of Jesus, who loved us so much he was willing to die for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 8 38 fch1 0 I have been convinced "I am convinced" or "I am confident" -ROM 8 38 js9q 0 governments Possible meanings are 1) demons or 2) human kings and rulers. -ROM 8 38 q7ti 0 nor powers Possible meanings are 1) spiritual beings with power or 2) human beings with power. +ROM 8 35 h9ba figs-rquestion τίς χωρίσει ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ? 1 Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Paul uses this question to teach that nothing can separate us from the love of Christ. Alternate translation: "No one will ever separate us from the love of Christ!" or "Nothing will ever separate us from the love of Christ!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 35 m2hl figs-ellipsis θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? 1 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? The words "shall separate us from the love of Christ" are understood from the previous question. Alternate translation: "Shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword separate us from the love of Christ?"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 8 35 ldx1 figs-rquestion θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? 1 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? Paul uses this question to emphasize that even these things cannot separate us from the love of Christ. Alternate translation: "Even tribulation, distress, persecution, hunger, nakedness, danger, and sword cannot separate us from the love of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 8 35 qe2z figs-abstractnouns θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? 1 Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword? The abstract nouns can be expressed with verb phrases. Here "sword" is a metonym that represents being killed violently. Alternate translation: "Even if people cause us trouble, hurt us, take away our clothes and food, or kill us, they cannot separate us from the love of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 8 35 q2dc figs-doublet θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία 1 Tribulation, or distress These words both mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 8 36 t67y figs-you ὅτι ἕνεκεν σοῦ ὅτι ἕνεκεν 1 For your benefit Here "your" is singular and refers to God. Alternate translation: "For you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 8 36 s7wj figs-inclusive θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν 1 we are killed all day long Here "we" refers to the one who wrote this part of Scripture, but not his audience, who was God. The phrase "all day long" is an exaggeration to emphasize how much danger they are in. Paul uses this part of Scripture to show that all who belong to God should expect difficult times. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "our enemies continually seek to kill us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 36 g3pi figs-simile ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς 1 We were considered as sheep for the slaughter Here Paul compares to livestock those whom people kill because they are loyal to God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Our lives have no more value to them than the sheep they kill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 8 37 iui3 ὑπερνικῶμεν 1 we are more than conquerors "we have complete victory" +ROM 8 37 wcm6 figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς 1 through the one who loved us You can make explicit the kind of love that Jesus showed. Alternate translation: "because of Jesus, who loved us so much he was willing to die for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 8 38 fch1 πέπεισμαι 1 I have been convinced "I am convinced" or "I am confident" +ROM 8 38 js9q ἀρχαὶ 1 governments Possible meanings are 1) demons or 2) human kings and rulers. +ROM 8 38 q7ti οὔτε δυνάμεις 1 nor powers Possible meanings are 1) spiritual beings with power or 2) human beings with power. ROM 9 intro w6f4 0 # Romans 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Flesh
Paul uses the word "flesh" in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, who God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

In other chapters, Paul uses the word "brother" to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses "my brothers" to mean his kinsmen the Israelites.

Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of the promise."

##### Predestination
Many scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches extensively on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

##### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Stone of stumbling
Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This "stone of stumbling" causes them to "fall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel"
Paul uses the word "Israel" in this verse with two different meanings. The first "Israel" means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second "Israel" means those who are God's people through faith. The UST reflects this.
ROM 9 1 b89f 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells of his personal desire that the people of the nation of Israel will be saved. Then he emphasizes the different ways in which God has prepared them to believe. -ROM 9 1 yg93 figs-doublet 0 I tell the truth in Christ. I do not lie These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 9 1 h9mp 0 my conscience bears witness with me in the Holy Spirit "the Holy Spirit controls my conscience and confirms what I say" -ROM 9 2 jx3a figs-idiom 0 that for me there is great sorrow and unceasing pain in my heart Here "unceasing pain in my heart" is an idiom that Paul uses to share his emotional distress. Alternate translation: "I tell you that I grieve very greatly and deeply" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 9 2 jky1 figs-doublet 0 great sorrow and unceasing pain These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how great his emotions are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 9 3 rh5h figs-activepassive 0 For I could wish that I myself would be cursed and set apart from Christ for the sake of my brothers, those of my own race according to the flesh You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I personally would be willing to let God curse me and, keep me apart from Christ forever if that would help my fellow Israelites, my own people group, to believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 3 eg9b 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 9 4 p1ys 0 They are Israelites "They, like me, are Israelites. God chose them to be Jacob's descendants" -ROM 9 4 l6vs figs-metaphor 0 They have adoption Here Paul uses the metaphor of "adoption" to indicate that the Israelites are like God's children. Alternate translation: "They have God as their father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 1 yg93 figs-doublet λέγω ἀλήθειαν ἐν Χριστῷ. ψεύδομαι οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 I tell the truth in Christ. I do not lie These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 9 1 h9mp μοι τῆς συνειδήσεώς συνμαρτυρούσης μου ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 my conscience bears witness with me in the Holy Spirit "the Holy Spirit controls my conscience and confirms what I say" +ROM 9 2 jx3a figs-idiom ὅτι μοί ἐστιν μεγάλη λύπη καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη τῇ καρδίᾳ μου τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 that for me there is great sorrow and unceasing pain in my heart Here "unceasing pain in my heart" is an idiom that Paul uses to share his emotional distress. Alternate translation: "I tell you that I grieve very greatly and deeply" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 9 2 jky1 figs-doublet μεγάλη λύπη καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη 1 great sorrow and unceasing pain These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how great his emotions are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 9 3 rh5h figs-activepassive γὰρ ηὐχόμην εἶναι αὐτὸς εἶναι ἀνάθεμα ἐγὼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ὑπὲρ μου τῶν ἀδελφῶν, τῶν συγγενῶν μου συγγενῶν κατὰ σάρκα 1 For I could wish that I myself would be cursed and set apart from Christ for the sake of my brothers, those of my own race according to the flesh You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I personally would be willing to let God curse me and, keep me apart from Christ forever if that would help my fellow Israelites, my own people group, to believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 3 eg9b τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 9 4 p1ys οἵτινές εἰσιν Ἰσραηλεῖται 1 They are Israelites "They, like me, are Israelites. God chose them to be Jacob's descendants" +ROM 9 4 l6vs figs-metaphor ὧν ἡ υἱοθεσία 1 They have adoption Here Paul uses the metaphor of "adoption" to indicate that the Israelites are like God's children. Alternate translation: "They have God as their father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 9 6 s2ma 0 Connecting Statement: Paul emphasizes that those who are born in the family of Israel can really only be a true part of Israel through faith. -ROM 9 6 equ8 0 But it is not as though the promises of God have failed "But God has not failed to keep his promises" or "God has kept his promises" -ROM 9 6 wy8z 0 For it is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel God did not make his promises to all the physical descendants of Israel (or Jacob), but to his spiritual descendants, that is, those who trust in Jesus. -ROM 9 7 s3rj 0 Neither are all Abraham's descendants truly his children "Nor are they all children of God just because they are Abraham's descendants" -ROM 9 8 s5xa figs-metonymy 0 the children of the flesh are not Here "children of the flesh" is a metonym that refers to the physical descendants of Abraham. Alternate translation: "not all of Abraham's descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 9 8 y17u figs-metaphor 0 children of God This is a metaphor that refers to people who are spiritual descendants, those who have faith in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 8 ta8t 0 children of the promise This refers to people who will inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. -ROM 9 9 up57 0 this is the word of promise "these are the words God used when he made the promise" -ROM 9 9 wqb2 figs-activepassive 0 a son will be given to Sarah You can translate this in an active form to express that God will give a son to Sarah. Alternate translation: "I will give Sarah a son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 10 mb5q figs-inclusive 0 our father Paul refers to Isaac as "our father" because Isaac was the ancestor of Paul and of the Jewish believers in Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 9 10 icc1 0 had conceived "had become pregnant" -ROM 9 11 h16y 0 for the children were not yet born and had not yet done anything good or bad "before the children were born and before they had done anything, whether good or bad" -ROM 9 11 a1gz 0 so that the purpose of God according to choice might stand "so that what God wants to happen according to His choice will happen" -ROM 9 11 eez1 0 for the children were not yet born "before the children were born" -ROM 9 11 iw56 0 had not yet done anything good or bad "not because of anything they had done" +ROM 9 6 equ8 δὲ οἷον οὐχ οἷον ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ὅτι ἐκπέπτωκεν 1 But it is not as though the promises of God have failed "But God has not failed to keep his promises" or "God has kept his promises" +ROM 9 6 wy8z γὰρ πάντες οὐ πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ οὗτοι Ἰσραήλ 1 For it is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel God did not make his promises to all the physical descendants of Israel (or Jacob), but to his spiritual descendants, that is, those who trust in Jesus. +ROM 9 7 s3rj οὐδ’ ὅτι εἰσὶν πάντες Ἀβραάμ' Ἀβραάμ σπέρμα τέκνα 1 Neither are all Abraham's descendants truly his children "Nor are they all children of God just because they are Abraham's descendants" +ROM 9 8 s5xa figs-metonymy τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκὸς ταῦτα τέκνα οὐ 1 the children of the flesh are not Here "children of the flesh" is a metonym that refers to the physical descendants of Abraham. Alternate translation: "not all of Abraham's descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 9 8 y17u figs-metaphor ταῦτα τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 children of God This is a metaphor that refers to people who are spiritual descendants, those who have faith in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 8 ta8t τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 children of the promise This refers to people who will inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. +ROM 9 9 up57 οὗτος ὁ λόγος ἐπαγγελίας 1 this is the word of promise "these are the words God used when he made the promise" +ROM 9 9 wqb2 figs-activepassive υἱός ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ 1 a son will be given to Sarah You can translate this in an active form to express that God will give a son to Sarah. Alternate translation: "I will give Sarah a son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 10 mb5q figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τοῦ πατρὸς 1 our father Paul refers to Isaac as "our father" because Isaac was the ancestor of Paul and of the Jewish believers in Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 9 10 icc1 κοίτην ἔχουσα 1 had conceived "had become pregnant" +ROM 9 11 h16y γὰρ γεννηθέντων μήπω γεννηθέντων μηδὲ πραξάντων μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον 1 for the children were not yet born and had not yet done anything good or bad "before the children were born and before they had done anything, whether good or bad" +ROM 9 11 a1gz ἵνα ἡ πρόθεσις τοῦ Θεοῦ κατ’ ἐκλογὴν μένῃ 1 so that the purpose of God according to choice might stand "so that what God wants to happen according to His choice will happen" +ROM 9 11 eez1 γὰρ γεννηθέντων μήπω γεννηθέντων 1 for the children were not yet born "before the children were born" +ROM 9 11 iw56 πραξάντων μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον 1 had not yet done anything good or bad "not because of anything they had done" ROM 9 11 d6mr 0 because of him because of God ROM 9 12 ze3m 0 Connecting Statement: It may be necessary in your language to place this verse between verse 10 and verse 11: "our father Isaac,it was said to her, 'The older will serve the younger.' Now the children were not yet born and had not yet done anything good or bad, but so that the purpose of God according to choice might stand—not because of actions, but because of him who calls. It is just" -ROM 9 12 wv7n 0 it was said to her, "The older will serve the younger." "God said to Rebecca, 'The older son will serve the younger son'" -ROM 9 13 xt7t figs-hyperbole 0 Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated The word "hated" is an exaggeration. God loved Jacob much more than he loved Esau. He did not literally hate Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 9 14 m8xk figs-rquestion 0 What then will we say? Paul is using the question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 9 14 s1hm 0 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. -ROM 9 15 kq2c figs-metaphor 0 For he says to Moses Paul speaks about God's talking with Moses as if it is being done in the present time. Alternate translation: "For God said to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 16 d4f5 0 it is not because of him who wills, nor because of him who runs "it is not because of what people want or because they try hard" -ROM 9 16 ues3 figs-metaphor 0 nor because of him who runs Paul speaks of a person who does good things in order to gain God's favor as if that person were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 17 x1cj figs-personification 0 For the scripture says Here the scripture is personified as if God were talking to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: "The scripture records that God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 9 17 xu7s 0 I ... my God is referring to himself. -ROM 9 17 nfv5 figs-you 0 you singular (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 9 17 pz5x figs-idiom 0 I raised you up "Raised" here is an idiom for "to cause something to be what it is." Alternate translation: "I made you the powerful man that you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 9 17 gps5 figs-activepassive 0 so that my name might be proclaimed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that people might proclaim my name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 17 jp6i figs-metonymy 0 my name This metonym refers either 1) to God in all of his being. Alternate translation: "who I am" or 2) To his reputation. Alternate translation: "how great I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 9 17 jn7u figs-hyperbole 0 in all the earth "wherever there are people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 9 18 a1uv 0 whom he wishes, he makes stubborn God makes stubborn whoever he wishes to make stubborn. -ROM 9 19 z4j2 figs-you 0 You will say then to me Paul is talking to the critics of his teaching as though he were only talking to one person. You may need to use the plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 9 12 wv7n — ἐρρέθη αὐτῇ," ὅτι ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι." 1 it was said to her, "The older will serve the younger." "God said to Rebecca, 'The older son will serve the younger son'" +ROM 9 13 xt7t figs-hyperbole τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα, τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα 1 Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated The word "hated" is an exaggeration. God loved Jacob much more than he loved Esau. He did not literally hate Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 9 14 m8xk figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? 1 What then will we say? Paul is using the question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 9 14 s1hm μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. +ROM 9 15 kq2c figs-metaphor γὰρ λέγει τῷ Μωϋσεῖ 1 For he says to Moses Paul speaks about God's talking with Moses as if it is being done in the present time. Alternate translation: "For God said to Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 16 d4f5 τοῦ θέλοντος οὐ τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος 1 it is not because of him who wills, nor because of him who runs "it is not because of what people want or because they try hard" +ROM 9 16 ues3 figs-metaphor οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος 1 nor because of him who runs Paul speaks of a person who does good things in order to gain God's favor as if that person were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 17 x1cj figs-personification γὰρ ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει 1 For the scripture says Here the scripture is personified as if God were talking to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: "The scripture records that God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 9 17 xu7s ἐνδείξωμαι μου 1 I ... my God is referring to himself. +ROM 9 17 nfv5 figs-you σε 1 you singular (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 9 17 pz5x figs-idiom ἐξήγειρά σε ἐξήγειρά 1 I raised you up "Raised" here is an idiom for "to cause something to be what it is." Alternate translation: "I made you the powerful man that you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 9 17 gps5 figs-activepassive ὅπως μου τὸ ὄνομά διαγγελῇ 1 so that my name might be proclaimed You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "that people might proclaim my name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 17 jp6i figs-metonymy μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 my name This metonym refers either 1) to God in all of his being. Alternate translation: "who I am" or 2) To his reputation. Alternate translation: "how great I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 9 17 jn7u figs-hyperbole ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ 1 in all the earth "wherever there are people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 9 18 a1uv ὃν θέλει, σκληρύνει 1 whom he wishes, he makes stubborn God makes stubborn whoever he wishes to make stubborn. +ROM 9 19 z4j2 figs-you ἐρεῖς οὖν μοι 1 You will say then to me Paul is talking to the critics of his teaching as though he were only talking to one person. You may need to use the plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ROM 9 19 bbe4 figs-rquestion 0 Why does he still find fault? For who has ever withstood his will? These rhetorical questions are complaints against God. You can translate them as strong statements. Alternate translation: "He should not find fault with us. No one has ever been able to withstand his will." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 9 19 hqr7 0 he ... his The words "he" and "his" here refer to God. -ROM 9 19 n1ti 0 has ... withstood his will "has ... stopped him from doing what he wanted to do" +ROM 9 19 n1ti ἀνθέστηκεν αὐτοῦ τῷ γὰρ βουλήματι?" 1 has ... withstood his will "has ... stopped him from doing what he wanted to do" ROM 9 20 arw8 figs-metaphor 0 Will what has been molded say to the one who molds it, "Why ... way?" Paul uses the potter's right to make any kind of container he wants from the clay as a metaphor for the creator's right to do whatever he wants with his creation. Paul asks questions to emphasize his point. This can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "What a person has molded should never say to the one who molds it, 'Why ... way?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 9 20 wcj3 figs-rquestion 0 Why did you make me this way? This question is a rebuke and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You should not have made me this way!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 9 20 wcj3 figs-rquestion τί ἐποίησας με οὕτως 1 Why did you make me this way? This question is a rebuke and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: "You should not have made me this way!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 9 21 e94a figs-rquestion 0 Does the potter not have the right ... for daily use? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. Alternate translation: "The potter certainlly has the right ... for daily use." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 9 22 we86 figs-metaphor 0 containers of wrath Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: "people who deserve wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 22 we86 figs-metaphor σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 containers of wrath Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: "people who deserve wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 9 23 ufj7 0 he ... his The words "he" and "his" here refer to God. -ROM 9 23 v33r figs-metaphor 0 containers of mercy Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: "people who deserve mercy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 23 she3 figs-metaphor 0 the riches of his glory upon Paul compares God's wonderful actions here to great "riches." Alternate translation: "his glory, which is of great value, upon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 23 t41s figs-explicit 0 which he had previously prepared for glory Here "glory" refers to life in heaven with God. Alternate translation: "whom he prepared ahead of time in order that they might live with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 9 24 y6vp figs-inclusive 0 also for us The word "us" here refers to Paul and fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 9 24 t8rn 0 called Here "called" means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus. +ROM 9 23 v33r figs-metaphor σκεύη ἐλέους 1 containers of mercy Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: "people who deserve mercy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 23 she3 figs-metaphor τὸν πλοῦτον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ τῆς δόξης ἐπὶ 1 the riches of his glory upon Paul compares God's wonderful actions here to great "riches." Alternate translation: "his glory, which is of great value, upon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 23 t41s figs-explicit ἃ προητοίμασεν εἰς δόξαν 1 which he had previously prepared for glory Here "glory" refers to life in heaven with God. Alternate translation: "whom he prepared ahead of time in order that they might live with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 9 24 y6vp figs-inclusive καὶ ἡμᾶς 1 also for us The word "us" here refers to Paul and fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 9 24 t8rn ἐκάλεσεν 1 called Here "called" means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus. ROM 9 25 eqc2 0 Connecting Statement: In this section Paul explains how Israel's unbelief as a nation was told ahead of time by the prophet Hosea. -ROM 9 25 ewb4 figs-explicit 0 As he says also in Hosea Here "he" refers to God. Alternate translation: "As God says also in the book that Hosea wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 9 25 m82v translate-names 0 Hosea Hosea was a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 9 25 gi5k 0 I will call my people who were not my people "I will choose for my people those who were not my people" -ROM 9 25 yy15 figs-activepassive 0 her beloved who was not beloved Here "her" refers to Hosea's wife, Gomer, who represents the nation of Israel. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I will choose her whom I did not love to be one whom I love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 26 qe9f 0 sons of the living God The word "living" may refer to the fact that God is the only true God, and not like the false idols. Alternate translation: "children of the true God" -ROM 9 27 zqi1 0 cries out "calls out" -ROM 9 27 k9j8 figs-simile 0 as the sand of the sea Here Paul compares the number of the people of Israel to the number of grains of sand in the sea. Alternate translation: "too many to count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ROM 9 27 wig1 figs-activepassive 0 will be saved Paul uses the word "saved" in a spiritual sense. If God saves a person, it means that through believing in Jesus' death on the cross, God has forgiven him and rescued him from being punished for his sin. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 28 cm32 0 the Lord will carry out his sentence on the earth Here "sentence" refers to how he has decided to punish people. Alternate translation: "the Lord will punish people on the earth according to how he has said" +ROM 9 25 ewb4 figs-explicit ὡς λέγει καὶ ἐν τῷ Ὡσηὲ 1 As he says also in Hosea Here "he" refers to God. Alternate translation: "As God says also in the book that Hosea wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 9 25 m82v translate-names τῷ Ὡσηὲ 1 Hosea Hosea was a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 9 25 gi5k καλέσω μου λαόν τὸν οὐ μου λαόν 1 I will call my people who were not my people "I will choose for my people those who were not my people" +ROM 9 25 yy15 figs-activepassive ἠγαπημένην τὴν ἠγαπημένην οὐκ ἠγαπημένην 1 her beloved who was not beloved Here "her" refers to Hosea's wife, Gomer, who represents the nation of Israel. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "I will choose her whom I did not love to be one whom I love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 26 qe9f υἱοὶ Θεοῦ ζῶντος Θεοῦ 1 sons of the living God The word "living" may refer to the fact that God is the only true God, and not like the false idols. Alternate translation: "children of the true God" +ROM 9 27 zqi1 κράζει 1 cries out "calls out" +ROM 9 27 k9j8 figs-simile ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης 1 as the sand of the sea Here Paul compares the number of the people of Israel to the number of grains of sand in the sea. Alternate translation: "too many to count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ROM 9 27 wig1 figs-activepassive τὸ ὑπόλειμμα σωθήσεται 1 will be saved Paul uses the word "saved" in a spiritual sense. If God saves a person, it means that through believing in Jesus' death on the cross, God has forgiven him and rescued him from being punished for his sin. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 28 cm32 Κύριος ποιήσει λόγον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 the Lord will carry out his sentence on the earth Here "sentence" refers to how he has decided to punish people. Alternate translation: "the Lord will punish people on the earth according to how he has said" ROM 9 29 dl9x figs-inclusive 0 us ... we Here the words "us" and "we" refer to Isaiah and those to whom he spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 9 29 tk2e figs-explicit 0 we would be like Sodom, and we would have become like Gomorrah God killed all of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah because of their sin. Alternate translation: "we all would have been destroyed like the people of Sodom and Gomorrah" or "God would have destroyed all of us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gommorah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 9 30 m5l2 figs-rquestion 0 What will we say then? Paul uses this question to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "This is what we must say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 9 30 ki4k 0 That the Gentiles "We will say that the Gentiles" -ROM 9 30 bnl6 0 who were not pursuing righteousness "who were not trying to please God" +ROM 9 29 tk2e figs-explicit ἂν ἐγενήθημεν ὡς Σόδομα, καὶ ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν ὡς Γόμορρα 1 we would be like Sodom, and we would have become like Gomorrah God killed all of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah because of their sin. Alternate translation: "we all would have been destroyed like the people of Sodom and Gomorrah" or "God would have destroyed all of us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gommorah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 9 30 m5l2 figs-rquestion τί ἐροῦμεν οὖν? 1 What will we say then? Paul uses this question to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "This is what we must say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 9 30 ki4k ὅτι ἔθνη 1 That the Gentiles "We will say that the Gentiles" +ROM 9 30 bnl6 τὰ διώκοντα μὴ διώκοντα δικαιοσύνην 1 who were not pursuing righteousness "who were not trying to please God" ROM 9 30 gl4m figs-explicit 0 the righteousness by faith Here "by faith" refers to placing one's trust in Christ. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "because God made them right with him when they trusted in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 9 31 f18n figs-explicit 0 did not arrive at it This means that the Israelites could not please God by trying to keep the law. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "were not able to please God by keeping the law because they could not keep it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 9 32 y4pf figs-ellipsis 0 Why not? This is an ellipsis. You can include the implied words in your translation. Paul asks this question to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "Why could they not attain righteousness?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 9 32 j5jp figs-explicit 0 by works This refers to things that people do to try to please God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "by trying to do things that would please God" or "by keeping the Law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 9 33 kx9c figs-explicit 0 as it has been written You can indicate that Isaiah wrote this. You can also translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "as Isaiah the prophet wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 9 33 dy6x figs-metonymy 0 in Zion Here Zion is a metonym that represents Israel. Alternate translation: "in Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 9 33 u3dj figs-doublet 0 stone of stumbling and a rock of offense Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing and are metaphors that refer to Jesus and his death on the cross. It was as if the people stumbled over a stone because they were disgusted when they considered Jesus' death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 9 33 tu4i 0 believes in it Because the stone stands for a person, you may need to translate "believes in him." +ROM 9 32 y4pf figs-ellipsis διὰ τί? 1 Why not? This is an ellipsis. You can include the implied words in your translation. Paul asks this question to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: "Why could they not attain righteousness?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 9 32 j5jp figs-explicit ὡς ἐξ ἔργων 1 by works This refers to things that people do to try to please God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "by trying to do things that would please God" or "by keeping the Law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 9 33 kx9c figs-explicit καθὼς γέγραπται 1 as it has been written You can indicate that Isaiah wrote this. You can also translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "as Isaiah the prophet wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 9 33 dy6x figs-metonymy ἐν Σιὼν 1 in Zion Here Zion is a metonym that represents Israel. Alternate translation: "in Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 9 33 u3dj figs-doublet λίθον προσκόμματος καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου 1 stone of stumbling and a rock of offense Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing and are metaphors that refer to Jesus and his death on the cross. It was as if the people stumbled over a stone because they were disgusted when they considered Jesus' death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 9 33 tu4i καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 believes in it Because the stone stands for a person, you may need to translate "believes in him." ROM 10 intro c2li 0 # Romans 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 8.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 18-20 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### God's righteousness

Paul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God's righteousness. God gives us Jesus' righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions
Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation"

Paul uses this prophecy to explain that God will use the church to make the Hebrew people jealous. This is so they will seek God and believe the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ROM 10 1 pi37 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues stating his desire for Israel to believe but emphasizes that both those who are Jews as well as everyone else can only be saved by faith in Jesus. -ROM 10 1 hj4b 0 Brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 10 1 hj4b ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. ROM 10 1 tq7k figs-metonymy 0 my heart's desire Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or inner being. Alternate translation: "my greatest desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 1 tmf2 0 is for them, for their salvation "is that God will save the Jews" -ROM 10 2 y7qg 0 I testify about them "I declare truthfully about them" -ROM 10 3 bw97 figs-explicit 0 For they do not know of God's righteousness Here "righteousness refers to the way God puts people right with himself. You can make this explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: "For they do not know how God puts people right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 3 a6r4 0 They did not submit to the righteousness of God "They did not accept God's way of putting people right with himself" -ROM 10 4 x1w8 0 For Christ is the fulfillment of the law "For Christ completely fulfilled the law" -ROM 10 4 f6pu figs-explicit 0 for righteousness for everyone who believes Here "believes" means "trusts." Alternate translation: "in order that he may make everyone who trusts in him right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 5 qby2 figs-personification 0 the righteousness that comes from the law Paul speaks of "righteousness" as if it were alive and able to move. Alternate translation: "how the law makes a person right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 10 5 wjn6 figs-explicit 0 The man who does the righteousness of the law will live by this righteousness In order to be made right with God through the law, a person would have to keep the law perfectly, which is not possible. Alternate translation: "The person who perfectly obeys the law will live because the law will make him right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 5 qkz4 0 will live The words "will live" can refer to 1) eternal life or 2) mortal life in fellowship with God. -ROM 10 6 sr9z figs-personification 0 But the righteousness that comes from faith says this Here "righteousness" is described as a person who can speak. Alternate translation: "But Moses writes this about how faith makes a person right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 10 6 x7h4 figs-you 0 Do not say in your heart Moses was addressing the people as if he were speaking to only one person. Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "Do not say to yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 6 tf9r figs-rquestion 0 Who will ascend into heaven? Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, "Do not say" requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this question as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one is able to go up to heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 6 gi7s 0 that is, to bring Christ down "in order that they might have Christ come down to earth" -ROM 10 7 w8xe figs-rquestion 0 Who will descend into the abyss Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, "Do not say" requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "No person can go down and enter the place where the spirits of dead persons are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 7 iw13 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be brought up from among them is to become alive again. -ROM 10 7 t8dd 0 dead This word speaks of physical death. -ROM 10 8 gz7t figs-personification 0 But what does it say? The word "it" refers to "the righteousness" of [Romans 10:6](../10/06.md). Here Paul describes "righteousness" as a person who can speak. Paul uses a question to emphasize the answer he is about to give. Alternate translation: "But this is what Moses says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 8 kzb2 figs-personification 0 The word is near you Paul speaks of God's message as if it were a person who can move. Alternate translation: "You have heard the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 10 1 tmf2 ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν, εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 is for them, for their salvation "is that God will save the Jews" +ROM 10 2 y7qg μαρτυρῶ αὐτοῖς 1 I testify about them "I declare truthfully about them" +ROM 10 3 bw97 figs-explicit γὰρ ἀγνοοῦντες τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ' τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην 1 For they do not know of God's righteousness Here "righteousness refers to the way God puts people right with himself. You can make this explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: "For they do not know how God puts people right with himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 3 a6r4 ὑπετάγησαν οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 They did not submit to the righteousness of God "They did not accept God's way of putting people right with himself" +ROM 10 4 x1w8 γὰρ Χριστὸς τέλος νόμου 1 For Christ is the fulfillment of the law "For Christ completely fulfilled the law" +ROM 10 4 f6pu figs-explicit εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 for righteousness for everyone who believes Here "believes" means "trusts." Alternate translation: "in order that he may make everyone who trusts in him right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 5 qby2 figs-personification τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 the righteousness that comes from the law Paul speaks of "righteousness" as if it were alive and able to move. Alternate translation: "how the law makes a person right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 10 5 wjn6 figs-explicit ὅτι ὁ ποιήσας ἄνθρωπος ὅτι ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ζήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ 1 The man who does the righteousness of the law will live by this righteousness In order to be made right with God through the law, a person would have to keep the law perfectly, which is not possible. Alternate translation: "The person who perfectly obeys the law will live because the law will make him right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 5 qkz4 ζήσεται 1 will live The words "will live" can refer to 1) eternal life or 2) mortal life in fellowship with God. +ROM 10 6 sr9z figs-personification δὲ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ἐκ πίστεως λέγει οὕτως 1 But the righteousness that comes from faith says this Here "righteousness" is described as a person who can speak. Alternate translation: "But Moses writes this about how faith makes a person right before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 10 6 x7h4 figs-you εἴπῃς μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν σου τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 Do not say in your heart Moses was addressing the people as if he were speaking to only one person. Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "Do not say to yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 10 6 tf9r figs-rquestion ,' τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν?'( 1 Who will ascend into heaven? Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, "Do not say" requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this question as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one is able to go up to heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 6 gi7s τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, καταγαγεῖν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 that is, to bring Christ down "in order that they might have Christ come down to earth" +ROM 10 7 w8xe figs-rquestion τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον 1 Who will descend into the abyss Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, "Do not say" requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "No person can go down and enter the place where the spirits of dead persons are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 7 iw13 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be brought up from among them is to become alive again. +ROM 10 7 t8dd νεκρῶν 1 dead This word speaks of physical death. +ROM 10 8 gz7t figs-personification ἀλλὰ τί λέγει?" 1 But what does it say? The word "it" refers to "the righteousness" of [Romans 10:6](../10/06.md). Here Paul describes "righteousness" as a person who can speak. Paul uses a question to emphasize the answer he is about to give. Alternate translation: "But this is what Moses says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 8 kzb2 figs-personification τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν ἐγγύς σου 1 The word is near you Paul speaks of God's message as if it were a person who can move. Alternate translation: "You have heard the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 10 8 y6mq figs-metonymy 0 The word is ... in your mouth The word "mouth" is a metonym that refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: "You know how to speak ... God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 8 zvx4 figs-metonymy 0 The word is ... in your heart The phrase "in your heart" is metonym that refers to what a person thinks and believes. Alternate translation: "You know what ... God's message means" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 8 lh5d 0 the word of faith "God's message that tells us that we must believe in him" -ROM 10 9 tz7r 0 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord "if you confess that Jesus is Lord" -ROM 10 9 ie71 figs-metonymy 0 believe in your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner person. Alternate translation: "believe in your mind" or "truly believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 9 zdf5 figs-idiom 0 raised him from the dead "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." Alternate translation: "caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 10 9 c3cq figs-activepassive 0 you will be saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 10 g7i1 figs-metonymy 0 For with the heart one believes and has righteousness, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved Here "heart" is a metonym that represents the mind or will. Alternate translation: "For it is with the mind that a person trusts and is right before God, and it is with the mouth that a person confesses and God saves him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 10 xs8c figs-synecdoche 0 with the mouth Here "mouth" is a synecdoche that represents a person's capacity to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 10 11 gu99 figs-personification 0 For scripture says Paul speaks of the Scripture as if it were alive and had a voice. You can make explicit who wrote the Scripture that Paul uses here. Alternate translation: "For Isaiah wrote in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 11 nv71 figs-activepassive 0 Everyone who believes on him will not be put to shame This is equivalent to: "Everyone who does not believe will be shamed." The negative is used here for emphasis. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will honor everyone who believes in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 12 z8p4 figs-explicit 0 For there is no difference between Jew and Greek Paul implies that God will treat all people the same. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "In this way, God treats the Jews and the non-Jews the same" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 12 p9py figs-explicit 0 he is rich to all who call upon him Here "he is rich" means that God blesses richly. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "he richly blesses all who trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 13 pe96 figs-metonymy 0 For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved Here the word "name" is a metonym for Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The Lord will save everyone who trusts in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 14 utr4 figs-rquestion 0 How then can they call on him in whom they have not believed? Paul uses a question to emphasize the importance of taking the good news of Christ to those who have not heard. The word "they" refers to those who do not yet belong to God. Alternate translation: "Those who do not believe in God cannot call on him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 14 lx52 figs-rquestion 0 How can they believe in him of whom they have not heard? Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: "And they cannot believe in him if they have not heard his message!" or "And they cannot believe in him if they have not heard the message about him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 14 mrl8 0 believe in Here this means to acknowledge that what that person has said is true. -ROM 10 14 iwc1 figs-rquestion 0 How can they hear without a preacher? Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: "And they cannot hear the message if someone does not tell them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 8 lh5d τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως 1 the word of faith "God's message that tells us that we must believe in him" +ROM 10 9 tz7r ἐὰν ἐν σου τῷ στόματί ὁμολογήσῃς Ἰησοῦν Κύριον 1 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord "if you confess that Jesus is Lord" +ROM 10 9 ie71 figs-metonymy πιστεύσῃς ἐν σου τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 believe in your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner person. Alternate translation: "believe in your mind" or "truly believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 10 9 zdf5 figs-idiom ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 raised him from the dead "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." Alternate translation: "caused him to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 10 9 c3cq figs-activepassive σωθήσῃ 1 you will be saved You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will save you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 10 10 g7i1 figs-metonymy γὰρ καρδίᾳ πιστεύεται εἰς δικαιοσύνην, δὲ στόματι ὁμολογεῖται εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 For with the heart one believes and has righteousness, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved Here "heart" is a metonym that represents the mind or will. Alternate translation: "For it is with the mind that a person trusts and is right before God, and it is with the mouth that a person confesses and God saves him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 10 10 xs8c figs-synecdoche στόματι 1 with the mouth Here "mouth" is a synecdoche that represents a person's capacity to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 10 11 gu99 figs-personification γὰρ ἡ Γραφή λέγει 1 For scripture says Paul speaks of the Scripture as if it were alive and had a voice. You can make explicit who wrote the Scripture that Paul uses here. Alternate translation: "For Isaiah wrote in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 11 nv71 figs-activepassive πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ καταισχυνθήσεται οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται 1 Everyone who believes on him will not be put to shame This is equivalent to: "Everyone who does not believe will be shamed." The negative is used here for emphasis. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will honor everyone who believes in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 10 12 z8p4 figs-explicit γάρ ἐστιν οὐ διαστολὴ τε Ἰουδαίου καὶ Ἕλληνος 1 For there is no difference between Jew and Greek Paul implies that God will treat all people the same. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "In this way, God treats the Jews and the non-Jews the same" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 12 p9py figs-explicit πλουτῶν εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους αὐτόν 1 he is rich to all who call upon him Here "he is rich" means that God blesses richly. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "he richly blesses all who trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 13 pe96 figs-metonymy γὰρ πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου σωθήσεται 1 For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved Here the word "name" is a metonym for Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The Lord will save everyone who trusts in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 10 14 utr4 figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν ἐπίστευσαν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν? 1 How then can they call on him in whom they have not believed? Paul uses a question to emphasize the importance of taking the good news of Christ to those who have not heard. The word "they" refers to those who do not yet belong to God. Alternate translation: "Those who do not believe in God cannot call on him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 14 lx52 figs-rquestion πῶς δὲ πιστεύσωσιν οὗ ἤκουσαν οὐκ ἤκουσαν? 1 How can they believe in him of whom they have not heard? Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: "And they cannot believe in him if they have not heard his message!" or "And they cannot believe in him if they have not heard the message about him!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 14 mrl8 πιστεύσωσιν οὗ 1 believe in Here this means to acknowledge that what that person has said is true. +ROM 10 14 iwc1 figs-rquestion πῶς δὲ ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος? 1 How can they hear without a preacher? Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: "And they cannot hear the message if someone does not tell them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 10 15 e8rt figs-metonymy 0 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news Paul uses "feet" to represent those who travel and bring the message to those who have not heard it. Alternate translation: "It is wonderful when messengers come and tell us the good news" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 16 hku8 0 not all of them obeyed Here "they" refers to the Jews. "not all of the Jews obeyed" -ROM 10 16 j3se figs-rquestion 0 Lord, who has believed our message? Paul is using this question to emphasize that Isaiah prophesied in the Scriptures that many Jews would not believe in Jesus. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "Lord, so many of them do not believe our message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 16 z4s9 0 our message Here, "our" refers to God and Isaiah. -ROM 10 17 wu5a 0 faith comes from hearing Here "faith" refers to "believing in Christ" -ROM 10 17 nq87 0 hearing by the word of Christ "hearing by listening to the message about Christ" -ROM 10 18 f6jy figs-rquestion 0 But I say, "Did they not hear?" Yes, most certainly Paul uses a question for emphasis. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "But, I say the Jews certainly have heard the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ROM 10 18 s5zh figs-parallelism 0 Their sound has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world. Both of these statements mean basically the same thing and Paul uses them for emphasis. The word "their" refers to the sun, moon, and stars. Here they are described as human messengers that tell people about God. This refers to how their existence shows God's power and glory. You can make explicit that Paul is quoting Scripture here. Alternate translation: "As the Scriptures record, 'The sun, moon, and the stars are proof of God's power and glory, and everyone in the world sees them and knows the truth about God.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 19 ib4m figs-rquestion 0 Moreover, I say, "Did Israel not know?" Paul uses a question for emphasis. The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people who lived in the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "Again I tell you the people of Israel did know the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 10 16 hku8 οὐ πάντες ὑπήκουσαν 1 not all of them obeyed Here "they" refers to the Jews. "not all of the Jews obeyed" +ROM 10 16 j3se figs-rquestion Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν ἡμῶν τῇ ἀκοῇ 1 Lord, who has believed our message? Paul is using this question to emphasize that Isaiah prophesied in the Scriptures that many Jews would not believe in Jesus. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "Lord, so many of them do not believe our message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 10 16 z4s9 ἡμῶν τῇ ἀκοῇ 1 our message Here, "our" refers to God and Isaiah. +ROM 10 17 wu5a ἡ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς 1 faith comes from hearing Here "faith" refers to "believing in Christ" +ROM 10 17 nq87 ἀκοῆς ἡ δὲ ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος Χριστοῦ 1 hearing by the word of Christ "hearing by listening to the message about Christ" +ROM 10 18 f6jy figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ λέγω," ἤκουσαν μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν?" μενοῦνγε, μενοῦνγε." 1 But I say, "Did they not hear?" Yes, most certainly Paul uses a question for emphasis. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "But, I say the Jews certainly have heard the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ROM 10 18 s5zh figs-parallelism αὐτῶν ὁ φθόγγος ἐξῆλθεν εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, καὶ αὐτῶν τὰ ῥήματα εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης 1 Their sound has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world. Both of these statements mean basically the same thing and Paul uses them for emphasis. The word "their" refers to the sun, moon, and stars. Here they are described as human messengers that tell people about God. This refers to how their existence shows God's power and glory. You can make explicit that Paul is quoting Scripture here. Alternate translation: "As the Scriptures record, 'The sun, moon, and the stars are proof of God's power and glory, and everyone in the world sees them and knows the truth about God.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 19 ib4m figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ, λέγω," ἔγνω μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω?" 1 Moreover, I say, "Did Israel not know?" Paul uses a question for emphasis. The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people who lived in the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "Again I tell you the people of Israel did know the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 19 jjt3 figs-you 0 First Moses says, "I will provoke you ... I will stir you up This means that Moses wrote down what God said. "I" refers to God, and "you" refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: "First Moses says that God will provoke you ... God will stir you up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ROM 10 19 ve6t 0 by what is not a nation "by those you do not consider to be a real nation" or "by people who do not belong to any nation" -ROM 10 19 s3nz figs-explicit 0 By means of a nation without understanding Here "without understanding" means that the people do not know God. Alternate translation: "By a nation with people who do not know me or my commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 19 g7zt 0 I will stir you up to anger "I will make you angry" or "I will cause you to become angry" -ROM 10 19 a7k7 figs-you 0 you This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 10 19 ve6t ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει 1 by what is not a nation "by those you do not consider to be a real nation" or "by people who do not belong to any nation" +ROM 10 19 s3nz figs-explicit ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ 1 By means of a nation without understanding Here "without understanding" means that the people do not know God. Alternate translation: "By a nation with people who do not know me or my commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 19 g7zt παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς παροργιῶ 1 I will stir you up to anger "I will make you angry" or "I will cause you to become angry" +ROM 10 19 a7k7 figs-you ὑμᾶς 1 you This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ROM 10 20 qcx2 0 General Information: Here the words "I," "me," and "my" refer to God. -ROM 10 20 cv1x 0 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says This means the prophet Isaiah wrote what God had said. -ROM 10 20 fc4b figs-activepassive 0 I was found by those who did not seek me Prophets often speak of things in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Even though the Gentile people will not look for me, they will find me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 20 t78j 0 I appeared "I made myself known" -ROM 10 20 k8pp 0 he says "He" refers to God, who is speaking through Isaiah. -ROM 10 21 hw4w 0 All the day long This phrase is used to emphasize God's continual effort. "continually" -ROM 10 21 il8s 0 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people "I tried to welcome you and to help you, but you refused my help and continued to disobey" +ROM 10 20 cv1x δὲ Ἠσαΐας ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says This means the prophet Isaiah wrote what God had said. +ROM 10 20 fc4b figs-activepassive εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ζητοῦσιν μὴ ζητοῦσιν ἐμὲ 1 I was found by those who did not seek me Prophets often speak of things in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Even though the Gentile people will not look for me, they will find me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 10 20 t78j ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην 1 I appeared "I made myself known" +ROM 10 20 k8pp λέγει 1 he says "He" refers to God, who is speaking through Isaiah. +ROM 10 21 hw4w ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ὅλην 1 All the day long This phrase is used to emphasize God's continual effort. "continually" +ROM 10 21 il8s ἐξεπέτασα μου τὰς χεῖράς πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα λαὸν 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people "I tried to welcome you and to help you, but you refused my help and continued to disobey" ROM 11 intro e9qz 0 # Romans 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Grafting
Paul uses the image of "grafting" to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called "grafting." Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Did God reject his people? May it never be"

Whether Israel (the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob) has a future in the plans of God, or if they have been replaced in the plans of God by the church, is a major theological issue in Chapters 9-11. This phrase is an important part of this section of Romans. It seems to indicate that Israel remains distinct from the church. Not all scholars arrive at this conclusion. Despite their currently rejecting Jesus as their Messiah, Israel has not exhausted the grace and mercy of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
ROM 11 1 p2h9 0 Connecting Statement: Though Israel as a nation has rejected God, God wants them to understand salvation comes by grace without works. -ROM 11 1 wp35 0 I say then "I, Paul, say then" -ROM 11 1 p4zd figs-rquestion 0 did God reject his people? Paul asks this question so that he can answer the questions of other Jews who are upset that God has included the Gentiles among his people, while the hearts of the Jewish people have been hardened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 1 wqu2 0 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). -ROM 11 1 bc4g 0 tribe of Benjamin This refers to the tribe descended from Benjamin, one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel. -ROM 11 2 h4qe 0 whom he foreknew "whom he knew ahead of time" +ROM 11 1 wp35 λέγω οὖν 1 I say then "I, Paul, say then" +ROM 11 1 p4zd figs-rquestion μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς μὴ ἀπώσατο αὐτοῦ τὸν λαὸν? 1 did God reject his people? Paul asks this question so that he can answer the questions of other Jews who are upset that God has included the Gentiles among his people, while the hearts of the Jewish people have been hardened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 1 wqu2 μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). +ROM 11 1 bc4g φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 tribe of Benjamin This refers to the tribe descended from Benjamin, one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel. +ROM 11 2 h4qe ὃν προέγνω 1 whom he foreknew "whom he knew ahead of time" ROM 11 2 cjp6 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleaded with God against Israel? You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Surely you know what the Scriptures record about when Elijah pleaded with God against Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 2 dd1e figs-personification 0 what the scripture says Paul is referring to the Scriptures as if they were able to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 11 3 fh9i 0 they have killed "They" refers to the people of Israel. -ROM 11 3 ut1s 0 I alone am left The pronoun "I" here refers to Elijah. -ROM 11 3 dv5u 0 seeking my life "desiring to kill me" -ROM 11 4 rj4e figs-rquestion 0 But what does God's answer say to him? Paul is using this question to bring the reader to his next point. Alternate translation: "How does God answer him?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 4 x6e9 0 him The pronoun "him" refers to Elijah. -ROM 11 4 c9tc translate-numbers 0 seven thousand men "7,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ROM 11 5 ce2r 0 remnant Here this means a small part of people whom God chose to receive his grace. -ROM 11 6 q6es figs-explicit 0 But if it is by grace Paul continues to explain how God's mercy works. Alternate translation: "But since God's mercy works by grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 7 k94b figs-rquestion 0 What then? "What should we conclude?" Paul asks this question to move his reader to his next point. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "This is what we need to remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 8 uc8g figs-metaphor 0 God has given them a spirit of dullness, eyes so that they should not see, and ears so that they should not hear This is a metaphor about the fact that the people are spiritually dull. They are not able to hear or receive spiritual truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 8 z47a 0 spirit of Here this means "having the characteristics of," such as the "spirit of wisdom." -ROM 11 8 zyk1 0 eyes so that they should not see The concept of seeing with one's eyes was considered to be equivalent to gaining understanding. -ROM 11 8 ny8w 0 ears so that they should not hear The concept of hearing with the ears was considered to be equivalent to obedience. -ROM 11 9 kpg8 figs-metonymy 0 Let their table become a net and a trap "Table" here is a metonym that represents feasting, and "net" and "trap" are metaphors that represent punishment. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Please, God, make their feasts like a trap that catches them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 9 ya1g figs-metaphor 0 a stumbling block A "stumbling block" is anything that causes a person to trip so that he falls down. Here it represents something that tempts a person to sin. Alternate translation: "something that tempts them to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 9 xex5 0 a retribution for them "something that allows you to take revenge on them" -ROM 11 10 c1nj figs-metonymy 0 bend their backs continually Here "bend their back" is a metonym for forcing slaves to carry heavy loads on their backs. This is a metaphor for making them suffer. Alternate translation: "make them suffer like people carrying heavy loads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 2 dd1e figs-personification τί ἡ Γραφή λέγει 1 what the scripture says Paul is referring to the Scriptures as if they were able to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 11 3 fh9i ἀπέκτειναν 1 they have killed "They" refers to the people of Israel. +ROM 11 3 ut1s κἀγὼ μόνος ὑπελείφθην 1 I alone am left The pronoun "I" here refers to Elijah. +ROM 11 3 dv5u ζητοῦσιν μου τὴν ψυχήν 1 seeking my life "desiring to kill me" +ROM 11 4 rj4e figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ τί λέγει ὁ χρηματισμός' ὁ χρηματισμός λέγει αὐτῷ?" 1 But what does God's answer say to him? Paul is using this question to bring the reader to his next point. Alternate translation: "How does God answer him?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 4 x6e9 αὐτῷ 1 him The pronoun "him" refers to Elijah. +ROM 11 4 c9tc translate-numbers ἑπτακισχιλίους ἄνδρας 1 seven thousand men "7,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ROM 11 5 ce2r λῖμμα 1 remnant Here this means a small part of people whom God chose to receive his grace. +ROM 11 6 q6es figs-explicit δὲ εἰ χάριτι 1 But if it is by grace Paul continues to explain how God's mercy works. Alternate translation: "But since God's mercy works by grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 7 k94b figs-rquestion τί οὖν? 1 What then? "What should we conclude?" Paul asks this question to move his reader to his next point. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "This is what we need to remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 8 uc8g figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ βλέπειν μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ ἀκούειν μὴ ἀκούειν 1 God has given them a spirit of dullness, eyes so that they should not see, and ears so that they should not hear This is a metaphor about the fact that the people are spiritually dull. They are not able to hear or receive spiritual truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 8 z47a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως 1 spirit of Here this means "having the characteristics of," such as the "spirit of wisdom." +ROM 11 8 zyk1 ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ βλέπειν μὴ βλέπειν 1 eyes so that they should not see The concept of seeing with one's eyes was considered to be equivalent to gaining understanding. +ROM 11 8 ny8w ὦτα τοῦ ἀκούειν μὴ ἀκούειν 1 ears so that they should not hear The concept of hearing with the ears was considered to be equivalent to obedience. +ROM 11 9 kpg8 figs-metonymy γενηθήτω αὐτῶν ἡ τράπεζα γενηθήτω εἰς παγίδα καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 Let their table become a net and a trap "Table" here is a metonym that represents feasting, and "net" and "trap" are metaphors that represent punishment. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Please, God, make their feasts like a trap that catches them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 9 ya1g figs-metaphor εἰς θήραν καὶ εἰς σκάνδαλον 1 a stumbling block A "stumbling block" is anything that causes a person to trip so that he falls down. Here it represents something that tempts a person to sin. Alternate translation: "something that tempts them to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 9 xex5 εἰς ἀνταπόδομα αὐτοῖς 1 a retribution for them "something that allows you to take revenge on them" +ROM 11 10 c1nj figs-metonymy σύνκαμψον αὐτῶν τὸν νῶτον διὰ παντὸς 1 bend their backs continually Here "bend their back" is a metonym for forcing slaves to carry heavy loads on their backs. This is a metaphor for making them suffer. Alternate translation: "make them suffer like people carrying heavy loads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 11 z8tw 0 Connecting Statement: With Israel as a nation rejecting God, Paul warns the Gentiles to be careful they do not make the same mistake. -ROM 11 11 r9hg figs-rquestion 0 Did they stumble so as to fall? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Has God rejected them forever because they sinned?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 11 qbx4 0 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). +ROM 11 11 r9hg figs-rquestion ," μὴ ἔπταισαν ἵνα πέσωσιν?" 1 Did they stumble so as to fall? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "Has God rejected them forever because they sinned?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 11 qbx4 μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be "That is not possible!" or "Certainly not!" This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in [Romans 9:14](../09/14.md). ROM 11 11 f1jw 0 provoke ... to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md). -ROM 11 12 ew4i figs-doublet 0 if their failure is the riches of the world, and if their loss is the riches of the Gentiles Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. If you need to, you can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: "when the Jews failed spiritually, the result was that God abundantly blessed the non-Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 11 12 dh1g 0 the riches of the world Because the Jews rejected Christ, God richly blessed the Gentiles by giving them the opportunity to receive Christ. -ROM 11 12 it9k 0 the world Here the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who live in the world, especially the Gentiles. -ROM 11 14 ua2k 0 provoke to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md). -ROM 11 14 h1qe 0 those who are of my own flesh This refers to "my fellow Jews." -ROM 11 14 gp38 figs-explicit 0 Perhaps we will save some of them God will save those who believe. Alternate translation: "Perhaps some will believe and God will save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 15 es22 0 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world "For if because God rejected them, he will reconcile the rest of the world to himself" -ROM 11 15 ui3i 0 their rejection The pronoun "their" refers to Jewish unbelievers. -ROM 11 15 m3fs figs-metonymy 0 the world Here "the world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "the people in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 15 em8m figs-rquestion 0 what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? Paul asks this question to emphasize that when God accepts the Jews, it will be a wonderful thing. You can translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "how will it be when God accepts them? It will be like they have come back to life from among the dead!" or "then when God accepts them, it will be like they have died and become alive again!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 15 jn4l 0 the dead These words speak of all dead people together in the underworld. +ROM 11 12 ew4i figs-doublet εἰ αὐτῶν τὸ παράπτωμα πλοῦτος κόσμου, καὶ αὐτῶν τὸ ἥττημα πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 if their failure is the riches of the world, and if their loss is the riches of the Gentiles Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. If you need to, you can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: "when the Jews failed spiritually, the result was that God abundantly blessed the non-Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 11 12 dh1g πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 the riches of the world Because the Jews rejected Christ, God richly blessed the Gentiles by giving them the opportunity to receive Christ. +ROM 11 12 it9k πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 the world Here the "world" is a metonym that refers to the people who live in the world, especially the Gentiles. +ROM 11 14 ua2k παραζηλώσω 1 provoke to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md). +ROM 11 14 h1qe μου τὴν σάρκα 1 those who are of my own flesh This refers to "my fellow Jews." +ROM 11 14 gp38 figs-explicit καὶ σώσω τινὰς ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 Perhaps we will save some of them God will save those who believe. Alternate translation: "Perhaps some will believe and God will save them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 15 es22 γὰρ εἰ αὐτῶν ἡ ἀποβολὴ καταλλαγὴ κόσμου 1 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world "For if because God rejected them, he will reconcile the rest of the world to himself" +ROM 11 15 ui3i αὐτῶν ἡ ἀποβολὴ 1 their rejection The pronoun "their" refers to Jewish unbelievers. +ROM 11 15 m3fs figs-metonymy καταλλαγὴ κόσμου 1 the world Here "the world" is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "the people in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 11 15 em8m figs-rquestion τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? 1 what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? Paul asks this question to emphasize that when God accepts the Jews, it will be a wonderful thing. You can translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: "how will it be when God accepts them? It will be like they have come back to life from among the dead!" or "then when God accepts them, it will be like they have died and become alive again!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 15 jn4l νεκρῶν 1 the dead These words speak of all dead people together in the underworld. ROM 11 16 b2s5 figs-metaphor 0 If the firstfruits are reserved, so is the lump of dough Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites' ancestors, as if they were the first grain or "firstfruits" to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who are descendants of those men as if they were a "lump of dough" that they made from the grain. Alternate translation: "If Abraham is counted as the first of what has been offered to God, all of our ancestors who followed should also be counted as God's possession" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 16 dci1 figs-metaphor 0 If the root is reserved, so are the branches Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites' ancestors, as if they were the root of a tree, and the Israelites who are descendants of those men, as if they were the tree's "branches." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 16 d1zi figs-metaphor 0 reserved The people always dedicated to God the first crops that they harvested. Here "firstfruits" stands for the first people to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 17 qv65 figs-you 0 if you, a wild olive branch The pronoun "you," and the phrase "a wild olive branch," refer to the Gentile people who have accepted salvation through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 17 slf6 figs-metaphor 0 But if some of the branches were broken off Here Paul refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus as "broken branches." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "But if someone broke off some of the branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 17 z6hr figs-metaphor 0 were grafted in among them Here Paul speaks of the Gentile Christians as if they were "grafted branches." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God attached you to the tree among the remaining branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 17 s9w3 figs-metaphor 0 the rich root of the olive tree Here "the rich root" is a metaphor that refers to the promises of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 18 gqd6 figs-metaphor 0 do not boast over the branches Here "the branches" is a metaphor that stands for the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "do not say you are better than the Jewish people God has rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 18 llz1 figs-metaphor 0 it is not you who supports the root, but the root that supports you Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 19 mm6w figs-metaphor 0 Branches were broken off Here "branches" refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus and whom God has now rejected. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God broke branches off" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 19 p9ti figs-metaphor 0 I might be grafted in Paul uses this phrase to refer to the Gentile believers whom God has accepted. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he might attach me in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 17 qv65 figs-you σὺ δὲ, ἀγριέλαιος ὢν 1 if you, a wild olive branch The pronoun "you," and the phrase "a wild olive branch," refer to the Gentile people who have accepted salvation through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 17 slf6 figs-metaphor δέ εἰ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 But if some of the branches were broken off Here Paul refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus as "broken branches." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "But if someone broke off some of the branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 17 z6hr figs-metaphor ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 were grafted in among them Here Paul speaks of the Gentile Christians as if they were "grafted branches." You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God attached you to the tree among the remaining branches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 17 s9w3 figs-metaphor τῆς τῆς πιότητος ῥίζης τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου 1 the rich root of the olive tree Here "the rich root" is a metaphor that refers to the promises of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 18 gqd6 figs-metaphor κατακαυχῶ μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων 1 do not boast over the branches Here "the branches" is a metaphor that stands for the Jewish people. Alternate translation: "do not say you are better than the Jewish people God has rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 18 llz1 figs-metaphor σὺ οὐ σὺ βαστάζεις τὴν ῥίζαν, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 it is not you who supports the root, but the root that supports you Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 19 mm6w figs-metaphor κλάδοι ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 Branches were broken off Here "branches" refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus and whom God has now rejected. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God broke branches off" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 19 p9ti figs-metaphor ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 I might be grafted in Paul uses this phrase to refer to the Gentile believers whom God has accepted. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "he might attach me in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 20 puj9 0 their ... they The pronouns "their" and "they" refer to the Jewish people who did not believe. -ROM 11 20 v2ua figs-metaphor 0 but you stand firm because of your faith Paul speaks of the Gentile believers remaining faithful as if they were standing firm and no one could move them. Alternate translation: "but you remain because of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 21 f6i7 figs-metaphor 0 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Here the "natural branches" refers to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. Alternate translation: "Since God did not spare those unbelieving Jews, who grew up like a tree's natural branches that came from the root, then know, if you do not believe, he will not spare you either (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 22 xdm3 0 the kind actions and the severity of God Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them. +ROM 11 20 v2ua figs-metaphor δὲ σὺ ἕστηκας τῇ πίστει 1 but you stand firm because of your faith Paul speaks of the Gentile believers remaining faithful as if they were standing firm and no one could move them. Alternate translation: "but you remain because of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 21 f6i7 figs-metaphor γὰρ εἰ ὁ Θεὸς ἐφείσατο οὐκ ἐφείσατο τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων, οὐδὲ φείσεται σοῦ 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Here the "natural branches" refers to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. Alternate translation: "Since God did not spare those unbelieving Jews, who grew up like a tree's natural branches that came from the root, then know, if you do not believe, he will not spare you either (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 22 xdm3 χρηστότητα καὶ ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ 1 the kind actions and the severity of God Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them. ROM 11 22 p691 figs-abstractnouns 0 severity came on the Jews who fell ... God's kindness comes on you This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "severity" and "kindness." Alternate translation: "God dealt harshly with the Jews who fell ... but God acts kindly toward you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 11 22 scf8 figs-metaphor 0 the Jews who fell Doing what is wrong is spoken of as if it is falling down. Alternate translation: "the Jews who have done wrong" or "the Jews who have refused to trust in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 22 z41m figs-abstractnouns 0 if you continue in his kindness This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "kindness." Alternate translation: "if you continue doing what is right so that he continues being kind to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 11 22 t4mk figs-metaphor 0 Otherwise you also will be cut off Paul again uses the metaphor of a branch, which God can "cut off" if he needs to. Here "cut off" is a metaphor for rejecting someone. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Otherwise God will cut you off" or "Otherwise God will reject you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 23 lvk7 figs-doublenegatives 0 if they do not continue in their unbelief The phrase "do not continue in their unbelief" is a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "if the Jews start believing in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 11 23 zu7k figs-metaphor 0 will be grafted in Paul speaks of the Jews as if they were branches that could be grafted back into a tree if they start to believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will graft them back in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 23 yjj6 0 graft This is a common process where the end of a live branch of one tree is inserted into another tree so that the new branch will continue to grow in that tree. +ROM 11 22 scf8 figs-metaphor τοὺς πεσόντας 1 the Jews who fell Doing what is wrong is spoken of as if it is falling down. Alternate translation: "the Jews who have done wrong" or "the Jews who have refused to trust in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 22 z41m figs-abstractnouns ἐὰν ἐπιμένῃς τῇ χρηστότητι 1 if you continue in his kindness This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "kindness." Alternate translation: "if you continue doing what is right so that he continues being kind to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ROM 11 22 t4mk figs-metaphor ἐπεὶ σὺ καὶ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 Otherwise you also will be cut off Paul again uses the metaphor of a branch, which God can "cut off" if he needs to. Here "cut off" is a metaphor for rejecting someone. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Otherwise God will cut you off" or "Otherwise God will reject you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 23 lvk7 figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν ἐπιμένωσι μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 if they do not continue in their unbelief The phrase "do not continue in their unbelief" is a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "if the Jews start believing in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 11 23 zu7k figs-metaphor ἐνκεντρισθήσονται 1 will be grafted in Paul speaks of the Jews as if they were branches that could be grafted back into a tree if they start to believe in Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will graft them back in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 23 yjj6 ἐνκεντρίσαι 1 graft This is a common process where the end of a live branch of one tree is inserted into another tree so that the new branch will continue to grow in that tree. ROM 11 23 r5kg 0 they ... them All occurrences of "they" or "them" refer to the Jews. -ROM 11 24 s1a4 figs-metaphor 0 For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? Paul continues speaking of the Gentile believers and Jews as if they were branches of a tree. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For if God had cut you out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature had grafted you into a good olive tree, how much more will he graft these Jews, who are the natural branches, into their own olive tree?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 24 yn21 figs-metaphor 0 branches Paul is speaking of the Jews and Gentiles as if they were branches. The "natural branches" represent the Jews, and the "grafted branches" represent the Gentile believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 25 ye5w figs-doublenegatives 0 I do not want you to be uninformed Here Paul uses a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I very much want you to be aware" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 11 25 w7lx 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 11 25 q3i2 0 I The pronoun "I" refers to Paul. +ROM 11 24 s1a4 figs-metaphor γὰρ εἰ σὺ ἐξεκόπης ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἀγριελαίου, καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐνεκεντρίσθης εἰς καλλιέλαιον, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ἐνκεντρισθήσονται οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν, ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ? 1 For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? Paul continues speaking of the Gentile believers and Jews as if they were branches of a tree. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For if God had cut you out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature had grafted you into a good olive tree, how much more will he graft these Jews, who are the natural branches, into their own olive tree?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 24 yn21 figs-metaphor οἱ κατὰ φύσιν 1 branches Paul is speaking of the Jews and Gentiles as if they were branches. The "natural branches" represent the Jews, and the "grafted branches" represent the Gentile believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 25 ye5w figs-doublenegatives θέλω οὐ θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 I do not want you to be uninformed Here Paul uses a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "I very much want you to be aware" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 11 25 w7lx ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 11 25 q3i2 θέλω 1 I The pronoun "I" refers to Paul. ROM 11 25 sf4v 0 you ... you ... your The pronouns "you" and "your" refer to the Gentile believers. -ROM 11 25 me1g figs-explicit 0 in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking Paul does not want the Gentile believers to think they are wiser than the Jewish unbelievers. Alternate translation: "so that you will not think you are wiser than you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 25 ec4j figs-metaphor 0 a partial hardening has occurred in Israel Paul speaks of "hardening" or stubbornness as if it were a hardening of physical organs in the body. Some Jews have refused to accept salvation through Jesus. Alternate translation: "many people of Israel continue to be stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 25 db1x 0 until the completion of the Gentiles come in The word "until" here implies that some Jews will believe after God has finished bringing the Gentiles into the church. +ROM 11 25 me1g figs-explicit ἵνα ἦτε μὴ ἦτε φρόνιμοι παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς 1 in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking Paul does not want the Gentile believers to think they are wiser than the Jewish unbelievers. Alternate translation: "so that you will not think you are wiser than you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 25 ec4j figs-metaphor πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους πώρωσις γέγονεν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 a partial hardening has occurred in Israel Paul speaks of "hardening" or stubbornness as if it were a hardening of physical organs in the body. Some Jews have refused to accept salvation through Jesus. Alternate translation: "many people of Israel continue to be stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 25 db1x ἄχρι οὗ τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν ἐθνῶν εἰσέλθῃ 1 until the completion of the Gentiles come in The word "until" here implies that some Jews will believe after God has finished bringing the Gentiles into the church. ROM 11 26 ds7a 0 Connecting Statement: Paul says that a deliverer will come out of Israel to the glory of God. -ROM 11 26 vu7t figs-activepassive 0 Thus all Israel will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Thus God will save all Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 26 n7yf figs-activepassive 0 just as it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as the scriptures record" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 26 dm4e figs-metonymy 0 Out of Zion Here "Zion" is used as a metonym for the place where God dwells. Alternate translation: "From where God is among the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 26 v96c 0 the Deliverer "the one who brings his people to safety" -ROM 11 26 at55 figs-metaphor 0 He will remove ungodliness Paul speaks of ungodliness as if it were an object that someone could remove, perhaps like someone removes a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 26 bkr2 figs-metonymy 0 from Jacob Here "Jacob" is used as a metonym for Israel. Alternate translation: "from the Israelite people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 27 ll39 figs-metaphor 0 I will take away their sins Here Paul speaks of sins as if they were objects that someone could take away. Alternate translation: "I will remove the burden of their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 28 ctn9 figs-explicit 0 As far as the gospel is concerned You can make explicit why Paul mentions the gospel. Alternate translation: "Because the Jews rejected the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 28 x6aa figs-explicit 0 they are enemies for your sake You can make explicit whose enemies they are, and how this was for the Gentiles' sake. Alternate translation: "they are God's enemies for your sake" or "God has treated them as enemies in order that you also might hear the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 28 dr2q figs-explicit 0 as far as election is concerned You can make explicit why Paul mentions election. Alternate translation: "because God has elected the Jews" or "because God has chosen the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 28 jas2 figs-explicit 0 they are beloved because of their forefathers You can make explicit who loves the Jews and why Paul mentions their forefathers. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God still loves them because of what he promised to do for their ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 29 p2sf figs-metaphor 0 For the gifts and the call of God are unchangeable Paul speaks of the spiritual and material blessings that God promised to give his people as if they were gifts. The call of God refers to the fact that God called the Jews to be his people. Alternate translation: "For God never changed his mind about what he has promised to give them, and about how he has called them to be his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 30 bj8g 0 you were formerly disobedient "you did not obey in the past" +ROM 11 26 vu7t figs-activepassive καὶ οὕτως πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται 1 Thus all Israel will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Thus God will save all Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 26 n7yf figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 just as it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "just as the scriptures record" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 26 dm4e figs-metonymy ἐκ Σιὼν 1 Out of Zion Here "Zion" is used as a metonym for the place where God dwells. Alternate translation: "From where God is among the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 11 26 v96c ὁ ῥυόμενος 1 the Deliverer "the one who brings his people to safety" +ROM 11 26 at55 figs-metaphor ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας 1 He will remove ungodliness Paul speaks of ungodliness as if it were an object that someone could remove, perhaps like someone removes a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 26 bkr2 figs-metonymy ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ 1 from Jacob Here "Jacob" is used as a metonym for Israel. Alternate translation: "from the Israelite people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 11 27 ll39 figs-metaphor ἀφέλωμαι αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 I will take away their sins Here Paul speaks of sins as if they were objects that someone could take away. Alternate translation: "I will remove the burden of their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 28 ctn9 figs-explicit κατὰ μὲν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ μὲν 1 As far as the gospel is concerned You can make explicit why Paul mentions the gospel. Alternate translation: "Because the Jews rejected the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 28 x6aa figs-explicit ἐχθροὶ δι’ ὑμᾶς δι’ 1 they are enemies for your sake You can make explicit whose enemies they are, and how this was for the Gentiles' sake. Alternate translation: "they are God's enemies for your sake" or "God has treated them as enemies in order that you also might hear the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 28 dr2q figs-explicit κατὰ τὴν ἐκλογὴν κατὰ 1 as far as election is concerned You can make explicit why Paul mentions election. Alternate translation: "because God has elected the Jews" or "because God has chosen the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 28 jas2 figs-explicit ἀγαπητοὶ διὰ τοὺς πατέρας 1 they are beloved because of their forefathers You can make explicit who loves the Jews and why Paul mentions their forefathers. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God still loves them because of what he promised to do for their ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 29 p2sf figs-metaphor γὰρ τὰ χαρίσματα καὶ ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀμεταμέλητα 1 For the gifts and the call of God are unchangeable Paul speaks of the spiritual and material blessings that God promised to give his people as if they were gifts. The call of God refers to the fact that God called the Jews to be his people. Alternate translation: "For God never changed his mind about what he has promised to give them, and about how he has called them to be his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 30 bj8g ὑμεῖς ποτε ἠπειθήσατε 1 you were formerly disobedient "you did not obey in the past" ROM 11 30 df91 figs-explicit 0 you have received mercy because of their disobedience Here mercy means God's undeserved blessings. Alternate translation: "because the Jews have rejected Jesus, you have received blessings that you did not deserve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 30 g3cn figs-you 0 you This refers to Gentile believers, and is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 11 32 t6cb figs-metaphor 0 God has shut up all into disobedience God has treated people who disobey him like prisoners who are unable to escape from prison. Alternate translation: "God has made prisoners of those who disobey him. Now they cannot stop disobeying God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 33 x3kb figs-doublet 0 Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! Here "wisdom" and "knowledge" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "How amazing are the many benefits of both God's wisdom and knowledge!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 11 33 u322 0 How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering "We are completely unable to understand the things that he has decided and find out the ways in which he acts toward us" -ROM 11 34 r2wj figs-rquestion 0 For who has known the mind of the Lord or who has become his advisor? Paul uses this question to emphasize that no one is as wise as the Lord. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one has ever known the mind of the Lord, and no one has become his advisor." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 34 yy52 figs-metonymy 0 the mind of the Lord Here "mind" is a metonym for knowing things or thinking about things. Alternate translation: "all that the Lord knows" or "what the Lord thinks about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 35 j5cn figs-rquestion 0 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him?" Paul uses this question to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "No one has ever given anything to God that he did not first receive from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) * **For from him ... through him ... to him** - Here, all occurrences of "him" refers to God. -ROM 11 36 rpx6 figs-explicit 0 To him be the glory forever This expresses Paul's desire for all people to honor God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "May all people honor him forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 30 g3cn figs-you ὑμεῖς 1 you This refers to Gentile believers, and is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 11 32 t6cb figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς συνέκλεισεν τοὺς πάντας εἰς ἀπείθειαν 1 God has shut up all into disobedience God has treated people who disobey him like prisoners who are unable to escape from prison. Alternate translation: "God has made prisoners of those who disobey him. Now they cannot stop disobeying God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 33 x3kb figs-doublet ὦ, βάθος πλούτου καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ! 1 Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! Here "wisdom" and "knowledge" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "How amazing are the many benefits of both God's wisdom and knowledge!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 11 33 u322 ὡς ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ τὰ κρίματα, καὶ αὐτοῦ αἱ ὁδοὶ ἀνεξιχνίαστοι 1 How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering "We are completely unable to understand the things that he has decided and find out the ways in which he acts toward us" +ROM 11 34 r2wj figs-rquestion γὰρ τίς ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου ἢ τίς ἐγένετο αὐτοῦ σύμβουλος? 1 For who has known the mind of the Lord or who has become his advisor? Paul uses this question to emphasize that no one is as wise as the Lord. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one has ever known the mind of the Lord, and no one has become his advisor." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 34 yy52 figs-metonymy νοῦν Κυρίου 1 the mind of the Lord Here "mind" is a metonym for knowing things or thinking about things. Alternate translation: "all that the Lord knows" or "what the Lord thinks about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 11 35 j5cn figs-rquestion ἢ τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him?" Paul uses this question to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "No one has ever given anything to God that he did not first receive from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) * **For from him ... through him ... to him** - Here, all occurrences of "him" refers to God. +ROM 11 36 rpx6 figs-explicit αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 To him be the glory forever This expresses Paul's desire for all people to honor God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "May all people honor him forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 12 intro aky9 0 # Romans 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 20, which are from the Old Testament.

Many scholars believe Paul uses the word "therefore" in [Romans 12:1](../../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one's Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Christian living
Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Body of Christ
The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member plays a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## Links:

* __[Romans 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__

__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
ROM 12 1 rhs3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells what the life of a believer should be and how believers should serve. -ROM 12 1 d2y3 figs-explicit 0 I urge you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God Here "brothers" refers to fellow believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: "Fellow believers, because of the great mercy that God has given you I very much want you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 12 1 w1mz figs-synecdoche 0 to present your bodies a living sacrifice Here Paul uses the word "bodies" to refer to the whole person. Paul is comparing a believer in Christ who completely obeys God to the animals that the Jews killed and then offered to God. Alternate translation: "to offer yourselves completely to God while you are alive as if you were a dead sacrifice on a temple altar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 12 1 dwr5 figs-doublet 0 holy, acceptable to God Possible meanings are 1) "a sacrifice that you give to God alone and that pleases him" or 2) "acceptable to God because it is morally pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 12 1 tyk7 0 This is your reasonable service "This is the right way to worship God" +ROM 12 1 d2y3 figs-explicit παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς οὖν, ἀδελφοί, διὰ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I urge you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God Here "brothers" refers to fellow believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: "Fellow believers, because of the great mercy that God has given you I very much want you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 12 1 w1mz figs-synecdoche παραστῆσαι ὑμῶν τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν θυσίαν 1 to present your bodies a living sacrifice Here Paul uses the word "bodies" to refer to the whole person. Paul is comparing a believer in Christ who completely obeys God to the animals that the Jews killed and then offered to God. Alternate translation: "to offer yourselves completely to God while you are alive as if you were a dead sacrifice on a temple altar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 12 1 dwr5 figs-doublet ἁγίαν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ 1 holy, acceptable to God Possible meanings are 1) "a sacrifice that you give to God alone and that pleases him" or 2) "acceptable to God because it is morally pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 12 1 tyk7 τὴν ὑμῶν λογικὴν λατρείαν 1 This is your reasonable service "This is the right way to worship God" ROM 12 2 clc6 figs-metaphor 0 Do not be conformed to this world Possible meanings are 1) "Do not behave as the world behaves" or 2) "Do not think the way the world does." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 12 2 pyb6 figs-activepassive 0 Do not be conformed Possible meanings are 1) "Do not let the world tell you what to do and think" or 2) "Do not allow yourself to act and do what the world does." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 2 d2qq figs-metonymy 0 this world This refers to unbelievers who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 12 2 na8p figs-activepassive 0 but be transformed by the renewal of your mind You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but let God change the way you think and behave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 3 nyc2 figs-explicit 0 because of the grace that was given to me Here "grace" refers to God's choosing Paul to be an apostle and leader of the church. You can make this explicit in your translation. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "because God freely chose me to be an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 3 s6yg 0 that everyone who is among you should not think more highly of themselves than they ought to think "that no one among you should think they are better than other people" -ROM 12 3 me4t 0 Instead, they should think in a wise way "But you should be wise in how you think about yourselves" -ROM 12 3 m8z7 figs-explicit 0 just as God has given out to each one a certain amount of faith Paul implies here that believers have different abilities that correspond to their faith in God. Alternate translation: "since God has given each of you different abilities because of your trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 12 4 zm8p 0 For Paul uses this word to show that he will now explain why some Christians should not think they are better than others. -ROM 12 4 v2pi figs-metaphor 0 we have many members in one body Paul refers to all the believers in Christ as if they were different parts of the human body. He does this to illustrate that although believers may serve Christ in different ways, each person belongs to Christ and serves in an important way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 12 4 v5iy 0 members These are such things as eyes, stomachs, and hands. -ROM 12 5 dhx8 figs-metaphor 0 are individually members of each other Paul speaks of the believers as if God had physically joined them together like the parts of the human body. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has joined each believer together with all other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 2 d2qq figs-metonymy τούτῳ τῷ αἰῶνι 1 this world This refers to unbelievers who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 12 2 na8p figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ μεταμορφοῦσθε τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός 1 but be transformed by the renewal of your mind You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but let God change the way you think and behave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 3 nyc2 figs-explicit διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι 1 because of the grace that was given to me Here "grace" refers to God's choosing Paul to be an apostle and leader of the church. You can make this explicit in your translation. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "because God freely chose me to be an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 3 s6yg παντὶ τῷ ὄντι ἐν ὑμῖν ὑπερφρονεῖν μὴ ὑπερφρονεῖν παρ’ ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν 1 that everyone who is among you should not think more highly of themselves than they ought to think "that no one among you should think they are better than other people" +ROM 12 3 me4t ἀλλὰ, φρονεῖν εἰς τὸ σωφρονεῖν 1 Instead, they should think in a wise way "But you should be wise in how you think about yourselves" +ROM 12 3 m8z7 figs-explicit ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν ὁ Θεὸς ἑκάστῳ μέτρον πίστεως 1 just as God has given out to each one a certain amount of faith Paul implies here that believers have different abilities that correspond to their faith in God. Alternate translation: "since God has given each of you different abilities because of your trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 12 4 zm8p γὰρ 1 For Paul uses this word to show that he will now explain why some Christians should not think they are better than others. +ROM 12 4 v2pi figs-metaphor ἔχομεν πολλὰ μέλη ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι 1 we have many members in one body Paul refers to all the believers in Christ as if they were different parts of the human body. He does this to illustrate that although believers may serve Christ in different ways, each person belongs to Christ and serves in an important way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 12 4 v5iy μέλη 1 members These are such things as eyes, stomachs, and hands. +ROM 12 5 dhx8 figs-metaphor τὸ δὲ καθ’ εἷς μέλη ἀλλήλων 1 are individually members of each other Paul speaks of the believers as if God had physically joined them together like the parts of the human body. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has joined each believer together with all other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 12 6 hrr1 figs-metaphor 0 We have different gifts according to the grace that was given to us Paul speaks of believers' different abilities as being free gifts from God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God has freely given each of us the ability to do different things for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 12 6 bnk9 0 let it be done according to the proportion of his faith Possible meanings are 1) "let him speak prophecies that do not go beyond the amount of faith God has given us" or 2) "let him speak prophecies that agree with the teachings of our faith." -ROM 12 8 m2as figs-explicit 0 If one's gift is giving Here "giving" refers to giving money and other things to people. You can make this meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "If one has the gift of giving money or other goods to people in need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 12 9 iv5h figs-activepassive 0 Let love be without hypocrisy You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "You must love people sincerely and truly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 9 eaw7 0 love The word Paul uses here refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. -ROM 12 9 mr8i 0 love This is another word that means brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. -ROM 12 10 ng86 0 Concerning love of the brothers, be affectionate Here Paul begins a list of nine items, each of the form "Concerning ... be" to tell the believers what kind of people they should be. You may need to translate some of the items as "Concerning ... do." The list continues to [Romans 12:13](../12/13.md). -ROM 12 10 ux2y 0 Concerning love of the brothers "As for how you love your fellow believers" -ROM 12 10 lcg8 figs-activepassive 0 be affectionate You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "show affection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 10 tj57 0 Concerning honor, respect one another "Honor and respect one another" or "Honor your fellow believers by respecting them" -ROM 12 11 iu2i 0 Concerning diligence, do not be hesitant. Concerning the spirit, be eager. Concerning the Lord, serve him "Do not be lazy in your duty, but be eager to follow the Spirit and to serve the Lord" -ROM 12 12 l3es 0 be patient in suffering "Wait patiently whenever you have troubles" -ROM 12 13 vk5h 0 Share in the needs of the saints This is the last item in the list that began in [Romans 12:9](../12/09.md). "When fellow Christians are in trouble, help them with what they need" +ROM 12 6 bnk9 κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τῆς πίστεως 1 let it be done according to the proportion of his faith Possible meanings are 1) "let him speak prophecies that do not go beyond the amount of faith God has given us" or 2) "let him speak prophecies that agree with the teachings of our faith." +ROM 12 8 m2as figs-explicit ὁ' ὁ μεταδιδοὺς 1 If one's gift is giving Here "giving" refers to giving money and other things to people. You can make this meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "If one has the gift of giving money or other goods to people in need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 12 9 iv5h figs-activepassive ἀνυπόκριτος ἡ ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος 1 Let love be without hypocrisy You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "You must love people sincerely and truly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 9 eaw7 ἡ ἀγάπη 1 love The word Paul uses here refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. +ROM 12 9 mr8i ἡ ἀγάπη 1 love This is another word that means brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. +ROM 12 10 ng86 τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ, φιλόστοργοι 1 Concerning love of the brothers, be affectionate Here Paul begins a list of nine items, each of the form "Concerning ... be" to tell the believers what kind of people they should be. You may need to translate some of the items as "Concerning ... do." The list continues to [Romans 12:13](../12/13.md). +ROM 12 10 ux2y τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ 1 Concerning love of the brothers "As for how you love your fellow believers" +ROM 12 10 lcg8 figs-activepassive φιλόστοργοι 1 be affectionate You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "show affection" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 10 tj57 τῇ τιμῇ, προηγούμενοι ἀλλήλους 1 Concerning honor, respect one another "Honor and respect one another" or "Honor your fellow believers by respecting them" +ROM 12 11 iu2i τῇ σπουδῇ, ὀκνηροί μὴ ὀκνηροί. τῷ πνεύματι, ζέοντες. τῷ Κυρίῳ, δουλεύοντες 1 Concerning diligence, do not be hesitant. Concerning the spirit, be eager. Concerning the Lord, serve him "Do not be lazy in your duty, but be eager to follow the Spirit and to serve the Lord" +ROM 12 12 l3es ὑπομένοντες τῇ θλίψει 1 be patient in suffering "Wait patiently whenever you have troubles" +ROM 12 13 vk5h κοινωνοῦντες ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων 1 Share in the needs of the saints This is the last item in the list that began in [Romans 12:9](../12/09.md). "When fellow Christians are in trouble, help them with what they need" ROM 12 13 exd8 0 Find many ways to show hospitality "Always welcome them into your home when they need a place to stay" -ROM 12 16 hwd1 figs-idiom 0 Be of the same mind toward one another This is an idiom that means to live in unity. Alternate translation: "Agree with one another" or "Live in unity with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 12 16 ar7y 0 Do not think in proud ways "Do not think that you are more important than others" -ROM 12 16 cc23 0 accept lowly people "welcome people who do not seem important" -ROM 12 16 h469 0 Do not be wise in your own thoughts "Do not think of yourselves as having more wisdom than everyone else" -ROM 12 17 h2tz 0 Repay no one evil for evil "Do not do evil things to someone who has done evil things to you" -ROM 12 17 fzh8 0 Do good things in the sight of all people "Do things that everyone considers to be good" -ROM 12 18 pgt7 0 as far as it depends on you, live at peace with all people "do whatever you can to live in peace with everyone" -ROM 12 19 ew6x figs-metonymy 0 give way to the wrath of God Here "wrath" is a metonym for God's punishment. Alternate translation: "allow God to punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 12 19 ns3b figs-activepassive 0 For it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For someone has written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 19 l2i8 figs-parallelism 0 Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God will avenge his people. Alternate translation: "I will certainly avenge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ROM 12 16 hwd1 figs-idiom τὸ αὐτὸ φρονοῦντες εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 Be of the same mind toward one another This is an idiom that means to live in unity. Alternate translation: "Agree with one another" or "Live in unity with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 12 16 ar7y φρονοῦντες μὴ φρονοῦντες τὰ ὑψηλὰ 1 Do not think in proud ways "Do not think that you are more important than others" +ROM 12 16 cc23 συναπαγόμενοι τοῖς ταπεινοῖς 1 accept lowly people "welcome people who do not seem important" +ROM 12 16 h469 γίνεσθε μὴ γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς 1 Do not be wise in your own thoughts "Do not think of yourselves as having more wisdom than everyone else" +ROM 12 17 h2tz ἀποδιδόντες μηδενὶ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ 1 Repay no one evil for evil "Do not do evil things to someone who has done evil things to you" +ROM 12 17 fzh8 προνοούμενοι καλὰ ἐνώπιον πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Do good things in the sight of all people "Do things that everyone considers to be good" +ROM 12 18 pgt7 τὸ ἐξ ὑμῶν, εἰρηνεύοντες μετὰ πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 as far as it depends on you, live at peace with all people "do whatever you can to live in peace with everyone" +ROM 12 19 ew6x figs-metonymy δότε τόπον τῇ ὀργῇ 1 give way to the wrath of God Here "wrath" is a metonym for God's punishment. Alternate translation: "allow God to punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 12 19 ns3b figs-activepassive γάρ γέγραπται 1 For it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For someone has written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 19 l2i8 figs-parallelism ἐκδίκησις ἐμοὶ; ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω 1 Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God will avenge his people. Alternate translation: "I will certainly avenge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ROM 12 20 c4ig figs-you 0 your enemy ... feed him ... give him a drink ... if you do this, you will heap All forms of "you" and "your" are addressed as to one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ROM 12 20 q7dq 0 But if your enemy is hungry ... his head In 12:20 Paul quotes another part of Scripture. Alternate translation: "But the Scripture also says, 'If your enemy is hungry ... his head'" -ROM 12 20 e49j 0 feed him "give him some food" -ROM 12 20 wce6 figs-metaphor 0 heap coals of fire on his head Paul speaks of the blessings that the enemies will receive as if someone were pouring hot coals on their heads. Possible meanings are 1) "make the person who harmed you feel badly about how he has mistreated you" or 2) "give God a reason to judge your enemy more harshly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 12 21 q761 figs-personification 0 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good Paul describes "evil" as though it were a person. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Do not let those who are evil defeat you, but defeat those who are evil by doing what is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 12 21 p7fd figs-you 0 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil These verbs are addressed as to one person and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 12 20 e49j ψώμιζε αὐτόν 1 feed him "give him some food" +ROM 12 20 wce6 figs-metaphor σωρεύσεις ἄνθρακας πυρὸς ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν 1 heap coals of fire on his head Paul speaks of the blessings that the enemies will receive as if someone were pouring hot coals on their heads. Possible meanings are 1) "make the person who harmed you feel badly about how he has mistreated you" or 2) "give God a reason to judge your enemy more harshly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 12 21 q761 figs-personification νικῶ μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα τὸ κακόν ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ 1 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good Paul describes "evil" as though it were a person. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Do not let those who are evil defeat you, but defeat those who are evil by doing what is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 12 21 p7fd figs-you νικῶ μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα τὸ κακόν 1 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil These verbs are addressed as to one person and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ROM 13 intro l4q7 0 # Romans 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who govern them. At that time, ungodly Roman rulers governed the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Ungodly rulers
When Paul teaches about obeying rulers, some readers will find this difficult to understand, especially in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh

This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Links:

* __[Romans 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__

__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
ROM 13 1 v5ik 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells believers how to live under their rulers. -ROM 13 1 b8nf figs-synecdoche 0 Let every soul be obedient to Here "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. "Every Christian should obey" or "Everyone should obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ROM 13 1 g1by 0 higher authorities "government officials" -ROM 13 1 emi2 0 for because -ROM 13 1 wii2 0 there is no authority unless it comes from God "all authority comes from God" -ROM 13 1 j3lr figs-activepassive 0 The authorities that exist have been appointed by God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "And the people who are in authority are there because God put them there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 13 2 ui8y 0 that authority "that government authority" or "the authority that God placed in power" +ROM 13 1 b8nf figs-synecdoche ὑποτασσέσθω πᾶσα ψυχὴ ὑποτασσέσθω ἐξουσίαις 1 Let every soul be obedient to Here "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. "Every Christian should obey" or "Everyone should obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 13 1 g1by ὑπερεχούσαις ἐξουσίαις 1 higher authorities "government officials" +ROM 13 1 emi2 γὰρ 1 for because +ROM 13 1 wii2 ἔστιν οὐ ἐξουσία εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ 1 there is no authority unless it comes from God "all authority comes from God" +ROM 13 1 j3lr figs-activepassive αἱ δὲ οὖσαι τεταγμέναι εἰσίν ὑπὸ Θεοῦ 1 The authorities that exist have been appointed by God You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "And the people who are in authority are there because God put them there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 13 2 ui8y τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ 1 that authority "that government authority" or "the authority that God placed in power" ROM 13 2 dsa3 figs-activepassive 0 those who oppose it will receive judgment on themselves You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will judge those who oppose government authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 13 3 m3yf 0 For Paul uses this word to begin his explanation of [Romans 13:2](../13/02.md) and to tell about what will result if the government condemns a person. -ROM 13 3 c2xa 0 rulers are not a terror Rulers do not make good people afraid. +ROM 13 3 m3yf οἱ γὰρ ἄρχοντες 1 For Paul uses this word to begin his explanation of [Romans 13:2](../13/02.md) and to tell about what will result if the government condemns a person. +ROM 13 3 c2xa οἱ γὰρ ἄρχοντες εἰσὶν οὐκ φόβος 1 rulers are not a terror Rulers do not make good people afraid. ROM 13 3 jt2z 0 to good deeds ... to evil deeds People are identified with their "good deeds" or "evil deeds." -ROM 13 3 z4sq figs-rquestion 0 Do you desire to be unafraid of the one in authority? Paul uses this question to get people to think about what they need to do in order not to be afraid of rulers. Alternate translation: "Let me tell you how you can be unafraid of the ruler." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 13 3 ahl9 0 you will receive his approval The government will say good things about people who do what is good. -ROM 13 4 ink8 figs-litotes 0 he does not carry the sword for no reason You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "he carries the sword for a very good reason" or "he has the power to punish people, and he will punish people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ROM 13 4 s3vz figs-metonymy 0 carry the sword Roman governors carried a short sword as a symbol of their authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 13 4 au7j figs-metonymy 0 an avenger for wrath Here "wrath" represents the punishment people receive when they do evil deeds. Alternate translation: "a person who punishes people as an expression of the government's anger against evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 13 5 q81v 0 not only because of the wrath, but also because of conscience "not only so the government will not punish you, but also so you will have a clear conscience before God" -ROM 13 6 r1jy 0 Because of this "Because the government punishes evildoers" -ROM 13 6 r4b3 figs-you 0 you pay Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 13 6 hy4f 0 For authorities "This is why you should pay taxes: authorities" -ROM 13 6 j1jm 0 attend to "administer" or "work on" -ROM 13 7 z9cn figs-you 0 Pay to everyone Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 13 7 wg2l figs-ellipsis 0 Tax to whom tax is due, toll to whom toll is due; fear to whom fear is due, honor to whom honor is due. The word "Pay" is understood from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "Pay tax to whom tax is due and toll to whom toll is due. Pay fear to whom fear is due and honor to him to whom honor is due" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 13 7 nwi2 figs-metaphor 0 fear to whom fear is due, honor to whom honor is due Here paying fear and honor is a metaphor for fearing and honoring those who deserve to be feared and honored. Alternate translation: "Fear those who deserve to be feared, and honor those who deserved to be honored" or "Respect those whom you ought to respect, and honor those whom you ought to honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 7 s2nf 0 toll This is a kind of tax. +ROM 13 3 z4sq figs-rquestion θέλεις δὲ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν? 1 Do you desire to be unafraid of the one in authority? Paul uses this question to get people to think about what they need to do in order not to be afraid of rulers. Alternate translation: "Let me tell you how you can be unafraid of the ruler." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 13 3 ahl9 ἕξεις ἐξ αὐτῆς ἔπαινον 1 you will receive his approval The government will say good things about people who do what is good. +ROM 13 4 ink8 figs-litotes φορεῖ οὐ φορεῖ τὴν μάχαιραν εἰκῇ 1 he does not carry the sword for no reason You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "he carries the sword for a very good reason" or "he has the power to punish people, and he will punish people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +ROM 13 4 s3vz figs-metonymy φορεῖ τὴν μάχαιραν 1 carry the sword Roman governors carried a short sword as a symbol of their authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 13 4 au7j figs-metonymy ἔκδικος εἰς ὀργὴν 1 an avenger for wrath Here "wrath" represents the punishment people receive when they do evil deeds. Alternate translation: "a person who punishes people as an expression of the government's anger against evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 13 5 q81v οὐ μόνον διὰ τὴν ὀργὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν 1 not only because of the wrath, but also because of conscience "not only so the government will not punish you, but also so you will have a clear conscience before God" +ROM 13 6 r1jy διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ 1 Because of this "Because the government punishes evildoers" +ROM 13 6 r4b3 figs-you τελεῖτε 1 you pay Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 13 6 hy4f γὰρ εἰσιν 1 For authorities "This is why you should pay taxes: authorities" +ROM 13 6 j1jm προσκαρτεροῦντες εἰς 1 attend to "administer" or "work on" +ROM 13 7 z9cn figs-you ἀπόδοτε πᾶσι 1 Pay to everyone Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 13 7 wg2l figs-ellipsis τὸν φόρον τῷ τὸν φόρον, τὸ τέλος τῷ τὸ τέλος; τὸν φόβον τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὴν τιμήν τῷ τὴν τιμὴν. 1 Tax to whom tax is due, toll to whom toll is due; fear to whom fear is due, honor to whom honor is due. The word "Pay" is understood from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "Pay tax to whom tax is due and toll to whom toll is due. Pay fear to whom fear is due and honor to him to whom honor is due" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 13 7 nwi2 figs-metaphor τὸν φόβον τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὴν τιμήν τῷ τὴν τιμὴν 1 fear to whom fear is due, honor to whom honor is due Here paying fear and honor is a metaphor for fearing and honoring those who deserve to be feared and honored. Alternate translation: "Fear those who deserve to be feared, and honor those who deserved to be honored" or "Respect those whom you ought to respect, and honor those whom you ought to honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 7 s2nf τὸ τέλος 1 toll This is a kind of tax. ROM 13 8 s8pb 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells believers how to act toward neighbors. -ROM 13 8 a69g figs-doublenegatives 0 Owe no one anything, except to love one another This is a double negative. You can translate it in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Pay all you owe to everyone, and love one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 13 8 p6cw figs-you 0 Owe This verb is plural and applies to all the Roman Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 13 8 ay3n 0 except to love one another This is the one debt that can remain as shown in the note above. -ROM 13 8 i5au 0 love This refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. -ROM 13 9 wad4 0 covet to desire to have or possess something that another person possesses. -ROM 13 10 vy62 figs-personification 0 Love does not harm one's neighbor This phrase portrays love as a person who is being kind to other people. Alternate translation: "People who love their neighbors do not harm them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 13 11 b6l3 figs-metaphor 0 you know the time, that it is already time for you to awake out of sleep Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to change their behavior as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 12 ahn4 figs-metaphor 0 The night has advanced Paul speaks of the time when people do evil deeds as night. Alternate translation: "The sinful time is almost over" or "It is as though the night is almost finished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 12 p7xp figs-metaphor 0 the day has come near Paul speaks of the time when people do what is right as the day. Alternate translation: "the time of righteousness will begin soon" or "it is as though it will soon be day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 12 bb8t figs-metaphor 0 Let us therefore put aside the works of darkness Paul speaks of of "works of darkness" as if they are clothing that a person puts aside. Here to "put aside" means to stop doing something. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: "Let us therefore stop doing the evil things that people do in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 12 y5n4 figs-metaphor 0 let us put on the armor of light Here "light" is a metaphor for what is good and right. Paul speaks of doing what is right as if it were putting on armor to protect one's self. Alternate translation: "let us start doing what is right. Doing this will protect us from what is evil like armor protects a solider" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 13 gv4q figs-inclusive 0 Let us Paul includes his readers and other believers with himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 13 13 e6ij figs-metaphor 0 Let us walk appropriately, as in the day Paul speaks of living as true believers as if one were walking while it is day. Alternate translation: "Let us walk in a visible way knowing that everyone can see us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 13 qes3 figs-doublet 0 in sexual immorality or in uncontrolled lust These concepts mean basically the same thing. You can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: "sexually immoral acts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 13 13 h6xl 0 strife This refers to plotting against and arguing with other people. -ROM 13 13 g117 0 jealousy This refers to negative feelings against another person's success or advantage over others. -ROM 13 14 sir6 figs-metaphor 0 put on the Lord Jesus Christ Paul speaks of accepting the moral nature of Christ as if he were our outer clothing that people can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 13 14 j795 0 put on If your language has a plural form for commands, use it here. -ROM 13 14 xre7 figs-metonymy 0 make no provision for the flesh Here the "flesh" refers to the self-directed nature of people who oppose God. This is the sinful nature of human beings. Alternate translation: "do not allow your old evil heart any opportunity at all for doing wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 13 8 a69g figs-doublenegatives ὀφείλετε μηδενὶ μηδὲν, εἰ μὴ ἀγαπᾶν τὸ ἀλλήλους 1 Owe no one anything, except to love one another This is a double negative. You can translate it in a positive form. Alternate translation: "Pay all you owe to everyone, and love one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 13 8 p6cw figs-you ὀφείλετε 1 Owe This verb is plural and applies to all the Roman Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 13 8 ay3n εἰ μὴ ἀγαπᾶν τὸ ἀλλήλους 1 except to love one another This is the one debt that can remain as shown in the note above. +ROM 13 8 i5au ἀγαπᾶν 1 love This refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. +ROM 13 9 wad4 ἐπιθυμήσεις 1 covet to desire to have or possess something that another person possesses. +ROM 13 10 vy62 figs-personification ἡ ἀγάπη ἐργάζεται οὐκ κακὸν τῷ πλησίον' τῷ πλησίον 1 Love does not harm one's neighbor This phrase portrays love as a person who is being kind to other people. Alternate translation: "People who love their neighbors do not harm them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 13 11 b6l3 figs-metaphor εἰδότες τὸν καιρόν, ὅτι ὥρα ἤδη ὥρα ὑμᾶς ἐγερθῆναι ἐξ ὕπνου 1 you know the time, that it is already time for you to awake out of sleep Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to change their behavior as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 12 ahn4 figs-metaphor ἡ νὺξ προέκοψεν 1 The night has advanced Paul speaks of the time when people do evil deeds as night. Alternate translation: "The sinful time is almost over" or "It is as though the night is almost finished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 12 p7xp figs-metaphor ἡ ἡμέρα ἤγγικεν 1 the day has come near Paul speaks of the time when people do what is right as the day. Alternate translation: "the time of righteousness will begin soon" or "it is as though it will soon be day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 12 bb8t figs-metaphor ἀποθώμεθα οὖν ἀποθώμεθα τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Let us therefore put aside the works of darkness Paul speaks of of "works of darkness" as if they are clothing that a person puts aside. Here to "put aside" means to stop doing something. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: "Let us therefore stop doing the evil things that people do in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 12 y5n4 figs-metaphor ἐνδυσώμεθα τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός 1 let us put on the armor of light Here "light" is a metaphor for what is good and right. Paul speaks of doing what is right as if it were putting on armor to protect one's self. Alternate translation: "let us start doing what is right. Doing this will protect us from what is evil like armor protects a solider" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 13 gv4q figs-inclusive περιπατήσωμεν 1 Let us Paul includes his readers and other believers with himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 13 13 e6ij figs-metaphor περιπατήσωμεν εὐσχημόνως, ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ 1 Let us walk appropriately, as in the day Paul speaks of living as true believers as if one were walking while it is day. Alternate translation: "Let us walk in a visible way knowing that everyone can see us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 13 qes3 figs-doublet κοίταις καὶ ἀσελγείαις 1 in sexual immorality or in uncontrolled lust These concepts mean basically the same thing. You can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: "sexually immoral acts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 13 13 h6xl ἔριδι 1 strife This refers to plotting against and arguing with other people. +ROM 13 13 g117 ζήλῳ 1 jealousy This refers to negative feelings against another person's success or advantage over others. +ROM 13 14 sir6 figs-metaphor ἐνδύσασθε τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν 1 put on the Lord Jesus Christ Paul speaks of accepting the moral nature of Christ as if he were our outer clothing that people can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 13 14 j795 ἐνδύσασθε 1 put on If your language has a plural form for commands, use it here. +ROM 13 14 xre7 figs-metonymy πρόνοιαν μὴ ποιεῖσθε τῆς σαρκὸς 1 make no provision for the flesh Here the "flesh" refers to the self-directed nature of people who oppose God. This is the sinful nature of human beings. Alternate translation: "do not allow your old evil heart any opportunity at all for doing wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 14 intro kt8c 0 # Romans 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 11 of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Weak in faith

Paul teaches that Christians can have real faith and at the same time be "weak in faith" in a given situation. This describes Christians whose faith is immature, not strong, or misunderstood. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### Dietary restrictions

Many religions in the ancient Near East restricted what was eaten. Christians have freedom to eat what they want. But they need to use this freedom wisely, in a way that honors the Lord and does not cause others to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

##### The judgment seat of God

The judgment seat of God or Christ represents a time when all people, including Christians, will be held accountable for the way they lived their lives.
ROM 14 1 abm6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages believers to remember that they are answerable to God. -ROM 14 1 jf8v 0 weak in faith This refers to those who felt guilty over eating and drinking certain things. -ROM 14 1 p697 0 without giving judgment about arguments "and do not condemn them for their opinions" -ROM 14 2 ii8g 0 One person has faith to eat anything Here "faith" refers to doing what a person believes God is telling him to do. -ROM 14 2 n2n6 0 another who is weak eats only vegetables This describes a person who believes God does not want him to eat meat. -ROM 14 4 q9bx figs-rquestion 0 Who are you, you who judge a servant belonging to someone else? Paul is using a question to scold those who are judging others. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are not God, and you are not allowed to judge one of his servants!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 14 4 xq7r figs-you 0 you, you The form of "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 14 4 ba38 figs-metaphor 0 It is before his own master that he stands or falls Paul speaks of God as if he were a master who owned servants. Alternate translation: "Only the master can decide if he will accept the servant or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 14 4 cp9y figs-metaphor 0 But he will be made to stand, for the Lord is able to make him stand Paul speaks of the servant who is acceptable to God as if he were being "made to stand" instead of falling. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "But the Lord will accept him because he is able to make the servant acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 14 1 jf8v τὸν δὲ ἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει 1 weak in faith This refers to those who felt guilty over eating and drinking certain things. +ROM 14 1 p697 μὴ εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν 1 without giving judgment about arguments "and do not condemn them for their opinions" +ROM 14 2 ii8g ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα 1 One person has faith to eat anything Here "faith" refers to doing what a person believes God is telling him to do. +ROM 14 2 n2n6 ὁ ἀσθενῶν ἐσθίει λάχανα 1 another who is weak eats only vegetables This describes a person who believes God does not want him to eat meat. +ROM 14 4 q9bx figs-rquestion τίς εἶ σὺ, ὁ κρίνων οἰκέτην ἀλλότριον? 1 Who are you, you who judge a servant belonging to someone else? Paul is using a question to scold those who are judging others. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are not God, and you are not allowed to judge one of his servants!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 14 4 xq7r figs-you σὺ, ὁ κρίνων 1 you, you The form of "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 14 4 ba38 figs-metaphor τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ στήκει ἢ πίπτει 1 It is before his own master that he stands or falls Paul speaks of God as if he were a master who owned servants. Alternate translation: "Only the master can decide if he will accept the servant or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 14 4 cp9y figs-metaphor δέ σταθήσεται, γὰρ ὁ Κύριος δυνατεῖ στῆσαι αὐτόν στῆσαι 1 But he will be made to stand, for the Lord is able to make him stand Paul speaks of the servant who is acceptable to God as if he were being "made to stand" instead of falling. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "But the Lord will accept him because he is able to make the servant acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 14 5 x7j2 0 One person values one day above another. Another values every day equally "One person thinks one day is more important than all the others, but another person thinks that all days are the same" -ROM 14 5 m511 figs-explicit 0 Let each person be convinced in his own mind You can make the full meaning explicit. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Let each person be sure what he is doing is to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 6 pfn6 figs-explicit 0 He who observes the day, observes it for the Lord Here "observes" refers to worshiping. Alternate translation: "The person who worships on a certain day does it to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 6 esu5 figs-ellipsis 0 he who eats The word "everything" is understood from [Romans 14:3](../14/03.md). It can be repeatd here. Alternate translation: "the person who eats every kind of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 14 6 f9tm 0 eats for the Lord "eats to honor the Lord" or "eats that way in order to honor the Lord" -ROM 14 6 jh8j figs-ellipsis 0 He who does not eat The word "everything" is understood from [Romans 14:3](../14/03.md). It can be repeatd here. Alternate translation: "He who does not eat everything" or "The person who does not eat certain kinds of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 14 7 txm3 figs-explicit 0 For none of us lives for himself Here "lives for himself" means to live only to please oneself. Alternate translation: "None of us should live merely to please ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 7 u9ar figs-inclusive 0 none of us Paul is including his readers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 14 7 c9ls figs-explicit 0 none dies for himself This means one's death affects other people. Alternate translation: "none of us should think that when we die, it affects only us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 5 m511 figs-explicit πληροφορείσθω ἕκαστος πληροφορείσθω ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ 1 Let each person be convinced in his own mind You can make the full meaning explicit. You can also translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Let each person be sure what he is doing is to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 6 pfn6 figs-explicit ὁ φρονῶν τὴν ἡμέραν, φρονεῖ Κυρίῳ 1 He who observes the day, observes it for the Lord Here "observes" refers to worshiping. Alternate translation: "The person who worships on a certain day does it to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 6 esu5 figs-ellipsis ὁ ἐσθίων 1 he who eats The word "everything" is understood from [Romans 14:3](../14/03.md). It can be repeatd here. Alternate translation: "the person who eats every kind of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 14 6 f9tm ὁ ἐσθίων ἐσθίει Κυρίῳ 1 eats for the Lord "eats to honor the Lord" or "eats that way in order to honor the Lord" +ROM 14 6 jh8j figs-ellipsis καὶ ὁ ἐσθίων μὴ ἐσθίων 1 He who does not eat The word "everything" is understood from [Romans 14:3](../14/03.md). It can be repeatd here. Alternate translation: "He who does not eat everything" or "The person who does not eat certain kinds of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 14 7 txm3 figs-explicit γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν ζῇ ἑαυτῷ 1 For none of us lives for himself Here "lives for himself" means to live only to please oneself. Alternate translation: "None of us should live merely to please ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 7 u9ar figs-inclusive οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν 1 none of us Paul is including his readers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 14 7 c9ls figs-explicit οὐδεὶς ἀποθνῄσκει ἑαυτῷ 1 none dies for himself This means one's death affects other people. Alternate translation: "none of us should think that when we die, it affects only us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 14 8 s3lb figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Paul is speaking of both himself and his readers, so all instances of "we" are inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 14 10 db9a figs-you 0 why do you judge your brother? And you, why do you despise your brother? By using these questions, Paul is demonstrating how he might need to scold individuals among his readers. Alternate translation: "it is wrong for you to judge your brother, and it is wrong for you to despise your brother!" or "stop judging and despising your brother!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 14 10 al55 0 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. -ROM 14 10 jq85 figs-metonymy 0 For we will all stand before the judgment seat of God The "judgment seat" refers to God's authority to judge. Alternate translation: "For God will judge us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 14 11 fel6 figs-activepassive 0 For it is written, "As You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For someone has written in the Scriptures: 'As" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 14 11 tf76 figs-explicit 0 As I live This phrase is used to start an oath or solemn promise. Alternate translation: "You can be certain that this is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 11 sb6q figs-synecdoche 0 to me every knee will bend, and every tongue will confess to God Paul uses the words "knee" and "tongue" to refer to the whole person. Also, the Lord uses the word "God" to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "every person will bow and give praise to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ROM 14 12 nsy8 0 will give an account of himself to God "will have to explain our actions to God" -ROM 14 13 ia62 figs-doublet 0 but instead decide this, that no one will place a stumbling block or a snare for his brother Here "stumbling block" and "snare" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "but instead make it your goal not to do or say anything that might cause a fellow believer to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 14 13 cx4s 0 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. -ROM 14 14 t7gc figs-doublet 0 I know and am persuaded in the Lord Jesus Here the words "know" and "am persuaded" mean basically the same thing; Paul uses them to emphasize his certainty. Alternate translation: "I am certain because of my relationship with the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 14 14 fuk1 figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing is unclean by itself You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "everything by itself is clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 14 14 mjc5 0 by itself "by its nature" or "because of what it is" -ROM 14 14 w3gg figs-explicit 0 Only for him who considers anything to be unclean, for him it is unclean Paul implies here that a person should stay away from anything that he thinks is unclean. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "But if a person thinks something is unclean, then for that person it is unclean and he should stay away from it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 15 iw7w 0 If because of food your brother is hurt "If you hurt your fellow believer's faith over the matter of food." Here the word "your" refers to those who are strong in faith and "brother" refers to those who are weak in faith. -ROM 14 15 ln42 0 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. -ROM 14 15 bj8v figs-metaphor 0 you are no longer walking in love Paul speaks of the behavior of believers as if it were a walk. Alternate translation: "then you are no longer showing love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 14 16 gl48 0 So do not allow what you consider to be good to be spoken of as evil "If someone thinks that something is evil, do not do it, even if you consider it to be good" -ROM 14 17 j92k figs-explicit 0 For the kingdom of God is not about food and drink, but about righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit Paul argues that God set up his kingdom so he could give us a right relationship with himself, and to provide peace and joy. Alternate translation: "For God did not set up his kingdom so that he could rule over what we eat and drink. He set up his kingdom so we could have a right relationship with him, and so he could give us peace and joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 18 am8m figs-activepassive 0 approved by people You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "people will approve of him" or "people will respect him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 14 19 i3rv figs-explicit 0 let us pursue the things of peace and the things that build up one another Here "build up one another" refers to helping each other grow in faith. Alternate translation: "let us seek to live peacefully together and help one another grow stronger in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 20 p65h figs-explicit 0 Do not destroy the work of God because of food You can make explicit the full meaning of this sentence. Alternate translation: "Do not undo what God has done for a fellow believer just because you want to eat a certain kind of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 20 dk72 figs-explicit 0 but it is evil for that person who eats and causes him to stumble Here anything that "causes him to stumble" means it causes a weaker brother to do something that is against his conscience. Alternate translation: "but it would be a sin for someone to eat food, which another brother thinks is wrong to eat, if by eating this causes the weaker brother to do something that is against his conscience" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 10 db9a figs-you τί κρίνεις σου τὸν ἀδελφόν? ἢ καὶ σὺ, τί ἐξουθενεῖς σου τὸν ἀδελφόν? 1 why do you judge your brother? And you, why do you despise your brother? By using these questions, Paul is demonstrating how he might need to scold individuals among his readers. Alternate translation: "it is wrong for you to judge your brother, and it is wrong for you to despise your brother!" or "stop judging and despising your brother!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ROM 14 10 al55 τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. +ROM 14 10 jq85 figs-metonymy γὰρ παραστησόμεθα πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 For we will all stand before the judgment seat of God The "judgment seat" refers to God's authority to judge. Alternate translation: "For God will judge us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 14 11 fel6 figs-activepassive γάρ γέγραπται," ἐγώ 1 For it is written, "As You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For someone has written in the Scriptures: 'As" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 14 11 tf76 figs-explicit ἐγώ ζῶ 1 As I live This phrase is used to start an oath or solemn promise. Alternate translation: "You can be certain that this is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 11 sb6q figs-synecdoche ὅτι ἐμοὶ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψει, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ Θεῷ 1 to me every knee will bend, and every tongue will confess to God Paul uses the words "knee" and "tongue" to refer to the whole person. Also, the Lord uses the word "God" to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "every person will bow and give praise to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ROM 14 12 nsy8 δώσει λόγον περὶ ἑαυτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ 1 will give an account of himself to God "will have to explain our actions to God" +ROM 14 13 ia62 figs-doublet ἀλλὰ κρίνατε τοῦτο, μᾶλλον τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα ἢ σκάνδαλον τῷ ἀδελφῷ 1 but instead decide this, that no one will place a stumbling block or a snare for his brother Here "stumbling block" and "snare" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "but instead make it your goal not to do or say anything that might cause a fellow believer to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 14 13 cx4s τῷ ἀδελφῷ 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. +ROM 14 14 t7gc figs-doublet οἶδα καὶ πέπεισμαι ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 I know and am persuaded in the Lord Jesus Here the words "know" and "am persuaded" mean basically the same thing; Paul uses them to emphasize his certainty. Alternate translation: "I am certain because of my relationship with the Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 14 14 fuk1 figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲν κοινὸν δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 nothing is unclean by itself You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: "everything by itself is clean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 14 14 mjc5 δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 by itself "by its nature" or "because of what it is" +ROM 14 14 w3gg figs-explicit εἰ μὴ τῷ λογιζομένῳ τι εἶναι κοινὸν, ἐκείνῳ κοινόν 1 Only for him who considers anything to be unclean, for him it is unclean Paul implies here that a person should stay away from anything that he thinks is unclean. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "But if a person thinks something is unclean, then for that person it is unclean and he should stay away from it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 15 iw7w εἰ γὰρ διὰ βρῶμα σου ὁ ἀδελφός λυπεῖται 1 If because of food your brother is hurt "If you hurt your fellow believer's faith over the matter of food." Here the word "your" refers to those who are strong in faith and "brother" refers to those who are weak in faith. +ROM 14 15 ln42 ὁ ἀδελφός 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. +ROM 14 15 bj8v figs-metaphor περιπατεῖς οὐκέτι περιπατεῖς κατὰ ἀγάπην 1 you are no longer walking in love Paul speaks of the behavior of believers as if it were a walk. Alternate translation: "then you are no longer showing love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 14 16 gl48 οὖν βλασφημείσθω μὴ βλασφημείσθω τὸ ἀγαθόν ὑμῶν τὸ ἀγαθόν βλασφημείσθω 1 So do not allow what you consider to be good to be spoken of as evil "If someone thinks that something is evil, do not do it, even if you consider it to be good" +ROM 14 17 j92k figs-explicit γάρ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν οὐ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις, ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνη, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ χαρὰ ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 For the kingdom of God is not about food and drink, but about righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit Paul argues that God set up his kingdom so he could give us a right relationship with himself, and to provide peace and joy. Alternate translation: "For God did not set up his kingdom so that he could rule over what we eat and drink. He set up his kingdom so we could have a right relationship with him, and so he could give us peace and joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 18 am8m figs-activepassive δόκιμος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 approved by people You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "people will approve of him" or "people will respect him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 14 19 i3rv figs-explicit διώκωμεν τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ τὰ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 let us pursue the things of peace and the things that build up one another Here "build up one another" refers to helping each other grow in faith. Alternate translation: "let us seek to live peacefully together and help one another grow stronger in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 20 p65h figs-explicit κατάλυε μὴ κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἕνεκεν βρώματος 1 Do not destroy the work of God because of food You can make explicit the full meaning of this sentence. Alternate translation: "Do not undo what God has done for a fellow believer just because you want to eat a certain kind of food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 20 dk72 figs-explicit ἀλλὰ κακὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ ἐσθίοντι διὰ προσκόμματος 1 but it is evil for that person who eats and causes him to stumble Here anything that "causes him to stumble" means it causes a weaker brother to do something that is against his conscience. Alternate translation: "but it would be a sin for someone to eat food, which another brother thinks is wrong to eat, if by eating this causes the weaker brother to do something that is against his conscience" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 14 21 mrr4 0 It is good not to eat meat, nor to drink wine, nor anything by which your brother takes offense "It is better not to eat meat or drink wine or do anything else that might cause your brother to sin" -ROM 14 21 iq9g 0 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. -ROM 14 21 e1du 0 your This refers to the strong in faith and "brother" refers to the weak in faith. -ROM 14 22 hjk9 0 The faith you have This refers back to the beliefs about food and drink. +ROM 14 21 iq9g ὁ ἀδελφός 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female. +ROM 14 21 e1du σου 1 your This refers to the strong in faith and "brother" refers to the weak in faith. +ROM 14 22 hjk9 πίστιν ἣν σὺ ἔχεις 1 The faith you have This refers back to the beliefs about food and drink. ROM 14 22 b3hi figs-you 0 you ... yourself singular. Because Paul is addressing the believers, you may have to translate this using plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ROM 14 22 r53r 0 Blessed is the one who does not condemn himself by what he approves "Blessed are those who do not feel guilty for what they decide to do" +ROM 14 22 r53r μακάριος ὁ κρίνων μὴ κρίνων ἑαυτὸν ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει 1 Blessed is the one who does not condemn himself by what he approves "Blessed are those who do not feel guilty for what they decide to do" ROM 14 23 s1ph figs-activepassive 0 He who doubts is condemned if he eats You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "God will say that the person does wrong if he is not sure if it is right to eat a certain food, but he eats it anyway" or "The person who is not sure if it is right to eat a certain food, but then eats it anyway will have a troubled conscience" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 14 23 yr44 figs-explicit 0 because it is not from faith Anything that is "not from faith" is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: "God will say that he is wrong because he is eating something he believes God does not want him to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 14 23 tr9i figs-explicit 0 whatever is not from faith is sin Anything that is "not from faith" is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: "you are sinning if you do something that you do not believe God wants you to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 23 yr44 figs-explicit ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως 1 because it is not from faith Anything that is "not from faith" is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: "God will say that he is wrong because he is eating something he believes God does not want him to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 14 23 tr9i figs-explicit πᾶν δὲ ὃ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως ἐστίν ἁμαρτία 1 whatever is not from faith is sin Anything that is "not from faith" is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: "you are sinning if you do something that you do not believe God wants you to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 15 intro ae9u 0 # Romans 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.

Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 12.

In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Strong/Weak
These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
ROM 15 1 cx66 0 Connecting Statement: Paul concludes this section about believers' living for others with reminding them how Christ lived. -ROM 15 1 u19s 0 Now Translate this using the words your language uses to introduce a new idea into an argument. -ROM 15 1 u73x figs-explicit 0 we who are strong Here "strong" refers to the people who are strong in their faith. They believe that God allows them to eat any kind of food. Alternate translation: "we who are strong in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 1 dx9d figs-inclusive 0 we This refers to Paul, his readers, and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 15 1 cv61 figs-explicit 0 the weak Here "the weak" refers to the people who are weak in their faith. They believe that God does not allow them to eat some kinds of food. Alternate translation: "those who are weak in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 2 z2k8 figs-explicit 0 to build him up By this, Paul means to strengthen someone's faith. Alternate translation: "to strengthen his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 3 bcz1 figs-explicit 0 it was just as it is written Here Paul refers to a scripture where Christ (the Messiah) speaks to God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the Messiah said to God in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 3 qni7 0 The insults of those who insulted you fell on me The insults of those who insulted God fell on Christ. -ROM 15 4 txd4 figs-activepassive 0 For whatever was previously written was written for our instruction You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For in times past, the prophets wrote everything in the Scriptures to teach us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 1 u19s δὲ 1 Now Translate this using the words your language uses to introduce a new idea into an argument. +ROM 15 1 u73x figs-explicit ἡμεῖς οἱ δυνατοὶ 1 we who are strong Here "strong" refers to the people who are strong in their faith. They believe that God allows them to eat any kind of food. Alternate translation: "we who are strong in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 1 dx9d figs-inclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we This refers to Paul, his readers, and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 15 1 cv61 figs-explicit τῶν ἀδυνάτων 1 the weak Here "the weak" refers to the people who are weak in their faith. They believe that God does not allow them to eat some kinds of food. Alternate translation: "those who are weak in faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 2 z2k8 figs-explicit πρὸς οἰκοδομήν 1 to build him up By this, Paul means to strengthen someone's faith. Alternate translation: "to strengthen his faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 3 bcz1 figs-explicit καθὼς γέγραπται 1 it was just as it is written Here Paul refers to a scripture where Christ (the Messiah) speaks to God. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the Messiah said to God in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 3 qni7 οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1 The insults of those who insulted you fell on me The insults of those who insulted God fell on Christ. +ROM 15 4 txd4 figs-activepassive γὰρ ὅσα προεγράφη ἐγράφη εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διδασκαλίαν 1 For whatever was previously written was written for our instruction You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "For in times past, the prophets wrote everything in the Scriptures to teach us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 15 4 m7yy figs-inclusive 0 our ... we Paul includes his readers and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 15 4 g6r1 figs-explicit 0 in order that through patience and through encouragement of the scriptures we would have certain hope Here "have confidence" means that the believers will know that God will fulfill his promises. You can make explicit the full meaning in your translation. Alternate translation: "In this way the scriptures will encourage us to expect that God will do for us everything that he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 4 g6r1 figs-explicit ἵνα διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως τῶν Γραφῶν ἔχωμεν τὴν ἐλπίδα 1 in order that through patience and through encouragement of the scriptures we would have certain hope Here "have confidence" means that the believers will know that God will fulfill his promises. You can make explicit the full meaning in your translation. Alternate translation: "In this way the scriptures will encourage us to expect that God will do for us everything that he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 15 5 u2zm 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages the believers to remember that both Gentile believers and Jews that believe are made one in Christ. ROM 15 5 g5xm 0 may ... God ... grant "I pray that ... God ... will grant" -ROM 15 5 ws7q figs-metonymy 0 to be of the same mind with each other Here to be of the "same mind" is a metonym that means to be in agreement with each other. Alternate translation: "to be in agreement with each other" or "to be united" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 15 6 uz1z figs-metonymy 0 praise with one mouth This means to be united in praising God. Alternate translation: "praise God together in unity as if only one mouth were speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 15 7 z941 0 receive one another "accept one another"" -ROM 15 8 gbh8 0 For I say The word "I" refers to Paul. -ROM 15 8 k4my figs-metonymy 0 Christ has been made a servant of the circumcision Here "the circumcision" is a metonym that refers to the Jews. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ has become a servant of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 8 me1e 0 in order to confirm the promises This is one of the two purposes for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. -ROM 15 8 gu7z figs-explicit 0 the promises given to the fathers Here "the fathers" refers to the ancestors of the Jewish people. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: "the promises that God gave to the ancestors of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 9 k5q7 0 and for the Gentiles to glorify God for his mercy This is the second reason for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. Alternate translation: "and in order that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy" -ROM 15 9 xgc4 figs-activepassive 0 As it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 9 em5q figs-metonymy 0 sing praise to your name Here "your name" is a metonym that refers to God. Alternate translation: "sing praise to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 15 5 ws7q figs-metonymy τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν ἀλλήλοις 1 to be of the same mind with each other Here to be of the "same mind" is a metonym that means to be in agreement with each other. Alternate translation: "to be in agreement with each other" or "to be united" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 15 6 uz1z figs-metonymy δοξάζητε ἐν ἑνὶ στόματι 1 praise with one mouth This means to be united in praising God. Alternate translation: "praise God together in unity as if only one mouth were speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 15 7 z941 προσλαμβάνεσθε ἀλλήλους 1 receive one another "accept one another"" +ROM 15 8 gbh8 γὰρ λέγω 1 For I say The word "I" refers to Paul. +ROM 15 8 k4my figs-metonymy Χριστὸν γεγενῆσθαι διάκονον περιτομῆς 1 Christ has been made a servant of the circumcision Here "the circumcision" is a metonym that refers to the Jews. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ has become a servant of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 8 me1e εἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 in order to confirm the promises This is one of the two purposes for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. +ROM 15 8 gu7z figs-explicit τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων 1 the promises given to the fathers Here "the fathers" refers to the ancestors of the Jewish people. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: "the promises that God gave to the ancestors of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 9 k5q7 δὲ τὰ ἔθνη δοξάσαι τὸν Θεόν ὑπὲρ ἐλέους 1 and for the Gentiles to glorify God for his mercy This is the second reason for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. Alternate translation: "and in order that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy" +ROM 15 9 xgc4 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 As it is written You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "as someone has written in the Scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 9 em5q figs-metonymy ψαλῶ τῷ ὀνόματί σου τῷ ὀνόματί 1 sing praise to your name Here "your name" is a metonym that refers to God. Alternate translation: "sing praise to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 15 10 yvy9 0 Again it says "Again the scripture says" -ROM 15 10 x4kg figs-explicit 0 with his people This refers to God's people. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "with the people of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 11 xw7t 0 praise him "praise the Lord" -ROM 15 12 fta5 figs-metonymy 0 root of Jesse Jesse was the physical father of King David. Alternate translation: "descendant of Jesse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 15 12 i4nn figs-explicit 0 in him the Gentiles will have hope Here "him" refers to the descendant of Jesse, the Messiah. Those who are not Jews will also trust him to fulfill his promises. Alternate translation: "The people who are not Jews can trust him to do what he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 13 w7wn figs-hyperbole 0 fill you with all joy and peace Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "fill you with great joy and peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 15 10 x4kg figs-explicit μετὰ αὐτοῦ τοῦ λαοῦ 1 with his people This refers to God's people. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: "with the people of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 11 xw7t καὶ ἐπαινεσάτωσαν αὐτὸν 1 praise him "praise the Lord" +ROM 15 12 fta5 figs-metonymy ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί 1 root of Jesse Jesse was the physical father of King David. Alternate translation: "descendant of Jesse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 15 12 i4nn figs-explicit ἐπ’ αὐτῷ ἔθνη ἐλπιοῦσιν 1 in him the Gentiles will have hope Here "him" refers to the descendant of Jesse, the Messiah. Those who are not Jews will also trust him to fulfill his promises. Alternate translation: "The people who are not Jews can trust him to do what he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 13 w7wn figs-hyperbole πληρώσαι ὑμᾶς πάσης χαρᾶς καὶ εἰρήνης 1 fill you with all joy and peace Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "fill you with great joy and peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ROM 15 14 h98x 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers in Rome that God chose him to reach the Gentiles. -ROM 15 14 qfs6 figs-explicit 0 I myself am also convinced about you, my brothers Paul is quite sure that the believers in Rome are honoring each other in their behavior. Alternate translation: "I myself am completely sure that you yourselves have acted toward others in a completely good way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 14 d878 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 15 14 qhv3 figs-hyperbole 0 filled with all knowledge Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "filled with sufficient knowledge to follow God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ROM 15 14 ge2l figs-explicit 0 also able to exhort one another Here "exhort" means to teach. Alternate translation: "also able to teach each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 15 n2gr figs-activepassive 0 the grace given me by God Paul speaks of grace as if it were a physical gift that God had given him. God had appointed Paul and apostle even though he had persecuted believers before he decided to follow Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God gave me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 16 wiw1 figs-metaphor 0 the offering of the Gentiles might become acceptable Paul speaks of his preaching the gospel as if he, as a priest, were making an offering to God. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles might please God when they obey him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 15 18 by9s 0 for the obedience of the Gentiles "so that the Gentiles will obey God" -ROM 15 18 xds3 figs-activepassive 0 These are things done by word and action This can be translated in active form: Alternative translation: Alternate translation: "These are things that Christ has accomplished through what I have said and done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 14 qfs6 figs-explicit πέπεισμαι δέ αὐτὸς πέπεισμαι δέ καὶ πέπεισμαι δέ ὑμῶν, μου ἀδελφοί 1 I myself am also convinced about you, my brothers Paul is quite sure that the believers in Rome are honoring each other in their behavior. Alternate translation: "I myself am completely sure that you yourselves have acted toward others in a completely good way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 14 d878 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 15 14 qhv3 figs-hyperbole πεπληρωμένοι πάσης γνώσεως 1 filled with all knowledge Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: "filled with sufficient knowledge to follow God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 15 14 ge2l figs-explicit καὶ δυνάμενοι νουθετεῖν ἀλλήλους 1 also able to exhort one another Here "exhort" means to teach. Alternate translation: "also able to teach each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 15 n2gr figs-activepassive τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the grace given me by God Paul speaks of grace as if it were a physical gift that God had given him. God had appointed Paul and apostle even though he had persecuted believers before he decided to follow Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God gave me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 16 wiw1 figs-metaphor ἡ προσφορὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν γένηται εὐπρόσδεκτος 1 the offering of the Gentiles might become acceptable Paul speaks of his preaching the gospel as if he, as a priest, were making an offering to God. Alternate translation: "the Gentiles might please God when they obey him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 15 18 by9s εἰς ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν 1 for the obedience of the Gentiles "so that the Gentiles will obey God" +ROM 15 18 xds3 figs-activepassive λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ 1 These are things done by word and action This can be translated in active form: Alternative translation: Alternate translation: "These are things that Christ has accomplished through what I have said and done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 15 19 lu97 figs-doublenegatives 0 by the power of signs and wonders, and by the power of the Holy Spirit You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Here "these are things" refers to what Christ has accomplished through Paul. Alternate translation: "For the sake of the obedience of the Gentiles, I will only speak of what Christ has accomplished through me in my words and actions and by the power of signs and wonders through the power of the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 19 g8bk figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to various kinds of miracles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 15 19 c8ff 0 so that from Jerusalem, and round about as far as Illyricum This is from the city of Jerusalem as far as the province of Illyricum, a region close to Italy. -ROM 15 20 x9xm figs-explicit 0 In this way, my desire has been to proclaim the gospel, but not where Christ is known by name Paul only wants to preach to people who have never heard of Christ. Alternate translation: "Because of this, I want to preach the good news in places where people have never heard of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 20 kt3r figs-metaphor 0 in order that I might not build upon another man's foundation Paul speaks of his ministry work as if he were building a house on a foundation. Alternate translation: "in order that I might not be simply continuing the work that someone else already started. I do not want to be like a man who builds a house on someone else's foundation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 15 19 g8bk figs-doublet σημείων καὶ τεράτων 1 signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to various kinds of miracles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 15 19 c8ff ὥστε ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ, καὶ κύκλῳ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ 1 so that from Jerusalem, and round about as far as Illyricum This is from the city of Jerusalem as far as the province of Illyricum, a region close to Italy. +ROM 15 20 x9xm figs-explicit οὕτως, φιλοτιμούμενον εὐαγγελίζεσθαι, δὲ οὐχ ὅπου Χριστός ὠνομάσθη 1 In this way, my desire has been to proclaim the gospel, but not where Christ is known by name Paul only wants to preach to people who have never heard of Christ. Alternate translation: "Because of this, I want to preach the good news in places where people have never heard of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 20 kt3r figs-metaphor ἵνα οἰκοδομῶ μὴ οἰκοδομῶ ἐπ’ ἀλλότριον' ἀλλότριον θεμέλιον 1 in order that I might not build upon another man's foundation Paul speaks of his ministry work as if he were building a house on a foundation. Alternate translation: "in order that I might not be simply continuing the work that someone else already started. I do not want to be like a man who builds a house on someone else's foundation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 15 21 rb5r figs-activepassive 0 It is as it is written Here Paul refers to what Isaiah wrote in the scriptures. You can translate this in an active form and make the meaning explicit. Alternate translation: "What is happening is like what Isaiah wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 21 u8d6 figs-personification 0 Those to whom no tidings of him came Here Paul speaks of the "tidings" or message about Christ as if it were alive and able to move by itself. Alternate translation: "Those whom no one had told the news about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 15 21 u8d6 figs-personification οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ ἀνηγγέλη 1 Those to whom no tidings of him came Here Paul speaks of the "tidings" or message about Christ as if it were alive and able to move by itself. Alternate translation: "Those whom no one had told the news about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 15 22 f1fq 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the believers in Rome about his personal plans to visit them and asks the believers to pray. -ROM 15 22 ex5j figs-activepassive 0 I was also hindered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "they also hindered me" or "people also hindered me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 23 b6kl figs-explicit 0 I no longer have any place in these regions Paul implies that there are no more places in these areas where people live who have not heard about Christ. Alternate translation: "there are no more places in these regions where people have not heard about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 24 si59 translate-names 0 Spain This is a roman province west of Rome that Paul desired to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 15 24 c6wq 0 in passing "as I pass through Rome" or "while I am on my way" -ROM 15 24 vya3 figs-explicit 0 and to be helped by you along my journey Here Paul implies that he wants the Roman believers to provide some financial assistance to him for his journey to Spain. Alternate translation: "that you will help me on my journey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 15 24 wg6d 0 have enjoyed your company "have enjoyed spending some time with you" or "have enjoyed visiting you" -ROM 15 26 vn1r figs-synecdoche 0 it was the good pleasure of Macedonia and Achaia Here the words "Macedonia" and "Achaia" are synecdoches for the people who live in those areas. Alternate translation: "the believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia were happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ROM 15 22 ex5j figs-activepassive ἐνεκοπτόμην καὶ ἐνεκοπτόμην 1 I was also hindered You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "they also hindered me" or "people also hindered me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 23 b6kl figs-explicit ἔχων μηκέτι ἔχων τόπον ἐν τούτοις τοῖς κλίμασι 1 I no longer have any place in these regions Paul implies that there are no more places in these areas where people live who have not heard about Christ. Alternate translation: "there are no more places in these regions where people have not heard about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 24 si59 translate-names τὴν Σπανίαν 1 Spain This is a roman province west of Rome that Paul desired to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 15 24 c6wq διαπορευόμενος 1 in passing "as I pass through Rome" or "while I am on my way" +ROM 15 24 vya3 figs-explicit καὶ προπεμφθῆναι ὑφ’ ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ 1 and to be helped by you along my journey Here Paul implies that he wants the Roman believers to provide some financial assistance to him for his journey to Spain. Alternate translation: "that you will help me on my journey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 24 wg6d ἐμπλησθῶ ἐὰν ὑμῶν 1 have enjoyed your company "have enjoyed spending some time with you" or "have enjoyed visiting you" +ROM 15 26 vn1r figs-synecdoche εὐδόκησαν Μακεδονία καὶ Ἀχαΐα 1 it was the good pleasure of Macedonia and Achaia Here the words "Macedonia" and "Achaia" are synecdoches for the people who live in those areas. Alternate translation: "the believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia were happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ROM 15 27 w5ap 0 Yes, it was their good pleasure "The believers in Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to do it" ROM 15 27 tfz1 0 indeed, they are their debtors "indeed the people of Macedonia and Achaia are in debt to the believers in Jerusalem" -ROM 15 27 en7l 0 if the Gentiles have shared in their spiritual things, they owe it to them also to serve them "since the Gentiles have shared in the spiritual things of the Jerusalem believers, the Gentiles owe service to the Jerusalem believers" -ROM 15 28 zz8u figs-metaphor 0 made sure that they have received what was collected Paul speaks of the money he is taking to Jerusalem as if it were a fruit that was collected for them. Alternate translation: "and have safely delivered this offering to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 15 29 ylq8 figs-explicit 0 I know that when I come to you I will come in the fullness of the blessing of Christ This phrase means that Christ will bless Paul and the Roman believers. Alternate translation: "And I know that when I visit you, Christ will abundantly bless us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 30 w1ta 0 Now If your language has a way to show that Paul has stopped talking about the good things he is confident of ([Romans 15:29](../15/29.md)) and is now starting to talk about the dangers he faces, use it here. -ROM 15 30 yb7m 0 I urge you "I encourage you" -ROM 15 30 v9iy 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 15 30 fy1v 0 you strive "you work hard" or "you struggle" -ROM 15 31 u7st figs-activepassive 0 I may be rescued from those who are disobedient This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God may rescue me from those who are disobedient" or "God may keep those who are disobedient from harming me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 15 27 en7l εἰ τὰ ἔθνη ἐκοινώνησαν αὐτῶν τοῖς πνευματικοῖς, ὀφείλουσιν καὶ λειτουργῆσαι αὐτοῖς 1 if the Gentiles have shared in their spiritual things, they owe it to them also to serve them "since the Gentiles have shared in the spiritual things of the Jerusalem believers, the Gentiles owe service to the Jerusalem believers" +ROM 15 28 zz8u figs-metaphor σφραγισάμενος αὐτοῖς σφραγισάμενος τὸν καρπὸν τοῦτον 1 made sure that they have received what was collected Paul speaks of the money he is taking to Jerusalem as if it were a fruit that was collected for them. Alternate translation: "and have safely delivered this offering to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 15 29 ylq8 figs-explicit οἶδα δὲ ὅτι ἐρχόμενος πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐλεύσομαι ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ 1 I know that when I come to you I will come in the fullness of the blessing of Christ This phrase means that Christ will bless Paul and the Roman believers. Alternate translation: "And I know that when I visit you, Christ will abundantly bless us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 30 w1ta δὲ 1 Now If your language has a way to show that Paul has stopped talking about the good things he is confident of ([Romans 15:29](../15/29.md)) and is now starting to talk about the dangers he faces, use it here. +ROM 15 30 yb7m παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς 1 I urge you "I encourage you" +ROM 15 30 v9iy ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 15 30 fy1v συναγωνίσασθαί 1 you strive "you work hard" or "you struggle" +ROM 15 31 u7st figs-activepassive ῥυσθῶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπειθούντων 1 I may be rescued from those who are disobedient This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God may rescue me from those who are disobedient" or "God may keep those who are disobedient from harming me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 15 31 nw5h figs-explicit 0 that my service for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the believers Here Paul expresses his desire that the believers in Jerusalem will gladly accept the money from the believers in Macedonia and Achaia. Alternate translation: "pray that the believers in Jerusalem will be glad to receive the money that I am bringing them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 15 33 s947 figs-explicit 0 May the God of peace The "God of peace" means the God who causes believers to have inner peace. Alternate translation: "I pray that God who causes all of us to have inner peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 15 33 s947 figs-explicit μετὰ ὁ δὲ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης 1 May the God of peace The "God of peace" means the God who causes believers to have inner peace. Alternate translation: "I pray that God who causes all of us to have inner peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 16 intro qy96 0 # Romans 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ROM 16 1 sg6a 0 Connecting Statement: Paul then greets many of the believers in Rome by name. -ROM 16 1 vkg8 0 I commend to you Phoebe "I want you to respect Phoebe" -ROM 16 1 sry4 translate-names 0 Phoebe This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 1 q86q figs-inclusive 0 our sister The word "our" refers to Paul and all believers. Alternate translation: "our sister in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -ROM 16 1 q669 translate-names 0 Cenchrea This was a seaport city in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 2 cwx1 figs-explicit 0 receive her in the Lord Paul encourages the Roman believers to welcome Phoebe as a fellow believer. Alternate translation: "welcome her because we all belong to the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 16 2 yic3 0 in a manner worthy of the saints "in the way that believers should welcome other believers" -ROM 16 2 qp4w figs-euphemism 0 stand by her Paul encourages the Roman believers to give to Phoebe anything she needs. Alternate translation: "help her by giving her whatever she needs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ROM 16 2 inh1 0 has become a helper of many, and of myself as well "has helped many people, and she has also helped me" -ROM 16 3 c5lg translate-names 0 Priscilla and Aquila Priscilla was the wife of Aquila. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 3 fsk1 figs-explicit 0 my fellow workers in Christ Jesus Paul's "fellow workers" are people who also tell others about Jesus. Alternate translation: "who work with me to tell people about Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 16 1 vkg8 συνίστημι δὲ ὑμῖν Φοίβην 1 I commend to you Phoebe "I want you to respect Phoebe" +ROM 16 1 sry4 translate-names Φοίβην 1 Phoebe This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 1 q86q figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τὴν ἀδελφὴν 1 our sister The word "our" refers to Paul and all believers. Alternate translation: "our sister in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +ROM 16 1 q669 translate-names Κενχρεαῖς 1 Cenchrea This was a seaport city in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 2 cwx1 figs-explicit προσδέξησθε αὐτὴν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 receive her in the Lord Paul encourages the Roman believers to welcome Phoebe as a fellow believer. Alternate translation: "welcome her because we all belong to the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 16 2 yic3 ἀξίως τῶν ἁγίων 1 in a manner worthy of the saints "in the way that believers should welcome other believers" +ROM 16 2 qp4w figs-euphemism παραστῆτε αὐτῇ 1 stand by her Paul encourages the Roman believers to give to Phoebe anything she needs. Alternate translation: "help her by giving her whatever she needs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ROM 16 2 inh1 ἐγενήθη προστάτις πολλῶν, καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 has become a helper of many, and of myself as well "has helped many people, and she has also helped me" +ROM 16 3 c5lg translate-names Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν 1 Priscilla and Aquila Priscilla was the wife of Aquila. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 3 fsk1 figs-explicit μου τοὺς συνεργούς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 my fellow workers in Christ Jesus Paul's "fellow workers" are people who also tell others about Jesus. Alternate translation: "who work with me to tell people about Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 16 5 i32d 0 Greet the church that is in their house "Greet the believers who meet in their house to worship" -ROM 16 5 bn9z translate-names 0 Epaenetus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 5 d1f1 figs-metaphor 0 firstfruit of Asia to Christ Paul speaks of Epaenetus as if he were a fruit that he harvested. Alternate translation: "first person in Asia to believe in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 16 6 ew2z translate-names 0 Mary This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 7 tzk4 translate-names 0 Andronicus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 7 z9uk translate-names 0 Junias This could be either 1) Junia, a woman's name, or, much less likely, 2) Junias, a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 7 gce3 figs-activepassive 0 They are prominent among the apostles You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The apostles know them very well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 16 8 h976 translate-names 0 Ampliatus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 8 alh2 0 my beloved in the Lord "my dear friend and fellow believer" +ROM 16 5 bn9z translate-names Ἐπαίνετον 1 Epaenetus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 5 d1f1 figs-metaphor ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀσίας εἰς Χριστόν 1 firstfruit of Asia to Christ Paul speaks of Epaenetus as if he were a fruit that he harvested. Alternate translation: "first person in Asia to believe in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 16 6 ew2z translate-names Μαρίαν 1 Mary This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 7 tzk4 translate-names Ἀνδρόνικον 1 Andronicus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 7 z9uk translate-names Ἰουνίαν 1 Junias This could be either 1) Junia, a woman's name, or, much less likely, 2) Junias, a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 7 gce3 figs-activepassive οἵτινές εἰσιν ἐπίσημοι ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 They are prominent among the apostles You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The apostles know them very well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 16 8 h976 translate-names Ἀμπλιᾶτον 1 Ampliatus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 8 alh2 μου τὸν ἀγαπητόν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 my beloved in the Lord "my dear friend and fellow believer" ROM 16 9 bd5l translate-names 0 Urbanus ... Stachys These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ROM 16 10 k55t translate-names 0 Apelles ... Aristobulus These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 10 q96n 0 the approved in Christ The word "approved" refers to someone who has been tested and proved to be genuine. Alternate translation: "whom Christ has approved" +ROM 16 10 q96n τὸν δόκιμον ἐν Χριστῷ 1 the approved in Christ The word "approved" refers to someone who has been tested and proved to be genuine. Alternate translation: "whom Christ has approved" ROM 16 11 gt6r translate-names 0 Herodion ... Narcissus These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 11 ket9 figs-explicit 0 who are in the Lord This refers to those who trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "who are believers" or "who belong to the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 16 11 ket9 figs-explicit τοὺς ὄντας ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 who are in the Lord This refers to those who trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "who are believers" or "who belong to the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 16 12 sq9n translate-names 0 Tryphaena ... Tryphosa ... Persis These are women's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 13 zmf4 translate-names 0 Rufus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 13 zy3x figs-activepassive 0 chosen in the Lord You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Lord has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 16 13 hqf6 figs-metaphor 0 his mother and mine Paul speaks of the mother of Rufus as if she were his own mother. Alternate translation: "his mother, whom I also think of as my mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 16 14 dwh9 translate-names 0 Asyncritus ... Phlegon ... Hermes ... Patrobas ... Hermas These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 14 ck2w 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 16 13 zmf4 translate-names Ῥοῦφον 1 Rufus This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 13 zy3x figs-activepassive τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 chosen in the Lord You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Lord has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 16 13 hqf6 figs-metaphor αὐτοῦ τὴν μητέρα καὶ ἐμοῦ 1 his mother and mine Paul speaks of the mother of Rufus as if she were his own mother. Alternate translation: "his mother, whom I also think of as my mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 16 14 dwh9 translate-names Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν, 1 Asyncritus ... Phlegon ... Hermes ... Patrobas ... Hermas These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 14 ck2w ἀδελφούς 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. ROM 16 15 ye9j translate-names 0 Philologus ... Nereus ... Olympas These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 15 n2rx translate-names 0 Julia The name of a woman. Julia was probably the wife of Philologus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ROM 16 16 g2z1 0 a holy kiss an expression of affection for fellow believers -ROM 16 16 t1q4 figs-hyperbole 0 All the churches of Christ greet you Here Paul speaks in a general manner concerning the churches of Christ. Alternate translation: "The believers in all the churches in this area send their greetings to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +ROM 16 15 n2rx translate-names Ἰουλίαν 1 Julia The name of a woman. Julia was probably the wife of Philologus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 16 16 g2z1 φιλήματι ἁγίῳ φιλήματι 1 a holy kiss an expression of affection for fellow believers +ROM 16 16 t1q4 figs-hyperbole πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς 1 All the churches of Christ greet you Here Paul speaks in a general manner concerning the churches of Christ. Alternate translation: "The believers in all the churches in this area send their greetings to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ROM 16 17 u1m9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives one last warning to the believers about unity and living for God. -ROM 16 17 wx6r 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -ROM 16 17 ztv5 0 to think about "to watch out for" +ROM 16 17 wx6r ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +ROM 16 17 ztv5 σκοπεῖν 1 to think about "to watch out for" ROM 16 17 n59l figs-explicit 0 who are causing the divisions and stumbling This refers to those who argue and cause others to stop trusting in Jesus. Alternate translation: "who are causing believers to argue with one another and to stop having faith in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 16 17 j9x7 0 They are going beyond the teaching that you have learned "They teach things that do not agree with the truth you have already learned" -ROM 16 17 b318 figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from them "Turn away" here is an metaphor for "refuse to listen." Alternate translation: "Do not listen to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 16 18 ea6h figs-ellipsis 0 but their own stomach The words "they serve" are understood from the previous phrase. This can be expressed as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "Rather, they serve their own stomach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 16 18 nxn4 figs-metonymy 0 but their own stomach Here "stomach" is a metonym that refers to physical desires. Serving there stomach represents satisfying their desires. Alternate translation: "but they only want to satisfy their own selfish desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 16 18 eif6 figs-doublet 0 By their smooth and flattering speech The words "smooth" and "flattering" mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing how these people are deceiving believers. Alternate translation: "By saying things that seem to be good and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 16 18 c2je figs-metonymy 0 they deceive the hearts of the innocent Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "they deceive the innocent believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 16 18 m9h5 0 innocent This refers to those who are simple, inexperienced, and naive. Alternate translation: "those who innocently trust them" or "those who do not know these teachers are fooling them" +ROM 16 17 b318 figs-metaphor καὶ ἐκκλίνετε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 Turn away from them "Turn away" here is an metaphor for "refuse to listen." Alternate translation: "Do not listen to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 16 18 ea6h figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ 1 but their own stomach The words "they serve" are understood from the previous phrase. This can be expressed as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "Rather, they serve their own stomach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 16 18 nxn4 figs-metonymy ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ 1 but their own stomach Here "stomach" is a metonym that refers to physical desires. Serving there stomach represents satisfying their desires. Alternate translation: "but they only want to satisfy their own selfish desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 16 18 eif6 figs-doublet καὶ διὰ τῆς χρηστολογίας καὶ εὐλογίας χρηστολογίας 1 By their smooth and flattering speech The words "smooth" and "flattering" mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing how these people are deceiving believers. Alternate translation: "By saying things that seem to be good and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ROM 16 18 c2je figs-metonymy ἐξαπατῶσι τὰς καρδίας τῶν ἀκάκων 1 they deceive the hearts of the innocent Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind or inner being. Alternate translation: "they deceive the innocent believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 16 18 m9h5 ἀκάκων 1 innocent This refers to those who are simple, inexperienced, and naive. Alternate translation: "those who innocently trust them" or "those who do not know these teachers are fooling them" ROM 16 19 imc7 figs-personification 0 For your example of obedience reaches everyone Here Paul speaks of the Roman believers' obedience as if it were a person who could go to people. Alternate translation: "For everyone has heard how you obey Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 16 19 le5l 0 innocent to that which is evil "not involved in doing evil things" -ROM 16 20 s3cq figs-metaphor 0 The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet The phrase "crush under your feet" refers to complete victory over an enemy. Here Paul speaks of the victory over Satan as if the Roman believers were trampling an enemy under their feet. Alternate translation: "Soon God will give you peace and complete victory over Satan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 16 19 le5l ἀκεραίους εἰς τὸ κακόν 1 innocent to that which is evil "not involved in doing evil things" +ROM 16 20 s3cq figs-metaphor ὁ δὲ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης συντρίψει ἐν τάχει συντρίψει τὸν Σατανᾶν ὑπὸ ὑμῶν τοὺς πόδας 1 The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet The phrase "crush under your feet" refers to complete victory over an enemy. Here Paul speaks of the victory over Satan as if the Roman believers were trampling an enemy under their feet. Alternate translation: "Soon God will give you peace and complete victory over Satan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 16 21 z4g3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives greetings from the believers who are with him. -ROM 16 21 ku15 translate-names 0 Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 16 21 ku15 translate-names Λούκιος, καὶ Ἰάσων, καὶ Σωσίπατρος 1 Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ROM 16 22 xu3q translate-names 0 Tertius, who write this epistle down Tertius is the man who wrote down what Paul spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 22 nx4g 0 greet you in the Lord "greet you as a fellow believer" +ROM 16 22 nx4g ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 greet you in the Lord "greet you as a fellow believer" ROM 16 23 sw7r translate-names 0 Gaius ... Erastus ... Quartus These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 16 23 j9u7 0 the host This refers to Gaius, the person in whose house Paul and his fellow believers gathered for worship. -ROM 16 23 m5hg 0 the treasurer This is a person who takes care of the money for a group. +ROM 16 23 j9u7 ὁ ξένος 1 the host This refers to Gaius, the person in whose house Paul and his fellow believers gathered for worship. +ROM 16 23 m5hg ὁ οἰκονόμος 1 the treasurer This is a person who takes care of the money for a group. ROM 16 25 psm3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes with a prayer of blessing. -ROM 16 25 v71l 0 Now Here the word "now" marks the closing section of the letter. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you can use it here. +ROM 16 25 v71l δὲ 1 Now Here the word "now" marks the closing section of the letter. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you can use it here. ROM 16 25 pp5k figs-metaphor 0 to make you stand Paul speaks here of having strong faith as if a person were standing, instead of falling. Alternate translation: "to make your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 16 25 kmw1 0 according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ "by the good news that I have preached about Jesus Christ" -ROM 16 25 s5ky figs-metaphor 0 according to the revelation of the mystery that had been kept secret for long ages Paul says that God has revealed previously hidden truths to the believers. He speaks of these truths as if they were a secret. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "because God has revealed to us believers the secret that he was keeping for a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 16 26 d7r5 figs-doublet 0 but now has been revealed and made known through the prophetic writings to all nations, by the command of the eternal God The verbs "revealed" and "made known" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses both of them to emphasize his point. You can combine these words and translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but now the eternal God has made it known to all the nations through the prophetic writings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 16 26 lc6d figs-abstractnouns 0 to bring about the obedience of faith Here "obedience" and "faith" are abstract nouns. You can use the verbs "obey" and "trust" in your translation. You may need to make explicit who will obey and trust. Alternate translation: "so that all nations will obey God because they trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 16 27 qmj7 figs-explicit 0 To the only wise God ... be glory forever. Amen Here "through Jesus Christ" refers to what Jesus did. To give "glory" means to praise God. Alternate translation: "Because of what Jesus Christ has done for us, we will praise forever the one who alone is God and who alone is wise. Amen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 16 25 kmw1 κατὰ μου τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν καὶ τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ "by the good news that I have preached about Jesus Christ" +ROM 16 25 s5ky figs-metaphor κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου σεσιγημένου χρόνοις αἰωνίοις 1 according to the revelation of the mystery that had been kept secret for long ages Paul says that God has revealed previously hidden truths to the believers. He speaks of these truths as if they were a secret. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "because God has revealed to us believers the secret that he was keeping for a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 16 26 d7r5 figs-doublet δὲ νῦν φανερωθέντος γνωρισθέντος διά τε προφητικῶν Γραφῶν εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ 1 but now has been revealed and made known through the prophetic writings to all nations, by the command of the eternal God The verbs "revealed" and "made known" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses both of them to emphasize his point. You can combine these words and translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "but now the eternal God has made it known to all the nations through the prophetic writings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 16 26 lc6d figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 to bring about the obedience of faith Here "obedience" and "faith" are abstract nouns. You can use the verbs "obey" and "trust" in your translation. You may need to make explicit who will obey and trust. Alternate translation: "so that all nations will obey God because they trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 16 27 qmj7 figs-explicit 0 To the only wise God ... be glory forever. Amen Here "through Jesus Christ" refers to what Jesus did. To give "glory" means to praise God. Alternate translation: "Because of what Jesus Christ has done for us, we will praise forever the one who alone is God and who alone is wise. Amen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_47-1CO.tsv b/en_tn_47-1CO.tsv index a38362d79f..4c2ec47a2d 100644 --- a/en_tn_47-1CO.tsv +++ b/en_tn_47-1CO.tsv @@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 09 25 bfe4 figs-metaphor 0 a wreath that is perishable ... one that is imperishable A wreath is a bunch of leaves twisted together. Wreaths were given as prizes to athletes who won games and races. Paul speaks of eternal life as if it were a wreath that would never dry up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 09 26 k64n figs-metaphor 0 I do not run without purpose or box by beating the air Here "running" and "boxing" are both metaphors for living the Christian life and serving God. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "I know very well why I am running, and I know what I am doing when I box" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1CO 09 27 blb7 figs-activepassive 0 I myself may not be disqualified This passive sentence can be rephrased to an active form. The judge of a race or competition is a metaphor for God. Alternate translation: "the judge will not disqualify me" or "God will not say that I have failed to obey the rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"

In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then, he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Exodus
Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, they all died on the way. None of them reached the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

##### Eating meat sacrificed to idol
Paul discusses meat offered to idols. Christians are allowed to eat, but it may hurt others. So when buying meat or eating with a friend, do not ask if it has been offered to idols. But if someone tells you it has been offered to idols, don't eat it for the sake of that person. Do not offend anyone. Seek to save them instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

##### Rhetorical questions
Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)
+1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"

In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then, he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Exodus
Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, they all died on the way. None of them reached the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

##### Eating meat sacrificed to idol
Paul discusses meat offered to idols. Christians are allowed to eat, but it may hurt others. So when buying meat or eating with a friend, do not ask if it has been offered to idols. But if someone tells you it has been offered to idols, don't eat it for the sake of that person. Do not offend anyone. Seek to save them instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

##### Rhetorical questions
Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)
1CO 10 01 r66h 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds them of the example of their ancient Jewish fathers' experiences with immorality and idolatry. 1CO 10 01 g34f figs-inclusive 0 our fathers Paul is referring to the time of Moses in the book of Exodus when Israel fled through the Red Sea as the Egyptian army pursued them. The word "our" refers to himself and the Corinthians and is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 1CO 10 01 v4c6 0 passed through the sea This sea is known by two names, the Red Sea and the Sea of Reeds. @@ -468,33 +468,33 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 10 09 l5h4 figs-activepassive 0 did and were destroyed by snakes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did. As a result, snakes destroyed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 10 10 nye7 0 grumble complaining 1CO 10 10 i3q3 figs-activepassive 0 did and were destroyed by an angel of death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "did. As a result, an angel of death destroyed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 10 11 u1mp 0 these things happened to them "God punished our ancestors" +1CO 10 11 u1mp ταῦτα συνέβαινεν ἐκείνοις 1 these things happened to them "God punished our ancestors" 1CO 10 11 wmp1 figs-inclusive 0 examples for us Here "us" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1CO 10 11 j3z1 0 the end of the ages "the last days" +1CO 10 11 j3z1 τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων 1 the end of the ages "the last days" 1CO 10 12 df2p 0 does not fall does not sin or reject God 1CO 10 13 a8vj figs-doublenegatives 0 No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to all humanity This can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: "The temptations that affect you are temptations that all people experience" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -1CO 10 13 hc7q 0 He will not let you be tempted beyond your ability "He will only allow you to be tempted in ways that you are strong enough to resist" -1CO 10 13 a72t figs-activepassive 0 will not let you be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not allow anyone to tempt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 10 13 hc7q ὃς ἐάσει οὐκ ἐάσει ὑμᾶς πειρασθῆναι ὑπὲρ ὃ δύνασθε 1 He will not let you be tempted beyond your ability "He will only allow you to be tempted in ways that you are strong enough to resist" +1CO 10 13 a72t figs-activepassive ἐάσει οὐκ ἐάσει ὑμᾶς πειρασθῆναι 1 will not let you be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not allow anyone to tempt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 10 14 dab4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to remind them to be pure and to stay away from idolatry and immorality as he talks about communion, which represents the blood and body of Christ. -1CO 10 14 n5tb figs-metaphor 0 run away from idolatry Paul is speaking of the practice of worshiping idols as if it were a physical thing like a dangerous animal. Alternate translation: "do all you can to get away from worshiping idols" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 10 16 gi4s figs-metaphor 0 The cup of blessing Paul is speaking of God's blessing as though it were the wine in the cup used in the ritual of the Lord's Supper. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 10 16 tv8e 0 that we bless "for which we thank God" +1CO 10 14 n5tb figs-metaphor φεύγετε ἀπὸ τῆς εἰδωλολατρίας 1 run away from idolatry Paul is speaking of the practice of worshiping idols as if it were a physical thing like a dangerous animal. Alternate translation: "do all you can to get away from worshiping idols" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 10 16 gi4s figs-metaphor τὸ ποτήριον τῆς εὐλογίας 1 The cup of blessing Paul is speaking of God's blessing as though it were the wine in the cup used in the ritual of the Lord's Supper. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 10 16 tv8e ὃ εὐλογοῦμεν 1 that we bless "for which we thank God" 1CO 10 16 y5uv figs-rquestion 0 is it not a sharing in the blood of Christ? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know, that the cup of wine that we share represents us sharing in the blood of Christ. Alternate translation: "we share in the blood of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 10 16 ngf6 figs-rquestion 0 The bread that we break, is it not a sharing in the body of Christ? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know. Alternate translation: "We share in the body of Christ when we share bread." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 10 16 n77u 0 a sharing in "taking part in" or "equally participating with others in" -1CO 10 17 g954 0 loaf of bread a single unit of baked bread that is sliced or broken into pieces before it is eaten -1CO 10 18 q9ng figs-rquestion 0 Are not those who eat the sacrifices participants in the altar? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know so that he can give them new information. Alternate translation: "those who eat the sacrifices share in the activities and the blessings of the altar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 10 19 ix5q figs-rquestion 0 What am I saying then? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know so that he can give them new information. Alternate translation: "Let me review what I am saying." or "This is what I mean." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 10 16 n77u κοινωνία τοῦ 1 a sharing in "taking part in" or "equally participating with others in" +1CO 10 17 g954 ἄρτος 1 loaf of bread a single unit of baked bread that is sliced or broken into pieces before it is eaten +1CO 10 18 q9ng figs-rquestion εἰσίν οὐχὶ οἱ ἐσθίοντες τὰς θυσίας κοινωνοὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου? 1 Are not those who eat the sacrifices participants in the altar? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know so that he can give them new information. Alternate translation: "those who eat the sacrifices share in the activities and the blessings of the altar" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 10 19 ix5q figs-rquestion τί φημι οὖν? 1 What am I saying then? Paul is reminding the Corinthians of what they already know so that he can give them new information. Alternate translation: "Let me review what I am saying." or "This is what I mean." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 10 19 hy95 figs-rquestion 0 That an idol is anything? Paul wants the Corinthians to answer the question in their minds so he does not have to tell them. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not saying that an idol is something real." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CO 10 19 j8dj figs-rquestion 0 Or that food sacrificed to an idol is anything? Paul wants the Corinthians to answer the question in their minds so he does not have to tell them. Alternate translation: "You know that I am not saying that food sacrificed to an idol is not important." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 10 21 dy2g figs-metonymy 0 You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons Paul speaks of a person drinking from the same cup as the demon as evidence that that person is a friend of the demon. Alternate translation: "It is impossible for you to be true friends with both the Lord and demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 10 21 qwk7 0 You cannot have fellowship at the table of the Lord and the table of demons "It is impossible for you to be truly one with the Lord's people and also with demons" -1CO 10 22 l8ik 0 Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Paul wants the Corinthians to answer this question in their minds. Alternate translation: "You should know without me telling you that it is not right to make the Lord jealous." -1CO 10 22 h9fh 0 provoke to anger or irritate +1CO 10 21 dy2g figs-metonymy οὐ δύνασθε πίνειν ποτήριον Κυρίου καὶ ποτήριον δαιμονίων 1 You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons Paul speaks of a person drinking from the same cup as the demon as evidence that that person is a friend of the demon. Alternate translation: "It is impossible for you to be true friends with both the Lord and demons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CO 10 21 qwk7 οὐ δύνασθε μετέχειν τραπέζης Κυρίου καὶ τραπέζης δαιμονίων 1 You cannot have fellowship at the table of the Lord and the table of demons "It is impossible for you to be truly one with the Lord's people and also with demons" +1CO 10 22 l8ik ἢ παραζηλοῦμεν τὸν Κύριον παραζηλοῦμεν? 1 Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Paul wants the Corinthians to answer this question in their minds. Alternate translation: "You should know without me telling you that it is not right to make the Lord jealous." +1CO 10 22 h9fh παραζηλοῦμεν 1 provoke to anger or irritate 1CO 10 22 zv17 figs-rquestion 0 Are we stronger than he is? Paul wants the Corinthians to answer this question in their minds. Alternate translation: "You should know without me telling you that we are not stronger than God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 10 23 ped1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul again reminds them of the law of liberty and doing everything for the benefit of others. -1CO 10 23 tu2m 0 Everything is lawful Possible meanings are 1) Paul is answering what some Corinthians might be thinking, "Some say, 'I can do anything'" or 2) Paul is actually saying what he thinks is true, "God allows me to do anything." This should be translated as in [1 Corinthians 6:12](../06/12.md). -1CO 10 23 jm4k 0 not everything is beneficial "some things are not beneficial" +1CO 10 23 tu2m πάντα ἔξεστιν 1 Everything is lawful Possible meanings are 1) Paul is answering what some Corinthians might be thinking, "Some say, 'I can do anything'" or 2) Paul is actually saying what he thinks is true, "God allows me to do anything." This should be translated as in [1 Corinthians 6:12](../06/12.md). +1CO 10 23 jm4k οὐ πάντα συμφέρει 1 not everything is beneficial "some things are not beneficial" 1CO 10 23 ex6z figs-metaphor 0 not everything builds people up Building people up represents helping them become mature and strong in their faith. See how you translated "builds up" in [1 Corinthians 8:1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "not everything strengthens people" or "some things do not strengthen people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 10 27 g31y 0 you without asking questions of conscience "you. God wants you to eat the food with a clear conscience" 1CO 10 28 q3zt figs-you 0 But if someone says to you ... do not eat ... who informed you Some translations put this verse, continuing to "and not yours" in the next verse, in parentheses because 1) the forms of "you" and "eat" here are singular, but Paul uses the plural form immediately before and after this sentence, and 2) the words "For why should my freedom be judged by another's conscience?" in the next verse seem to build on "eat whatever is set before you without asking questions of conscience" ([1 Corinthians 10:27](../10/27.md)) rather than "the conscience of the other man." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -504,13 +504,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 10 29 k8xr 0 For why ... conscience? Possible meanings for this question, along with the question in the next verse, are 1) the word "for" refers back to [1 Corinthians 10:27](../10/27.md). Alternate translation: "I am not to ask questions of conscience, so why ... conscience?" or 2) Paul is quoting what some Corinthians were thinking. Alternate translation: "As some of you might be thinking, 'For why ... conscience?'" 1CO 10 29 d4q1 figs-rquestion 0 why should my freedom be judged by another's conscience? The speaker wants the hearer to answer the question in his mind. Alternate translation: "You should know without me telling you that no one should be able to say I am doing wrong just because that person has ideas about right and wrong that are different from mine." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 10 30 dv5f figs-rquestion 0 If I partake of the meal with gratitude, why am I being insulted for that for which I gave thanks? The speaker wants the hearer to answer the question in his mind. Alternate translation: "I partake of the meal with gratitude, so no one should insult me for that for which I gave thanks." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 10 30 x2v5 0 If I partake If Paul is not quoting what some Corinthians might be thinking, the "I" represents those who eat meat with thankfulness. "If a person partakes" or "When a person eats" -1CO 10 30 n89t 0 with gratitude "and thank God for it" or "and thank the person who gave it to me for it" -1CO 10 32 ag47 0 Give no offense to Jews or to Greeks "Do not displease Jews or Greeks" or "Do not make Jews or Greeks angry" +1CO 10 30 x2v5 εἰ ἐγὼ μετέχω 1 If I partake If Paul is not quoting what some Corinthians might be thinking, the "I" represents those who eat meat with thankfulness. "If a person partakes" or "When a person eats" +1CO 10 30 n89t χάριτι 1 with gratitude "and thank God for it" or "and thank the person who gave it to me for it" +1CO 10 32 ag47 γίνεσθε ἀπρόσκοποι καὶ Ἰουδαίοις καὶ Ἕλλησιν 1 Give no offense to Jews or to Greeks "Do not displease Jews or Greeks" or "Do not make Jews or Greeks angry" 1CO 10 33 kj14 0 please all people "make all people glad" 1CO 10 33 b4jv 0 I do not seek my benefit "I do not do things I desire for myself" -1CO 10 33 hd2z 0 the many as many people as possible -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34).

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Proper conduct in a church service

##### Disorderly women
Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women who were abusing their Christian freedom and causing disorder in the church by going against established cultural customs. The disorder that their actions created would have caused him to be concerned.

##### The Lord's Supper
There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions

Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the people for their unwillingness to follow the rules for worship he has suggested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### The head

Paul uses "head" as a metonym for authority in verse 3 and also to refer to a person's actual head in verse 4 and following. Since they are so close together, it is likely that Paul intentionally used "head" in this way. This would show that the ideas in these verses were connected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+1CO 10 33 hd2z τῶν πολλῶν 1 the many as many people as possible +1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34).

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Proper conduct in a church service

##### Disorderly women
Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women who were abusing their Christian freedom and causing disorder in the church by going against established cultural customs. The disorder that their actions created would have caused him to be concerned.

##### The Lord's Supper
There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions

Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the people for their unwillingness to follow the rules for worship he has suggested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### The head

Paul uses "head" as a metonym for authority in verse 3 and also to refer to a person's actual head in verse 4 and following. Since they are so close together, it is likely that Paul intentionally used "head" in this way. This would show that the ideas in these verses were connected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1CO 11 01 h5fg 0 Connecting Statement: After reminding them to follow him the way he follows Christ, Paul gives some specific instructs in how women and men are to live as believers. 1CO 11 02 qsk9 0 you remember me in everything "you think of me at all times" or "you always try act as I would want you to act" The Corinthians had not forgotten who Paul was or what he had taught them. 1CO 11 03 k5um 0 Now I want Possible meanings are 1) "Because of this, I want" or 2) "However, I want." @@ -528,11 +528,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 11 08 s5ns figs-activepassive 0 For man was not made from woman. Instead, woman was made from man God made the woman by taking a bone from the man and making the woman from that bone. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not make the man from the woman. Instead, he made the woman from the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 11 09 w8jm 0 For neither ... for man These words and all of [1 Corinthians 11:8](../11/08.md) could be put in parentheses so that the reader can see that the word "this" in "this is why ... the angels" clearly refers back to the words "the woman is the glory of the man" in [1 Corinthians 11:7](../11/07.md). 1CO 11 10 wh4c 0 have a symbol of authority on her head Possible meanings are 1) "to symbolize that she has man as her head" or 2) "to symbolize that she has the authority to pray or prophesy." -1CO 11 11 pir4 0 Nevertheless, in the Lord "While what I have just said is all true, the most important thing is this: in the Lord" -1CO 11 11 h9t4 0 in the Lord Possible meanings are 1) "among Christians, who belong to the Lord" or 2) "in the world as created by God." -1CO 11 11 hqy4 figs-doublenegatives 0 the woman is not independent from the man, nor is the man independent from the woman This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "the woman depends on the man, and the man depends on the woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +1CO 11 11 pir4 πλὴν, ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Nevertheless, in the Lord "While what I have just said is all true, the most important thing is this: in the Lord" +1CO 11 11 h9t4 ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 in the Lord Possible meanings are 1) "among Christians, who belong to the Lord" or 2) "in the world as created by God." +1CO 11 11 hqy4 figs-doublenegatives γυναικὸς 1 the woman is not independent from the man, nor is the man independent from the woman This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "the woman depends on the man, and the man depends on the woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1CO 11 12 i8qu 0 all things come from God "God created everything" -1CO 11 13 eex3 0 Judge for yourselves "Judge this issue according to the local customs and church practices you know" +1CO 11 13 eex3 κρίνατε γυναῖκα αὐτοῖς 1 Judge for yourselves "Judge this issue according to the local customs and church practices you know" 1CO 11 13 hp13 figs-activepassive 0 Is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered? Paul expects the Corinthians to agree with him. This can be stated in active form. "To honor God, a woman should pray to God with a covering on her head." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 11 14 v5b5 figs-rquestion 0 Does not even nature itself teach you ... for him? Paul expects the Corinthians to agree with him. Alternate translation: "Nature itself even teaches you ... for him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 11 14 gyw9 figs-personification 0 Does not even nature itself teach you ... for him? He is speaking of the way people in society normally act as if it were a person who teaches. Alternate translation: "You know just from looking at the way people normally act ... for him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -540,42 +540,42 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 11 17 id4f 0 Connecting Statement: As Paul talks about communion, the Lord's supper, he reminds them to have right attitudes as well as unity. He reminds them that if they fail in those things when taking communion, they will become sick and die, as has already happened to some of them. 1CO 11 17 vt5a 0 in the following instructions, I do not praise you. For when Another possible meaning is "as I give you these instructions, there is something for which I cannot praise you: when" 1CO 11 17 t2sm 0 the following instructions "the instructions I am about to talk about" -1CO 11 17 ry4k 0 come together "gather together" or "meet" +1CO 11 17 ry4k συνέρχεσθε 1 come together "gather together" or "meet" 1CO 11 17 du1a 0 it is not for the better but for the worse "you do not help each other; instead, you harm each other" -1CO 11 18 iu3q 0 in the church "as believers." Paul is not talking about being inside a building. -1CO 11 18 l9vx 0 there are divisions among you "you divide yourselves into opposing groups" -1CO 11 19 s9sy figs-irony 0 For there must also be factions among you Possible meanings 1) The word "must" indicates that that this situation is likely to happen. Alternate translation: "For there will probably be factions among you" or 2) Paul was using irony to shame them for having factions. Alternate translation: "For you seem to think that there must be factions among you" or "For you seem to think that you must divide yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -1CO 11 19 kcr7 0 factions opposing groups of people -1CO 11 19 vfv4 figs-irony 0 so that those who are approved may be recognized among you Possible meanings are 1) "so that people will know the most highly regarded believers among you" or 2) "so that people can display this approval to the others among you." Paul may have been using irony, saying the opposite of what he wanted the Corinthians to understand, to shame them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -1CO 11 19 j7db 0 who are approved Possible meanings are 1) "whom God approves" or 2) "whom you, the church, approve." -1CO 11 20 x9h5 0 come together "gather together" +1CO 11 18 iu3q ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 in the church "as believers." Paul is not talking about being inside a building. +1CO 11 18 l9vx ὑπάρχειν σχίσματα ἐν ὑμῖν 1 there are divisions among you "you divide yourselves into opposing groups" +1CO 11 19 s9sy figs-irony γὰρ δεῖ καὶ εἶναι αἱρέσεις ἐν ὑμῖν 1 For there must also be factions among you Possible meanings 1) The word "must" indicates that that this situation is likely to happen. Alternate translation: "For there will probably be factions among you" or 2) Paul was using irony to shame them for having factions. Alternate translation: "For you seem to think that there must be factions among you" or "For you seem to think that you must divide yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +1CO 11 19 kcr7 αἱρέσεις 1 factions opposing groups of people +1CO 11 19 vfv4 figs-irony ἵνα οἱ δόκιμοι γένωνται φανεροὶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 so that those who are approved may be recognized among you Possible meanings are 1) "so that people will know the most highly regarded believers among you" or 2) "so that people can display this approval to the others among you." Paul may have been using irony, saying the opposite of what he wanted the Corinthians to understand, to shame them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +1CO 11 19 j7db δόκιμοι 1 who are approved Possible meanings are 1) "whom God approves" or 2) "whom you, the church, approve." +1CO 11 20 x9h5 συνερχομένων 1 come together "gather together" 1CO 11 20 dse7 0 it is not the Lord's Supper that you eat "you may believe you are eating the Lord's Supper, but you do not treat it with respect" -1CO 11 22 zl1h 0 to eat and to drink in "in which to gather for a meal" -1CO 11 22 d2cm 0 despise hate or treat with dishonor and disrespect -1CO 11 22 w476 0 humiliate embarrass or cause to feel shame -1CO 11 22 nz88 figs-rquestion 0 What should I say to you? Should I praise you? Paul is rebuking the Corinthians. Alternate translation: "I can say nothing good about this. I cannot praise you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 11 23 av31 0 For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord "For it was from the Lord that I heard what I told you, and it was this: the Lord" -1CO 11 23 c197 figs-activepassive 0 on the night when he was betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "on the night that Judas Iscariot betrayed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 11 22 zl1h ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν εἰς 1 to eat and to drink in "in which to gather for a meal" +1CO 11 22 d2cm καταφρονεῖτε 1 despise hate or treat with dishonor and disrespect +1CO 11 22 w476 καταισχύνετε 1 humiliate embarrass or cause to feel shame +1CO 11 22 nz88 figs-rquestion τί εἴπω ὑμῖν? ἐπαινέσω ἐπαινῶ? 1 What should I say to you? Should I praise you? Paul is rebuking the Corinthians. Alternate translation: "I can say nothing good about this. I cannot praise you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 11 23 av31 γὰρ ἐγὼ παρέλαβον ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου ὃ παρέδωκα καὶ παρέδωκα ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ Κύριος 1 For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord "For it was from the Lord that I heard what I told you, and it was this: the Lord" +1CO 11 23 c197 figs-activepassive ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ᾗ παρεδίδετο 1 on the night when he was betrayed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "on the night that Judas Iscariot betrayed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 11 24 e19d 0 he broke it "he pulled pieces from it" -1CO 11 24 f6hn 0 This is my body "The bread I am holding is my body" -1CO 11 25 gr2k 0 the cup It is best to translate this literally. The Corinthians knew which cup he took, so it is not simply "a cup" or "some cup" or "any cup." Possible meanings are that it was 1) the cup of wine that one would expect him to use or 2) the third or fourth of the four cups of wine that the Jews drank at the Passover meal. -1CO 11 25 z54e 0 Do this as often as you drink it "Drink from this cup, and as often as you drink from it" -1CO 11 26 sj1l 0 proclaim the Lord's death teach about the crucifixion and resurrection -1CO 11 26 m89f figs-explicit 0 until he comes Where Jesus comes to can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "until Jesus comes back to the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CO 11 27 as6y 0 eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord "eats the bread of the Lord or drinks the cup of the Lord" -1CO 11 28 nhx7 figs-metaphor 0 examine Paul speaks of a person looking at his relationship to God and how he has been living his life as if that person is looking over something he wants to buy. See how "test the quality" is translated in [1 Corinthians 3:13](../03/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 11 24 f6hn τοῦτό ἐστιν μού τὸ σῶμα 1 This is my body "The bread I am holding is my body" +1CO 11 25 gr2k τὸ ποτήριον 1 the cup It is best to translate this literally. The Corinthians knew which cup he took, so it is not simply "a cup" or "some cup" or "any cup." Possible meanings are that it was 1) the cup of wine that one would expect him to use or 2) the third or fourth of the four cups of wine that the Jews drank at the Passover meal. +1CO 11 25 z54e ποιεῖτε τοῦτο ὁσάκις πίνητε 1 Do this as often as you drink it "Drink from this cup, and as often as you drink from it" +1CO 11 26 sj1l καταγγέλλετε τοῦ Κυρίου' Κυρίου τὸν θάνατον 1 proclaim the Lord's death teach about the crucifixion and resurrection +1CO 11 26 m89f figs-explicit ἄχρι οὗ ἔλθῃ 1 until he comes Where Jesus comes to can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "until Jesus comes back to the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1CO 11 27 as6y ἂν ἐσθίῃ τὸν ἄρτον ἢ πίνῃ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord "eats the bread of the Lord or drinks the cup of the Lord" +1CO 11 28 nhx7 figs-metaphor δοκιμαζέτω 1 examine Paul speaks of a person looking at his relationship to God and how he has been living his life as if that person is looking over something he wants to buy. See how "test the quality" is translated in [1 Corinthians 3:13](../03/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 11 29 gqd2 0 without discerning the body Possible meanings are 1) "and does not recognize that the church is the body of the Lord" or 2) "and does not consider that he is handling the Lord's body." -1CO 11 30 kbi6 0 weak and ill These words mean almost the same thing and can be combined, as in UST. +1CO 11 30 kbi6 ἀσθενεῖς καὶ ἄρρωστοι 1 weak and ill These words mean almost the same thing and can be combined, as in UST. 1CO 11 30 vx5t figs-euphemism 0 and some of you have fallen asleep "Sleep" here is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: "and some of you have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]). 1CO 11 30 bh6j figs-explicit 0 some of you If this would sound like Paul is talking to those who have died, you may need to make explicit that he is not. Alternate translation: "some of the members of your group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CO 11 31 j6ml figs-metaphor 0 examine Paul speaks of a person looking at his relationship to God and how he has been living his life as if that person is looking over something he wants to buy. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 11:28](../11/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 11 31 egl8 figs-activepassive 0 we will not be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not judge us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 11 32 ruq5 figs-activepassive 0 we are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined, so that we may not be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord judges us, he disciplines us, so that he will not condemn us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 11 33 maa7 0 come together to eat gather to eat a meal together before celebrating the Lord's Supper -1CO 11 33 nky5 0 wait for one another "allow the others to arrive before beginning the meal" -1CO 11 34 v2uh 0 let him eat at home "let him eat before attending this gathering" +1CO 11 31 j6ml figs-metaphor διεκρίνομεν 1 examine Paul speaks of a person looking at his relationship to God and how he has been living his life as if that person is looking over something he wants to buy. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 11:28](../11/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 11 31 egl8 figs-activepassive ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα 1 we will not be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not judge us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 11 32 ruq5 figs-activepassive κρινόμενοι ὑπὸ Κυρίου, παιδευόμεθα, ἵνα κατακριθῶμεν μὴ κατακριθῶμεν 1 we are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined, so that we may not be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord judges us, he disciplines us, so that he will not condemn us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 11 33 maa7 συνερχόμενοι φαγεῖν 1 come together to eat gather to eat a meal together before celebrating the Lord's Supper +1CO 11 33 nky5 ἐκδέχεσθε ἀλλήλους 1 wait for one another "allow the others to arrive before beginning the meal" +1CO 11 34 v2uh ἐσθιέτω ἐν οἴκῳ 1 let him eat at home "let him eat before attending this gathering" 1CO 11 34 x1l8 figs-metonymy 0 it will not be for judgment "it will not be an occasion for God to discipline you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit

This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The Church, the body of Christ

This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The Church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit."
In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences.
+1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit

This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The Church, the body of Christ

This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The Church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit."
In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences.
1CO 12 01 da2e 0 Connecting Statement: Paul lets them know that God has given special gifts to believers. These gifts are to help the body of believers. 1CO 12 01 i3k7 figs-doublenegatives 0 I do not want you to be uninformed This can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: "I want you to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1CO 12 02 hbt8 figs-metaphor 0 you were led astray to idols who could not speak, in whatever ways you were led by them Here "led astray" is a metaphor for being persuaded to do something wrong. Being led astray to idols represents being wrongly persuaded to worship idols. The phrases "were led astray" and "you were led by them" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you were persuaded in some way to worship idols who cannot speak" or "you believed lies somehow and so you worshiped idols who cannot speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -591,36 +591,36 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 12 08 a9pr figs-hendiadys 0 the word of knowledge Paul is communicating one idea through two words. Alternate translation: "words that show knowldge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 1CO 12 09 pe8s figs-activepassive 0 is given This can be stated in active form. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 12:8](../12/08.md). Alternate translation: "God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 12 09 d7qg figs-ellipsis 0 to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit The words "are given" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit are given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 12 10 x572 figs-ellipsis 0 to another prophecy The phrase "is given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another prophecy is given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 12 10 v7xy figs-ellipsis 0 to another various kinds of tongues The phrase "are given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another various kinds of tongues are given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 12 10 skl8 figs-metonymy 0 various kinds of tongues Here "tongues" represents languages. Alternate translation: "the ability to speak different languages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 12 10 j8qk figs-ellipsis 0 to another the interpretation of tongues The phrase "is given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another the interpretation of tongues is given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 12 10 c14y 0 the interpretation of tongues This is the ability to listen to what someone says in one language and use another language to tell people what that person is saying. Alternate translation: "the ability to interpret what is said in other languages" -1CO 12 11 z383 0 one and the same Spirit God gives the gifts through the work of the one and only Holy Spirit. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 12:8](../12/08.md). +1CO 12 10 x572 figs-ellipsis ἄλλῳ προφητεία 1 to another prophecy The phrase "is given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another prophecy is given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CO 12 10 v7xy figs-ellipsis ἑτέρῳ γένη γλωσσῶν 1 to another various kinds of tongues The phrase "are given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another various kinds of tongues are given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CO 12 10 skl8 figs-metonymy γένη γλωσσῶν 1 various kinds of tongues Here "tongues" represents languages. Alternate translation: "the ability to speak different languages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CO 12 10 j8qk figs-ellipsis ἄλλῳ ἑρμηνία γλωσσῶν 1 to another the interpretation of tongues The phrase "is given by the same Spirit" is understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "to another the interpretation of tongues is given by the same Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CO 12 10 c14y ἑρμηνία γλωσσῶν 1 the interpretation of tongues This is the ability to listen to what someone says in one language and use another language to tell people what that person is saying. Alternate translation: "the ability to interpret what is said in other languages" +1CO 12 11 z383 τὸ ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ Πνεῦμα 1 one and the same Spirit God gives the gifts through the work of the one and only Holy Spirit. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 12:8](../12/08.md). 1CO 12 12 j3xl 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to talk of the variety of gifts God gives believers, God gives different gifts to different believers, but Paul wants them to know that all believers are made into one body, which is called the body of Christ. For this reason believers should have unity. -1CO 12 13 g8uk figs-activepassive 0 For by one Spirit we were all baptized Possible meanings are 1) the Holy Spirit is the one who baptizes us, "For one Spirit baptized us" or 2) that the Spirit, like the water of baptism, is the medium through which we are baptized into the body, "For in one Spirit we were all baptized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 12 13 r9hm figs-metonymy 0 whether bound or free "Bound" here is a metonym for "slaves." Alternate translation: "whether slave-people or free-people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 12 13 r5kw figs-activepassive 0 all were made to drink of one Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave all of us the same Spirit, and we share the Spirit as people might share a drink" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 12 13 g8uk figs-activepassive γὰρ ἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι ἡμεῖς ἐβαπτίσθημεν πάντες ἐβαπτίσθημεν 1 For by one Spirit we were all baptized Possible meanings are 1) the Holy Spirit is the one who baptizes us, "For one Spirit baptized us" or 2) that the Spirit, like the water of baptism, is the medium through which we are baptized into the body, "For in one Spirit we were all baptized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 12 13 r9hm figs-metonymy εἴτε δοῦλοι εἴτε ἐλεύθεροι 1 whether bound or free "Bound" here is a metonym for "slaves." Alternate translation: "whether slave-people or free-people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CO 12 13 r5kw figs-activepassive πάντες ἐποτίσθημεν ἓν Πνεῦμα 1 all were made to drink of one Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave all of us the same Spirit, and we share the Spirit as people might share a drink" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 12 17 rsl6 figs-rquestion 0 where would the sense of hearing be? ... where would the sense of smell be? This can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "you could not hear anything ... you could not smell anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 12 19 zw6k 0 the same member The word "member" is a general word for the parts of the body, like the head, arm, or knee. Alternate translation: "the same part of the body" +1CO 12 19 zw6k μέλος ἓν μέλος 1 the same member The word "member" is a general word for the parts of the body, like the head, arm, or knee. Alternate translation: "the same part of the body" 1CO 12 19 y4vg figs-rquestion 0 where would the body be? This can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "there would be no body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 12 21 u9r9 0 I have no need of you "I do not need you" -1CO 12 23 rrs6 0 less honorable "less important" -1CO 12 23 id5z figs-euphemism 0 our unpresentable members This probably refers to the private parts of the body, which people keep covered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1CO 12 25 z4kk 0 there may be no division within the body, but "the body may be unified, and" +1CO 12 23 rrs6 ἀτιμότερα 1 less honorable "less important" +1CO 12 23 id5z figs-euphemism ἡμῶν τὰ ἀσχήμονα 1 our unpresentable members This probably refers to the private parts of the body, which people keep covered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +1CO 12 25 z4kk ᾖ μὴ σχίσμα ἐν τῷ σώματι, ἀλλὰ 1 there may be no division within the body, but "the body may be unified, and" 1CO 12 26 da97 figs-activepassive 0 one member is honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone gives honor to one member" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 12 27 z2ct 0 Now you are Here the word "now" is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -1CO 12 28 ll3s 0 first apostles Possible meanings are 1) "the first gift I will mention is apostles" or 2) "the most important gift is apostles." +1CO 12 27 z2ct δέ ὑμεῖς ἐστε 1 Now you are Here the word "now" is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +1CO 12 28 ll3s πρῶτον ἀποστόλους 1 first apostles Possible meanings are 1) "the first gift I will mention is apostles" or 2) "the most important gift is apostles." 1CO 12 28 unh1 0 those who provide helps "those who provide help to other believers" 1CO 12 28 l6p1 0 those who do the work of administration "those who govern the church" 1CO 12 28 w726 0 those who have various kinds of tongues an individual who can speak in one or more foreign languages without having studied that language 1CO 12 29 aq64 figs-rquestion 0 Are all of them apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? Do all do powerful deeds? Paul is reminding his readers of what they already know. Alternate translation: "Only some of them are apostles. Only some of them are prophets. Only some of them are teachers. Only some of them do powerful deeds." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 12 30 p919 figs-rquestion 0 Do all of them have gifts of healing? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them have gifts of healing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 12 30 q8ht figs-rquestion 0 Do all of them speak with tongues? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them speak with tongues." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 12 30 d3k8 figs-rquestion 0 Do all of them interpret tongues? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them interpret tongues." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 12 30 ab9e 0 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). -1CO 12 31 vb1m 0 Zealously seek the greater gifts. Possible meanings are 1) "You must eagerly seek from God the gifts that best help the church." or 2) "You are eagerly looking for gifts that you think are greater because you think they are more exciting to have." -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts. However, this chapter probably serves a larger function in his teaching.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Love

Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Paul uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He uses these metaphors to instruct the Corinthians, especially on difficult topics. Readers often need spiritual discernment to understand these teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+1CO 12 30 p919 figs-rquestion ἔχουσιν πάντες ἔχουσιν χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων? 1 Do all of them have gifts of healing? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them have gifts of healing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 12 30 q8ht figs-rquestion λαλοῦσιν πάντες λαλοῦσιν γλώσσαις? 1 Do all of them speak with tongues? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them speak with tongues." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 12 30 d3k8 figs-rquestion διερμηνεύουσιν πάντες διερμηνεύουσιν? 1 Do all of them interpret tongues? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "Not all of them interpret tongues." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 12 30 ab9e διερμηνεύουσιν 1 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). +1CO 12 31 vb1m ζηλοῦτε τὰ τὰ μείζονα χαρίσματα. 1 Zealously seek the greater gifts. Possible meanings are 1) "You must eagerly seek from God the gifts that best help the church." or 2) "You are eagerly looking for gifts that you think are greater because you think they are more exciting to have." +1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts. However, this chapter probably serves a larger function in his teaching.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Love

Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Paul uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He uses these metaphors to instruct the Corinthians, especially on difficult topics. Readers often need spiritual discernment to understand these teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1CO 13 01 n8lm 0 Connecting Statement: Having just talked about the gifts that God gave to believers, Paul emphasizes what is more important. 1CO 13 01 cm2n figs-hyperbole 0 the tongues of ... angels Possible meanings are 1) Paul is exaggerating for the sake of effect and does not believe that people speak the language that angels use or 2) Paul thinks that some who speak in tongues actually speak the language that angels use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CO 13 01 k2gk figs-metaphor 0 I have become a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal I have become like instruments that make loud, annoying sounds (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -634,12 +634,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 13 06 tpz6 figs-doublenegatives 0 It does not rejoice in unrighteousness. Instead, it rejoices in the truth This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "It rejoices only in righteousness and truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1CO 13 07 vf6x figs-personification 0 Paul continues speaking about love as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1CO 13 12 bn3h 0 For now we see indirectly in a mirror Mirrors in Paul's day were made of polished metal rather than glass and provided a dim, vague reflection. -1CO 13 12 w2eu 0 now we see Possible meanings are 1) "now we see Christ" or 2) "now we see God." -1CO 13 12 xx1g figs-ellipsis 0 but then face to face "but then we will see Christ face to face" This means that we will be physically present with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1CO 13 12 qp7g figs-ellipsis 0 I will know fully The word "Christ" is understood. Alternate translation: "I will know Christ fully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CO 13 12 i28w figs-activepassive 0 just as I have been fully known This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "just as Christ has known me fully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 13 12 w2eu ἄρτι βλέπομεν 1 now we see Possible meanings are 1) "now we see Christ" or 2) "now we see God." +1CO 13 12 xx1g figs-ellipsis δὲ τότε πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον 1 but then face to face "but then we will see Christ face to face" This means that we will be physically present with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1CO 13 12 qp7g figs-ellipsis ἐπιγνώσομαι 1 I will know fully The word "Christ" is understood. Alternate translation: "I will know Christ fully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CO 13 12 i28w figs-activepassive καθὼς ἐπεγνώσθην 1 just as I have been fully known This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "just as Christ has known me fully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 13 13 nt1y figs-abstractnouns 0 faith, future confidence, and love These abstract nouns can be expressed in phrases with verbs. Alternate translation: "we must trust the Lord, be confident that he will do what he has promised, and love him and others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts.

Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the words of verse 21.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Tongues

Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of the gift of tongues. Paul describes the gift of tongues as a sign for unbelievers. It does not serve the whole church, unless someone interprets what is spoken. It is very important that the church uses this gift properly.

##### Prophecy

Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of prophecy as a spiritual gift. Paul says prophets can build up the entire church. He describes prophecy as a gift for believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts.

Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the words of verse 21.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Tongues

Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of the gift of tongues. Paul describes the gift of tongues as a sign for unbelievers. It does not serve the whole church, unless someone interprets what is spoken. It is very important that the church uses this gift properly.

##### Prophecy

Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of prophecy as a spiritual gift. Paul says prophets can build up the entire church. He describes prophecy as a gift for believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1CO 14 01 vl57 0 Connecting Statement: Paul wants them to know that though teaching is more important because it instructs people, it must be done with love. 1CO 14 01 x938 figs-123person 0 Pursue love Paul speaks of love as if it were a person. "Follow after love" or "Work hard to love people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 1CO 14 01 ki3l 0 especially that you may prophesy "and work especially hard to be able to prophesy" @@ -655,47 +655,47 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 14 10 im7a figs-doublenegatives 0 none is without meaning This can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: "they all have meaning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1CO 14 12 x4v6 0 the manifestations of the Spirit "being able to do things that show that the Spirit controls you" 1CO 14 12 j1h7 figs-metaphor 0 try to excel in the gifts that build up the church Paul speaks of the church as if it were a house that one could build and of the work of building the church as if it were something one could harvest. Alternate translation: "to succeed greatly in making God's people more able to serve God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 14 13 j87g 0 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). -1CO 14 14 kjh6 figs-metaphor 0 my mind is unfruitful The mind not understanding what is being prayed and, therefore, receiving no benefit from the prayer is spoken of as if the "mind is unfruitful." Alternate translation: "I do not understand it in my mind" or "my mind does not benefit from the prayer, because I do not understand the words I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 14 15 vm6p figs-rquestion 0 What am I to do? Paul is introducing his conclusion. Alternate translation: "This is what I will do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 14 13 j87g διερμηνεύῃ 1 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how this is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). +1CO 14 14 kjh6 figs-metaphor μου ὁ δὲ νοῦς ἐστιν ἄκαρπός 1 my mind is unfruitful The mind not understanding what is being prayed and, therefore, receiving no benefit from the prayer is spoken of as if the "mind is unfruitful." Alternate translation: "I do not understand it in my mind" or "my mind does not benefit from the prayer, because I do not understand the words I am saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 14 15 vm6p figs-rquestion τί ἐστιν? 1 What am I to do? Paul is introducing his conclusion. Alternate translation: "This is what I will do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 14 15 r11f 0 pray with my spirit ... pray with my mind ... sing with my spirit ... sing with my mind Prayers and songs must be in a language that the people present can understand. -1CO 14 15 fi2f 0 with my mind "with words that I understand" -1CO 14 16 niu5 figs-you 0 you praise God ... you are giving thanks ... you are saying Though "you" is singular here, Paul is addressing everyone who prays only in the spirit, but not with the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CO 14 15 fi2f τῷ νοΐ 1 with my mind "with words that I understand" +1CO 14 16 niu5 figs-you λέγεις 1 you praise God ... you are giving thanks ... you are saying Though "you" is singular here, Paul is addressing everyone who prays only in the spirit, but not with the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1CO 14 16 r4w5 figs-rquestion 0 how will the outsider say "Amen" ... saying? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "the outsider will never be able to say 'Amen' ... saying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 14 16 j3e3 0 the outsider Possible meanings are 1) "another person" or 2) "people who are new to your group." -1CO 14 16 ev63 figs-synecdoche 0 say "Amen" "be able to agree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1CO 14 17 a7wr figs-you 0 you certainly give Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -1CO 14 17 w25k figs-metaphor 0 the other person is not built up Building people up represents helping them become mature and strong in their faith. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated "builds up" in [1 Corinthians 8:1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "the other person is not strengthened" or "what you say does not strengthen any outsider who might hear you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 14 19 cbw8 translate-numbers 0 than ten thousand words in a tongue Paul was not counting words, but used exaggeration to emphasize that a few understandable words are far more valuable than even a great number of words in a language that people cannot understand. Alternate translation: "10,000 words" or "a great many words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1CO 14 16 j3e3 τοῦ ἰδιώτου 1 the outsider Possible meanings are 1) "another person" or 2) "people who are new to your group." +1CO 14 16 ev63 figs-synecdoche ἐρεῖ" τὸ ἀμήν" 1 say "Amen" "be able to agree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1CO 14 17 a7wr figs-you σὺ μὲν εὐχαριστεῖς 1 you certainly give Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CO 14 17 w25k figs-metaphor ὁ ἕτερος οἰκοδομεῖται οὐκ οἰκοδομεῖται 1 the other person is not built up Building people up represents helping them become mature and strong in their faith. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated "builds up" in [1 Corinthians 8:1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "the other person is not strengthened" or "what you say does not strengthen any outsider who might hear you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 14 19 cbw8 translate-numbers ἢ μυρίους λόγους ἐν γλώσσῃ 1 than ten thousand words in a tongue Paul was not counting words, but used exaggeration to emphasize that a few understandable words are far more valuable than even a great number of words in a language that people cannot understand. Alternate translation: "10,000 words" or "a great many words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CO 14 20 luu4 0 General Information: Paul tells them that speaking in different languages was told ahead of time by the prophet Isaiah many years before this speaking in other languages happened at the start of Christ's church. -1CO 14 20 mh5t figs-metaphor 0 do not be children in your thinking Here "children" is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: "do not think like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 14 21 jx6l figs-activepassive 0 In the law it is written, This can be stated in active form: Alternate translation: "The prophet wrote these words in the law:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 14 20 mh5t figs-metaphor γίνεσθε μὴ γίνεσθε παιδία ταῖς φρεσίν 1 do not be children in your thinking Here "children" is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: "do not think like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 14 21 jx6l figs-activepassive ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γέγραπται," 1 In the law it is written, This can be stated in active form: Alternate translation: "The prophet wrote these words in the law:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 14 21 l9xz figs-parallelism 0 By men of strange tongues and by the lips of strangers These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1CO 14 22 bp4j 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives specific instructions on an orderly way to use gifts in the church. -1CO 14 22 qj5f figs-doublenegatives 0 not for unbelievers, but for believers This can be expressed positively and combined with the other positive statement. Alternate translation: "only for believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1CO 14 23 hj3d figs-rquestion 0 would they not say that you are insane? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "they would say that you are insane." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CO 14 22 qj5f figs-doublenegatives οὐ τοῖς ἀπίστοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 not for unbelievers, but for believers This can be expressed positively and combined with the other positive statement. Alternate translation: "only for believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1CO 14 23 hj3d figs-rquestion ἐροῦσιν οὐκ ἐροῦσιν ὅτι μαίνεσθε? 1 would they not say that you are insane? This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "they would say that you are insane." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 14 24 xxy5 figs-parallelism 0 he would be convicted by all he hears. He would be judged by all that is said Paul says basically the same thing twice for emphasis. Alternate translation: "he would realize that he is guilty of sin because he hears what you are saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1CO 14 25 ma47 figs-metonymy 0 The secrets of his heart would be revealed Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God would reveal to him the secrets of his heart" or "He would recognize his own private inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 14 25 ma47 figs-metonymy τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ τῆς καρδίας γίνεται φανερὰ 1 The secrets of his heart would be revealed Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God would reveal to him the secrets of his heart" or "He would recognize his own private inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 14 25 w31w figs-idiom 0 he would fall on his face and worship God "Fall on his face" here is an idiom, meaning to bow down. Alternate translation: "He would bow down and worship God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CO 14 26 bv9k figs-rquestion 0 What is next then, brothers? Paul uses a question to introduce the next part of his message. Alternate translation: "Because everything I have just told you is true, this is what you need to do, my fellow believers." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 14 26 xzz2 0 interpretation This means a telling of what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how "interpret" is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). +1CO 14 26 xzz2 ἑρμηνίαν 1 interpretation This means a telling of what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how "interpret" is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). 1CO 14 27 wc1z 0 and each one in turn "and they should speak one after another" or "and they should speak one at a time" 1CO 14 27 zh9z figs-activepassive 0 interpret what is said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "interpret what they said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 14 27 ari2 0 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how "interpret" is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). -1CO 14 29 a9iz 0 Let two or three prophets speak Possible meanings are 1) only two or three prophets speak at any one meeting or 2) only two or three prophets take turns speaking at any one time. +1CO 14 27 ari2 διερμηνευέτω 1 interpret This means to tell what someone has said in a language to others who do not understand that language. See how "interpret" is translated in [1 Corinthians 2:13](../02/13.md). +1CO 14 29 a9iz λαλείτωσαν δύο ἢ τρεῖς προφῆται λαλείτωσαν 1 Let two or three prophets speak Possible meanings are 1) only two or three prophets speak at any one meeting or 2) only two or three prophets take turns speaking at any one time. 1CO 14 29 m5l8 figs-activepassive 0 to what is said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to what they say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 14 30 sl1q figs-activepassive 0 if an insight is given to one This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if God gives someone insight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CO 14 31 xr69 0 prophesy one by one Only one person should prophesy at a time. -1CO 14 31 nrq1 figs-activepassive 0 all may be encouraged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you may encourage all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 14 31 xr69 προφητεύειν καθ’ ἕνα 1 prophesy one by one Only one person should prophesy at a time. +1CO 14 31 nrq1 figs-activepassive πάντες παρακαλῶνται 1 all may be encouraged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you may encourage all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 14 33 my65 0 God is not a God of confusion God does not create confusing situations by making people all speak at the same time. -1CO 14 34 gjv2 0 keep silent Possible meanings are 1) stop speaking, 2) stop speaking when someone is prophesying, or 3) be absolutely silent during the church service. +1CO 14 34 gjv2 σιγάτωσαν 1 keep silent Possible meanings are 1) stop speaking, 2) stop speaking when someone is prophesying, or 3) be absolutely silent during the church service. 1CO 14 36 h8lp figs-rquestion 0 Did the word of God come from you? Are you the only ones it has reached? Paul emphasizes that the Corinthians are not the only ones who understand what God wants Christians to do. Alternate translation: "The word of God did not come from you in Corinth; you are not the only people who understand God's will." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 14 36 mj6b figs-metonymy 0 the word of God "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 14 37 ab6u 0 he should acknowledge A true prophet or truly spiritual person will accept Paul's writings as coming from the Lord. +1CO 14 36 mj6b figs-metonymy ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "God's message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CO 14 37 ab6u ἐπιγινωσκέτω 1 he should acknowledge A true prophet or truly spiritual person will accept Paul's writings as coming from the Lord. 1CO 14 38 l68a figs-activepassive 0 let him not be recognized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you should not recognize him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 14 39 jvr7 0 do not forbid anyone from speaking in tongues Paul makes it clear that speaking in tongues at a church gathering is permissible and acceptable. -1CO 14 40 d7ia 0 But let all things be done properly and in order Paul is stressing that church gatherings should be held in an orderly manner. Alternate translation: "But do all things properly and in order" or "But do everything in an orderly, appropriate way" -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### Resurrection
This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that a person could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Resurrection
Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many who God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand.
+1CO 14 40 d7ia δὲ γινέσθω πάντα γινέσθω εὐσχημόνως καὶ κατὰ τάξιν 1 But let all things be done properly and in order Paul is stressing that church gatherings should be held in an orderly manner. Alternate translation: "But do all things properly and in order" or "But do everything in an orderly, appropriate way" +1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### Resurrection
This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that a person could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Resurrection
Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many who God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand.
1CO 15 01 gc6n 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds them that it is the gospel that saves them and he tells them again what the gospel is. Then he gives them a short history lesson, which ends with what will yet happen. 1CO 15 01 la9v 0 remind you "help you remember" 1CO 15 01 xv53 figs-metaphor 0 on which you stand Paul is speaking of the Corinthians as if they were a house and the gospel as if it were the foundation on which the house was standing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 15 06 q8bl figs-euphemism 0 some have fallen asleep "Sleep" here is a common euphemism for death. Alternate translation: "some have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1CO 15 08 n9c6 0 Last of all "Finally, after he had appeared to the others" 1CO 15 08 vg7t figs-idiom 0 a child born at the wrong time This is an idiom by which Paul may mean that he became a Christian much later than the other apostles. Or perhaps he means that, unlike the other apostles, he did not witness Jesus' three-year-long ministry. Alternate translation: "someone who missed the experiences of the others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1CO 15 10 xiq6 0 the grace of God I am what I am God's grace or kindness has made Paul as he is now. +1CO 15 10 xiq6 χάριτι Θεοῦ εἰμι ὅ εἰμι 1 the grace of God I am what I am God's grace or kindness has made Paul as he is now. 1CO 15 10 n45h figs-litotes 0 his grace in me was not in vain Paul is emphasizing through litotes that God worked through Paul. Alternate translation: "because he was kind to me, I was able to do much good work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 1CO 15 10 xh95 figs-metaphor 0 the grace of God that is with me Paul speaks of the work he was able to do because God was kind to him as if that grace were actually doing the work. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) this is literally true, and God actually did the work and kindly used Paul as a tool or 2) Paul is using a metaphor and saying that God was kind to let Paul do the work and to make Paul's work have good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 12 ub2p figs-rquestion 0 how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead? Paul is using this question to begin a new topic. Alternate translation: "you should not be saying that there is no resurrection of the dead!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -724,90 +724,90 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 15 15 ctn5 0 we are found to be false witnesses about God Paul is arguing that if Christ did not rise from the dead, then they are bearing false witness or lying about Christ's coming alive again. 1CO 15 15 aq5s figs-activepassive 0 we are found to be This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone will realize that we are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 15 17 v6vz 0 your faith is in vain and you are still in your sins Their faith is based on Christ having risen from the dead, so if that did not happen, their faith will do them no good. -1CO 15 19 d9nq 0 of all people "of everyone, including believers and non-believers" -1CO 15 19 ts7u 0 of all people we are most to be pitied "people should feel sorry for us more than they do for anyone else" -1CO 15 20 cxp9 0 now Christ "as it is, Christ" or "this is the truth: Christ" +1CO 15 19 d9nq πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 of all people "of everyone, including believers and non-believers" +1CO 15 19 ts7u πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐσμέν ἐλεεινότεροι 1 of all people we are most to be pitied "people should feel sorry for us more than they do for anyone else" +1CO 15 20 cxp9 νυνὶ Χριστὸς 1 now Christ "as it is, Christ" or "this is the truth: Christ" 1CO 15 20 zw31 figs-metaphor 0 who is the firstfruits Here "firstfruits" is a metaphor, comparing Christ to the first of the harvest, which would be followed by the rest of the harvest. Christ was the first to be raised from the dead. Alternate translation: "who is like the first part of the harvest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 20 n6cl figs-activepassive 0 Christ, who is the firstfruits of those who died, has been raised "Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has raised Christ, who is the firstfruits of those who died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CO 15 21 uca8 figs-abstractnouns 0 death came by a man The abstract noun "death" can be expressed with the verb "die." Alternate translation. "people die because of what one man did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1CO 15 21 gf8p figs-abstractnouns 0 by a man also came the resurrection of the dead The abstract noun "resurrection" can be expressed with the verb "raise." Alternate translation: "people are raised from the dead because of another man" or "people will become alive again because of what one man did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1CO 15 23 p4g9 figs-metaphor 0 who is the firstfruits Here "firstfruits" is a metaphor, comparing Christ to the first of the harvest, which would be followed by the rest of the harvest. Christ was the first to be raised from the dead. Alternate translation: "who is like the first part of the harvest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 24 u298 0 General Information: Here the words "he" and "his" refer to Christ. -1CO 15 24 uwh3 0 he will abolish all rule and all authority and power "he will stop those people who rule, who have authority, and who have power from doing what they are doing" -1CO 15 25 t8mk figs-idiom 0 until he has put all his enemies under his feet Kings who won wars would put their feet on the necks of those whom they had defeated. Alternate translation: "until God has completely destroyed all of Christ's enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1CO 15 24 uwh3 καταργήσῃ πᾶσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ πᾶσαν ἐξουσίαν καὶ δύναμιν 1 he will abolish all rule and all authority and power "he will stop those people who rule, who have authority, and who have power from doing what they are doing" +1CO 15 25 t8mk figs-idiom ἄχρι θῇ πάντας τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας 1 until he has put all his enemies under his feet Kings who won wars would put their feet on the necks of those whom they had defeated. Alternate translation: "until God has completely destroyed all of Christ's enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CO 15 26 x49h figs-activepassive 0 The last enemy to be destroyed is death Paul speaks of death here as if it were a person whom God will kill. Alternate translation: "The final enemy that God will destroy is death itself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1CO 15 27 df59 figs-idiom 0 he has put everything under his feet Kings who won wars would put their feet on the necks of those whom they had defeated. See how "put ... under his feet" is translated in [1 Corinthians 15:25](../15/25.md). Alternate translation: "God has completely destroyed all of Christ's enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1CO 15 28 xm8u figs-activepassive 0 all things are subjected to him This can stated as active. Alternate translation: "God has made all things subject to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 28 a1cd figs-activepassive 0 the Son himself will be subjected This can stated as active. Alternate translation: "the Son himself will become subject" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 28 ksj4 0 the Son himself In the previous verses he was referred to as "Christ." Alternate translation: "Christ, that is, the Son himself" -1CO 15 28 im2j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title that describes the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1CO 15 29 a4d4 figs-rquestion 0 Or else what will those do who are baptized for the dead? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Otherwise it would be useless for Christians to receive baptism for the dead." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 29 lw86 figs-hypo 0 If the dead are not raised at all, why are they baptized for them? Paul uses a hypothetical situation to argue that the dead are raised. To say that the dead are not raised is to say that people should not be baptized for the dead. But some people, probably some members of the church in Corinth, are baptized for the dead, so he infers those people are baptized for the dead because they believe that the dead are raised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -1CO 15 29 jdc9 figs-activepassive 0 the dead are not raised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God does not raise the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 29 t3yc 0 are not raised "are not caused to live again" -1CO 15 29 s7kx figs-rquestion 0 why are they baptized for them? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there would be no reason for them to have people baptize them on behalf of dead people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 30 h4ra figs-rquestion 0 Why then, are we in danger every hour? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. The reason he and others were in danger is that some people were angry that they taught that Jesus will raise people from death. Alternate translation: "If people will not rise from the dead, we gain nothing by being in danger every hour for teaching that people will rise." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CO 15 31 i7d7 figs-hyperbole 0 I die every day! This exaggeration means he was in danger of dying. He knew that some people wanted to kill him because they did not like what he was teaching. Alternate translation: "Every day I am in danger of dying" or "Every day I risk my life!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1CO 15 27 df59 figs-idiom ὑπέταξεν πάντα ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας 1 he has put everything under his feet Kings who won wars would put their feet on the necks of those whom they had defeated. See how "put ... under his feet" is translated in [1 Corinthians 15:25](../15/25.md). Alternate translation: "God has completely destroyed all of Christ's enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1CO 15 28 xm8u figs-activepassive τὰ πάντα ὑποταγῇ αὐτῷ 1 all things are subjected to him This can stated as active. Alternate translation: "God has made all things subject to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 28 a1cd figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς αὐτὸς ὑποταγήσεται 1 the Son himself will be subjected This can stated as active. Alternate translation: "the Son himself will become subject" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 28 ksj4 ὁ Υἱὸς αὐτὸς 1 the Son himself In the previous verses he was referred to as "Christ." Alternate translation: "Christ, that is, the Son himself" +1CO 15 28 im2j guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς 1 Son This is an important title that describes the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1CO 15 29 a4d4 figs-rquestion ἐπεὶ τί ποιήσουσιν οἱ βαπτιζόμενοι ποιήσουσιν οἱ βαπτιζόμενοι ὑπὲρ τῶν νεκρῶν? 1 Or else what will those do who are baptized for the dead? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Otherwise it would be useless for Christians to receive baptism for the dead." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 29 lw86 figs-hypo εἰ νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται οὐκ ἐγείρονται ὅλως, τί βαπτίζονται ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν? 1 If the dead are not raised at all, why are they baptized for them? Paul uses a hypothetical situation to argue that the dead are raised. To say that the dead are not raised is to say that people should not be baptized for the dead. But some people, probably some members of the church in Corinth, are baptized for the dead, so he infers those people are baptized for the dead because they believe that the dead are raised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1CO 15 29 jdc9 figs-activepassive νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται οὐκ ἐγείρονται 1 the dead are not raised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God does not raise the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 29 t3yc ἐγείρονται οὐκ ἐγείρονται 1 are not raised "are not caused to live again" +1CO 15 29 s7kx figs-rquestion τί βαπτίζονται ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν? 1 why are they baptized for them? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there would be no reason for them to have people baptize them on behalf of dead people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 30 h4ra figs-rquestion τί καὶ, κινδυνεύομεν ἡμεῖς κινδυνεύομεν πᾶσαν ὥραν? 1 Why then, are we in danger every hour? Paul uses this question to teach the Corinthians. The reason he and others were in danger is that some people were angry that they taught that Jesus will raise people from death. Alternate translation: "If people will not rise from the dead, we gain nothing by being in danger every hour for teaching that people will rise." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1CO 15 31 i7d7 figs-hyperbole ἀποθνῄσκω καθ’ ἡμέραν! 1 I die every day! This exaggeration means he was in danger of dying. He knew that some people wanted to kill him because they did not like what he was teaching. Alternate translation: "Every day I am in danger of dying" or "Every day I risk my life!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CO 15 31 d51t 0 This is as sure as my boasting in you Paul uses this statement as evidence that he faces death every day. Alternate translation: "You can know that this is true, because you know about my boasting in you" or "You can know that this is true, because you know about how much I boast in you" 1CO 15 31 znl3 figs-explicit 0 my boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord Paul boasted in them because of what Christ Jesus had done for them. Alternate translation: "my boasting in you, which I do because of what Christ Jesus our Lord has done for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CO 15 31 p3ym 0 my boasting in you "the way I tell other people how good you are" 1CO 15 32 q6mb figs-rquestion 0 What do I gain ... if I fought with beasts at Ephesus ... not raised? Paul wants the Corinthians to understand without him having to tell them. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: "I gained nothing ... by fighting with beasts at Ephesus ... not raised." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 15 32 lm3v figs-metaphor 0 I fought with beasts at Ephesus Paul is referring to something that he actually did. Possible meanings are 1) Paul was speaking figuratively about his arguments with learned pagans or other conflicts with people who wanted to kill him or 2) he was actually put into the arena to fight against dangerous animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 15 32 c36a 0 Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die Paul concludes that if there is no further life after death, it is better for us to enjoy this life as we can, for tomorrow our life will end without any further hope. -1CO 15 33 q7uc 0 Bad company corrupts good morals If you live with bad people, you will act like them. Paul is quoting a common saying. -1CO 15 34 gr3v 0 Sober up "You must think seriously about this" +1CO 15 32 c36a φάγωμεν καὶ πίωμεν, γὰρ αὔριον ἀποθνῄσκομεν 1 Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die Paul concludes that if there is no further life after death, it is better for us to enjoy this life as we can, for tomorrow our life will end without any further hope. +1CO 15 33 q7uc κακαί ὁμιλίαι φθείρουσιν χρηστὰ ἤθη 1 Bad company corrupts good morals If you live with bad people, you will act like them. Paul is quoting a common saying. +1CO 15 34 gr3v ἐκνήψατε 1 Sober up "You must think seriously about this" 1CO 15 35 w4hk 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives some specifics about how the resurrection of the believers' bodies will take place. He gives a picture of natural and spiritual bodies and compares the first man Adam with the last Adam, Christ. 1CO 15 35 hw4a figs-rquestion 0 But someone will say, "How are the dead raised, and with what kind of body will they come?" Possible meanings are 1) The person is asking sincerely or 2) the person is using the question to mock the idea of a resurrection. Alternate translation: "But some will say that they cannot imagine how God will raise the dead, and what kind of body God would give them in the resurrection." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1CO 15 35 ty4t 0 someone will say "someone will ask" +1CO 15 35 ty4t τις ἐρεῖ 1 someone will say "someone will ask" 1CO 15 35 e5lv 0 with what kind of body will they come That is, will it be a physical body or a spiritual body? What shape will the body have? What will the body be made of? Translate using the most general question that someone who wants to know the answers to these questions would ask. -1CO 15 36 ha84 figs-you 0 You are so ignorant! What you sow Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so both instances of "you" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -1CO 15 36 jnf9 0 You are so ignorant "You do not know about this at all" -1CO 15 36 q2zd figs-metaphor 0 What you sow will not start to grow unless it dies A seed will not grow unless it is first buried underground. In the same way, a person has to die before God can resurrect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 15 36 ha84 figs-you σὺ ἄφρων! ὃ σπείρεις 1 You are so ignorant! What you sow Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so both instances of "you" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CO 15 36 jnf9 σὺ ἄφρων 1 You are so ignorant "You do not know about this at all" +1CO 15 36 q2zd figs-metaphor ὃ σπείρεις ζῳοποιεῖται οὐ ζῳοποιεῖται ἐὰν μὴ ἀποθάνῃ 1 What you sow will not start to grow unless it dies A seed will not grow unless it is first buried underground. In the same way, a person has to die before God can resurrect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 37 pw6v figs-metaphor 0 What you sow is not the body that will be Paul uses the metaphor of the seed again to say that God will resurrect the dead body of the believer, but that body will not appear as it was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 15 37 h6zi figs-you 0 What you sow Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -1CO 15 38 dmx1 0 God will give it a body as he chooses "God will decide what kind of body it will have" -1CO 15 39 qi8y 0 flesh In the context of animals, "flesh" may be translated as "body," "skin," or "meat." -1CO 15 40 d9k2 0 heavenly bodies Possible meanings are 1) the sun, moon, stars, and other visible lights in the sky or 2) heavenly beings, such as angels and other supernatural beings. -1CO 15 40 k9pg 0 earthly bodies This refers to humans. +1CO 15 37 h6zi figs-you ὃ σπείρεις 1 What you sow Paul is speaking to the Corinthians as if they were one person, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CO 15 38 dmx1 Θεὸς δίδωσιν αὐτῷ σῶμα καθὼς ἠθέλησεν 1 God will give it a body as he chooses "God will decide what kind of body it will have" +1CO 15 39 qi8y σὰρξ 1 flesh In the context of animals, "flesh" may be translated as "body," "skin," or "meat." +1CO 15 40 d9k2 ἐπουράνια σώματα 1 heavenly bodies Possible meanings are 1) the sun, moon, stars, and other visible lights in the sky or 2) heavenly beings, such as angels and other supernatural beings. +1CO 15 40 k9pg ἐπίγεια σώματα 1 earthly bodies This refers to humans. 1CO 15 40 qg3p 0 the glory of the heavenly body is one kind and the glory of the earthly is another "the glory that heavenly bodies have is different from the glory of human bodies" -1CO 15 40 j1kb 0 glory Here "glory" refers to the relative brightness to the human eye of objects in the sky. +1CO 15 40 j1kb δόξα 1 glory Here "glory" refers to the relative brightness to the human eye of objects in the sky. 1CO 15 42 s12t figs-idiom 0 What is sown ... what is raised The writer speaks of a person's body being buried as if it were a seed that is planted in the ground. And he speaks of a person's body being raised from the dead as if it were a plant growing from the seed. The passive verbs can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "What goes into the ground ... what comes out of the ground" or "What people bury ... what God raises" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 42 ay76 0 is raised "is caused to live again" +1CO 15 42 ay76 ἐγείρεται 1 is raised "is caused to live again" 1CO 15 42 rw3k 0 is perishable ... is imperishable "can rot ... cannot rot" 1CO 15 43 h4u5 figs-idiom 0 It is sown ... it is raised The writer speaks of a person's body being buried as if it were a seed that is planted in the ground. And he speaks of a person's body being raised from the dead as if it were a plant growing from the seed. The passive verbs can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "It goes into the ground ... it comes out of the ground" or "People bury it ... God raises it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 15 44 u856 figs-idiom 0 It is sown ... it is raised The writer speaks of a person's body being buried as if it were a seed that is planted in the ground. And he speaks of a person's body being raised from the dead as if it were a plant growing from the seed. The passive verbs can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "It goes into the ground ... it comes out of the ground" or "People bury it ... God raises it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 15 46 fc51 0 But the spiritual did not come first but the natural, and then the spiritual "The natural being came first. The spiritual being is from God and came later." -1CO 15 46 nd64 0 natural created by earthly processes, not yet connected to God +1CO 15 46 nd64 ψυχικόν 1 natural created by earthly processes, not yet connected to God 1CO 15 47 m2pj figs-activepassive 0 The first man is of the earth, made of dust God made the first man, Adam, from the dust of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 47 zmx6 0 dust dirt +1CO 15 47 zmx6 χοϊκός 1 dust dirt 1CO 15 48 r9be 0 the man of heaven Jesus Christ -1CO 15 48 s9pn 0 those who are of heaven "those who belong to God" +1CO 15 48 s9pn οἱ ἐπουράνιοι 1 those who are of heaven "those who belong to God" 1CO 15 49 mq8z 0 have borne the image ... will also bear the image "have been just like ... will also be just like" 1CO 15 50 jub2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul wants them to realize that some believers will not die physically but will still get a resurrected body through Christ's victory. 1CO 15 50 mwy3 figs-parallelism 0 flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable inherit what is imperishable Possible meanings are 1) the two sentences mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "human beings who will surely die cannot inherit the permanent kingdom of God" or 2) the second sentence finishes the thought begun by the first. Alternate translation: "weak human beings cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither do those who will certainly die inherit a kingdom that will last forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1CO 15 50 nz7s figs-metaphor 0 flesh and blood Those who inhabit a body that is doomed to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CO 15 50 e4gd figs-metaphor 0 inherit Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 15 50 nz7s figs-metaphor σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα 1 flesh and blood Those who inhabit a body that is doomed to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CO 15 50 e4gd figs-metaphor κληρονομῆσαι 1 inherit Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 50 b9hc 0 is perishable ... is imperishable "can rot ... cannot rot." See how these words are translated in [1 Corinthians 15:42](../15/42.md). -1CO 15 51 k5dw figs-activepassive 0 we will all be changed This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "God will change us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 51 k5dw figs-activepassive ἀλλαγησόμεθα πάντες ἀλλαγησόμεθα 1 we will all be changed This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "God will change us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CO 15 52 p8f8 figs-activepassive 0 We will be changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will change us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 52 r4ix 0 in the twinkling of an eye It will happen as fast as it takes for a person to blink his or her eye. -1CO 15 52 h668 0 at the last trumpet "when the last trumpet sounds" -1CO 15 52 l66q figs-activepassive 0 the dead will be raised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CO 15 52 ymk9 0 raised "caused to live again" -1CO 15 52 bmx2 0 imperishable "in a form that cannot rot." See how a similar phrase is translated in [1 Corinthians 15:42](../15/42.md). +1CO 15 52 r4ix ἐν ῥιπῇ ὀφθαλμοῦ 1 in the twinkling of an eye It will happen as fast as it takes for a person to blink his or her eye. +1CO 15 52 h668 ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ σάλπιγγι 1 at the last trumpet "when the last trumpet sounds" +1CO 15 52 l66q figs-activepassive οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγερθήσονται 1 the dead will be raised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will raise the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CO 15 52 ymk9 ἐγερθήσονται 1 raised "caused to live again" +1CO 15 52 bmx2 ἄφθαρτοι 1 imperishable "in a form that cannot rot." See how a similar phrase is translated in [1 Corinthians 15:42](../15/42.md). 1CO 15 53 nua2 0 this perishable body ... is imperishable "this body that can rot ... cannot rot." See how similar phrases are translated in [1 Corinthians 15:42](../15/42.md). -1CO 15 53 iyd2 figs-metaphor 0 must put on Paul is speaking of God making our bodies so they will never die again as if God were putting new clothes on us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 15 53 iyd2 figs-metaphor δεῖ ἐνδύσασθαι 1 must put on Paul is speaking of God making our bodies so they will never die again as if God were putting new clothes on us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 54 qq5m figs-personification 0 when this perishable body has put on what is imperishable Here the body is spoken of as if it were a person, and becoming imperishable is spoken of as if being imperishable was clothing that a body would wear. Alternate translation: "when this perishable body has become imperishable" or "when this body that can rot can no longer rot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 54 j9zs figs-personification 0 when this mortal body has put on immortality Here the body is spoken of as if it were a person, and becoming immortal is spoken of as if being immortal was clothing that a body would wear. Alternate translation: "when this mortal body has become immortal" or "when this body that can die can no longer die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 15 55 c9zw figs-apostrophe 0 Death, where is your victory? Death, where is your sting? Paul speaks as if death were a person, and he uses this question to mock the power of death, which Christ has defeated. Alternate translation: "Death has no victory. Death has no sting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CO 15 55 gg3d figs-you 0 your ... your These are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1CO 15 56 iyd3 0 The sting of death is sin It is through sin that we are destined to face death, that is to die. 1CO 15 56 pf4e 0 the power of sin is the law God's law that was passed down by Moses defines sin and shows us how we sin before God. -1CO 15 57 ztj6 0 gives us the victory "has defeated death for us" +1CO 15 57 ztj6 τῷ διδόντι ἡμῖν τὸ νῖκος 1 gives us the victory "has defeated death for us" 1CO 15 58 k4c4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul wants believers, while they work for the Lord, to remember the changed, resurrected bodies that God is going to give them. 1CO 15 58 j1pl figs-metaphor 0 be steadfast and immovable Paul speaks of someone who lets nothing stop him from carrying out his decisions as if he could not be physically moved. Alternate translation: "be determined" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 15 58 zn8f figs-metaphor 0 Always abound in the work of the Lord Paul speaks of efforts made in working for the Lord as if they were objects that a person could acquire more of. Alternate translation: "Always work for the Lord faithfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Preparation for his coming

Paul gave practical instructions to help prepare the Corinthian church for his visit. He told them to start collecting money every Sunday for the believers in Jerusalem. He hoped to come and spend the winter with them. He told them to help Timothy when he came. He had hoped Apollos would go to them, but Apollos did not think it was the right time. Paul also told them to obey Stephanus. Finally, he sent his greetings to everyone.
+1CO 15 58 zn8f figs-metaphor πάντοτε περισσεύοντες ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Always abound in the work of the Lord Paul speaks of efforts made in working for the Lord as if they were objects that a person could acquire more of. Alternate translation: "Always work for the Lord faithfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 0 # 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Preparation for his coming

Paul gave practical instructions to help prepare the Corinthian church for his visit. He told them to start collecting money every Sunday for the believers in Jerusalem. He hoped to come and spend the winter with them. He told them to help Timothy when he came. He had hoped Apollos would go to them, but Apollos did not think it was the right time. Paul also told them to obey Stephanus. Finally, he sent his greetings to everyone.
1CO 16 01 zh6u 0 Connecting Statement: In his closing notes, Paul reminds the Corinthian believers to collect money for the needy believers in Jerusalem. He reminds them that Timothy will come to them before he goes to Paul. 1CO 16 01 yer5 0 for the believers Paul was collecting money from his churches for the poor Jewish Christians in Jerusalem and Judea. 1CO 16 01 kh6h 0 as I directed "as I gave specific instructions" @@ -819,20 +819,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CO 16 07 xr88 0 I do not wish to see you now Paul is stating that he wants to visit for a long time later, not just for a short time soon. 1CO 16 08 qkw9 0 Pentecost Paul would stay in Ephesus until this festival, which came in May or June, 50 days after Passover. He would then travel through Macedonia, and later try to arrive in Corinth before winter started in November. 1CO 16 09 fyj3 figs-metaphor 0 a wide door has opened Paul speaks of the opportunity God has given him to win people to the gospel as if it were a door that God had opened so he could walk through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 16 10 p6vb 0 see that he is with you unafraid "see that he has no cause to fear being with you" +1CO 16 10 p6vb βλέπετε ἵνα γένηται πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀφόβως 1 see that he is with you unafraid "see that he has no cause to fear being with you" 1CO 16 11 f4mw 0 Let no one despise him Because Timothy was much younger than Paul, sometimes he was not shown the respect he deserved as a minister of the gospel. -1CO 16 12 is6j figs-inclusive 0 our brother Apollos Here the word "our" refers to Paul and his readers, so it is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +1CO 16 12 is6j figs-inclusive τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Ἀπολλῶ 1 our brother Apollos Here the word "our" refers to Paul and his readers, so it is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 1CO 16 13 p2la figs-parallelism 0 Be watchful, stand fast in the faith, act like men, be strong Paul is describing what he wants the Corinthians to do as if he was giving four commands to soldiers in war. These four commands mean almost the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1CO 16 13 ng8n figs-metaphor 0 Be watchful Paul speaks of people being aware of what is happening as if they were guards keeping watch over a city or vineyard. This can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "Be careful whom you trust" or "Watch out for danger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 16 13 ng8n figs-metaphor γρηγορεῖτε 1 Be watchful Paul speaks of people being aware of what is happening as if they were guards keeping watch over a city or vineyard. This can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "Be careful whom you trust" or "Watch out for danger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 16 13 uys8 figs-metaphor 0 stand fast in the faith Paul speaks of people continuing to believe in Christ according to his teaching as if they were soldiers refusing to retreat when the enemy attacks. Possible meanings are 1) "keep strongly believing what we have taught you" or 2) "keep strongly trusting in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CO 16 13 a3fs figs-metaphor 0 act like men In the society in which Paul and his audience lived, men usually provided for families by doing the heavy work and fighting against invaders. This can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "be responsible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1CO 16 13 a3fs figs-metaphor ἀνδρίζεσθε 1 act like men In the society in which Paul and his audience lived, men usually provided for families by doing the heavy work and fighting against invaders. This can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "be responsible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CO 16 14 rij5 0 Let all that you do be done in love "Everything you do should show people that you love them" 1CO 16 15 fy4e 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to close his letter and sends greetings from other churches, as well as from Prisca, Aquila, and Paul himself. -1CO 16 15 asp2 translate-names 0 household of Stephanas Stephanas was one of the first believers in the church at Corinth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CO 16 15 na2p translate-names 0 Achaia This is the name of a province in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CO 16 17 iju8 0 Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus These men were either some of the first Corinthian believers or church elders who were co-workers with Paul. -1CO 16 17 e79z translate-names 0 Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CO 16 15 asp2 translate-names οἰκίαν Στεφανᾶ 1 household of Stephanas Stephanas was one of the first believers in the church at Corinth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CO 16 15 na2p translate-names Ἀχαΐας 1 Achaia This is the name of a province in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CO 16 17 iju8 Στεφανᾶ, Φορτουνάτου, καὶ Ἀχαϊκοῦ 1 Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus These men were either some of the first Corinthian believers or church elders who were co-workers with Paul. +1CO 16 17 e79z translate-names Στεφανᾶ, Φορτουνάτου, καὶ Ἀχαϊκοῦ 1 Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CO 16 17 an3e 0 They have made up for your absence "They made up for the fact that you were not here." -1CO 16 18 f3kg 0 For they have refreshed my spirit Paul is saying he was encouraged by their visit. +1CO 16 18 f3kg γὰρ ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πνεῦμα 1 For they have refreshed my spirit Paul is saying he was encouraged by their visit. 1CO 16 21 izu6 0 I, Paul, write this with my own hand Paul was making it clear that the instructions in this letter are from him, even though one of his co-laborers wrote what Paul was saying in the rest of the letter. Paul wrote this last part with his own hand. -1CO 16 22 c1kx 0 may he be accursed "may God curse him." See how "accursed" was translated in [1 Corinthians 12:3](../12/03.md). +1CO 16 22 c1kx ἤτω ἀνάθεμα 1 may he be accursed "may God curse him." See how "accursed" was translated in [1 Corinthians 12:3](../12/03.md). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_48-2CO.tsv b/en_tn_48-2CO.tsv index 6ab9cbec03..497a9415f0 100644 --- a/en_tn_48-2CO.tsv +++ b/en_tn_48-2CO.tsv @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 09 13 plj4 figs-activepassive 0 Because of your being tested and proved by this service This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Because this service has tested and proven you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 09 13 ze14 0 you will also glorify God by obedience ... by the generosity of your gift to them and to everyone Paul says that the Corinthians will glorify God both by being faithful to Jesus and by giving generously to other believers who have need. 2CO 09 15 es8c 0 for his inexpressible gift "for his gift, which words cannot describe." Possible meanings are 1) that this gift refers to "the very great grace" that God has given to the Corinthians, which has led them to be so generous or 2) that this gift refers to Jesus Christ, whom God gave to all believers. -2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 17.

In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Boasting
"Boasting" is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter "boasting" means confidently exulting or rejoicing.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh

"Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
+2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 17.

In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Boasting
"Boasting" is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter "boasting" means confidently exulting or rejoicing.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh

"Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
2CO 10 01 yc1g 0 Connecting Statement: Paul shifts the subject from giving to affirming his authority to teach as he does. 2CO 10 01 gq7j figs-abstractnouns 0 by the humility and gentleness of Christ The word "humility" and "gentleness" are abstract nouns, and can be expressed in another way. Alternate translation: "I am humble and gentle as I do so, because Christ has made me that way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CO 10 02 i6hh 0 who assume that "who think that" @@ -462,14 +462,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 10 13 a4ud figs-idiom 0 will not boast beyond limits This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "will not boast about things over which we have no authority" or "will boast only about things over which we have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CO 10 13 u84l 0 within the limits of what God "about things under the authority that God" 2CO 10 13 fx2b figs-metaphor 0 limits that reach as far as you Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules. Alternate translation: "and you are within the border of our authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 10 14 ay6h 0 did not overextend ourselves "did not go beyond our borders" +2CO 10 14 ay6h ὑπερεκτείνομεν οὐ ὑπερεκτείνομεν ἑαυτούς 1 did not overextend ourselves "did not go beyond our borders" 2CO 10 15 hu9l figs-idiom 0 have not boasted beyond limits This is an idiom. See how similar words were translated in [2 Corinthians 10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: "have not boasted about things over which we have no authority" or "have not boasted only about things over which we have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CO 10 16 raq7 0 another's area "an area God has assigned to someone else" 2CO 10 17 q8cc 0 boast in the Lord "boast about what the Lord has done" -2CO 10 18 h81t 0 recommends himself This means that he provides enough evidence for each person who hears him to decide whether he is right or wrong. See how "recommend ourselves" is translated in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md). +2CO 10 18 h81t συνιστάνων ἑαυτὸν 1 recommends himself This means that he provides enough evidence for each person who hears him to decide whether he is right or wrong. See how "recommend ourselves" is translated in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md). 2CO 10 18 n5v6 figs-activepassive 0 who is approved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the Lord approves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 10 18 sy2r figs-ellipsis 0 it is the one whom the Lord recommends You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "the one whom the Lord recommends is the one of whom the Lord approves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### False teaching
The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers. They taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different and not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])

##### Light
Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Paul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to the father of a bride who is giving a pure, virgin bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Irony

This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony.

"You tolerate these things well enough!" Paul thinks that they should not tolerate the way the false apostles treated them. Paul does not think they are really apostles at all.

The statement, "For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!" means that the Corinthian believers think they were very wise but Paul does not agree.

"I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that." Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. "Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### Rhetorical questions

In refuting the false apostles claiming to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more."

He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: "Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has caused another to fall into sin, and I do not burn within?"

##### "Are they servants of Christ?"
This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: "If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses." Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](./30.md))
+2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### False teaching
The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers. They taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different and not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])

##### Light
Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Paul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to the father of a bride who is giving a pure, virgin bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Irony

This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony.

"You tolerate these things well enough!" Paul thinks that they should not tolerate the way the false apostles treated them. Paul does not think they are really apostles at all.

The statement, "For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!" means that the Corinthian believers think they were very wise but Paul does not agree.

"I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that." Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. "Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### Rhetorical questions

In refuting the false apostles claiming to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more."

He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: "Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has caused another to fall into sin, and I do not burn within?"

##### "Are they servants of Christ?"
This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: "If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses." Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](./30.md))
2CO 11 01 t7ks 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to affirm his apostleship. 2CO 11 01 r4q6 0 put up with me in some foolishness "allow me to act like a fool" 2CO 11 02 m6vl 0 jealous ... jealousy These words speak of a good, strong desire that the Corinthians be faithful to Christ, and that no one should persuade them to leave him. @@ -492,24 +492,24 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 11 10 nae3 figs-activepassive 0 this boasting of mine will not be silenced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will be able to make me stop boasting and stay silent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 11 10 ua2i 0 this boasting of mine This refers to what Paul spoke about starting in ([2 Corinthians 11:7](../11/07.md)). 2CO 11 10 ry9c 0 parts of Achaia "regions of Achaia." The word "parts" speaks of areas of land, not political divisions. -2CO 11 11 zqu5 figs-rquestion 0 Why? Because I do not love you? Paul uses rhetorical questions to emphasize love for the Corinthians. These questions can be combined or made into a statement. Alternate translation: "Is it because I do not love you that I do not want to be a burden to you?" or "I will continue to keep you from paying for my needs because this shows others that I love you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CO 11 11 rj6f figs-ellipsis 0 God knows You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "God knows I love you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +2CO 11 11 zqu5 figs-rquestion διὰ τί? ὅτι ἀγαπῶ οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ὑμᾶς? 1 Why? Because I do not love you? Paul uses rhetorical questions to emphasize love for the Corinthians. These questions can be combined or made into a statement. Alternate translation: "Is it because I do not love you that I do not want to be a burden to you?" or "I will continue to keep you from paying for my needs because this shows others that I love you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CO 11 11 rj6f figs-ellipsis ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν 1 God knows You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "God knows I love you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2CO 11 12 si5d 0 Connecting Statement: As Paul continues to affirm his apostleship, he talks about false apostles. 2CO 11 12 d9sl figs-metaphor 0 in order that I may take away the claim Paul speaks of a false claim that his enemies state as if it were something that he can carry way. Alternate translation: "so that I might make it impossible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 12 t4js figs-activepassive 0 they are found to be doing the same work that we are doing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people will think that they are like us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 11 13 ml66 0 For such people "I do what I do because people like them" -2CO 11 13 nq3t 0 deceitful workers "dishonest workers" +2CO 11 13 nq3t δόλιοι ἐργάται 1 deceitful workers "dishonest workers" 2CO 11 13 y896 0 disguise themselves as apostles "are not apostles, but they try to make themselves look like apostles" 2CO 11 14 v9z4 figs-litotes 0 this is no surprise By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many "false apostles" ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: "we should expect this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -2CO 11 14 ss7s 0 Satan disguises himself as an angel of light "Satan is not an angel of light, but he tries to make himself look like an angel of light" -2CO 11 14 mld4 figs-metaphor 0 an angel of light Here "light" is a metaphor for righteousness. Alternate translation: "an angel of righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CO 11 14 ss7s ὁ Σατανᾶς μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός 1 Satan disguises himself as an angel of light "Satan is not an angel of light, but he tries to make himself look like an angel of light" +2CO 11 14 mld4 figs-metaphor ἄγγελον φωτός 1 an angel of light Here "light" is a metaphor for righteousness. Alternate translation: "an angel of righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 15 fvx7 figs-litotes 0 It is no great surprise if By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many "false apostles" ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: "We should certainly expect that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -2CO 11 15 sb58 0 his servants also disguise themselves as servants of righteousness "his servants are not servants of righteousness, but they try to make themselves look like servants of righteousness" +2CO 11 15 sb58 αὐτοῦ οἱ διάκονοι καὶ μετασχηματίζονται ὡς διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 his servants also disguise themselves as servants of righteousness "his servants are not servants of righteousness, but they try to make themselves look like servants of righteousness" 2CO 11 16 s962 0 receive me as a fool so I may boast a little "receive me as you would receive a fool: let me talk, and consider my boasting the words of a fool" 2CO 11 18 t4ic figs-metonymy 0 according to the flesh Here the metonym "flesh" refers to man in his sinful nature and his achievements. Alternate translation: "about their own human achievements" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CO 11 19 u8f3 0 put up with fools "accept me when I act like a fool." See how a similar phrase was translated in [2 Corinthians 11:1](../11/01.md). 2CO 11 19 si6l figs-irony 0 You are wise yourselves! Paul is shaming the Corinthians by using irony. Alternate translation: "You think you are wise, but you are not!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -2CO 11 20 lu7d figs-metaphor 0 enslaves you Paul uses exaggeration when he speaks of some people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves. Alternate translation: "makes you follow rules they have thought of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2CO 11 20 lu7d figs-metaphor καταδουλοῖ ὑμᾶς 1 enslaves you Paul uses exaggeration when he speaks of some people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves. Alternate translation: "makes you follow rules they have thought of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CO 11 20 sr4n figs-metaphor 0 he consumes you Paul speaks of the super-apostles' taking people's material resources as if they were eating the people themselves. Alternate translation: "he takes all your property" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 20 yn5t 0 takes advantage of you A person takes advantage of another person by knowing things that the other person does not and using that knowledge to help himself and harm the other person. 2CO 11 21 n8s9 figs-irony 0 I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that "I shamefully admit that we were not bold enough to treat you like that." Paul is using irony to tell the Corinthians that it was not because he was weak that he treated them well. Alternate translation: "I am not ashamed to say that we had the power to harm you, but we treated you well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) @@ -519,29 +519,29 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 11 23 a4tz figs-rquestion 0 Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more Paul is asking questions the Corinthians might be asking and then answering them to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. Alternate translation: "They say they are servants of Christ—I speak as though I were out of my mind—but I am more" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CO 11 23 bq23 0 as though I were out of my mind "as though I were unable to think well" 2CO 11 23 vy54 figs-ellipsis 0 I am more You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "I am more a servant of Christ than they are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -2CO 11 23 s8wq 0 in even more hard work "I have worked harder" +2CO 11 23 s8wq ἐν περισσοτέρως κόποις 1 in even more hard work "I have worked harder" 2CO 11 23 dr6x 0 in far more prisons "I have been in prisons more often" -2CO 11 23 cs3f figs-idiom 0 in beatings beyond measure This is an idiom, and is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: "I have been beaten very many times" or "I have been beaten too many times to bother counting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2CO 11 23 cs3f figs-idiom ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως 1 in beatings beyond measure This is an idiom, and is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: "I have been beaten very many times" or "I have been beaten too many times to bother counting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CO 11 23 r6jv 0 in facing many dangers of death "and I have almost died many times" 2CO 11 24 ttz2 0 forty lashes minus one This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong. -2CO 11 25 u9xc figs-activepassive 0 I was beaten with rods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people beat me with wooden rods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CO 11 25 xk9w figs-activepassive 0 I was stoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CO 11 25 u9xc figs-activepassive ἐραβδίσθην 1 I was beaten with rods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people beat me with wooden rods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CO 11 25 xk9w figs-activepassive ἐλιθάσθην 1 I was stoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 11 25 b4kz 0 I have spent a night and a day on the open sea Paul was referring to floating in the water after the ship he was on sank. 2CO 11 26 b3j9 figs-explicit 0 in danger from false brothers The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "and in danger from people who claimed to be brothers in Christ, but who betrayed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2CO 11 27 ds5h figs-hyperbole 0 nakedness Here Paul exaggerates to show his need of clothing. Alternate translation: "without enough clothing to keep me warm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2CO 11 27 ds5h figs-hyperbole γυμνότητι 1 nakedness Here Paul exaggerates to show his need of clothing. Alternate translation: "without enough clothing to keep me warm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CO 11 28 n1q5 figs-metaphor 0 there is the daily pressure on me of my anxiety Paul knows that God will hold him responsible for how well the churches obey God and speaks of that knowledge as if it were a heavy object pushing him down. Alternate translation: "I know that God will hold me accountable for the spiritual growth of all the churches, and so I always feel like a heavy object is pushing me down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 11 29 fvz6 figs-rquestion 0 Who is weak, and I am not weak? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Whenever anyone is weak, I feel that weakness also." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CO 11 29 hhb2 figs-metaphor 0 Who is weak, and I am not weak? The word "weak" is probably a metaphor for a spiritual condition, but no one is sure what Paul is speaking of, so it is best to use the same word here. Alternate translation: "I am weak whenever anyone else is weak." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CO 11 29 fvz6 figs-rquestion τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ ἀσθενῶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ? 1 Who is weak, and I am not weak? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Whenever anyone is weak, I feel that weakness also." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CO 11 29 hhb2 figs-metaphor τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ ἀσθενῶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ? 1 Who is weak, and I am not weak? The word "weak" is probably a metaphor for a spiritual condition, but no one is sure what Paul is speaking of, so it is best to use the same word here. Alternate translation: "I am weak whenever anyone else is weak." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 29 g5am figs-rquestion 0 Who has been caused to stumble, and I do not burn? Paul uses this question to express his anger when a fellow believer is caused to sin. Here his anger is spoken of as a burning inside him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Whenever anyone causes a brother to sin, I am angry." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 11 29 xu57 figs-metaphor 0 has been caused to stumble Paul speaks of sin as if it were tripping over something and then falling. Alternate translation: "has been led to sin" or "has thought that God would permit him to sin because of something that someone else did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CO 11 29 xu57 figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζεται 1 has been caused to stumble Paul speaks of sin as if it were tripping over something and then falling. Alternate translation: "has been led to sin" or "has thought that God would permit him to sin because of something that someone else did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 29 jb4v figs-metaphor 0 I do not burn Paul speaks of being angry about sin as if he had a fire inside his body. Alternate translation: "I am not angry about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 11 30 gxe6 0 what shows my weaknesses "what shows how weak I am" -2CO 11 31 yx8z figs-litotes 0 I am not lying Paul is using litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: "I am telling the absolute truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -2CO 11 32 n383 0 the governor under King Aretas was guarding the city "the governor whom King Aretas had appointed had told men to guard the city" -2CO 11 32 j7de 0 to arrest me "so that they might catch and arrest me" -2CO 11 33 i8xa figs-activepassive 0 I was lowered in a basket This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some people put me in a basket and lowered me to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CO 11 33 aw7d figs-metonymy 0 from his hands Paul uses the governor's hands as metonymy for the governor. Alternate translation: "from the governor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul continues defending his authority in this chapter.

When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Paul's vision

Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great, God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

##### Third heaven
Many scholars believe the "third" heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses "heaven" to refer to the sky (the "first" heaven) and the universe (the "second" heaven).

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions

Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: "For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?" "Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?" and "Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### Sarcasm

Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit." He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: "I will not boast, except about my weaknesses." Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: "For whenever I am weak, then I am strong." In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](./05.md))
+2CO 11 31 yx8z figs-litotes ψεύδομαι οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 I am not lying Paul is using litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: "I am telling the absolute truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +2CO 11 32 n383 ὁ ἐθνάρχης τοῦ βασιλέως Ἁρέτα ἐφρούρει τὴν πόλιν 1 the governor under King Aretas was guarding the city "the governor whom King Aretas had appointed had told men to guard the city" +2CO 11 32 j7de πιάσαι με 1 to arrest me "so that they might catch and arrest me" +2CO 11 33 i8xa figs-activepassive ἐχαλάσθην ἐν σαργάνῃ 1 I was lowered in a basket This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "some people put me in a basket and lowered me to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CO 11 33 aw7d figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ τὰς χεῖρας 1 from his hands Paul uses the governor's hands as metonymy for the governor. Alternate translation: "from the governor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul continues defending his authority in this chapter.

When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Paul's vision

Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great, God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

##### Third heaven
Many scholars believe the "third" heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses "heaven" to refer to the sky (the "first" heaven) and the universe (the "second" heaven).

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions

Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: "For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?" "Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?" and "Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

##### Sarcasm

Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit." He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: "I will not boast, except about my weaknesses." Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: "For whenever I am weak, then I am strong." In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](./05.md))
2CO 12 01 iwn3 0 Connecting Statement: In defending his apostleship from God, Paul continues to state specific things that have happened to him since he became a believer. 2CO 12 01 iur3 0 I will go on to "I will continue talking, but now about" 2CO 12 01 rb42 figs-hendiadys 0 visions and revelations from the Lord Possible meanings are 1) Paul uses the words "visions" and "revelations" to mean the same thing in hendiadys for emphasis. Alternate translation: "things that the Lord has allowed only me to see" or 2) Paul is speaking of two different things. Alternate translation: "secret things that the Lord has let me see with my eyes and other secrets that he has told me about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) @@ -568,11 +568,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 12 09 cs63 0 for power is made perfect in weakness "for my power works best when you are weak" 2CO 12 09 g8mi figs-metaphor 0 the power of Christ might reside on me Paul speaks of Christ's power as if it were a tent built over him. Possible meanings are 1) "people might see that I have the power of Christ" or 2) "I might truly have the power of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 12 10 pxf1 0 I am content for Christ's sake in weaknesses, in insults, in troubles, in persecutions and distressing situations Possible meanings are 1) "I am content in weakness, insults, troubles, persecutions, and distressing situations if these things come because I belong to Christ" or 2) "I am content in weakness ... if these things cause more people to know Christ." -2CO 12 10 s5sx 0 in weaknesses "when I am weak" -2CO 12 10 xl8q 0 in insults "when people try to make me angry by saying that I am a bad person" -2CO 12 10 hza1 0 in troubles "when I am suffering" +2CO 12 10 s5sx ἐν ἀσθενείαις 1 in weaknesses "when I am weak" +2CO 12 10 xl8q ἐν ὕβρεσιν 1 in insults "when people try to make me angry by saying that I am a bad person" +2CO 12 10 hza1 ἐν ἀνάγκαις 1 in troubles "when I am suffering" 2CO 12 10 c4t2 0 distressing situations "when there is trouble" -2CO 12 10 t7qg 0 For whenever I am weak, then I am strong Paul is saying that when he is no longer strong enough to do what needs to be done, Christ, who is more powerful than Paul could ever be, will work through Paul to do what needs to be done. However, it would be best to translate these words literally, if your language allows. +2CO 12 10 t7qg γὰρ ὅταν ἀσθενῶ, τότε εἰμι δυνατός 1 For whenever I am weak, then I am strong Paul is saying that when he is no longer strong enough to do what needs to be done, Christ, who is more powerful than Paul could ever be, will work through Paul to do what needs to be done. However, it would be best to translate these words literally, if your language allows. 2CO 12 11 uph4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers in Corinth of the true signs of an apostle and of his humility before them to strengthen them. 2CO 12 11 a1ym 0 I have become a fool "I am acting like a fool" 2CO 12 11 pzw1 0 You forced me to this "You forced me to talk this way" @@ -582,34 +582,34 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 12 11 s82x figs-irony 0 super-apostles Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say they are. See how this is translated in [2 Corinthians 11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: "those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 2CO 12 12 kp5l figs-activepassive 0 The true signs of an apostle were performed This can be stated in active form, with emphasis on the "signs." Alternate translation: "It is the true signs of an apostle that I performed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 12 12 mka5 0 signs ... signs Use the same word both times. -2CO 12 12 d4um 0 signs and wonders and mighty deeds These are the "true signs of an apostle" that Paul performed "with complete patience." +2CO 12 12 d4um σημείοις καὶ τέρασιν καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 signs and wonders and mighty deeds These are the "true signs of an apostle" that Paul performed "with complete patience." 2CO 12 13 z35e figs-rquestion 0 how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that ... you? Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians are wrong to accuse him of wanting to do them harm. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I treated you the same way I treated all the other churches, except that ... you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CO 12 13 d426 0 I was not a burden to you "I did not ask you for money or other things I needed" +2CO 12 13 d426 ἐγὼ κατενάρκησα οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 I was not a burden to you "I did not ask you for money or other things I needed" 2CO 12 13 sy7v figs-irony 0 Forgive me for this wrong! Paul is being ironic to shame the Corinthians. Both he and they know that he has done them no wrong, but they have been treating him as though he has wronged them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -2CO 12 13 u1w9 0 this wrong not asking them for money and other things he needed +2CO 12 13 u1w9 ταύτην τὴν ἀδικίαν 1 this wrong not asking them for money and other things he needed 2CO 12 14 ugk1 figs-explicit 0 I want you The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "What I want is that you love and accept me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2CO 12 14 wd97 0 children should not save up for the parents Young children are not responsible for saving money or other goods to give to their healthy parents. +2CO 12 14 wd97 τέκνοις 1 children should not save up for the parents Young children are not responsible for saving money or other goods to give to their healthy parents. 2CO 12 15 vj2m figs-metaphor 0 I will most gladly spend and be spent Paul speaks of his work and his physical life as if it were money that he or God could spend. Alternate translation: "I will gladly do any work and gladly allow God to permit people to kill me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 12 15 nk8v figs-metonymy 0 for your souls The word "souls" is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "for you" or "so you will live well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CO 12 15 nk8v figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ψυχῶν 1 for your souls The word "souls" is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "for you" or "so you will live well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CO 12 15 t3na figs-rquestion 0 If I love you more, am I to be loved less? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If I love you so much, you should not love me so little." or "If ... much, you should love me more than you do." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CO 12 15 j887 0 more It is not clear what it is that Paul's love is "more" than. It is probably best to use "very much" or a "so much" that can be compared to "so little" later in the sentence. +2CO 12 15 j887 περισσοτέρως 1 more It is not clear what it is that Paul's love is "more" than. It is probably best to use "very much" or a "so much" that can be compared to "so little" later in the sentence. 2CO 12 16 ur5x figs-irony 0 But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians who think he lied to them even if he did not ask them for money. Alternate translation: "but others think I was deceptive and used trickery" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 2CO 12 17 vb7q figs-rquestion 0 Did I take advantage of you by anyone I sent to you? Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is no. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one that I sent to you has taken advantage of you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CO 12 18 pjl2 figs-rquestion 0 Did Titus take advantage of you? Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is no. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Titus did not take advantage of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CO 12 18 pjl2 figs-rquestion ἐπλεονέκτησεν Τίτος ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς? 1 Did Titus take advantage of you? Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is no. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Titus did not take advantage of you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CO 12 18 acg6 figs-rquestion 0 Did we not walk in the same way? Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is yes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "We all have the same attitude and live alike." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 12 18 k6b3 figs-rquestion 0 Did we not walk in the same steps? Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is yes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "We all do things the same way." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CO 12 18 k6b3 figs-rquestion περιεπατήσαμεν οὐ περιεπατήσαμεν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν? 1 Did we not walk in the same steps? Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is yes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "We all do things the same way." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CO 12 19 g1iw figs-rquestion 0 Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you? Paul uses this question to acknowledge something that the people may have been thinking. He does this so that he can assure them that it is not true. Alternate translation: "Perhaps you think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CO 12 19 ih3e figs-metaphor 0 In the sight of God Paul speaks of God knowing everything Paul does as if God were physically present and observed everything Paul said and did. Alternate translation: "Before God" or "With God as witness" or "In the presence of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 12 19 vg3u figs-metaphor 0 for your strengthening "to strengthen you." Paul speaks of knowing how to obey God and desiring to obey him as if it were physical growth. Alternate translation: "so that you would know God and obey him better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CO 12 20 cu6s 0 I may not find you as I wish "I may not like what I find" or "I may not like what I see you doing" +2CO 12 19 vg3u figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν οἰκοδομῆς 1 for your strengthening "to strengthen you." Paul speaks of knowing how to obey God and desiring to obey him as if it were physical growth. Alternate translation: "so that you would know God and obey him better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CO 12 20 cu6s εὕρω οὐχ εὕρω ὑμᾶς οἵους θέλω 1 I may not find you as I wish "I may not like what I find" or "I may not like what I see you doing" 2CO 12 20 zy6g 0 you might not find me as you wish "you might not like what you see in me" 2CO 12 20 rh1h figs-abstractnouns 0 there may be quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, rivalries, slander, gossip, arrogance, and disorder The abstract nouns "quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, rivalries, slander, gossip, arrogance, and disorder" can be translated using verbs. Possible meanings are 1) "some of you will be arguing with us, jealous of us, suddenly becoming very angry with us, trying to take our places as leaders, speaking falsely about us, telling about our private lives, being proud, and opposing us as we try to lead you" or 2) "some of you will be arguing with each other, jealous of each other, suddenly becoming very angry with each other, quarreling with each other over who will be the leader, speaking falsely about each other, telling about each other's private lives, being proud, and opposing those whom God has chosen to lead you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CO 12 21 ddw3 0 I might be grieved by many of those who have sinned before now "I will be grieved because many of them have not given up their old sins" 2CO 12 21 hq1e figs-parallelism 0 did not repent of the impurity and sexual immorality and lustful indulgence Possible meanings are 1) Paul is saying almost the same thing three times for emphasis. Alternate translation: "did not stop commiting the sexual sins that they practiced" or 2) Paul is speaking of three different sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2CO 12 21 rh22 figs-abstractnouns 0 of the impurity The abstract noun impurity can be translated as "things that do not please God." Alternate translation: "of secretly thinking about and desiring things that do not please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2CO 12 21 rh22 figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ 1 of the impurity The abstract noun impurity can be translated as "things that do not please God." Alternate translation: "of secretly thinking about and desiring things that do not please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CO 12 21 rn6u figs-abstractnouns 0 of the ... sexual immorality The abstract noun "immorality" can be translated as "immoral deeds." Alternate translation: "of doing sexually immoral deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CO 12 21 yyr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 of the ... lustful indulgence The abstract noun "indulgence" can be translated using a verb phrase. Alternate translation: "of ... doing things that satisfy immoral sexual desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Preparation
Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Power and weakness
Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words "power" and "weakness" in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other.

##### "Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves."
Scholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
+2CO 0 # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Preparation
Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Power and weakness
Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words "power" and "weakness" in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other.

##### "Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves."
Scholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
2CO 13 01 y8fz 0 Connecting Statement: Paul establishes that Christ is speaking through him and that Paul is wanting to restore them, encourage them, and unify them. 2CO 13 01 slj1 figs-activepassive 0 Every accusation must be established by the evidence of two or three witnesses This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "Believe that someone has done something wrong only after two or three people have said the same thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CO 13 02 fxl6 0 all the rest "all you other people" @@ -625,5 +625,5 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CO 13 11 uk1p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter to the Corinthian believers. 2CO 13 11 fm8m 0 Work for restoration "Work toward maturity" 2CO 13 11 diw1 0 agree with one another "live in harmony with one another" -2CO 13 12 p1nh 0 with a holy kiss "with Christian love" -2CO 13 13 x2qd 0 the believers "those whom God has set apart for himself" +2CO 13 12 p1nh ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι 1 with a holy kiss "with Christian love" +2CO 13 13 x2qd 0 the believers "those whom God has set apart for himself" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv b/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv index d127ea9fd8..15320c7e39 100644 --- a/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv @@ -2,325 +2,325 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo GAL front intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Galatians

1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).
1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).
1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).
1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other's burdens (5:1-6:10).
1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).

#### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?

Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.

#### What is the Book of Galatians about?

Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Galatians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Galatia." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What does it mean to "live like Jews" (2:14)?

To "live like Jews" means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called "Judaizers."

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### How did Paul use the terms "law" and "grace" in the Book of Galatians?

These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called "the law of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

#### What did Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?

This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "when we seek for God to justify us in Christ" (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.

Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?

* "Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes" (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, "[so] that ye should not obey the truth." Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators' region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
GAL 1 intro f3n5 0 # Galatians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was "not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones." Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Heresy
God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

##### Paul's qualifications

Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "You are turning so quickly to a different gospel"
The Book of Galatians is one of Paul's earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL 1 1 m4ss figs-you 0 General Information: Paul, an apostle, writes this letter to the churches in the area of Galatia. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of "you" and "your" in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 1 1 d1kd 0 who raised him "who caused him to live again" -GAL 1 2 d737 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -GAL 1 4 yk9g figs-metonymy 0 for our sins "Sins" is a metonym the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: "to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 1 4 f6d5 figs-metonymy 0 that he might deliver us from this present evil age Here "this ... age" represents the powers at work in the age. Alternate translation: "that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 1 4 lbb2 0 our God and Father This refers to "God our Father." He is our God and our Father. +GAL 1 1 d1kd τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν 1 who raised him "who caused him to live again" +GAL 1 2 d737 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +GAL 1 4 yk9g figs-metonymy περὶ ἡμῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 for our sins "Sins" is a metonym the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: "to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 1 4 f6d5 figs-metonymy ὅπως ἐξέληται ἡμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ αἰῶνος 1 that he might deliver us from this present evil age Here "this ... age" represents the powers at work in the age. Alternate translation: "that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 1 4 lbb2 ἡμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς 1 our God and Father This refers to "God our Father." He is our God and our Father. GAL 1 6 lf1w 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives his reason for writing this letter: he reminds them to continue to understand the gospel. -GAL 1 6 f74p 0 I am amazed "I am surprised" or "I am shocked." Paul was disappointed that they were doing this. -GAL 1 6 v438 figs-metaphor 0 you are turning away so quickly from him Here "turning away ... from him" is a metaphor for started to doubt or no longer trust God. Alternate translation: "you are so quickly starting to doubt him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 1 6 x7we 0 him who called you "God, who called you" -GAL 1 6 fd7a 0 called Here this means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to serve him, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus. -GAL 1 6 cfr2 0 by the grace of Christ "because of Christ's grace" or "because of Christ's gracious sacrifice" +GAL 1 6 f74p θαυμάζω 1 I am amazed "I am surprised" or "I am shocked." Paul was disappointed that they were doing this. +GAL 1 6 v438 figs-metaphor μετατίθεσθε οὕτως ταχέως ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος 1 you are turning away so quickly from him Here "turning away ... from him" is a metaphor for started to doubt or no longer trust God. Alternate translation: "you are so quickly starting to doubt him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 1 6 x7we τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς 1 him who called you "God, who called you" +GAL 1 6 fd7a τοῦ καλέσαντος 1 called Here this means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to serve him, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus. +GAL 1 6 cfr2 ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ 1 by the grace of Christ "because of Christ's grace" or "because of Christ's gracious sacrifice" GAL 1 6 n1rd figs-metaphor 0 you are turning to a different gospel Here "turning to" is a metaphor that means to start to believe something. Alternate translation: "you are instead starting to believe a different gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 1 7 gy1i 0 some men "some people" -GAL 1 8 i82d figs-hypo 0 should proclaim This is describing something that has not happened and should not happen. Alternate translation: "would proclaim" or "were to proclaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -GAL 1 8 s5uq 0 other than the one "different from the gospel" or "different from the message" -GAL 1 8 xb2c 0 let him be cursed "God should punish that person forever." If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that. -GAL 1 10 b2vc figs-rquestion 0 For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men? These rhetorical questions expect the answer "no." Alternate translation: "I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 1 10 fl3c 0 If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of Christ Both the "if" phrase and the "then" phrase are contrary to fact. "I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ" or "If I were still trying to please men, then I would not be a servant of Christ" +GAL 1 7 gy1i οἱ ταράσσοντες 1 some men "some people" +GAL 1 8 i82d figs-hypo εὐαγγελίζηται 1 should proclaim This is describing something that has not happened and should not happen. Alternate translation: "would proclaim" or "were to proclaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +GAL 1 8 s5uq παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα 1 other than the one "different from the gospel" or "different from the message" +GAL 1 8 xb2c ἔστω ἀνάθεμα 1 let him be cursed "God should punish that person forever." If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that. +GAL 1 10 b2vc figs-rquestion γὰρ πείθω ἄρτι πείθω ἀνθρώπους ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀρέσκειν ἀνθρώποις? 1 For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men? These rhetorical questions expect the answer "no." Alternate translation: "I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 1 10 fl3c εἰ ἤρεσκον ἔτι ἤρεσκον ἀνθρώποις, ἂν ἤμην οὐκ δοῦλος Χριστοῦ 1 If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of Christ Both the "if" phrase and the "then" phrase are contrary to fact. "I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ" or "If I were still trying to please men, then I would not be a servant of Christ" GAL 1 11 llg6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains that he did not learn the gospel from others; he learned it from Jesus Christ. -GAL 1 11 g1qg 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 1 11 k33s 0 not man's gospel By using this phrase, Paul was not trying to say that Jesus Christ is not himself human. Because Christ is both man and God, however, he is not a sinful human being. Paul is writing about where the gospel came from; that it did not come from other sinful human beings, but it came from Jesus Christ. -GAL 1 12 wed1 0 it was by revelation of Jesus Christ to me Possible meanings are 1) "Jesus Christ himself revealed the gospel to me" or 2) "God made me know the gospel when he showed me who Jesus Christ was." -GAL 1 13 f3gl 0 former life "behavior at one time" or "prior life" or "earlier life" -GAL 1 14 r44z 0 I advanced This metaphor pictures Paul as being ahead of other Jews his age in their goal to be perfect Jews. -GAL 1 14 s81t 0 those who were my own age "the Jewish people who are the same age as I am" -GAL 1 14 f1z8 0 my fathers "my ancestors" -GAL 1 15 wd26 0 who called me through his grace Possible meanings are 1) "God called me to serve him because he is gracious" or 2) "He called me by means of his grace." -GAL 1 16 l97h 0 to reveal his Son in me Possible meanings are 1) "to allow me to know his Son" or 2) "to show the world through me that Jesus is God's Son." -GAL 1 16 l5bb guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -GAL 1 16 xx4c 0 preach him "proclaim that he is God's Son" or "preach the good news about God's Son" -GAL 1 16 qme5 figs-idiom 0 consult with flesh and blood This is an expression that means talking with other people. Alternate translation: "ask people to help me understand the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -GAL 1 17 qh88 0 go up to Jerusalem "go to Jerusalem." Jerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as "going up to Jerusalem." -GAL 1 19 av43 figs-doublenegatives 0 I saw none of the other apostles except James This double negative emphasizes that James was the only apostle whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: "the only other apostle I saw was James" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -GAL 1 20 lh36 0 before God Paul wants the Galatians to understand that Paul is completely serious and that he knows that God hears what he says and will judge him if he does not tell the truth. -GAL 1 20 h3cb figs-litotes 0 In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lying Paul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: "I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you" or "in the things I write to you I am telling you the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -GAL 1 21 m25a 0 regions of "part of the world called" -GAL 1 22 y6l4 0 I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in Christ "None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me" -GAL 1 23 z8qt 0 They only heard it being said "but they only knew what they heard others saying about me" +GAL 1 11 g1qg ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 1 11 k33s ὅτι οὐκ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον' κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 not man's gospel By using this phrase, Paul was not trying to say that Jesus Christ is not himself human. Because Christ is both man and God, however, he is not a sinful human being. Paul is writing about where the gospel came from; that it did not come from other sinful human beings, but it came from Jesus Christ. +GAL 1 12 wed1 δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 it was by revelation of Jesus Christ to me Possible meanings are 1) "Jesus Christ himself revealed the gospel to me" or 2) "God made me know the gospel when he showed me who Jesus Christ was." +GAL 1 13 f3gl ποτε ἀναστροφήν 1 former life "behavior at one time" or "prior life" or "earlier life" +GAL 1 14 r44z καὶ προέκοπτον 1 I advanced This metaphor pictures Paul as being ahead of other Jews his age in their goal to be perfect Jews. +GAL 1 14 s81t συνηλικιώτας 1 those who were my own age "the Jewish people who are the same age as I am" +GAL 1 14 f1z8 μου τῶν πατρικῶν 1 my fathers "my ancestors" +GAL 1 15 wd26 καλέσας διὰ αὐτοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 who called me through his grace Possible meanings are 1) "God called me to serve him because he is gracious" or 2) "He called me by means of his grace." +GAL 1 16 l97h ἀποκαλύψαι αὐτοῦ τὸν Υἱὸν ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 to reveal his Son in me Possible meanings are 1) "to allow me to know his Son" or 2) "to show the world through me that Jesus is God's Son." +GAL 1 16 l5bb guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Υἱὸν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +GAL 1 16 xx4c εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν 1 preach him "proclaim that he is God's Son" or "preach the good news about God's Son" +GAL 1 16 qme5 figs-idiom προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι 1 consult with flesh and blood This is an expression that means talking with other people. Alternate translation: "ask people to help me understand the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +GAL 1 17 qh88 ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 go up to Jerusalem "go to Jerusalem." Jerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as "going up to Jerusalem." +GAL 1 19 av43 figs-doublenegatives εἶδον οὐκ τῶν ἕτερον ἀποστόλων εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον 1 I saw none of the other apostles except James This double negative emphasizes that James was the only apostle whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: "the only other apostle I saw was James" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +GAL 1 20 lh36 ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 before God Paul wants the Galatians to understand that Paul is completely serious and that he knows that God hears what he says and will judge him if he does not tell the truth. +GAL 1 20 h3cb figs-litotes ἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅτι ψεύδομαι οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lying Paul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: "I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you" or "in the things I write to you I am telling you the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +GAL 1 21 m25a κλίματα τῆς Συρίας 1 regions of "part of the world called" +GAL 1 22 y6l4 ἤμην δὲ ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ἀγνοούμενος ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ 1 I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in Christ "None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me" +GAL 1 23 z8qt ἀκούοντες ἦσαν μόνον δὲ ἀκούοντες ἦσαν 1 They only heard it being said "but they only knew what they heard others saying about me" GAL 2 intro xe28 0 # Galatians 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Freedom and slavery

Throughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "I do not negate the grace of God"

Paul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words "I do not negate the grace of God" as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, "If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GAL 2 1 zt61 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to give the history of how he learned the gospel from God, not the apostles. -GAL 2 1 zth5 0 went up "traveled." Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem. -GAL 2 2 msv4 0 those who seemed to be important "the most important leaders among the believers" -GAL 2 2 ejb8 figs-doublenegatives 0 I was not running—or had not run—in vain Paul uses running as a metaphor for work, and he uses a double negative to emphasize that the work he had done was profitable. Alternate translation: "I was doing, or had done, profitable work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 2 2 t6we 0 in vain "for no benefit" or "for nothing" -GAL 2 3 xs8k figs-activepassive 0 to be circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to have someone circumcise him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 2 1 zth5 ἀνέβην 1 went up "traveled." Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem. +GAL 2 2 msv4 τοῖς δοκοῦσιν 1 those who seemed to be important "the most important leaders among the believers" +GAL 2 2 ejb8 figs-doublenegatives τρέχω μή πως τρέχω— ἢ ἔδραμον— εἰς κενὸν 1 I was not running—or had not run—in vain Paul uses running as a metaphor for work, and he uses a double negative to emphasize that the work he had done was profitable. Alternate translation: "I was doing, or had done, profitable work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 2 2 t6we εἰς κενὸν 1 in vain "for no benefit" or "for nothing" +GAL 2 3 xs8k figs-activepassive περιτμηθῆναι 1 to be circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to have someone circumcise him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 2 4 j5ka 0 The false brothers came in secretly "People who pretended to be Christians came into the church," or "People who pretended to be Christians came among us" GAL 2 4 x1mx 0 spy on the liberty secretly watch people to see how they live in liberty -GAL 2 4 m1al 0 liberty freedom +GAL 2 4 m1al τὴν ἐλευθερίαν 1 liberty freedom GAL 2 4 yd97 0 They desired "These spies desired" or "These false brothers wanted" GAL 2 4 l7n7 figs-explicit 0 to make us slaves "to make us slaves to the law." Paul is speaking about being forced to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. He is speaking about this as if it were slavery. The most important ritual was circumcision. Alternate translation: "to force us to obey the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 2 5 bba7 0 yield in submission "submit" or "listen" -GAL 2 6 afy6 figs-metonymy 0 added nothing to me The word "me" here represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: "added nothing to what I teach" or "did not tell me to add anything to what I teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 2 7 cps6 0 On the contrary "Instead" or "Rather" -GAL 2 7 spa9 figs-activepassive 0 I had been entrusted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God trusted me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 2 5 bba7 εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ 1 yield in submission "submit" or "listen" +GAL 2 6 afy6 figs-metonymy προσανέθεντο οὐδὲν ἐμοὶ 1 added nothing to me The word "me" here represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: "added nothing to what I teach" or "did not tell me to add anything to what I teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 2 7 cps6 ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον 1 On the contrary "Instead" or "Rather" +GAL 2 7 spa9 figs-activepassive πεπίστευμαι 1 I had been entrusted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God trusted me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 2 9 he6q figs-metaphor 0 built up the church They were men who taught people about Jesus and convinced people to believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 2 9 ie72 figs-abstractnouns 0 understood the grace that had been given to me The abstract noun "grace" can be translated as the verb "be kind." Alternate translation: "understood that God had been kind to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -GAL 2 9 kz2m figs-activepassive 0 the grace that had been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God had given to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 2 9 e5rm translate-symaction 0 gave ... the right hand of fellowship Grasping and shaking the right hand was a symbol of fellowship. Alternate translation: "welcomed ... as fellow workers" or "welcomed ... with honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -GAL 2 9 gi7g 0 the right hand "their right hands" -GAL 2 10 kqq6 figs-explicit 0 remember the poor You may need to make explicit what about the poor he was to remember. Alternate translation: "remember to take care of the needs of the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 2 11 c9h4 figs-metonymy 0 I opposed him to his face The words "to his face" are a metonym for "where he could see and hear me." Alternate translation: "I confronted him in person" or "I challenged his actions in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 2 9 ie72 figs-abstractnouns γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι 1 understood the grace that had been given to me The abstract noun "grace" can be translated as the verb "be kind." Alternate translation: "understood that God had been kind to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +GAL 2 9 kz2m figs-activepassive τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι 1 the grace that had been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God had given to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 2 9 e5rm translate-symaction , ἔδωκαν δεξιὰς κοινωνίας 1 gave ... the right hand of fellowship Grasping and shaking the right hand was a symbol of fellowship. Alternate translation: "welcomed ... as fellow workers" or "welcomed ... with honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +GAL 2 9 gi7g δεξιὰς 1 the right hand "their right hands" +GAL 2 10 kqq6 figs-explicit μνημονεύωμεν τῶν πτωχῶν 1 remember the poor You may need to make explicit what about the poor he was to remember. Alternate translation: "remember to take care of the needs of the poor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 2 11 c9h4 figs-metonymy ἀντέστην κατὰ αὐτῷ πρόσωπον 1 I opposed him to his face The words "to his face" are a metonym for "where he could see and hear me." Alternate translation: "I confronted him in person" or "I challenged his actions in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GAL 2 12 xym6 0 Before in relation to time GAL 2 12 s18y 0 he stopped "he stopped eating with them" -GAL 2 12 z1kg figs-explicit 0 He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision The reason Cephas was afraid can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong" or "He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would blame him for doing something wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 2 12 fy79 0 those who were demanding circumcision Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs -GAL 2 12 a6gv 0 kept away from "stayed away from" or "avoided" +GAL 2 12 z1kg figs-explicit φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision The reason Cephas was afraid can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong" or "He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would blame him for doing something wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 2 12 fy79 τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 those who were demanding circumcision Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs +GAL 2 12 a6gv ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν 1 kept away from "stayed away from" or "avoided" GAL 2 14 sg53 0 not following the truth of the gospel "they were not living like people who believe the gospel" or "they were living as though they did not believe the gospel" -GAL 2 14 z4fp figs-rquestion 0 how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews? This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word "you" is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: "you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 2 14 y1zw 0 force Possible meanings are 1) force by using words or 2) persuade . +GAL 2 14 z4fp figs-rquestion πῶς ἀναγκάζεις τὰ ἔθνη Ἰουδαΐζειν 1 how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews? This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word "you" is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: "you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 2 14 y1zw ἀναγκάζεις 1 force Possible meanings are 1) force by using words or 2) persuade . GAL 2 15 p3x8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the believers that Jews who know the law, as well as Gentiles who do not know the law, are saved only by faith in Christ and not by keeping the law. -GAL 2 15 tz45 0 not Gentile sinners "not those whom the Jews call Gentile sinners" -GAL 2 16 zy8p 0 We also came to faith in Christ Jesus "We believed in Christ Jesus" -GAL 2 16 j6l1 figs-exclusive 0 we This probably refers to Paul and others but not to the Galatians, who were primarily Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -GAL 2 16 j7g5 figs-synecdoche 0 no flesh The word "flesh" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "no person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -GAL 2 17 vnp6 0 while we seek to be justified in Christ The phrase "justified in Christ" means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of Christ. -GAL 2 17 sge2 figs-idiom 0 we too, were found to be sinners The words "were found to be" are an idiom that emphasizes that "we are" certainly sinners. Alternate translation: "we see that we also certainly are sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -GAL 2 17 yy9s figs-rquestion 0 Absolutely not! "Of course, that is not true!" This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question "Does Christ become a servant of sin?" You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 2 20 bb2x guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -GAL 2 21 tj6l figs-litotes 0 I do not set aside Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: "I confirm the value of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -GAL 2 21 yl3c figs-hypo 0 if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -GAL 2 21 k6bg 0 if righteousness could be gained through the law "if people could become righteous by obeying the law" -GAL 2 21 rku5 0 then Christ died for nothing "then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying" +GAL 2 15 tz45 οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί 1 not Gentile sinners "not those whom the Jews call Gentile sinners" +GAL 2 16 zy8p ἡμεῖς καὶ ἐπιστεύσαμεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 We also came to faith in Christ Jesus "We believed in Christ Jesus" +GAL 2 16 j6l1 figs-exclusive εἰδότες 1 we This probably refers to Paul and others but not to the Galatians, who were primarily Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +GAL 2 16 j7g5 figs-synecdoche οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σάρξ 1 no flesh The word "flesh" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "no person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +GAL 2 17 vnp6 ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ 1 while we seek to be justified in Christ The phrase "justified in Christ" means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of Christ. +GAL 2 17 sge2 figs-idiom εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ, εὑρέθημεν ἁμαρτωλοί 1 we too, were found to be sinners The words "were found to be" are an idiom that emphasizes that "we are" certainly sinners. Alternate translation: "we see that we also certainly are sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +GAL 2 17 yy9s figs-rquestion μὴ γένοιτο! 1 Absolutely not! "Of course, that is not true!" This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question "Does Christ become a servant of sin?" You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 2 20 bb2x guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +GAL 2 21 tj6l figs-litotes ἀθετῶ οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 I do not set aside Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: "I confirm the value of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +GAL 2 21 yl3c figs-hypo εἰ δικαιοσύνη διὰ νόμου, ἄρα Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν δωρεὰν 1 if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +GAL 2 21 k6bg εἰ δικαιοσύνη διὰ νόμου 1 if righteousness could be gained through the law "if people could become righteous by obeying the law" +GAL 2 21 rku5 ἄρα Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν δωρεὰν 1 then Christ died for nothing "then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying" GAL 3 intro xd92 0 # Galatians 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Equality in Christ
All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions
Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh
This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. "Flesh" is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

##### "Those of faith are children of Abraham"
Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul's other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL 3 1 p7uw 0 General Information: Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions. GAL 3 1 x4gd 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers in Galatia that God gave them God's Spirit when they believed the gospel by faith, not by their doing God's law. -GAL 3 1 ryu7 figs-irony 0 Who has put a spell on you? Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: "You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 1 dc2j 0 put a spell on you "done magic on you" or "done witchcraft on you" -GAL 3 1 gwv2 figs-metaphor 0 It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified Paul speaks of his clear teaching of Jesus being crucified as if he had put on public display a picture of Jesus being crucified. And he speaks of the Galatians having heard his teaching as if they had seen the picture. Alternate translation: "You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 3 2 m1zd figs-irony 0 This is the only thing I want to learn from you This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -GAL 3 2 wq9g figs-rquestion 0 Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard? Translate this rhetorical question as a question if you can, because the reader will be expecting a question here. Also, be sure that the reader knows that the answer to the question is "by believing what you heard," not "by doing what the law says." Alternate translation: "You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 3 f96u figs-rquestion 0 Are you so foolish? This rhetorical question shows that Paul is surprised and even angry that the Galatians are foolish. Alternate translation: "You are very foolish!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 3 xu4d figs-metonymy 0 by the flesh The word "flesh" is a metonym for effort. Alternate translation: "by your own effort" or "by your own work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 3 4 iyj1 figs-rquestion 0 Have you suffered so many things for nothing ... ? Paul uses this question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: "Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing ... !" or "Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things ... !" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 4 qn1a figs-explicit 0 Have you suffered so many things for nothing It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: "Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing" or "You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 3 4 nq68 0 for nothing "uselessly" or "without the hope of receiving something good" -GAL 3 4 xl9l figs-rquestion 0 if indeed it was for nothing? Possible meanings are 1) Paul uses this rhetorical question to warn them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: "Do not let it be for nothing!" or "Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing." or 2) Paul uses this question to assure them that their suffering was not for nothing. Alternate translation: "It was certainly not for nothing!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 1 ryu7 figs-irony τίς ἐβάσκανεν ὑμᾶς? 1 Who has put a spell on you? Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: "You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 1 dc2j ἐβάσκανεν ὑμᾶς 1 put a spell on you "done magic on you" or "done witchcraft on you" +GAL 3 1 gwv2 figs-metaphor οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος 1 It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified Paul speaks of his clear teaching of Jesus being crucified as if he had put on public display a picture of Jesus being crucified. And he speaks of the Galatians having heard his teaching as if they had seen the picture. Alternate translation: "You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 2 m1zd figs-irony τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν 1 This is the only thing I want to learn from you This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +GAL 3 2 wq9g figs-rquestion ἐλάβετε τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ πίστεως ἀκοῆς? 1 Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard? Translate this rhetorical question as a question if you can, because the reader will be expecting a question here. Also, be sure that the reader knows that the answer to the question is "by believing what you heard," not "by doing what the law says." Alternate translation: "You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 3 f96u figs-rquestion ἐστε οὕτως ἀνόητοί? 1 Are you so foolish? This rhetorical question shows that Paul is surprised and even angry that the Galatians are foolish. Alternate translation: "You are very foolish!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 3 xu4d figs-metonymy σαρκὶ 1 by the flesh The word "flesh" is a metonym for effort. Alternate translation: "by your own effort" or "by your own work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 3 4 iyj1 figs-rquestion ἐπάθετε τοσαῦτα εἰκῇ— 1 Have you suffered so many things for nothing ... ? Paul uses this question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: "Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing ... !" or "Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things ... !" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 4 qn1a figs-explicit ἐπάθετε τοσαῦτα εἰκῇ 1 Have you suffered so many things for nothing It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: "Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing" or "You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 3 4 nq68 εἰκῇ 1 for nothing "uselessly" or "without the hope of receiving something good" +GAL 3 4 xl9l figs-rquestion εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ? 1 if indeed it was for nothing? Possible meanings are 1) Paul uses this rhetorical question to warn them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: "Do not let it be for nothing!" or "Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing." or 2) Paul uses this question to assure them that their suffering was not for nothing. Alternate translation: "It was certainly not for nothing!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 3 5 s3bc figs-rquestion 0 Does he ... do so by the works of the law, or by hearing with faith? Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. Alternate translation: "He ... does not do it by the works of the law; he does it by hearing with faith." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 5 j4vz 0 by the works of the law This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: "because you do what the law tells us to do" -GAL 3 5 e17q figs-explicit 0 by hearing with faith Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus" or "because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 3 5 j4vz ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 by the works of the law This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: "because you do what the law tells us to do" +GAL 3 5 e17q figs-explicit ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 by hearing with faith Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus" or "because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 3 6 ahy9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law. -GAL 3 6 f7sv 0 it was credited to him as righteousness God saw Abraham's faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous. -GAL 3 7 i9x4 figs-abstractnouns 0 those of faith "those who have faith." The meaning of the noun "faith" can be expressed with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "those who believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -GAL 3 7 kq1h figs-metaphor 0 children of Abraham This represents people whom God views as he viewed Abraham. Alternate translation: "righteous in the same way as Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 3 8 vs1m figs-personification 0 foreseeing Because God made the promise to Abraham and they wrote it down before the promise came through Christ, the scripture is like someone who knows the future before it happens. Alternate translation: "predicted" or "saw before it happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -GAL 3 8 k9tp figs-you 0 In you "Because of what you have done" or "Because I have blessed you." The word "you" refers to Abraham and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 3 8 j83j 0 all the nations "all the people-groups in the world." God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews. +GAL 3 6 f7sv ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 it was credited to him as righteousness God saw Abraham's faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous. +GAL 3 7 i9x4 figs-abstractnouns οἱ ἐκ πίστεως 1 those of faith "those who have faith." The meaning of the noun "faith" can be expressed with the verb "believe." Alternate translation: "those who believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +GAL 3 7 kq1h figs-metaphor οὗτοι υἱοί Ἀβραὰμ 1 children of Abraham This represents people whom God views as he viewed Abraham. Alternate translation: "righteous in the same way as Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 8 vs1m figs-personification προϊδοῦσα δὲ 1 foreseeing Because God made the promise to Abraham and they wrote it down before the promise came through Christ, the scripture is like someone who knows the future before it happens. Alternate translation: "predicted" or "saw before it happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 3 8 k9tp figs-you ἐν σοὶ 1 In you "Because of what you have done" or "Because I have blessed you." The word "you" refers to Abraham and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 3 8 j83j πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 all the nations "all the people-groups in the world." God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews. GAL 3 10 jhr2 figs-metaphor 0 All who rely on ... the law are under a curse Being under a curse represents being cursed. Here it refers to being eternally punished. "Those who rely on ... the law are cursed" or "God will eternally punish those who rely on ... the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 3 10 mxe7 0 the works of the law "what the law says we must do" -GAL 3 11 sn9h figs-explicit 0 Now it is clear What is clear can be stated explicitly. AT "The scriptures are clear" or "The scriptures teach clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 3 11 k6k5 0 no one is justified before God by the law This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God justifies no one by the law" -GAL 3 11 k1pq figs-explicit 0 no one is justified before God by the law Paul is correcting their believe that if they obeyed the law, God would justify them. Alternate translation: "no one is justified before God by obeying the law" or "God does not justify anyone for their obedience to the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 3 11 i537 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous will live by faith The nominal adjective "righteous" refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: "righteous people will live by faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -GAL 3 12 rep5 0 must live by them Possible meanings are 1) "must obey them all" or 2) "will be judged by his ability to do what the law demands." +GAL 3 10 mxe7 ἔργων νόμου 1 the works of the law "what the law says we must do" +GAL 3 11 sn9h figs-explicit δὲ δῆλον 1 Now it is clear What is clear can be stated explicitly. AT "The scriptures are clear" or "The scriptures teach clearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 3 11 k6k5 οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ ἐν νόμῳ 1 no one is justified before God by the law This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God justifies no one by the law" +GAL 3 11 k1pq figs-explicit οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ ἐν νόμῳ 1 no one is justified before God by the law Paul is correcting their believe that if they obeyed the law, God would justify them. Alternate translation: "no one is justified before God by obeying the law" or "God does not justify anyone for their obedience to the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 3 11 i537 figs-nominaladj ὁ δίκαιος ζήσεται ἐκ πίστεως 1 the righteous will live by faith The nominal adjective "righteous" refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: "righteous people will live by faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +GAL 3 12 rep5 ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 must live by them Possible meanings are 1) "must obey them all" or 2) "will be judged by his ability to do what the law demands." GAL 3 13 x2lc 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds these believers again that keeping the law could not save a person and that the law did not add a new condition to the promise by faith given to Abraham. -GAL 3 13 ml63 0 from the curse of the law The noun "curse" can be expressed with the verb "curse." Alternate translation: "from being cursed because of the law" or "from being cursed for not obeying the law" +GAL 3 13 ml63 ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου 1 from the curse of the law The noun "curse" can be expressed with the verb "curse." Alternate translation: "from being cursed because of the law" or "from being cursed for not obeying the law" GAL 3 13 mp4p figs-metonymy 0 from the curse of the law ... becoming a curse for us ... Cursed is everyone The word "curse" here is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: "from us having God condemn us because we broke the law ... having God condemn him instead of us ... God condemns everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 3 13 mt6z 0 hangs on a tree Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross. -GAL 3 14 brf7 0 so that the blessing of Abraham might come "because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come" -GAL 3 14 fa98 0 so that by faith we might receive "because Christ became a curse for us, by faith we will receive" -GAL 3 14 h46q figs-inclusive 0 we The word "we" includes the people who would read the letter and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -GAL 3 15 al9b 0 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 3 15 c3gs 0 in human terms "as a person" or "of things most people understand" -GAL 3 16 f1xu 0 Now This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case. -GAL 3 16 w3wl 0 referring to many "referring to many descendants" -GAL 3 16 t25e figs-you 0 to your descendant The word "your" is singular and refers to a specific person, who is a particular descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as "Christ"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 3 17 h36m translate-numbers 0 430 years "four hundred and thirty years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -GAL 3 18 ujg2 figs-hypo 0 For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: "the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -GAL 3 18 c8fu figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance of property and wealth from a family member, and eternal blessings and redemption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 13 mt6z ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 hangs on a tree Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross. +GAL 3 14 brf7 ἵνα ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται 1 so that the blessing of Abraham might come "because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come" +GAL 3 14 fa98 ἵνα διὰ τῆς πίστεως λάβωμεν 1 so that by faith we might receive "because Christ became a curse for us, by faith we will receive" +GAL 3 14 h46q figs-inclusive λάβωμεν 1 we The word "we" includes the people who would read the letter and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +GAL 3 15 al9b ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 3 15 c3gs κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 in human terms "as a person" or "of things most people understand" +GAL 3 16 f1xu τῷ δὲ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Now This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case. +GAL 3 16 w3wl ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν 1 referring to many "referring to many descendants" +GAL 3 16 t25e figs-you τῷ σπέρματί σου τῷ σπέρματί 1 to your descendant The word "your" is singular and refers to a specific person, who is a particular descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as "Christ"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 3 17 h36m translate-numbers ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη 1 430 years "four hundred and thirty years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +GAL 3 18 ujg2 figs-hypo γὰρ εἰ ἡ κληρονομία ἐκ νόμου, οὐκέτι ἐξ οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας 1 For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: "the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +GAL 3 18 c8fu figs-metaphor κληρονομία 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance of property and wealth from a family member, and eternal blessings and redemption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 19 fr5t 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the believers in Galatia why God gave the law. -GAL 3 19 kx2e figs-rquestion 0 What, then, was the purpose of the law? Paul uses a rhetorical question to introduce the next topic he wants to discuss. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I will tell you what the purpose of the law is." or "Let me tell you why God gave the law." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 19 uk9m figs-activepassive 0 It was added This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God added it" or "God added the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 3 19 cf66 figs-activepassive 0 The law was put into force through angels by a mediator This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 3 19 bgi6 0 a mediator "a representative" -GAL 3 20 x9l1 0 Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is one God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses with a mediator. As a result, Paul's readers may have thought that the law somehow made the promise to no effect. Paul is stating what his readers might have thought here, and he will respond to them in the verses that follow. +GAL 3 19 kx2e figs-rquestion τί, οὖν, ὁ νόμος? 1 What, then, was the purpose of the law? Paul uses a rhetorical question to introduce the next topic he wants to discuss. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I will tell you what the purpose of the law is." or "Let me tell you why God gave the law." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 19 uk9m figs-activepassive προσετέθη 1 It was added This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God added it" or "God added the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 3 19 cf66 figs-activepassive διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 The law was put into force through angels by a mediator This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 3 19 bgi6 χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 a mediator "a representative" +GAL 3 20 x9l1 δὲ ὁ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ἐστιν εἷς 1 Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is one God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses with a mediator. As a result, Paul's readers may have thought that the law somehow made the promise to no effect. Paul is stating what his readers might have thought here, and he will respond to them in the verses that follow. GAL 3 21 wes3 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "us" in this section refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -GAL 3 21 e43u 0 against the promises "opposed to the promises" or "in conflict with the promises" -GAL 3 21 b8xx figs-activepassive 0 if a law had been given that could give life This can be stated in active form, and the abstract noun "life" can be translated with the verb "live." Alternate translation: "if God had given a law that enabled those who kept it to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -GAL 3 21 iyg9 0 righteousness would certainly have come by the law "we could have become righteous by obeying that law" -GAL 3 22 n5js 0 scripture imprisoned everything under sin. God did this so that the promise to save us by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe Other possible meanings are 1) "because we all sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison, so that what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he might give to those who believe" or 2) "because we sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison. He did this because what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he wants to give to those who believe." -GAL 3 22 jbn7 figs-personification 0 scripture Paul is treating scripture as though it were a person and is speaking of God, who wrote scripture. Alternate translation: "God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 3 21 e43u κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 against the promises "opposed to the promises" or "in conflict with the promises" +GAL 3 21 b8xx figs-activepassive εἰ νόμος ἐδόθη ὁ δυνάμενος ζῳοποιῆσαι 1 if a law had been given that could give life This can be stated in active form, and the abstract noun "life" can be translated with the verb "live." Alternate translation: "if God had given a law that enabled those who kept it to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +GAL 3 21 iyg9 ἡ δικαιοσύνη ἦν ἂν ἦν ἐν νόμου 1 righteousness would certainly have come by the law "we could have become righteous by obeying that law" +GAL 3 22 n5js Γραφὴ συνέκλεισεν τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν. ἵνα ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 scripture imprisoned everything under sin. God did this so that the promise to save us by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe Other possible meanings are 1) "because we all sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison, so that what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he might give to those who believe" or 2) "because we sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison. He did this because what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he wants to give to those who believe." +GAL 3 22 jbn7 figs-personification Γραφὴ 1 scripture Paul is treating scripture as though it were a person and is speaking of God, who wrote scripture. Alternate translation: "God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) GAL 3 23 rch2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds those in Galatia that believers are free in God's family, not slaves under the law. -GAL 3 23 su16 figs-activepassive 0 we were held captive under the law, imprisoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the law held us captive and we were in prison" or "the law held us captive in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 3 23 bs6i figs-metaphor 0 we were held captive under the law, imprisoned The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. Alternate translation: "the law controlled us like a prison guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 23 su16 figs-activepassive ἐφρουρούμεθα ὑπὸ νόμον, συνκλειόμενοι 1 we were held captive under the law, imprisoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the law held us captive and we were in prison" or "the law held us captive in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 3 23 bs6i figs-metaphor ἐφρουρούμεθα ὑπὸ νόμον, συνκλειόμενοι 1 we were held captive under the law, imprisoned The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. Alternate translation: "the law controlled us like a prison guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 23 t32j figs-activepassive 0 until faith should be revealed This can be stated in active form, and who this faith is in can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ" or "until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 3 24 ln1s 0 guardian More than simply "one who gives oversight to a child," this was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child's actions. -GAL 3 24 m7jy 0 until Christ came "until the time when Christ came" -GAL 3 24 s8g5 figs-activepassive 0 so that we might be justified Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God would declare us to be righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 3 27 v6n1 0 For as many of you who were baptized into Christ "For all of you who were baptized into Christ" -GAL 3 27 di9v figs-metaphor 0 have clothed yourselves with Christ Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor meaning that they have been united to Christ. Alternate translation: "have become united with Christ" or "belong to Christ" or 2) this is a metaphor meaning that they have become like Christ. Alternate translation: "have become like Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 3 28 tyb8 0 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female "God sees no difference between Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female" -GAL 3 29 qp4z figs-metaphor 0 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 24 ln1s παιδαγωγὸς 1 guardian More than simply "one who gives oversight to a child," this was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child's actions. +GAL 3 24 m7jy εἰς Χριστόν εἰς 1 until Christ came "until the time when Christ came" +GAL 3 24 s8g5 figs-activepassive ἵνα δικαιωθῶμεν 1 so that we might be justified Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God would declare us to be righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 3 27 v6n1 γὰρ ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθητε εἰς Χριστὸν 1 For as many of you who were baptized into Christ "For all of you who were baptized into Christ" +GAL 3 27 di9v figs-metaphor ἐνεδύσασθε Χριστὸν 1 have clothed yourselves with Christ Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor meaning that they have been united to Christ. Alternate translation: "have become united with Christ" or "belong to Christ" or 2) this is a metaphor meaning that they have become like Christ. Alternate translation: "have become like Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 28 tyb8 ἔνι οὐκ Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, ἔνι οὐκ δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, ἔνι οὐκ ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ 1 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female "God sees no difference between Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female" +GAL 3 29 qp4z figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι 1 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 4 intro h6gw 0 # Galatians 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sonship
Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel's sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham's physical descendants inherited God's promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them "children of promise." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Abba, Father
"Abba" is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul "transliterates" its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
## Links:

* __[Galatians 4:1](../../gal/04/01.md)__

__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
GAL 4 1 fr5u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he made them no more slaves but sons. -GAL 4 1 n5yb 0 no different from "the same as" -GAL 4 2 bd5a 0 guardians people with legal responsibility for children -GAL 4 2 v5g9 0 trustees people whom others trust to keep valuable items safe +GAL 4 1 n5yb οὐδὲν διαφέρει 1 no different from "the same as" +GAL 4 2 bd5a ἐπιτρόπους 1 guardians people with legal responsibility for children +GAL 4 2 v5g9 οἰκονόμους 1 trustees people whom others trust to keep valuable items safe GAL 4 3 d6v9 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "we" here refers to all Christians, including Paul's readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -GAL 4 3 n21q figs-metaphor 0 when we were children Here "children" is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: "when we were like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 3 cd2w figs-metaphor 0 we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the world Here "enslaved" is a metaphor being unable to stop one's self from doing something. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the elemental principles of the world controlled us" or "we had to obey the elemental principles of the world as if we were slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 4 3 u462 0 the elemental principles of the world Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the laws or moral principles of the world, or 2) this refers to spiritual powers, which some people thought control what happens on earth. -GAL 4 4 l5tf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -GAL 4 5 v5cb figs-metaphor 0 redeem Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his people's sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 6 a274 0 you are sons Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. -GAL 4 6 eqx5 0 God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, "Abba, Father." By calling out "Abba, Father" the Spirit assures us that we are God's children and he loves us. -GAL 4 6 nei3 figs-metonymy 0 sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts The heart is metonym for the part of a person that thinks and feels. Alternate translation: "sent his Son's Spirit to show us how to think and act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 4 6 xhe6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -GAL 4 6 s54r 0 who calls The Spirit is the one who calls. -GAL 4 6 mlg1 0 Abba, Father This is the way a young child would address his father in Paul's home language, but not in the language of the Galatian readers. To keep the sense of a foreign language, translate this as a word that sounds as much like "Abba" as your language allows. -GAL 4 7 e7tc 0 you are no longer a slave, but a son Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. +GAL 4 3 n21q figs-metaphor ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι 1 when we were children Here "children" is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: "when we were like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 3 cd2w figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the world Here "enslaved" is a metaphor being unable to stop one's self from doing something. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the elemental principles of the world controlled us" or "we had to obey the elemental principles of the world as if we were slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 4 3 u462 τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 the elemental principles of the world Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the laws or moral principles of the world, or 2) this refers to spiritual powers, which some people thought control what happens on earth. +GAL 4 4 l5tf guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Υἱὸν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +GAL 4 5 v5cb figs-metaphor ἐξαγοράσῃ 1 redeem Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his people's sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 6 a274 ἐστε υἱοί 1 you are sons Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. +GAL 4 6 eqx5 , ὁ Θεὸς ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ εἰς ἡμῶν τὰς καρδίας, κρᾶζον," Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ." 1 God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, "Abba, Father." By calling out "Abba, Father" the Spirit assures us that we are God's children and he loves us. +GAL 4 6 nei3 figs-metonymy ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ εἰς ἡμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts The heart is metonym for the part of a person that thinks and feels. Alternate translation: "sent his Son's Spirit to show us how to think and act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 4 6 xhe6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples αὐτοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ 1 his Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +GAL 4 6 s54r κρᾶζον 1 who calls The Spirit is the one who calls. +GAL 4 6 mlg1 Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 Abba, Father This is the way a young child would address his father in Paul's home language, but not in the language of the Galatian readers. To keep the sense of a foreign language, translate this as a word that sounds as much like "Abba" as your language allows. +GAL 4 7 e7tc εἶ οὐκέτι δοῦλος, ἀλλὰ υἱός 1 you are no longer a slave, but a son Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. GAL 4 7 akb8 figs-you 0 you are no longer a slave ... you are also an heir Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 4 7 d5hu figs-metaphor 0 heir The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 7 d5hu figs-metaphor κληρονόμος 1 heir The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 4 8 s4ic 0 General Information: He continues to rebuke the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions. GAL 4 8 ukf5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under God's laws rather than living by faith. -GAL 4 8 cj5i 0 those who are "those things that are" or "those spirits who are" -GAL 4 9 ghx1 figs-activepassive 0 you are known by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knows you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 4 8 cj5i τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς 1 those who are "those things that are" or "those spirits who are" +GAL 4 9 ghx1 figs-activepassive γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ Θεοῦ 1 you are known by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knows you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 4 9 b8ue figs-metaphor 0 how is it that you are turning back to ... principles? Here "turning back to" is a metaphor for starting to pay attention to something again. This is the first of two rhetorical questions. Alternate translation: "you should not start paying attention to ... principles." or "you should not be concerned with ... principles." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 4 9 n5ie 0 elemental principles See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). +GAL 4 9 n5ie στοιχεῖα 1 elemental principles See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). GAL 4 9 w28k figs-rquestion 0 Do you want to be enslaved all over again? Paul uses this question to rebuke the people for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. Alternate translation: "It seems that you want to be slaves again." or "You behave as though you wanted to be like slaves again."(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 4 9 s77e figs-metaphor 0 Do you want to be enslaved all over again? Here being "enslaved" is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: "Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave has to obey his master?" or "It seems that you want to be controlled all over again!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 10 w7d5 0 You observe days and new moons and seasons and years Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: "You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years" -GAL 4 11 bsv1 0 may have been for nothing "may have been useless" or "has not had any effect effect" +GAL 4 10 w7d5 παρατηρεῖσθε ἡμέρας καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς 1 You observe days and new moons and seasons and years Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: "You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years" +GAL 4 11 bsv1 εἰκῇ 1 may have been for nothing "may have been useless" or "has not had any effect effect" GAL 4 12 ql14 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them. -GAL 4 12 sx9v 0 beg Here this means to ask or urge strongly. This is not the word used to ask for money or food or physical objects. -GAL 4 12 p9gn 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 4 12 n3wf 0 You did me no wrong This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "You treated me well" or "You treated me as you should have" -GAL 4 14 tk1l 0 Though my physical condition put you to the test "Though it was difficult for you to see me so physically ill" -GAL 4 14 v9xa 0 despise hate very much -GAL 4 17 t1ft 0 to win you over "to convince you to join them" -GAL 4 17 s9kn 0 to shut you out "to shut you out from us" or "to make you stop being loyal to us" -GAL 4 17 iv1d 0 zealous for them "zealous to do what they tell you to do" +GAL 4 12 sx9v δέομαι 1 beg Here this means to ask or urge strongly. This is not the word used to ask for money or food or physical objects. +GAL 4 12 p9gn ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 4 12 n3wf οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε 1 You did me no wrong This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "You treated me well" or "You treated me as you should have" +GAL 4 14 tk1l καὶ μου ἐν τῇ σαρκί ὑμῶν τὸν πειρασμὸν 1 Though my physical condition put you to the test "Though it was difficult for you to see me so physically ill" +GAL 4 14 v9xa ἐξουθενήσατε 1 despise hate very much +GAL 4 17 t1ft ζηλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς ζηλοῦσιν 1 to win you over "to convince you to join them" +GAL 4 17 s9kn ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι 1 to shut you out "to shut you out from us" or "to make you stop being loyal to us" +GAL 4 17 iv1d ζηλοῦτε αὐτοὺς 1 zealous for them "zealous to do what they tell you to do" GAL 4 19 zhv9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells believers that grace and law cannot work together. -GAL 4 19 u3eb figs-metaphor 0 My little children This is a metaphor for disciples or followers. Alternate translation: "You who are disciples because of me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 19 yf9e figs-metaphor 0 I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: "I am in pain as though I were a woman having to give birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 21 z1um 0 Tell me "I want to ask a question" or "I want to tell you something" -GAL 4 21 u6fs figs-rquestion 0 do you not listen to the law? Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: "you need to learn what the law really says." or "let me tell you what the law really says." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 4 19 u3eb figs-metaphor μου τέκνα 1 My little children This is a metaphor for disciples or followers. Alternate translation: "You who are disciples because of me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 19 yf9e figs-metaphor ὠδίνω οὓς μέχρις οὗ Χριστὸς μορφωθῇ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: "I am in pain as though I were a woman having to give birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 21 z1um λέγετέ μοι 1 Tell me "I want to ask a question" or "I want to tell you something" +GAL 4 21 u6fs figs-rquestion ἀκούετε οὐκ ἀκούετε τὸν νόμον? 1 do you not listen to the law? Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: "you need to learn what the law really says." or "let me tell you what the law really says." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 4 24 iit5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins a story to illustrate a truth—that law and grace cannot exist together. -GAL 4 24 bu23 0 These things may be interpreted as an allegory "This story of the two sons is like a picture of what I will tell you now" -GAL 4 24 k5qu 0 as an allegory An "allegory" is a story in which the people and things in it represent other things. In Paul's allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two covenants. -GAL 4 24 ruw4 0 women represent "women are a picture of" -GAL 4 24 u4hr figs-synecdoche 0 Mount Sinai "Mount Sinai" here is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: "Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -GAL 4 24 u3u9 figs-metaphor 0 she gives birth to children who are slaves Paul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -GAL 4 25 u1cc 0 she represents "she is a picture of" -GAL 4 25 ck7v figs-metaphor 0 she is in slavery with her children Hagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 26 wa1u 0 is free "is not bound" or "is not a slave" -GAL 4 27 jql2 0 Rejoice be happy +GAL 4 24 bu23 ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα 1 These things may be interpreted as an allegory "This story of the two sons is like a picture of what I will tell you now" +GAL 4 24 k5qu ἀλληγορούμενα 1 as an allegory An "allegory" is a story in which the people and things in it represent other things. In Paul's allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two covenants. +GAL 4 24 ruw4 αὗται εἰσιν 1 women represent "women are a picture of" +GAL 4 24 u4hr figs-synecdoche Ὄρους Σινά 1 Mount Sinai "Mount Sinai" here is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: "Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +GAL 4 24 u3u9 figs-metaphor γεννῶσα δουλείαν 1 she gives birth to children who are slaves Paul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 4 25 u1cc συνστοιχεῖ 1 she represents "she is a picture of" +GAL 4 25 ck7v figs-metaphor δουλεύει μετὰ αὐτῆς τῶν τέκνων 1 she is in slavery with her children Hagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 26 wa1u ἄνω ἐστίν ἐλευθέρα 1 is free "is not bound" or "is not a slave" +GAL 4 27 jql2 εὐφράνθητι 1 Rejoice be happy GAL 4 27 ih2f figs-you 0 you barren one ... you who are not suffering Here "you" refers to the barren woman and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 4 28 ad75 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 4 28 ct63 0 children of promise Possible meanings are that the Galatians have become God's children 1) by believing God's promise or 2) because God worked miracles to fulfill his promises to Abraham, first by giving Abraham a son and then by making the Galatians children of Abraham and thus sons of God. -GAL 4 29 c9lf figs-metaphor 0 according to the flesh This refers to Abraham's becoming Ishmael's father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: "by means of human action" or "because of what people did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 29 gt1e 0 according to the Spirit "because of something the Spirit did" -GAL 4 31 sy8u 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 4 31 y3c2 figs-ellipsis 0 but of the free woman The words "we are children" are understood from the previous phrase. This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "Rather, we are children of the free woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +GAL 4 28 ad75 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 4 28 ct63 τέκνα ἐπαγγελίας 1 children of promise Possible meanings are that the Galatians have become God's children 1) by believing God's promise or 2) because God worked miracles to fulfill his promises to Abraham, first by giving Abraham a son and then by making the Galatians children of Abraham and thus sons of God. +GAL 4 29 c9lf figs-metaphor κατὰ σάρκα 1 according to the flesh This refers to Abraham's becoming Ishmael's father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: "by means of human action" or "because of what people did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 4 29 gt1e κατὰ Πνεῦμα οὕτως 1 according to the Spirit "because of something the Spirit did" +GAL 4 31 sy8u ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 4 31 y3c2 figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 but of the free woman The words "we are children" are understood from the previous phrase. This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "Rather, we are children of the free woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) GAL 5 intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Fruit of the Spirit
The phrase "the fruit of the Spirit" is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Illustrations
Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace."
Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
GAL 5 1 up16 0 Connecting Statement: Paul applies the allegory by reminding the believers to use their liberty in Christ because all the law is fulfilled in loving neighbors as ourselves. -GAL 5 1 kuu9 figs-explicit 0 For freedom Christ has set us free "It is so that we can be free that Christ has set us free." It is implied that Christ sets believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: "Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free" or "Christ has set us free so that we might live as free poeple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 1 j679 figs-metaphor 0 Stand firm Standing firm here represents being determined not to change. How they are not to change can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else" or "Be determined to stay free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 1 kuu9 figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν ἡμᾶς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 For freedom Christ has set us free "It is so that we can be free that Christ has set us free." It is implied that Christ sets believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: "Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free" or "Christ has set us free so that we might live as free poeple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 1 j679 figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 Stand firm Standing firm here represents being determined not to change. How they are not to change can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else" or "Be determined to stay free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 5 1 usl9 figs-metaphor 0 do not again be put under the control of a yoke of slavery Here being under control of a yoke of slavery represents being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: "do not live like one who is under the control of a yoke of slavery to the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 5 2 bg6b figs-metonymy 0 if you let yourselves be circumcised Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for Judaism. Alternate translation: "if you turn to the Jewish religion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 5 3 h4q5 0 I testify "I declare" or "I serve as a witness" -GAL 5 3 s1af figs-metonymy 0 to every man who lets himself be circumcised Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for being Jewish. Alternate translation: "to every person who has become a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 5 3 j88p 0 he is obligated to obey "he must obey" -GAL 5 4 h4yu figs-metaphor 0 You are cut off from Christ Here "cut off" is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: "You have ended your relationship with Christ" or "You are no longer united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 4 ipf7 figs-irony 0 you who would be justified by the law Paul is speaking ironically here. He actually teaches that no one can be justified by trying to do the deeds required by the law. Alternate translation: "all you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law" or "you who want to be justified by the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +GAL 5 2 bg6b figs-metonymy ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε 1 if you let yourselves be circumcised Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for Judaism. Alternate translation: "if you turn to the Jewish religion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 5 3 h4q5 μαρτύρομαι δὲ 1 I testify "I declare" or "I serve as a witness" +GAL 5 3 s1af figs-metonymy παντὶ ἀνθρώπῳ περιτεμνομένῳ 1 to every man who lets himself be circumcised Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for being Jewish. Alternate translation: "to every person who has become a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 5 3 j88p ἐστὶν ὀφειλέτης ποιῆσαι 1 he is obligated to obey "he must obey" +GAL 5 4 h4yu figs-metaphor κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ 1 You are cut off from Christ Here "cut off" is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: "You have ended your relationship with Christ" or "You are no longer united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 4 ipf7 figs-irony οἵτινες δικαιοῦσθε ἐν νόμῳ 1 you who would be justified by the law Paul is speaking ironically here. He actually teaches that no one can be justified by trying to do the deeds required by the law. Alternate translation: "all you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law" or "you who want to be justified by the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) GAL 5 4 k6xe figs-explicit 0 you no longer experience grace Who that grace comes from can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "God will not be gracious to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 5 5 pdm1 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to Paul and those who oppose the circumcision of Christians. He is probably including the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -GAL 5 5 vvk6 0 For through the Spirit "This is because through the Spirit" -GAL 5 5 qg9m 0 by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness Possible meanings are 1) "we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness" or 2) "we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith." -GAL 5 5 z3ga 0 we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness "we are waiting patiently and with excitement for God to put us right with himself forever, and we expect him to do it" -GAL 5 6 y2ww figs-metonymy 0 neither circumcision nor uncircumcision These are metonymy for being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: "neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 5 6 n1hc 0 but only faith working through love "Rather, God is concerned with our faith in him, which we show by loving others" -GAL 5 6 qp6b 0 means anything is worthwhile -GAL 5 7 jj48 0 You were running "You were practicing what Jesus taught" -GAL 5 8 ct7g 0 This persuasion does not come from him who calls you "The one who persuades you to do that is not God, the one who calls you" -GAL 5 8 j7f8 figs-explicit 0 him who calls you What he calls them to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the one who calls you to be his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 5 8 sx6u 0 persuasion To persuade someone is to get that person to change what he believes and so to act differently. -GAL 5 10 enp1 0 you will take no other view "you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you" +GAL 5 5 vvk6 γὰρ Πνεύματι 1 For through the Spirit "This is because through the Spirit" +GAL 5 5 qg9m ἐκ πίστεως, ἡμεῖς ἀπεκδεχόμεθα ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης 1 by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness Possible meanings are 1) "we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness" or 2) "we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith." +GAL 5 5 z3ga ἡμεῖς ἀπεκδεχόμεθα ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης 1 we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness "we are waiting patiently and with excitement for God to put us right with himself forever, and we expect him to do it" +GAL 5 6 y2ww figs-metonymy οὔτε περιτομή οὔτε ἀκροβυστία 1 neither circumcision nor uncircumcision These are metonymy for being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: "neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 5 6 n1hc ἀλλὰ πίστις ἐνεργουμένη δι’ ἀγάπης 1 but only faith working through love "Rather, God is concerned with our faith in him, which we show by loving others" +GAL 5 6 qp6b ἰσχύει τι 1 means anything is worthwhile +GAL 5 7 jj48 ἐτρέχετε 1 You were running "You were practicing what Jesus taught" +GAL 5 8 ct7g ἡ πεισμονὴ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς 1 This persuasion does not come from him who calls you "The one who persuades you to do that is not God, the one who calls you" +GAL 5 8 j7f8 figs-explicit τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς 1 him who calls you What he calls them to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the one who calls you to be his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 8 sx6u πεισμονὴ 1 persuasion To persuade someone is to get that person to change what he believes and so to act differently. +GAL 5 10 enp1 φρονήσετε οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε 1 you will take no other view "you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you" GAL 5 10 rb76 0 The one who is troubling you will pay the penalty "God will punish the one who is troubling you" -GAL 5 10 jc72 0 is troubling you "is causing you to be uncertain about what is truth" or "stirs up trouble among you" -GAL 5 10 llh5 0 whoever he is Possible meanings are 1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses or 2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether those who "confuse" them are rich or poor or great or small or religious or not religious. -GAL 5 11 d4mm figs-rquestion 0 Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people are persecuting him because he is not preaching that people need to become Jews. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you can see that I am not still proclaiming circumcision because the Jews are persecuting me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -GAL 5 11 nv5x 0 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 5 11 znh3 figs-hypo 0 In that case the stumbling block of the cross has been removed Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people persecute him because he is preaching that God forgives people because of Jesus' work on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -GAL 5 11 dtv9 0 In that case "If I were still saying that people need to become Jews" -GAL 5 11 y3ug figs-activepassive 0 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block" or "there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 5 11 arj5 figs-metaphor 0 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed" or "there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 5 12 sfl2 figs-metaphor 0 castrate themselves Possible meanings are 1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs or 2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 13 y1g7 0 For Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md). -GAL 5 13 v6vs figs-activepassive 0 you were called to freedom This can be expressed in an active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has called you to freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 5 13 ekb2 figs-metaphor 0 you were called to freedom It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: "You were called to freedom from the old covenant" or "Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 13 yp6r 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 5 13 viv6 figs-explicit 0 an opportunity for the sinful nature The relationship between the opportunity and the sinful nature can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 5 14 ct8i 0 the whole law is fulfilled in one command Possible meanings are 1) "you can state the whole law in just one commandment, which is this" or 2) "by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments, and that one commandment is this." -GAL 5 14 qt9c figs-you 0 You must love your neighbor as yourself The words "you," "your," and "yourself" are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 5 10 jc72 ταράσσων ὑμᾶς 1 is troubling you "is causing you to be uncertain about what is truth" or "stirs up trouble among you" +GAL 5 10 llh5 ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ 1 whoever he is Possible meanings are 1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses or 2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether those who "confuse" them are rich or poor or great or small or religious or not religious. +GAL 5 11 d4mm figs-rquestion ἀδελφοί, εἰ ἐγὼ δέ ἔτι κηρύσσω περιτομὴν, τί διώκομαι ἔτι διώκομαι? 1 Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people are persecuting him because he is not preaching that people need to become Jews. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you can see that I am not still proclaiming circumcision because the Jews are persecuting me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +GAL 5 11 nv5x ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 5 11 znh3 figs-hypo ἄρα τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ κατήργηται 1 In that case the stumbling block of the cross has been removed Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people persecute him because he is preaching that God forgives people because of Jesus' work on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +GAL 5 11 dtv9 ἄρα 1 In that case "If I were still saying that people need to become Jews" +GAL 5 11 y3ug figs-activepassive τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ κατήργηται 1 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block" or "there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 5 11 arj5 figs-metaphor τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ κατήργηται 1 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: "the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed" or "there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 12 sfl2 figs-metaphor ἀποκόψονται 1 castrate themselves Possible meanings are 1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs or 2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 13 y1g7 γὰρ 1 For Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md). +GAL 5 13 v6vs figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς ἐκλήθητε ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 you were called to freedom This can be expressed in an active form. Alternate translation: "Christ has called you to freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 5 13 ekb2 figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς ἐκλήθητε ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 you were called to freedom It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: "You were called to freedom from the old covenant" or "Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 13 yp6r ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 5 13 viv6 figs-explicit ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί 1 an opportunity for the sinful nature The relationship between the opportunity and the sinful nature can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: "an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 14 ct8i ὁ πᾶς νόμος πεπλήρωται ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ 1 the whole law is fulfilled in one command Possible meanings are 1) "you can state the whole law in just one commandment, which is this" or 2) "by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments, and that one commandment is this." +GAL 5 14 qt9c figs-you ἀγαπήσεις σου τὸν πλησίον ὡς σεαυτόν 1 You must love your neighbor as yourself The words "you," "your," and "yourself" are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) GAL 5 16 q8wk 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains how the Spirit gives control over sin. -GAL 5 16 yb58 figs-metaphor 0 walk by the Spirit Walking is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: "conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit" or "live your life in dependence on the Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 16 dyj7 figs-idiom 0 you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature The phrase "carry out someone's desires" is an idiom meaning "do what someone desires." Alternate translation: "You will not do what your sinful nature desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -GAL 5 16 rl5s figs-personification 0 the desires of the sinful nature The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: "what you want to do because of your sinful nature" or "the things you want to do because you are sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -GAL 5 18 san8 0 not under the law "not obligated to obey the law of Moses" -GAL 5 19 yf2a 0 the works of the sinful nature The abstract noun "works" can be translated with the verb "does." Alternate translation: "what the sinful nature does" -GAL 5 19 u2pu figs-personification 0 the works of the sinful nature The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person who does things. Alternate translation: "what people do because of their sinful nature" or "the things people do because they are sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -GAL 5 21 rs9b figs-metaphor 0 inherit Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 16 yb58 figs-metaphor περιπατεῖτε Πνεύματι 1 walk by the Spirit Walking is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: "conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit" or "live your life in dependence on the Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 16 dyj7 figs-idiom τελέσητε οὐ μὴ τελέσητε ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature The phrase "carry out someone's desires" is an idiom meaning "do what someone desires." Alternate translation: "You will not do what your sinful nature desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +GAL 5 16 rl5s figs-personification ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 the desires of the sinful nature The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: "what you want to do because of your sinful nature" or "the things you want to do because you are sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 5 18 san8 οὐκ ὑπὸ νόμον 1 not under the law "not obligated to obey the law of Moses" +GAL 5 19 yf2a τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 the works of the sinful nature The abstract noun "works" can be translated with the verb "does." Alternate translation: "what the sinful nature does" +GAL 5 19 u2pu figs-personification τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 the works of the sinful nature The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person who does things. Alternate translation: "what people do because of their sinful nature" or "the things people do because they are sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 5 21 rs9b figs-metaphor κληρονομήσουσιν 1 inherit Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 22 hez3 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the Spirit is love ... faith Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love ... faith" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love ... faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 23 ss5k figs-metaphor 0 gentleness ... self-control The list of "the fruit of the Spirit" that begins with the words "love, joy, peace" ends here. Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 24 l6ux figs-personification 0 have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: "refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 24 m3nm figs-personification 0 the sinful nature with its passions and desires The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person that had passions and desires. Alternate translation: "their sinful nature, and the things they strongly want to do because of it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -GAL 5 25 h9hd 0 If we live by the Spirit "Since God's Spirit has caused us to be alive" -GAL 5 25 sq7b figs-metaphor 0 walk by the Spirit "Walk" here is a metaphor for living every day. Alternate translation: "allow the Holy Spirit to guide us so we do things that please and honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 26 a9x9 0 Let us "We should" +GAL 5 23 ss5k figs-metaphor πραΰτης, ἐνκράτεια- ἐνκράτεια; 1 gentleness ... self-control The list of "the fruit of the Spirit" that begins with the words "love, joy, peace" ends here. Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 24 l6ux figs-personification ἐσταύρωσαν τὴν σάρκα σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις 1 have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: "refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 24 m3nm figs-personification τὴν σάρκα σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις 1 the sinful nature with its passions and desires The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person that had passions and desires. Alternate translation: "their sinful nature, and the things they strongly want to do because of it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 5 25 h9hd εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι 1 If we live by the Spirit "Since God's Spirit has caused us to be alive" +GAL 5 25 sq7b figs-metaphor στοιχῶμεν Πνεύματι 1 walk by the Spirit "Walk" here is a metaphor for living every day. Alternate translation: "allow the Holy Spirit to guide us so we do things that please and honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 26 a9x9 γινώμεθα 1 Let us "We should" GAL 6 intro bv8h 0 # Galatians 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes Paul's letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.

##### Brothers
Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them "brothers." This refers to Paul's Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### New Creation

People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person's ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh

This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is contrasted with "spirit." In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
GAL 6 1 x8zg 0 Connecting Statement: Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards. -GAL 6 1 ss7l 0 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 6 1 vm8f 0 if someone "if anyone among you" -GAL 6 1 vts8 0 if someone is caught in any trespass Possible meanings are 1) someone else found that person in the act. Alternate translation: "if someone is discovered in an act of sin" or 2) that person committed the sin without intending to do evil. Alternate translation: "if someone gave in and sinned" -GAL 6 1 t4rm 0 you who are spiritual "those of you who are guided by the Spirit" or "you who are living in the guidance of the Spirit" -GAL 6 1 hdj8 0 restore him "correct the person who sinned" or "exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God" -GAL 6 1 tr5r 0 in a spirit of gentleness Possible meanings are 1) that the Spirit is directing the one who is offering correction or 2) "with an attitude of gentleness" or "in a kind way." -GAL 6 1 rrg9 figs-you 0 Be concerned about yourself These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: "Be concerned about yourselves" or "I say to each one of you, 'Be concerned about yourself'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -GAL 6 1 ljx6 figs-activepassive 0 so you also may not be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that nothing will tempt you also to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 6 3 v6ts 0 For if "Because if." The words that follow tell why the Galatians should 1) "carry one other's burdens" ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) or 2) be careful that they themselves are not tempted ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) or 3) "not become conceited" ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)). -GAL 6 3 m4wk 0 he is something "he is someone important" or "he is better than others" -GAL 6 3 zz1g 0 he is nothing "he is not important" or "he is not better than others" +GAL 6 1 ss7l ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 6 1 vm8f ἐὰν καὶ ἄνθρωπος 1 if someone "if anyone among you" +GAL 6 1 vts8 ἐὰν καὶ ἄνθρωπος προλημφθῇ ἔν τινι παραπτώματι 1 if someone is caught in any trespass Possible meanings are 1) someone else found that person in the act. Alternate translation: "if someone is discovered in an act of sin" or 2) that person committed the sin without intending to do evil. Alternate translation: "if someone gave in and sinned" +GAL 6 1 t4rm ὑμεῖς οἱ πνευματικοὶ 1 you who are spiritual "those of you who are guided by the Spirit" or "you who are living in the guidance of the Spirit" +GAL 6 1 hdj8 καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον 1 restore him "correct the person who sinned" or "exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God" +GAL 6 1 tr5r ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος 1 in a spirit of gentleness Possible meanings are 1) that the Spirit is directing the one who is offering correction or 2) "with an attitude of gentleness" or "in a kind way." +GAL 6 1 rrg9 figs-you σκοπῶν σεαυτόν 1 Be concerned about yourself These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: "Be concerned about yourselves" or "I say to each one of you, 'Be concerned about yourself'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 6 1 ljx6 figs-activepassive μὴ σὺ καὶ πειρασθῇς μὴ πειρασθῇς 1 so you also may not be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that nothing will tempt you also to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 6 3 v6ts γὰρ εἰ 1 For if "Because if." The words that follow tell why the Galatians should 1) "carry one other's burdens" ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) or 2) be careful that they themselves are not tempted ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) or 3) "not become conceited" ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)). +GAL 6 3 m4wk εἶναί τι 1 he is something "he is someone important" or "he is better than others" +GAL 6 3 zz1g ὤν μηδὲν 1 he is nothing "he is not important" or "he is not better than others" GAL 6 4 ra85 0 Each one should "Each person must" -GAL 6 5 ee8v 0 each one will carry his own load "each person will be judged by his own work only" or "each person will be responsible for his own work only" -GAL 6 5 vej6 0 each one will "each person will" -GAL 6 6 k1n5 0 The one "The person" -GAL 6 6 l4vp 0 the word "the message," everything God has said or commanded -GAL 6 7 x5pi figs-metaphor 0 for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in Planting represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and gathering in represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: "for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 6 7 gii9 figs-gendernotations 0 whatever a man plants Paul is not specifying males here. Alternate translation: "whatever a person plants" or "whatever someone plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -GAL 6 8 lzz8 figs-metaphor 0 plants seed to his own sinful nature Planting seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: "plants seed according to what he wants because of his sinful nature" or "does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 6 8 dge9 figs-metaphor 0 will gather in destruction God punishing the person is spoken of as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: "will receive punishment for what he did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 6 8 aqz2 figs-metaphor 0 plants seed to the Spirit Planting seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing good actions because he is listening to God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "does the things God's Spirit loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 6 8 k1p7 0 will gather in eternal life from the Spirit "will receive eternal life as a reward from God's Spirit" -GAL 6 9 pnq1 0 Let us not become weary in doing good "We should continue to do good" -GAL 6 9 a4n4 0 doing good doing good to others for their well-being -GAL 6 9 u77c 0 for at the right time "for in due time" or "because at the time God has chosen" -GAL 6 10 ax66 0 So then "As a result of this" or "Because of this" -GAL 6 10 ud5u 0 especially ... to those "most of all ... to those" or "in particular ... to those" -GAL 6 10 jz9i 0 those who belong to the household of faith "those who are members of God's family through faith in Christ" +GAL 6 5 ee8v ἕκαστος βαστάσει τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον 1 each one will carry his own load "each person will be judged by his own work only" or "each person will be responsible for his own work only" +GAL 6 5 vej6 ἕκαστος βαστάσει 1 each one will "each person will" +GAL 6 6 k1n5 ὁ κατηχούμενος 1 The one "The person" +GAL 6 6 l4vp τὸν λόγον 1 the word "the message," everything God has said or commanded +GAL 6 7 x5pi figs-metaphor ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν ἄνθρωπος σπείρῃ, τοῦτο θερίσει καὶ θερίσει 1 for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in Planting represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and gathering in represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: "for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 6 7 gii9 figs-gendernotations ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν ἄνθρωπος σπείρῃ 1 whatever a man plants Paul is not specifying males here. Alternate translation: "whatever a person plants" or "whatever someone plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +GAL 6 8 lzz8 figs-metaphor ὁ σπείρων εἰς ἑαυτοῦ τὴν σάρκα 1 plants seed to his own sinful nature Planting seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: "plants seed according to what he wants because of his sinful nature" or "does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 6 8 dge9 figs-metaphor θερίσει φθοράν 1 will gather in destruction God punishing the person is spoken of as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: "will receive punishment for what he did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 6 8 aqz2 figs-metaphor σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 plants seed to the Spirit Planting seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing good actions because he is listening to God's Spirit. Alternate translation: "does the things God's Spirit loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 6 8 k1p7 θερίσει αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 will gather in eternal life from the Spirit "will receive eternal life as a reward from God's Spirit" +GAL 6 9 pnq1 ἐνκακῶμεν μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν τὸ δὲ καλὸν ποιοῦντες τὸ δὲ καλὸν 1 Let us not become weary in doing good "We should continue to do good" +GAL 6 9 a4n4 ποιοῦντες τὸ δὲ καλὸν 1 doing good doing good to others for their well-being +GAL 6 9 u77c γὰρ καιρῷ ἰδίῳ καιρῷ 1 for at the right time "for in due time" or "because at the time God has chosen" +GAL 6 10 ax66 ἄρα οὖν 1 So then "As a result of this" or "Because of this" +GAL 6 10 ud5u , μάλιστα δὲ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκείους 1 especially ... to those "most of all ... to those" or "in particular ... to those" +GAL 6 10 jz9i τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως 1 those who belong to the household of faith "those who are members of God's family through faith in Christ" GAL 6 11 i7ap 0 Connecting Statement: As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ. -GAL 6 11 wti2 0 large letters This can mean that Paul wants to emphasize 1) the statements that follow or 2) that this letter came from him. -GAL 6 11 d6rk 0 with my own hand Possible meanings are 1) Paul probably had a helper who wrote most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter or 2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself. -GAL 6 12 kmd7 0 make a good impression "cause others to think well of them" or "cause others to think that they are good people" -GAL 6 12 r5p1 0 in the flesh "with visible evidence" or "by their own efforts" -GAL 6 12 jk57 0 to compel "to force" or "to strongly influence" +GAL 6 11 wti2 πηλίκοις γράμμασιν 1 large letters This can mean that Paul wants to emphasize 1) the statements that follow or 2) that this letter came from him. +GAL 6 11 d6rk τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί 1 with my own hand Possible meanings are 1) Paul probably had a helper who wrote most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter or 2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself. +GAL 6 12 kmd7 εὐπροσωπῆσαι 1 make a good impression "cause others to think well of them" or "cause others to think that they are good people" +GAL 6 12 r5p1 ἐν σαρκί 1 in the flesh "with visible evidence" or "by their own efforts" +GAL 6 12 jk57 οὗτοι ἀναγκάζουσιν 1 to compel "to force" or "to strongly influence" GAL 6 12 hl1r 0 only to avoid being persecuted for the cross of Christ "so that the Jews will not persecute them for claiming that the cross of Christ alone is what saves people" -GAL 6 12 jd4x figs-metonymy 0 the cross The cross here represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: "the work Jesus did on the cross" or "the death and resurrection of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 6 13 zqf5 0 they want "those people who are urging you to be circumcised want" -GAL 6 13 bb5a 0 so that they may boast about your flesh "so that they may be proud that they have added you to the people who try to keep the law" -GAL 6 14 g7hh 0 But may I never boast except in the cross "I do not ever want to boast in anything other than the cross" or "May I boast only in the cross" -GAL 6 14 s6ic figs-activepassive 0 the world has been crucified to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I think of the world as already dead" or "I treat the world like a criminal God has killed on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 6 14 v2qs figs-ellipsis 0 I to the world The words "have been crucified" are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: "and I have been crucified to the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -GAL 6 14 m45b 0 I to the world Possible meanings are 1) "the world thinks of me as already dead" or 2) "the world treats me like a criminal that God has killed on the cross" -GAL 6 14 s9lx 0 the world Possible meanings are 1) the people of the world, those who care nothing for God or 2) the things that those who care nothing for God think are important. -GAL 6 15 exj8 0 counts for anything "is important to God" -GAL 6 15 n6n7 0 a new creation Possible meanings are 1) a new believer in Jesus Christ or 2) the new life of a believer. -GAL 6 16 b4al 0 peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God Possible meanings are 1) that believers in general are the Israel of God or 2) "may peace and mercy be upon Gentile believers and upon the Israel of God" or 3) "may peace be upon those who follow the rule, and may mercy be upon even the Israel of God." -GAL 6 17 v963 0 From now on This can also mean "Lastly" or "As I end this letter." -GAL 6 17 dm22 0 let no one trouble me Possible meanings are 1) Paul is commanding the Galatians not to trouble him, "I am commanding you this: do not trouble me," or 2) Paul is telling the Galatians that he is commanding all people not to trouble him, "I am commanding everyone this: do not trouble me," or 3) Paul is expressing a desire, "I do not want anyone to trouble me." -GAL 6 17 cz8a 0 trouble me Possible meanings are 1) "speak of these matters to me" or 2) "cause me hardship" or "give me hard work." -GAL 6 17 j729 0 for I carry on my body the marks of Jesus These marks were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: "for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus" -GAL 6 18 b64i 0 May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit "I pray that the Lord Jesus will be kind to your spirit" -GAL 6 18 pk25 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). +GAL 6 12 jd4x figs-metonymy τῷ σταυρῷ 1 the cross The cross here represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: "the work Jesus did on the cross" or "the death and resurrection of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 6 13 zqf5 θέλουσιν 1 they want "those people who are urging you to be circumcised want" +GAL 6 13 bb5a ἵνα καυχήσωνται ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ 1 so that they may boast about your flesh "so that they may be proud that they have added you to the people who try to keep the law" +GAL 6 14 g7hh δὲ μὴ γένοιτο ἐμοὶ μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ 1 But may I never boast except in the cross "I do not ever want to boast in anything other than the cross" or "May I boast only in the cross" +GAL 6 14 s6ic figs-activepassive κόσμος ἐσταύρωται ἐμοὶ 1 the world has been crucified to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I think of the world as already dead" or "I treat the world like a criminal God has killed on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 6 14 v2qs figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 I to the world The words "have been crucified" are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: "and I have been crucified to the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +GAL 6 14 m45b κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 I to the world Possible meanings are 1) "the world thinks of me as already dead" or 2) "the world treats me like a criminal that God has killed on the cross" +GAL 6 14 s9lx κόσμος 1 the world Possible meanings are 1) the people of the world, those who care nothing for God or 2) the things that those who care nothing for God think are important. +GAL 6 15 exj8 ἐστιν τὶ 1 counts for anything "is important to God" +GAL 6 15 n6n7 καινὴ κτίσις 1 a new creation Possible meanings are 1) a new believer in Jesus Christ or 2) the new life of a believer. +GAL 6 16 b4al εἰρήνη καὶ ἔλεος ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God Possible meanings are 1) that believers in general are the Israel of God or 2) "may peace and mercy be upon Gentile believers and upon the Israel of God" or 3) "may peace be upon those who follow the rule, and may mercy be upon even the Israel of God." +GAL 6 17 v963 τοῦ λοιποῦ 1 From now on This can also mean "Lastly" or "As I end this letter." +GAL 6 17 dm22 παρεχέτω μηδεὶς κόπους μοι 1 let no one trouble me Possible meanings are 1) Paul is commanding the Galatians not to trouble him, "I am commanding you this: do not trouble me," or 2) Paul is telling the Galatians that he is commanding all people not to trouble him, "I am commanding everyone this: do not trouble me," or 3) Paul is expressing a desire, "I do not want anyone to trouble me." +GAL 6 17 cz8a κόπους μοι 1 trouble me Possible meanings are 1) "speak of these matters to me" or 2) "cause me hardship" or "give me hard work." +GAL 6 17 j729 γὰρ ἐγὼ βαστάζω ἐν μου τῷ σώματί τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 for I carry on my body the marks of Jesus These marks were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: "for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus" +GAL 6 18 b64i ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ ὑμῶν τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit "I pray that the Lord Jesus will be kind to your spirit" +GAL 6 18 pk25 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_50-EPH.tsv b/en_tn_50-EPH.tsv index 134471a0cf..c008cf594d 100644 --- a/en_tn_50-EPH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_50-EPH.tsv @@ -3,334 +3,334 @@ EPH front intro e3di 0 # Introduction to Ephesians
## Part 1: General Intr EPH 1 intro fg42 0 # Ephesians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### "I pray"

Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Predestination
Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
EPH 1 1 kx1g figs-you 0 General Information: Paul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers at the church at Ephesus. Except where noted, all instances of "you" and "your" refers to the Ephesian believers as well as all believers and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EPH 1 1 ilf2 0 Paul, an apostle ... to God's holy people in Ephesus Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. Alternate translation: "I, Paul, an apostle ... write this letter to you, God's holy people Ephesus" -EPH 1 1 u73p figs-metaphor 0 who are faithful in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 1 2 x9ey 0 Grace to you and peace This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in his letters. +EPH 1 1 u73p figs-metaphor τοῖς οὖσιν πιστοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 who are faithful in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 2 x9ey χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace to you and peace This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in his letters. EPH 1 3 lm67 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: In this book, unless otherwise stated, the words "us" and "we" refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, as well as all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) EPH 1 3 zdh3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul opens his letter by talking about the believers' position and their safety before God. -EPH 1 3 g6sj figs-activepassive 0 May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 1 3 cr9h 0 who has blessed us "for God has blessed us" -EPH 1 3 m8qh 0 every spiritual blessing "every blessing coming from the Spirit of God" -EPH 1 3 j2lk 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. -EPH 1 3 v9qz figs-metaphor 0 in Christ Possible meanings 1) the phrase "in Christ" refers to what Christ has done. Alternate translation: "through Christ" or "through what Christ has done" or 2) "in Christ" is a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: "by uniting us with Christ" or "because we are united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 1 4 ibv6 figs-doublet 0 holy and blameless Paul uses two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 1 3 g6sj figs-activepassive εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εὐλογητὸς 1 May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 1 3 cr9h ὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς 1 who has blessed us "for God has blessed us" +EPH 1 3 m8qh πάσῃ πνευματικῇ εὐλογίᾳ 1 every spiritual blessing "every blessing coming from the Spirit of God" +EPH 1 3 j2lk ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις 1 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. +EPH 1 3 v9qz figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 in Christ Possible meanings 1) the phrase "in Christ" refers to what Christ has done. Alternate translation: "through Christ" or "through what Christ has done" or 2) "in Christ" is a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: "by uniting us with Christ" or "because we are united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 4 ibv6 figs-doublet ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους 1 holy and blameless Paul uses two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EPH 1 5 fp7l 0 General Information: The words "his," "He," and "he" refer to God. EPH 1 5 h7pn figs-inclusive 0 God chose us beforehand for adoption The word "us" refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: "God planned long ago to adopt us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) EPH 1 5 pq1x 0 God chose us beforehand "God chose us ahead of time" or "God chose us long ago" EPH 1 5 e6f6 figs-gendernotations 0 for adoption as sons Here "adoption" refers to becoming part of God's family. Here the word "sons" refers to males and females. Alternate translation: "to be adopted as his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -EPH 1 5 ciu3 0 through Jesus Christ God brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ. -EPH 1 6 s9qk 0 he has freely given us in the One he loves. "he has kindly given to us by means of the One he loves" -EPH 1 6 x7jp 0 the One he loves "the One he loves, Jesus Christ" or "his Son, whom he loves" -EPH 1 7 m9l4 figs-metaphor 0 riches of his grace Paul speaks of God's grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: "greatness of God's grace" or "abundance of God's grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 5 ciu3 διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through Jesus Christ God brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ. +EPH 1 6 s9qk ἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ 1 he has freely given us in the One he loves. "he has kindly given to us by means of the One he loves" +EPH 1 6 x7jp τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ 1 the One he loves "the One he loves, Jesus Christ" or "his Son, whom he loves" +EPH 1 7 m9l4 figs-metaphor πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 riches of his grace Paul speaks of God's grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: "greatness of God's grace" or "abundance of God's grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 1 8 pg6j 0 He lavished this grace upon us "He gave us this great amount of grace" or "He was extremely kind to us" -EPH 1 8 sw98 0 with all wisdom and understanding Possible meanings are 1) "because he has all wisdom and understanding" 2) "so that we might have great wisdom and understanding" +EPH 1 8 sw98 ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει 1 with all wisdom and understanding Possible meanings are 1) "because he has all wisdom and understanding" 2) "so that we might have great wisdom and understanding" EPH 1 9 v71p 0 according to what pleased him Possible meanings are 1) "because he wanted to make it known to us" or 2) "which was what he wanted." EPH 1 9 c2uk 0 which he demonstrated in Christ "he demonstrated this purpose in Christ" EPH 1 9 u53h 0 in Christ "by means of Christ" EPH 1 10 n2sl 0 with a view to a plan A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "He did this with a view to a plan" or "He did this, thinking about a plan" -EPH 1 10 em7q 0 for the fullness of time "for when the time is right" or "for the time that he has appointed" +EPH 1 10 em7q τοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν 1 for the fullness of time "for when the time is right" or "for the time that he has appointed" EPH 1 11 t281 figs-activepassive 0 we were appointed as heirs This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose us to be heirs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 1 11 nkf8 figs-activepassive 0 We were decided on beforehand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose us ahead of time" or "God chose us long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 1 11 nkf8 figs-activepassive προορισθέντες 1 We were decided on beforehand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose us ahead of time" or "God chose us long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 1 11 ww9s figs-exclusive 0 we were appointed as heirs ... We were decided on beforehand By means of these pronouns "we," Paul is referring to himself and the other Jewish Christians, those who trusted Christ before the Ephesian believers did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EPH 1 12 gj44 figs-exclusive 0 so that we might be the first Again, the word "we" refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EPH 1 12 zqm9 0 so we would be for the praise of his glory "so that we would live to praise him for his glory" EPH 1 12 jm4j figs-exclusive 0 so that we might be the first ... so we would be for the praise Once again, the pronouns "we" refer to Paul and the other Jewish believers, not to the Ephesian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EPH 1 13 j1zc 0 General Information: Paul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers. -EPH 1 13 ac1e 0 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message." -EPH 1 13 qgf9 figs-metaphor 0 were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit Wax was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: "God has sealed you with the Holy Spirit that he promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 1 14 g6dw figs-metaphor 0 the guarantee of our inheritance Receiving what God has promised is spoken of as though one inherits property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "the guarantee that we will receive what God has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 13 ac1e τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας 1 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message." +EPH 1 13 qgf9 figs-metaphor ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit Wax was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: "God has sealed you with the Holy Spirit that he promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 1 14 g6dw figs-metaphor ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν τῆς κληρονομίας 1 the guarantee of our inheritance Receiving what God has promised is spoken of as though one inherits property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "the guarantee that we will receive what God has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 1 15 d9qy 0 Connecting Statement: Paul prays for the Ephesian believers and praises God for the power that believers have through Christ. EPH 1 16 scy9 figs-litotes 0 I have not stopped thanking God Paul uses "not stopped" to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: "I continue to thank God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -EPH 1 17 b7l1 0 a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him "spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation" -EPH 1 18 gbl7 figs-metonymy 0 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "eyes of your heart" is a metaphor for one's ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: "that you may gain understanding and be enlightened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 1 18 iv1h figs-activepassive 0 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened This may be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: that God may enlighten your heart" or "that God may enlighten your understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 1 18 m5j5 0 enlightened "made to see" -EPH 1 18 h6ig figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers, is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 17 b7l1 πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ 1 a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him "spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation" +EPH 1 18 gbl7 figs-metonymy πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας πεφωτισμένους 1 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "eyes of your heart" is a metaphor for one's ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: "that you may gain understanding and be enlightened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 18 iv1h figs-activepassive πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας πεφωτισμένους 1 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened This may be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: that God may enlighten your heart" or "that God may enlighten your understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 1 18 m5j5 πεφωτισμένους 1 enlightened "made to see" +EPH 1 18 h6ig figs-metaphor τῆς κληρονομίας 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers, is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 1 18 lg8h 0 all God's holy people "all those whom he has set apart for himself" or "all those who belong completely to him" -EPH 1 19 t7lx 0 the incomparable greatness of his power God's power is far beyond all other power. -EPH 1 19 die1 0 toward us who believe "for us who believe" +EPH 1 19 t7lx τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως 1 the incomparable greatness of his power God's power is far beyond all other power. +EPH 1 19 die1 εἰς ἡμᾶς τοὺς πιστεύοντας 1 toward us who believe "for us who believe" EPH 1 19 e6g2 0 the working of his great strength "his great power that is at work for us" -EPH 1 20 dc4l 0 raised him "made him alive again" -EPH 1 20 pu97 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -EPH 1 20 ekj4 figs-metonymy 0 seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places The person who sits "at the right hand" of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: "gave him all authority to rule from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 1 20 f3dh translate:translate_symaction 0 seated him at his right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_symaction]]) -EPH 1 20 jrv1 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). -EPH 1 21 k8k7 0 far above all rule and authority and power and dominion These are different terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. Alternate translation: "far above all types of supernatural beings" -EPH 1 21 ra11 figs-activepassive 0 every name that is named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) "every name that man gives" or 2) "every name that God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 1 21 x6qc figs-metonymy 0 name Possible meanings are 1) title or 2) position of authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 1 21 pym8 0 in this age "at this time" -EPH 1 21 qw2x 0 in the age to come "in the future" +EPH 1 20 dc4l ἐγείρας αὐτὸν 1 raised him "made him alive again" +EPH 1 20 pu97 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +EPH 1 20 ekj4 figs-metonymy καθίσας ἐν αὐτοῦ δεξιᾷ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις 1 seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places The person who sits "at the right hand" of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: "gave him all authority to rule from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 1 20 f3dh translate:translate_symaction καθίσας ἐν αὐτοῦ δεξιᾷ 1 seated him at his right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_symaction]]) +EPH 1 20 jrv1 ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις 1 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). +EPH 1 21 k8k7 ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ κυριότητος 1 far above all rule and authority and power and dominion These are different terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. Alternate translation: "far above all types of supernatural beings" +EPH 1 21 ra11 figs-activepassive παντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου 1 every name that is named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) "every name that man gives" or 2) "every name that God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 1 21 x6qc figs-metonymy ὀνόματος 1 name Possible meanings are 1) title or 2) position of authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 1 21 pym8 ἐν τούτῳ τῷ αἰῶνι 1 in this age "at this time" +EPH 1 21 qw2x ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι 1 in the age to come "in the future" EPH 1 22 jm9i figs-metonymy 0 all things under Christ's feet Here "feet" represents Christ's lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: "all things under Christ's power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 1 22 pm4t figs-metaphor 0 head over all things Here "head" refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: "ruler over all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 1 23 ge2c figs-metaphor 0 his body Just as with a human body, the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to its body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 22 pm4t figs-metaphor κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα 1 head over all things Here "head" refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: "ruler over all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 1 23 ge2c figs-metaphor αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα 1 his body Just as with a human body, the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to its body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 1 23 w2kh 0 the fullness of him who fills all in all "Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things" EPH 2 intro e7qn 0 # Ephesians 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter focuses on a Christian's life before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person's former way of living is distinct from a Christian's new identity "in Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### One body
Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or "body." The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### "Dead in trespasses and sins"
Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Descriptions of worldly living
Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind."

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "It is the gift of God"
Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith.

##### Flesh

This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. The phrase "Gentiles in the flesh" indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. "Flesh" is also used in this verse to refer to the physical part of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
EPH 2 1 xf5s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God. -EPH 2 1 dxx8 figs-metaphor 0 you were dead in your trespasses and sins This shows how sinful people are unable to obey God in the same way a dead person is unable to respond physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 1 lp32 figs-doublet 0 your trespasses and sins The words "trespasses" and "sins" have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people's sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EPH 2 2 i7d4 figs-metonymy 0 according to the ways of this world The apostles also used "world" to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: "according to the values of people living in the world" or "following the principles of this present world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 2 2 n5d2 0 the ruler of the authorities of the air This refers to the devil or Satan. +EPH 2 1 dxx8 figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν ὑμῶν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 you were dead in your trespasses and sins This shows how sinful people are unable to obey God in the same way a dead person is unable to respond physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 1 lp32 figs-doublet ὑμῶν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 your trespasses and sins The words "trespasses" and "sins" have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people's sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 2 2 i7d4 figs-metonymy κατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τοῦ κόσμου 1 according to the ways of this world The apostles also used "world" to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: "according to the values of people living in the world" or "following the principles of this present world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 2 2 n5d2 τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος 1 the ruler of the authorities of the air This refers to the devil or Satan. EPH 2 2 bj9y 0 the spirit that is working "the spirit of Satan, who is working" -EPH 2 3 d3wd figs-metonymy 0 the desires of the body and of the mind The words "body" and "mind" represent the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 2 3 zd6v figs-metaphor 0 children of wrath people with whom God is angry (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 4 chm6 0 God is rich in mercy "God is abundant in mercy" or "God is very kind to us" -EPH 2 4 hrx9 0 because of his great love with which he loved us "because of his great love for us" or "because he loves us very much" -EPH 2 5 h6km figs-activepassive 0 by grace you have been saved This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God saved us because of his great kindness toward us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 2 3 d3wd figs-metonymy τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν 1 the desires of the body and of the mind The words "body" and "mind" represent the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 2 3 zd6v figs-metaphor τέκνα ὀργῆς 1 children of wrath people with whom God is angry (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 4 chm6 Θεὸς ὢν πλούσιος ἐν ἐλέει 1 God is rich in mercy "God is abundant in mercy" or "God is very kind to us" +EPH 2 4 hrx9 διὰ αὐτοῦ πολλὴν ἀγάπην ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς 1 because of his great love with which he loved us "because of his great love for us" or "because he loves us very much" +EPH 2 5 h6km figs-activepassive χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι 1 by grace you have been saved This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God saved us because of his great kindness toward us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 2 6 na2n figs-pastforfuture 0 God raised us up together with Christ Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Possible meanings are 1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "God has given us new life because we belong to Christ" or 2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "We can be sure that God will give us life as he has caused Christ to come alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EPH 2 6 b499 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). -EPH 2 6 m6pq 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. -EPH 2 7 y6cf 0 in the ages to come "in the future" -EPH 2 8 t9pc figs-activepassive 0 For by grace you have been saved through faith God's kindness to us is the reason he made it possible for us to be saved from judgment if we simply trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "God saved you by grace because of your faith in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 2 8 r8u8 0 this did not The word "this" refers back to "by grace you have been saved by faith." -EPH 2 9 al4s 0 not from works, so that no one may boast You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: "Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast" or "God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation" -EPH 2 10 fa4l 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. -EPH 2 10 lws4 0 we would walk in them Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here "in them" refers to the "good deeds." Alternate translation: "we would always and continually do those good deeds" +EPH 2 6 b499 ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις 1 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). +EPH 2 6 m6pq ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. +EPH 2 7 y6cf ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις 1 in the ages to come "in the future" +EPH 2 8 t9pc figs-activepassive γὰρ τῇ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι διὰ πίστεως 1 For by grace you have been saved through faith God's kindness to us is the reason he made it possible for us to be saved from judgment if we simply trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "God saved you by grace because of your faith in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 2 8 r8u8 τοῦτο οὐκ 1 this did not The word "this" refers back to "by grace you have been saved by faith." +EPH 2 9 al4s οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται 1 not from works, so that no one may boast You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: "Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast" or "God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation" +EPH 2 10 fa4l ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. +EPH 2 10 lws4 περιπατήσωμεν ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 we would walk in them Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here "in them" refers to the "good deeds." Alternate translation: "we would always and continually do those good deeds" EPH 2 11 diq1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds these believers that God has now made Gentiles and Jews into one body through Christ and his cross. -EPH 2 11 p7m2 figs-metaphor 0 Gentiles in the flesh This refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 11 p7m2 figs-metaphor τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί 1 Gentiles in the flesh This refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 2 11 e76g figs-metonymy 0 uncircumcision Non-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies and thus the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of God's laws. Alternate translation: "uncircumcised pagans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 2 11 nlf2 figs-metonymy 0 circumcision This was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were circumcised. Alternate translation: "circumcised people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 2 11 fb4r 0 what is called the "circumcision" in the flesh made by human hands Possible meanings are 1) "Jews, who are circumcised by humans" or 2) "Jews, who circumcise the physical body." -EPH 2 11 tf9i figs-activepassive 0 by what is called This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "by what people call" or "by those whom people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 2 11 tf9i figs-activepassive χειροποιήτου 1 by what is called This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "by what people call" or "by those whom people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 2 12 u3vu 0 separated from Christ "unbelievers" -EPH 2 12 sti2 figs-metaphor 0 strangers to the covenants of the promise Paul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of God's covenant and promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 13 quq4 0 But now in Christ Jesus Paul is marking a contrast between the Ephesians before they believed in Christ and after they believed in Christ. +EPH 2 12 sti2 figs-metaphor ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 strangers to the covenants of the promise Paul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of God's covenant and promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 13 quq4 δὲ νυνὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 But now in Christ Jesus Paul is marking a contrast between the Ephesians before they believed in Christ and after they believed in Christ. EPH 2 13 uf8m figs-metaphor 0 you who once were far away from God have been brought near by the blood of Christ Not belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: "you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 13 tth1 figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of Christ The blood of Christ is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: "by Christ's death" or "when Christ died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 2 13 tth1 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 by the blood of Christ The blood of Christ is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: "by Christ's death" or "when Christ died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 2 14 ue4u 0 he is our peace "Jesus gives us his peace" -EPH 2 14 ccy8 figs-inclusive 0 our peace The word "our" refers to Paul and his readers and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +EPH 2 14 ccy8 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν ἡ εἰρήνη 1 our peace The word "our" refers to Paul and his readers and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) EPH 2 14 t9zn 0 He made the two one "He made the Jews and Gentiles one" EPH 2 14 t6rd figs-metonymy 0 By his flesh The words "his flesh," his physical body, are a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: "By the death of his body on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 2 14 d7uf 0 the wall of hostility "the wall of hatred" or "the wall of ill will" EPH 2 14 gg6k figs-inclusive 0 that divided us The word "us" refers to Paul and the Ephesians. The Ephesians, as Gentiles, were separated from Paul and the other Jews. Alternate translation: "that separated us Jews and Gentiles from one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) EPH 2 15 bn71 0 he abolished the law of commandments and regulations Jesus' blood satisfied the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God. -EPH 2 15 sr2r figs-metaphor 0 one new man a single new people, the people of redeemed humanity (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 15 b628 0 in himself It is union with Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles. +EPH 2 15 sr2r figs-metaphor ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 one new man a single new people, the people of redeemed humanity (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 15 b628 ἐν αὑτῷ 1 in himself It is union with Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles. EPH 2 16 zz8k 0 Christ reconciles both peoples "Christ brings the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace" -EPH 2 16 bj8x figs-metonymy 0 through the cross The cross here represents Christ's death on the cross. Alternate translation: "by means of Christ's death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 2 16 lq3m figs-metaphor 0 putting to death the hostility Stopping their hostility is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "stopping them from hating one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 16 bj8x figs-metonymy διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 through the cross The cross here represents Christ's death on the cross. Alternate translation: "by means of Christ's death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 2 16 lq3m figs-metaphor ἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν 1 putting to death the hostility Stopping their hostility is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "stopping them from hating one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 2 17 vhi8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the Ephesian believers that present Gentile believers are also now made one with the Jewish apostles and prophets; they are a temple for God in the Spirit. -EPH 2 17 g1hz 0 proclaimed peace "announced the gospel of peace" or "declared the gospel of peace" -EPH 2 17 wdu8 0 you who were far away This refers to the Gentiles or non-Jews. -EPH 2 17 a58n 0 those who were near This refers to the Jews. +EPH 2 17 g1hz εὐηγγελίσατο εἰρήνην 1 proclaimed peace "announced the gospel of peace" or "declared the gospel of peace" +EPH 2 17 wdu8 ὑμῖν τοῖς μακρὰν 1 you who were far away This refers to the Gentiles or non-Jews. +EPH 2 17 a58n τοῖς ἐγγύς 1 those who were near This refers to the Jews. EPH 2 18 qw56 figs-inclusive 0 For through Jesus we both have access Here "we both" refers to Paul, the believing Jews, and the believing non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -EPH 2 18 kt1m 0 in one Spirit All believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are given the right to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy Spirit. +EPH 2 18 kt1m ἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι 1 in one Spirit All believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are given the right to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy Spirit. EPH 2 19 r11r figs-metaphor 0 you Gentiles ... God's household Paul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 20 r2je figs-metaphor 0 You have been built on the foundation Paul speaks of God's people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the foundation, and the believers are the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 20 fs7j figs-activepassive 0 You have been built This can be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: "God has built you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 2 21 g8ga figs-metaphor 0 the whole building fits together and grows as a temple Paul continues to speak of Christ's family as if it were a building. In the same way a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 20 r2je figs-metaphor ἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ 1 You have been built on the foundation Paul speaks of God's people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the foundation, and the believers are the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 2 20 fs7j figs-activepassive ἐποικοδομηθέντες 1 You have been built This can be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: "God has built you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 2 21 g8ga figs-metaphor Κυρίῳ 1 the whole building fits together and grows as a temple Paul continues to speak of Christ's family as if it were a building. In the same way a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 2 21 ljt5 figs-metaphor 0 In him ... in the Lord "In Christ ... in the Lord Jesus" These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 2 22 u55j figs-metaphor 0 in him "in Christ" This metaphor expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 2 22 b4c8 figs-metaphor 0 you also are being built together as a dwelling place for God in the Spirit This describes how believers are being put together to become a place where God will permanently live through the power of the Holy Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 2 22 e52h figs-activepassive 0 you also are being built together This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "God is also building you together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 2 22 e52h figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς καὶ συνοικοδομεῖσθε 1 you also are being built together This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "God is also building you together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 3 intro gha7 0 # Ephesians 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

##### "I pray"

Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Mystery
Paul refers to the church as a "mystery." The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.
EPH 3 1 w896 0 Connecting Statement: To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and the temple of which believers are now a part. -EPH 3 1 jb9u 0 Because of this "Because of God's grace to you" +EPH 3 1 jb9u χάριν τούτου 1 Because of this "Because of God's grace to you" EPH 3 1 m9b6 0 the prisoner of Christ Jesus "the one whom Christ Jesus has put in prison" -EPH 3 2 rx7t 0 the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you "the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you" -EPH 3 3 dc7x figs-activepassive 0 according to the revelation made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "according to what God revealed to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 3 2 rx7t τὴν οἰκονομίαν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you "the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you" +EPH 3 3 dc7x figs-activepassive κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ἐγνωρίσθη μοι 1 according to the revelation made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "according to what God revealed to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 3 3 qm6m 0 about which I briefly wrote to you Paul refers to another letter he had written to these people. EPH 3 5 srn9 figs-activepassive 0 In other generations this truth was not made known to the sons of men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not make these things known to people in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 3 5 eq5u figs-activepassive 0 But now it has been revealed by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But now the Spirit has revealed it" or "But now the Spirit has made it known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 3 5 iux3 0 his apostles and prophets who were set apart for this work "the apostles and prophets whom God set apart to do this work" EPH 3 6 pqy3 0 the Gentiles are fellow heirs ... through the gospel This is the hidden truth Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The Gentiles who receive Christ also receive the same things as the Jewish believers. -EPH 3 6 y88q figs-metaphor 0 fellow members of the body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 3 6 wxs4 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. -EPH 3 6 i4h7 0 through the gospel Possible meanings are 1) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise or 2) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise. -EPH 3 8 y97f figs-metaphor 0 unsearchable unable to be completely known (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 3 8 e96z figs-metaphor 0 riches of Christ Paul speaks of the truth about Christ and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 3 6 y88q figs-metaphor σύνσωμα 1 fellow members of the body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 3 6 wxs4 ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. +EPH 3 6 i4h7 διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 through the gospel Possible meanings are 1) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise or 2) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise. +EPH 3 8 y97f figs-metaphor ἀνεξιχνίαστον 1 unsearchable unable to be completely known (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 3 8 e96z figs-metaphor πλοῦτος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 riches of Christ Paul speaks of the truth about Christ and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 3 9 f2zp figs-activepassive 0 the mystery hidden for ages in God who created all things This can be stated in active form. "God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 3 10 q62l 0 the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places would come to know the many-sided nature of the wisdom of God "God will make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places through the Church" -EPH 3 10 elh2 figs-doublet 0 rulers and authorities These words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know God's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EPH 3 10 z7vy 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). +EPH 3 10 elh2 figs-doublet ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις 1 rulers and authorities These words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know God's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 3 10 z7vy ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις 1 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). EPH 3 10 ll77 figs-metaphor 0 the many-sided nature of the wisdom of God God's complex wisdom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 3 11 aaz8 0 according to the eternal plan "in keeping with the eternal plan" or "consistent with the eternal plan" EPH 3 12 qfn9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul praises God in his sufferings and prays for these Ephesian believers. EPH 3 12 we6c 0 we have boldness "we are without fear" or "we have courage" -EPH 3 12 zx5c figs-explicit 0 access with confidence It may be helpful to state explicitly that this access is into God's presence. Alternate translation: "access into God's presence with confidence" or "freedom to enter into God's presence with confidence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EPH 3 12 kri2 0 confidence "certainty" or "assurance" -EPH 3 13 ciu6 figs-metonymy 0 for you, which is your glory Here "your glory" is a metonym for the pride they should feel or will feel in the future kingdom. The Christians in Ephesus should be proud of what Paul is suffering in prison. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "for you. This is for your benefit" or "for you. You should be proud of this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 3 14 v3gd figs-explicit 0 For this reason You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: "Because God has done all this for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EPH 3 14 vju2 figs-synecdoche 0 I bend my knees to the Father Bowed knees are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: "I bow down in prayer to the Father" or "I humbly pray to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -EPH 3 15 c492 figs-activepassive 0 from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named The act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: "who created and named every family in heaven and on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 3 16 z9q5 0 he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power "God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power" -EPH 3 16 rgf5 0 would grant "would give" +EPH 3 12 zx5c figs-explicit προσαγωγὴν ἐν πεποιθήσει 1 access with confidence It may be helpful to state explicitly that this access is into God's presence. Alternate translation: "access into God's presence with confidence" or "freedom to enter into God's presence with confidence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EPH 3 12 kri2 πεποιθήσει 1 confidence "certainty" or "assurance" +EPH 3 13 ciu6 figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν δόξα ὑμῶν 1 for you, which is your glory Here "your glory" is a metonym for the pride they should feel or will feel in the future kingdom. The Christians in Ephesus should be proud of what Paul is suffering in prison. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "for you. This is for your benefit" or "for you. You should be proud of this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 3 14 v3gd figs-explicit τούτου χάριν 1 For this reason You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: "Because God has done all this for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EPH 3 14 vju2 figs-synecdoche κάμπτω μου τὰ γόνατά πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα 1 I bend my knees to the Father Bowed knees are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: "I bow down in prayer to the Father" or "I humbly pray to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +EPH 3 15 c492 figs-activepassive ἐξ οὗ πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὀνομάζεται 1 from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named The act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: "who created and named every family in heaven and on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 3 16 z9q5 δῷ ὑμῖν, κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς αὐτοῦ δόξης, κραταιωθῆναι δυνάμει 1 he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power "God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power" +EPH 3 16 rgf5 δῷ 1 would grant "would give" EPH 3 17 n87p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues the prayer he began in [Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md). EPH 3 17 wg1v 0 that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, that you will be rooted and grounded in his love This is the second item for which Paul prays that God will "grant" the Ephesians "according to the riches of his glory." The first is that they would "be strengthened" ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)). -EPH 3 17 q6yy figs-metonymy 0 that Christ may live in your hearts through faith Here "heart" represents a person's inner being, and "through" expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: "that Christ may live within you because you trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 3 17 q6yy figs-metonymy κατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν κατοικῆσαι ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 that Christ may live in your hearts through faith Here "heart" represents a person's inner being, and "through" expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: "that Christ may live within you because you trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 3 17 g4g1 figs-metaphor 0 that you will be rooted and grounded in his love Paul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: "that you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 3 18 cja8 0 May you have strength so you can understand These words can be combined with the words that begin with "faith, that you will be rooted and grounded in his love" in verse 17 in two ways. Possible meanings are 1) "faith. I pray that you will be rooted and grounded in his love so that you have strength and can understand" or 2) "faith so you will be rooted and grounded in his love. I also pray that you will have strength so you can understand" EPH 3 18 bkk6 0 so you can understand This is the second item for which Paul bends his knees and prays; the first is that God will grant that they be strengthened ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)) and that Christ may live in their hearts through faith ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)). And "understand" is the first thing that Paul prays that the Ephesians themselves will be able to do. EPH 3 18 uu6l 0 all the believers "all believers in Christ" or "all the saints" EPH 3 18 ef4t figs-metaphor 0 the width, the length, the height, and the depth Possible meanings are 1) these words describe the greatness of God's wisdom, Alternate translation: "how very wise God is" or 2) these word describe the intensity of Christ's love for us. Alternate translation: "how much Christ loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 3 19 rev9 0 that you may know the love of Christ This is the second thing that Paul prays that the Ephesians will be able to do; the first is that they "understand." Alternate translation: "that you can know how great Christ's love for us is" -EPH 3 19 px4z 0 that you may be filled with all the fullness of God This is the third item for which Paul bends his knees and prays ([Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md)). The first is that they would "be strengthened" ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)), and the second is that they "can understand" ([Ephesians 3:18](../03/18.md)). +EPH 3 19 px4z ἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 that you may be filled with all the fullness of God This is the third item for which Paul bends his knees and prays ([Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md)). The first is that they would "be strengthened" ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)), and the second is that they "can understand" ([Ephesians 3:18](../03/18.md)). EPH 3 20 jk5c figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The words "we" and "us" in this book continue to include Paul and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) EPH 3 20 m7gi 0 Connecting Statement: Paul concludes his prayer with a blessing. -EPH 3 20 zxj3 0 Now to him who "Now to God, who" +EPH 3 20 zxj3 δὲ τῷ 1 Now to him who "Now to God, who" EPH 3 20 zxt3 0 to do far beyond all that we ask or think "to do much more than all that we ask or think" or "to do things that are much greater than all that we ask him for or think about" EPH 4 intro ang8 0 # Ephesians 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Spiritual gifts
Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### Unity
Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Old man and new man
The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.
EPH 4 1 sb64 0 Connecting Statement: Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other. EPH 4 1 uss5 0 as the prisoner for the Lord "as someone who is in prison because of his choice to serve the Lord" -EPH 4 1 zxr1 figs-metaphor 0 walk worthily of the calling Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 1 zxr1 figs-metaphor περιπατῆσαι ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως 1 walk worthily of the calling Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 4 2 zs6s 0 to live with great humility and gentleness and patience "to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient" -EPH 4 3 pi5c 0 to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace Here Paul speaks of "peace" as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: "to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 4 x5kv figs-metaphor 0 one body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 4 y6ep 0 one Spirit "only one Holy Spirit" -EPH 4 4 b9mr figs-activepassive 0 you were called in one certain hope of your calling This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you to have one confident hope in your calling" or "there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 4 3 pi5c τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης 1 to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace Here Paul speaks of "peace" as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: "to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 4 x5kv figs-metaphor ἓν σῶμα 1 one body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 4 y6ep ἓν Πνεῦμα 1 one Spirit "only one Holy Spirit" +EPH 4 4 b9mr figs-activepassive ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς ὑμῶν κλήσεως 1 you were called in one certain hope of your calling This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you to have one confident hope in your calling" or "there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 4 6 bz5i 0 Father of all ... over all ... through all ... and in all The word "all" here means "everything." EPH 4 7 pp9t 0 General Information: The quote here is from a song that King David wrote. EPH 4 7 i4za 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds believers of the gifts that Christ gives believers to use in the church, which is the whole body of believers. EPH 4 7 u2bw figs-activepassive 0 To each one of us grace has been given This can be stated using an active form. Alternate translation: "God has given grace to each one of us" or "God gave a gift to each believer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 4 8 wj8t 0 When he ascended to the heights "When Christ went up into heaven" -EPH 4 9 e5at 0 He ascended "Christ went up" -EPH 4 9 zu81 0 he also descended "Christ also came down" -EPH 4 9 eq56 0 into the lower regions of the earth Possible meanings are 1) the lower regions are a part of the earth or 2) "the lower regions" is another way of referring to the earth. Alternate translation: "into the lower regions, the earth" -EPH 4 10 w6t5 0 that he might fill all things "so that he might be present everywhere in his power" -EPH 4 10 b5ig 0 fill "complete" or "satisfy" +EPH 4 8 wj8t ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος 1 When he ascended to the heights "When Christ went up into heaven" +EPH 4 9 e5at ἀνέβη 1 He ascended "Christ went up" +EPH 4 9 zu81 κατέβη καὶ κατέβη 1 he also descended "Christ also came down" +EPH 4 9 eq56 εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς 1 into the lower regions of the earth Possible meanings are 1) the lower regions are a part of the earth or 2) "the lower regions" is another way of referring to the earth. Alternate translation: "into the lower regions, the earth" +EPH 4 10 w6t5 ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα 1 that he might fill all things "so that he might be present everywhere in his power" +EPH 4 10 b5ig πληρώσῃ 1 fill "complete" or "satisfy" EPH 4 12 uii8 figs-explicit 0 He gave these offices The one to whom Christ gave the gifts can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Christ gave these offices to the church" or "He gave people with these responsibilities to the church (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EPH 4 12 jx12 0 to equip the saints "to prepare the people he has set apart" or "to provide the believers with what they need" +EPH 4 12 jx12 πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων 1 to equip the saints "to prepare the people he has set apart" or "to provide the believers with what they need" EPH 4 12 y9gd 0 for the work of service "so they can serve others" -EPH 4 12 n33m figs-metaphor 0 for the building up of the body of Christ Paul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EPH 4 12 pdh4 0 building up "improvement" -EPH 4 12 x5gd 0 body of Christ The "body of Christ" refers to all of the individual members of Christ's Church. +EPH 4 12 n33m figs-metaphor εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 for the building up of the body of Christ Paul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EPH 4 12 pdh4 οἰκοδομὴν 1 building up "improvement" +EPH 4 12 x5gd σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 body of Christ The "body of Christ" refers to all of the individual members of Christ's Church. EPH 4 13 w1ik 0 reach the unity of faith and knowledge of the Son of God The believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and mature as believers. EPH 4 13 er6a 0 reach the unity of faith "become equally strong in faith" or "become united together in faith" -EPH 4 13 x7k3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +EPH 4 13 x7k3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) EPH 4 13 m3rt 0 become mature "become mature believers" EPH 4 13 gv6m 0 mature "fully developed" or "grown up" or "complete" -EPH 4 14 xgi4 figs-metaphor 0 be children Paul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were children who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: "be like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 14 xgi4 figs-metaphor ὦμεν νήπιοι 1 be children Paul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were children who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: "be like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 4 14 ndj2 figs-metaphor 0 tossed back and forth ... carried away by every wind of teaching This speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows wrong teaching as if that believer were a boat that the wind is blowing in different directions on the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 4 14 r3bj 0 by the trickery of people in their deceitful schemes "by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies" -EPH 4 15 zw32 figs-metaphor 0 into him who is the head Paul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 15 i2ff 0 in love "as the members love one another" +EPH 4 15 zw32 figs-metaphor εἰς αὐτὸν ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή 1 into him who is the head Paul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 15 i2ff ἐν ἀγάπῃ 1 in love "as the members love one another" EPH 4 16 ll7f figs-metaphor 0 Christ builds the whole body ... makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love Paul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 4 16 l5r6 0 by every supporting ligament A "ligament" is a strong band that connects bones or organs in place in the body. EPH 4 17 n5cy 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells them what they should no longer do now that they as believers are sealed by the Holy Spirit of God. EPH 4 17 ksr8 0 Therefore, I say and insist on this in the Lord "Because what I have just said, I will say something more to strongly encourage you because we all belong to the Lord" EPH 4 17 wcx2 0 that you must no longer live as the Gentiles live, in the futility of their minds "stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts" -EPH 4 18 lab7 figs-metaphor 0 They are darkened in their understanding They no longer think or reason clearly. Alternate translation: "They have darkened their thoughts" or "They are not able to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 4 18 w69u figs-activepassive 0 alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Because they do not know God, they cannot live the way God wants his people to live" or "They have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 4 18 w235 0 alienated "cut off" or "separated" -EPH 4 18 s1uz 0 ignorance "lack of knowledge" or "lack of information" -EPH 4 18 k8qv figs-metonymy 0 because of the hardness of their hearts Here "hearts" is a metaphor for people's minds. The phrase "hardness of their hearts" is a metaphor that means "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "because they are stubborn" or "because they refuse to listen to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 19 ldy8 figs-metaphor 0 have handed themselves over to sensuality Paul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way they want to satisfy their physical desires as if it were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: "only want to satisfy their physical desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 20 e5vk 0 But that is not how you learned about Christ The word "that" refers to the way the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](./17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned about Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: "But what you learned about Christ was not like that" +EPH 4 18 lab7 figs-metaphor ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ 1 They are darkened in their understanding They no longer think or reason clearly. Alternate translation: "They have darkened their thoughts" or "They are not able to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 4 18 w69u figs-activepassive ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Because they do not know God, they cannot live the way God wants his people to live" or "They have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 4 18 w235 ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι 1 alienated "cut off" or "separated" +EPH 4 18 s1uz ἄγνοιαν 1 ignorance "lack of knowledge" or "lack of information" +EPH 4 18 k8qv figs-metonymy διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς αὐτῶν καρδίας 1 because of the hardness of their hearts Here "hearts" is a metaphor for people's minds. The phrase "hardness of their hearts" is a metaphor that means "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "because they are stubborn" or "because they refuse to listen to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 19 ldy8 figs-metaphor παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ 1 have handed themselves over to sensuality Paul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way they want to satisfy their physical desires as if it were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: "only want to satisfy their physical desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 20 e5vk δὲ οὕτως οὐχ οὕτως ὑμεῖς ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν 1 But that is not how you learned about Christ The word "that" refers to the way the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](./17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned about Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: "But what you learned about Christ was not like that" EPH 4 21 hy7r figs-irony 0 I assume that you have heard ... and that you were taught Paul knows that the Ephesians have heard and been taught. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) EPH 4 21 b3pn figs-activepassive 0 you were taught in him Possible meanings are 1) "Jesus' people have taught you" or 2) "someone has taught you because you are Jesus' people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 4 21 gdz6 0 as the truth is in Jesus "as everything about Jesus is true" +EPH 4 21 gdz6 καθώς ἀλήθεια ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 as the truth is in Jesus "as everything about Jesus is true" EPH 4 22 h1ha figs-metaphor 0 to put off what belongs to your former manner of life Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: "to stop living according to your former manner of life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 4 22 j7n7 figs-metaphor 0 to put off the old man Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: "to stop living as your former self did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 22 d3j6 0 old man The "old man" refers to the "old nature" or "former self." -EPH 4 22 qw3d figs-metaphor 0 that is corrupt because of its deceitful desires Paul speaks of the sinful human nature as if it were a dead body falling apart in its grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 23 jy7h figs-activepassive 0 to be renewed in the spirit of your minds This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts" or "to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EPH 4 24 x41y 0 in true righteousness and holiness "truly righteous and holy" +EPH 4 22 d3j6 παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 old man The "old man" refers to the "old nature" or "former self." +EPH 4 22 qw3d figs-metaphor τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης τὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 that is corrupt because of its deceitful desires Paul speaks of the sinful human nature as if it were a dead body falling apart in its grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 4 23 jy7h figs-activepassive ἀνανεοῦσθαι τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ ὑμῶν νοὸς 1 to be renewed in the spirit of your minds This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts" or "to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EPH 4 24 x41y ἐν τῆς ἀληθείας δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι 1 in true righteousness and holiness "truly righteous and holy" EPH 4 25 abn8 0 get rid of lies "stop telling lies" -EPH 4 25 zh2g 0 we are members of one another "we belong to one another" or "we are members of God's family" -EPH 4 26 w8rw 0 Be angry and do not sin "You may get angry, but do not sin" or "If you become angry, do not sin" +EPH 4 25 zh2g ἐσμὲν μέλη ἀλλήλων 1 we are members of one another "we belong to one another" or "we are members of God's family" +EPH 4 26 w8rw ὀργίζεσθε καὶ ἁμαρτάνετε μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε 1 Be angry and do not sin "You may get angry, but do not sin" or "If you become angry, do not sin" EPH 4 26 ki7p figs-metonymy 0 Do not let the sun go down on your anger The sun going down represents nightfall, or the end of the day. Alternate translation: "You must stop being angry before night comes" or "Let go of your anger before the day ends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 4 27 w71s 0 Do not give an opportunity to the devil "Do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin" -EPH 4 29 f6yk 0 filthy talk This refers to speech that is cruel or rude. +EPH 4 29 f6yk σαπρὸς λόγος 1 filthy talk This refers to speech that is cruel or rude. EPH 4 29 p9wc 0 for building others up "for encouraging others" or "for strengthening others" EPH 4 29 bv8a 0 their needs, that your words would be helpful to those who hear you "their needs. In this way you will help those who hear you" -EPH 4 30 air6 0 do not grieve "do not distress" or "do not upset" +EPH 4 30 air6 λυπεῖτε μὴ λυπεῖτε 1 do not grieve "do not distress" or "do not upset" EPH 4 30 pgk9 figs-metaphor 0 for it is by him that you were sealed for the day of redemption The Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: "for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption" or "for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 4 31 b72p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his instructions on what believers should not do and ends with what they must do. EPH 4 31 v576 figs-metaphor 0 Put away all bitterness, rage, anger "Put away" here is a metaphor for not continuing to have certain attitudes or behaviors. Alternate translation: "You must not allow these things to be part of your life: bitterness, rage, anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 4 31 t1gj 0 rage intense anger +EPH 4 31 t1gj θυμὸς 1 rage intense anger EPH 4 32 ygw4 0 Be kind "Instead, be kind" -EPH 4 32 w7tk 0 tenderhearted being gentle and compassionate towards others +EPH 4 32 w7tk εὔσπλαγχνοι 1 tenderhearted being gentle and compassionate towards others EPH 5 intro tdd2 0 # Ephesians 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ
This is difficult to understand. Some scholars believe those who continue to practice these things will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. So immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. A more natural reading is "No person who is sexually immoral or indecent, or who is greedy (for this is the same as worshiping idols) will be among God’s people over whom Christ rules as king." (UST) (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Wives, submit to your husbands
Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.
EPH 5 1 wus5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as God's children. -EPH 5 1 jx2q 0 Therefore be imitators of God "Therefore you should do what God does." Therefore refers back to [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md) which tells why believers should imitate God, because Christ forgave believers. -EPH 5 1 zen5 figs-simile 0 as dearly loved children God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his children. Alternate translation: "as dearly loved children imitate their fathers" or "because you are his children and he loves you dearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -EPH 5 2 ta41 figs-metaphor 0 walk in love Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. Alternate translation: "live a life of love" or "always love each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 1 jx2q οὖν γίνεσθε μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Therefore be imitators of God "Therefore you should do what God does." Therefore refers back to [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md) which tells why believers should imitate God, because Christ forgave believers. +EPH 5 1 zen5 figs-simile ὡς ἀγαπητά τέκνα 1 as dearly loved children God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his children. Alternate translation: "as dearly loved children imitate their fathers" or "because you are his children and he loves you dearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +EPH 5 2 ta41 figs-metaphor περιπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ 1 walk in love Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. Alternate translation: "live a life of love" or "always love each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 2 bak1 0 a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God "like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God" EPH 5 3 le5f 0 But there must not be even a suggestion among you of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or of greed "Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed" -EPH 5 3 xat9 0 any kind of impurity "any moral uncleanness" +EPH 5 3 xat9 πᾶσα ἀκαθαρσία 1 any kind of impurity "any moral uncleanness" EPH 5 4 utm5 0 Instead there should be thanksgiving "Instead you should thank God" -EPH 5 5 vb16 figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 6 px7p 0 empty words words that have no truth to them +EPH 5 5 vb16 figs-metaphor κληρονομίαν 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 6 px7p κενοῖς λόγοις 1 empty words words that have no truth to them EPH 5 8 wy9d figs-metaphor 0 For you were once darkness Just as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin lack spiritual understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 8 iw4q figs-metaphor 0 but now you are light in the Lord Just as one can see in the light, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 8 l6ki figs-metaphor 0 Walk as children of light Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: "Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 8 l6ki figs-metaphor περιπατεῖτε ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς 1 Walk as children of light Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: "Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 9 q194 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the light consists in all goodness, righteousness, and truth "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 11 zdu1 figs-metaphor 0 Do not associate with the unfruitful works of darkness Paul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: "Do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 11 v4d1 figs-metaphor 0 unfruitful works actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable. Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 11 hpl2 figs-metaphor 0 expose them Speaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: "bring them out into the light" or "uncover them" or "show and tell people how wrong these actions are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 11 v4d1 figs-metaphor τοῖς ἀκάρποις ἔργοις 1 unfruitful works actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable. Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 11 hpl2 figs-metaphor ἐλέγχετε 1 expose them Speaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: "bring them out into the light" or "uncover them" or "show and tell people how wrong these actions are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 13 sp1z 0 General Information: It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers. EPH 5 14 vqi7 figs-metaphor 0 anything that becomes visible is light "people can clearly see everything that comes into the light." Paul makes this general statement in order to imply that God's Word shows people's actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of God's truth as if it were light that could reveal the character of something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 14 z4ar figs-apostrophe 0 Awake, you sleeper, and arise from the dead Possible meanings are 1) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond, or 2) Paul is addressing the Ephesian believers and using death as a metaphor for their spiritual weakness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 14 e873 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -EPH 5 14 ma8w figs-you 0 you sleeper ... shine on you These instances of "you" refer to the "sleeper" and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -EPH 5 14 ym6b figs-metaphor 0 Christ will shine on you Christ will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that darkness hid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 14 z4ar figs-apostrophe ἔγειρε, ὁ καθεύδων, καὶ ἀνάστα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 Awake, you sleeper, and arise from the dead Possible meanings are 1) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond, or 2) Paul is addressing the Ephesian believers and using death as a metaphor for their spiritual weakness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 14 e873 ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +EPH 5 14 ma8w figs-you σοι 1 you sleeper ... shine on you These instances of "you" refer to the "sleeper" and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +EPH 5 14 ym6b figs-metaphor ὁ Χριστός ἐπιφαύσει σοι 1 Christ will shine on you Christ will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that darkness hid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 15 du5n figs-doublenegatives 0 Look carefully how you live—not as unwise but as wise Unwise people do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. Alternate translation: "Therefore you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EPH 5 16 h8b1 figs-metaphor 0 Redeem the time Using time wisely is spoken of as if it were redeeming the time. Alternate translation: "Do the best things you can with your time" or "Use time wisely" or "Put time to its best use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 16 lrb6 figs-metonymy 0 because the days are evil The word "days" is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: "because the people around you are doing all kinds of evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 5 16 lrb6 figs-metonymy ὅτι αἱ ἡμέραι εἰσιν πονηραί 1 because the days are evil The word "days" is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: "because the people around you are doing all kinds of evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 5 18 tz9e 0 Connecting Statement: Paul ends his instructions on how all believers should live. -EPH 5 18 scp1 0 And do not get drunk with wine "You should not get drunk from drinking wine" -EPH 5 18 lgw3 0 Instead, be filled with the Holy Spirit "Instead, you should be controlled with the Holy Spirit" -EPH 5 19 egk6 figs-merism 0 psalms and hymns and spiritual songs Possible meanings are that 1) Paul is using these words as a merism for "all sorts of songs to praise God" or 2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -EPH 5 19 n5jj 0 psalms These are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang. -EPH 5 19 g5ss 0 hymns These are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing. -EPH 5 19 v9ay figs-doublet 0 spiritual songs Possible meanings are 1) these are songs that Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment or 2) "spiritual songs" and "hymns" are doublets and mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 5 18 scp1 καὶ μεθύσκεσθε μὴ μεθύσκεσθε οἴνῳ 1 And do not get drunk with wine "You should not get drunk from drinking wine" +EPH 5 18 lgw3 ἀλλὰ, πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Instead, be filled with the Holy Spirit "Instead, you should be controlled with the Holy Spirit" +EPH 5 19 egk6 figs-merism ψαλμοῖς καὶ ὕμνοις καὶ πνευματικαῖς ᾠδαῖς 1 psalms and hymns and spiritual songs Possible meanings are that 1) Paul is using these words as a merism for "all sorts of songs to praise God" or 2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +EPH 5 19 n5jj ψαλμοῖς 1 psalms These are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang. +EPH 5 19 g5ss ὕμνοις 1 hymns These are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing. +EPH 5 19 v9ay figs-doublet πνευματικαῖς ᾠδαῖς 1 spiritual songs Possible meanings are 1) these are songs that Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment or 2) "spiritual songs" and "hymns" are doublets and mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EPH 5 19 v3ql figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or inner being. The phrase "with all your heart" means to do something with enthusiasm. Alternate translation: "with all of your being" or "enthusiastically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 5 20 e6w5 0 in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ "because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ" or "as people who belong to our Lord Jesus Christ" +EPH 5 20 e6w5 ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ ἡμῶν Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ "because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ" or "as people who belong to our Lord Jesus Christ" EPH 5 22 isd7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other. EPH 5 23 x637 figs-metaphor 0 the head of the wife ... the head of the church The word "head" represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 25 sx8d 0 General Information: Here the words "himself" and "he" refer to Christ. The word "her" refers to the church. -EPH 5 25 sm9e 0 love your wives Here "love" refers to unselfish serving or giving love to wives. -EPH 5 25 i24y 0 gave himself up "allowed people to kill him" -EPH 5 25 kp8k figs-metaphor 0 for her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 26 a9p5 figs-metaphor 0 having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word Possible meanings are 1) Paul is referring to God making Christ's people clean by God's word and through water baptism in Christ or 2) Paul speaks of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 26 h6vx figs-metaphor 0 make her holy ... cleansed her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "make us holy ... cleansed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 5 27 d1sm figs-metaphor 0 without stain or wrinkle Paul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in good condition. He uses the same idea in two ways to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EPH 5 27 jvi4 figs-doublet 0 holy and without fault The phrase "without fault" means basically the same thing as "holy." Paul uses the two together to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EPH 5 28 wp8b figs-explicit 0 as their own bodies That people love their own bodies may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "as husbands love their own bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EPH 5 29 h5aa 0 but nourishes "but feeds" -EPH 5 30 h44f figs-metaphor 0 we are members of his body Here Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own body, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 25 sm9e ἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας 1 love your wives Here "love" refers to unselfish serving or giving love to wives. +EPH 5 25 i24y παρέδωκεν ἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν 1 gave himself up "allowed people to kill him" +EPH 5 25 kp8k figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς 1 for her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 26 a9p5 figs-metaphor καθαρίσας αὐτὴν τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐν ῥήματι 1 having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word Possible meanings are 1) Paul is referring to God making Christ's people clean by God's word and through water baptism in Christ or 2) Paul speaks of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 26 h6vx figs-metaphor ἁγιάσῃ αὐτὴν ἁγιάσῃ, καθαρίσας αὐτὴν 1 make her holy ... cleansed her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "make us holy ... cleansed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 5 27 d1sm figs-metaphor ἄμωμος 1 without stain or wrinkle Paul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in good condition. He uses the same idea in two ways to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 5 27 jvi4 figs-doublet ἁγία καὶ ἄμωμος 1 holy and without fault The phrase "without fault" means basically the same thing as "holy." Paul uses the two together to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EPH 5 28 wp8b figs-explicit ὡς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα 1 as their own bodies That people love their own bodies may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "as husbands love their own bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EPH 5 29 h5aa ἀλλὰ ἐκτρέφει 1 but nourishes "but feeds" +EPH 5 30 h44f figs-metaphor ἐσμὲν μέλη τοῦ αὐτοῦ σώματος 1 we are members of his body Here Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own body, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 5 31 yp23 0 General Information: The quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament. EPH 5 31 yp23 0 General Information: The words "his" and "himself" refer to a male believer who marries. EPH 6 intro r7c3 0 # Ephesians 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Slavery
Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Armor of God
This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 6 1 wq46 figs-you 0 General Information: The first word "your" is plural. Then Paul quotes Moses. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so "your" and "you" are singular. You may need to translate them as plurals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EPH 6 1 jf17 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters. -EPH 6 1 ev8m 0 Children, obey your parents in the Lord Paul reminds children to obey their physical parents. -EPH 6 4 bb7g 0 do not provoke your children to anger "do not make your children angry" or "do not cause your children to be angry" -EPH 6 4 ytg5 figs-abstractnouns 0 raise them in the discipline and instruction of the Lord The abstract nouns "discipline" and "instruction" can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EPH 6 5 r29d 0 be obedient to "obey." This is a command. +EPH 6 1 ev8m τὰ τέκνα, ὑπακούετε ὑμῶν τοῖς γονεῦσιν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Children, obey your parents in the Lord Paul reminds children to obey their physical parents. +EPH 6 4 bb7g παροργίζετε μὴ παροργίζετε ὑμῶν τὰ τέκνα παροργίζετε 1 do not provoke your children to anger "do not make your children angry" or "do not cause your children to be angry" +EPH 6 4 ytg5 figs-abstractnouns ἐκτρέφετε αὐτὰ ἐν παιδείᾳ καὶ νουθεσίᾳ Κυρίου 1 raise them in the discipline and instruction of the Lord The abstract nouns "discipline" and "instruction" can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EPH 6 5 r29d ὑπακούετε τοῖς 1 be obedient to "obey." This is a command. EPH 6 5 s1pq figs-doublet 0 deep respect and trembling The phrase "deep respect and trembling" uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EPH 6 5 z6xx figs-hyperbole 0 and trembling Here "trembling" is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: "and fear" or "as though you were shaking with fear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -EPH 6 5 pd6z figs-metonymy 0 in the honesty of your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or intentions. Alternate translation: "with honesty" or "with sincerity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 6 6 l9ve 0 as slaves of Christ Serve your earthly master as though your earthly master were Christ himself. +EPH 6 5 z6xx figs-hyperbole καὶ τρόμου 1 and trembling Here "trembling" is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: "and fear" or "as though you were shaking with fear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +EPH 6 5 pd6z figs-metonymy ἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς ὑμῶν καρδίας 1 in the honesty of your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or intentions. Alternate translation: "with honesty" or "with sincerity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EPH 6 6 l9ve ὡς δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ 1 as slaves of Christ Serve your earthly master as though your earthly master were Christ himself. EPH 6 6 u5fn figs-metonymy 0 from your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "thoughts" or "intentions." Alternate translation: "with sincerity" or "enthusiastically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 6 7 h45y figs-metonymy 0 Serve with all your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "thoughts" or "inner being." Alternate translation: "Serve with all of your being" or "Be completely dedicated when you serve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 6 9 i85s 0 treat your slaves in the same way "you also must treat your slaves well" or "just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves" ([Ephesians 6:5](../06/05.md)) EPH 6 9 wii4 0 You know that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven "You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven" -EPH 6 9 r9ue 0 there is no favoritism with him "he judges everyone the same way" +EPH 6 9 r9ue ἔστιν οὐκ προσωπολημψία παρ’ αὐτῷ 1 there is no favoritism with him "he judges everyone the same way" EPH 6 10 t5th 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives instructions to make believers strong in this battle we live for God. EPH 6 10 e4mg 0 the strength of his might "his great power." See how "the strength of his power" is translated near the end of [Ephesians 1:21](../01/21.md). -EPH 6 11 n8x8 figs-metaphor 0 Put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to stand against the scheming plans of the devil Christians should use all the resources God gives to stand firmly against the devil just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 11 ra3y 0 the scheming plans "the tricky plans" -EPH 6 12 d7be figs-synecdoche 0 flesh and blood This expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +EPH 6 11 n8x8 figs-metaphor ἐνδύσασθε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πρὸς τὸ ὑμᾶς δύνασθαι στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδίας τοῦ διαβόλου 1 Put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to stand against the scheming plans of the devil Christians should use all the resources God gives to stand firmly against the devil just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 11 ra3y τὰς μεθοδίας 1 the scheming plans "the tricky plans" +EPH 6 12 d7be figs-synecdoche σάρκα καὶ αἷμα 1 flesh and blood This expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EPH 6 12 ftu4 figs-explicit 0 against the powers over this present darkness Here it is implied that "the powers" refers to powerful spiritual beings. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: "against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people during this present evil time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 13 jrn9 figs-metaphor 0 Therefore put on the whole armor of God Christians should use the protective resources God gives them in fighting the devil in the same way a soldier puts on armor to protect himself against his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 13 jrn9 figs-metaphor διὰ τοῦτο ἀναλάβετε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Therefore put on the whole armor of God Christians should use the protective resources God gives them in fighting the devil in the same way a soldier puts on armor to protect himself against his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 6 13 cy9h figs-metaphor 0 so that you may be able to stand in this time of evil The words "stand firm" represent successfully resisting or fighting something. Alternate translation: "so that you may be able to resist evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 14 r5m7 figs-metaphor 0 Stand, therefore The words "stand" represents successfully resisting or fighting something. See how you translated "stand firm" in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). "So resist evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 14 r5m7 figs-metaphor στῆτε, οὖν 1 Stand, therefore The words "stand" represents successfully resisting or fighting something. See how you translated "stand firm" in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). "So resist evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 6 14 lbd4 figs-metaphor 0 the belt of truth Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 6 14 zt21 0 truth ... righteousness We are to know the truth and act in ways that please God. -EPH 6 14 ij1q figs-metaphor 0 the breastplate of righteousness Possible meanings are 1) the gift of righteousness covers a believer's heart just as a breastplate protects the chest of a soldier or 2) our living as God wants us, gives us a clear conscience that protects our hearts the way a breastplate protects a soldier's chest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 14 ij1q figs-metaphor τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 the breastplate of righteousness Possible meanings are 1) the gift of righteousness covers a believer's heart just as a breastplate protects the chest of a soldier or 2) our living as God wants us, gives us a clear conscience that protects our hearts the way a breastplate protects a soldier's chest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EPH 6 15 f6w1 figs-metaphor 0 Then as shoes for your feet, put on the readiness to proclaim the gospel of peace Just as a soldier wears shoes to give him solid footing, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace in order to be ready to proclaim it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 16 n65c figs-metaphor 0 In all circumstances take up the shield of faith The believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks, just as a soldier uses a shield to protect him from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 16 djl5 figs-metaphor 0 the flaming arrows of the evil one The attacks of the devil against a believer are like flaming arrows shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 17 g2kw figs-metaphor 0 take the helmet of salvation Salvation given by God protects the believer's mind just as a helmet protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 17 c191 figs-metaphor 0 the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God The writer speaks of God's instructions to his people as if they were a sword that his people could use to fight an enemy, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EPH 6 18 mu4w 0 With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit "Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests" +EPH 6 16 n65c figs-metaphor ἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως 1 In all circumstances take up the shield of faith The believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks, just as a soldier uses a shield to protect him from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 16 djl5 figs-metaphor τὰ πεπυρωμένα βέλη τοῦ πονηροῦ 1 the flaming arrows of the evil one The attacks of the devil against a believer are like flaming arrows shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 17 g2kw figs-metaphor δέξασθε τὴν περικεφαλαίαν τοῦ σωτηρίου 1 take the helmet of salvation Salvation given by God protects the believer's mind just as a helmet protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 17 c191 figs-metaphor τὴν μάχαιραν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ 1 the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God The writer speaks of God's instructions to his people as if they were a sword that his people could use to fight an enemy, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EPH 6 18 mu4w διὰ πάσης προσευχῆς καὶ δεήσεως, προσευχόμενοι ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν Πνεύματι 1 With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit "Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests" EPH 6 18 g1i7 0 To this end "For this reason" or "Keeping this in mind." This refers to the attitude of taking God's armor. EPH 6 18 i5hm 0 be watching with all perseverance, as you offer prayers for all the saints "persevere in being alert, and pray for all God's holy people" or "pray with constant alertness for all the believers" EPH 6 19 rm1h 0 Connecting Statement: In his closing, Paul asks them to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel while he is in prison and says he is sending Tychicus to comfort them. EPH 6 19 j135 figs-activepassive 0 that a message might be given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God might give me the word" or "God might give me the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EPH 6 19 jv6j 0 when I open my mouth. Pray that I might make known with boldness "when I speak. Pray that I boldly explain" -EPH 6 19 gu1n figs-idiom 0 open my mouth This is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: "speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EPH 6 19 gu1n figs-idiom ἀνοίξει μου τοῦ στόματός 1 open my mouth This is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: "speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EPH 6 20 wx9k figs-metonymy 0 It is for the gospel that I am an ambassador who is kept in chains The words "in chains" are a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: "I am now in prison because I am a representative of the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EPH 6 20 pmm2 figs-explicit 0 so that I may declare it boldly, as I ought to speak The word "pray" is understood from verse 19. Alternate translation: "so pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should" or "pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EPH 6 21 cxs9 translate-names 0 Tychicus Tychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EPH 6 21 cxs9 translate-names Τυχικὸς 1 Tychicus Tychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EPH 6 22 nv5m figs-metonymy 0 so that he may encourage your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. Alternate translation: "so that he may encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EPH 6 23 j395 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ. +EPH 6 23 j395 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv b/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv index a25f45a4b0..0f4d3a767d 100644 --- a/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv +++ b/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv @@ -3,249 +3,249 @@ PHP front intro pv9j 0 # Introduction to Philippians
## Part 1: General In PHP 1 intro kd3g 0 # Philippians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The day of Christ
This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: "to die is gain." In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
PHP 1 1 c255 figs-you 0 General Information: Paul and Timothy wrote this letter to the church at Philippi. Because Paul writes later in the letter saying "I," it is generally assumed that he is the author and that Timothy, who is with him, writes as Paul speaks. All instances of "you" and "your" in the letter refer to the believers in the Philippian church and are plural. The word "our" probably refers to all believers in Christ, including Paul, Timothy, and the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) PHP 1 1 kze2 0 Paul and Timothy ... and deacons If your language has a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter, use it here. -PHP 1 1 kx8h 0 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus "Timothy, who are servants of Christ Jesus" -PHP 1 1 na5j 0 all those set apart in Christ Jesus This refers to those whom God chose to belong to him by being united to Christ. Alternate translation: "all God's people in Christ Jesus" or "all those who belong to God because they are united with Christ" -PHP 1 1 im6v 0 the overseers and deacons "the leaders of the church" +PHP 1 1 kx8h Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος, δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus "Timothy, who are servants of Christ Jesus" +PHP 1 1 na5j πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 all those set apart in Christ Jesus This refers to those whom God chose to belong to him by being united to Christ. Alternate translation: "all God's people in Christ Jesus" or "all those who belong to God because they are united with Christ" +PHP 1 1 im6v ἐπισκόποις καὶ διακόνοις 1 the overseers and deacons "the leaders of the church" PHP 1 3 ntp5 0 every time I remember you Here "remember you" means when Paul thinks about the Philippians while he is praying. Alternate translation: "every time I think of you" -PHP 1 5 yi9l figs-metonymy 0 because of your partnership in the gospel Paul is expressing thanks to God that the Philippians have joined him in teaching people the gospel. He may have been referring to them praying for him and sending money so that he could travel and tell others. Alternate translation: "because you are helping me proclaim the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 1 6 s1l8 0 I am confident "I am sure" -PHP 1 6 jf4x 0 he who began "God, who began" +PHP 1 5 yi9l figs-metonymy ἐπὶ ὑμῶν τῇ κοινωνίᾳ εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 because of your partnership in the gospel Paul is expressing thanks to God that the Philippians have joined him in teaching people the gospel. He may have been referring to them praying for him and sending money so that he could travel and tell others. Alternate translation: "because you are helping me proclaim the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 1 6 s1l8 πεποιθὼς 1 I am confident "I am sure" +PHP 1 6 jf4x ὁ ἐναρξάμενος 1 he who began "God, who began" PHP 1 7 v7yu 0 It is right for me "It is proper for me" or "It is good for me" PHP 1 7 fmc6 figs-metonymy 0 I have you in my heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions. This idiom expresses strong affection. Alternate translation: "I love you very much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PHP 1 7 jn2s 0 have been my partners in grace "have been partakers of grace with me" or "have shared in grace with me" -PHP 1 8 sf3a 0 God is my witness "God knows" or "God understands" -PHP 1 8 xun1 figs-abstractnouns 0 with the compassion of Christ Jesus The abstract noun "compassion" can be translated with the verb "love." Alternate translation: "and I love you as Christ Jesus dearly loves us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 7 jn2s ὄντας μου συνκοινωνούς τῆς χάριτος 1 have been my partners in grace "have been partakers of grace with me" or "have shared in grace with me" +PHP 1 8 sf3a ὁ Θεός μου μάρτυς 1 God is my witness "God knows" or "God understands" +PHP 1 8 xun1 figs-abstractnouns ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 with the compassion of Christ Jesus The abstract noun "compassion" can be translated with the verb "love." Alternate translation: "and I love you as Christ Jesus dearly loves us all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PHP 1 9 v2rw 0 Connecting Statement: Paul prays for the believers in Philippi and talks about the joy there is in suffering for the Lord. -PHP 1 9 l2jl figs-metaphor 0 may abound Paul speaks of love as if it were objects that people could obtain more of. Alternate translation: "may increase" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 1 9 l1cy figs-explicit 0 in knowledge and all understanding Here "understanding" refers to understanding about God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "as you learn and understand more about what pleases God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 1 10 e17g 0 approve This refers to examining things and taking only those that are good. Alternate translation: "test and choose" -PHP 1 10 s4ec 0 what is excellent "what is most pleasing to God" -PHP 1 10 siv8 figs-doublet 0 sincere and blameless The words "sincere" and "without offense" mean basically the same thing. Paul combines them to emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: "completely blameless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PHP 1 11 lu5n figs-metaphor 0 filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ Being filled with something is a metaphor that represents being characterized by it or by habitually doing it. Possible meanings of "fruit of righteousness" are that 1) it is a metaphor that represents righteous behavior. Alternate translation: "habitually doing what is righteous because Jesus Christ enables you" or 2) it is a metaphor that represents good deeds as a result of being righteous. Alternate translation: "habitually doing good works because Jesus makes you righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 1 11 hwg1 0 to the glory and praise of God Possible meanings are 1) "Then other people will see how you honor God" or 2) "Then people will praise and give honor to God because of the good things they see you do." These alternate translations would require a new sentence. +PHP 1 9 l2jl figs-metaphor ἔτι περισσεύῃ 1 may abound Paul speaks of love as if it were objects that people could obtain more of. Alternate translation: "may increase" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 9 l1cy figs-explicit ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει 1 in knowledge and all understanding Here "understanding" refers to understanding about God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "as you learn and understand more about what pleases God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHP 1 10 e17g δοκιμάζειν 1 approve This refers to examining things and taking only those that are good. Alternate translation: "test and choose" +PHP 1 10 s4ec τὰ διαφέροντα 1 what is excellent "what is most pleasing to God" +PHP 1 10 siv8 figs-doublet εἰλικρινεῖς καὶ ἀπρόσκοποι 1 sincere and blameless The words "sincere" and "without offense" mean basically the same thing. Paul combines them to emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: "completely blameless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PHP 1 11 lu5n figs-metaphor πεπληρωμένοι καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης τὸν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ Being filled with something is a metaphor that represents being characterized by it or by habitually doing it. Possible meanings of "fruit of righteousness" are that 1) it is a metaphor that represents righteous behavior. Alternate translation: "habitually doing what is righteous because Jesus Christ enables you" or 2) it is a metaphor that represents good deeds as a result of being righteous. Alternate translation: "habitually doing good works because Jesus makes you righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 11 hwg1 εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ 1 to the glory and praise of God Possible meanings are 1) "Then other people will see how you honor God" or 2) "Then people will praise and give honor to God because of the good things they see you do." These alternate translations would require a new sentence. PHP 1 12 uyc6 0 General Information: Paul says that two things have happened because of "the progress of the gospel": many people inside and outside the palace have found out why he is in prison, and other Christians are no longer afraid to proclaim the good news. -PHP 1 12 yrp2 0 Now I want Here the word "Now" is used to mark a new part of the letter. -PHP 1 12 tu2t 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, because all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. +PHP 1 12 yrp2 δὲ βούλομαι 1 Now I want Here the word "Now" is used to mark a new part of the letter. +PHP 1 12 tu2t ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, because all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. PHP 1 12 zy4g figs-explicit 0 that what has happened to me Paul is talking about his time in prison. Alternate translation: "that the things I suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PHP 1 12 q288 0 has really served to advance the gospel "has caused more people to hear the gospel" -PHP 1 13 h1ly figs-metaphor 0 my chains in Christ came to light "Chains in Christ" here is a metonym for being in prison for the sake of Christ. "Came to light" is a metaphor for "became known." Alternate translation: "It became known that I am in prison for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 13 h1ly figs-metaphor μου τοὺς δεσμούς ἐν Χριστῷ φανεροὺς 1 my chains in Christ came to light "Chains in Christ" here is a metonym for being in prison for the sake of Christ. "Came to light" is a metaphor for "became known." Alternate translation: "It became known that I am in prison for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 1 13 wi6n figs-activepassive 0 my chains in Christ came to light ... guard ... everyone else This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the palace guards and many other people in Rome know that I am in chains for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHP 1 13 f8az 0 my chains in Christ Here Paul uses the preposition "in" to mean "for the sake of." Alternate translation: "my chains for the sake of Christ" or "my chains because I teach people about Christ" -PHP 1 13 i46j figs-metonymy 0 my chains Here the word "chains" is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: "my imprisonment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 1 13 dm1m 0 palace guard This is a group of soldiers that helped protect the Roman emperor. -PHP 1 14 gy47 0 fearlessly speak the word "fearlessly speak God's message" -PHP 1 15 vw1s 0 Some indeed even proclaim Christ "Some people preach the good news about Christ" -PHP 1 15 f32h 0 out of envy and strife "because they do not want people listening to me, and they want to cause trouble" +PHP 1 13 f8az μου τοὺς δεσμούς ἐν Χριστῷ 1 my chains in Christ Here Paul uses the preposition "in" to mean "for the sake of." Alternate translation: "my chains for the sake of Christ" or "my chains because I teach people about Christ" +PHP 1 13 i46j figs-metonymy μου τοὺς δεσμούς 1 my chains Here the word "chains" is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: "my imprisonment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 1 13 dm1m πραιτωρίῳ 1 palace guard This is a group of soldiers that helped protect the Roman emperor. +PHP 1 14 gy47 ἀφόβως λαλεῖν τὸν λόγον 1 fearlessly speak the word "fearlessly speak God's message" +PHP 1 15 vw1s τινὲς μὲν καὶ κηρύσσουσιν τὸν Χριστὸν 1 Some indeed even proclaim Christ "Some people preach the good news about Christ" +PHP 1 15 f32h διὰ φθόνον καὶ ἔριν 1 out of envy and strife "because they do not want people listening to me, and they want to cause trouble" PHP 1 15 v1sb 0 and also others out of good will "but other people do it because they are kind and they want to help" -PHP 1 16 qf4p 0 The latter "Those who proclaim Christ out of good will" -PHP 1 16 ttr2 figs-activepassive 0 I am put here for the defense of the gospel This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God chose me to defend the gospel" or 2) "I am in prison because I defend the gospel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHP 1 16 st7k 0 for the defense of the gospel "to teach everyone that the message of Jesus is true" -PHP 1 17 eq7s 0 But the former "But the others" or "But the ones who proclaim Christ out of envy and strife" +PHP 1 16 qf4p οἱ 1 The latter "Those who proclaim Christ out of good will" +PHP 1 16 ttr2 figs-activepassive κεῖμαι εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 I am put here for the defense of the gospel This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God chose me to defend the gospel" or 2) "I am in prison because I defend the gospel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 1 16 st7k εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the defense of the gospel "to teach everyone that the message of Jesus is true" +PHP 1 17 eq7s δὲ οἱ 1 But the former "But the others" or "But the ones who proclaim Christ out of envy and strife" PHP 1 17 z8ty figs-metonymy 0 while I am in chains Here the phrase "in chains" is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: "while I am imprisoned" or "while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 1 18 z5ia figs-rquestion 0 What then? Paul uses this question to tell how he feels about the situation he wrote about in [Philippians 15-17](./15.md). Possible meanings are 1) this is an idiom that means "It does not matter." or 2) the words "shall I think about this" are understood as part of the question. Alternate translation: "What then shall I think about this?" or "This is what I think about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PHP 1 18 ah9v 0 Only that in every way—whether from false motives or from true—Christ is proclaimed "As long as people preach about Christ, it does not matter if they do it for good reasons or for bad reasons" -PHP 1 18 c8tr 0 in this I rejoice "I am happy because people are preaching about Jesus" -PHP 1 18 cf58 0 I will rejoice "I will celebrate" or "I will be glad" -PHP 1 19 qp81 0 this will result in my deliverance "because people proclaim Christ, God will deliver me" -PHP 1 19 h9hf figs-abstractnouns 0 in my deliverance "Deliverance" here is an abstract noun that refers to one person bringing another person to a safe place. You may have to specify that it is God whom Paul expects to deliver him. Alternate translation: "in my being brought to a safe place" or "in God bringing me to a safe place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PHP 1 19 x3fs 0 through your prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ "because you are praying and the Spirit of Jesus Christ is helping me" -PHP 1 19 c48j 0 Spirit of Jesus Christ "Holy Spirit" +PHP 1 18 z5ia figs-rquestion τί γάρ? 1 What then? Paul uses this question to tell how he feels about the situation he wrote about in [Philippians 15-17](./15.md). Possible meanings are 1) this is an idiom that means "It does not matter." or 2) the words "shall I think about this" are understood as part of the question. Alternate translation: "What then shall I think about this?" or "This is what I think about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PHP 1 18 ah9v πλὴν ὅτι παντὶ τρόπῳ— εἴτε προφάσει εἴτε ἀληθείᾳ— Χριστὸς καταγγέλλεται 1 Only that in every way—whether from false motives or from true—Christ is proclaimed "As long as people preach about Christ, it does not matter if they do it for good reasons or for bad reasons" +PHP 1 18 c8tr ἐν τούτῳ χαίρω 1 in this I rejoice "I am happy because people are preaching about Jesus" +PHP 1 18 cf58 χαρήσομαι 1 I will rejoice "I will celebrate" or "I will be glad" +PHP 1 19 qp81 τοῦτό ἀποβήσεται εἰς μοι σωτηρίαν 1 this will result in my deliverance "because people proclaim Christ, God will deliver me" +PHP 1 19 h9hf figs-abstractnouns εἰς μοι σωτηρίαν 1 in my deliverance "Deliverance" here is an abstract noun that refers to one person bringing another person to a safe place. You may have to specify that it is God whom Paul expects to deliver him. Alternate translation: "in my being brought to a safe place" or "in God bringing me to a safe place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 19 x3fs διὰ ὑμῶν δεήσεως καὶ ἐπιχορηγίας τοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through your prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ "because you are praying and the Spirit of Jesus Christ is helping me" +PHP 1 19 c48j Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Spirit of Jesus Christ "Holy Spirit" PHP 1 20 fh48 figs-doublet 0 It is my eager expectation and certain hope Here the word "expectation" and the phrase "certain hope" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how strong his expectation is. Alternate translation: "I eagerly and confidently hope" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PHP 1 20 tk7l 0 but that I will have complete boldness This is part of Paul's expectation and hope. Alternate translation: "but that I will be very bold" -PHP 1 20 jz1z figs-metonymy 0 Christ will be exalted in my body The phrase "my body" is a metonym for what Paul does with his body. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "I will honor Christ by what I do" or 2) "people will praise Christ because of what I do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHP 1 20 y78k 0 whether by life or by death "whether I live or die" or "if I go on living or if I die" -PHP 1 21 p9b7 0 For to me These words are emphatic. They indicate that this is Paul's personal experience. -PHP 1 21 sxt5 figs-metaphor 0 to live is Christ Here pleasing and serving Christ is spoken of as Paul's only purpose for living. Alternate translation: "to go on living is an opportunity to please Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 1 21 n3jd figs-metaphor 0 to die is gain Here death is spoken of as "gain." Possible meanings for "gain" are 1) Paul's death will help spread the message of the gospel or 2) Paul will be in a better situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 1 22 a21c figs-metonymy 0 But if I am to live in the flesh The word "flesh" here is a metonym for the body, and "living in the flesh" is a metonym for being alive. Alternate translation: "But if I am to remain alive in my body" or "But if I continue to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 1 22 y9fv 0 Yet which to choose? "But which should I choose?" +PHP 1 20 jz1z figs-metonymy Χριστὸς μεγαλυνθήσεται ἐν μου τῷ σώματί 1 Christ will be exalted in my body The phrase "my body" is a metonym for what Paul does with his body. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "I will honor Christ by what I do" or 2) "people will praise Christ because of what I do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 1 20 y78k εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου 1 whether by life or by death "whether I live or die" or "if I go on living or if I die" +PHP 1 21 p9b7 γὰρ ἐμοὶ 1 For to me These words are emphatic. They indicate that this is Paul's personal experience. +PHP 1 21 sxt5 figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ ζῆν Χριστὸς 1 to live is Christ Here pleasing and serving Christ is spoken of as Paul's only purpose for living. Alternate translation: "to go on living is an opportunity to please Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 21 n3jd figs-metaphor ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος 1 to die is gain Here death is spoken of as "gain." Possible meanings for "gain" are 1) Paul's death will help spread the message of the gospel or 2) Paul will be in a better situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 22 a21c figs-metonymy δὲ εἰ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί 1 But if I am to live in the flesh The word "flesh" here is a metonym for the body, and "living in the flesh" is a metonym for being alive. Alternate translation: "But if I am to remain alive in my body" or "But if I continue to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 1 22 y9fv καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι? 1 Yet which to choose? "But which should I choose?" PHP 1 22 mwl6 figs-metaphor 0 that means fruitful labor for me The word "fruit" here refers to the good results of Paul's work. Alternate translation: "that means I will be able to work and my work will produce good results" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 1 23 tq29 figs-metaphor 0 For I am hard pressed between the two Paul speaks of how hard it is for him to choose between living and dying as if two heavy objects, like rocks or logs, were pushing on him from opposite sides at the same time. Your language might prefer the objects to pull rather than push. Alternate translation: "I am under tension. I do not know if I should choose to live or to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 23 tq29 figs-metaphor δὲ συνέχομαι ἐκ τῶν δύο 1 For I am hard pressed between the two Paul speaks of how hard it is for him to choose between living and dying as if two heavy objects, like rocks or logs, were pushing on him from opposite sides at the same time. Your language might prefer the objects to pull rather than push. Alternate translation: "I am under tension. I do not know if I should choose to live or to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 1 23 f7qg figs-euphemism 0 My desire is to depart and be with Christ Paul uses a euphemism here to show that he is not afraid of dying. Alternate translation: "I would like to die because I will go to be with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PHP 1 25 bu8d 0 Being convinced of this "Since I am sure that it is better for you that I stay alive" -PHP 1 25 kmp4 0 I know that I will remain "I know that I will continue to live" or "I know that I will keep on living" -PHP 1 26 i9cl 0 so that in me "so that because of me" or "so that because of what I do" -PHP 1 27 cd3b figs-parallelism 0 that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel The phrases "standing firm in one spirit" and "with one mind striving together" share similar meanings and emphasize the importance of unity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PHP 1 27 jey6 figs-metaphor 0 with one mind striving together "striving together with one mind." Agreeing with one another is spoken of as having one mind. Alternate translation: "agreeing with one another and striving together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 1 27 ej2s 0 striving together "working hard together" -PHP 1 27 ya3h 0 for the faith of the gospel Possible meanings are 1) "to spread the faith that is based on the gospel" or 2) "to believe and live as the gospel teaches us" +PHP 1 25 bu8d πεποιθὼς τοῦτο 1 Being convinced of this "Since I am sure that it is better for you that I stay alive" +PHP 1 25 kmp4 οἶδα ὅτι μενῶ 1 I know that I will remain "I know that I will continue to live" or "I know that I will keep on living" +PHP 1 26 i9cl ἵνα ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 so that in me "so that because of me" or "so that because of what I do" +PHP 1 27 cd3b figs-parallelism ὅτι στήκετε ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ συναθλοῦντες τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel The phrases "standing firm in one spirit" and "with one mind striving together" share similar meanings and emphasize the importance of unity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PHP 1 27 jey6 figs-metaphor μιᾷ ψυχῇ συναθλοῦντες 1 with one mind striving together "striving together with one mind." Agreeing with one another is spoken of as having one mind. Alternate translation: "agreeing with one another and striving together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 1 27 ej2s συναθλοῦντες 1 striving together "working hard together" +PHP 1 27 ya3h τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the faith of the gospel Possible meanings are 1) "to spread the faith that is based on the gospel" or 2) "to believe and live as the gospel teaches us" PHP 1 28 i9yt figs-you 0 Do not be frightened in any respect This is a command to the Philippian believers. If your language has a plural command form, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PHP 1 28 l495 0 This is a sign to them of their destruction, but of your salvation—and this from God "Your courage will show them that God will destroy them. It will also show you that God will save you" -PHP 1 28 nb4b 0 and this from God "and this is from God." Possible meanings are the word "this" refers to 1) the believers' courage or 2) the sign or 3) destruction and salvation. -PHP 1 30 x4z3 0 having the same conflict which you saw in me, and now you hear in me "suffering in the same way that you saw me suffer, and that you hear I am still suffering" +PHP 1 28 nb4b καὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ Θεοῦ 1 and this from God "and this is from God." Possible meanings are the word "this" refers to 1) the believers' courage or 2) the sign or 3) destruction and salvation. +PHP 1 30 x4z3 ἔχοντες τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἐν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί 1 having the same conflict which you saw in me, and now you hear in me "suffering in the same way that you saw me suffer, and that you hear I am still suffering" PHP 2 intro ixw8 0 # Philippians 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Practical instructions
In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "If there is any"
This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as "Since there is."
PHP 2 1 xye5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul advises the believers to have unity and humility and reminds them of Christ's example. -PHP 2 1 b1q7 0 If there is any encouragement in Christ "If Christ has encouraged you" or "If you are encouraged because of Christ" -PHP 2 1 k1b2 0 if there is any comfort provided by love The phrase "by love" probably refers to Christ's love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: "if his love has given you any comfort" or "if his love for you has comforted you in any way" -PHP 2 1 m84k 0 if there is any fellowship in the Spirit "if you have fellowship with the Spirit" -PHP 2 1 l2px 0 if there are any tender mercies and compassions "if you have experienced many of God's acts of tender mercy and compassion" -PHP 2 2 jxq2 figs-metaphor 0 make my joy full Paul speaks here of joy as if it were a container that can be filled. Alternate translation: "cause me to rejoice greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 3 y1le 0 Do nothing out of selfishness or empty conceit "Do not serve yourselves or think of yourselves as better than others" +PHP 2 1 b1q7 εἴ τις παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ "If Christ has encouraged you" or "If you are encouraged because of Christ" +PHP 2 1 k1b2 εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if there is any comfort provided by love The phrase "by love" probably refers to Christ's love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: "if his love has given you any comfort" or "if his love for you has comforted you in any way" +PHP 2 1 m84k εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if there is any fellowship in the Spirit "if you have fellowship with the Spirit" +PHP 2 1 l2px εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if there are any tender mercies and compassions "if you have experienced many of God's acts of tender mercy and compassion" +PHP 2 2 jxq2 figs-metaphor πληρώσατέ μου χαρὰν πληρώσατέ 1 make my joy full Paul speaks here of joy as if it were a container that can be filled. Alternate translation: "cause me to rejoice greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 3 y1le μηδὲν κατ’ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κενοδοξίαν 1 Do nothing out of selfishness or empty conceit "Do not serve yourselves or think of yourselves as better than others" PHP 2 4 ezk6 0 Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others "Do not care only about what you need, but also about what others need" -PHP 2 5 rh98 0 Have this mind in yourselves which also was in Christ Jesus "Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had" or "Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people" -PHP 2 6 hs4q 0 he existed in the form of God "everything that is true of God was true of him" +PHP 2 5 rh98 φρονεῖτε τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν ὃ καὶ ὃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Have this mind in yourselves which also was in Christ Jesus "Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had" or "Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people" +PHP 2 6 hs4q ὑπάρχων ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ 1 he existed in the form of God "everything that is true of God was true of him" PHP 2 6 els2 figs-metaphor 0 did not consider his equality with God as something to hold on to Here "equality" refers to "equal status" or "equal honor." Holding onto equality with God represents demanding that he continue to be honored as God is honored. Christ did not do that. Though he did not cease to be God, he ceased to act as God. Alternate translation: "did not think that he had to have the same status as God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor 0 he emptied himself Paul speaks of Christ as if he were a container in order to say that Christ refused to act with his divine powers during his ministry on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 7 tc8n 0 he was born in the likeness of men "he was born a human being" or "he became a human being" -PHP 2 8 t8a6 figs-metaphor 0 became obedient to the point of death Paul speaks of death here in a figurative way. The translator can understand "to the point of death" either as a metaphor of location (Christ went all the way to death) or as a metaphor of time (Christ was obedient even until the time that he died). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἐκένωσεν ἑαυτὸν 1 he emptied himself Paul speaks of Christ as if he were a container in order to say that Christ refused to act with his divine powers during his ministry on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 7 tc8n γενόμενος ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 he was born in the likeness of men "he was born a human being" or "he became a human being" +PHP 2 8 t8a6 figs-metaphor γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 became obedient to the point of death Paul speaks of death here in a figurative way. The translator can understand "to the point of death" either as a metaphor of location (Christ went all the way to death) or as a metaphor of time (Christ was obedient even until the time that he died). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 2 8 hi57 0 even death of a cross "even to dying on a cross" PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy 0 the name that is above every name Here "name" is a metonym that refers to rank or honor. Alternate translation: "the rank that is above any other rank" or "the honor that is above any other honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 2 9 qsy9 figs-metaphor 0 above every name The name is more important, more to be praised than any other name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-synecdoche 0 in the name of Jesus every knee should bend Here "knee" is a synecdoche for the whole person, and bending the knee to kneel on the ground is a metonym for worship. "In the name of" here is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: "every person will worship Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 2 10 kfb4 0 under the earth Possible meanings are 1) the place where people go when they die or 2) the place where demons dwell. -PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-synecdoche 0 every tongue Here "tongue" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "every person" or "every being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PHP 2 11 mr2i figs-metaphor 0 to the glory of God the Father Here the word "to" expresses result: "with the result that they will praise God the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 9 qsy9 figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name The name is more important, more to be praised than any other name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 in the name of Jesus every knee should bend Here "knee" is a synecdoche for the whole person, and bending the knee to kneel on the ground is a metonym for worship. "In the name of" here is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: "every person will worship Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 2 10 kfb4 καταχθονίων 1 under the earth Possible meanings are 1) the place where people go when they die or 2) the place where demons dwell. +PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-synecdoche πᾶσα γλῶσσα 1 every tongue Here "tongue" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "every person" or "every being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PHP 2 11 mr2i figs-metaphor εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here the word "to" expresses result: "with the result that they will praise God the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 2 12 jnp3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages the Philippian believers and shows them how to live the Christian life before others and reminds them of his example. -PHP 2 12 e359 0 my beloved "my dear fellow believers" -PHP 2 12 c1ix 0 in my presence "when I am there with you" -PHP 2 12 u5ng 0 in my absence "when I am not there with you" -PHP 2 12 j897 figs-abstractnouns 0 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with a phrase about God saving people. Alternate translation: "with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves" or "with awe and reverence for God, work hard to do the good things that show that he has saved you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PHP 2 12 cm1s figs-doublet 0 with fear and trembling Paul uses the words "fear" and "trembling" together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Alternate translation: "trembling with fear" or "with deep reverence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PHP 2 13 m6b8 0 both to will and to work for his good pleasure "so that you will want to do what pleases him and will be able to do what pleases him" -PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet 0 blameless and pure The words "blameless" and "pure" are very similar in meaning and are used together to strenghten the idea. Alternate translation: "completely innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PHP 2 12 e359 μου ἀγαπητοί 1 my beloved "my dear fellow believers" +PHP 2 12 c1ix ὡς ἐν μου τῇ παρουσίᾳ 1 in my presence "when I am there with you" +PHP 2 12 u5ng ἐν μου τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ 1 in my absence "when I am not there with you" +PHP 2 12 j897 figs-abstractnouns κατεργάζεσθε ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with a phrase about God saving people. Alternate translation: "with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves" or "with awe and reverence for God, work hard to do the good things that show that he has saved you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 2 12 cm1s figs-doublet μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 with fear and trembling Paul uses the words "fear" and "trembling" together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Alternate translation: "trembling with fear" or "with deep reverence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PHP 2 13 m6b8 καὶ τὸ θέλειν καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας 1 both to will and to work for his good pleasure "so that you will want to do what pleases him and will be able to do what pleases him" +PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι 1 blameless and pure The words "blameless" and "pure" are very similar in meaning and are used together to strenghten the idea. Alternate translation: "completely innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PHP 2 15 p71u figs-metaphor 0 so that you may shine as lights in the world Light represents goodness and truth. Shining as lights in the world represents living in a good and righteous way so that people in the world can see that God is good and true. Alternate translation: "so that you will be like lights in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 15 jb7y figs-doublet 0 in the world, in the middle of a crooked and depraved generation Here the word "world" refers to the people of the world. The words "crooked" and "depraved" are used together to emphasize that the people are very sinful. Alternate translation: "in the world, among people who are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PHP 2 16 u3qb figs-metaphor 0 Hold on to the word of life "Hold on" represents firmly believing. Alternate translation: "Continue to firmly believe the word of life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 16 eq86 0 the word of life "the message that brings life" or "the message that shows how to live the way God wants you to" -PHP 2 16 q7y8 0 on the day of Christ This refers to when Jesus comes back to set up his kingdom and rule over the earth. Alternate translation: "when Christ returns" -PHP 2 16 m5aq figs-parallelism 0 I did not run in vain or labor in vain The phrases "run in vain" and "labor in vain" here mean the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how hard he has worked to help people believe in Christ. Alternate translation: "I did not work so hard for nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PHP 2 16 m1z7 figs-metaphor 0 run The scriptures often use the image of walking to represent conducting one's life. Running is living life intensively. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 17 bky1 figs-metaphor 0 But even if I am being poured out as an offering on the sacrifice and service of your faith, I am glad and rejoice with you all Paul speaks of his death as if he were a drink offering which is poured upon the animal sacrifice to honor God. What Paul means is that he would gladly die for the Philippians if that would make them more pleasing to God. Alternate translation: "But, even if the Romans kill me and it is as if my blood pours out as an offering, I will be glad and rejoice with you all if my death will make your faith and obedience more pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 15 jb7y figs-doublet μέσον κόσμῳ, ἐν μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης γενεᾶς 1 in the world, in the middle of a crooked and depraved generation Here the word "world" refers to the people of the world. The words "crooked" and "depraved" are used together to emphasize that the people are very sinful. Alternate translation: "in the world, among people who are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PHP 2 16 u3qb figs-metaphor ἐπέχοντες λόγον ζωῆς 1 Hold on to the word of life "Hold on" represents firmly believing. Alternate translation: "Continue to firmly believe the word of life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 16 eq86 λόγον ζωῆς 1 the word of life "the message that brings life" or "the message that shows how to live the way God wants you to" +PHP 2 16 q7y8 εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ 1 on the day of Christ This refers to when Jesus comes back to set up his kingdom and rule over the earth. Alternate translation: "when Christ returns" +PHP 2 16 m5aq figs-parallelism ἔδραμον οὐκ ἔδραμον εἰς κενὸν οὐδὲ ἐκοπίασα εἰς κενὸν 1 I did not run in vain or labor in vain The phrases "run in vain" and "labor in vain" here mean the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how hard he has worked to help people believe in Christ. Alternate translation: "I did not work so hard for nothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PHP 2 16 m1z7 figs-metaphor ἔδραμον 1 run The scriptures often use the image of walking to represent conducting one's life. Running is living life intensively. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 17 bky1 figs-metaphor ἀλλ’ καὶ εἰ σπένδομαι ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ λειτουργίᾳ τῆς ὑμῶν πίστεως, χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω ὑμῖν πᾶσιν 1 But even if I am being poured out as an offering on the sacrifice and service of your faith, I am glad and rejoice with you all Paul speaks of his death as if he were a drink offering which is poured upon the animal sacrifice to honor God. What Paul means is that he would gladly die for the Philippians if that would make them more pleasing to God. Alternate translation: "But, even if the Romans kill me and it is as if my blood pours out as an offering, I will be glad and rejoice with you all if my death will make your faith and obedience more pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 2 19 dr9c 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the Philippian believers about his plan to send Timothy soon and that they should treat Epaphroditus as special. -PHP 2 19 gml9 0 But I have hope in the Lord Jesus "But I confidently expect the Lord Jesus to allow me" -PHP 2 20 d9mw 0 For I have no one else with his same attitude "No one else here loves you as much as he does" -PHP 2 21 b922 0 For they all Here the word "they" refers to a group of people Paul does not feel he can trust to send to Philippi. Paul is also expressing his displeasure with the group, who should have been able to go, but Paul does not trust them to fulfill their mission. -PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile 0 as a son with his father, so he served with me Fathers and sons love each other and work together. Timothy was not really Paul's son, but he worked with Paul as a son works with his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy 0 in the gospel Here "the gospel" stands for the activity of telling people about Jesus. Alternate translation: "in telling people about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 2 24 yn62 0 I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon "I am sure, if it is the Lord's will, that I will also come soon" -PHP 2 25 k4wz translate-names 0 Epaphroditus This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor 0 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here Paul is speaking of Epaphroditus as if he were a soldier. He means that Epaphroditus is trained and is dedicated to serving God, no matter how great the hardship he must suffer. Alternate translation: "fellow believer who works and struggles along with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 19 gml9 δὲ ἐλπίζω ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 But I have hope in the Lord Jesus "But I confidently expect the Lord Jesus to allow me" +PHP 2 20 d9mw γὰρ ἔχω οὐδένα ἰσόψυχον 1 For I have no one else with his same attitude "No one else here loves you as much as he does" +PHP 2 21 b922 γὰρ οἱ πάντες 1 For they all Here the word "they" refers to a group of people Paul does not feel he can trust to send to Philippi. Paul is also expressing his displeasure with the group, who should have been able to go, but Paul does not trust them to fulfill their mission. +PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile ὡς τέκνον πατρὶ, ἐδούλευσεν σὺν ἐμοὶ 1 as a son with his father, so he served with me Fathers and sons love each other and work together. Timothy was not really Paul's son, but he worked with Paul as a son works with his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel Here "the gospel" stands for the activity of telling people about Jesus. Alternate translation: "in telling people about the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 2 24 yn62 πέποιθα ἐν Κυρίῳ ὅτι ἐλεύσομαι αὐτὸς ἐλεύσομαι καὶ ἐλεύσομαι ταχέως 1 I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon "I am sure, if it is the Lord's will, that I will also come soon" +PHP 2 25 k4wz translate-names Ἐπαφρόδιτον 1 Epaphroditus This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor συνεργὸν καὶ συνστρατιώτην 1 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here Paul is speaking of Epaphroditus as if he were a soldier. He means that Epaphroditus is trained and is dedicated to serving God, no matter how great the hardship he must suffer. Alternate translation: "fellow believer who works and struggles along with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 2 25 qsd6 0 your messenger and servant for my needs "who brings your messages to me and helps me when I am in need" -PHP 2 26 gxn9 0 he was very distressed, and he longed to be with you all "he was very worried and wanted to be with you all" -PHP 2 27 itx2 figs-explicit 0 sorrow upon sorrow The cause of the sorrow can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the sorrow of losing him added to the sorrow I already have from being in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 2 28 y5gc 0 I can be free from anxiety "I will be less anxious" or "I will not worry as much as I have been" +PHP 2 26 gxn9 ἠσθένησεν 1 he was very distressed, and he longed to be with you all "he was very worried and wanted to be with you all" +PHP 2 27 itx2 figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 sorrow upon sorrow The cause of the sorrow can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the sorrow of losing him added to the sorrow I already have from being in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHP 2 28 y5gc κἀγὼ ὦ ἀλυπότερος 1 I can be free from anxiety "I will be less anxious" or "I will not worry as much as I have been" PHP 2 29 y95x 0 Welcome Epaphroditus "Gladly receive Epaphroditus" -PHP 2 29 qx14 0 in the Lord with all joy "as a fellow believer in the Lord with all joy" or "with the great joy we have because the Lord Jesus loves us" -PHP 2 30 ns1y figs-metaphor 0 he came near death Paul here speaks of death as if it were a place that one could go to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 2 29 qx14 ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy "as a fellow believer in the Lord with all joy" or "with the great joy we have because the Lord Jesus loves us" +PHP 2 30 ns1y figs-metaphor ἤγγισεν θανάτου 1 he came near death Paul here speaks of death as if it were a place that one could go to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 2 30 g98z figs-metaphor 0 fill up what you could not do in service to me Paul speaks of his needs as if they were a container that Epaphroditus filled with good things for Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Dogs
The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term "dogs" in this way.

##### Resurrected Bodies
We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Prize
Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
PHP 3 1 e79h 0 Connecting Statement: In order to warn his fellow believers about Jews who would try to get them to follow the old laws, Paul gives his own testimony about when he persecuted believers. -PHP 3 1 s3bx 0 Finally, my brothers "Now moving along, my brothers" or "Concerning other matters, my brothers" -PHP 3 1 zu9l 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). -PHP 3 1 ymm2 0 rejoice in the Lord "be happy because of all the Lord has done" +PHP 3 1 s3bx λοιπόν, μου ἀδελφοί 1 Finally, my brothers "Now moving along, my brothers" or "Concerning other matters, my brothers" +PHP 3 1 zu9l ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 3 1 ymm2 χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord "be happy because of all the Lord has done" PHP 3 1 q4pt 0 For me to write these same things again to you is no trouble for me "It is no trouble for me to write these things again to you" PHP 3 1 qb78 figs-explicit 0 and it keeps you safe Here "these things" refers to Paul's teachings. You can add this alternate translation to the end of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 3 2 ny6y 0 Watch out for "Beware of" or "Look out for" -PHP 3 2 zin8 0 the dogs ... those evil workers ... those who mutilate the flesh These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers. -PHP 3 2 yr9n figs-metaphor 0 dogs The word "dogs" was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. They were considered unclean. Paul speaks of the false teachers as though they were dogs, to insult them. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PHP 3 2 cka6 figs-hyperbole 0 mutilate Paul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-inclusive 0 For it is we who are Paul uses "we" to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -PHP 3 3 xt5r 0 the circumcision Paul uses this phrase to refer to believers in Christ who are not physically circumcised but are spiritually circumcised, which means they have received the Holy Spirit through faith. Alternate translation: "the truly circumcised ones" or "truly God's people" -PHP 3 3 k8ph 0 have no confidence in the flesh "do not trust that only cutting our flesh will please God" -PHP 3 4 e346 figs-hypo 0 Even so "Although if I wanted to." Paul is introducing a hypothetical situation that could not possibly exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +PHP 3 2 ny6y βλέπετε 1 Watch out for "Beware of" or "Look out for" +PHP 3 2 zin8 τὴν κατατομήν 1 the dogs ... those evil workers ... those who mutilate the flesh These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers. +PHP 3 2 yr9n figs-metaphor κύνας 1 dogs The word "dogs" was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. They were considered unclean. Paul speaks of the false teachers as though they were dogs, to insult them. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +PHP 3 2 cka6 figs-hyperbole τὴν κατατομήν 1 mutilate Paul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-inclusive γάρ ἡμεῖς καυχώμενοι ἐσμεν 1 For it is we who are Paul uses "we" to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +PHP 3 3 xt5r ἡ περιτομή 1 the circumcision Paul uses this phrase to refer to believers in Christ who are not physically circumcised but are spiritually circumcised, which means they have received the Holy Spirit through faith. Alternate translation: "the truly circumcised ones" or "truly God's people" +PHP 3 3 k8ph πεποιθότες οὐκ πεποιθότες ἐν σαρκὶ 1 have no confidence in the flesh "do not trust that only cutting our flesh will please God" +PHP 3 4 e346 figs-hypo καίπερ 1 Even so "Although if I wanted to." Paul is introducing a hypothetical situation that could not possibly exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PHP 3 4 upw5 figs-hypo 0 I myself could have confidence in the flesh. If anyone thinks he has confidence in the flesh, I could have even more This is a hypothetical situation that Paul does not believe is possible. Paul says if it were possible that God would save people based on what they did, then God would certainly have saved him. Alternate translation: "No one can do enough things to please God, but if anyone could do enough things to please God, I could do more good things and please God more than anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PHP 3 4 u4f1 figs-rpronouns 0 I myself Paul uses "myself" for emphasis. Alternate translation: "certainly I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -PHP 3 5 yq98 figs-activepassive 0 I was circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A priest circumcised me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHP 3 5 am85 0 the eighth day "seven days after I was born" -PHP 3 5 p4ik 0 a Hebrew of Hebrews Possible meanings are 1) "a Hebrew son with Hebrew parents" or 2) "the purest Hebrew." -PHP 3 5 we4t 0 with regard to the law, a Pharisee The Pharisees were committed to obeying all of the law. Being a Pharisee showed that Paul was committed to obeying all of the law. Alternate translation: "as a Pharisee, I was committed to obeying all of the law" -PHP 3 6 ksr3 0 As for zeal, I persecuted the church Paul's zeal was his enthusiasm for honoring God. He believed that by persecuting the church he proved how zealous he was for God. Alternate translation: "I had so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church" or "Because I wanted so much to honor God, I persecuted the church" -PHP 3 6 n51b 0 I persecuted the church "I attacked Christians" -PHP 3 6 hln8 0 as for righteousness under the law, I was blameless "Righteousness under the law" refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: "I was so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless" -PHP 3 7 n4lg figs-metaphor 0 whatever things were a profit for me Paul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessman's profit. Alternate translation: "anything that other Jews praised me for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 3 4 u4f1 figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ 1 I myself Paul uses "myself" for emphasis. Alternate translation: "certainly I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +PHP 3 5 yq98 figs-activepassive περιτομῇ 1 I was circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A priest circumcised me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 3 5 am85 ὀκταήμερος 1 the eighth day "seven days after I was born" +PHP 3 5 p4ik Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων 1 a Hebrew of Hebrews Possible meanings are 1) "a Hebrew son with Hebrew parents" or 2) "the purest Hebrew." +PHP 3 5 we4t κατὰ νόμον, Φαρισαῖος 1 with regard to the law, a Pharisee The Pharisees were committed to obeying all of the law. Being a Pharisee showed that Paul was committed to obeying all of the law. Alternate translation: "as a Pharisee, I was committed to obeying all of the law" +PHP 3 6 ksr3 κατὰ ζῆλος, διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 As for zeal, I persecuted the church Paul's zeal was his enthusiasm for honoring God. He believed that by persecuting the church he proved how zealous he was for God. Alternate translation: "I had so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church" or "Because I wanted so much to honor God, I persecuted the church" +PHP 3 6 n51b διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 I persecuted the church "I attacked Christians" +PHP 3 6 hln8 κατὰ δικαιοσύνην ἐν τὴν νόμῳ, γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 as for righteousness under the law, I was blameless "Righteousness under the law" refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: "I was so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless" +PHP 3 7 n4lg figs-metaphor ἅτινα ἦν κέρδη μοι 1 whatever things were a profit for me Paul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessman's profit. Alternate translation: "anything that other Jews praised me for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 7 lb8f 0 profit ... loss These are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as "things that made my life better" and "things that made my life worse." -PHP 3 7 y1sg figs-metaphor 0 I have considered them as loss Paul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business loss instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 3 8 zi6f 0 In fact "Really" or "Truly" -PHP 3 8 qdh7 figs-explicit 0 now I count The word "now" emphasizes how Paul has changed since he quit being a Pharisee and became a believer in Christ. Alternate translation: "now that I have trusted in Christ, I count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 3 8 e1fp figs-metaphor 0 I count all things to be loss Paul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:7](../03/07.md), saying it is worthless to trust in anything other than Christ. Alternate translation: "I consider everything to be worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 3 8 cv55 0 because of the surpassing value of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord "because knowing Christ Jesus my Lord is worth so much more" -PHP 3 8 afs4 0 so that I may gain Christ "so that I may have only Christ" -PHP 3 9 iy4k figs-idiom 0 be found in him The phrase "be found" is an idiom that emphasizes the idea of "to be." Alternate translation: "be truly united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PHP 3 9 g9a9 0 not having a righteousness of my own from the law Paul knows that he cannot become righteous by obeying the law. -PHP 3 9 qw6g 0 but that which is through faith in Christ The word "that" refers to righteousness. Paul knows that he can become righteous only by believing in Christ. AT: "but having the righteousness that comes by believing in Christ" -PHP 3 10 vj4s 0 the power of his resurrection "his power that gives us life" -PHP 3 10 xm68 0 the fellowship of his sufferings "what it is like to suffer as he suffered" or "what it is like to participate in suffering with him" -PHP 3 10 xw42 figs-activepassive 0 becoming like him in his death Possible meanings are 1) Paul wants to be like Christ by dying as Christ died or 2) Paul wants his desire to sin to become as dead as Jesus was before he was raised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 3 7 y1sg figs-metaphor ἥγημαι ταῦτα ζημίαν 1 I have considered them as loss Paul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business loss instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 3 8 zi6f μενοῦνγε 1 In fact "Really" or "Truly" +PHP 3 8 qdh7 figs-explicit καὶ ἡγοῦμαι 1 now I count The word "now" emphasizes how Paul has changed since he quit being a Pharisee and became a believer in Christ. Alternate translation: "now that I have trusted in Christ, I count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHP 3 8 e1fp figs-metaphor ἡγοῦμαι πάντα εἶναι ζημίαν 1 I count all things to be loss Paul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:7](../03/07.md), saying it is worthless to trust in anything other than Christ. Alternate translation: "I consider everything to be worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 3 8 cv55 διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ μου τοῦ Κυρίου 1 because of the surpassing value of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord "because knowing Christ Jesus my Lord is worth so much more" +PHP 3 8 afs4 ἵνα κερδήσω Χριστὸν 1 so that I may gain Christ "so that I may have only Christ" +PHP 3 9 iy4k figs-idiom εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 be found in him The phrase "be found" is an idiom that emphasizes the idea of "to be." Alternate translation: "be truly united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +PHP 3 9 g9a9 μὴ ἔχων δικαιοσύνην ἐμὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 not having a righteousness of my own from the law Paul knows that he cannot become righteous by obeying the law. +PHP 3 9 qw6g ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ 1 but that which is through faith in Christ The word "that" refers to righteousness. Paul knows that he can become righteous only by believing in Christ. AT: "but having the righteousness that comes by believing in Christ" +PHP 3 10 vj4s τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἀναστάσεως 1 the power of his resurrection "his power that gives us life" +PHP 3 10 xm68 κοινωνίαν αὐτοῦ παθημάτων 1 the fellowship of his sufferings "what it is like to suffer as he suffered" or "what it is like to participate in suffering with him" +PHP 3 10 xw42 figs-activepassive συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ αὐτοῦ θανάτῳ 1 becoming like him in his death Possible meanings are 1) Paul wants to be like Christ by dying as Christ died or 2) Paul wants his desire to sin to become as dead as Jesus was before he was raised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PHP 3 11 l4rm 0 so somehow I may experience the resurrection from the dead The word "somehow" means Paul does not know what is going to happen to him in this life, but whatever happens, it will result in eternal life. "so that, no matter what happens to me now, I will come back to life after I die" PHP 3 12 xk5q 0 Connecting Statement: Paul urges the believers at Philippi to follow his present example because of heaven and the new bodies that wait for believers. He speaks of how he works as hard as he can to be like Christ, knowing that God will allow him to live forever in heaven, as if he were a runner racing for the finish line. PHP 3 12 ms3v 0 received these things These include knowing Christ, knowing the power of his resurrection, sharing in Christ's suffering, and being united with Christ in his death and resurrection ([Philippians 3:8-11](./08.md)). PHP 3 12 h8p7 0 or that I have become complete "so I am not yet perfect" or "so I am not yet mature" -PHP 3 12 i5ld 0 But I press on "But I keep trying" -PHP 3 12 m52v figs-metaphor 0 I may grasp that for which I was grasped by Christ Jesus Receiving spiritual things from Christ is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. And, Jesus choosing Paul to belong to him is spoken of as if Jesus grasped Paul with his hands. This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "I may receive these things because that is why Jesus claimed me as his own" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHP 3 13 tzg8 0 Brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). -PHP 3 13 kqk7 figs-metaphor 0 I myself have yet grasped it Receiving spiritual things from Christ is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. Alternate translation: "all these things belong to me yet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 3 12 i5ld δὲ διώκω 1 But I press on "But I keep trying" +PHP 3 12 m52v figs-metaphor καταλάβω ᾧ ἐφ’ ᾧ κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 I may grasp that for which I was grasped by Christ Jesus Receiving spiritual things from Christ is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. And, Jesus choosing Paul to belong to him is spoken of as if Jesus grasped Paul with his hands. This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "I may receive these things because that is why Jesus claimed me as his own" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 3 13 tzg8 ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 3 13 kqk7 figs-metaphor κατειληφέναι ἐμαυτὸν κατειληφέναι 1 I myself have yet grasped it Receiving spiritual things from Christ is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. Alternate translation: "all these things belong to me yet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 13 ia2b figs-metaphor 0 I forget what is behind and strain for what is ahead Like a runner in a race is no longer concerned about the part of the race that is completed but only focuses on what is ahead, Paul speaks of setting aside his religious works of righteousness and only focusing on the race of life that Christ has set before him to complete. Alternate translation: "I do not care what I have done in the past; I only work as hard as I can on what is ahead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 14 z39s figs-metaphor 0 I press on toward the goal to win the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus As a runner presses onward to win the race, Paul presses onward in serving and living in obedience to Christ. Alternate translation: "I do all I can to be like Christ, like a runner racing to the finish line, so that I may belong to him, and God may call me to himself after I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 3 14 lmr6 figs-metaphor 0 the upward calling Possible meanings are that Paul speaks of living eternally with God as if God were to call Paul to ascend 1) to heaven as Jesus did or 2) the steps to the podium where winners of races received prizes, as a metaphor for meeting God face to face and receiving eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 3 14 lmr6 figs-metaphor τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως 1 the upward calling Possible meanings are that Paul speaks of living eternally with God as if God were to call Paul to ascend 1) to heaven as Jesus did or 2) the steps to the podium where winners of races received prizes, as a metaphor for meeting God face to face and receiving eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 15 de4y 0 All of us who are mature, let us think this way Paul wants his fellow believers to have the same desires he listed in [Philippians 3:8-11](./08.md). Alternate translation: "I encourage all of us believers who are strong in the faith to think the same way" -PHP 3 15 yy22 0 God will also reveal that to you "God will also make it clear to you" or "God will make sure you know it" -PHP 3 16 pxn9 figs-inclusive 0 whatever we have reached, let us hold on to it Paul uses "we" to include the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: "let us all continue obeying the same truth we have already received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -PHP 3 17 jed4 0 Be imitators of me "Do what I do" or "Live as I live" -PHP 3 17 uxc5 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 3 15 yy22 ὁ Θεὸς ἀποκαλύψει καὶ ἀποκαλύψει τοῦτο ὑμῖν 1 God will also reveal that to you "God will also make it clear to you" or "God will make sure you know it" +PHP 3 16 pxn9 figs-inclusive ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, στοιχεῖν τῷ αὐτῷ 1 whatever we have reached, let us hold on to it Paul uses "we" to include the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: "let us all continue obeying the same truth we have already received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +PHP 3 17 jed4 γίνεσθε συνμιμηταί μου 1 Be imitators of me "Do what I do" or "Live as I live" +PHP 3 17 uxc5 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). PHP 3 17 h4tv 0 those who are walking by the example that you have in us "those who already are living as I live" or "those who already are doing what I do" PHP 3 18 ab61 0 Many are walking ... as enemies of the cross of Christ These words are Paul's main thought for this verse. PHP 3 18 kr19 figs-metaphor 0 Many are walking A person's behavior is spoken of as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: "Many are living" or "Many are conducting their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 18 x2lu 0 those about whom I have often told you, and now I am telling you with tears Paul interrupts his main thought with these words that describe the "many." You can move them to the beginning or end of the verse if you need to. -PHP 3 18 zwp3 0 I have often told you "I have told you many times" +PHP 3 18 zwp3 ἔλεγον πολλάκις ἔλεγον ὑμῖν 1 I have often told you "I have told you many times" PHP 3 18 h6pc 0 am telling you with tears "am telling you with great sadness" -PHP 3 18 n8q2 figs-metonymy 0 as enemies of the cross of Christ Here "the cross of Christ" refers to Christ's suffering and death. The enemies are those who say they believe in Jesus but are not willing to suffer or die like Jesus did. Alternate translation: "in a way that shows they are actually against Jesus, who was willing to suffer and die on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 3 19 v8gv 0 Their end is destruction "Someday God will destroy them." The last thing that happens to them is that God will destroy them. +PHP 3 18 n8q2 figs-metonymy ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 as enemies of the cross of Christ Here "the cross of Christ" refers to Christ's suffering and death. The enemies are those who say they believe in Jesus but are not willing to suffer or die like Jesus did. Alternate translation: "in a way that shows they are actually against Jesus, who was willing to suffer and die on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 3 19 v8gv ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια 1 Their end is destruction "Someday God will destroy them." The last thing that happens to them is that God will destroy them. PHP 3 19 hn9i figs-metaphor 0 their god is their stomach Here "stomach" refers to a person's desires for physical pleasure. Calling it their god means that they want these pleasures more than they want to obey God. Alternate translation: "they desire food and other physical pleasures more than they desire to obey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 3 19 u9cl figs-metonymy 0 their pride is in their shame Here "shame" stands for the actions that the people should be ashamed about but are not. Alternate translation: "they are proud of the things that should cause them shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 3 19 sv5z figs-metonymy 0 They think about earthly things Here "earthly" refers to everything that gives physical pleasure and does not honor God. Alternate translation: "All they think about is what will please themselves rather than what will please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 3 19 sv5z figs-metonymy φρονοῦντες ἐπίγεια οἱ τὰ 1 They think about earthly things Here "earthly" refers to everything that gives physical pleasure and does not honor God. Alternate translation: "All they think about is what will please themselves rather than what will please God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PHP 3 20 q1cc figs-inclusive 0 General Information: By Paul's use of "our" and "we" here, he includes himself and the believers in Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -PHP 3 20 n2lh 0 our citizenship is in heaven Possible meanings are 1) "we are citizens of heaven" or 2) "our homeland is heaven" or 3) "our true home is heaven." -PHP 3 21 eye2 0 He will transform our lowly bodies "He will change our weak, earthly bodies" -PHP 3 21 b2bc 0 into bodies formed like his glorious body "into bodies like his glorious body" +PHP 3 20 n2lh ἡμῶν τὸ πολίτευμα ὑπάρχει ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 our citizenship is in heaven Possible meanings are 1) "we are citizens of heaven" or 2) "our homeland is heaven" or 3) "our true home is heaven." +PHP 3 21 eye2 ὃς μετασχηματίσει ἡμῶν τῆς ταπεινώσεως τὸ σῶμα 1 He will transform our lowly bodies "He will change our weak, earthly bodies" +PHP 3 21 b2bc σύμμορφον αὐτοῦ τῆς δόξης τῷ σώματι 1 into bodies formed like his glorious body "into bodies like his glorious body" PHP 3 21 qz6p figs-activepassive 0 body, formed by the might of his power to subject all things to himself This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "body. He will change our bodies with the same power he uses to control all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PHP 4 intro rp5c 0 # Philippians 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "My joy and my crown"
Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Euodia and Syntyche
Apparently, these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 1 zk6q figs-you 0 General Information: When Paul says, "my true companion," the word "you" is singular. Paul does not say the name of the person. He calls him that to show he worked with Paul to spread the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PHP 4 1 xmc4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues with some specific instructions to the believers in Philippi on unity and then gives instructions to help them live for the Lord. PHP 4 1 fe2y 0 Therefore, my beloved brothers whom I long for "My fellow believers, I love you and I greatly desire to see you" -PHP 4 1 ngs7 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). -PHP 4 1 wx5w figs-metonymy 0 my joy and crown Paul uses the word "joy" to mean that the Philippian church is the cause of his happiness. A "crown" was made of leaves, and a man wore it on his head as a sign of honor after he won an important game. Here the word "crown" means the Philippian church brought honor to Paul before God. Alternate translation: "You give me joy because you have believed in Jesus, and you are my reward and honor for my work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 4 1 dz44 0 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved friends "so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends" -PHP 4 2 x5qf translate-names 0 I am pleading with Euodia, and I am pleading with Syntyche These are women who were believers and helped Paul in the church at Philippi. Alternate translation: "I beg Euodia, and I beg Syntyche" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHP 4 2 iyq7 figs-metonymy 0 be of the same mind in the Lord The phrase "be of the same mind" means to have the same attitude or opinion. Alternate translation: "agree with each other because you both believe in the same Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 4 1 ngs7 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 4 1 wx5w figs-metonymy μου χαρὰ καὶ στέφανός 1 my joy and crown Paul uses the word "joy" to mean that the Philippian church is the cause of his happiness. A "crown" was made of leaves, and a man wore it on his head as a sign of honor after he won an important game. Here the word "crown" means the Philippian church brought honor to Paul before God. Alternate translation: "You give me joy because you have believed in Jesus, and you are my reward and honor for my work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 4 1 dz44 οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved friends "so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends" +PHP 4 2 x5qf translate-names παρακαλῶ Εὐοδίαν, καὶ παρακαλῶ Συντύχην 1 I am pleading with Euodia, and I am pleading with Syntyche These are women who were believers and helped Paul in the church at Philippi. Alternate translation: "I beg Euodia, and I beg Syntyche" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHP 4 2 iyq7 figs-metonymy φρονεῖν τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 be of the same mind in the Lord The phrase "be of the same mind" means to have the same attitude or opinion. Alternate translation: "agree with each other because you both believe in the same Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PHP 4 3 yb3f figs-you 0 Yes, I ask you, my true companion Here "you" refers to the "true fellow worker" and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PHP 4 3 hdz7 figs-metaphor 0 true companion This metaphor is from farming, where two animals would be bound to the same yoke, and so they work together. Alternate translation: "fellow worker" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 4 3 cm3u translate-names 0 along with Clement Clement was a man who was a believer and worker in the church at Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHP 4 3 s9h9 0 whose names are in the Book of Life "whose names God has written in the Book of Life" -PHP 4 4 elt7 0 Rejoice in the Lord "be happy because of all the Lord has done." See how you translated this in [Philippians 3:1](../03/01.md). -PHP 4 5 snk5 0 The Lord is near Possible meanings are 1) The Lord Jesus is near to the believers in spirit or 2) the day the Lord Jesus will return to the earth is near. -PHP 4 6 h63g 0 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God "whatever happens to you, ask God for everything you need with prayer and thanks" -PHP 4 7 u1sz 0 the peace of God "the peace that God gives" -PHP 4 7 zr4x 0 which surpasses all understanding "which is more than we can understand" -PHP 4 7 sb6s figs-personification 0 will guard your hearts and your thoughts in Christ This presents God's peace as a soldier who protects our hearts and thoughts from worrying. Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "will be like a soldier and guard your emotions and thoughts in Christ" or "will protect you in Christ and will keep you from worrying about the troubles of this life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 4 8 b8ig 0 Finally As Paul ends his letter, he gives a summary of how believers should live to have peace with God. -PHP 4 8 fxn5 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). -PHP 4 8 r275 0 whatever things are lovely "whatever things are pleasing" -PHP 4 8 pv1i 0 whatever things are of good report "whatever thing people admire" or "whatever things people respect" -PHP 4 8 i5gl 0 if there is anything excellent "if they are morally good" -PHP 4 8 e9eb 0 if there is anything to be praised "and if they are things that people praise" -PHP 4 9 m145 0 that you have learned and received and heard and seen in me "that I have taught and shown you" +PHP 4 3 hdz7 figs-metaphor γνήσιε σύνζυγε 1 true companion This metaphor is from farming, where two animals would be bound to the same yoke, and so they work together. Alternate translation: "fellow worker" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 4 3 cm3u translate-names μετὰ Κλήμεντος 1 along with Clement Clement was a man who was a believer and worker in the church at Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHP 4 3 s9h9 ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς 1 whose names are in the Book of Life "whose names God has written in the Book of Life" +PHP 4 4 elt7 χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Rejoice in the Lord "be happy because of all the Lord has done." See how you translated this in [Philippians 3:1](../03/01.md). +PHP 4 5 snk5 ὁ Κύριος ἐγγύς 1 The Lord is near Possible meanings are 1) The Lord Jesus is near to the believers in spirit or 2) the day the Lord Jesus will return to the earth is near. +PHP 4 6 h63g ἐν παντὶ τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει μετὰ εὐχαριστίας, γνωριζέσθω ὑμῶν τὰ αἰτήματα γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τὸν Θεόν 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God "whatever happens to you, ask God for everything you need with prayer and thanks" +PHP 4 7 u1sz ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the peace of God "the peace that God gives" +PHP 4 7 zr4x ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν 1 which surpasses all understanding "which is more than we can understand" +PHP 4 7 sb6s figs-personification φρουρήσει ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας καὶ ὑμῶν τὰ νοήματα ἐν Χριστῷ 1 will guard your hearts and your thoughts in Christ This presents God's peace as a soldier who protects our hearts and thoughts from worrying. Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "will be like a soldier and guard your emotions and thoughts in Christ" or "will protect you in Christ and will keep you from worrying about the troubles of this life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHP 4 8 b8ig τὸ λοιπόν 1 Finally As Paul ends his letter, he gives a summary of how believers should live to have peace with God. +PHP 4 8 fxn5 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 4 8 r275 ὅσα σεμνά ὅσα δίκαια ὅσα ἁγνά ὅσα προσφιλῆ 1 whatever things are lovely "whatever things are pleasing" +PHP 4 8 pv1i ὅσα σεμνά ὅσα δίκαια ὅσα ἁγνά ὅσα προσφιλῆ ὅσα εὔφημα 1 whatever things are of good report "whatever thing people admire" or "whatever things people respect" +PHP 4 8 i5gl εἴ τις ἀρετὴ 1 if there is anything excellent "if they are morally good" +PHP 4 8 e9eb εἴ τις ἔπαινος 1 if there is anything to be praised "and if they are things that people praise" +PHP 4 9 m145 καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε καὶ ἠκούσατε καὶ εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοί 1 that you have learned and received and heard and seen in me "that I have taught and shown you" PHP 4 10 pwh9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to thank the Philippians for a gift that they have sent him. He begins in verse 11 to explain that he is thanking them for this gift simply because he is grateful, not because he needs them to give him anything more. -PHP 4 11 ts2k 0 to be content "to be satisfied" or "to be happy" +PHP 4 11 ts2k εἶναι αὐτάρκης 1 to be content "to be satisfied" or "to be happy" PHP 4 11 ew5e 0 in all circumstances "no matter what my situation is" PHP 4 12 lgp9 figs-explicit 0 I know what it is to be poor ... to have plenty Paul knows how to live happily having either no possessions or many possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 4 12 i9vp figs-parallelism 0 how to be well-fed or to be hungry, and how to have an abundance or to be in need These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he has learned how to be content in any situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PHP 4 12 i9vp figs-parallelism χορτάζεσθαι- χορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν, καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 how to be well-fed or to be hungry, and how to have an abundance or to be in need These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he has learned how to be content in any situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PHP 4 13 z1pb 0 I can do all things through him who strengthens me "I can do all things because Christ gives me strength" PHP 4 14 bs72 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues explaining that he is thanking the Philippians for their gift to him simply because he is grateful, not because he needs them to give him anything more (see [Philippians 3:11](../03/11.md)). -PHP 4 14 fe2z figs-metaphor 0 in my difficulties Paul speaks of his hardships as if they were a place that he was in. Alternate translation: "when things became difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 4 15 w23w figs-metonymy 0 the beginning of the gospel Paul refers to the gospel here as meaning his preaching of the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHP 4 15 dyf8 figs-doublenegatives 0 no church supported me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "you were the only church that sent me money or helped me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PHP 4 17 e9g9 0 It is not that I seek the gift Paul is explaining that his reason for writing about gifts is not that he hopes that they will give him more gifts. Alternate Translation: "My reason for writing this is not that I want you to give me more" -PHP 4 17 bh3t figs-metaphor 0 I seek the fruit that increases to your credit Paul explains his reason for writing about gifts. Here "fruit that increases to you credit" is a metaphor for either 1) more good deeds that can be recorded for the Philippians. Alternate translation: "Rather I want God to recognize the increasing good deeds that you do" or 2) more blessings for the good things that the Philippians do. Alternate translation: "Rather I want God to bless you more because of the good deeds that you do"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 4 14 fe2z figs-metaphor μου τῇ θλίψει 1 in my difficulties Paul speaks of his hardships as if they were a place that he was in. Alternate translation: "when things became difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHP 4 15 w23w figs-metonymy ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the beginning of the gospel Paul refers to the gospel here as meaning his preaching of the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHP 4 15 dyf8 figs-doublenegatives οὐδεμία ἐκκλησία ἐκοινώνησεν μοι εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς μόνοι 1 no church supported me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "you were the only church that sent me money or helped me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +PHP 4 17 e9g9 οὐχ ὅτι ἐπιζητῶ τὸ δόμα 1 It is not that I seek the gift Paul is explaining that his reason for writing about gifts is not that he hopes that they will give him more gifts. Alternate Translation: "My reason for writing this is not that I want you to give me more" +PHP 4 17 bh3t figs-metaphor ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς ὑμῶν λόγον 1 I seek the fruit that increases to your credit Paul explains his reason for writing about gifts. Here "fruit that increases to you credit" is a metaphor for either 1) more good deeds that can be recorded for the Philippians. Alternate translation: "Rather I want God to recognize the increasing good deeds that you do" or 2) more blessings for the good things that the Philippians do. Alternate translation: "Rather I want God to bless you more because of the good deeds that you do"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 4 18 p6y1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes thanking the Philippians for their gift (see [Philippians 3:11](../03/11.md)) and assures them that God will take care of them. -PHP 4 18 fs44 0 I have received everything in full Possible meanings are 1) Paul has received everything that the Philippians sent or 2) Paul is using humor to continue the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:8](../03/08.md) and saying that this part of the letter is a receipt for commercial goods that Epaphroditus delivered. +PHP 4 18 fs44 ἀπέχω δεξάμενος πάντα πεπλήρωμαι 1 I have received everything in full Possible meanings are 1) Paul has received everything that the Philippians sent or 2) Paul is using humor to continue the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:8](../03/08.md) and saying that this part of the letter is a receipt for commercial goods that Epaphroditus delivered. PHP 4 18 en6t figs-explicit 0 even more Paul means plenty of the things that he needs for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PHP 4 18 s68v figs-metaphor 0 They are a sweet-smelling aroma, a sacrifice acceptable and pleasing to God Paul speaks of the gift from the Philippian church as if it were a sacrifice offered to God on an altar. Paul implies that the church's gift is very pleasing to God, like the sacrifices that the priests burned, which had a smell that pleased God. Alternate translation: "I assure you these gifts are very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 4 19 r96p figs-idiom 0 will meet all your needs This is the same word translated "have been well-supplied" in verse 18. It is an idiom meaning "will provide everything you need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PHP 4 19 xmk2 0 according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus "from his glorious riches that he gives through Christ Jesus" -PHP 4 20 fba5 0 Now to our God The word "Now" marks the closing prayer and the end of this section of the letter. -PHP 4 21 h2jr 0 The brothers This refers to those people who were either ministering with or to Paul. -PHP 4 21 z65a 0 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). -PHP 4 21 lq4e 0 every believer Some versions translate this as "every holy person." -PHP 4 22 bi8m 0 All the believers Some versions translate this as "All the holy people." +PHP 4 19 r96p figs-idiom πληρώσει πᾶσαν ὑμῶν χρείαν 1 will meet all your needs This is the same word translated "have been well-supplied" in verse 18. It is an idiom meaning "will provide everything you need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +PHP 4 19 xmk2 κατὰ αὐτοῦ τὸ πλοῦτος ἐν δόξῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus "from his glorious riches that he gives through Christ Jesus" +PHP 4 20 fba5 δὲ Θεῷ ἡμῶν Θεῷ 1 Now to our God The word "Now" marks the closing prayer and the end of this section of the letter. +PHP 4 21 h2jr οἱ ἀδελφοί 1 The brothers This refers to those people who were either ministering with or to Paul. +PHP 4 21 z65a ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). +PHP 4 21 lq4e πάντα ἅγιον 1 every believer Some versions translate this as "every holy person." +PHP 4 22 bi8m πάντες οἱ ἅγιοι 1 All the believers Some versions translate this as "All the holy people." PHP 4 22 rg96 0 especially those of Caesar's household This refers to servants who worked in Caesar's palace. "especially the fellow believers who work in the palace of Caesar" -PHP 4 23 a3f8 figs-synecdoche 0 with your spirit Paul refers to the believers by using the word "spirit," which is what enables humans to relate to God. Alternate translation: "with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PHP 4 23 a3f8 figs-synecdoche μετὰ ὑμῶν τοῦ πνεύματος 1 with your spirit Paul refers to the believers by using the word "spirit," which is what enables humans to relate to God. Alternate translation: "with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv index d72de7c496..8dd24ad346 100644 --- a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv @@ -2,244 +2,244 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo COL front intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Colossians

1. Greeting, thanksgiving, and prayer (1:1-12)
1. The person and work of Christ
- Deliverance and redemption (1:13-14)
- Christ: the Image of the invisible God, and the One who is over all creation (1:15-17)
- Christ is the Head of the Church, and the Church trusts in him (1:18-2:7)
1. Tests of faithfulness
- Warnings against false teachers (2:8-19)
- True godliness is not rigid rules and unbending traditions (2:20-23)
1. Teaching and living
- Life in Christ (3:1-4)
- Old and new life (3:5-17)
- Christian family (3:18-4:1)
1. Christian behavior (4:2-6)
1. Closing and greetings
- Paul thanks Tychicus and Onesimus (4:7-9)
- Paul sends greetings from his associates (4:10-14)
- Paul gives directions to Archippus and the Christians in Laodicea (4:15-17)
- Paul's personal greeting (4:18)

#### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?

Paul wrote the Book of Colossians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.

#### What is the Book of Colossians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the Asia Minor city of Colossae. The main purpose of this letter was to defend the gospel against false teachers. He did this by praising Jesus as the image of God, sustainer of all things, and head of the church. Paul wanted them to understand that only Christ is needed for God to accept them.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Colossians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Colossae," or "A Letter to the Christians in Colossae." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with?

In the church in Colossae, there were false teachers. Their exact teaching is unknown. But they probably taught their followers to worship angels and to obey strict rules about religious ceremonies. They probably also taught that a person must be circumcised and can only eat certain types of food. Paul said these false teachings came from the minds of men and not from God.

#### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth?

In this letter, Paul frequently spoke of heaven as "above." He distinguished it from the earth, which Scripture speaks of as being "below." The purpose of this imagery was to teach Christians to live in a way that honors God who lives in heaven above. Paul is not teaching that the earth or the physical world is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULT?

The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In Colossians, these words usually indicate a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. So Colossians in the ULT uses "believers" or "those who believe in him." (See: 1:2, 12, 26)

#### Was Jesus created or is he eternal?

Jesus was not a created being but has always existed as God. Jesus also became a human being. There is potential for confusion in Colossians 1:15 where it says Jesus "is the firstborn of all creation." This statement means that Jesus is dominant over all of creation. It does not mean that he was the first thing God created. Translators should be careful not to imply that Jesus is a created being.

#### What does Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?

Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?

For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "May grace be to you, and peace from God our Father" (1:2). Some older versions have a longer reading: "Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."
* "Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf" (1:7). Some older versions read "for you": "Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, a faithful servant of Christ for you."
* "the Father, who has made you able to have a share in the inheritance of the believers in light" (1:12). Some older versions read, "the Father, who has qualified us for a share in the inheritance in light."
* "In his Son we have redemption" (1:14). Some older versions read, "In his Son we have redemption through his blood."
* "and forgave us all of our trespasses" (2:13). Some older versions read: "and forgave you all of your trespasses."
* "When Christ appears, who is your life" (3:4). Some older versions read, "When Christ appears, who is our life."
* "It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience" (3:6). The ULT, UST, and many other modern versions read this way. However, some modern and older versions read, "It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming."
* "I sent him to you for this, that you might know the matters about us" (4:8). Some older versions read, "I sent him to you for this, that he might know the matters about you."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
COL 1 intro gtm3 0 # Colossians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

As in a typical letter, Paul begins his letter in verses 1-2 by introducing Timothy and himself to the Christians in Colossae.

Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Christ has done for the Christian.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Secret truth

Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Images for Christian living
Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of "walking" and "bearing fruit." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Verse 24 is a paradox: "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for you." People do not usually rejoice when they suffer. But in verses 25-29 Paul explains why his suffering is good. ([Colossians 1:24](../../col/01/24.md))
COL 1 1 h5gl figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Though this letter is from Paul and Timothy to the Colossian believers, later in the letter Paul makes it clear that he is the writer. Most likely Timothy was with him and wrote the words down as Paul spoke. Throughout this letter the words "we," "our," and "ours" include the Colossians unless noted otherwise. The words "you," "your," and "yours" refer to the Colossian believers and so are plural unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -COL 1 1 fny3 0 an apostle of Christ Jesus through the will of God "whom God chose to be an apostle of Christ Jesus" +COL 1 1 fny3 ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 an apostle of Christ Jesus through the will of God "whom God chose to be an apostle of Christ Jesus" COL 1 3 q1su figs-exclusive 0 We give ... our Lord ... we always These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 4 km8w figs-exclusive 0 We have heard Paul is excluding his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 4 z6eb 0 your faith in Christ Jesus "your belief in Christ Jesus" -COL 1 5 n1qz figs-metonymy 0 because of the certain hope reserved for you in heaven Here "certain hope" stands for what the believer can confidently expect, that is, the things that God has promised to do for all believers. These things are spoken of as if they were physical objects that God was keeping in heaven for the believers to possess later. Alternate translation: "because you are certain that God, who is in heaven, will do the many good things that he has promised you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 1 5 xn8s 0 the word of truth, the gospel Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth, the gospel" or 2) "the true message, the gospel." +COL 1 4 km8w figs-exclusive ἀκούσαντες 1 We have heard Paul is excluding his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +COL 1 4 z6eb ὑμῶν πίστιν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 your faith in Christ Jesus "your belief in Christ Jesus" +COL 1 5 n1qz figs-metonymy διὰ τὴν ἐλπίδα τὴν ἀποκειμένην ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 because of the certain hope reserved for you in heaven Here "certain hope" stands for what the believer can confidently expect, that is, the things that God has promised to do for all believers. These things are spoken of as if they were physical objects that God was keeping in heaven for the believers to possess later. Alternate translation: "because you are certain that God, who is in heaven, will do the many good things that he has promised you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 1 5 xn8s τῷ λόγῳ τῆς ἀληθείας, τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the word of truth, the gospel Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth, the gospel" or 2) "the true message, the gospel." COL 1 6 wk21 figs-metaphor 0 This gospel is bearing fruit and is growing "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "This gospel is having good results, more and more" or "This gospel is having increasing results" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 6 z3g5 figs-hyperbole 0 in all the world This is a generalization referring to the part of the world that they knew about. Alternate translation: "throughout the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -COL 1 6 ait7 0 the grace of God in truth "the true grace of God" -COL 1 7 f8t1 figs-exclusive 0 our beloved ... our behalf The word "our" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +COL 1 6 z3g5 figs-hyperbole ἐν παντὶ τῷ κόσμῳ 1 in all the world This is a generalization referring to the part of the world that they knew about. Alternate translation: "throughout the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +COL 1 6 ait7 τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 the grace of God in truth "the true grace of God" +COL 1 7 f8t1 figs-exclusive ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 our beloved ... our behalf The word "our" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) COL 1 7 mjv5 0 gospel as you learned it from Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who "gospel. It is exactly what you learned from Epaphras, who is our beloved fellow servant and who" or "gospel. It is exactly what Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, taught you. He" -COL 1 7 q8gt 0 Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf Here "on our behalf" means that Epaphras was doing work for Christ that Paul himself would have done if he were not in prison. -COL 1 7 pz3h translate-names 0 Epaphras the man who preached the gospel to the people in Colossae (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -COL 1 8 k2k9 figs-exclusive 0 to us The word "us" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 8 e7ez figs-metaphor 0 your love in the Spirit Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a place in which the believers were located. Alternate translation: "how the Holy Spirit has enabled you to love believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 7 q8gt Ἐπαφρᾶ, τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ συνδούλου ἡμῶν, ὅς ἐστιν διάκονος πιστὸς διάκονος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf Here "on our behalf" means that Epaphras was doing work for Christ that Paul himself would have done if he were not in prison. +COL 1 7 pz3h translate-names Ἐπαφρᾶ 1 Epaphras the man who preached the gospel to the people in Colossae (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +COL 1 8 k2k9 figs-exclusive ἡμῖν 1 to us The word "us" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +COL 1 8 e7ez figs-metaphor τὴν ὑμῶν ἀγάπην ἐν Πνεύματι 1 your love in the Spirit Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a place in which the believers were located. Alternate translation: "how the Holy Spirit has enabled you to love believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 9 iyq4 0 Connecting Statement: Because the Spirit has enabled them to love others, Paul prays for them and tells them here how he prays for them. COL 1 9 s83e 0 Because of this love "Because the Holy Spirit has enabled you to love other believers" COL 1 9 f2xd figs-exclusive 0 we heard ... we have not stopped ... We have been asking The word "we" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) COL 1 9 u7zh 0 from the day we heard this "from the day Epaphras told us these things" -COL 1 9 w2a7 figs-metaphor 0 that you will be filled with the knowledge of his will Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as though they were containers. Alternate translation: "that God will fill you with what you need to know so that you can do his will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 9 mzz8 0 in all wisdom and spiritual understanding ", so that the Holy Spirit will make you wise and able to understand what God wants you to do" +COL 1 9 w2a7 figs-metaphor ἵνα πληρωθῆτε τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ 1 that you will be filled with the knowledge of his will Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as though they were containers. Alternate translation: "that God will fill you with what you need to know so that you can do his will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 9 mzz8 ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ πνευματικῇ συνέσει 1 in all wisdom and spiritual understanding ", so that the Holy Spirit will make you wise and able to understand what God wants you to do" COL 1 10 cz4a figs-exclusive 0 We have been praying The word "we" does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) COL 1 10 m4hf figs-metaphor 0 that you will walk worthily of the Lord Walking here signifies behavior in life. Alternate translation: "that you will live the way God expects you to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 10 vv4g 0 in pleasing ways "in ways that will please the Lord" -COL 1 10 vfp3 figs-metaphor 0 will bear fruit Paul is speaking of the Colossian believers as if they were trees or plants. As a plant grows and bears fruit, so also believers are to keep getting to know God better and doing good deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 10 vfp3 figs-metaphor καρποφοροῦντες 1 will bear fruit Paul is speaking of the Colossian believers as if they were trees or plants. As a plant grows and bears fruit, so also believers are to keep getting to know God better and doing good deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 11 gxv6 figs-exclusive 0 We pray The word "we" refers to Paul and Timothy but not to the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 11 mzf2 figs-metaphor 0 into all perseverance and patience Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as if God would move them into a location of perseverance and patience. In reality, he is praying that they will never stop trusting in God and that they will be completely patient as they honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 12 t5lw 0 has made you able to have a share "has allowed you to share" -COL 1 12 lt2q 0 has made you able Here Paul is focusing on his readers as receivers of God's blessings. But he does not mean that he himself has no share in those blessings. -COL 1 12 r2zw figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 12 hkf5 figs-metaphor 0 in light This idea is opposite to the idea of the dominion of darkness in the next verse. Alternate translation: "in the glory of his presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 11 mzf2 figs-metaphor εἰς πᾶσαν ὑπομονὴν καὶ μακροθυμίαν 1 into all perseverance and patience Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as if God would move them into a location of perseverance and patience. In reality, he is praying that they will never stop trusting in God and that they will be completely patient as they honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 12 t5lw ἱκανώσαντι ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν μερίδα 1 has made you able to have a share "has allowed you to share" +COL 1 12 lt2q ἱκανώσαντι ὑμᾶς 1 has made you able Here Paul is focusing on his readers as receivers of God's blessings. But he does not mean that he himself has no share in those blessings. +COL 1 12 r2zw figs-metaphor κλήρου 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 12 hkf5 figs-metaphor ἐν τῷ φωτί 1 in light This idea is opposite to the idea of the dominion of darkness in the next verse. Alternate translation: "in the glory of his presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 13 g9d3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks about the ways in which Christ is excellent. -COL 1 13 mv87 0 He has rescued us "God has rescued us" -COL 1 13 dw5k figs-metaphor 0 the dominion of darkness "Darkness" here is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: "the evil forces that controlled us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 13 zav6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his beloved Son "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -COL 1 14 wh6q figs-metaphor 0 in whom Paul often speaks as if the believers were "in" Jesus Christ or "in" God. This can be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: "by means of whom" or "By means of his Son" or "Because of his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 14 v5d8 0 we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins The nouns "redemption" and "forgiveness" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "we are redeemed; our sins are forgiven" or "God redeems us; he forgives our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun]) -COL 1 15 j5u9 figs-metaphor 0 He is the image of the invisible God "His Son is the image of the invisible God." Here "image" does not mean a representation of something that is visible. Instead, "image" here means that by knowing the Son, we learn what God the Father is like. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 15 h945 figs-metaphor 0 the firstborn of all creation The expression "firstborn" does not refer to when Jesus was born. Instead, it refers to his position as the eternal Son of God the Father. In this sense, "firstborn" is a metaphor meaning "most important." Jesus is the most important and the unique Son of God. Alternate Translation: "God's Son, the most important one over all creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 15 af6b figs-abstractnoun 0 all creation The noun "creation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate Translation: "all that God created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun]]) -COL 1 16 kru3 figs-activepassive 0 For by him all things were created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For by him God created all things" or "God caused the Son to create all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 16 zl7j figs-activepassive 0 all things were created by him and for him This can be stated in active form. God caused the Son to create all things for the Son's glory. Alternate translation: "For by him and for him God created all things" or "God caused him to create all things for himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 17 wk9y 0 He himself is before all things "It is he who existed before all things" -COL 1 17 m4lp figs-activepassive 0 in him all things hold together Paul is speaking here of the Son controlling all things as if he were physically holding them together. "he holds everything together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 18 qsf3 0 He is the head "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the head" -COL 1 18 q8i3 figs-metaphor 0 He is the head of the body, the church Paul speaks of Jesus' position over the church as if he were the head on the human body. As the head rules the body, so does Jesus rule the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 18 j6uq 0 the beginning "the originating authority." He is the first chief or founder. -COL 1 18 s12x 0 firstborn from among the dead Jesus is the first person to die and come back to life, never to die again. +COL 1 13 mv87 ὃς ἐρρύσατο ἡμᾶς 1 He has rescued us "God has rescued us" +COL 1 13 dw5k figs-metaphor τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ σκότους 1 the dominion of darkness "Darkness" here is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: "the evil forces that controlled us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 13 zav6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ 1 his beloved Son "Son" is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +COL 1 14 wh6q figs-metaphor ἐν ᾧ 1 in whom Paul often speaks as if the believers were "in" Jesus Christ or "in" God. This can be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: "by means of whom" or "By means of his Son" or "Because of his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 14 v5d8 ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν, τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins The nouns "redemption" and "forgiveness" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "we are redeemed; our sins are forgiven" or "God redeems us; he forgives our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun]) +COL 1 15 j5u9 figs-metaphor ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου 1 He is the image of the invisible God "His Son is the image of the invisible God." Here "image" does not mean a representation of something that is visible. Instead, "image" here means that by knowing the Son, we learn what God the Father is like. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 15 h945 figs-metaphor εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως 1 the firstborn of all creation The expression "firstborn" does not refer to when Jesus was born. Instead, it refers to his position as the eternal Son of God the Father. In this sense, "firstborn" is a metaphor meaning "most important." Jesus is the most important and the unique Son of God. Alternate Translation: "God's Son, the most important one over all creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 15 af6b figs-abstractnoun πάσης κτίσεως 1 all creation The noun "creation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate Translation: "all that God created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun]]) +COL 1 16 kru3 figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα ἐκτίσθη 1 For by him all things were created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For by him God created all things" or "God caused the Son to create all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 1 16 zl7j figs-activepassive τὰ πάντα ἔκτισται δι’ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν 1 all things were created by him and for him This can be stated in active form. God caused the Son to create all things for the Son's glory. Alternate translation: "For by him and for him God created all things" or "God caused him to create all things for himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 1 17 wk9y αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων 1 He himself is before all things "It is he who existed before all things" +COL 1 17 m4lp figs-activepassive ἐν αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα συνέστηκεν 1 in him all things hold together Paul is speaking here of the Son controlling all things as if he were physically holding them together. "he holds everything together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 18 qsf3 αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ 1 He is the head "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the head" +COL 1 18 q8i3 figs-metaphor αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ τοῦ σώματος, τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 He is the head of the body, the church Paul speaks of Jesus' position over the church as if he were the head on the human body. As the head rules the body, so does Jesus rule the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 18 j6uq ἡ ἀρχή 1 the beginning "the originating authority." He is the first chief or founder. +COL 1 18 s12x πρωτότοκος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 firstborn from among the dead Jesus is the first person to die and come back to life, never to die again. COL 1 20 zh4u guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -COL 1 20 as3p 0 through the blood of his cross "by means of the blood Jesus shed on the cross" -COL 1 20 x5av figs-metonymy 0 the blood of his cross Here "blood" stands for the death of Christ on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 1 20 as3p διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 through the blood of his cross "by means of the blood Jesus shed on the cross" +COL 1 20 x5av figs-metonymy τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 the blood of his cross Here "blood" stands for the death of Christ on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 1 21 kv5u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul makes it clear that God has now revealed that Christ exchanges the sin of Gentile believers for his holiness. -COL 1 21 imq1 0 At one time, you also "There was a time when you Colossian believers also" +COL 1 21 imq1 ποτε, ὑμᾶς καὶ 1 At one time, you also "There was a time when you Colossian believers also" COL 1 21 wp3t 0 were strangers to God "were like people whom God did not know" or "had pushed God away" -COL 1 22 ejt4 figs-metaphor 0 to present you holy, blameless, and above reproach before him Paul is describing the Colossians as though Jesus had physically cleaned them, put them in clean clothes, and brought them to stand before God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 22 u94j figs-parallelism 0 blameless, and above reproach Paul uses two words that mean almost the same thing to emphasize the idea of perfection. Alternate translation: "perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -COL 1 22 lf5a figs-metaphor 0 before him This expression of location stands for "in God's view" or "in God's mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 23 d9kg figs-activepassive 0 that was proclaimed that believers proclaimed (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 23 q21b 0 to every person created under heaven "to every person in the world" +COL 1 22 ejt4 figs-metaphor παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους, ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 to present you holy, blameless, and above reproach before him Paul is describing the Colossians as though Jesus had physically cleaned them, put them in clean clothes, and brought them to stand before God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 22 u94j figs-parallelism ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους 1 blameless, and above reproach Paul uses two words that mean almost the same thing to emphasize the idea of perfection. Alternate translation: "perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +COL 1 22 lf5a figs-metaphor κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 before him This expression of location stands for "in God's view" or "in God's mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 23 d9kg figs-activepassive τοῦ κηρυχθέντος 1 that was proclaimed that believers proclaimed (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 1 23 q21b ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν 1 to every person created under heaven "to every person in the world" COL 1 23 g8iq figs-metonymy 0 the gospel of which I, Paul, became a servant Paul was actually a servant of God. Alternate translation: "the gospel that I, Paul, serve God by proclaiming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 1 24 rcw3 0 I fill up in my flesh what is lacking of the afflictions of Christ Paul speaks about the suffering that he continues to experience. He may be acknowledging here that there is much suffering that he and all other Christians must endure before Christ comes again, and that Christ in a spiritual sense joins with them in experiencing these hardships. Paul certainly does not mean that Christ's sufferings alone were not enough to provide salvation for the believers. -COL 1 24 fm9y figs-metaphor 0 I fill up in my flesh Paul speaks of his body as if it were a container that could hold suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 24 mge9 figs-metaphor 0 for the sake of his body, which is the church Paul often speaks of the church, the group of all Christian believers, as if it were Christ's body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 25 t6ud figs-metaphor 0 to fulfill the word of God This means to bring about the purpose of God's gospel message, which is that it be preached and believed. "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "to be obedient to what God has instructed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 1 24 rcw3 ἀνταναπληρῶ ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου τὰ ὑστερήματα τῶν θλίψεων τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 I fill up in my flesh what is lacking of the afflictions of Christ Paul speaks about the suffering that he continues to experience. He may be acknowledging here that there is much suffering that he and all other Christians must endure before Christ comes again, and that Christ in a spiritual sense joins with them in experiencing these hardships. Paul certainly does not mean that Christ's sufferings alone were not enough to provide salvation for the believers. +COL 1 24 fm9y figs-metaphor ἀνταναπληρῶ ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου 1 I fill up in my flesh Paul speaks of his body as if it were a container that could hold suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 24 mge9 figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ, ὅ ἐστιν ἡ ἐκκλησία 1 for the sake of his body, which is the church Paul often speaks of the church, the group of all Christian believers, as if it were Christ's body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 25 t6ud figs-metaphor πληρῶσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to fulfill the word of God This means to bring about the purpose of God's gospel message, which is that it be preached and believed. "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "to be obedient to what God has instructed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 1 26 f3mt figs-activepassive 0 This is the secret truth that was hidden This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is the secret truth that God had hidden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 26 z8gv 0 for ages and for generations The words "ages" and "generations" refer to the time period from the creation of the world until the time when the gospel was preached. -COL 1 26 a9kw figs-activepassive 0 now it has been revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "now God has revealed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 27 c8yb figs-metaphor 0 the riches of the glory of this secret truth Paul speaks of the value of this secret truth about God as if it were a treasure of material wealth. "riches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 27 c7ln figs-metaphor 0 Christ in you Paul speaks of the believers as if they were actual containers in which Christ is present. This is one of his ways of expressing the union of the believers with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 27 mr83 0 the hope of glory "so you can confidently expect to share in God's glory" +COL 1 26 z8gv ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν γενεῶν 1 for ages and for generations The words "ages" and "generations" refer to the time period from the creation of the world until the time when the gospel was preached. +COL 1 26 a9kw figs-activepassive νῦν ἐφανερώθη 1 now it has been revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "now God has revealed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 1 27 c8yb figs-metaphor τί τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης τοῦ μυστηρίου τούτου 1 the riches of the glory of this secret truth Paul speaks of the value of this secret truth about God as if it were a treasure of material wealth. "riches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 27 c7ln figs-metaphor Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Christ in you Paul speaks of the believers as if they were actual containers in which Christ is present. This is one of his ways of expressing the union of the believers with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 27 mr83 ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς δόξης 1 the hope of glory "so you can confidently expect to share in God's glory" COL 1 28 va1x figs-exclusive 0 we proclaim ... We admonish ... we teach ... we may present These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 28 na8w 0 We admonish every person "We warn everyone" -COL 1 28 lyz1 figs-explicit 0 so that we may present every person You may need to make explicit to whom they will present every person. Alternate translation: "so that we may present to God every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -COL 1 28 uk2i figs-metaphor 0 complete Being complete is a metaphor for being spiritually mature. Alternate translation: "spiritually mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 28 na8w νουθετοῦντες πάντα ἄνθρωπον 1 We admonish every person "We warn everyone" +COL 1 28 lyz1 figs-explicit ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον 1 so that we may present every person You may need to make explicit to whom they will present every person. Alternate translation: "so that we may present to God every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 1 28 uk2i figs-metaphor τέλειον 1 complete Being complete is a metaphor for being spiritually mature. Alternate translation: "spiritually mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 intro p3uc 0 # Colossians 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Circumcision and baptism
In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Flesh

This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that, while Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. Paul also uses "flesh" in this chapter to refer to the physical body.

##### Implicit information
Paul mentions several issues in this chapter that imply information about the context of the church in Colossae. It is best to allow the text to remain uncertain over the actual details. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
COL 2 1 tt6v 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to encourage the believers in Colossae and Laodicea to understand that Christ is God and that he lives in believers, so they should live in the same way they received him. -COL 2 1 dqg5 0 how great a struggle I have had for you Paul has exerted much effort in developing their purity and understanding of the gospel. -COL 2 1 fn4z 0 those at Laodicea This was a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church for which Paul was praying. -COL 2 1 rj7d figs-synecdoche 0 as many as have not seen my face in the flesh Here "face in the flesh" represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "all those who have never seen me personally" or "all those whom I have never met face to face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +COL 2 1 dqg5 ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 how great a struggle I have had for you Paul has exerted much effort in developing their purity and understanding of the gospel. +COL 2 1 fn4z τῶν ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ 1 those at Laodicea This was a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church for which Paul was praying. +COL 2 1 rj7d figs-synecdoche ὅσοι οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί 1 as many as have not seen my face in the flesh Here "face in the flesh" represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "all those who have never seen me personally" or "all those whom I have never met face to face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) COL 2 2 ge1w figs-pronouns 0 so that their hearts Paul includes the Galatians even though he uses a different pronoun. Alternate translation: "so that their hearts and yours" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -COL 2 2 a4px 0 brought together This means brought together in a close relationship. -COL 2 2 kdg8 figs-metaphor 0 all the riches of full assurance of understanding Paul speaks of a person who is completely sure that the good news is true as though that person were rich in physical things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 2 qgi2 0 the secret truth of God This is knowledge that can be revealed only by God. -COL 2 2 v13e 0 that is, Christ Jesus Christ is the secret truth revealed by God. -COL 2 3 w74d figs-activepassive 0 In him all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge are hidden Only Christ can reveal God's true wisdom and knowledge. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 2 3 w4mr figs-metaphor 0 the treasures of wisdom and knowledge Paul speaks of God's wisdom and knowledge as if they were material wealth. Alternate translation: "the very precious wisdom and knowledge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 3 vd98 figs-doublet 0 wisdom and knowledge These words mean basically the same thing here. Paul uses them together to emphasize that all spiritual understanding comes from Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -COL 2 4 j8di 0 trick This means to cause someone to believe something that is not true, so he acts on that belief, and suffers harm as a result. -COL 2 4 y4r3 0 persuasive speech speech that will make a person think differently -COL 2 5 g1rp figs-metonymy 0 not with you in the flesh The person's flesh, or physical body, is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: "not physically present with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 2 5 bz56 figs-idiom 0 I am with you in spirit Being with someone in spirit is a metaphor for thinking continually about that person. Alternate translation: "I continually think about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 2 5 ev9p 0 good order doing things properly +COL 2 2 a4px συμβιβασθέντες 1 brought together This means brought together in a close relationship. +COL 2 2 kdg8 figs-metaphor πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως 1 all the riches of full assurance of understanding Paul speaks of a person who is completely sure that the good news is true as though that person were rich in physical things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 2 qgi2 τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the secret truth of God This is knowledge that can be revealed only by God. +COL 2 2 v13e Χριστοῦ, Χριστοῦ 1 that is, Christ Jesus Christ is the secret truth revealed by God. +COL 2 3 w74d figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως εἰσιν ἀπόκρυφοι 1 In him all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge are hidden Only Christ can reveal God's true wisdom and knowledge. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 3 w4mr figs-metaphor οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως 1 the treasures of wisdom and knowledge Paul speaks of God's wisdom and knowledge as if they were material wealth. Alternate translation: "the very precious wisdom and knowledge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 3 vd98 figs-doublet τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως 1 wisdom and knowledge These words mean basically the same thing here. Paul uses them together to emphasize that all spiritual understanding comes from Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +COL 2 4 j8di ὑμᾶς παραλογίζηται 1 trick This means to cause someone to believe something that is not true, so he acts on that belief, and suffers harm as a result. +COL 2 4 y4r3 ἐν πιθανολογίᾳ 1 persuasive speech speech that will make a person think differently +COL 2 5 g1rp figs-metonymy ἄπειμι τῇ σαρκὶ 1 not with you in the flesh The person's flesh, or physical body, is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: "not physically present with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 2 5 bz56 figs-idiom εἰμι σὺν ὑμῖν τῷ πνεύματι 1 I am with you in spirit Being with someone in spirit is a metaphor for thinking continually about that person. Alternate translation: "I continually think about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +COL 2 5 ev9p τὴν τάξιν 1 good order doing things properly COL 2 5 hth1 0 the strength of your faith "how nothing and no one can cause you to stop believing" -COL 2 6 m3f1 figs-metaphor 0 walk in him Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. The words "in him" refer to being in close relationship with Christ and so doing what pleases him. Alternate translation: "live your lives the way he wants you to" or "live so that people can see that you belong to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 6 m3f1 figs-metaphor περιπατεῖτε ἐν αὐτῷ 1 walk in him Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. The words "in him" refer to being in close relationship with Christ and so doing what pleases him. Alternate translation: "live your lives the way he wants you to" or "live so that people can see that you belong to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 7 e2x6 figs-idiom 0 Be rooted ... be built ... be established ... abound These words explain what it means to "walk in him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 2 7 fw47 figs-metaphor 0 Be rooted in him Paul speaks of a person with true faith in Christ as if that person were a tree growing in solid ground with deep roots. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 7 fw47 figs-metaphor ἐρριζωμένοι ἐν αὐτῷ 1 Be rooted in him Paul speaks of a person with true faith in Christ as if that person were a tree growing in solid ground with deep roots. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 7 tb5m figs-metaphor 0 be built on him Paul speaks of a person with true faith in Christ as if that person were a building that has a strong foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 7 yh83 0 be established in faith "trust in Jesus for everything" -COL 2 7 l1is 0 just as you were taught This is best stated without naming or otherwise calling attention to the teacher, who was Epaphras ([Colossians 1:7](../01/07.md)). Alternate translation: "just as you learned" or "just as they taught you" or "just as he taught you" -COL 2 7 j47d figs-metaphor 0 abound in thanksgiving Paul speaks of thanksgiving as if it were objects that a person could obtain more of. Alternate translation: "be very thankful to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 7 yh83 βεβαιούμενοι τῇ πίστει 1 be established in faith "trust in Jesus for everything" +COL 2 7 l1is καθὼς ἐδιδάχθητε 1 just as you were taught This is best stated without naming or otherwise calling attention to the teacher, who was Epaphras ([Colossians 1:7](../01/07.md)). Alternate translation: "just as you learned" or "just as they taught you" or "just as he taught you" +COL 2 7 j47d figs-metaphor περισσεύοντες ἐν εὐχαριστίᾳ 1 abound in thanksgiving Paul speaks of thanksgiving as if it were objects that a person could obtain more of. Alternate translation: "be very thankful to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 8 cbw5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul urges the believers to be careful not to turn to the words and rules of others because nothing can add to the fullness of God that believers have in Christ. COL 2 8 lm1v 0 See that "Make sure that" COL 2 8 ga9l figs-metaphor 0 captures you Paul speaks of the way a person can believe false teachings (because they believe false things or love the wrong things) as if someone had physically caught and held that person by force. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 8 p3vx 0 philosophy religious doctrines and beliefs that are not from God's word but are based on man's thoughts about God and life -COL 2 8 t8xx figs-metaphor 0 empty deceit Paul speaks of false ideas that produce nothing and so are without value as though they are containers with nothing in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 8 p3vx τῆς φιλοσοφίας 1 philosophy religious doctrines and beliefs that are not from God's word but are based on man's thoughts about God and life +COL 2 8 t8xx figs-metaphor κενῆς ἀπάτης 1 empty deceit Paul speaks of false ideas that produce nothing and so are without value as though they are containers with nothing in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 8 l9jt 0 the tradition of men ... the elements of the world Both Jewish traditions and pagan (Gentile) belief systems are worthless. "The elements of the world" perhaps refers to evil spirits that claimed to rule the world and that were adored by people. But some interpreters view "the elements of the world" as people's basic teachings about the world. -COL 2 9 ahq5 0 in him all the fullness of God lives in bodily form "God's total nature lives in physical form in Christ" -COL 2 10 lbk7 figs-metaphor 0 You have been filled in him Paul speaks of people as though they were containers into which God has placed Christ. Alternate translation: "You are made complete in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 9 ahq5 ἐν αὐτῷ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς Θεότητος κατοικεῖ σωματικῶς 1 in him all the fullness of God lives in bodily form "God's total nature lives in physical form in Christ" +COL 2 10 lbk7 figs-metaphor ἐστὲ πεπληρωμένοι ἐν αὐτῷ 1 You have been filled in him Paul speaks of people as though they were containers into which God has placed Christ. Alternate translation: "You are made complete in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 10 je36 figs-metaphor 0 who is the head over every power and authority Christ is the ruler over every other ruler (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 11 xeq7 figs-metaphor 0 In him you were also circumcised Paul is speaking of those who belong to Christ as if they were inside Christ's body. This can also be made active. Alternate translation: "When you joined the church in baptism, God circumcised you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 2 11 ii43 figs-metaphor 0 a circumcision not done by humans With this metaphor, Paul says that God has made Christian believers acceptable to himself in a way that reminded him of circumcision, the ceremony through which Hebrew male babies were added to the community of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 12 ln8e figs-metaphor 0 You were buried with him in baptism Paul speaks of being baptized and joining the assembly of believers as if it were being buried with Christ. This can be made active. Alternate translation: "God buried you with Christ when you joined the church in baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 2 12 g1rq figs-metaphor 0 in him you were raised up With this metaphor, Paul speaks of the new spiritual life of believers that God made possible by making Christ come alive again. This can be made active. Alternate translation: "because you have joined yourself to Christ, God raised you up" or "in him God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 2 12 rec6 figs-activepassive 0 you were raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God raised you up" or "God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +COL 2 11 xeq7 figs-metaphor ἐν ᾧ περιετμήθητε καὶ περιετμήθητε 1 In him you were also circumcised Paul is speaking of those who belong to Christ as if they were inside Christ's body. This can also be made active. Alternate translation: "When you joined the church in baptism, God circumcised you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 11 ii43 figs-metaphor περιτομῇ ἀχειροποιήτῳ 1 a circumcision not done by humans With this metaphor, Paul says that God has made Christian believers acceptable to himself in a way that reminded him of circumcision, the ceremony through which Hebrew male babies were added to the community of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 12 ln8e figs-metaphor συνταφέντες αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ βαπτισμῷ 1 You were buried with him in baptism Paul speaks of being baptized and joining the assembly of believers as if it were being buried with Christ. This can be made active. Alternate translation: "God buried you with Christ when you joined the church in baptism" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 12 g1rq figs-metaphor ἐν ᾧ συνηγέρθητε 1 in him you were raised up With this metaphor, Paul speaks of the new spiritual life of believers that God made possible by making Christ come alive again. This can be made active. Alternate translation: "because you have joined yourself to Christ, God raised you up" or "in him God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 12 rec6 figs-activepassive συνηγέρθητε 1 you were raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God raised you up" or "God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 2 13 v6vi figs-metaphor 0 When you were dead Paul speaks of unresponsiveness to God as if it were death. Alternate translation: "When you Colossian believers were unable to respond to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 13 f9ms figs-metaphor 0 you were dead ... he made you alive With this metaphor Paul speaks of coming into new spiritual life as if it were coming back to life physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 13 wh4z 0 dead in your trespasses and in the uncircumcision of your flesh You were dead on two accounts: 1) you were spiritually dead, living a life of sin against Christ and 2) you were not circumcised according to the law of Moses. -COL 2 13 k2hw 0 forgave us all of our trespasses "he forgave us, both us Jews and you Gentiles, of all our trespasses" -COL 2 14 w22z figs-metaphor 0 He canceled the written record of debts that stood against us Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if it were the way a person, to whom many people owe money or goods, destroys the record of that debt so they do not have to pay him back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 13 wh4z νεκροὺς ἐν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν 1 dead in your trespasses and in the uncircumcision of your flesh You were dead on two accounts: 1) you were spiritually dead, living a life of sin against Christ and 2) you were not circumcised according to the law of Moses. +COL 2 13 k2hw χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ παραπτώματα 1 forgave us all of our trespasses "he forgave us, both us Jews and you Gentiles, of all our trespasses" +COL 2 14 w22z figs-metaphor ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν 1 He canceled the written record of debts that stood against us Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if it were the way a person, to whom many people owe money or goods, destroys the record of that debt so they do not have to pay him back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 15 gh24 figs-metaphor 0 made a public spectacle of them In Roman times, it was common practice for the Roman armies to have a victory parade when they returned home, displaying all the prisoners they had captured and goods they had obtained. God was victorious over the evil powers and authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 15 cg37 figs-metonymy 0 by the cross Here "the cross" stands for Christ's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 2 16 cii9 0 in eating or in drinking The law of Moses included what one can eat and drink. "for what you eat or what you drink" +COL 2 16 cii9 ἐν βρώσει καὶ ἐν πόσει 1 in eating or in drinking The law of Moses included what one can eat and drink. "for what you eat or what you drink" COL 2 16 b4kd 0 about a feast day or a new moon, or about Sabbath days The law of Moses specified the days to celebrate, to worship, and to offer sacrifice. "for the way you celebrate feast days or new moons or the Sabbath" COL 2 17 ip3a figs-metaphor 0 These are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance is Christ A shadow shows the shape of an object, but it is not the object itself. In a similar way, the festivals, celebrations, and Sabbath show us something about how God would save people, but those things do not save people. The savior is Christ. Alternate translation: "These are like a shadow of what would happen, but the reality is Christ" or "These are like a shadow of the savior who would come, but the savior is Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 18 zv2t figs-metaphor 0 Let no one ... judge you out of your prize Here Paul refers to false teachers as if they were corrupt judges at an athletic contest who would unjustly disqualify the believers from winning the prizes they deserve, and he speaks of Christ saving a person as if Christ were giving a prize to the winner of such a contest. Alternate translation: "Let no one ... disqualify you from winning a prize" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 18 b5ce figs-metonymy 0 who wants humility The word "humility" is a metonym for actions one does to make others think that one is humble. Alternate translation: "who wants you to do things to show that you are humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 2 18 kn5d figs-metaphor 0 enters into the things he has seen Here Paul speaks about people who claim to have dreams and visions from God and who talk proudly about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 18 p7q4 figs-activepassive 0 becomes puffed up by his fleshly thinking Here Paul says that sinful ways of thinking make a person arrogant. Alternate translation: "puffs himself up by means of his fleshly thinking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 2 18 wp42 figs-metaphor 0 puffed up Here a person who boasts is spoken of as if he were an object into which someone had blown air to make it larger than it should be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 18 if94 figs-metaphor 0 his fleshly thinking Here the idea of flesh stands for the sinful human nature. "the sinful thoughts he naturally thinks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 18 b5ce figs-metonymy θέλων ταπεινοφροσύνῃ 1 who wants humility The word "humility" is a metonym for actions one does to make others think that one is humble. Alternate translation: "who wants you to do things to show that you are humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 2 18 kn5d figs-metaphor ἐμβατεύων ἑόρακεν 1 enters into the things he has seen Here Paul speaks about people who claim to have dreams and visions from God and who talk proudly about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 18 p7q4 figs-activepassive φυσιούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ νοὸς τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ 1 becomes puffed up by his fleshly thinking Here Paul says that sinful ways of thinking make a person arrogant. Alternate translation: "puffs himself up by means of his fleshly thinking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 18 wp42 figs-metaphor φυσιούμενος 1 puffed up Here a person who boasts is spoken of as if he were an object into which someone had blown air to make it larger than it should be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 18 if94 figs-metaphor τοῦ νοὸς τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ 1 his fleshly thinking Here the idea of flesh stands for the sinful human nature. "the sinful thoughts he naturally thinks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 19 m2dz figs-metaphor 0 He does not hold on to the head A person not trusting in Christ is spoken of has if they do not hold firmly to the head. Christ is spoken of as if he were the head of a body. Alternate translation: "He does not firmly grasp Christ, who is like the head of a body" or "He does not cling to Christ, who is like the head of a body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 19 r4ca figs-metaphor 0 It is from the head that the whole body throughout its joints and ligaments is supplied and held together Paul speaks of the church, which is ruled and empowered by Christ, as if it were a human body. Alternate translation: "It is from the head that God supplies the whole body throughout its joints and ligaments and holds it together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 20 yg7h figs-metaphor 0 If you died together with Christ to the elements of the world With this metaphor, Paul speaks of a believer as a person who is spiritually united with Christ: as Christ died, so the believer has spiritually died; as Christ has come back to life, so the believer has come back to spiritual life, that is, to responsiveness to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 20 uu77 0 live as obligated to the world "think you must obey the desires of the world" -COL 2 20 fe1k figs-metonymy 0 the world the thoughts, desires, and assumptions of the sinful majority of the world's people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 2 20 yg7h figs-metaphor εἰ ἀπεθάνετε σὺν Χριστῷ ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ κόσμου 1 If you died together with Christ to the elements of the world With this metaphor, Paul speaks of a believer as a person who is spiritually united with Christ: as Christ died, so the believer has spiritually died; as Christ has come back to life, so the believer has come back to spiritual life, that is, to responsiveness to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 20 uu77 ὡς ζῶντες δογματίζεσθε ἐν κόσμῳ 1 live as obligated to the world "think you must obey the desires of the world" +COL 2 20 fe1k figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 the world the thoughts, desires, and assumptions of the sinful majority of the world's people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 2 21 v9e7 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words "why do you live as obligated to the world" in verse 20 ends here. COL 2 21 n3ne figs-rquestion 0 "Do ... touch"? The rhetorical question that begins with the words "why do you live as obligated to the world" in verse 20 ends here. Paul uses this question to rebuke the Colossians for following the false beliefs of the world. "you should not live as obligated to the world: 'Do ... touch'!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -COL 2 21 b392 0 "Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch" Paul is quoting what other people have been telling the Colossians. "why do you believe them when they say, 'Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch'?" or "you should not obey them when they say, 'Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch'" +COL 2 21 b392 " μὴ ἅψῃ, μηδὲ γεύσῃ, μηδὲ θίγῃς 1 "Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch" Paul is quoting what other people have been telling the Colossians. "why do you believe them when they say, 'Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch'?" or "you should not obey them when they say, 'Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch'" COL 2 23 y2dc 0 These rules have the wisdom of self-made religion and humility and severity of the body "These rules seem wise to unbelieving people because they allow those who follow them to appear humble because they hurt their own bodies" -COL 2 23 e7p5 0 have no value against the indulgence of the flesh "do not help you stop following your human desires" +COL 2 23 e7p5 οὐκ ἐν τιμῇ τινι πρὸς πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός 1 have no value against the indulgence of the flesh "do not help you stop following your human desires" COL 3 intro qtl2 0 # Colossians 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Old and new self
The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Character
Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])

##### "The things above"

Where God dwells is often pictured as being located "above." Paul says to "seek the things above" and to "think about the things above." He is implying Christians should seek and think about heavenly and godly things.
COL 3 1 ya97 0 Connecting Statement: Paul warns the believers that because they are one with Christ, they ought not do certain things. -COL 3 1 r5yh figs-idiom 0 If then This is an idiom that means "because." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 3 1 t1jv figs-pastforfuture 0 God has raised you with Christ Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Possible meanings are 1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given the believers in Colossae new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "God has given you new life because you belong to Christ" or 2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Colossae can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "you can be sure that God will give you life as he has caused Christ to come alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 3 1 p3fw 0 things above "things in heaven" -COL 3 3 l9yk figs-metaphor 0 For you have died As Christ actually died, so God counts the Colossian believers as having died with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 3 gkz6 figs-activepassive 0 your life is hidden with Christ in God Paul speaks of people's lives as if they were objects that can be hidden in containers and speaks of God as if he were a container. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) "it is as though God has taken your life and concealed it with Christ in God's presence" or 2) "only God knows what your true life really is, and he will reveal it when he reveals Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 1 r5yh figs-idiom εἰ οὖν 1 If then This is an idiom that means "because." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +COL 3 1 t1jv figs-pastforfuture τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 God has raised you with Christ Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Possible meanings are 1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given the believers in Colossae new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "God has given you new life because you belong to Christ" or 2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Colossae can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "you can be sure that God will give you life as he has caused Christ to come alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +COL 3 1 p3fw ἄνω 1 things above "things in heaven" +COL 3 3 l9yk figs-metaphor γάρ ἀπεθάνετε 1 For you have died As Christ actually died, so God counts the Colossian believers as having died with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 3 gkz6 figs-activepassive ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 your life is hidden with Christ in God Paul speaks of people's lives as if they were objects that can be hidden in containers and speaks of God as if he were a container. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) "it is as though God has taken your life and concealed it with Christ in God's presence" or 2) "only God knows what your true life really is, and he will reveal it when he reveals Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 4 n4nj figs-metonymy 0 who is your life Christ is the one who gives spiritual life to the believer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 5 p9w9 0 uncleanness impure behavior -COL 3 5 e65k 0 passion strong, lustful desire -COL 3 5 h5v4 0 greed, which is idolatry "greed, which is the same thing as idolatry" or "do not be greedy because that is the same as worshiping idols" -COL 3 6 s9lm 0 wrath of God God's anger against those who do evil as shown by what he does to punish them. +COL 3 5 p9w9 ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 uncleanness impure behavior +COL 3 5 e65k πάθος 1 passion strong, lustful desire +COL 3 5 h5v4 τὴν πλεονεξίαν, ἥτις ἐστὶν εἰδωλολατρία 1 greed, which is idolatry "greed, which is the same thing as idolatry" or "do not be greedy because that is the same as worshiping idols" +COL 3 6 s9lm ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 wrath of God God's anger against those who do evil as shown by what he does to punish them. COL 3 6 bxk8 figs-idiom 0 the sons of disobedience This is an idiom that means they were characterized by disobedience. The abstract noun "disobedience" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "disobedient people" or "people who disobey him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 3 7 p4q8 figs-metaphor 0 It is in these things that you also once walked Paul speaks of the way a person behaves as if it were a road or path a person walks on. Alternate translation: "These are the things you used to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 7 s824 figs-metaphor 0 when you lived in them Possible meanings are 1) "when you practiced these things" or 2) "when you lived among the people who disobey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 7 s824 figs-metaphor ὅτε ἐζῆτε ἐν τούτοις 1 when you lived in them Possible meanings are 1) "when you practiced these things" or 2) "when you lived among the people who disobey God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 8 d3wr 0 evil intentions "desire to do wicked deeds" -COL 3 8 lgz1 0 insults speech used to hurt others -COL 3 8 f59z 0 obscene speech words that do not belong in polite conversation -COL 3 8 n23c figs-metonymy 0 from your mouth Here "mouth" is a metonym for talk. "in your talk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 8 lgz1 βλασφημίαν 1 insults speech used to hurt others +COL 3 8 f59z αἰσχρολογίαν 1 obscene speech words that do not belong in polite conversation +COL 3 8 n23c figs-metonymy ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν 1 from your mouth Here "mouth" is a metonym for talk. "in your talk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 3 9 c6tk 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to tell the believers how to live and reminds them that Christians should treat everyone according to the same standard. -COL 3 9 vsd8 figs-metaphor 0 you have taken off the old man with its practices Here Paul is speaking of a Christian's rejecting his old sinful life as if it were an old garment that he takes off in order to put on a new garment. It was very common for Israelites such as Paul to speak of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 9 vsd8 figs-metaphor ἀπεκδυσάμενοι τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον σὺν ταῖς πράξεσιν αὐτοῦ 1 you have taken off the old man with its practices Here Paul is speaking of a Christian's rejecting his old sinful life as if it were an old garment that he takes off in order to put on a new garment. It was very common for Israelites such as Paul to speak of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 10 brx6 figs-metaphor 0 and you have put on the new man Here Paul is speaking of a Christian's rejecting his old sinful life as if it were an old garment that he takes off (verse 9) in order to put on a new garment. It was very common for Israelites such as Paul to speak of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 10 d15v figs-metonymy 0 the image This refers to Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 11 t2w2 figs-metonymy 0 there is no Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, freeman These terms are examples of the categories of people that Paul says do not matter for God. God sees every person alike, not by race, religion, nationality, or social status. Alternate translation: "race, religion, culture, and social status do not matter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 11 vt4t 0 barbarian a foreigner who does not know local customs -COL 3 11 n7by 0 Scythian This is someone from the land of Scythia, which was outside the Roman Empire. Greeks and Romans used this word for someone who grew up in a place where everyone did wicked things all the time. +COL 3 10 d15v figs-metonymy εἰκόνα 1 the image This refers to Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 11 t2w2 figs-metonymy οὐκ ἔνι Ἕλλην καὶ Ἰουδαῖος, περιτομὴ καὶ ἀκροβυστία, βάρβαρος, Σκύθης, δοῦλος, ἐλεύθερος 1 there is no Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, freeman These terms are examples of the categories of people that Paul says do not matter for God. God sees every person alike, not by race, religion, nationality, or social status. Alternate translation: "race, religion, culture, and social status do not matter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 11 vt4t βάρβαρος 1 barbarian a foreigner who does not know local customs +COL 3 11 n7by Σκύθης 1 Scythian This is someone from the land of Scythia, which was outside the Roman Empire. Greeks and Romans used this word for someone who grew up in a place where everyone did wicked things all the time. COL 3 11 i964 figs-explicit 0 Christ is all, and is in all Nothing is excluded or left out of the rule of Christ. Alternate translation: "Christ is all important and lives in all his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -COL 3 12 b5ti figs-activepassive 0 as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved This can be made active. Alternate translation: "as those whom God has chosen for himself, whom he desires to see live for him alone, and whom he loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 3 12 b5ti figs-activepassive ὡς ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ' ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι 1 as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved This can be made active. Alternate translation: "as those whom God has chosen for himself, whom he desires to see live for him alone, and whom he loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 3 12 d217 figs-metaphor 0 put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience The "heart" is a metaphor for feelings and attitudes. Here it is spoken of as if it has certain feelings and attitudes, and as if it were clothing to wear. Alternate translation: "have a merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient heart" or "be merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 13 r8iy 0 Bear with one another "Be patient with one another" or "Accept each other even when you disappoint each other" -COL 3 13 rts1 0 Be gracious to each other "Treat each other better than they deserve for you to treat them" -COL 3 13 p474 figs-abstractnouns 0 has a complaint against The abstract noun "complaint" can be stated as "complain." Alternate translation: "has a reason to complain against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +COL 3 13 r8iy ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων 1 Bear with one another "Be patient with one another" or "Accept each other even when you disappoint each other" +COL 3 13 rts1 χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς 1 Be gracious to each other "Treat each other better than they deserve for you to treat them" +COL 3 13 p474 figs-abstractnouns ἔχῃ μομφήν πρός 1 has a complaint against The abstract noun "complaint" can be stated as "complain." Alternate translation: "has a reason to complain against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 3 14 x5g8 figs-metaphor 0 have love, which is the bond of perfection Here "bond of perfection" is a metaphor for something that causes perfect unity among people. Alternate translation: "love one another because it will unite you perfectly together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 15 hdg5 figs-metonymy 0 Let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts Paul speaks of the peace that Christ gives as if it were a ruler. Possible meanings are 1) "Do everything so that you can have peaceful relationships with each other" or 2) "Allow God to give you peace in your heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 15 i9hg figs-metonymy 0 in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a people's minds or inner being. Alternate translation: "in your minds" or "inside of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 15 i9hg figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν 1 in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a people's minds or inner being. Alternate translation: "in your minds" or "inside of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 3 16 w9dv figs-metaphor 0 Let the word of Christ live in you Paul speaks of Christ's word as if it were a person capable of living inside other people. "Word of Christ" here is a metonym for the teachings of Christ. Alternate translation: "Be obedient to the instructions of Christ" or "Always trust Christ's promises" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 16 h5k9 0 admonish one another "caution and encourage one another" +COL 3 16 h5k9 νουθετοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς 1 admonish one another "caution and encourage one another" COL 3 16 ubi5 0 with psalms and hymns and spiritual songs "with all sorts of songs to praise God" -COL 3 16 cnj1 figs-metonymy 0 Sing with thankfulness in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds or inner being. Alternate translation: "Sing with thankfulness in your minds" or "Sing and be thankful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 17 g8p8 0 in word or in deed "in speaking or in acting" -COL 3 17 uix9 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord Jesus Acting in the name of a person here is a metonym for acting to help other people think well of that person. Alternate translation: "to honor the Lord Jesus" or "so that others will know you belong to the Lord Jesus and think well of him" or "as if the Lord Jesus himself were doing it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 17 bv84 figs-metaphor 0 through him Possible meanings are 1) because he has done great deeds or 2) because he has made it possible for people to speak to God and so give him thanks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 16 cnj1 figs-metonymy ᾄδοντες ἐν τῇ χάριτι ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν 1 Sing with thankfulness in your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds or inner being. Alternate translation: "Sing with thankfulness in your minds" or "Sing and be thankful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 17 g8p8 ἐν λόγῳ ἢ ἐν ἔργῳ 1 in word or in deed "in speaking or in acting" +COL 3 17 uix9 figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 in the name of the Lord Jesus Acting in the name of a person here is a metonym for acting to help other people think well of that person. Alternate translation: "to honor the Lord Jesus" or "so that others will know you belong to the Lord Jesus and think well of him" or "as if the Lord Jesus himself were doing it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 17 bv84 figs-metaphor δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 through him Possible meanings are 1) because he has done great deeds or 2) because he has made it possible for people to speak to God and so give him thanks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 18 flu9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul then gives some special instructions to wives, husbands, children, fathers, slaves, and masters. -COL 3 18 tt9u 0 Wives, submit to "Wives, obey" -COL 3 18 b2y3 0 it is appropriate "it is proper" or "it is right" -COL 3 19 lc4a 0 do not be bitter against "do not be harsh with" or "do not be angry toward" -COL 3 21 bvi3 0 do not provoke your children "do not needlessly make your children angry" -COL 3 22 cx6a 0 obey your masters according to the flesh "obey your human masters" -COL 3 22 iy1n 0 things, not with eyeservice as people pleasers "things. Do not obey only when your master is watching, as though you need only to please people" +COL 3 18 tt9u αἱ γυναῖκες, ὑποτάσσεσθε τοῖς ἀνδράσιν 1 Wives, submit to "Wives, obey" +COL 3 18 b2y3 ἀνῆκεν 1 it is appropriate "it is proper" or "it is right" +COL 3 19 lc4a μὴ πικραίνεσθε πρὸς 1 do not be bitter against "do not be harsh with" or "do not be angry toward" +COL 3 21 bvi3 μὴ ἐρεθίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν 1 do not provoke your children "do not needlessly make your children angry" +COL 3 22 cx6a ὑπακούετε τοῖς κατὰ σάρκα κυρίοις 1 obey your masters according to the flesh "obey your human masters" +COL 3 22 iy1n πάντα, μὴ ἐν ὀφθαλμοδουλεία ὡς ἀνθρωπάρεσκοι 1 things, not with eyeservice as people pleasers "things. Do not obey only when your master is watching, as though you need only to please people" COL 3 22 r22m figs-metonymy 0 with a sincere heart "Heart" here is a metonym for a person's thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: "with all honest intentions" or "with sincerity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 3 23 arw4 0 as to the Lord "as you would work for the Lord" -COL 3 24 f3ed 0 the reward of the inheritance "the inheritance as your reward" -COL 3 24 p3pw figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 23 arw4 ὡς τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 as to the Lord "as you would work for the Lord" +COL 3 24 f3ed Κυρίου τὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν τῆς κληρονομίας 1 the reward of the inheritance "the inheritance as your reward" +COL 3 24 p3pw figs-metaphor κληρονομίας 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 25 u5lx 0 anyone who does unrighteousness will receive the penalty The phrase "receive the penalty" means to be punished. Alternate translation: "anyone who does unrighteousness will be punished" or "God will punish anyone who does what is unrighteous" -COL 3 25 ak8j 0 who does unrighteousness who actively does wrong of any kind -COL 3 25 c9fx figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no favoritism The abstract noun "favoritism" can be expressed with the verb "favor." To favor some people is to judge them by different standards so the result is better for them than for others who do the same actions. Alternate translation: "God does not favor anyone" or "God judges everyone by the same standard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +COL 3 25 ak8j ἀδικῶν 1 who does unrighteousness who actively does wrong of any kind +COL 3 25 c9fx figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολημψία 1 there is no favoritism The abstract noun "favoritism" can be expressed with the verb "favor." To favor some people is to judge them by different standards so the result is better for them than for others who do the same actions. Alternate translation: "God does not favor anyone" or "God judges everyone by the same standard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 4 intro nm3y 0 # Colossians 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

[Colossians 4:1](../../col/04/01.md) appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "In my own hand"
It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Secret truth

Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
COL 4 1 qhd2 0 Connecting Statement: After speaking to masters, Paul ends his special instructions to the different kinds of believers in the church at Colossae. -COL 4 1 ae3y figs-doublet 0 right and fair These words mean almost the same thing and are used to emphasize the things that are morally correct. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -COL 4 1 t9wy 0 you also have a master in heaven God wants the relationship between an earthly master and his slave to be loving the way God, the heavenly master, loves his earthly servants, including the earthly slaves' masters. +COL 4 1 ae3y figs-doublet τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὴν ἰσότητα 1 right and fair These words mean almost the same thing and are used to emphasize the things that are morally correct. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +COL 4 1 t9wy ὑμεῖς καὶ ἔχετε Κύριον ἐν οὐρανῷ 1 you also have a master in heaven God wants the relationship between an earthly master and his slave to be loving the way God, the heavenly master, loves his earthly servants, including the earthly slaves' masters. COL 4 2 sct4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "us" refers to Paul and Timothy but not the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) COL 4 2 wx86 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to give instructions to believers on how to live and speak. -COL 4 2 pp1c 0 Continue steadfastly in prayer "Keep praying faithfully" or "Keep praying consistently" -COL 4 3 ub1i figs-metaphor 0 God would open a door Opening a door for someone is a metaphor for giving that person the opportunity to do something. Alternate translation: "God would provide opportunities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 4 3 lj4f 0 open a door for the word "make an opportunity for us tp preach his message" -COL 4 3 ce37 0 the secret truth of Christ This refers to the gospel of Jesus Christ, which was not understood before Christ came. -COL 4 3 q4jx figs-metonymy 0 Because of this, I am chained up Here "chained" is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: "It is for proclaiming the message of Jesus Christ that I am now in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 4 2 pp1c προσκαρτερεῖτε τῇ προσευχῇ 1 Continue steadfastly in prayer "Keep praying faithfully" or "Keep praying consistently" +COL 4 3 ub1i figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς ἀνοίξῃ θύραν 1 God would open a door Opening a door for someone is a metaphor for giving that person the opportunity to do something. Alternate translation: "God would provide opportunities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 4 3 lj4f ἀνοίξῃ θύραν τοῦ λόγου 1 open a door for the word "make an opportunity for us tp preach his message" +COL 4 3 ce37 τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the secret truth of Christ This refers to the gospel of Jesus Christ, which was not understood before Christ came. +COL 4 3 q4jx figs-metonymy δι’ ὃ, δέδεμαι 1 Because of this, I am chained up Here "chained" is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: "It is for proclaiming the message of Jesus Christ that I am now in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 4 4 hm5w 0 Pray that I may make it clear "Pray that I might be able to speak the message of Jesus Christ clearly" -COL 4 5 z3ax figs-metaphor 0 Walk in wisdom toward those outside The idea of walking is often used for the idea of conducting one's life. Alternate translation: "Live in such a way that those who are not believers will see that you are wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 4 5 b525 figs-metaphor 0 redeem the time To "redeem" something means to restore it to it's rightful owner. Here time is spoken of as something that can be restored and used to serve God. Alternate translation: "do the best things you can with your time" or "put the time to its best use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 4 5 z3ax figs-metaphor περιπατεῖτε ἐν σοφίᾳ πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω 1 Walk in wisdom toward those outside The idea of walking is often used for the idea of conducting one's life. Alternate translation: "Live in such a way that those who are not believers will see that you are wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 4 5 b525 figs-metaphor ἐξαγοραζόμενοι τὸν καιρὸν 1 redeem the time To "redeem" something means to restore it to it's rightful owner. Here time is spoken of as something that can be restored and used to serve God. Alternate translation: "do the best things you can with your time" or "put the time to its best use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 4 6 fuv5 figs-metaphor 0 Let your words always be with grace. Let them be seasoned with salt Food with salt is a metaphor for words that teach others and that others enjoy hearing. Alternate translation: "Let your conversation always be gracious and attractive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 4 6 c1w4 0 so that you may know how you should answer "so that you may know how to answer questions from anyone about Jesus Christ" or "so that you may be able to treat every person well" COL 4 7 vtb1 0 General Information: Onesimus was a slave of Philemon in Colossae. He had stolen money from Philemon and run away to Rome where he became a Christian through the ministry of Paul. Now Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones bringing Paul's letter to Colossae. COL 4 7 ut91 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes with special instructions about certain people as well as greetings to and from individual believers. -COL 4 7 xzz4 0 the things concerning me "everything that has been happening to me" -COL 4 7 p7c1 0 fellow slave "fellow servant." Though Paul is a free man, he sees himself as a servant of Christ and sees Tychicus as a fellow servant. -COL 4 8 vyq5 figs-exclusive 0 about us These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 4 8 fr1z figs-metaphor 0 may encourage your hearts The heart was thought to be the center of many emotions. Alternate translation: "may encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 4 9 yqh9 0 the faithful and beloved brother Paul calls Onesimus a fellow Christian and servant of Christ. -COL 4 9 n15d 0 They will tell "Tychicus and Onesimus will tell" -COL 4 9 vb7j 0 everything that has happened here They will tell the Colossian believers all that is taking place where Paul is currently living. Tradition says Paul was in Rome under house arrest or in prison at this time. -COL 4 10 wmf4 0 Aristarchus He was in prison with Paul in Ephesus when Paul wrote this letter to the Colossians. -COL 4 10 cg3a 0 if he comes "if Mark comes" -COL 4 11 bm6s 0 Jesus who is called Justus This is a man who also worked with Paul. -COL 4 11 ci74 figs-metonymy 0 These alone of the circumcision are my fellow workers for the kingdom of God Paul uses "circumcision" here to refer to Jews because, under the Old Testament law, all male Jews had to be circumcised. Alternate translation: "These three men are the only Jewish believers working with me to proclaim God as king through Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 4 11 p8e9 0 These alone of the circumcision "These men—Aristarchus, Mark, and Justus—alone of the circumcision" +COL 4 7 xzz4 τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ 1 the things concerning me "everything that has been happening to me" +COL 4 7 p7c1 σύνδουλος 1 fellow slave "fellow servant." Though Paul is a free man, he sees himself as a servant of Christ and sees Tychicus as a fellow servant. +COL 4 8 vyq5 figs-exclusive τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν 1 about us These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +COL 4 8 fr1z figs-metaphor παρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν 1 may encourage your hearts The heart was thought to be the center of many emotions. Alternate translation: "may encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 4 9 yqh9 τῷ πιστῷ καὶ ἀγαπητῷ ἀδελφῷ 1 the faithful and beloved brother Paul calls Onesimus a fellow Christian and servant of Christ. +COL 4 9 n15d ὑμῖν γνωρίσουσιν 1 They will tell "Tychicus and Onesimus will tell" +COL 4 9 vb7j πάντα τὰ ὧδε 1 everything that has happened here They will tell the Colossian believers all that is taking place where Paul is currently living. Tradition says Paul was in Rome under house arrest or in prison at this time. +COL 4 10 wmf4 Ἀρίσταρχος 1 Aristarchus He was in prison with Paul in Ephesus when Paul wrote this letter to the Colossians. +COL 4 10 cg3a ἐὰν ἔλθῃ 1 if he comes "if Mark comes" +COL 4 11 bm6s Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος 1 Jesus who is called Justus This is a man who also worked with Paul. +COL 4 11 ci74 figs-metonymy οὗτοι μόνοι ἐκ περιτομῆς συνεργοὶ εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 These alone of the circumcision are my fellow workers for the kingdom of God Paul uses "circumcision" here to refer to Jews because, under the Old Testament law, all male Jews had to be circumcised. Alternate translation: "These three men are the only Jewish believers working with me to proclaim God as king through Christ Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 4 11 p8e9 οὗτοι μόνοι ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 These alone of the circumcision "These men—Aristarchus, Mark, and Justus—alone of the circumcision" COL 4 12 et2g 0 General Information: Laodicea and Hierapolis were towns close to Colossae. -COL 4 12 gg86 0 Epaphras Epaphras was the man who had preached the good news to the people in Colossae ([Colossians 1:7](../01/07.md)). +COL 4 12 gg86 Ἐπαφρᾶς 1 Epaphras Epaphras was the man who had preached the good news to the people in Colossae ([Colossians 1:7](../01/07.md)). COL 4 12 rq61 0 one of you "from your city" or "your fellow townsman" -COL 4 12 ek51 0 a slave of Christ Jesus "a committed disciple of Christ Jesus" -COL 4 12 p8ff 0 always strives for you in prayer "earnestly prays for you" -COL 4 12 nuh9 0 you may stand complete and fully assured "you may stand mature and confident" -COL 4 13 k8vv 0 I bear witness of him, that he works hard for you "I have observed that he has worked very hard for you" -COL 4 14 hq1k 0 Demas This is another co-worker with Paul. -COL 4 15 sc5g 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -COL 4 15 zkp3 0 in Laodicea a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church -COL 4 15 wyk3 0 Nympha, and the church that is in her house A woman named Nympha hosted a house church. Alternate translation: "Nympha and the group of believers that meets in her house" -COL 4 17 d39x figs-you 0 Say to Archippus, "Look to the ministry that you have received in the Lord, that you should fulfill it Paul reminds Archippus of the task God had given him and that he, Archippus, was under obligation to the Lord to fulfill it. The words "Look," "you have received," and "you should fulfill" all refer to Archippus and should be singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +COL 4 12 ek51 δοῦλος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 a slave of Christ Jesus "a committed disciple of Christ Jesus" +COL 4 12 p8ff πάντοτε ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 always strives for you in prayer "earnestly prays for you" +COL 4 12 nuh9 σταθῆτε τέλειοι καὶ πεπληροφορημένοι 1 you may stand complete and fully assured "you may stand mature and confident" +COL 4 13 k8vv μαρτυρῶ αὐτῷ, ὅτι ἔχει πολὺν πόνον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 I bear witness of him, that he works hard for you "I have observed that he has worked very hard for you" +COL 4 14 hq1k Δημᾶς 1 Demas This is another co-worker with Paul. +COL 4 15 sc5g τοὺς ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +COL 4 15 zkp3 τοὺς ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ ἀδελφοὺς 1 in Laodicea a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church +COL 4 15 wyk3 Νύμφαν, καὶ τὴν κατ’ οἶκον αὐτῆς ἐκκλησίαν 1 Nympha, and the church that is in her house A woman named Nympha hosted a house church. Alternate translation: "Nympha and the group of believers that meets in her house" +COL 4 17 d39x figs-you εἴπατε Ἀρχίππῳ," βλέπε τὴν διακονίαν ἣν παρέλαβες ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἵνα αὐτὴν πληροῖς." 1 Say to Archippus, "Look to the ministry that you have received in the Lord, that you should fulfill it Paul reminds Archippus of the task God had given him and that he, Archippus, was under obligation to the Lord to fulfill it. The words "Look," "you have received," and "you should fulfill" all refer to Archippus and should be singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) COL 4 18 an7s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter with a greeting written in his own handwriting. -COL 4 18 h3kx figs-metonymy 0 Remember my chains Paul speaks of chains when he means his imprisonment. Alternate translation: "Remember me and pray for me while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 4 18 w2vm figs-metonymy 0 May grace be with you Here "grace" stands for God, who shows grace or acts kindly to believers. Alternate translation: "I pray that our Lord Jesus Christ would continue to act graciously toward you all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 4 18 h3kx figs-metonymy μνημονεύετέ μου τῶν δεσμῶν 1 Remember my chains Paul speaks of chains when he means his imprisonment. Alternate translation: "Remember me and pray for me while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 4 18 w2vm figs-metonymy 0 May grace be with you Here "grace" stands for God, who shows grace or acts kindly to believers. Alternate translation: "I pray that our Lord Jesus Christ would continue to act graciously toward you all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_53-1TH.tsv b/en_tn_53-1TH.tsv index 21d0f054f2..ffba83f2fe 100644 --- a/en_tn_53-1TH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_53-1TH.tsv @@ -6,205 +6,205 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1TH 1 1 luw5 figs-metonymy 0 May grace and peace be to you The terms "grace" and "peace" are metonyms for the person who acts toward people in a kindly and peaceful manner. Alternate translation: "May God be kind to you and give you peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TH 1 1 nn67 figs-you 0 peace be to you The word "you" refers to the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1TH 1 2 y98w figs-exclusive 0 General Information: In this letter the words "we" and "us" refer to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, unless otherwise noted. Also, the word "you" is plural and refers to the believers at the church of Thessalonica. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -1TH 1 2 xud4 0 We always give thanks to God Here "always" suggests that when Paul prays to God, he consistently presents the Thessalonians to God in his prayers. -1TH 1 2 r3yd 0 we mention you continually in our prayers "we continually pray for you" -1TH 1 3 bl7l 0 work of faith acts done because of trust in God +1TH 1 2 xud4 εὐχαριστοῦμεν πάντοτε εὐχαριστοῦμεν τῷ Θεῷ 1 We always give thanks to God Here "always" suggests that when Paul prays to God, he consistently presents the Thessalonians to God in his prayers. +1TH 1 2 r3yd μνείαν ποιούμενοι ἀδιαλείπτως ἐπὶ ἡμῶν τῶν προσευχῶν 1 we mention you continually in our prayers "we continually pray for you" +1TH 1 3 bl7l τοῦ ἔργου τῆς πίστεως 1 work of faith acts done because of trust in God 1TH 1 4 xky4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to give thanks for the believers at Thessalonica and praises them for their faith in God. -1TH 1 4 erb6 0 Brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -1TH 1 4 u5er figs-exclusive 0 we know The word "we" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1TH 1 5 ude4 0 not in word only "not only in what we said" -1TH 1 5 h675 0 but also in power, in the Holy Spirit Possible meanings are 1) the Holy Spirit gave Paul and his companions the ability to preach the gospel powerfully or 2) the Holy Spirit made the preaching of the gospel have a powerful effect among the Thessalonian believers or 3) the Holy Spirit demonstrated the truth of the gospel preaching by means of miracles, signs, and wonders. +1TH 1 4 erb6 ἀδελφοὶ 1 Brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +1TH 1 4 u5er figs-exclusive εἰδότες 1 we know The word "we" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1TH 1 5 ude4 οὐκ ἐν λόγῳ μόνον 1 not in word only "not only in what we said" +1TH 1 5 h675 ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει, καὶ ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι 1 but also in power, in the Holy Spirit Possible meanings are 1) the Holy Spirit gave Paul and his companions the ability to preach the gospel powerfully or 2) the Holy Spirit made the preaching of the gospel have a powerful effect among the Thessalonian believers or 3) the Holy Spirit demonstrated the truth of the gospel preaching by means of miracles, signs, and wonders. 1TH 1 5 t1w3 figs-abstractnouns 0 in much assurance The abstract noun "assurance" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "God made you sure that it was true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1TH 1 5 e889 0 what kind of men "how we conducted ourselves when" -1TH 1 6 cs49 0 You became imitators To "imitate" means to act like or to copy the behavior of another. -1TH 1 6 cl6r 0 received the word "welcomed the message" or "accepted what we had to say" -1TH 1 6 q4gm 0 in much hardship "during a time of great suffering" or "in much persecution" -1TH 1 7 ml7u translate-names 0 Achaia This is an ancient district in what is present-day Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1TH 1 8 qyk6 figs-metonymy 0 the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "the Lord's teachings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 1 8 sht4 figs-metaphor 0 has rung out Here Paul speaks of the Christian witness produced by the Thessalonian believers as if it were a bell that was rung or a musical instrument that was being played. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 1 9 rd2b 0 For they themselves Paul is referring to the churches that already existed in the surrounding regions, who have heard about the Thessalonian believers. -1TH 1 9 amc1 figs-rpronouns 0 they themselves Here "themselves" is used to emphasize those people who had heard about the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -1TH 1 9 v145 figs-metonymy 0 what kind of reception we had among you The abstract noun "reception" can be expressed as the verb "receive" or "welcome." Alternate translation: "how warmly you received us" or "how warmly you welcomed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 1 9 u1um figs-metaphor 0 you turned to God from the idols to serve the living and true God Here "turned to ... from" is a metaphor that means to start being loyal to one person and stop being loyal to someone else. Alternate translation: "you stopped worshiping idols and started serving the living and true God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 1 10 dg6a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his Son This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1TH 1 10 pmi8 0 whom he raised "whom God caused to live again" -1TH 1 10 wba8 0 from the dead "so that he was no longer dead." This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +1TH 1 5 e889 οἷοι 1 what kind of men "how we conducted ourselves when" +1TH 1 6 cs49 καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐγενήθητε μιμηταὶ 1 You became imitators To "imitate" means to act like or to copy the behavior of another. +1TH 1 6 cl6r δεξάμενοι τὸν λόγον 1 received the word "welcomed the message" or "accepted what we had to say" +1TH 1 6 q4gm ἐν πολλῇ θλίψει 1 in much hardship "during a time of great suffering" or "in much persecution" +1TH 1 7 ml7u translate-names τῇ Ἀχαΐᾳ 1 Achaia This is an ancient district in what is present-day Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1TH 1 8 qyk6 figs-metonymy ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "the Lord's teachings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 1 8 sht4 figs-metaphor ἐξήχηται 1 has rung out Here Paul speaks of the Christian witness produced by the Thessalonian believers as if it were a bell that was rung or a musical instrument that was being played. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 1 9 rd2b γὰρ αὐτοὶ 1 For they themselves Paul is referring to the churches that already existed in the surrounding regions, who have heard about the Thessalonian believers. +1TH 1 9 amc1 figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 they themselves Here "themselves" is used to emphasize those people who had heard about the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +1TH 1 9 v145 figs-metonymy ὁποίαν εἴσοδον ἔσχομεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 what kind of reception we had among you The abstract noun "reception" can be expressed as the verb "receive" or "welcome." Alternate translation: "how warmly you received us" or "how warmly you welcomed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 1 9 u1um figs-metaphor ἐπεστρέψατε πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων δουλεύειν Θεῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἀληθινῷ Θεῷ 1 you turned to God from the idols to serve the living and true God Here "turned to ... from" is a metaphor that means to start being loyal to one person and stop being loyal to someone else. Alternate translation: "you stopped worshiping idols and started serving the living and true God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 1 10 dg6a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples αὐτοῦ τὸν Υἱὸν 1 his Son This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1TH 1 10 pmi8 ὃν ἤγειρεν 1 whom he raised "whom God caused to live again" +1TH 1 10 wba8 ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 from the dead "so that he was no longer dead." This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. 1TH 1 10 pt1s figs-inclusive 0 who frees us Here Paul includes the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 1TH 2 intro kt5l 0 # 1 Thessalonians 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Christian witness
Paul values his "Christian witness" as evidence that the gospel is true. Paul says that being godly or holy bears witness to the non-Christian. Paul defends his character, so that his witness is not affected. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
1TH 2 1 pt75 0 Connecting Statement: Paul defines the believers' service and reward. -1TH 2 1 gpr4 figs-rpronouns 0 you yourselves The words "you" and "yourselves" refer to the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -1TH 2 1 tdl3 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -1TH 2 1 g6qq figs-exclusive 0 our coming The word "our" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1TH 2 1 w584 figs-doublenegatives 0 was not useless This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: "was very worthwhile" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -1TH 2 2 x6ez 0 previously suffered and were shamefully treated "were mistreated and insulted" -1TH 2 2 v4dg 0 in much struggling "while struggling under great opposition" -1TH 2 3 t7ty 0 was not from error, nor from impurity, nor from deceit "was truthful, pure, and honest" -1TH 2 4 is1a 0 approved by God to be trusted Paul was tested and proven trustworthy by God. -1TH 2 4 qqj2 figs-explicit 0 we speak Paul is referring to preaching the gospel message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 2 4 k1m9 figs-metonymy 0 who examines our hearts The word "hearts" is a metonym for a person's desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: "who knows our desires and thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 2 1 gpr4 figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 you yourselves The words "you" and "yourselves" refer to the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +1TH 2 1 tdl3 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +1TH 2 1 g6qq figs-exclusive ἡμῶν τὴν εἴσοδον 1 our coming The word "our" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1TH 2 1 w584 figs-doublenegatives γέγονεν οὐ κενὴ 1 was not useless This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: "was very worthwhile" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +1TH 2 2 x6ez προπαθόντες καὶ ὑβρισθέντες 1 previously suffered and were shamefully treated "were mistreated and insulted" +1TH 2 2 v4dg ἐν πολλῷ ἀγῶνι 1 in much struggling "while struggling under great opposition" +1TH 2 3 t7ty οὐκ ἐκ πλάνης, οὐδὲ ἐξ ἀκαθαρσίας, οὐδὲ ἐν δόλῳ 1 was not from error, nor from impurity, nor from deceit "was truthful, pure, and honest" +1TH 2 4 is1a δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι 1 approved by God to be trusted Paul was tested and proven trustworthy by God. +1TH 2 4 qqj2 figs-explicit λαλοῦμεν 1 we speak Paul is referring to preaching the gospel message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 2 4 k1m9 figs-metonymy τῷ δοκιμάζοντι ἡμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 who examines our hearts The word "hearts" is a metonym for a person's desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: "who knows our desires and thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TH 2 5 xcy6 0 General Information: Paul tells the Thessalonian believers that his conduct was not based in flattery, greed, or self glory. -1TH 2 5 i8cr 0 we never came with words of flattery "we never spoke to you with false praise" +1TH 2 5 i8cr ἐγενήθημεν οὔτε ἐγενήθημεν ἐν λόγῳ κολακίας 1 we never came with words of flattery "we never spoke to you with false praise" 1TH 2 6 p9ih 0 could have claimed privileges "could have insisted you give us money" -1TH 2 7 ag1l figs-simile 0 as a mother comforting her own children Just as a mother gently comforts her children, so Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy spoke gently to the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1TH 2 8 r8b4 0 In this way we had affection for you "This is how we demonstrated our affection for you" -1TH 2 8 g73f 0 we had affection for you "we loved you" -1TH 2 8 q86v figs-metaphor 0 We were pleased to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own lives Paul speaks of the gospel message and his life and the lives of those with him as if they were a physical object that one could share with others. Alternate translation: "We were pleased not only to tell you the gospel of God but also to spend time with you and to help you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 2 8 p4e4 0 you had become very dear to us "we cared for you deeply" -1TH 2 9 j9lu 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -1TH 2 9 tc98 figs-doublet 0 our labor and toil The words "labor" and "toil" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how hard they worked. Alternate translation: "how hard we worked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TH 2 9 b16f 0 Night and day we were working so that we might not weigh down any of you "We worked hard to make our own living so you would not need to support us" -1TH 2 10 il3e 0 holy, righteous, and blameless Paul uses three words that describe their good behavior toward the Thessalonian believers. -1TH 2 11 i58m figs-metaphor 0 as a father with his own children Paul compares how he encouraged the Thessalonians to a father gently teaching his children how to behave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 2 12 m91e figs-doublet 0 exhorting you and encouraging and urging you The words "exhorting," "encouraging," and "urging" are used together to express how passionately Paul's group encouraged the Thessalonians. Alternate translation: "We were strongly encouraging you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TH 2 12 n8dr figs-hendiadys 0 into his own kingdom and glory The word "glory" describes the word "kingdom." Alternate translation: "into his own glorious kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -1TH 2 12 qmc3 figs-metaphor 0 to walk in a manner that is worthy of God "Walk" here is an metaphor for "live." Alternate translation: "live so that people will think well of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 2 7 ag1l figs-simile ὡς τροφὸς θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα 1 as a mother comforting her own children Just as a mother gently comforts her children, so Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy spoke gently to the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1TH 2 8 r8b4 οὕτως ὁμειρόμενοι ὑμῶν 1 In this way we had affection for you "This is how we demonstrated our affection for you" +1TH 2 8 g73f ὁμειρόμενοι ὑμῶν 1 we had affection for you "we loved you" +1TH 2 8 q86v figs-metaphor εὐδοκοῦμεν μεταδοῦναι ὑμῖν οὐ μόνον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς 1 We were pleased to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own lives Paul speaks of the gospel message and his life and the lives of those with him as if they were a physical object that one could share with others. Alternate translation: "We were pleased not only to tell you the gospel of God but also to spend time with you and to help you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 2 8 p4e4 ἐγενήθητε ἀγαπητοὶ ἡμῖν 1 you had become very dear to us "we cared for you deeply" +1TH 2 9 j9lu ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +1TH 2 9 tc98 figs-doublet ἡμῶν τὸν κόπον καὶ τὸν μόχθον 1 our labor and toil The words "labor" and "toil" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how hard they worked. Alternate translation: "how hard we worked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TH 2 9 b16f νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ἐργαζόμενοι πρὸς ἐπιβαρῆσαί μὴ ἐπιβαρῆσαί τινα ὑμῶν 1 Night and day we were working so that we might not weigh down any of you "We worked hard to make our own living so you would not need to support us" +1TH 2 10 il3e ὁσίως, δικαίως, καὶ ἀμέμπτως 1 holy, righteous, and blameless Paul uses three words that describe their good behavior toward the Thessalonian believers. +1TH 2 11 i58m figs-metaphor ὡς πατὴρ ἑαυτοῦ τέκνα 1 as a father with his own children Paul compares how he encouraged the Thessalonians to a father gently teaching his children how to behave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 2 12 m91e figs-doublet παρακαλοῦντες ὑμᾶς καὶ παραμυθούμενοι καὶ μαρτυρόμενοι ὑμᾶς 1 exhorting you and encouraging and urging you The words "exhorting," "encouraging," and "urging" are used together to express how passionately Paul's group encouraged the Thessalonians. Alternate translation: "We were strongly encouraging you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TH 2 12 n8dr figs-hendiadys εἰς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν 1 into his own kingdom and glory The word "glory" describes the word "kingdom." Alternate translation: "into his own glorious kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +1TH 2 12 qmc3 figs-metaphor περιπατεῖν εἰς ἀξίως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to walk in a manner that is worthy of God "Walk" here is an metaphor for "live." Alternate translation: "live so that people will think well of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 2 13 au3b 0 General Information: Paul continues to use "we" to refer to himself and his traveling companions and "you" to the Thessalonian believers. -1TH 2 13 z53w 0 we also thank God constantly Paul often thanks God for their acceptance of the gospel message he shared with them. -1TH 2 13 zj5f figs-synecdoche 0 not as the word of man "Word of man" here is a synecdoche for "a message that comes simply from a man." Alternate translation: "(it is) not a message that is made up by a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1TH 2 13 z53w ἡμεῖς καὶ εὐχαριστοῦμεν τῷ Θεῷ ἀδιαλείπτως 1 we also thank God constantly Paul often thanks God for their acceptance of the gospel message he shared with them. +1TH 2 13 zj5f figs-synecdoche οὐ λόγον ἀνθρώπων 1 not as the word of man "Word of man" here is a synecdoche for "a message that comes simply from a man." Alternate translation: "(it is) not a message that is made up by a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1TH 2 13 rpb1 figs-metonymy 0 you accepted it ... as it truly is, the word of God "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "you accepted it ... as it truly is, the message that comes from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 2 13 ci1e figs-personification 0 which is also at work in you who believe Paul speaks of God's gospel message as if it were a person who was doing work. "Word" is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "which those of you who believe are listening to and beginning to obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 2 14 s2mp 0 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -1TH 2 14 mh8n 0 became imitators of the churches The Thessalonian believers endured persecutions similar to the Judean believers. "became like the churches" -1TH 2 14 cxm3 0 from your own countrymen "from other Thessalonians" -1TH 2 16 rw7e 0 They forbid us to speak "They try to make us stop speaking" -1TH 2 16 n2ue figs-metaphor 0 they always fill up their own sins Paul speaks as though someone can fill a container with their own sins as with liquid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 2 16 fq9m 0 wrath will overtake them in the end This refers to God finally judging and punishing people for their sins. -1TH 2 17 edb1 0 brothers This means fellow Christians, including both men and women. -1TH 2 17 vr7v figs-metonymy 0 in person not in heart Here "heart" represents thoughts and emotions. Though Paul and those traveling with him were not present physically in Thessalonica, they continued to care and think about the believers there. Alternate translation: "in person, but we continued to think about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 2 13 ci1e figs-personification ὃς ἐνεργεῖται καὶ ἐνεργεῖται ἐν ὑμῖν τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 which is also at work in you who believe Paul speaks of God's gospel message as if it were a person who was doing work. "Word" is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "which those of you who believe are listening to and beginning to obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 2 14 s2mp ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +1TH 2 14 mh8n ἐγενήθητε μιμηταὶ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 became imitators of the churches The Thessalonian believers endured persecutions similar to the Judean believers. "became like the churches" +1TH 2 14 cxm3 ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων συμφυλετῶν 1 from your own countrymen "from other Thessalonians" +1TH 2 16 rw7e κωλυόντων ἡμᾶς λαλῆσαι 1 They forbid us to speak "They try to make us stop speaking" +1TH 2 16 n2ue figs-metaphor ἀναπληρῶσαι πάντοτε ἀναπληρῶσαι αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 they always fill up their own sins Paul speaks as though someone can fill a container with their own sins as with liquid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 2 16 fq9m ἡ ὀργὴ ἔφθασεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τέλος 1 wrath will overtake them in the end This refers to God finally judging and punishing people for their sins. +1TH 2 17 edb1 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers This means fellow Christians, including both men and women. +1TH 2 17 vr7v figs-metonymy προσώπῳ οὐ καρδίᾳ 1 in person not in heart Here "heart" represents thoughts and emotions. Though Paul and those traveling with him were not present physically in Thessalonica, they continued to care and think about the believers there. Alternate translation: "in person, but we continued to think about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TH 2 17 t5d5 figs-synecdoche 0 to see your face Here "your face" means the entire person. Alternate translation: "to see you" or "to be with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1TH 2 19 j7j5 figs-rquestion 0 For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of pride in front of our Lord Jesus at his coming? Is it not you? Paul uses questions to emphasize the reasons he wants to come see the Thessalonian believers. Alternate translation: "For you are our confidence for the future, and joy, and crown of pride in front of our Lord Jesus at his coming." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1TH 2 19 mj9n figs-metonymy 0 our hope ... Is it not you By "hope" Paul means the assurance he has that God will reward him for his work. The Thessalonian Christians are the reason for his hope. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 2 19 ty78 figs-metonymy 0 or joy The Thessalonians are the reason for his joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 2 19 e7tl figs-metonymy 0 crown of pride Here "crown" refers to a laurel wreath awarded to victorious athletes. The expression "crown of pride" means a reward for victory, or having done well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 2 19 ty78 figs-metonymy ἢ χαρὰ 1 or joy The Thessalonians are the reason for his joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 2 19 e7tl figs-metonymy στέφανος καυχήσεως 1 crown of pride Here "crown" refers to a laurel wreath awarded to victorious athletes. The expression "crown of pride" means a reward for victory, or having done well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TH 3 intro j379 0 # 1 Thessalonians 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Standing
In this chapter, Paul uses "stand firm" to illustrate being steadfast. This is a common way to describe being steadfast or faithful. Paul uses "be shaken" as the opposite of being steadfast. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
1TH 3 1 nal1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the believers he has sent Timothy to strengthen their faith. -1TH 3 1 fqe3 0 we could no longer bear it "we could no longer endure worrying about you" -1TH 3 1 t3vt 0 good to be left behind at Athens alone "good for Silvanus and me to stay behind in Athens" +1TH 3 1 fqe3 στέγοντες μηκέτι στέγοντες 1 we could no longer bear it "we could no longer endure worrying about you" +1TH 3 1 t3vt ηὐδοκήσαμεν καταλειφθῆναι ἐν Ἀθήναις μόνοι 1 good to be left behind at Athens alone "good for Silvanus and me to stay behind in Athens" 1TH 3 1 qhj4 0 it was good "it was proper" or "it was reasonable" -1TH 3 1 laf9 translate-names 0 Athens This is a city in the Achaia province, which is now modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1TH 3 2 d8yy 0 our brother and fellow worker These two expressions both describe Timothy. -1TH 3 3 y74m figs-idiom 0 no one would be shaken To be "shaken" is an idiom for being afraid. Alternate translation: "no one would be frightened away from trusting in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1TH 3 3 rkx9 figs-explicit 0 we have been appointed Paul assumes that everyone knows that it was God who appointed them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "God has appointed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 3 1 laf9 translate-names Ἀθήναις 1 Athens This is a city in the Achaia province, which is now modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1TH 3 2 d8yy ἡμῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν καὶ διάκονον 1 our brother and fellow worker These two expressions both describe Timothy. +1TH 3 3 y74m figs-idiom μηδένα σαίνεσθαι 1 no one would be shaken To be "shaken" is an idiom for being afraid. Alternate translation: "no one would be frightened away from trusting in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TH 3 3 rkx9 figs-explicit κείμεθα 1 we have been appointed Paul assumes that everyone knows that it was God who appointed them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "God has appointed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1TH 3 4 shn3 0 Truly This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: "Moreover" -1TH 3 4 nm1l 0 to suffer affliction "to be mistreated by others" -1TH 3 5 st3d figs-idiom 0 I could no longer stand it Paul was describing his own emotions by using an idiom. Alternate translation: "I could not longer wait patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1TH 3 5 zn36 figs-explicit 0 I sent It is implied that Paul sent Timothy. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "I sent Timothy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 3 5 g92s 0 our labor "our hard work among you" or "our teaching among you" -1TH 3 5 ne5x 0 in vain "useless" +1TH 3 4 nm1l θλίβεσθαι 1 to suffer affliction "to be mistreated by others" +1TH 3 5 st3d figs-idiom κἀγὼ στέγων μηκέτι στέγων 1 I could no longer stand it Paul was describing his own emotions by using an idiom. Alternate translation: "I could not longer wait patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TH 3 5 zn36 figs-explicit ἔπεμψα 1 I sent It is implied that Paul sent Timothy. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "I sent Timothy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 3 5 g92s ἡμῶν ὁ κόπος 1 our labor "our hard work among you" or "our teaching among you" +1TH 3 5 ne5x εἰς κενὸν 1 in vain "useless" 1TH 3 6 r4pa 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells his readers about Timothy's report after he returned from visiting them. -1TH 3 6 gci4 figs-exclusive 0 came to us The word "us" refers to Paul and Silvanus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1TH 3 6 tu8d figs-explicit 0 the good news of your faith It is understood that this refers to faith in Christ. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "a good report of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 3 6 e6kx 0 you always have good memories When they think of Paul, they always have good thoughts about him. -1TH 3 6 tx4h 0 you long to see us "you desire to see us" -1TH 3 7 mqy5 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 3 7 k54j figs-explicit 0 because of your faith This refers to faith in Christ. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "because of your faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 3 7 csz7 figs-doublet 0 in all our distress and affliction The word "affliction" explains why they are in "distress." Alternate translation: "in all our distress caused by our afflictions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TH 3 8 x5xt figs-idiom 0 we live This is an idiom that expresses living a satisfied life. Alternate translation: "we are very encouraged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1TH 3 8 x4zn figs-idiom 0 if you stand firm in the Lord To "stand firm" is an idiom meaning to continue being faithful. Alternate translation: "if you continue to trust in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TH 3 6 gci4 figs-exclusive ἐλθόντος πρὸς ἡμᾶς 1 came to us The word "us" refers to Paul and Silvanus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1TH 3 6 tu8d figs-explicit εὐαγγελισαμένου ὑμῶν τὴν πίστιν 1 the good news of your faith It is understood that this refers to faith in Christ. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "a good report of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 3 6 e6kx ἔχετε πάντοτε ἔχετε ἀγαθὴν μνείαν 1 you always have good memories When they think of Paul, they always have good thoughts about him. +1TH 3 6 tx4h ἐπιποθοῦντες ἰδεῖν ἡμᾶς 1 you long to see us "you desire to see us" +1TH 3 7 mqy5 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 3 7 k54j figs-explicit διὰ ὑμῶν πίστεως 1 because of your faith This refers to faith in Christ. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "because of your faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 3 7 csz7 figs-doublet ἐπὶ πάσῃ ἡμῶν τῇ ἀνάγκῃ καὶ θλίψει 1 in all our distress and affliction The word "affliction" explains why they are in "distress." Alternate translation: "in all our distress caused by our afflictions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TH 3 8 x5xt figs-idiom ζῶμεν 1 we live This is an idiom that expresses living a satisfied life. Alternate translation: "we are very encouraged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TH 3 8 x4zn figs-idiom ἐὰν ὑμεῖς στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 if you stand firm in the Lord To "stand firm" is an idiom meaning to continue being faithful. Alternate translation: "if you continue to trust in the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1TH 3 9 pzq7 figs-rquestion 0 For what thanks can we give to God for you, for all the joy that we have before our God over you? This rhetorical question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "We cannot thank God enough for what he has done for you! We greatly rejoice over you when we pray to our God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1TH 3 9 p5ka figs-metaphor 0 before our God Paul speaks as if he and his companions were physically in God's presence. He is probably referring to the activity of praying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 3 10 k71n 0 very hard "fervently" -1TH 3 10 eb26 figs-synecdoche 0 see your face The word "face" refers to their whole person. Alternate translation: "visit you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1TH 3 9 p5ka figs-metaphor ἔμπροσθεν ἡμῶν Θεοῦ 1 before our God Paul speaks as if he and his companions were physically in God's presence. He is probably referring to the activity of praying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 3 10 k71n περισσοῦ 1 very hard "fervently" +1TH 3 10 eb26 figs-synecdoche τὸ ἰδεῖν ὑμῶν τὸ πρόσωπον 1 see your face The word "face" refers to their whole person. Alternate translation: "visit you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1TH 3 11 tet9 0 General Information: In these verses, the word "our" does not always refer to the same group of people. Please see the translation notes for specifics. 1TH 3 11 bql9 figs-inclusive 0 May our God ... our Lord Jesus Paul includes the Thessalonian believers with his ministry team. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 3 11 mc2m 0 May our God "We pray that our God" -1TH 3 11 um1c figs-metaphor 0 direct our way to you Paul speaks as if he wants God to show him and his companions the route to take to visit the Thessalonian Christians. He means that he wants God to make it possible for them to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 3 11 efl5 figs-exclusive 0 direct our way to you The word "our" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1TH 3 11 mp6s figs-rpronouns 0 Father himself Here "himself" refers back to "Father" for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -1TH 3 12 f5z3 figs-metaphor 0 increase and abound in love Paul speaks of love as an object that one could obtain more of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 3 11 mc2m κατευθύναι ἡμῶν ὁ Θεὸς 1 May our God "We pray that our God" +1TH 3 11 um1c figs-metaphor κατευθύναι ἡμῶν τὴν ὁδὸν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 direct our way to you Paul speaks as if he wants God to show him and his companions the route to take to visit the Thessalonian Christians. He means that he wants God to make it possible for them to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 3 11 efl5 figs-exclusive κατευθύναι ἡμῶν τὴν ὁδὸν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 direct our way to you The word "our" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy but not the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1TH 3 11 mp6s figs-rpronouns Πατὴρ αὐτὸς 1 Father himself Here "himself" refers back to "Father" for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +1TH 3 12 f5z3 figs-metaphor πλεονάσαι καὶ περισσεύσαι τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 increase and abound in love Paul speaks of love as an object that one could obtain more of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 3 13 ly21 figs-metonymy 0 strengthen your hearts, so that they will be Here "heart" is a metonym for one's beliefs and convictions. Alternate translation: "strenghten you, so that you will be" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 3 13 xsd3 0 at the coming of our Lord Jesus "when Jesus comes back to earth" -1TH 3 13 jlc5 0 with all his saints "with all those who belong to him" +1TH 3 13 xsd3 ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 at the coming of our Lord Jesus "when Jesus comes back to earth" +1TH 3 13 jlc5 μετὰ πάντων αὐτοῦ τῶν ἁγίων 1 with all his saints "with all those who belong to him" 1TH 4 intro b1z5 0 # 1 Thessalonians 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sexual immorality
Different cultures have different standards of sexual morality. These different cultural standards may make translating this passage difficult. Translators must also be aware of cultural taboos. These are topics considered improper to discuss.

##### Dying before the return of Christ
In the early church, people apparently wondered what would happen if a believer died before Christ returned. They may have worried whether those dying before Christ returned would be part of the kingdom of God. Paul answers that concern.

##### "Caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air"
This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
-1TH 4 1 wk39 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 4 1 u2lw figs-doublet 0 we encourage and exhort you Paul uses "encourage" and "exhort" to emphasize how strongly they encourage the believers. Alternate translation: "we strongly encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TH 4 1 iij6 figs-activepassive 0 you received instructions from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TH 4 1 p4db figs-metaphor 0 you must walk Here "walk" is an expression for the way one is to live. Alternate translation: "you ought to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 4 2 vg16 figs-metaphor 0 through the Lord Jesus Paul speaks of his instructions as if they were given by Jesus himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 4 3 mw4j 0 you avoid sexual immorality "you stay away from sexually immoral acts" -1TH 4 4 f4ux 0 know how to possess his own vessel Possible meanings are 1) "know how to live with his own wife" or 2) "know how to control his own body" -1TH 4 5 x2t7 0 in the passion of lust "with wrongful sexual desire" +1TH 4 1 wk39 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 4 1 u2lw figs-doublet ἐρωτῶμεν καὶ παρακαλοῦμεν ὑμᾶς 1 we encourage and exhort you Paul uses "encourage" and "exhort" to emphasize how strongly they encourage the believers. Alternate translation: "we strongly encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TH 4 1 iij6 figs-activepassive παρελάβετε παρ’ ἡμῶν 1 you received instructions from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TH 4 1 p4db figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς δεῖ περιπατεῖν 1 you must walk Here "walk" is an expression for the way one is to live. Alternate translation: "you ought to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 4 2 vg16 figs-metaphor διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 through the Lord Jesus Paul speaks of his instructions as if they were given by Jesus himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 4 3 mw4j ὑμᾶς ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς πορνείας 1 you avoid sexual immorality "you stay away from sexually immoral acts" +1TH 4 4 f4ux εἰδέναι ὑμῶν τὸ κτᾶσθαι ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 know how to possess his own vessel Possible meanings are 1) "know how to live with his own wife" or 2) "know how to control his own body" +1TH 4 5 x2t7 ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας 1 in the passion of lust "with wrongful sexual desire" 1TH 4 6 gn9i figs-gendernotations 0 no man Here "man" refers to a man or a woman. "no one" or "no person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -1TH 4 6 a9st figs-doublet 0 transgress and wrong This is a doublet stating the same idea in two ways to reinforce the concept. Alternate translation: "do wrong things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TH 4 6 q7bf figs-explicit 0 the Lord is an avenger This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the Lord will punish the one who transgressed and will defend the one who was wronged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 4 6 d1ip 0 forewarned you and testified "told you beforehand and strongly warned against" -1TH 4 7 v3np figs-doublenegatives 0 God did not call us to uncleanness, but to holiness This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God called us to cleanness and holiness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -1TH 4 7 q4tj figs-inclusive 0 God did not call us The word "us" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 4 8 mn5y 0 he who rejects this "whoever disregards this teaching" or "whoever ignores this teaching" -1TH 4 8 su51 0 rejects not people, but God Paul stresses that this teaching is not from man, but from God. -1TH 4 9 uxn8 0 brotherly love "love for fellow believers" -1TH 4 10 dec9 0 you do this for all the brothers who are in all Macedonia "you show love to the believers throughout Macedonia" -1TH 4 10 jcg3 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 4 11 d2fg 0 to aspire "to try to" -1TH 4 11 j4c7 figs-metaphor 0 live quietly Paul uses the word "quietly" as a metaphor to describe living at peace in one's community and not causing strife. Alternate translation: "live in a calm and orderly way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 4 11 jmt9 figs-explicit 0 take care of your own responsibilities "do your own work" or "take care of the things that your are responsible to do." This may also imply that we should not gossip and interfere in other people's concerns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 4 6 a9st figs-doublet ὑπερβαίνειν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν 1 transgress and wrong This is a doublet stating the same idea in two ways to reinforce the concept. Alternate translation: "do wrong things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TH 4 6 q7bf figs-explicit Κύριος ἔκδικος 1 the Lord is an avenger This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the Lord will punish the one who transgressed and will defend the one who was wronged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 4 6 d1ip προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 forewarned you and testified "told you beforehand and strongly warned against" +1TH 4 7 v3np figs-doublenegatives ὁ Θεὸς ἐκάλεσεν οὐ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 God did not call us to uncleanness, but to holiness This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "God called us to cleanness and holiness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +1TH 4 7 q4tj figs-inclusive ὁ Θεὸς ἐκάλεσεν οὐ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς 1 God did not call us The word "us" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +1TH 4 8 mn5y ὁ ἀθετῶν 1 he who rejects this "whoever disregards this teaching" or "whoever ignores this teaching" +1TH 4 8 su51 ἀθετῶν ἀθετεῖ οὐκ ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ τὸν Θεὸν 1 rejects not people, but God Paul stresses that this teaching is not from man, but from God. +1TH 4 9 uxn8 τῆς φιλαδελφίας 1 brotherly love "love for fellow believers" +1TH 4 10 dec9 ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς τοὺς ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ 1 you do this for all the brothers who are in all Macedonia "you show love to the believers throughout Macedonia" +1TH 4 10 jcg3 ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 4 11 d2fg πράσσειν 1 to aspire "to try to" +1TH 4 11 j4c7 figs-metaphor ἡσυχάζειν 1 live quietly Paul uses the word "quietly" as a metaphor to describe living at peace in one's community and not causing strife. Alternate translation: "live in a calm and orderly way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 4 11 jmt9 figs-explicit τὰ ἴδια ἰδίαις ταῖς 1 take care of your own responsibilities "do your own work" or "take care of the things that your are responsible to do." This may also imply that we should not gossip and interfere in other people's concerns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1TH 4 11 bz8s figs-metaphor 0 work with your hands This is a metaphor for living a productive life. Alternate translation: "work at your own jobs to earn what you need to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 4 12 hp6g figs-metaphor 0 walk properly Here "walk" is a metaphor for "live" or "behave." Alternate translation: "behave properly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 4 12 yl36 0 properly in a way that shows respect to others and earns their respect -1TH 4 12 k59r figs-metaphor 0 before outsiders Paul speaks of those who do not believer in Christ as if they are outside of a place away from the believers. Alternate translation: "in the sight of those who do not believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 4 12 hp6g figs-metaphor περιπατῆτε εὐσχημόνως 1 walk properly Here "walk" is a metaphor for "live" or "behave." Alternate translation: "behave properly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 4 12 yl36 εὐσχημόνως 1 properly in a way that shows respect to others and earns their respect +1TH 4 12 k59r figs-metaphor πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω 1 before outsiders Paul speaks of those who do not believer in Christ as if they are outside of a place away from the believers. Alternate translation: "in the sight of those who do not believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 4 13 j68e 0 General Information: Paul talks about believers who have died, who are still alive, and those who will be alive when Christ returns. -1TH 4 13 d9g4 0 We do not want you to be uninformed This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "We want you to be informed" or "We want you to know" -1TH 4 13 wt7l 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 4 13 zqz6 figs-euphemism 0 those who sleep Here "sleep" is a euphemism for being dead. Alternate translation: "those who have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1TH 4 13 r9f8 0 so that you do not grieve like the rest "because we do not want you grieve like the rest" -1TH 4 13 qt5b 0 grieve mourn, be sad about something -1TH 4 13 rl73 figs-explicit 0 like the rest who do not have hope "like people who do not confidence in the future promise." It can be stated clearly what those people do not have confidence about. Alternate translation: "like the people who are not sure that they will rise from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 4 14 ybz6 figs-inclusive 0 if we believe Here "we" refers to Paul and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 4 14 kmk2 0 rose again "rose to live again" -1TH 4 14 bi9w figs-euphemism 0 those who have fallen asleep in him Here "fallen asleep" is a polite way to refer to having died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1TH 4 15 ni3m figs-metonymy 0 by the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "by means of understanding the teachings of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TH 4 15 b786 0 at the coming of the Lord "when the Lord returns" -1TH 4 16 ah7p 0 the Lord himself will descend "the Lord himself will come down" -1TH 4 16 z9ka 0 the archangel "the chief angel" -1TH 4 16 dr89 figs-explicit 0 the dead in Christ will rise first The "dead in Christ" are those believers who have passed away. Alternate translation: "those who believe in Jesus Christ, but who have already died, will rise first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TH 4 17 l5l1 figs-inclusive 0 we who are alive Here "we" refers to all believers who have not died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 4 17 wvi8 0 with them The word "them" refers to the dead believers who were made alive again. -1TH 4 17 se1y 0 caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air "meet the Lord Jesus in the sky" +1TH 4 13 d9g4 θέλομεν οὐ θέλομεν ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 We do not want you to be uninformed This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "We want you to be informed" or "We want you to know" +1TH 4 13 wt7l ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 4 13 zqz6 figs-euphemism τῶν κοιμωμένων 1 those who sleep Here "sleep" is a euphemism for being dead. Alternate translation: "those who have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +1TH 4 13 r9f8 ἵνα λυπῆσθε μὴ λυπῆσθε καθὼς οἱ λοιποὶ 1 so that you do not grieve like the rest "because we do not want you grieve like the rest" +1TH 4 13 qt5b λυπῆσθε 1 grieve mourn, be sad about something +1TH 4 13 rl73 figs-explicit καθὼς οἱ λοιποὶ οἱ λοιποὶ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 like the rest who do not have hope "like people who do not confidence in the future promise." It can be stated clearly what those people do not have confidence about. Alternate translation: "like the people who are not sure that they will rise from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 4 14 ybz6 figs-inclusive εἰ πιστεύομεν 1 if we believe Here "we" refers to Paul and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +1TH 4 14 kmk2 ἀνέστη 1 rose again "rose to live again" +1TH 4 14 bi9w figs-euphemism τοὺς κοιμηθέντας αὐτῷ 1 those who have fallen asleep in him Here "fallen asleep" is a polite way to refer to having died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +1TH 4 15 ni3m figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ Κυρίου 1 by the word of the Lord "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Alternate translation: "by means of understanding the teachings of the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TH 4 15 b786 εἰς τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 at the coming of the Lord "when the Lord returns" +1TH 4 16 ah7p ὁ Κύριος αὐτὸς καταβήσεται 1 the Lord himself will descend "the Lord himself will come down" +1TH 4 16 z9ka σάλπιγγι ἀρχαγγέλου 1 the archangel "the chief angel" +1TH 4 16 dr89 figs-explicit οἱ νεκροὶ ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστήσονται πρῶτον 1 the dead in Christ will rise first The "dead in Christ" are those believers who have passed away. Alternate translation: "those who believe in Jesus Christ, but who have already died, will rise first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TH 4 17 l5l1 figs-inclusive ἡμεῖς ζῶντες 1 we who are alive Here "we" refers to all believers who have not died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +1TH 4 17 wvi8 σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 with them The word "them" refers to the dead believers who were made alive again. +1TH 4 17 se1y ἁρπαγησόμεθα ἐν οἱ νεφέλαις τοῦ ἀπάντησιν οἱ Κυρίου εἰς νεφέλαις ἀέρα 1 caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air "meet the Lord Jesus in the sky" 1TH 5 intro ay3d 0 # 1 Thessalonians 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul concludes his letter in a way that was typical of letters in the ancient Near East.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Day of the Lord
The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will be a surprise to the world. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to live prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

##### Quench the Spirit
This means to ignore or work against the Holy Spirit's guidance and work.
1TH 5 1 i2vm figs-exclusive 0 General Information: In this chapter the words "we" and "us" refer to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, unless otherwise noted. Also, the word "you" is plural and refers to the believers at the church of Thessalonica. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1TH 5 1 z1s6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues talking about the day Jesus will come back. -1TH 5 1 h84m 0 the times and seasons This refers to the events preceding the Lord Jesus' return. -1TH 5 1 uq3n 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 5 2 mcq9 0 perfectly well "very well" or "accurately" -1TH 5 2 tmj3 figs-simile 0 like a thief in the night Just as one does not know which night a thief may come, we do not know when the day of the Lord will come. Alternate translation: "unexpectedly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1TH 5 3 p1wi 0 When they say "When the people say" -1TH 5 3 ne9n 0 then sudden destruction "then unexpected destruction" -1TH 5 3 f1xr figs-simile 0 like birth pains in a pregnant woman Just as a pregnant woman's birth pains come suddenly and do not stop until the birth is complete, the destruction will come, and people will not escape. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1TH 5 4 rr9j 0 you, brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 5 4 b6lv figs-metaphor 0 are not in darkness Paul speaks of evil and ignorance about God as if they were darkness. Alternate translation: "you are not unknowing, like people who live in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 4 elp9 figs-simile 0 so that the day would overtake you like a thief The day when the Lord comes should not be a surprise to believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1TH 5 5 zp3z figs-metaphor 0 For you are all sons of the light and sons of the day Paul speaks of the truth as if it were light and day. Alternate translation: "For you know the truth, like people who live in the light, like people during the day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 1 h84m τῶν χρόνων καὶ τῶν καιρῶν 1 the times and seasons This refers to the events preceding the Lord Jesus' return. +1TH 5 1 uq3n ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 5 2 mcq9 ἀκριβῶς 1 perfectly well "very well" or "accurately" +1TH 5 2 tmj3 figs-simile οὕτως κλέπτης ἐν νυκτὶ 1 like a thief in the night Just as one does not know which night a thief may come, we do not know when the day of the Lord will come. Alternate translation: "unexpectedly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1TH 5 3 p1wi ὅταν λέγωσιν 1 When they say "When the people say" +1TH 5 3 ne9n τότε αἰφνίδιος ὄλεθρος 1 then sudden destruction "then unexpected destruction" +1TH 5 3 f1xr figs-simile ὥσπερ ἡ ὠδὶν ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσῃ 1 like birth pains in a pregnant woman Just as a pregnant woman's birth pains come suddenly and do not stop until the birth is complete, the destruction will come, and people will not escape. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1TH 5 4 rr9j ὑμεῖς, ἀδελφοί 1 you, brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 5 4 b6lv figs-metaphor ἐστὲ οὐκ ἐν σκότει 1 are not in darkness Paul speaks of evil and ignorance about God as if they were darkness. Alternate translation: "you are not unknowing, like people who live in the dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 4 elp9 figs-simile ἵνα ἡ ἡμέρα καταλάβῃ ὑμᾶς ὡς κλέπτας 1 so that the day would overtake you like a thief The day when the Lord comes should not be a surprise to believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1TH 5 5 zp3z figs-metaphor γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστε πάντες υἱοὶ φωτός καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 For you are all sons of the light and sons of the day Paul speaks of the truth as if it were light and day. Alternate translation: "For you know the truth, like people who live in the light, like people during the day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 5 d6fm figs-metaphor 0 We are not sons of the night or the darkness Paul speaks of evil and ignorance about God as if they were darkness. Alternate translation: We are not unknowing, like people who live in the darkness, like people at night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 6 us6s figs-metaphor 0 let us not sleep as the rest do Paul speaks of spiritual unawareness as if it were sleep. Alternate translation: "let us not be like others who are not aware that Jesus is coming back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 6 gu51 figs-inclusive 0 let us The word "us" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 5 6 d2aj figs-metaphor 0 keep watch and be sober Paul describes spiritual awareness as the opposite of sleep and drunkenness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 6 us6s figs-metaphor καθεύδωμεν μὴ καθεύδωμεν ὡς οἱ λοιποί 1 let us not sleep as the rest do Paul speaks of spiritual unawareness as if it were sleep. Alternate translation: "let us not be like others who are not aware that Jesus is coming back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 6 gu51 figs-inclusive καθεύδωμεν 1 let us The word "us" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +1TH 5 6 d2aj figs-metaphor γρηγορῶμεν καὶ νήφωμεν 1 keep watch and be sober Paul describes spiritual awareness as the opposite of sleep and drunkenness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 7 s253 figs-metaphor 0 For those who sleep do so at night Just as when people sleep and do not know what is happening, so the people of this world do not know that Christ will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 7 exa8 figs-metaphor 0 those who get drunk do so at night Paul is stating that it is at night when people become drunk, so when people are unaware of Christ's return they do not live a self-controlled life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 8 zj9r figs-inclusive 0 General Information: In verses 8-10 the word "we" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TH 5 8 wh3g figs-metaphor 0 we belong to the day Paul speaks of knowing the truth about God as belonging to the day. Alternate translation: "we know the truth" or "we have received the light of truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 8 i8j1 figs-metaphor 0 we must stay sober Paul compares being sober to exercising self-control. Alternate translation: "let us exercise self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 8 ev6i figs-metaphor 0 put on faith and love as a breastplate As a soldier would put on a breastplate to protect his body, a believer who lives by faith and love will find protection. Alternate translation: "protect ourselves with faith and love" or "protect ourselves by trusting Christ and loving him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 8 wh3g figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς ὄντες ἡμέρας 1 we belong to the day Paul speaks of knowing the truth about God as belonging to the day. Alternate translation: "we know the truth" or "we have received the light of truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 8 i8j1 figs-metaphor νήφωμεν 1 we must stay sober Paul compares being sober to exercising self-control. Alternate translation: "let us exercise self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 8 ev6i figs-metaphor ἐνδυσάμενοι πίστεως καὶ ἀγάπης θώρακα 1 put on faith and love as a breastplate As a soldier would put on a breastplate to protect his body, a believer who lives by faith and love will find protection. Alternate translation: "protect ourselves with faith and love" or "protect ourselves by trusting Christ and loving him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 8 fk6r figs-metaphor 0 the hope of salvation for our helmet As a helmet protects a soldier's head, assurance of salvation protects the believer. Alternate translation: "protect ourselves by being certain that Christ will save us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 10 w59c figs-euphemism 0 whether we are awake or asleep These are polite ways of saying alive or dead. Alternate translation: "whether we are alive or dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1TH 5 11 r921 figs-metaphor 0 build each other up Here "build" is a metaphor that means encourage. Alternate translation: "encourage each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 10 w59c figs-euphemism εἴτε γρηγορῶμεν εἴτε καθεύδωμεν 1 whether we are awake or asleep These are polite ways of saying alive or dead. Alternate translation: "whether we are alive or dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +1TH 5 11 r921 figs-metaphor οἰκοδομεῖτε εἷς ἕνα οἰκοδομεῖτε 1 build each other up Here "build" is a metaphor that means encourage. Alternate translation: "encourage each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TH 5 12 pd47 0 General Information: Paul begins to give his final instructions to the church in Thessalonica. -1TH 5 12 rka4 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow believers. -1TH 5 12 ksp2 0 to acknowledge those who labor "to esteem and appreciate those who are involved in leading" -1TH 5 12 fqh3 0 who are over you in the Lord This refers to people God appointed to serve as leaders of the local group of believers. +1TH 5 12 rka4 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow believers. +1TH 5 12 ksp2 εἰδέναι τοὺς κοπιῶντας 1 to acknowledge those who labor "to esteem and appreciate those who are involved in leading" +1TH 5 12 fqh3 προϊσταμένους ὑμῶν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 who are over you in the Lord This refers to people God appointed to serve as leaders of the local group of believers. 1TH 5 13 c966 0 regard them highly in love because of their work Paul exhorts the believers to love and esteem their church leaders. -1TH 5 16 chw9 0 Rejoice always Paul is exhorting the believers to maintain a spiritual attitude of rejoicing in all things. -1TH 5 17 l63i 0 Pray without ceasing Paul is exhorting the believers to be vigilant in prayer. -1TH 5 18 z9gg 0 In everything give thanks Paul is exhorting the believers to express thankfulness in all things. -1TH 5 18 bt5q 0 In everything In all circumstances -1TH 5 18 l3sk 0 For this is the will of God Paul is referring to the behavior he just mentioned as being God's will for the believers. -1TH 5 19 j1ei 0 Do not quench the Spirit "Do not stop the Holy Spirit from working among you" -1TH 5 20 iv1n 0 Do not despise prophecies "Do not have contempt for prophecies" or "Do not hate anything the Holy Spirit tells someone" -1TH 5 21 wx69 0 Test all things "Make sure that all messages that seem to come from God truly come from him" -1TH 5 21 r12r figs-metaphor 0 Hold on to what is good Paul speaks of messages from the Holy Spirit as if they were objects that one could grasp in his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TH 5 23 gu2c 0 make you completely holy This refers to God making a person sinless and perfect in his sight. -1TH 5 23 s36k figs-activepassive 0 May your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved without blame Here "spirit, soul, and body" represent the whole person. If your language does not have three words for these parts you can state it as "your whole life" or "you." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May God make your whole life without sin" or "May God keep you completely blameless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TH 5 24 mq2u 0 Faithful is he who calls you "He is faithful who calls you" -1TH 5 24 c3jg 0 the one who will also do it "he will be helping you" +1TH 5 16 chw9 χαίρετε πάντοτε 1 Rejoice always Paul is exhorting the believers to maintain a spiritual attitude of rejoicing in all things. +1TH 5 17 l63i προσεύχεσθε ἀδιαλείπτως 1 Pray without ceasing Paul is exhorting the believers to be vigilant in prayer. +1TH 5 18 z9gg ἐν παντὶ εὐχαριστεῖτε 1 In everything give thanks Paul is exhorting the believers to express thankfulness in all things. +1TH 5 18 bt5q ἐν παντὶ 1 In everything In all circumstances +1TH 5 18 l3sk γὰρ τοῦτο θέλημα Θεοῦ 1 For this is the will of God Paul is referring to the behavior he just mentioned as being God's will for the believers. +1TH 5 19 j1ei σβέννυτε μὴ σβέννυτε τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 Do not quench the Spirit "Do not stop the Holy Spirit from working among you" +1TH 5 20 iv1n ἐξουθενεῖτε μὴ ἐξουθενεῖτε προφητείας 1 Do not despise prophecies "Do not have contempt for prophecies" or "Do not hate anything the Holy Spirit tells someone" +1TH 5 21 wx69 δοκιμάζετε πάντα 1 Test all things "Make sure that all messages that seem to come from God truly come from him" +1TH 5 21 r12r figs-metaphor κατέχετε τὸ καλὸν 1 Hold on to what is good Paul speaks of messages from the Holy Spirit as if they were objects that one could grasp in his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TH 5 23 gu2c ἁγιάσαι ὑμᾶς ὁλοτελεῖς ἁγιάσαι 1 make you completely holy This refers to God making a person sinless and perfect in his sight. +1TH 5 23 s36k figs-activepassive τηρηθείη ὑμῶν ὁλόκληρον τὸ πνεῦμα, ἡ ψυχὴ, καὶ τὸ σῶμα τηρηθείη ἀμέμπτως 1 May your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved without blame Here "spirit, soul, and body" represent the whole person. If your language does not have three words for these parts you can state it as "your whole life" or "you." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "May God make your whole life without sin" or "May God keep you completely blameless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TH 5 24 mq2u πιστὸς ὁ καλῶν ὑμᾶς 1 Faithful is he who calls you "He is faithful who calls you" +1TH 5 24 c3jg ὃς ποιήσει καὶ ποιήσει 1 the one who will also do it "he will be helping you" 1TH 5 25 q8ki 0 General Information: Paul gives his closing statements. -1TH 5 26 qa1c 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. -1TH 5 27 n5cn figs-activepassive 0 I solemnly charge you by the Lord to have this letter read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I urge you, as if the Lord were speaking to you, to have people read this letter" or "With the authority of the Lord I direct you to read this letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TH 5 26 qa1c ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians. +1TH 5 27 n5cn figs-activepassive ἐνορκίζω ὑμᾶς τὸν Κύριον ἀναγνωσθῆναι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀναγνωσθῆναι 1 I solemnly charge you by the Lord to have this letter read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I urge you, as if the Lord were speaking to you, to have people read this letter" or "With the authority of the Lord I direct you to read this letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_54-2TH.tsv b/en_tn_54-2TH.tsv index e9f3699d59..fd3d681983 100644 --- a/en_tn_54-2TH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_54-2TH.tsv @@ -2,115 +2,115 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2TH front intro krd6 0 # Introduction to 2 Thessalonians
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 2 Thessalonians

1. Greetings and thanksgiving (1:1-3)
1. Christians suffering from persecution
- They are worthy of the kingdom of God and of his promise of relief from trials (1:4-7)
- God will judge those who persecute Christians (1:8-12)
1. Some believers' misunderstanding about the second coming of Christ
- Christ's return has not yet happened (2:1-2)
- Instruction about the events that will precede the return of Christ (2:3-12)
1. Paul's confidence that God will save the Thessalonian Christians
- His call to "stand firm" (2:13-15)
- His prayer that God will comfort them (2:16-17)
1. Paul requests that the Thessalonian believers pray for him (3:1-5)
1. Paul give commands about idle believers (3:6-15)
1. Closing (3:16-17)

#### Who wrote 2 Thessalonians?

Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul wrote this letter while staying in the city of Corinth.

#### What is the Book of 2 Thessalonians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the city of Thessalonica. He encouraged the believers because they were being persecuted. He told them to continue living in a way that pleased God. And he wanted to teach them again about Christ's return.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Thessalonians" or "Second Thessalonians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Thessalonica," or "The Second Letter to the Christians in Thessalonica." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus?

Paul wrote much in this letter about Jesus' eventual return to Earth. When Jesus returns, he will judge all mankind. He will also rule over creation. And he will cause there to be peace everywhere. Paul also explained that a "man of lawlessness" will come before Christ's return. This person will obey Satan and cause many people to oppose God. But Jesus will destroy this person when he returns.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What did Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?

Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Thessalonians?

For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "and the man of lawlessness is revealed" (2:3). The ULT, UST, and most modern versions read this way. Older versions have, "and the man of sin is revealed."
* "For God chose you as the firstfruits for salvation" (2:13) The ULT, UST, and some other versions read this way. Other versions have, "For God chose you from the first for salvation."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
2TH 1 intro m987 0 # 2 Thessalonians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Verses 1-2 formally introduce this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East commonly had introductions of this type.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in verses 4-5: "We talk about your patience and faith in all your persecutions. We talk about the afflictions that you endure. This is a sign of God's righteous judgment." People would not normally think that believing in God while being persecuted is a sign of God's righteous judgment. But in verses 5-10, Paul explains how God will reward those who believe in him and how he will judge those who afflict them. ([2 Thessalonians 1:4-5](./04.md))
## Links:

* __[2 Thessalonians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__

* __[2 Thessalonians intro](../front/intro.md) | [>>](../02/intro.md)__
2TH 1 1 b6vf figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Paul is the author of this letter, but he includes Silvanus and Timothy as senders of the letter. He begins by greeting the church at Thessalonica. The words "we" and "us" refer to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, unless otherwise noted. Also, the word "you" is plural and refers to the believers at the church of Thessalonica. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -2TH 1 1 hm3e 0 Silvanus This is the Latin form of "Silas." He is the same person listed in the book of Acts as Paul's fellow traveler. -2TH 1 2 g6rb 0 Grace to you Paul commonly uses this greeting in his letters. +2TH 1 1 hm3e Σιλουανὸς 1 Silvanus This is the Latin form of "Silas." He is the same person listed in the book of Acts as Paul's fellow traveler. +2TH 1 2 g6rb χάρις ὑμῖν 1 Grace to you Paul commonly uses this greeting in his letters. 2TH 1 3 m6z5 0 General Information: Paul gives thanks for the believers in Thessalonica. -2TH 1 3 ea59 figs-hyperbole 0 We should always give thanks to God Paul uses "always" as a generalization meaning "often" or "regularly. The sentence emphasizes the greatness of what God is doing in the lives of the Thessalonian believers. Alternate translation: "We should often give thanks to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2TH 1 3 h6t9 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 1 3 ea59 figs-hyperbole εὐχαριστεῖν ὀφείλομεν πάντοτε εὐχαριστεῖν τῷ Θεῷ 1 We should always give thanks to God Paul uses "always" as a generalization meaning "often" or "regularly. The sentence emphasizes the greatness of what God is doing in the lives of the Thessalonian believers. Alternate translation: "We should often give thanks to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2TH 1 3 h6t9 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 2TH 1 3 u3m8 0 This is appropriate "It is the right thing to do" or "It is good" 2TH 1 3 xy7k 0 the love each of you has for one another increases "you sincerely love one another" -2TH 1 3 bmn6 0 one another Here "one another" means fellow Christians. -2TH 1 4 kx1n figs-rpronouns 0 we ourselves Here "ourselves" is used to emphasize Paul's boasting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -2TH 1 5 dad9 figs-activepassive 0 You will be considered worthy of the kingdom of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God will consider you worthy to be part of his kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 1 3 bmn6 ἀλλήλους 1 one another Here "one another" means fellow Christians. +2TH 1 4 kx1n figs-rpronouns ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς 1 we ourselves Here "ourselves" is used to emphasize Paul's boasting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +2TH 1 5 dad9 figs-activepassive ὑμᾶς καταξιωθῆναι τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 You will be considered worthy of the kingdom of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God will consider you worthy to be part of his kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2TH 1 6 wrg2 0 Connecting Statement: As Paul continues, he talks about God being just. 2TH 1 6 cxx1 0 it is righteous for God "God is right" or "God is just" -2TH 1 6 id3i figs-metaphor 0 for God to return affliction to those who afflict you Here "to return" is a metaphor that means to cause someone to experience the same thing they did to someone else. Alternate translation: "for God to afflict those who afflict you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2TH 1 7 hxy2 figs-metaphor 0 and relief to you These words continue the description of what God is right "to return" to people (verse 6). This is a metaphor that means to cause someone to experience the same thing they did to someone else. Alternate translation: "and to relieve you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2TH 1 7 lu43 figs-ellipsis 0 relief to you You can make it explicit that God is the one who provides relief. Alternate translation: "for God to provide relief to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +2TH 1 6 id3i figs-metaphor παρὰ Θεῷ ἀνταποδοῦναι θλῖψιν τοῖς θλίβουσιν ὑμᾶς 1 for God to return affliction to those who afflict you Here "to return" is a metaphor that means to cause someone to experience the same thing they did to someone else. Alternate translation: "for God to afflict those who afflict you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 1 7 hxy2 figs-metaphor καὶ ἄνεσιν ὑμῖν 1 and relief to you These words continue the description of what God is right "to return" to people (verse 6). This is a metaphor that means to cause someone to experience the same thing they did to someone else. Alternate translation: "and to relieve you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 1 7 lu43 figs-ellipsis ἄνεσιν ὑμῖν 1 relief to you You can make it explicit that God is the one who provides relief. Alternate translation: "for God to provide relief to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2TH 1 7 yix7 0 the angels of his power "his powerful angels" -2TH 1 8 y3uv 0 In flaming fire he will take vengeance on those who do not know God and on those who "He will punish with blazing fire those who do not know God and those who" or "Then with blazing fire he will punish those who do not know God and those who" +2TH 1 8 y3uv ἐν φλογός πυρὶ διδόντος ἐκδίκησιν τοῖς εἰδόσι μὴ εἰδόσι Θεὸν καὶ τοῖς 1 In flaming fire he will take vengeance on those who do not know God and on those who "He will punish with blazing fire those who do not know God and those who" or "Then with blazing fire he will punish those who do not know God and those who" 2TH 1 9 plw5 figs-activepassive 0 They will be punished Here "They" refers to the people who do not obey the gospel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Lord will punish them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 1 10 ugk9 0 when he comes on that day Here "that day" is the day when Jesus will return to the world. -2TH 1 10 bi2u figs-activepassive 0 to be glorified by his people and to be marveled at by all those who believed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when his people will glorify him and all those who believed will stand in awe of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 1 11 ik19 0 we also pray continually for you Paul is emphasizing how often he prays for them. Alternate translation: we also pray regularly for you" or "we continue to pray for you" -2TH 1 11 hiv9 0 calling Here "calling" refers to God appointing or choosing people to be his children and servants, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus. -2TH 1 11 r8gk 0 fulfill every desire of goodness "make you able to do good in every way that you desire" -2TH 1 12 q994 figs-activepassive 0 that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified by you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you may glorify the name of our Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 1 10 ugk9 ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 when he comes on that day Here "that day" is the day when Jesus will return to the world. +2TH 1 10 bi2u figs-activepassive ἐνδοξασθῆναι ἐν αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἁγίοις καὶ θαυμασθῆναι ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς πιστεύσασιν 1 to be glorified by his people and to be marveled at by all those who believed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when his people will glorify him and all those who believed will stand in awe of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 1 11 ik19 προσευχόμεθα καὶ προσευχόμεθα πάντοτε περὶ ὑμῶν 1 we also pray continually for you Paul is emphasizing how often he prays for them. Alternate translation: we also pray regularly for you" or "we continue to pray for you" +2TH 1 11 hiv9 τῆς κλήσεως 1 calling Here "calling" refers to God appointing or choosing people to be his children and servants, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus. +2TH 1 11 r8gk πληρώσῃ πᾶσαν εὐδοκίαν ἀγαθωσύνης 1 fulfill every desire of goodness "make you able to do good in every way that you desire" +2TH 1 12 q994 figs-activepassive ὅπως τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἡμῶν Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ ἐνδοξασθῇ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified by you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you may glorify the name of our Lord Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2TH 1 12 pg2i figs-activepassive 0 you will be glorified by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus will glorify you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 1 12 z8k9 0 because of the grace of our God "because of God's grace" +2TH 1 12 z8k9 κατὰ τὴν χάριν ἡμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 because of the grace of our God "because of God's grace" 2TH 2 intro jq9r 0 # 2 Thessalonians 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Being gathered together to be with him"

This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### Man of lawlessness
This is the same as "son of destruction" and "lawless one" in this chapter. Paul associates him with Satan actively working in the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]])

##### Sits in the temple of God
Paul could be referring to the Jerusalem temple that the Romans destroyed several years after he wrote this letter. Or he could be referring to a future physical temple, or to the church as the spiritual temple of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2TH 2 1 r36t 0 General Information: Paul exhorts believers not to be deceived about the day Jesus will come back. -2TH 2 1 q1uq 0 Now The word "Now" marks a change of topic in Paul's instructions. -2TH 2 1 cvg5 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2TH 2 2 b8b2 0 that you not be easily disturbed or troubled "that you do not easily let yourselves be disturbed" +2TH 2 1 q1uq δὲ 1 Now The word "Now" marks a change of topic in Paul's instructions. +2TH 2 1 cvg5 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 2 2 b8b2 εἰς ὑμᾶς μὴ σαλευθῆναι ταχέως σαλευθῆναι μηδὲ θροεῖσθαι 1 that you not be easily disturbed or troubled "that you do not easily let yourselves be disturbed" 2TH 2 2 d334 0 by a message, or by a letter that seems to be coming from us "by spoken word or by written letter that pretends to be coming from us" 2TH 2 2 k4dk 0 to the effect that "saying that" -2TH 2 2 ib6m 0 the day of the Lord This refers to the time when Jesus will come back to the earth for all believers. +2TH 2 2 ib6m ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the day of the Lord This refers to the time when Jesus will come back to the earth for all believers. 2TH 2 3 l9c5 0 General Information: Paul teaches about the man of lawlessness. 2TH 2 3 ej66 0 it will not come "the day of the Lord will not come" -2TH 2 3 y7ch 0 the falling away This refers to a future time when many people will turn away from God. -2TH 2 3 e86v figs-activepassive 0 the man of lawlessness is revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God reveals the man of lawlessness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 3 tkg9 figs-metaphor 0 the son of destruction Paul speaks of destruction as a person who bore a son whose goal is to totally destroy everything. Alternate translation: "the one who destroys everything he can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 2 3 y7ch ἡ ἀποστασία 1 the falling away This refers to a future time when many people will turn away from God. +2TH 2 3 e86v figs-activepassive ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας ἀποκαλυφθῇ 1 the man of lawlessness is revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God reveals the man of lawlessness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 2 3 tkg9 figs-metaphor ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας 1 the son of destruction Paul speaks of destruction as a person who bore a son whose goal is to totally destroy everything. Alternate translation: "the one who destroys everything he can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2TH 2 4 t485 figs-activepassive 0 all that is called God or that is worshiped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everything that people consider to be God or everything that people worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2TH 2 4 wj33 0 exhibits himself as God "shows himself as God" 2TH 2 5 rsz1 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not remember ... these things? Paul uses a rhetorical question to remind them of his teaching when he was with them previously. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "I am sure you remember ... these things." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2TH 2 5 lkk7 0 these things This refers to the return of Jesus, the day of the Lord, and the man of lawlessness. +2TH 2 5 lkk7 ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to the return of Jesus, the day of the Lord, and the man of lawlessness. 2TH 2 6 ask4 figs-activepassive 0 he will be revealed only at the right time This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will reveal the man of lawlessness when the time is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 7 si9i 0 mystery of lawlessness This refers to a sacred secret that only God knows. +2TH 2 7 si9i μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας 1 mystery of lawlessness This refers to a sacred secret that only God knows. 2TH 2 7 fcu7 0 who restrains him To restrain someone is to hold them back or to keep them from doing what they want to do. 2TH 2 8 hn67 figs-activepassive 0 Then the lawless one will be revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then God will allow the lawless one to show himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 8 vay9 figs-metonymy 0 with the breath of his mouth Here "breath" represents the power of God. Alternate translation: "by the power of his spoken word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2TH 2 8 hy3y 0 bring him to nothing by the revelation of his coming When Jesus returns to earth and shows himself, he will defeat the lawless one. -2TH 2 9 bd5m 0 with all power, signs, and false wonders "with all kinds of power, signs, and false wonders" -2TH 2 10 tf75 0 with all deceit of unrighteousness This person will use every sort of evil to deceive people to believe in him instead of God. +2TH 2 8 vay9 figs-metonymy τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος 1 with the breath of his mouth Here "breath" represents the power of God. Alternate translation: "by the power of his spoken word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2TH 2 8 hy3y καταργήσει αὐτοῦ καταργήσει τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ αὐτοῦ παρουσίας 1 bring him to nothing by the revelation of his coming When Jesus returns to earth and shows himself, he will defeat the lawless one. +2TH 2 9 bd5m ἐν πάσῃ δυνάμει, σημείοις, καὶ ψεύδους τέρασιν 1 with all power, signs, and false wonders "with all kinds of power, signs, and false wonders" +2TH 2 10 tf75 ἐν πάσῃ ἀπάτῃ ἀδικίας 1 with all deceit of unrighteousness This person will use every sort of evil to deceive people to believe in him instead of God. 2TH 2 10 v366 0 These things will be for those who are perishing This man who is given power by Satan will deceive everyone who did not believe in Jesus. -2TH 2 10 pf48 0 who are perishing Here "perishing" has the concept of everlasting or eternal destruction. -2TH 2 11 sj1v 0 For this reason "Because the people do not love the truth" -2TH 2 11 en8e figs-metaphor 0 God is sending them a work of error so that they would believe a lie Paul is speaking of God allowing something to happen to people as if he is sending them something. Alternate translation: "God is allowing the man of lawlessness to deceive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2TH 2 12 d63e figs-activepassive 0 they will all be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will judge all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 12 pkw8 0 those who did not believe the truth but instead took pleasure in unrighteousness "those who took pleasure in unrighteousness because they did not believe the truth" +2TH 2 10 pf48 ἀπολλυμένοις 1 who are perishing Here "perishing" has the concept of everlasting or eternal destruction. +2TH 2 11 sj1v διὰ τοῦτο διὰ 1 For this reason "Because the people do not love the truth" +2TH 2 11 en8e figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς πέμπει αὐτοῖς ἐνέργειαν πλάνης εἰς αὐτοὺς πιστεῦσαι τῷ ψεύδει 1 God is sending them a work of error so that they would believe a lie Paul is speaking of God allowing something to happen to people as if he is sending them something. Alternate translation: "God is allowing the man of lawlessness to deceive them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 2 12 d63e figs-activepassive κριθῶσιν πάντες κριθῶσιν 1 they will all be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will judge all of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 2 12 pkw8 οἱ πιστεύσαντες μὴ πιστεύσαντες τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἀλλὰ εὐδοκήσαντες τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 those who did not believe the truth but instead took pleasure in unrighteousness "those who took pleasure in unrighteousness because they did not believe the truth" 2TH 2 13 w83a 0 General Information: Paul gives thanks to God for the believers and encourages them. 2TH 2 13 bcd5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul now changes topics. -2TH 2 13 b3hh 0 But Paul uses this word here to mark a change in topic. -2TH 2 13 dze5 figs-hyperbole 0 we should always give thanks The word "always" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "we should continually give thanks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2TH 2 13 m418 0 we should Here "we" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy. -2TH 2 13 ia4x figs-activepassive 0 brothers loved by the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the Lord loves you, brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 13 v15j figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2TH 2 13 l7a8 figs-metaphor 0 as the firstfruits for salvation in sanctification of the Spirit and belief in the truth Being among the first people to be saved is spoken of as if the Thessalonian believers are "firstfruits." This can also be stated to remove the abstract nouns "salvation," "sanctification," "belief," and "truth." Alternate translation: "to be among the first people who believe what is true, and whom God has saved and set apart for himself by his Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2TH 2 15 u9ss 0 So then, brothers, stand firm Paul exhorts the believers to hold fast to their faith in Jesus. -2TH 2 15 l4vr figs-metaphor 0 hold tightly to the traditions Here "traditions" refers to the truths of Christ that Paul and the other apostles taught. Paul speaks of them as if his readers could hold on to them with their hands. Alternate translation: "remember the traditions" or "believe the truths" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2TH 2 15 whp8 figs-activepassive 0 you were taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we have taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 2 15 z2vs figs-explicit 0 whether by word or by our letter "By word" here is a synecdoche for "by instructions" or "by teachings." You can make clear the implicit information. Alternate translation: "whether by what we taught you in person or by what we wrote to you in a letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2TH 2 13 b3hh δὲ 1 But Paul uses this word here to mark a change in topic. +2TH 2 13 dze5 figs-hyperbole ἡμεῖς ὀφείλομεν πάντοτε εὐχαριστεῖν 1 we should always give thanks The word "always" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "we should continually give thanks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2TH 2 13 m418 ἡμεῖς ὀφείλομεν 1 we should Here "we" refers to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy. +2TH 2 13 ia4x figs-activepassive ἀδελφοὶ ἠγαπημένοι ὑπὸ Κυρίου 1 brothers loved by the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the Lord loves you, brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 2 13 v15j figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 2 13 l7a8 figs-metaphor ἀπαρχὴν εἰς σωτηρίαν ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος καὶ πίστει ἀληθείας 1 as the firstfruits for salvation in sanctification of the Spirit and belief in the truth Being among the first people to be saved is spoken of as if the Thessalonian believers are "firstfruits." This can also be stated to remove the abstract nouns "salvation," "sanctification," "belief," and "truth." Alternate translation: "to be among the first people who believe what is true, and whom God has saved and set apart for himself by his Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2TH 2 15 u9ss ἄρα οὖν, ἀδελφοί, στήκετε 1 So then, brothers, stand firm Paul exhorts the believers to hold fast to their faith in Jesus. +2TH 2 15 l4vr figs-metaphor κρατεῖτε τὰς παραδόσεις 1 hold tightly to the traditions Here "traditions" refers to the truths of Christ that Paul and the other apostles taught. Paul speaks of them as if his readers could hold on to them with their hands. Alternate translation: "remember the traditions" or "believe the truths" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 2 15 whp8 figs-activepassive ἐδιδάχθητε 1 you were taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we have taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 2 15 z2vs figs-explicit εἴτε διὰ λόγου εἴτε δι’ ἡμῶν ἐπιστολῆς 1 whether by word or by our letter "By word" here is a synecdoche for "by instructions" or "by teachings." You can make clear the implicit information. Alternate translation: "whether by what we taught you in person or by what we wrote to you in a letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2TH 2 16 njk1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul ends with a blessing from God. -2TH 2 16 g8m1 0 Now Paul uses this word here to mark a change in topic. +2TH 2 16 g8m1 δὲ 1 Now Paul uses this word here to mark a change in topic. 2TH 2 16 yge9 figs-inclusive 0 may our Lord ... who loved us and gave us The words "our" and "us" refer to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -2TH 2 16 cm54 figs-rpronouns 0 Lord Jesus Christ himself Here "himself" gives additional emphasis to the phrase "Lord Jesus Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -2TH 2 17 x3rr figs-metonymy 0 comfort and establish your hearts in Here "hearts" represents the seat of emotions. Alternate translation: "comfort you and strengthen you for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2TH 2 17 yw5f 0 every good work and word "every good thing you do and say" +2TH 2 16 cm54 figs-rpronouns ὁ Κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς αὐτὸς 1 Lord Jesus Christ himself Here "himself" gives additional emphasis to the phrase "Lord Jesus Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +2TH 2 17 x3rr figs-metonymy παρακαλέσαι καὶ στηρίξαι ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας ἐν 1 comfort and establish your hearts in Here "hearts" represents the seat of emotions. Alternate translation: "comfort you and strengthen you for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2TH 2 17 yw5f παντὶ ἀγαθῷ ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳ 1 every good work and word "every good thing you do and say" 2TH 3 intro b8hk 0 # 2 Thessalonians 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Idle and lazy persons
In Thessalonica, there apparently was a problem with people in the church who were able to work but refused to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### What should you do if your brother sins?

In this chapter, Paul teaches that Christians need to live in a way that honors God. Christians should also encourage one another and hold each other accountable for what they do. The church is also responsible for encouraging believers to repent if they sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
2TH 3 1 k33i 0 General Information: Paul asks the believers to pray for him and his companions. 2TH 3 1 jy75 0 Now Paul uses the word "now" to mark a change in topic. -2TH 3 1 m1s5 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2TH 3 1 r54v figs-metaphor 0 that the word of the Lord may rush and be glorified, as it also is with you Paul speaks of God's word spreading as if it were running from place to place. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that more and more people will soon hear our message about our Lord Jesus and honor it, as happened with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 3 2 xg2h figs-activepassive 0 that we may be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God may save us" or "that God may rescue us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2TH 3 2 p1ct 0 for not all have faith "for many people do not believe in Jesus" -2TH 3 3 yx9g 0 who will establish you "who will strengthen you" -2TH 3 3 p91k 0 the evil one "Satan" -2TH 3 4 xk85 0 We have confidence "We have faith" or "We trust" -2TH 3 5 giz4 figs-metonymy 0 direct your hearts Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or mind. Alternate translation: "cause you to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2TH 3 5 wre3 figs-metaphor 0 to the love of God and to the endurance of Christ Paul speaks of God's love and Christ's endurance as if they were destinations on a path. Alternate translation: "how much God loves you and how much Christ has endured for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 3 1 m1s5 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 3 1 r54v figs-metaphor ἵνα ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου τρέχῃ καὶ δοξάζηται, καθὼς καὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 that the word of the Lord may rush and be glorified, as it also is with you Paul speaks of God's word spreading as if it were running from place to place. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that more and more people will soon hear our message about our Lord Jesus and honor it, as happened with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 3 2 xg2h figs-activepassive ἵνα ῥυσθῶμεν 1 that we may be delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God may save us" or "that God may rescue us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2TH 3 2 p1ct γὰρ οὐ πάντων ἡ πίστις 1 for not all have faith "for many people do not believe in Jesus" +2TH 3 3 yx9g ὃς στηρίξει ὑμᾶς 1 who will establish you "who will strengthen you" +2TH 3 3 p91k τοῦ πονηροῦ 1 the evil one "Satan" +2TH 3 4 xk85 πεποίθαμεν 1 We have confidence "We have faith" or "We trust" +2TH 3 5 giz4 figs-metonymy κατευθύναι ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 direct your hearts Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or mind. Alternate translation: "cause you to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2TH 3 5 wre3 figs-metaphor εἰς τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ εἰς τὴν ὑπομονὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 to the love of God and to the endurance of Christ Paul speaks of God's love and Christ's endurance as if they were destinations on a path. Alternate translation: "how much God loves you and how much Christ has endured for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2TH 3 6 mst3 0 General Information: Paul gives the believers some final instructions about working and not being idle. -2TH 3 6 v33v 0 Now Paul uses this word to mark a change in topic. -2TH 3 6 x9l8 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2TH 3 6 y4a9 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "as if our Lord Jesus Christ himself were speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2TH 3 6 jvw1 figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Here "our" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -2TH 3 7 h222 0 to imitate us "to act the way that my fellow workers and I act" +2TH 3 6 v33v δὲ 1 Now Paul uses this word to mark a change in topic. +2TH 3 6 x9l8 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 3 6 y4a9 figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "as if our Lord Jesus Christ himself were speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2TH 3 6 jvw1 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 our Lord Here "our" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +2TH 3 7 h222 μιμεῖσθαι ἡμᾶς 1 to imitate us "to act the way that my fellow workers and I act" 2TH 3 7 b1i1 figs-doublenegatives 0 We did not live among you as those who had no discipline Paul uses a double negative to emphasize the positive. This can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: "We lived among you as those who had much discipline" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -2TH 3 8 d9h1 figs-merism 0 we worked night and day "we worked during the night and during the day." Here "night" and "day" are a merism and they mean "all the time." Alternate translation: "we worked all the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -2TH 3 8 w8fq figs-doublet 0 in difficult labor and hardship Paul emphasizes how hard his circumstances were. Difficult labor implies work that requires great effort. Hardship implies they endured pain and suffering. Alternate translation: "in very difficult circumstances" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +2TH 3 8 d9h1 figs-merism ἐργαζόμενοι νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας 1 we worked night and day "we worked during the night and during the day." Here "night" and "day" are a merism and they mean "all the time." Alternate translation: "we worked all the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +2TH 3 8 w8fq figs-doublet ἐν κόπῳ καὶ μόχθῳ 1 in difficult labor and hardship Paul emphasizes how hard his circumstances were. Difficult labor implies work that requires great effort. Hardship implies they endured pain and suffering. Alternate translation: "in very difficult circumstances" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2TH 3 9 sn3k figs-doublenegatives 0 We did this not because we have no authority. Instead, we did Paul uses a double negative to emphasize the positive. This can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: "We certainly have the right to receive food from you, but instead we worked for our food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -2TH 3 10 c652 figs-doublenegatives 0 The one who is unwilling to work must not eat This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "If a person wants to eat, he must work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -2TH 3 11 ey6c figs-metaphor 0 some walk idly Here "walk" stands for behavior in life. Alternate translation: "some live idle lives" or "some are lazy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2TH 3 10 c652 figs-doublenegatives τις οὐ θέλει ἐργάζεσθαι μηδὲ ἐσθιέτω 1 The one who is unwilling to work must not eat This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "If a person wants to eat, he must work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +2TH 3 11 ey6c figs-metaphor τινας περιπατοῦντας ἀτάκτως 1 some walk idly Here "walk" stands for behavior in life. Alternate translation: "some live idle lives" or "some are lazy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2TH 3 11 iv1z 0 but are instead meddlers Meddlers are people who interfere in the affairs of others without being asked to help. -2TH 3 12 bm6z 0 with quietness "in a quiet, peaceful, and mild manner." Paul exhorts the meddlers to stop getting involved in other people's affairs. -2TH 3 13 jx8t 0 But Paul uses this word to contrast the lazy believers with the hardworking believers. -2TH 3 13 e59v figs-you 0 you, brothers The word "you" refers to all the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -2TH 3 13 usu9 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2TH 3 14 mzs4 0 if anyone does not obey our word "if anyone does not obey our instructions" -2TH 3 14 nv3v figs-idiom 0 take note of him Notice who he is. Alternate translation: "publicly identify that person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2TH 3 14 y552 0 so that he may be ashamed Paul instructs believers to shun lazy believers as a disciplinary action. +2TH 3 12 bm6z μετὰ ἡσυχίας 1 with quietness "in a quiet, peaceful, and mild manner." Paul exhorts the meddlers to stop getting involved in other people's affairs. +2TH 3 13 jx8t δέ 1 But Paul uses this word to contrast the lazy believers with the hardworking believers. +2TH 3 13 e59v figs-you ὑμεῖς, ἀδελφοί 1 you, brothers The word "you" refers to all the Thessalonian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +2TH 3 13 usu9 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here "brothers" means fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +2TH 3 14 mzs4 εἰ τις ὑπακούει οὐχ ὑπακούει ἡμῶν τῷ λόγῳ 1 if anyone does not obey our word "if anyone does not obey our instructions" +2TH 3 14 nv3v figs-idiom σημειοῦσθε τοῦτον 1 take note of him Notice who he is. Alternate translation: "publicly identify that person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2TH 3 14 y552 ἵνα ἐντραπῇ 1 so that he may be ashamed Paul instructs believers to shun lazy believers as a disciplinary action. 2TH 3 16 nef4 0 General Information: Paul makes closing remarks to the believers at Thessalonica. -2TH 3 16 whb9 figs-explicit 0 may the Lord of peace himself give you You can make explicit that this is Paul's prayer for the Thessalonians. Alternate translation: "I pray that the Lord of peace himself gives you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2TH 3 16 zl1s figs-rpronouns 0 the Lord of peace himself Here "himself" emphasizes that the Lord will personally give peace to believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +2TH 3 16 whb9 figs-explicit δῴη ὁ Κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης αὐτὸς δῴη ὑμῖν 1 may the Lord of peace himself give you You can make explicit that this is Paul's prayer for the Thessalonians. Alternate translation: "I pray that the Lord of peace himself gives you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2TH 3 16 zl1s figs-rpronouns ὁ Κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης αὐτὸς 1 the Lord of peace himself Here "himself" emphasizes that the Lord will personally give peace to believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2TH 3 17 c2cb 0 This is my greeting, Paul, with my own hand, which is the sign in every letter "I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand, which I do in every letter, as a sign that this letter is truly from me" -2TH 3 17 wg3f 0 This is how I write Paul makes it clear that this letter is from him and is not a forgery. +2TH 3 17 wg3f 0 This is how I write Paul makes it clear that this letter is from him and is not a forgery. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_55-1TI.tsv b/en_tn_55-1TI.tsv index 67e0c107ea..53491bb686 100644 --- a/en_tn_55-1TI.tsv +++ b/en_tn_55-1TI.tsv @@ -2,349 +2,349 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1TI front intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy

1. Greetings (1:1,2)
1. Paul and Timothy
- Warning about false teachers (1:3-11)
- Paul thankful for what Christ has done in his ministry (1:12-17)
- He calls Timothy to fight in this spiritual battle (1:18-20)
1. Prayer for all (2:1-8)
1. Roles and responsibilities in the church (2:9-6:2)
1. Warnings
- Second warning about false teachers (6:3-5)
- Money (6:6-10)
1. Description of a man of God (6:11-16)
1. Note to the wealthy people (6:17-19)
1. Closing words to Timothy (6:20,21)

#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy?

Paul wrote 1 Timothy. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

This book is the first letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul probably wrote it near the end of his life.

#### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about?

Paul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed included church worship, qualifications for church leaders, and warnings against false teachers. This letter shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 Timothy" or "First Timothy." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to Timothy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is discipleship?

Discipleship is the process of making people to be disciples of Christ. The goal of discipleship is to encourage other Christians to be more like Christ. This letter gives many instructions about how a leader should train a less mature Christian. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

##### Singular and plural "you"
In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 6:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

#### What did Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?

Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 1 Timothy?

For the following verse, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "godliness is a way to get more money." Some older versions of the Bible read this way, "godliness is a way to get more money: withdraw from such things." (6:5)

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1TI 1 intro a4v2 0 # 1 Timothy 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Spiritual children
In this chapter, Paul calls Timothy a "son" and his "child." Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul called Timothy his "son in the faith." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Genealogies

Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Most important people had records of their genealogies.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Play on words
The phrase "the law is good if one uses it lawfully" is a play on words. The words "law" and "lawfully" sound similar in the original language.
1TI 1 1 u1g9 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: In this book, unless otherwise noted, the word "our" refers to Paul and Timothy (the one to whom this letter is written), as well as to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TI 1 1 i3zz 0 Paul, an apostle "I, Paul, wrote this letter. I am an apostle." Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Immediately after introducing the writer, you may want to indicate to whom the letter was written, as in the UST. -1TI 1 1 xl6d 0 according to the commandment of "by the command of" or "by the authority of" -1TI 1 1 wb8j 0 God our Savior "God who saves us" +1TI 1 1 i3zz Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος 1 Paul, an apostle "I, Paul, wrote this letter. I am an apostle." Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Immediately after introducing the writer, you may want to indicate to whom the letter was written, as in the UST. +1TI 1 1 xl6d κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν Θεοῦ 1 according to the commandment of "by the command of" or "by the authority of" +1TI 1 1 wb8j Θεοῦ ἡμῶν Σωτῆρος 1 God our Savior "God who saves us" 1TI 1 1 sw77 figs-metonymy 0 Christ Jesus our hope Here "our confidence" refers to the person in whom we have confidence. Alternate translation: "Christ Jesus, who is the one in whom we have confidence" or "Christ Jesus, whom we trust" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 1 2 pyi6 figs-metaphor 0 true son in the faith Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though they were father and son. This shows Paul's sincere love and approval of Timothy. It is also likely that Timothy was converted to Christ by Paul, and so this is why Paul considered him like his own child. Alternate translation: "who is truly like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 2 rd5v 0 Grace, mercy, and peace "May grace, mercy, and peace be yours," or "May you experience kindness, mercy, and peace" -1TI 1 2 p4lz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 God the Father "God, who is our Father." Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1TI 1 2 zx37 0 Christ Jesus our Lord "Christ Jesus, who is our Lord" +1TI 1 2 pyi6 figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ ἐν πίστει 1 true son in the faith Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though they were father and son. This shows Paul's sincere love and approval of Timothy. It is also likely that Timothy was converted to Christ by Paul, and so this is why Paul considered him like his own child. Alternate translation: "who is truly like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 2 rd5v χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 Grace, mercy, and peace "May grace, mercy, and peace be yours," or "May you experience kindness, mercy, and peace" +1TI 1 2 p4lz guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 God the Father "God, who is our Father." Here "Father" is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1TI 1 2 zx37 Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Christ Jesus our Lord "Christ Jesus, who is our Lord" 1TI 1 3 k35a figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" in this letter is singular and refers to Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1TI 1 3 k4tm 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages Timothy to reject the wrong use of the law and use good teaching from God. -1TI 1 3 l4br 0 As I urged you "As I pleaded with you" or "As I asked you very strongly" -1TI 1 3 amp4 0 remain in Ephesus "wait for me there in the city of Ephesus" -1TI 1 3 v4g2 figs-explicit 0 a different doctrine The implied information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "a different doctrine from what we teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 1 4 ecf5 figs-ellipsis 0 Neither should they pay attention The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "And I also want you to command them not to pay attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1TI 1 4 pw2h 0 to stories These may have been stories about their ancestors. -1TI 1 4 qpv9 figs-hyperbole 0 endless genealogies With the word "endless" Paul uses exaggeration to emphasize that the genealogies are very long. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -1TI 1 4 ft33 0 genealogies the written or verbal record of a person's parents and ancestors +1TI 1 3 l4br καθὼς παρεκάλεσά σε 1 As I urged you "As I pleaded with you" or "As I asked you very strongly" +1TI 1 3 amp4 προσμεῖναι ἐν Ἐφέσῳ 1 remain in Ephesus "wait for me there in the city of Ephesus" +1TI 1 3 v4g2 figs-explicit ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖν 1 a different doctrine The implied information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "a different doctrine from what we teach" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TI 1 4 ecf5 figs-ellipsis μηδὲ προσέχειν 1 Neither should they pay attention The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "And I also want you to command them not to pay attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1TI 1 4 pw2h μύθοις 1 to stories These may have been stories about their ancestors. +1TI 1 4 qpv9 figs-hyperbole ἀπεράντοις γενεαλογίαις 1 endless genealogies With the word "endless" Paul uses exaggeration to emphasize that the genealogies are very long. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1TI 1 4 ft33 γενεαλογίαις 1 genealogies the written or verbal record of a person's parents and ancestors 1TI 1 4 qb9l 0 These cause arguments "These make people angrily disagree." The people debated about stories and genealogies about which no one could know the truth for certain. 1TI 1 4 eu9f 0 rather than helping the plan of God, which is by faith Possible meanings are 1) "rather than helping us to understand God's plan to save us, which we learn by faith" or 2) "rather than helping us to do God's work, which we do by faith." -1TI 1 5 myi5 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Paul explains the purpose of what he is commanding Timothy. +1TI 1 5 myi5 τὸ δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Paul explains the purpose of what he is commanding Timothy. 1TI 1 5 l7un 0 the commandment Here this does not mean the Old Testament or the Ten Commandments but rather the instructions that Paul gives in [1 Timothy 1:3](../01/03.md) and [1 Timothy 1:4](../01/04.md). -1TI 1 5 i9rs 0 is love Possible meanings are 1) "is to love God" or 2) "is to love people." -1TI 1 5 mbe6 figs-metonymy 0 from a pure heart Here "pure" means the person does not have hidden motives to do wrong. Here "heart" refers to a person's mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: "from a mind that is honest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 1 5 ar8t 0 good conscience "a conscience that chooses right instead wrong" -1TI 1 5 m53g 0 sincere faith "genuine faith" or "a faith without hypocrisy" -1TI 1 6 j4z3 figs-metaphor 0 Some people have missed the mark Paul speaks of faith in Christ as if it were a target at which to aim. Paul means that some people are not fulfilling the purpose of their faith, which is to love as he just explained in 1:5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 6 se38 figs-idiom 0 have turned away from these things Here "turned away" is an idiom that means they have stopped doing what God has commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1TI 1 7 v28u 0 teachers of the law Here "law" refers to the law of Moses. -1TI 1 7 kz8x 0 but they do not understand "even though they do not understand" or "and yet they do not understand" -1TI 1 7 j2hc 0 what they so confidently affirm "what they so confidently state is true" -1TI 1 8 d6dz 0 we know that the law is good "we understand that the law is useful" or "we understand that the law is beneficial" -1TI 1 8 r86g 0 if one uses it lawfully "if a person uses it correctly" or "if a person uses it the way God intended" -1TI 1 9 xs94 0 We know this "Because we realize this" or "We also know this" -1TI 1 9 fq4i figs-activepassive 0 that law is not made for a righteous man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God did not make the law for the righteous man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 1 9 dl5l figs-gendernotations 0 a righteous man Here "man" includes both male and female. Alternate translation: "a righteous person" or "a good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +1TI 1 5 i9rs ἐστὶν ἀγάπη 1 is love Possible meanings are 1) "is to love God" or 2) "is to love people." +1TI 1 5 mbe6 figs-metonymy ἐκ καρδίας καθαρᾶς καρδίας 1 from a pure heart Here "pure" means the person does not have hidden motives to do wrong. Here "heart" refers to a person's mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: "from a mind that is honest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 1 5 ar8t ἀγαθῆς καὶ συνειδήσεως 1 good conscience "a conscience that chooses right instead wrong" +1TI 1 5 m53g ἀνυποκρίτου πίστεως 1 sincere faith "genuine faith" or "a faith without hypocrisy" +1TI 1 6 j4z3 figs-metaphor τινες ἀστοχήσαντες 1 Some people have missed the mark Paul speaks of faith in Christ as if it were a target at which to aim. Paul means that some people are not fulfilling the purpose of their faith, which is to love as he just explained in 1:5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 6 se38 figs-idiom ἀστοχήσαντες ἐξετράπησαν ὧν 1 have turned away from these things Here "turned away" is an idiom that means they have stopped doing what God has commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TI 1 7 v28u νομοδιδάσκαλοι 1 teachers of the law Here "law" refers to the law of Moses. +1TI 1 7 kz8x μὴ νοοῦντες μὴ νοοῦντες 1 but they do not understand "even though they do not understand" or "and yet they do not understand" +1TI 1 7 j2hc περὶ τίνων διαβεβαιοῦνται 1 what they so confidently affirm "what they so confidently state is true" +1TI 1 8 d6dz οἴδαμεν ὅτι ὁ νόμος καλὸς 1 we know that the law is good "we understand that the law is useful" or "we understand that the law is beneficial" +1TI 1 8 r86g ἐάν τις χρῆται αὐτῷ νομίμως 1 if one uses it lawfully "if a person uses it correctly" or "if a person uses it the way God intended" +1TI 1 9 xs94 εἰδὼς τοῦτο 1 We know this "Because we realize this" or "We also know this" +1TI 1 9 fq4i figs-activepassive ὅτι νόμος κεῖται οὐ κεῖται δικαίῳ 1 that law is not made for a righteous man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God did not make the law for the righteous man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 1 9 dl5l figs-gendernotations δικαίῳ 1 a righteous man Here "man" includes both male and female. Alternate translation: "a righteous person" or "a good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1TI 1 9 ci94 figs-activepassive 0 It is made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 1 10 y5dx 0 sexually immoral people This refers to anyone who sleeps with someone to whom they are not married. -1TI 1 10 v1gh 0 homosexuals men who sleep with other men -1TI 1 10 bzw4 0 those who kidnap people for slaves "those who kidnap people to sell as slaves" or "those who take people to sell as slaves" +1TI 1 10 y5dx πόρνοις 1 sexually immoral people This refers to anyone who sleeps with someone to whom they are not married. +1TI 1 10 v1gh ἀρσενοκοίταις 1 homosexuals men who sleep with other men +1TI 1 10 bzw4 ἀνδραποδισταῖς 1 those who kidnap people for slaves "those who kidnap people to sell as slaves" or "those who take people to sell as slaves" 1TI 1 10 gg42 0 for whatever else is against faithful instruction "for those who do anything else that is against true Christian teaching" -1TI 1 11 mg4t 0 the glorious gospel of the blessed God "the gospel about the glory that belongs to the blessed God" or "the gospel of the glorious and blessed God" -1TI 1 11 a58d figs-activepassive 0 with which I have been entrusted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which God has given me and made me responsible for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 1 11 mg4t τὸ τῆς δόξης εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ μακαρίου Θεοῦ 1 the glorious gospel of the blessed God "the gospel about the glory that belongs to the blessed God" or "the gospel of the glorious and blessed God" +1TI 1 11 a58d figs-activepassive ὃ ἐγώ ἐπιστεύθην 1 with which I have been entrusted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which God has given me and made me responsible for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 1 12 pha5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells how he acted in the past and encourages Timothy to trust God. -1TI 1 12 uu6n 0 he considered me faithful "he considered me trustworthy" or "he regarded me as reliable" +1TI 1 12 uu6n ἡγήσατο με πιστόν 1 he considered me faithful "he considered me trustworthy" or "he regarded me as reliable" 1TI 1 12 ff1n figs-metaphor 0 he placed me into service Paul speaks of the task of serving God as if it were a place that one could be placed in. Alternate translation: "he assigned me to serve him" or "he appointed me as his servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 13 q75p 0 I was a blasphemer "I was a person who spoke evil against Christ." Paul is referring to his character before he was a Christian. -1TI 1 13 gbd4 0 a persecutor "a person who persecuted those who believed in Christ" -1TI 1 13 k85c 0 violent man "a person was cruel towards other people." This is a person who believes he has the right to hurt others. +1TI 1 13 q75p ὄντα βλάσφημον 1 I was a blasphemer "I was a person who spoke evil against Christ." Paul is referring to his character before he was a Christian. +1TI 1 13 gbd4 διώκτην 1 a persecutor "a person who persecuted those who believed in Christ" +1TI 1 13 k85c ὑβριστήν 1 violent man "a person was cruel towards other people." This is a person who believes he has the right to hurt others. 1TI 1 13 rq2m 0 But I received mercy because I acted ignorantly in unbelief "But because I did not believe in Jesus, and I did not know what I was doing, I received mercy from Jesus" -1TI 1 13 nv6k 0 I received mercy "Jesus showed me mercy" or "Jesus had mercy on me" -1TI 1 14 zp83 0 But the grace "And the grace" -1TI 1 14 c1lg figs-metaphor 0 the grace of our Lord overflowed Paul speaks of God's grace as if it were a liquid that could fill a container and spill out of the top when the container is full. Alternate translation: "God showed me much grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 14 z5lv 0 with faith and love This is the result of God showing much grace to Paul. Alternate translation: "which caused me to trust in Jesus and love him" -1TI 1 14 d9m7 figs-metaphor 0 that is in Christ Jesus This speaks about Jesus as if he were a container that holds a liquid. Here "in Christ Jesus" refers to having a relationship with Jesus. Alternate translation: "that Christ Jesus enables me to give to God because I am united to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 15 z48s 0 This message is reliable "This statement is true" -1TI 1 15 rh2r 0 worthy of all acceptance "we should receive it without any doubt" or "deserves for us to accept it with full confidence" -1TI 1 16 z5kg figs-activepassive 0 I was given mercy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God showed me mercy" or "I obtained mercy from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 1 16 epe2 0 so that in me, the foremost "so that through me, the worst sinner" +1TI 1 13 nv6k ἠλεήθην 1 I received mercy "Jesus showed me mercy" or "Jesus had mercy on me" +1TI 1 14 zp83 δὲ ἡ χάρις 1 But the grace "And the grace" +1TI 1 14 c1lg figs-metaphor ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου ὑπερεπλεόνασεν 1 the grace of our Lord overflowed Paul speaks of God's grace as if it were a liquid that could fill a container and spill out of the top when the container is full. Alternate translation: "God showed me much grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 14 z5lv μετὰ πίστεως καὶ ἀγάπης 1 with faith and love This is the result of God showing much grace to Paul. Alternate translation: "which caused me to trust in Jesus and love him" +1TI 1 14 d9m7 figs-metaphor τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 that is in Christ Jesus This speaks about Jesus as if he were a container that holds a liquid. Here "in Christ Jesus" refers to having a relationship with Jesus. Alternate translation: "that Christ Jesus enables me to give to God because I am united to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 15 z48s ὁ λόγος πιστὸς 1 This message is reliable "This statement is true" +1TI 1 15 rh2r ἄξιος πάσης ἀποδοχῆς 1 worthy of all acceptance "we should receive it without any doubt" or "deserves for us to accept it with full confidence" +1TI 1 16 z5kg figs-activepassive ἠλεήθην 1 I was given mercy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God showed me mercy" or "I obtained mercy from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 1 16 epe2 ἵνα ἐν ἐμοὶ, πρώτῳ 1 so that in me, the foremost "so that through me, the worst sinner" 1TI 1 17 k9sc 0 Now ... Amen The word "Now" is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Paul praises God. -1TI 1 17 g4jq 0 the king of the ages "the eternal king" or "the chief ruler forever" +1TI 1 17 g4jq τῷ Βασιλεῖ τῶν αἰώνων 1 the king of the ages "the eternal king" or "the chief ruler forever" 1TI 1 17 ts5z figs-abstractnouns 0 Now to the king of the ages, the immortal, invisible, the only God, be honor and glory forever and ever The abstract nouns "honor" and "glory" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "Now may people forever honor and glorify the king of the ages, who is immortal, invisible, and the only God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1TI 1 18 ijn8 figs-metaphor 0 I am placing this command before you Paul speaks of his instructions as if he could physically put them in front of Timothy. Alternate translation: "I am entrusting you with this command" or "This is what I am commanding you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 18 b6uq figs-metaphor 0 my child Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though Paul is the father and Timothy is the child. It is also likely that Timothy was converted to Christ by Paul, and so this is why Paul considered him like his own child. Alternate translation: "who is truly like my child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 18 y6jg figs-activepassive 0 in accordance with the prophecies previously made about you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in agreement with what other believers prophesied about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 1 18 w2ex figs-metaphor 0 fight the good fight Paul speaks about Timothy working for the Lord as if he were a soldier fighting a battle. Alternate translation: "continue to work hard for the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 19 ly6q 0 a good conscience "a conscience that chooses right instead wrong." See how you translated this in [1 Timothy 1:5](../01/05.md). +1TI 1 18 ijn8 figs-metaphor παρατίθεμαί ταύτην τὴν παραγγελίαν σοι 1 I am placing this command before you Paul speaks of his instructions as if he could physically put them in front of Timothy. Alternate translation: "I am entrusting you with this command" or "This is what I am commanding you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 18 b6uq figs-metaphor τέκνον 1 my child Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though Paul is the father and Timothy is the child. It is also likely that Timothy was converted to Christ by Paul, and so this is why Paul considered him like his own child. Alternate translation: "who is truly like my child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 18 y6jg figs-activepassive κατὰ τὰς προφητείας προαγούσας ἐπὶ σὲ 1 in accordance with the prophecies previously made about you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in agreement with what other believers prophesied about you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 1 18 w2ex figs-metaphor στρατεύῃ τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν 1 fight the good fight Paul speaks about Timothy working for the Lord as if he were a soldier fighting a battle. Alternate translation: "continue to work hard for the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 19 ly6q συνείδησιν ἀγαθὴν συνείδησιν 1 a good conscience "a conscience that chooses right instead wrong." See how you translated this in [1 Timothy 1:5](../01/05.md). 1TI 1 19 h2wk figs-metaphor 0 some have shipwrecked their faith Paul speaks of these people's faith as if it were a ship that could be wrecked at sea. He means that they have ruined their faith and no longer believe in Jesus. You should use this or a similar metaphor if it will be understood in the project language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 1 20 pv7f translate-names 0 Hymenaeus ... Alexander These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1TI 1 20 ty7n figs-metaphor 0 whom I gave over to Satan Paul speaks as if he physically handed these men to Satan. This probably means that Paul rejected them from the community of believers. Since they are no longer a part of the community, Satan can have power over them and harm them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 1 20 s76c figs-activepassive 0 they may be taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God may teach them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 1 20 ty7n figs-metaphor οὓς παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ 1 whom I gave over to Satan Paul speaks as if he physically handed these men to Satan. This probably means that Paul rejected them from the community of believers. Since they are no longer a part of the community, Satan can have power over them and harm them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 1 20 s76c figs-activepassive παιδευθῶσι 1 they may be taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God may teach them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 2 intro c6rf 0 # 1 Timothy 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Peace
Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so that Christians can live peacefully, in a godly and dignified way.

##### Women in the church

Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings"
These terms overlap each other in what they mean. It is not necessary to view them as distinct categories.
1TI 2 1 z2xx 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages Timothy to pray for all people. -1TI 2 1 yk2z 0 first of all "most important" or "before anything else" -1TI 2 1 ql7a figs-activepassive 0 I urge that requests, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I urge all believers to make requests, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgiving to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 1 iag7 0 I urge "I plead" or "I ask" -1TI 2 2 g4va figs-doublet 0 a peaceful and quiet life Here "peaceful" and "quiet" mean the same thing. Paul wants all believers to be able to live calm lives without trouble from the authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TI 2 2 pb58 0 in all godliness and dignity "that honors God and that other people will respect" -1TI 2 4 i3ze figs-activepassive 0 He desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God desires to save all people and for them to come to the knowledge of the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 4 n26m figs-metaphor 0 to come to the knowledge of the truth Paul speaks of learning the truth about God as if it were a place to which people could be brought. Alternate translation: "to know and accept what is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 2 1 yk2z πρῶτον πάντων 1 first of all "most important" or "before anything else" +1TI 2 1 ql7a figs-activepassive παρακαλῶ δεήσεις, προσευχάς, ἐντεύξεις, εὐχαριστίας ποιεῖσθαι 1 I urge that requests, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I urge all believers to make requests, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgiving to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 1 iag7 παρακαλῶ 1 I urge "I plead" or "I ask" +1TI 2 2 g4va figs-doublet ἤρεμον καὶ ἡσύχιον βίον 1 a peaceful and quiet life Here "peaceful" and "quiet" mean the same thing. Paul wants all believers to be able to live calm lives without trouble from the authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TI 2 2 pb58 ἐν πάσῃ εὐσεβείᾳ καὶ σεμνότητι 1 in all godliness and dignity "that honors God and that other people will respect" +1TI 2 4 i3ze figs-activepassive ὃς θέλει πάντας ἀνθρώπους σωθῆναι καὶ ἐλθεῖν εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 He desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God desires to save all people and for them to come to the knowledge of the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 4 n26m figs-metaphor ἐλθεῖν εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 to come to the knowledge of the truth Paul speaks of learning the truth about God as if it were a place to which people could be brought. Alternate translation: "to know and accept what is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 2 5 t666 0 one mediator for God and man A mediator is a person who helps negotiate a peaceful settlement between two parties who disagree with each other. Here Jesus helps sinners enter into a peaceful relationship with God. -1TI 2 6 u8r1 0 gave himself "died willingly" -1TI 2 6 vz12 0 as a ransom "as a price of freedom" or "as a payment to obtain freedom" -1TI 2 6 fm1c figs-explicit 0 as the testimony at the right time It can be made explicit that this was the testimony that God wants to save all people. Alternate translation: "as the proof at the right time that God wants to save all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 2 6 fq7r 0 at the right time This means that this was the time that God had chosen. -1TI 2 7 qxv9 0 For this purpose "For this" or "For this reason" -1TI 2 7 iz4y figs-activepassive 0 I myself, was made a herald and an apostle This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ made me, Paul, a preacher and an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 7 h18q figs-hendiadys 0 I am a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth "I teach the Gentiles the message of faith and truth." Here, Paul may be using "faith" and truth" to express one idea. Alternate translation: "I teach the Gentiles about the true faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +1TI 2 6 u8r1 δοὺς ἑαυτὸν 1 gave himself "died willingly" +1TI 2 6 vz12 ἀντίλυτρον 1 as a ransom "as a price of freedom" or "as a payment to obtain freedom" +1TI 2 6 fm1c figs-explicit τὸ μαρτύριον καιροῖς ἰδίοις καιροῖς 1 as the testimony at the right time It can be made explicit that this was the testimony that God wants to save all people. Alternate translation: "as the proof at the right time that God wants to save all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TI 2 6 fq7r καιροῖς ἰδίοις καιροῖς 1 at the right time This means that this was the time that God had chosen. +1TI 2 7 qxv9 εἰς ὃ 1 For this purpose "For this" or "For this reason" +1TI 2 7 iz4y figs-activepassive , ἐγὼ ἐτέθην κῆρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος. 1 I myself, was made a herald and an apostle This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ made me, Paul, a preacher and an apostle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 7 h18q figs-hendiadys διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν ἐν πίστει καὶ ἀληθείᾳ 1 I am a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth "I teach the Gentiles the message of faith and truth." Here, Paul may be using "faith" and truth" to express one idea. Alternate translation: "I teach the Gentiles about the true faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 1TI 2 8 r6wx 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his instructions on prayer then gives some special instructions for women. 1TI 2 8 yzg3 figs-metonymy 0 I want men in every place to pray and to lift up holy hands Here "holy hands" means the entire person is holy. Alternate translation: "I want men in every place who are holy to lift up their hands and pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 2 8 a841 0 men in every place "the males in all places" or "the males everywhere." Here the word "men" refers specifically to males. +1TI 2 8 a841 τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ 1 men in every place "the males in all places" or "the males everywhere." Here the word "men" refers specifically to males. 1TI 2 8 unw6 0 lift up holy hands It was a normal posture for people to raise their hands while praying. -1TI 2 9 au5c figs-doublet 0 with modesty and self-control Both of these words mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing that women should wear clothes that are appropriate and do not attract improper attention from men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TI 2 9 sw21 figs-metonymy 0 They should not have braided hair During Paul's time, many Roman women braided their hair to make themselves attractive. Braiding is only one way a woman can give undue attention to her hair. If braided hair is unknown, it can be stated in a more general way. Alternate translation: "They should not have fancy hairstyles" or "They should not have elaborate hairstyle that attract attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 2 9 rf5v translate-unknown 0 pearls These are beautiful and valuable white balls that people use as jewelry. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1TI 2 10 g35m 0 who profess godliness through good works "who want to honor God by the good things they do" -1TI 2 11 gb7a 0 in silence "in quietness" -1TI 2 11 c7sh 0 and with all submission "and submit to what is taught" -1TI 2 12 e2hg 0 I do not permit a woman "I do not allow a woman" -1TI 2 13 iv31 figs-activepassive 0 Adam was formed first This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Adam is the one God formed first" or "God created Adam first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 13 v7v6 figs-ellipsis 0 then Eve The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "and then God formed Eve" or "then God created Eve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1TI 2 14 wq5k figs-activepassive 0 Adam was not deceived This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "And Adam was not the one whom the serpent deceived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 14 n6td figs-activepassive 0 but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but it was the woman who disobeyed God when the serpent deceived her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 15 u8iv 0 she will be saved through bearing children Here "she" refers to women in general. Possible meanings are 1) God will keep women physically safe as they give birth to children, or 2) God will save women from their sins through their role as child bearers. -1TI 2 15 n818 figs-activepassive 0 she will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save her" or "God will save women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 2 15 gh3c 0 if they continue "if they remain" or "if they continue living." Here "they" refers to women. -1TI 2 15 sl57 figs-abstractnouns 0 in faith and love and sanctification The abstract nouns here can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "in trusting Jesus and loving others and living a holy life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1TI 2 15 dcf3 figs-idiom 0 with soundness of mind Possible meanings for this idiom are 1) "with good judgment," 2) "with modesty," or 3) "with self-control." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1TI 2 15 zr4b figs-abstractnouns 0 soundness of mind If the idiom is retained in translation, the abstract noun "soundness" can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: "a sound mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1TI 2 9 au5c figs-doublet μετὰ αἰδοῦς καὶ σωφροσύνης- σωφροσύνης 1 with modesty and self-control Both of these words mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing that women should wear clothes that are appropriate and do not attract improper attention from men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TI 2 9 sw21 figs-metonymy ἐν μὴ ἐν πλέγμασιν 1 They should not have braided hair During Paul's time, many Roman women braided their hair to make themselves attractive. Braiding is only one way a woman can give undue attention to her hair. If braided hair is unknown, it can be stated in a more general way. Alternate translation: "They should not have fancy hairstyles" or "They should not have elaborate hairstyle that attract attention" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 2 9 rf5v translate-unknown μαργαρίταις 1 pearls These are beautiful and valuable white balls that people use as jewelry. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +1TI 2 10 g35m ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν δι’ ἀγαθῶν ἔργων 1 who profess godliness through good works "who want to honor God by the good things they do" +1TI 2 11 gb7a ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ 1 in silence "in quietness" +1TI 2 11 c7sh ἐν πάσῃ ὑποταγῇ 1 and with all submission "and submit to what is taught" +1TI 2 12 e2hg ἐπιτρέπω οὐκ ἐπιτρέπω γυναικὶ 1 I do not permit a woman "I do not allow a woman" +1TI 2 13 iv31 figs-activepassive Ἀδὰμ ἐπλάσθη πρῶτος 1 Adam was formed first This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Adam is the one God formed first" or "God created Adam first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 13 v7v6 figs-ellipsis εἶτα Εὕα 1 then Eve The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "and then God formed Eve" or "then God created Eve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1TI 2 14 wq5k figs-activepassive Ἀδὰμ ἠπατήθη οὐκ ἠπατήθη 1 Adam was not deceived This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "And Adam was not the one whom the serpent deceived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 14 n6td figs-activepassive δὲ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξαπατηθεῖσα ἐν παραβάσει γέγονεν ἐν παραβάσει 1 but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but it was the woman who disobeyed God when the serpent deceived her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 15 u8iv σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας 1 she will be saved through bearing children Here "she" refers to women in general. Possible meanings are 1) God will keep women physically safe as they give birth to children, or 2) God will save women from their sins through their role as child bearers. +1TI 2 15 n818 figs-activepassive σωθήσεται 1 she will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will save her" or "God will save women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 2 15 gh3c ἐὰν μείνωσιν 1 if they continue "if they remain" or "if they continue living." Here "they" refers to women. +1TI 2 15 sl57 figs-abstractnouns ἐν πίστει καὶ ἀγάπῃ καὶ ἁγιασμῷ 1 in faith and love and sanctification The abstract nouns here can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "in trusting Jesus and loving others and living a holy life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1TI 2 15 dcf3 figs-idiom μετὰ σωφροσύνης 1 with soundness of mind Possible meanings for this idiom are 1) "with good judgment," 2) "with modesty," or 3) "with self-control." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1TI 2 15 zr4b figs-abstractnouns σωφροσύνης 1 soundness of mind If the idiom is retained in translation, the abstract noun "soundness" can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: "a sound mind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1TI 3 intro d9db 0 # 1 Timothy 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

[1 Timothy 3:16](./16.md) was probably a song, poem, or creed the early church used to list important doctrines that believers all shared.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Overseers and deacons
The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include elder, pastor, and bishop. The word "overseer" reflects the meaning of the original language in verses 1-2. Paul writes about "deacons" in verses 8 and 12 as another kind of church leader.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Character qualities
This chapter lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an overseer or deacon in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1TI 3 1 rwi8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives some special instructions on how the overseers of the church should act and be. -1TI 3 1 f133 0 a good work "an honorable task" -1TI 3 2 dff6 0 husband of one wife An overseer must have only one wife. It is unclear if this excludes men who have been previously widowed or divorced, or never married. +1TI 3 1 f133 ἔργου καλοῦ ἔργου 1 a good work "an honorable task" +1TI 3 2 dff6 ἄνδρα μιᾶς γυναικὸς 1 husband of one wife An overseer must have only one wife. It is unclear if this excludes men who have been previously widowed or divorced, or never married. 1TI 3 2 qnq9 0 He must be moderate, sensible, orderly, and hospitable "He must not do anything to excess, must be reasonable and behave well, and must be friendly to strangers" 1TI 3 3 c2c7 0 He must not be addicted to wine, not a brawler, but instead, gentle, peaceful "He must neither drink too much alcohol nor like to fight and argue, but instead he must be gentle and peaceful" -1TI 3 3 pc2g 0 a lover of money "greedy for money" +1TI 3 3 pc2g ἀφιλάργυρον 1 a lover of money "greedy for money" 1TI 3 4 a8gu 0 He should manage "He should lead" or "He should take care of" -1TI 3 4 w3un 0 with all respect Possible meanings are 1) the overseer's children should obey and show respect to their father or 2) the overseer's children should show respect to everyone or 3) the overseer should show respect to those in his household as he leads them. -1TI 3 4 m8a5 0 all respect "complete respect" or "respect at all times" -1TI 3 5 n8zi 0 For if a man does not know how to manage "For when a man cannot manage" +1TI 3 4 w3un μετὰ πάσης σεμνότητος 1 with all respect Possible meanings are 1) the overseer's children should obey and show respect to their father or 2) the overseer's children should show respect to everyone or 3) the overseer should show respect to those in his household as he leads them. +1TI 3 4 m8a5 πάσης σεμνότητος 1 all respect "complete respect" or "respect at all times" +1TI 3 5 n8zi δέ εἰ τις οἶδεν οὐκ οἶδεν προστῆναι 1 For if a man does not know how to manage "For when a man cannot manage" 1TI 3 5 n5lt figs-rquestion 0 how will he care for a church of God? Paul uses a question to teach Timothy. Alternate translation: "he cannot take care of a church of God." or "he will not be able to lead a church of God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1TI 3 5 c814 figs-metonymy 0 a church of God Here "church" refers to a local group of God's people. Alternate translation: "a group of God's people" or "the believers over whom he is in charge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TI 3 6 q7hu 0 He should not be a new convert "He should not be a new believer" or "He must be a mature believer" 1TI 3 6 v6f5 figs-metaphor 0 fall into condemnation as the devil Paul speaks of the experience of being condemned for having done wrong as if it were a hole that a person could fall into. Alternate translation: "have God condemn him as he condemned the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 3 7 si1d figs-metaphor 0 those outside "those outside of the church." Paul speaks of the church as though it were a place, and of unbelievers as though they were physically outside of it. Alternate translation: "those who are not Christians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 3 7 qsa6 figs-metaphor 0 he does not fall into disgrace and the trap of the devil Paul speaks of disgrace and the devil causing someone to sin as if they were a hole or a trap into which a person falls. Here "fall into" means to experience. Alternate translation: "nothing causes him shame before the unbelievers and so that the devil does not cause him to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 3 7 si1d figs-metaphor τῶν ἔξωθεν 1 those outside "those outside of the church." Paul speaks of the church as though it were a place, and of unbelievers as though they were physically outside of it. Alternate translation: "those who are not Christians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 3 7 qsa6 figs-metaphor ἐμπέσῃ μὴ ἐμπέσῃ εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν καὶ παγίδα τοῦ διαβόλου 1 he does not fall into disgrace and the trap of the devil Paul speaks of disgrace and the devil causing someone to sin as if they were a hole or a trap into which a person falls. Here "fall into" means to experience. Alternate translation: "nothing causes him shame before the unbelievers and so that the devil does not cause him to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 3 8 z1gd 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives some special instructions on how the deacons of the church and their wives should act and be. -1TI 3 8 nz2w 0 Deacons, likewise "Deacons, like overseers" +1TI 3 8 nz2w διακόνους, ὡσαύτως 1 Deacons, likewise "Deacons, like overseers" 1TI 3 8 sxq4 figs-metaphor 0 should be dignified, not double-talkers Paul speaks about these people as if they were "double-talkers" or could say two things at once. He means the person says one thing but mean something else. Alternate translation: "should act properly and mean what they say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 3 9 c44a figs-metaphor 0 They should keep the revealed truth of the faith "They must continue to believe the true message God revealed to us and that we believe." This refers to a truth that had existed for some time but that God was showing to them at that moment. Paul speaks of true teaching about God as if it were an object that a person could keep with himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 3 9 jda1 figs-activepassive 0 the revealed truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the truth that God revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 9 y91f figs-metaphor 0 faith with a clean conscience Paul speaks of a person's knowledge that he has done no wrong as if that knowledge or conscience were clean. Alternate translation: "faith, knowing they have tried their hardest to do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 3 9 jda1 figs-activepassive τὸ μυστήριον 1 the revealed truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the truth that God revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 3 9 y91f figs-metaphor πίστεως ἐν συνειδήσει καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει 1 faith with a clean conscience Paul speaks of a person's knowledge that he has done no wrong as if that knowledge or conscience were clean. Alternate translation: "faith, knowing they have tried their hardest to do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 3 10 hl1p figs-activepassive 0 They should also be approved first This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Other believers should approve of them first" or "They should prove themselves first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 10 m5ar 0 be approved This means other believers should evaluate those who want to be a deacon and determine if they are fit to serve in the church. -1TI 3 11 xyc9 0 Women in the same way Possible meanings are 1) "women" refers to the wives of deacons or 2) "women" refers to female deacons. -1TI 3 11 q5qx 0 be dignified "act properly" or "be worthy of respect" +1TI 3 10 m5ar δοκιμαζέσθωσαν 1 be approved This means other believers should evaluate those who want to be a deacon and determine if they are fit to serve in the church. +1TI 3 11 xyc9 γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως 1 Women in the same way Possible meanings are 1) "women" refers to the wives of deacons or 2) "women" refers to female deacons. +1TI 3 11 q5qx σεμνάς 1 be dignified "act properly" or "be worthy of respect" 1TI 3 11 a12k 0 They should not be slanderers "They must not speak evil about other people" 1TI 3 11 akm5 0 be moderate and "not do anything to excess." See how you translated this in [1 Timothy 3:2](../03/02.md). -1TI 3 12 wji2 0 husbands of one wife A man must have only one wife. It is unclear if this excludes men who have been previously widowed, divorced, or never married. See how you translated this in [1 Timothy 3:2](../03/02.md). +1TI 3 12 wji2 ἄνδρες μιᾶς γυναικὸς 1 husbands of one wife A man must have only one wife. It is unclear if this excludes men who have been previously widowed, divorced, or never married. See how you translated this in [1 Timothy 3:2](../03/02.md). 1TI 3 12 dv31 0 manage well their children and household "properly take care of and lead their children and others who live in their homes" -1TI 3 13 rfq2 0 For those "For those deacons" or "For these church leaders" -1TI 3 13 s9si 0 acquire for themselves "receive for themselves" or "gain for themselves" -1TI 3 13 cv34 figs-explicit 0 a good standing The implied meaning may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "a good reputation among other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 3 13 m684 0 great confidence in the faith that is in Christ Jesus Possible meanings are 1) they will trust in Jesus with even more confidence or 2) they will speak confidently to other people about their faith in Jesus. +1TI 3 13 rfq2 γὰρ οἱ 1 For those "For those deacons" or "For these church leaders" +1TI 3 13 s9si περιποιοῦνται ἑαυτοῖς 1 acquire for themselves "receive for themselves" or "gain for themselves" +1TI 3 13 cv34 figs-explicit βαθμὸν καλὸν βαθμὸν 1 a good standing The implied meaning may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "a good reputation among other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TI 3 13 m684 πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἐν πίστει τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 great confidence in the faith that is in Christ Jesus Possible meanings are 1) they will trust in Jesus with even more confidence or 2) they will speak confidently to other people about their faith in Jesus. 1TI 3 14 s4p2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells Timothy the reason he wrote to him and then describes Christ's godliness. 1TI 3 15 z9z8 0 But if I delay "But in case I cannot go there soon" or "But if something prevents me for being there soon" 1TI 3 15 p9u4 figs-metaphor 0 so that you may know how to behave in the household of God Paul speaks of the group of believers as if they were a family. Possible meanings are 1) Paul is referring only to Timothy's behavior in the church. Alternate translation: "so that you may know how to conduct yourself as a member of God's family" or 2) Paul is referring to the believers' in general. Alternate translation: "so that you all may know how to conduct yourselves as members of God's family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 3 15 wzk3 figs-distinguish 0 household of God, which is the church of the living God This phrase gives us information about "the household of God" rather than making a distinction between a household of God which is the church and one that is not the church. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "house hold of God. Those who belong to the family of God are the community of believers in the living God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -1TI 3 15 cd5r figs-metaphor 0 which is the church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth Paul speaks of the believers bearing witness to the truth about Christ as if they were a pillar and a base supporting a building. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "which is the church of the living God. And, by keeping and teaching God's truth, these members of the church support the truth just as a pillar and base support a building" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 3 15 sg64 0 the living God Here this expression may be speaking of God as the one who gives life to all, as in the UST. +1TI 3 15 wzk3 figs-distinguish οἴκῳ Θεοῦ, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐκκλησία Θεοῦ ζῶντος Θεοῦ 1 household of God, which is the church of the living God This phrase gives us information about "the household of God" rather than making a distinction between a household of God which is the church and one that is not the church. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "house hold of God. Those who belong to the family of God are the community of believers in the living God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +1TI 3 15 cd5r figs-metaphor ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐκκλησία Θεοῦ ζῶντος Θεοῦ, στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας 1 which is the church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth Paul speaks of the believers bearing witness to the truth about Christ as if they were a pillar and a base supporting a building. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "which is the church of the living God. And, by keeping and teaching God's truth, these members of the church support the truth just as a pillar and base support a building" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 3 15 sg64 ζῶντος Θεοῦ 1 the living God Here this expression may be speaking of God as the one who gives life to all, as in the UST. 1TI 3 16 ak8w 0 We all agree "No one can deny" 1TI 3 16 w473 0 that the mystery of godliness is great "that the truth that God has revealed is great" 1TI 3 16 y8sp writing-poetry 0 He appeared ... up in glory This is most likely a song or poem that Paul is quoting. If your language has a way of indicating that this is poetry you could use it here. If not, you could translate this as regular prose rather than poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) 1TI 3 16 m4xi 0 He appeared Here "He" is ambiguous. It could refers to "God" or to "Christ." It may be best to translate this as "He." If you must be more specific you could translate it as "Christ who is God" or "Christ." -1TI 3 16 rqp6 figs-metonymy 0 in the flesh Paul uses "flesh" here to mean a human being. Alternate translation: "as a true human being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 3 16 rqp6 figs-metonymy ἐν σαρκί 1 in the flesh Paul uses "flesh" here to mean a human being. Alternate translation: "as a true human being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TI 3 16 gm36 figs-activepassive 0 was vindicated by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit confirmed that he was who he said he was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 16 fn1k figs-activepassive 0 was seen by angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angels saw him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 16 c3wx figs-activepassive 0 was proclaimed among nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people in many nations told others about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 16 h9mb figs-activepassive 0 was believed on in the world This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people in many parts of the world believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 16 jz11 figs-activepassive 0 was taken up in glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God the Father took him up to heaven in glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 3 16 mr3a 0 in glory This means he received power from God the Father and he is worthy of honor. +1TI 3 16 fn1k figs-activepassive ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις 1 was seen by angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angels saw him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 3 16 c3wx figs-activepassive ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν 1 was proclaimed among nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people in many nations told others about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 3 16 h9mb figs-activepassive ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ 1 was believed on in the world This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people in many parts of the world believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 3 16 jz11 figs-activepassive ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ 1 was taken up in glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God the Father took him up to heaven in glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 3 16 mr3a ἐν δόξῃ 1 in glory This means he received power from God the Father and he is worthy of honor. 1TI 4 intro b39h 0 # 1 Timothy 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

[1 Timothy 4:1](../04/01.md) is a prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Later times
This is another way of referring to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
1TI 4 1 gyd8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells Timothy what the Spirit says will happen and encourages him in what he should teach. -1TI 4 1 jzr9 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Paul starts to tell a new part of the teaching. -1TI 4 1 b739 0 in later times Possible meanings are 1) this refers to a time after Paul dies or 2) this is at a latter time in Paul's own life. -1TI 4 1 b931 figs-metaphor 0 leave the faith Paul speaks of people ceasing to trust in Christ as if they were physically leaving a place or an object. Alternate translation: "stop trusting in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 4 1 jzr9 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here Paul starts to tell a new part of the teaching. +1TI 4 1 b739 ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς 1 in later times Possible meanings are 1) this refers to a time after Paul dies or 2) this is at a latter time in Paul's own life. +1TI 4 1 b931 figs-metaphor ἀποστήσονταί τῆς πίστεως 1 leave the faith Paul speaks of people ceasing to trust in Christ as if they were physically leaving a place or an object. Alternate translation: "stop trusting in Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 4 1 q13m 0 and pay attention "and give attention" or "because they are paying attention" -1TI 4 1 ae5w 0 deceitful spirits and the teachings of demons "spirits who trick people and the things that demons teach" -1TI 4 2 pw29 0 in lying hypocrisy This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "These people will be hypocrites and speak lies" +1TI 4 1 ae5w πλάνοις πνεύμασι καὶ διδασκαλίαις δαιμονίων 1 deceitful spirits and the teachings of demons "spirits who trick people and the things that demons teach" +1TI 4 2 pw29 ἐν ψευδολόγων ὑποκρίσει 1 in lying hypocrisy This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "These people will be hypocrites and speak lies" 1TI 4 2 u2f4 figs-metaphor 0 Their own consciences will be branded Possible meanings are 1) Paul is speaking of people who can no longer tell that they are doing wrong as if their minds are ruined like skin that someone has burned with a hot iron or 2) Paul is speaking of these people as if Satan had put a mark on these people with a hot iron to indicate that they belong to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 3 k4db 0 They will "These people will" +1TI 4 3 k4db κωλυόντων 1 They will "These people will" 1TI 4 3 wd2l figs-explicit 0 forbid to marry It is implied that they will forbid believers to marry. Alternate translation: "forbid believers to marry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1TI 4 3 m1d6 figs-explicit 0 to receive foods It is implied that they will forbid only certain foods. Alternate translation: "they will require believers to abstain from certain foods" or "they will not allow people to eat certain foods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 4 4 dv4s figs-activepassive 0 everything created by God is good This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everything that God has created is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 4 4 dv4s figs-activepassive πᾶν κτίσμα Θεοῦ καλόν 1 everything created by God is good This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everything that God has created is good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 4 4 a15j figs-activepassive 0 Nothing that we take with thanksgiving is to be rejected This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We should not refuse anything for which we give thanks to God" or "Everything that we eat with thanksgiving is acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 4 5 y2lc figs-hendiadys 0 it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer Here "word of God" and "prayer" are used together to express one idea. The prayer is in agreement with the truth that God has revealed. Alternate translation: "it is dedicated for God's use by praying in agreement with his word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -1TI 4 5 m5mb figs-activepassive 0 it is sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we sanctify it" or "we have set it apart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 4 5 fhd6 figs-metonymy 0 word of God Here "word" refers to God's message or what he has revealed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 4 5 y2lc figs-hendiadys ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου Θεοῦ καὶ ἐντεύξεως 1 it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer Here "word of God" and "prayer" are used together to express one idea. The prayer is in agreement with the truth that God has revealed. Alternate translation: "it is dedicated for God's use by praying in agreement with his word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +1TI 4 5 m5mb figs-activepassive ἁγιάζεται 1 it is sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we sanctify it" or "we have set it apart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 4 5 fhd6 figs-metonymy λόγου Θεοῦ 1 word of God Here "word" refers to God's message or what he has revealed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TI 4 6 ks5x figs-metaphor 0 If you place these things before the brothers Paul speaks of his instructions as if they were objects that could be physically presented to the believers. Here, to place before means to instruct or to remind. Alternate translation: "If you help the believers remember these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 6 hfx3 0 these things This refers to the teaching that started in [1 Timothy 3:16](../03/16.md). -1TI 4 6 h6qr figs-gendernotations 0 the brothers This refers to all believers whether male or female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -1TI 4 6 f8vs figs-metaphor 0 you are being nourished by the words of faith and by the good teaching that you have followed Paul speaks of God's word and its teaching as if it could physically feed Timothy and make him strong. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the words of faith and the good teaching that you have followed are causing you to trust more strongly in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 4 6 ny78 0 words of faith "words that cause people to believe" -1TI 4 7 th4i 0 worldly stories loved by old women "profane stories and old wives' tales." The word for "stories" is the same as for "myths" in [1 Timothy 1:4](../01/04.md), so you should translate it the same here. -1TI 4 7 elk7 figs-metaphor 0 loved by old women This is probably an expression that means "silly" or "absurd." Paul is not purposely insulting women in his reference to "old women." Instead, he and his audience knew that men die younger than women, so there are more women than men whose minds have become feeble due to old age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 7 sea5 0 train yourself in godliness "train yourself to honor God" or "train yourself to act in ways that please God" -1TI 4 8 i6rh 0 bodily training "physical exercise" +1TI 4 6 hfx3 ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to the teaching that started in [1 Timothy 3:16](../03/16.md). +1TI 4 6 h6qr figs-gendernotations τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers This refers to all believers whether male or female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +1TI 4 6 f8vs figs-metaphor παρηκολούθηκας 1 you are being nourished by the words of faith and by the good teaching that you have followed Paul speaks of God's word and its teaching as if it could physically feed Timothy and make him strong. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the words of faith and the good teaching that you have followed are causing you to trust more strongly in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 4 6 ny78 λόγοις τῆς πίστεως 1 words of faith "words that cause people to believe" +1TI 4 7 th4i βεβήλους μύθους καὶ γραώδεις 1 worldly stories loved by old women "profane stories and old wives' tales." The word for "stories" is the same as for "myths" in [1 Timothy 1:4](../01/04.md), so you should translate it the same here. +1TI 4 7 elk7 figs-metaphor καὶ γραώδεις 1 loved by old women This is probably an expression that means "silly" or "absurd." Paul is not purposely insulting women in his reference to "old women." Instead, he and his audience knew that men die younger than women, so there are more women than men whose minds have become feeble due to old age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 4 7 sea5 γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν 1 train yourself in godliness "train yourself to honor God" or "train yourself to act in ways that please God" +1TI 4 8 i6rh ἡ γὰρ σωματικὴ γυμνασία 1 bodily training "physical exercise" 1TI 4 8 df19 0 holds promise for this life "is beneficial to this life" -1TI 4 9 hc1t 0 worthy of full acceptance "worthy of your complete belief" or "worthy of your full trust" +1TI 4 9 hc1t ἄξιος πάσης ἀποδοχῆς 1 worthy of full acceptance "worthy of your complete belief" or "worthy of your full trust" 1TI 4 10 l2yl 0 For it is for this "This is the reason" -1TI 4 10 c9db figs-doublet 0 struggle and work very hard The words "struggle" and "work very hard" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize the intensity with which they serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 10 qmj6 0 we have hope in the living God Here "living God" probably means, "God, who makes all things live." +1TI 4 10 c9db figs-doublet κοπιῶμεν καὶ ἀγωνιζόμεθα 1 struggle and work very hard The words "struggle" and "work very hard" mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize the intensity with which they serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 4 10 qmj6 ἠλπίκαμεν ἐπὶ Θεῷ ζῶντι Θεῷ 1 we have hope in the living God Here "living God" probably means, "God, who makes all things live." 1TI 4 10 dsz3 figs-ellipsis 0 but especially of believers The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "but he is especially the Savior of those people who believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1TI 4 11 lg9h 0 Proclaim and teach these things "Command and teach these things" or "Command and teach these things I just mentioned" -1TI 4 12 qi8l 0 Let no one despise your youth "Do not let anyone consider you less important because you are young" -1TI 4 13 kky7 figs-abstractnouns 0 attend to the reading, to the exhortation, and to the teaching The words "reading," "exhortation," and "teaching" can be translated with verbal phrases. The implied information can also be supplied in translation Alternate translation: "continue reading the scripture to the people, exhorting the people, and teaching the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 4 14 t221 figs-metaphor 0 Do not neglect the gift that is in you Paul speaks of Timothy as if he were a container that could hold God's gifts. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Do not neglect your spiritual gift" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 14 hdd9 figs-activepassive 0 Do not neglect This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Be sure to use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 4 14 xp1k figs-activepassive 0 which was given to you through prophecy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which you received when leaders of the church spoke God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 4 14 rr8f 0 laying on of the hands of the elders This was a ceremony in which the church leaders put their hands on Timothy and prayed that God would enable him to do the work he had commanded him to do. +1TI 4 12 qi8l καταφρονείτω μηδείς καταφρονείτω σου τῆς νεότητος 1 Let no one despise your youth "Do not let anyone consider you less important because you are young" +1TI 4 13 kky7 figs-abstractnouns πρόσεχε τῇ ἀναγνώσει, τῇ παρακλήσει, τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 attend to the reading, to the exhortation, and to the teaching The words "reading," "exhortation," and "teaching" can be translated with verbal phrases. The implied information can also be supplied in translation Alternate translation: "continue reading the scripture to the people, exhorting the people, and teaching the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TI 4 14 t221 figs-metaphor ἀμέλει μὴ ἀμέλει τοῦ χαρίσματος ἐν σοὶ 1 Do not neglect the gift that is in you Paul speaks of Timothy as if he were a container that could hold God's gifts. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Do not neglect your spiritual gift" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 4 14 hdd9 figs-activepassive ἀμέλει μὴ ἀμέλει 1 Do not neglect This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Be sure to use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 4 14 xp1k figs-activepassive ὃ ἐδόθη σοι διὰ προφητείας 1 which was given to you through prophecy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which you received when leaders of the church spoke God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 4 14 rr8f ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου 1 laying on of the hands of the elders This was a ceremony in which the church leaders put their hands on Timothy and prayed that God would enable him to do the work he had commanded him to do. 1TI 4 15 m65m figs-metaphor 0 Care for these things. Be in them Paul speaks of God's gifts to Timothy as if he could physically be in them. Alternate translation: "Do all these things and live according to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 15 j8zi figs-metaphor 0 so that your progress may be evident to all people Paul speaks of Timothy's increasing ability to serve God as if it were a physical object that others could look at. Alternate translation: "so other people will know that you are serving God better and better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 4 16 uq6c 0 Give careful attention to yourself and to the teaching "Conduct yourself carefully and give attention to the teaching" or "Control your own behavior and give attention to the teaching" -1TI 4 16 zxe7 0 Continue in these things "Continue to do these things" -1TI 4 16 u7ez 0 you will save yourself and those who listen to you Possible meanings are 1) Timothy will save himself and those who hear him from God's judgment or 2) Timothy will save himself and those who hear him from the influence of false teachers. +1TI 4 15 j8zi figs-metaphor ἵνα σου ἡ προκοπὴ φανερὰ ᾖ πᾶσιν 1 so that your progress may be evident to all people Paul speaks of Timothy's increasing ability to serve God as if it were a physical object that others could look at. Alternate translation: "so other people will know that you are serving God better and better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 4 16 uq6c ἔπεχε σεαυτῷ καὶ τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Give careful attention to yourself and to the teaching "Conduct yourself carefully and give attention to the teaching" or "Control your own behavior and give attention to the teaching" +1TI 4 16 zxe7 ἐπίμενε αὐτοῖς 1 Continue in these things "Continue to do these things" +1TI 4 16 u7ez σου 1 you will save yourself and those who listen to you Possible meanings are 1) Timothy will save himself and those who hear him from God's judgment or 2) Timothy will save himself and those who hear him from the influence of false teachers. 1TI 5 intro jx4e 0 # 1 Timothy 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Honor and respect
Paul encourages younger Christians to honor and respect older Christians. Cultures honor and respect older people in different ways.

##### Widows
In the ancient Near East, it was important to care for widows, because they could not provide for themselves.
1TI 5 1 wt5y figs-you 0 General Information: Paul was giving these commands to one person, Timothy. Languages that have different forms of "you" or different forms for commands would use the singular form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1TI 5 1 h7d1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to tell Timothy how to treat the men, women, widows, and younger women in the church. -1TI 5 1 l4w5 0 Do not rebuke an older man "Do not speak harshly to an older man" +1TI 5 1 l4w5 ἐπιπλήξῃς μὴ ἐπιπλήξῃς πρεσβυτέρῳ 1 Do not rebuke an older man "Do not speak harshly to an older man" 1TI 5 1 dnf2 0 Instead, exhort him "Instead, encourage him" 1TI 5 1 enp9 figs-simile 0 as if he were a father ... as brothers Paul uses these similes to tell Timothy that he should treat fellow believers with sincere love and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1TI 5 2 t1pv figs-simile 0 as mothers ... as sisters Paul uses these similes to tell Timothy that he should treat fellow believers with sincere love and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1TI 5 2 wmi6 figs-ellipsis 0 younger women You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "exhort younger women" or "encourage younger women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1TI 5 2 ivl7 0 in all purity "with pure thoughts and actions" or "in a holy way" -1TI 5 3 smp5 0 Honor widows "Respect and provide for widows" -1TI 5 3 qc6s 0 the real widows "widows with no one to provide for them" -1TI 5 4 w38h 0 let them first learn "first of all they should learn" or "let them make it a priority to learn" -1TI 5 4 g5mu 0 in their own household "to their own family" or "to those living in their homes" +1TI 5 2 wmi6 figs-ellipsis νεωτέρας 1 younger women You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "exhort younger women" or "encourage younger women" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1TI 5 2 ivl7 ἐν πάσῃ ἁγνίᾳ 1 in all purity "with pure thoughts and actions" or "in a holy way" +1TI 5 3 smp5 τίμα χήρας 1 Honor widows "Respect and provide for widows" +1TI 5 3 qc6s τὰς ὄντως χήρας 1 the real widows "widows with no one to provide for them" +1TI 5 4 w38h μανθανέτωσαν πρῶτον μανθανέτωσαν 1 let them first learn "first of all they should learn" or "let them make it a priority to learn" +1TI 5 4 g5mu τὸν ἴδιον οἶκον 1 in their own household "to their own family" or "to those living in their homes" 1TI 5 4 q5c8 0 Let them repay their parents "Let them do good to their parents in return for the good things their parents have given them" 1TI 5 5 xp1u 0 But a real widow is left all alone "But one who is truly a widow has no family" 1TI 5 5 u1lj 0 She always remains with requests and prayers "She continues to make requests and prayers" -1TI 5 5 rwp4 figs-doublet 0 requests and prayers These two words mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how much these widows pray. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TI 5 5 rb9f figs-merism 0 both night and day The words "night" and "day" are used together to mean "at all times." Alternate translation: "all the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -1TI 5 6 qy5h figs-metaphor 0 is dead Paul speaks about people who do not seek to please God as if they were dead. Alternate translation: "is like a dead person, she does not respond to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 5 6 p5hi 0 is still alive This refers to physical life. +1TI 5 5 rwp4 figs-doublet ταῖς δεήσεσιν καὶ ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 requests and prayers These two words mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how much these widows pray. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1TI 5 5 rb9f figs-merism νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας 1 both night and day The words "night" and "day" are used together to mean "at all times." Alternate translation: "all the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +1TI 5 6 qy5h figs-metaphor τέθνηκεν 1 is dead Paul speaks about people who do not seek to please God as if they were dead. Alternate translation: "is like a dead person, she does not respond to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 5 6 p5hi τέθνηκεν ζῶσα 1 is still alive This refers to physical life. 1TI 5 7 qw6m 0 Give these instructions "Command these things" -1TI 5 7 a13p 0 so that they may be blameless "so that no one can find fault with them." Possible meanings of "they" are 1) "these widows and their families" or 2) "the believers." It might be best to leave the subject as "they." +1TI 5 7 a13p ἵνα ὦσιν ἀνεπίλημπτοι 1 so that they may be blameless "so that no one can find fault with them." Possible meanings of "they" are 1) "these widows and their families" or 2) "the believers." It might be best to leave the subject as "they." 1TI 5 8 p7h2 0 does not provide for his own relatives, especially for those of his own household "does not help with his relatives' needs, especially for those family members living in his home" -1TI 5 8 y645 0 he has denied the faith "he has acted contrary to the truth we believe" -1TI 5 8 evm7 0 is worse than an unbeliever "is worse than those who do not believe in Jesus." Paul means this person is worse than an unbeliever because even unbelievers take care of their relatives. Therefore, a believer should certainly take care of his relatives. +1TI 5 8 y645 ἤρνηται τὴν πίστιν 1 he has denied the faith "he has acted contrary to the truth we believe" +1TI 5 8 evm7 ἔστιν χείρων ἀπίστου 1 is worse than an unbeliever "is worse than those who do not believe in Jesus." Paul means this person is worse than an unbeliever because even unbelievers take care of their relatives. Therefore, a believer should certainly take care of his relatives. 1TI 5 9 s8ql 0 be enrolled as a widow There seems to have been a list, written or not, of widows. The church members met these women's needs for shelter, clothing, and food, and these women were expected to devote their lives to serving the Christian community. -1TI 5 9 i27x translate-numbers 0 who is not younger than sixty As Paul will explain in 5:11-16, widows who were younger than 60 years old might get married again. Therefore the Christian community was to care only for widows who were older than 60. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1TI 5 9 q9dj 0 a wife of one husband Possible meanings are 1) she was always faithful to her husband or 2) she had not divorced her husband then married another man. +1TI 5 9 i27x translate-numbers ἔλαττον μὴ ἔλαττον ἐτῶν ἑξήκοντα 1 who is not younger than sixty As Paul will explain in 5:11-16, widows who were younger than 60 years old might get married again. Therefore the Christian community was to care only for widows who were older than 60. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1TI 5 9 q9dj γυνή γεγονυῖα ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς 1 a wife of one husband Possible meanings are 1) she was always faithful to her husband or 2) she had not divorced her husband then married another man. 1TI 5 10 l8nm figs-activepassive 0 She must be known for good deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People must be able to attest to her good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 5 10 mik7 0 has been hospitable to strangers "has welcomed strangers into her home" -1TI 5 10 ygl3 figs-metonymy 0 has washed the feet of the saints Washing the dirty feet of people who have been walking in the dirt and mud is one way of meeting other people's needs and making life more enjoyable for them. This probably means she did humble work in general. Alternate translation: "has done common work to help other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 5 10 bw4h 0 saints Some versions translate this word as "the believers" or "God's holy people." The essential idea is to refer to Christian believers. -1TI 5 10 ey6i figs-nominaladj 0 has relieved the afflicted Here "the afflicted" is a nominal adjective that can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "has helped those who are suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -1TI 5 10 h96j 0 has been devoted to every good work "has given herself to doing all kinds of good deeds" +1TI 5 10 mik7 ἐξενοδόχησεν 1 has been hospitable to strangers "has welcomed strangers into her home" +1TI 5 10 ygl3 figs-metonymy ἔνιψεν πόδας ἁγίων 1 has washed the feet of the saints Washing the dirty feet of people who have been walking in the dirt and mud is one way of meeting other people's needs and making life more enjoyable for them. This probably means she did humble work in general. Alternate translation: "has done common work to help other believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 5 10 bw4h ἁγίων 1 saints Some versions translate this word as "the believers" or "God's holy people." The essential idea is to refer to Christian believers. +1TI 5 10 ey6i figs-nominaladj ἐπήρκεσεν θλιβομένοις 1 has relieved the afflicted Here "the afflicted" is a nominal adjective that can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "has helped those who are suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +1TI 5 10 h96j ἐπηκολούθησεν παντὶ ἀγαθῷ ἔργῳ 1 has been devoted to every good work "has given herself to doing all kinds of good deeds" 1TI 5 11 rv5h 0 But as for younger widows, refuse to enroll them in the list "But do not include younger widows in the list." The list was of widows aged 60 years and older whom the Christian community would help. 1TI 5 11 vqq9 0 For when they give in to bodily desires against Christ, they want to marry "For when they prefer to fulfill their sensual desires and get married, they go against their promise to serve Christ as widows" -1TI 5 12 nha7 0 revoke their first commitment "do not keep their prior commitment" or "do not do what they promised before to do" -1TI 5 12 k9nz 0 commitment The commitment of the widows was their agreement to serve the Christian community for the rest of their lives if the community would supply the widows' needs. -1TI 5 13 t4iv 0 learn to be lazy "get into the habit of doing nothing" +1TI 5 12 nha7 ἠθέτησαν τὴν πρώτην πίστιν 1 revoke their first commitment "do not keep their prior commitment" or "do not do what they promised before to do" +1TI 5 12 k9nz πίστιν 1 commitment The commitment of the widows was their agreement to serve the Christian community for the rest of their lives if the community would supply the widows' needs. +1TI 5 13 t4iv μανθάνουσιν ἀργαὶ 1 learn to be lazy "get into the habit of doing nothing" 1TI 5 13 nll4 0 talk nonsense and are busybodies, saying things they should not say These three phrases are probably three ways of speaking of the same activity. These people should not be looking into other people's private lives and telling about them to others who are no better off after hearing. -1TI 5 13 cym5 0 nonsense words that do not help those who hear them -1TI 5 13 umk2 0 busybodies people who look into other people's private lives for their own good and not for the good of the other people +1TI 5 13 cym5 φλύαροι 1 nonsense words that do not help those who hear them +1TI 5 13 umk2 περίεργοι 1 busybodies people who look into other people's private lives for their own good and not for the good of the other people 1TI 5 14 bh1q 0 to manage the household "to take care of everyone in her house" -1TI 5 14 u94k 0 the enemy Possible meanings are 1) this refers to Satan or 2) this refers to unbelievers who are hostile to Christians. +1TI 5 14 u94k τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ 1 the enemy Possible meanings are 1) this refers to Satan or 2) this refers to unbelievers who are hostile to Christians. 1TI 5 14 a1w5 figs-inclusive 0 to slander us Here "us" refers to the entire Christian community, including Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1TI 5 15 fy54 figs-metaphor 0 turned aside after Satan Paul speaks of living in faithfulness to Christ as if it were a path to be followed. This means the woman stopped obeying Jesus and started obeying Satan. Alternate translation: "left the path of Christ to follow Satan" or "decided to obey Satan instead of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 5 16 g8k5 0 any believing woman "any Christian woman" or "any woman who believes in Christ" -1TI 5 16 mf4s 0 has widows "has widows among her relatives" -1TI 5 16 y6hf figs-metaphor 0 so that the church will not be weighed down Paul speaks of the community having to help more people than they are able as if they were carrying too much weight on their backs. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the church will not have more work to do than they can" or "so that the Christian community will not have to help widows whose families could provide for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 5 16 d35m 0 real widows "those women who have no one to provide for them" +1TI 5 15 fy54 figs-metaphor ἐξετράπησαν ὀπίσω τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 turned aside after Satan Paul speaks of living in faithfulness to Christ as if it were a path to be followed. This means the woman stopped obeying Jesus and started obeying Satan. Alternate translation: "left the path of Christ to follow Satan" or "decided to obey Satan instead of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 5 16 g8k5 τις πιστὴ 1 any believing woman "any Christian woman" or "any woman who believes in Christ" +1TI 5 16 mf4s ἔχει χήρας 1 has widows "has widows among her relatives" +1TI 5 16 y6hf figs-metaphor καὶ ἡ ἐκκλησία βαρείσθω μὴ βαρείσθω 1 so that the church will not be weighed down Paul speaks of the community having to help more people than they are able as if they were carrying too much weight on their backs. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the church will not have more work to do than they can" or "so that the Christian community will not have to help widows whose families could provide for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 5 16 d35m ὄντως χήραις 1 real widows "those women who have no one to provide for them" 1TI 5 17 i3l3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul again talks of how elders (overseers) should be treated and then gives Timothy some personal instructions. -1TI 5 17 u93q figs-activepassive 0 Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "All believers should think of the elders who are good leaders as worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 5 17 wp9d 0 double honor Possible meanings are 1) "respect and payment" or 2) "more respect than others receive" -1TI 5 17 r8ew figs-metaphor 0 those who work with the word and in teaching Paul speaks about the word as if it is an object that a person can work with. Alternate translation: "those who preach and teach God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 5 18 kh55 figs-personification 0 For the scripture says This is personification that means that this is what someone has written in the scriptures. Alternate translation: "For we read in the scriptures that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1TI 5 17 u93q figs-activepassive ἀξιούσθωσαν οἱ πρεσβύτεροι προεστῶτες καλῶς ἀξιούσθωσαν 1 Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "All believers should think of the elders who are good leaders as worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 5 17 wp9d διπλῆς τιμῆς 1 double honor Possible meanings are 1) "respect and payment" or 2) "more respect than others receive" +1TI 5 17 r8ew figs-metaphor οἱ κοπιῶντες ἐν λόγῳ καὶ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 those who work with the word and in teaching Paul speaks about the word as if it is an object that a person can work with. Alternate translation: "those who preach and teach God's word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 5 18 kh55 figs-personification γὰρ ἡ Γραφή λέγει 1 For the scripture says This is personification that means that this is what someone has written in the scriptures. Alternate translation: "For we read in the scriptures that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1TI 5 18 vw3a figs-metaphor 0 You shall not put a muzzle on an ox while it treads the grain Paul is using this quotation as a metaphor meaning that church leaders deserve to receive payment from the Christian community for their work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 5 18 g985 translate-unknown 0 muzzle a sleeve that goes over an animal's snout and mouth to prevent it from eating while it is doing work (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1TI 5 18 t6kp 0 treads the grain And ox "treads the grain" when it walks on or pulls a heavy object over the cut grain to separate the grain from the stalks. The ox was allowed to eat some of the grain as they worked. -1TI 5 18 kys1 0 is worthy of "deserves" -1TI 5 19 af68 figs-metaphor 0 Do not receive an accusation Paul speaks of accusations as if they were objects that could be physically accepted by people. Alternate translation: "Do not accept as true any accusation that someone speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 5 19 kmy5 0 two or three "at least two" or "two or more" +1TI 5 18 g985 translate-unknown φιμώσεις 1 muzzle a sleeve that goes over an animal's snout and mouth to prevent it from eating while it is doing work (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +1TI 5 18 t6kp ἀλοῶντα 1 treads the grain And ox "treads the grain" when it walks on or pulls a heavy object over the cut grain to separate the grain from the stalks. The ox was allowed to eat some of the grain as they worked. +1TI 5 18 kys1 ἄξιος τοῦ μισθοῦ 1 is worthy of "deserves" +1TI 5 19 af68 figs-metaphor παραδέχου μὴ παραδέχου κατηγορίαν 1 Do not receive an accusation Paul speaks of accusations as if they were objects that could be physically accepted by people. Alternate translation: "Do not accept as true any accusation that someone speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 5 19 kmy5 δύο ἢ τριῶν 1 two or three "at least two" or "two or more" 1TI 5 20 m4uh 0 sinners This refers to anyone doing anything that disobeys or displeases God, even things that other people do not know about. -1TI 5 20 db63 0 before all "where everyone can see" +1TI 5 20 db63 ἐνώπιον πάντων 1 before all "where everyone can see" 1TI 5 20 ql4m 0 so that the rest may be afraid "so that others will be afraid to sin" -1TI 5 21 t7jq 0 the chosen angels This means the angels whom God and Jesus have chosen to serve them in a special way. +1TI 5 21 t7jq τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων 1 the chosen angels This means the angels whom God and Jesus have chosen to serve them in a special way. 1TI 5 21 f2q7 figs-doublet 0 to keep these commands without partiality, and to do nothing out of favoritism The words "partiality" and "favoritism" mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing that Timothy must judge honestly and be fair to everyone. Alternate translation: "to keep these rules without being partial or showing favor to anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1TI 5 21 dph6 0 these commands Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the rules Paul just told Timothy or 2) this refers to the rules Paul is about to tell Timothy. -1TI 5 22 qb71 0 Place hands The placing of hands was a ceremony in which one or more church leaders would place their hands on people and pray that God would enable those people to serve the church in a way that would please God. Timothy was to wait until the person had shown good character for a long time before officially setting that person apart to serve the Christian community. +1TI 5 21 dph6 ταῦτα 1 these commands Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the rules Paul just told Timothy or 2) this refers to the rules Paul is about to tell Timothy. +1TI 5 22 qb71 ἐπιτίθει χεῖρας 1 Place hands The placing of hands was a ceremony in which one or more church leaders would place their hands on people and pray that God would enable those people to serve the church in a way that would please God. Timothy was to wait until the person had shown good character for a long time before officially setting that person apart to serve the Christian community. 1TI 5 22 pyl8 figs-metaphor 0 Do not share in the sins of another person Paul speaks of someone's sin as if it were an object that could be shared with others. Alternate translation: "do not join in another person's sin" or "do not participate when another person sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 5 22 lt3y 0 Do not share in the sins of another person Possible meanings are 1) if Timothy chose someone who was guilty of sin to be a church worker, God would hold Timothy responsible for that person's sin or 2) Timothy should not commit sins he saw others committing. 1TI 5 23 xl32 figs-explicit 0 You should no longer drink water It is implied that Paul means Timothy should not drink only water. He is telling Timothy to use wine as medicine. The water in that area often caused sickness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 5 24 uk56 figs-activepassive 0 The sins of some people are openly known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The sins of some people are very obvious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 5 24 uk56 figs-activepassive αἱ ἁμαρτίαι τινῶν ἀνθρώπων εἰσιν πρόδηλοί 1 The sins of some people are openly known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The sins of some people are very obvious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 5 24 ug1z figs-personification 0 they go before them into judgment "their sins go before those people into judgment." Paul speaks of sins as if they were moving. Possible meanings are 1) Their sins are so obvious that everyone will know they are guilty even before anyone testifies against them or 2) Their sins are evident, and God judges them now. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1TI 5 24 i1c6 figs-metaphor 0 But some sins follow later "But some sins follow people later." Paul speaks of sins as if they were moving. Possible meanings are 1) Timothy and the Christian community will not know about certain sins until later or 2) God will not judge some sins until the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 5 25 pd8v 0 some good works are openly known "some good works are obvious" -1TI 5 25 qlu5 0 good works The works are considered "good" because they fit with God's character, purposes, and will. +1TI 5 25 qlu5 τὰ καλὰ τὰ ἔργα 1 good works The works are considered "good" because they fit with God's character, purposes, and will. 1TI 5 25 bl51 figs-metaphor 0 but even the others cannot be hidden Paul speaks of sins as if they were objects that someone could hide. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but people will later find out about even the good deeds that are not obvious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 6 intro rks4 0 # 1 Timothy 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Slavery

Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about honoring, respecting, and diligently serving masters. Paul teaches all believers to be godly and content in every situation.
1TI 6 1 zg9b 0 Connecting Statement: Paul gives some specific instructions to slaves and masters and then continues with instructions on living in a godly way. -1TI 6 1 nm4n figs-metaphor 0 Let all who are under the yoke as slaves Paul speaks of people working as slaves as if they are oxen carrying a yoke. Alternate translation: "Let all who are working as slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 1 ep1l figs-explicit 0 Let all who are It is implied that Paul is speaking about believers. Alternate translation: "Let all who are believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 6 1 he2n figs-activepassive 0 the name of God and the teaching might not be blasphemed This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "the unbelievers might always speak respectfully about the name of God and the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -1TI 6 1 xb92 figs-metonymy 0 the name of God Here "name" refers to God's nature or character. Alternate translation: "the character of God" or "God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1TI 6 1 f5pc 0 the teaching "the faith" or "the gospel" -1TI 6 2 fvv7 0 they are brothers Here "brothers" means "fellow believers." +1TI 6 1 nm4n figs-metaphor ἡγείσθωσαν ὅσοι εἰσὶν ὑπὸ ζυγὸν δοῦλοι 1 Let all who are under the yoke as slaves Paul speaks of people working as slaves as if they are oxen carrying a yoke. Alternate translation: "Let all who are working as slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 1 ep1l figs-explicit ἡγείσθωσαν ὅσοι εἰσὶν 1 Let all who are It is implied that Paul is speaking about believers. Alternate translation: "Let all who are believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1TI 6 1 he2n figs-activepassive τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ διδασκαλία βλασφημῆται μὴ βλασφημῆται 1 the name of God and the teaching might not be blasphemed This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "the unbelievers might always speak respectfully about the name of God and the teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +1TI 6 1 xb92 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the name of God Here "name" refers to God's nature or character. Alternate translation: "the character of God" or "God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 6 1 f5pc ἡ διδασκαλία 1 the teaching "the faith" or "the gospel" +1TI 6 2 fvv7 εἰσιν ἀδελφοί 1 they are brothers Here "brothers" means "fellow believers." 1TI 6 2 hn12 figs-activepassive 0 For the masters who are helped by their work This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the masters whom the slaves help with their work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 6 2 nmh9 figs-activepassive 0 and are loved This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "and the slaves should love them" or 2) "whom God loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 6 2 nmh9 figs-activepassive καὶ ἀγαπητοὶ 1 and are loved This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "and the slaves should love them" or 2) "whom God loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 6 4 pn8n figs-genericnoun 0 he is proud ... He has an unhealthy interest Here "he" refers to anyone in general that teaches what is not correct. To make this clear, you can translate "he" as "they" as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -1TI 6 4 z2rb 0 understands nothing "understands nothing about God's truth" +1TI 6 4 z2rb ἐπιστάμενος μηδὲν 1 understands nothing "understands nothing about God's truth" 1TI 6 4 qu86 figs-metaphor 0 He has an unhealthy interest in controversies and arguments Paul speaks of people who feel compelled to engage in useless arguments as if they were ill. Such people greatly desire to argue, and they do not really want to find a way to agree. Alternate translation: "all he wants to do is argue" or "he craves arguments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 4 i3lk 0 controversies and arguments about words that result in envy "controversies and arguments about words, and these controversies and arguments result in envy" -1TI 6 4 xt1z 0 about words "about the meaning of words" -1TI 6 4 bjt6 0 strife arguments, fights -1TI 6 4 y3mx 0 insults people falsely saying bad things about each other -1TI 6 4 kn69 0 evil suspicions "people feeling like others want to do evil to them" -1TI 6 5 z2d8 0 depraved minds "wicked minds" +1TI 6 4 xt1z λογομαχίας 1 about words "about the meaning of words" +1TI 6 4 bjt6 ἔρις 1 strife arguments, fights +1TI 6 4 y3mx βλασφημίαι 1 insults people falsely saying bad things about each other +1TI 6 4 kn69 πονηραί ὑπόνοιαι 1 evil suspicions "people feeling like others want to do evil to them" +1TI 6 5 z2d8 διεφθαρμένων τὸν νοῦν 1 depraved minds "wicked minds" 1TI 6 5 tyf7 figs-metaphor 0 They have lost the truth Here the word "They" refers to anyone who teaches anything that does not agree with the teaching of Jesus. The phrase "have lost the truth" represents ignoring it or forgetting it. Alternate translation: "They have ignored the truth" or "They have forgotten the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 6 q5sq 0 Now This marks a break in the teaching. Here Paul begins to contrast the kind of riches the wicked people seek through godliness ([1 Timothy 6:5](../06/05.md)) and the true kind of gain people receive through godliness. Alternate translation: "Of course" -1TI 6 6 ya9z figs-abstractnouns 0 godliness with contentment is great gain The words "godliness" and "contentment" are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: "it is great gain for a person to do what is godly and to be content with what they have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1TI 6 6 wzj1 0 is great gain "provides great benefits" or "does many good things for us" -1TI 6 7 j6qv 0 brought nothing into the world "brought nothing into the world when we were born" +1TI 6 6 ya9z figs-abstractnouns ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐταρκείας ἔστιν μέγας πορισμὸς 1 godliness with contentment is great gain The words "godliness" and "contentment" are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: "it is great gain for a person to do what is godly and to be content with what they have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1TI 6 6 wzj1 ἔστιν μέγας πορισμὸς 1 is great gain "provides great benefits" or "does many good things for us" +1TI 6 7 j6qv εἰσηνέγκαμεν οὐδὲν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 brought nothing into the world "brought nothing into the world when we were born" 1TI 6 7 jlv8 0 Neither are we able to take out anything "And we can take nothing out of the world when we die" 1TI 6 8 lbk5 0 let us "we should" -1TI 6 9 ij4j 0 Now This word marks a break in the teaching. Here Paul returns to the topic about those who think being godly will make them wealthy ([1 Timothy 6:5](../06/05.md)). +1TI 6 9 ij4j δὲ 1 Now This word marks a break in the teaching. Here Paul returns to the topic about those who think being godly will make them wealthy ([1 Timothy 6:5](../06/05.md)). 1TI 6 9 pl5d figs-metaphor 0 to become wealthy fall into temptation, into a trap Paul speaks about those who let the temptation of money cause them to sin as if they are animals that have fallen into a hole that a hunter has used as a trap. Alternate translation: "to become wealthy will encounter more temptation than they can resist, and they will be like an animal in a trap (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 9 gfy7 figs-metaphor 0 They fall into many foolish and harmful passions This continues the trap metaphor. This means that their foolish and harmful passions will overcome them. Alternate translation: "And as an animal falls into a hunter's trap, they will fall into many foolish and harmful passions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 9 nc3i figs-metaphor 0 into whatever else makes people sink into ruin and destruction Paul speaks about those that let sin destroy them as if they are a boat that sinks under the water. Alternate translation: "into other kinds of evil that ruin and destroy people as if they were a boat sinking under the water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 10 xs9d figs-metaphor 0 For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil Paul speaks of the cause of evil as if it were a plant root. Alternate translation: "This happens because loving money is a cause of all kinds of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 10 xs9d figs-metaphor γὰρ ἡ φιλαργυρία ἐστιν ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν 1 For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil Paul speaks of the cause of evil as if it were a plant root. Alternate translation: "This happens because loving money is a cause of all kinds of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 10 j5z9 0 who desire it "who desire money" 1TI 6 10 b83v figs-metaphor 0 have been misled away from the faith Paul speaks of wrong desires as if they were evil guides who intentionally guide people down the wrong path. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "have let their desires lead them away from the truth" or "have stopped believing the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 6 10 a1fx figs-metaphor 0 have pierced themselves with much grief Paul speaks about grief as if it were a sword that a person uses to stab themselves. Alternate translation: "have caused themselves to be very sorrowful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 11 m5gz figs-you 0 But you Here "you" is singular and refers to Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -1TI 6 11 tp97 0 man of God "servant of God" or "person who belongs to God" -1TI 6 11 h9c6 figs-metaphor 0 flee from these things Paul speaks of these temptations and sins as if they were things that a person could physically run away from. Alternate translation: "completely avoid these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 11 a88g 0 these things Possible meanings of "these things" are 1) the "love of money" or 2) the different teachings, pride, arguments, and the love of money. +1TI 6 11 m5gz figs-you δέ σὺ 1 But you Here "you" is singular and refers to Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1TI 6 11 tp97 ὦ ἄνθρωπε Θεοῦ 1 man of God "servant of God" or "person who belongs to God" +1TI 6 11 h9c6 figs-metaphor φεῦγε ταῦτα 1 flee from these things Paul speaks of these temptations and sins as if they were things that a person could physically run away from. Alternate translation: "completely avoid these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 11 a88g ταῦτα 1 these things Possible meanings of "these things" are 1) the "love of money" or 2) the different teachings, pride, arguments, and the love of money. 1TI 6 11 zjl3 figs-metaphor 0 Pursue righteousness "Run after" or "Chase." Paul speaks of righteousness and other good qualities as if they were things that a person could run after. This metaphor is the opposite of "flee from." It means to try your best to obtain something. Alternate translation: "Seek to gain" or "Do your best to act in" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 12 w21p figs-metaphor 0 Fight the good fight of faith Here Paul speaks about a person continuing in faith as if they are an athlete fighting to win a contest or a warrior fighting a battle. Alternate translation: "Try your hardest to obey Christ's teachings with as much energy as an athlete uses in a contest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 12 w21p figs-metaphor ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως 1 Fight the good fight of faith Here Paul speaks about a person continuing in faith as if they are an athlete fighting to win a contest or a warrior fighting a battle. Alternate translation: "Try your hardest to obey Christ's teachings with as much energy as an athlete uses in a contest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 12 y6m8 figs-metaphor 0 Take hold of the everlasting life This continues the metaphor. Paul speaks about a person receiving eternal life as if they are a victorious athlete or warrior taking their prize. Alternate translation: "Take eternal life as your reward as a victorious athlete takes his prize" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 12 usd1 figs-activepassive 0 to which you were called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to which God has called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1TI 6 12 usd1 figs-activepassive εἰς ἣν ἐκλήθης 1 to which you were called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to which God has called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 6 12 qw96 0 you gave the good confession "you confessed what is good" or "you confessed the truth" -1TI 6 12 vm6q figs-metonymy 0 before many witnesses Paul expresses the idea of location in order to signal the idea of the people to whom Timothy was speaking. Alternate translation: "to many witnesses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1TI 6 12 vm6q figs-metonymy ἐνώπιον πολλῶν μαρτύρων 1 before many witnesses Paul expresses the idea of location in order to signal the idea of the people to whom Timothy was speaking. Alternate translation: "to many witnesses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1TI 6 13 aj8i 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks of Christ's coming, gives specific instructions to the rich, and lastly closes with a special message to Timothy. 1TI 6 13 t6dh 0 I give these orders to you "This is what I command you" 1TI 6 13 ts65 figs-explicit 0 who gives life to all things "in the presence of God, who causes all things to live." It is implied that Paul as asking God to be his witness. Alternate translation: "with God, who causes all things to live, as my witness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1TI 6 13 amy1 figs-explicit 0 before Christ Jesus, who made ... Pilate "in the presence of Christ Jesus, who spoke ... Pilate." It is implied that Paul is asking Jesus to be his witness. Alternate translation: "with Christ Jesus, who spoke ... Pilate, as my witness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 6 14 p9n9 figs-metaphor 0 without spot or blame The word "spot" is a metaphor for moral fault. Possible meanings are 1) Jesus will not find fault with Timothy or blame him for doing wrong or 2) other people will not find fault with Timothy or blame him for doing wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 14 nk52 0 until the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ "until our Lord Jesus Christ comes again" +1TI 6 14 p9n9 figs-metaphor ἄσπιλον ἀνεπίλημπτον 1 without spot or blame The word "spot" is a metaphor for moral fault. Possible meanings are 1) Jesus will not find fault with Timothy or blame him for doing wrong or 2) other people will not find fault with Timothy or blame him for doing wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 14 nk52 μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ ἡμῶν Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 until the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ "until our Lord Jesus Christ comes again" 1TI 6 15 qh1p figs-explicit 0 God will reveal Christ's appearing It is implied that God will reveal Jesus. Alternate translation: "God will reveal Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1TI 6 15 ac6y 0 the blessed and only Sovereign "the One worthy of praise who rules over the world" +1TI 6 15 ac6y ὁ μακάριος καὶ μόνος Δυνάστης 1 the blessed and only Sovereign "the One worthy of praise who rules over the world" 1TI 6 16 l9i8 0 Only he has immortality "Only he has the power to live forever" 1TI 6 16 tsz3 0 dwells in inapproachable light "dwells in a light so bright that no one can approach him" 1TI 6 17 te3z figs-nominaladj 0 Tell the rich Here "rich" is a nominal adjective. It can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "Tell those who are rich" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -1TI 6 17 drj6 0 in riches, which are uncertain "in the many things that they own that they may lose." The reference here is to physical objects. +1TI 6 17 drj6 ἐπὶ πλούτου, ἀδηλότητι 1 in riches, which are uncertain "in the many things that they own that they may lose." The reference here is to physical objects. 1TI 6 17 iq61 0 all the true riches "all the things that will make us truly happy." The reference here may include physical objects, but it more likely refers to states like love, joy, and peace that people try to obtain by means of physical objects. -1TI 6 18 cii3 figs-metaphor 0 be rich in good works Paul speaks of spiritual blessings as if they were earthly wealth. Alternate translation: "serve and help others in many ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 18 cii3 figs-metaphor πλουτεῖν ἐν καλοῖς ἔργοις 1 be rich in good works Paul speaks of spiritual blessings as if they were earthly wealth. Alternate translation: "serve and help others in many ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 19 zc9d figs-metaphor 0 they will store up for themselves a good foundation for what is to come Here Paul speaks about God's blessings that he gives in heaven as if they are riches that a person is storing away for later use. And, the certainty of these blessings that people will never lose is spoke of as if they were the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: "it will be as though they were storing up for themselves many things that God will give them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 19 z5ru figs-metaphor 0 take hold of real life This recalls the sports metaphor of [1 Timothy 6:12](../06/12.md), where the prize is something that the winner can actually hold in his hands. Here the "prize" is "real" life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1TI 6 20 u9wd figs-activepassive 0 protect what was given to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "faithfully proclaim the true message that Jesus has given to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1TI 6 20 vgr8 0 Avoid the foolish talk "Do not pay attention to the foolish talk" 1TI 6 20 y2u7 figs-activepassive 0 of what is falsely called knowledge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "of what some people falsely call knowledge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1TI 6 21 e6rb figs-metaphor 0 they have missed the faith Paul speaks of faith in Christ as if it were a target at which to aim. Alternate translation: "they have not understood or believed the true faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1TI 6 21 hix2 figs-you 0 May grace be with you "May God give grace to all of you." The "you" is plural and refers to the whole Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1TI 6 21 e6rb figs-metaphor ἠστόχησαν τὴν πίστιν 1 they have missed the faith Paul speaks of faith in Christ as if it were a target at which to aim. Alternate translation: "they have not understood or believed the true faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1TI 6 21 hix2 figs-you 0 May grace be with you "May God give grace to all of you." The "you" is plural and refers to the whole Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_56-2TI.tsv b/en_tn_56-2TI.tsv index 97f30afd04..060394b3ac 100644 --- a/en_tn_56-2TI.tsv +++ b/en_tn_56-2TI.tsv @@ -240,4 +240,4 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2TI 04 21 er77 translate-names 0 Claudia This is a female name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2TI 04 21 mk26 figs-gendernotations 0 all the brothers Here "brothers" means all believers whether male or female. Alternate translation: "all the believers here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 2TI 04 22 tx26 figs-you 0 May the Lord be with your spirit "I pray that the Lord makes your spirit strong." Here "you" is singular and refers to Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -2TI 04 22 k85y figs-you 0 May grace be with you "I pray that the Lord shows his grace to all of you there." Here "you" is plural and refers to all the believers there with Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +2TI 04 22 k85y figs-you 0 May grace be with you "I pray that the Lord shows his grace to all of you there." Here "you" is plural and refers to all the believers there with Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv b/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv index d19b7779ff..9a0a07df0b 100644 --- a/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv @@ -1,139 +1,139 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote TIT front intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Titus

1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16)
1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11)
1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15)

#### Who wrote the Book of Titus?

Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

#### What is the Book of Titus about?

Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. And he encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Titus." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Titus" or "A Letter to Titus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### In what roles can people serve within the church?

There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

##### Singular and plural "you"
In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

#### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?"

This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him. And by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is "our great God and Savior Jesus Christ."
TIT 1 intro c7me 0 # Titus 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Elders

The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Should, may, must
The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
-TIT 1 1 rtc9 0 for the faith of to strengthen the faith of -TIT 1 1 fyf8 0 that agrees with godliness "that is suitable for honoring God" -TIT 1 2 r2gj 0 before all the ages of time "before time began" -TIT 1 3 b22h 0 At the right time "At the proper time" -TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor 0 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God's message as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: "He caused me to understand his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 3 m41u 0 he trusted me to deliver "he trusted me to bring" or "he gave me the responsibility to preach" -TIT 1 3 dpn4 0 God our Savior "God, who saves us" -TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor 0 a true son Though Titus was not Paul's biological son, they share a common faith in Christ. Thus, in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. Alternate translation: "you are like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 4 wx6c 0 our common faith Paul expresses the same faith in Christ that they both share. Alternate translation: "the teachings that we both believe" -TIT 1 4 h93t figs-ellipsis 0 Grace and peace This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "May you experience kindness and peace within" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -TIT 1 4 s3yr 0 Christ Jesus our Savior "Christ Jesus who is our Savior" -TIT 1 5 ew8h 0 For this purpose "This is the reason" -TIT 1 5 lh9b 0 I left you in Crete "I told you to stay in Crete" -TIT 1 5 ga62 0 that you might set in order things not yet complete "so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done" -TIT 1 5 b52u 0 ordain elders "appoint elders" or "designate elders" -TIT 1 5 p56w 0 elders In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. +TIT 1 1 rtc9 κατὰ πίστιν Θεοῦ 1 for the faith of to strengthen the faith of +TIT 1 1 fyf8 τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 that agrees with godliness "that is suitable for honoring God" +TIT 1 2 r2gj πρὸ αἰωνίων χρόνων 1 before all the ages of time "before time began" +TIT 1 3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 At the right time "At the proper time" +TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God's message as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: "He caused me to understand his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 3 m41u ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ ἐπιστεύθην 1 he trusted me to deliver "he trusted me to bring" or "he gave me the responsibility to preach" +TIT 1 3 dpn4 Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Σωτῆρος 1 God our Savior "God, who saves us" +TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor τέκνῳ γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 a true son Though Titus was not Paul's biological son, they share a common faith in Christ. Thus, in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. Alternate translation: "you are like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 4 wx6c κοινὴν πίστιν 1 our common faith Paul expresses the same faith in Christ that they both share. Alternate translation: "the teachings that we both believe" +TIT 1 4 h93t figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace and peace This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "May you experience kindness and peace within" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +TIT 1 4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Σωτῆρος 1 Christ Jesus our Savior "Christ Jesus who is our Savior" +TIT 1 5 ew8h τούτου χάριν 1 For this purpose "This is the reason" +TIT 1 5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 I left you in Crete "I told you to stay in Crete" +TIT 1 5 ga62 ἵνα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ τὰ λείποντα 1 that you might set in order things not yet complete "so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done" +TIT 1 5 b52u καταστήσῃς πρεσβυτέρους 1 ordain elders "appoint elders" or "designate elders" +TIT 1 5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 elders In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. TIT 1 6 wja4 0 Connecting Statement: Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul gives the requirements for elders. -TIT 1 6 jen8 0 An elder must be without blame, the husband To be "without blame" is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: "An elder must not have a bad reputation and must be the husband" -TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit 0 the husband of one wife This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. It may also imply that he does not commit adultery and that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: "a man who has only one woman" or "a man who is faithful to his wife" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -TIT 1 6 wd6q 0 faithful children Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy. -TIT 1 7 lz7x 0 overseer This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as "elder" in 1:6. -TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor 0 God's household manager Paul speaks of the church as if it were God's household and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing the household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 7 d6l1 0 not addicted to wine "not an alcoholic" or "not one who drinks much wine" -TIT 1 7 j1qq 0 not a brawler "not one who is violent" or "not one who likes to fight" -TIT 1 8 i549 0 Instead Paul is changing his argument from what an elder is not to be to what an elder is to be. -TIT 1 8 vkq1 0 a friend of what is good "a person who loves what is good" -TIT 1 9 xwy6 figs-metaphor 0 hold tightly to Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one's hands. Alternate translation: "be devoted to" or "know well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 9 pzi1 0 good teaching He must teach what is true about God and other spiritual matters. +TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος, ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be without blame, the husband To be "without blame" is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: "An elder must not have a bad reputation and must be the husband" +TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit ἀνήρ μιᾶς γυναικὸς 1 the husband of one wife This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. It may also imply that he does not commit adultery and that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: "a man who has only one woman" or "a man who is faithful to his wife" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 1 6 wd6q τέκνα ἔχων πιστά 1 faithful children Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy. +TIT 1 7 lz7x ἐπίσκοπον 1 overseer This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as "elder" in 1:6. +TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 God's household manager Paul speaks of the church as if it were God's household and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing the household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 not addicted to wine "not an alcoholic" or "not one who drinks much wine" +TIT 1 7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 not a brawler "not one who is violent" or "not one who likes to fight" +TIT 1 8 i549 ἀλλὰ 1 Instead Paul is changing his argument from what an elder is not to be to what an elder is to be. +TIT 1 8 vkq1 φιλάγαθον 1 a friend of what is good "a person who loves what is good" +TIT 1 9 xwy6 figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 hold tightly to Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one's hands. Alternate translation: "be devoted to" or "know well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 9 pzi1 τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 good teaching He must teach what is true about God and other spiritual matters. TIT 1 10 xsq9 0 Connecting Statement: Because of those that would oppose God's word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God's word and warns him about false teachers. TIT 1 10 w9kk 0 rebellious people These are rebellious people who oppose Paul's gospel message. -TIT 1 10 ga6n figs-metaphor 0 empty talkers and deceivers This phrase describes the rebellious people mentioned in the previous phrase. Here "empty" is a metaphor for useless, and "empty talkers" are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: "people who say useless things and deceive others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 10 pu74 figs-metonymy 0 those of the circumcision This refers to the Christian Jews who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -TIT 1 11 f4iy 0 It is necessary to stop them "They must be prevented from spreading their teachings" or "They must be stopped from influencing others by their words" -TIT 1 11 tw4e 0 what they should not teach These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true. -TIT 1 11 at7c 0 for shameful profit This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable. -TIT 1 11 aqi5 0 are upsetting whole families "are ruining whole families." The issue was that they were upsetting families by destroying their faith. This may have caused the members of the families to argue with one another. -TIT 1 12 tr1j 0 One of their own prophets "A prophet from Crete itself" or "A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet" -TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole 0 Cretans are always liars "Cretans lie all the time." This is an exaggeration that means many Cretans lie a lot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -TIT 1 12 h3jb figs-metaphor 0 evil beasts This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 13 fif8 0 Therefore, correct them severely "You must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them" -TIT 1 13 je3r 0 so that they may be sound in the faith "so they will have a healthy faith" or "so their faith may be true" -TIT 1 14 p28i 0 Jewish myths This refers to the false teaching of the Jews. -TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor 0 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: "reject the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 10 ga6n figs-metaphor ματαιολόγοι καὶ φρεναπάται 1 empty talkers and deceivers This phrase describes the rebellious people mentioned in the previous phrase. Here "empty" is a metaphor for useless, and "empty talkers" are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: "people who say useless things and deceive others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 10 pu74 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 those of the circumcision This refers to the Christian Jews who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +TIT 1 11 f4iy δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν οὓς 1 It is necessary to stop them "They must be prevented from spreading their teachings" or "They must be stopped from influencing others by their words" +TIT 1 11 tw4e ἃ δεῖ μὴ 1 what they should not teach These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true. +TIT 1 11 at7c χάριν αἰσχροῦ κέρδους 1 for shameful profit This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable. +TIT 1 11 aqi5 ἀνατρέπουσιν ὅλους οἴκους 1 are upsetting whole families "are ruining whole families." The issue was that they were upsetting families by destroying their faith. This may have caused the members of the families to argue with one another. +TIT 1 12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 One of their own prophets "A prophet from Crete itself" or "A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet" +TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ψεῦσται ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 Cretans are always liars "Cretans lie all the time." This is an exaggeration that means many Cretans lie a lot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +TIT 1 12 h3jb figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 evil beasts This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν, ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Therefore, correct them severely "You must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them" +TIT 1 13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 so that they may be sound in the faith "so they will have a healthy faith" or "so their faith may be true" +TIT 1 14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 Jewish myths This refers to the false teaching of the Jews. +TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: "reject the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) TIT 1 15 qtb9 0 To those who are pure, all things are pure "If people are pure on the inside, everything they do will be pure" TIT 1 15 nx42 0 To those who are pure "To those who are acceptable to God" -TIT 1 15 n3wk figs-metaphor 0 to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: "if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 16 i3l2 0 they deny him by their actions "how they live proves that they do not know him" -TIT 1 16 ja47 0 They are detestable "They are disgusting" +TIT 1 15 n3wk figs-metaphor τοῖς μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 1 to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: "if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 16 i3l2 ἀρνοῦνται τοῖς ἔργοις 1 they deny him by their actions "how they live proves that they do not know him" +TIT 1 16 ja47 ὄντες βδελυκτοὶ 1 They are detestable "They are disgusting" TIT 2 intro h3il 0 # Titus 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Gender roles

Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.

##### Slavery

Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
TIT 2 1 lfu1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God's word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers. -TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit 0 But you, speak what fits Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: "But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -TIT 2 1 ph2j 0 with faithful instruction "with sound doctrine" or "with correct teachings" -TIT 2 2 xc6t 0 to be temperate "to be sober-minded" or "to be self-controlled" +TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit δὲ σὺ, λάλει ἃ πρέπει 1 But you, speak what fits Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: "But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 2 1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 with faithful instruction "with sound doctrine" or "with correct teachings" +TIT 2 2 xc6t εἶναι νηφαλίους 1 to be temperate "to be sober-minded" or "to be self-controlled" TIT 2 2 y3j2 0 to be ... sensible "to ... control their desires" -TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns 0 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word "sound" means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns "faith," "love," and "perseverance" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -TIT 2 3 gl8e 0 Teach older women likewise "In the same way, teach older women" or "Also teach older women" -TIT 2 3 v9cp 0 slanderers This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not. -TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor 0 or being slaves to much wine A person who cannot control themselves and drinks too much wine is spoken of as if the person were a slave to the wine. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and not drinking too much wine" or "and not addicted to wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive 0 so that God's word may not be insulted "Word" here is a metonym for "message," which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that no one insults God's word" or "so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -TIT 2 6 i3hv 0 In the same way Titus was to train the younger men like he was to train the older people. -TIT 2 7 x73u 0 present yourself as "show yourself to be" -TIT 2 7 ym6x 0 an example of good works "an example of one who does right and proper things" -TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo 0 so that anyone who opposes you may be ashamed This presents an imaginary situation where someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: "so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed" or "so that if people oppose you, they may be ashamed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -TIT 2 9 ntp7 0 their masters "their own masters" -TIT 2 9 if6v 0 in everything "in every situation" or "always" -TIT 2 9 id15 0 please them "make their masters happy" or "satisfy their masters" -TIT 2 10 t87j 0 demonstrate all good faith "show that they are worthy of their masters' trust" -TIT 2 10 h2n6 0 in every way "in everything they do" -TIT 2 10 f8jy 0 they may bring credit to the teaching about God our Savior "they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive" or "they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good" -TIT 2 10 pn93 0 God our Savior "our God who saves us" +TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word "sound" means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns "faith," "love," and "perseverance" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +TIT 2 3 gl8e ἐν καταστήματι πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 Teach older women likewise "In the same way, teach older women" or "Also teach older women" +TIT 2 3 v9cp διαβόλους 1 slanderers This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not. +TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor μηδὲ δεδουλωμένας οἴνῳ πολλῷ οἴνῳ 1 or being slaves to much wine A person who cannot control themselves and drinks too much wine is spoken of as if the person were a slave to the wine. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and not drinking too much wine" or "and not addicted to wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ λόγος βλασφημῆται μὴ βλασφημῆται 1 so that God's word may not be insulted "Word" here is a metonym for "message," which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that no one insults God's word" or "so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +TIT 2 6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 In the same way Titus was to train the younger men like he was to train the older people. +TIT 2 7 x73u παρεχόμενος σεαυτὸν τύπον 1 present yourself as "show yourself to be" +TIT 2 7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 an example of good works "an example of one who does right and proper things" +TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 so that anyone who opposes you may be ashamed This presents an imaginary situation where someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: "so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed" or "so that if people oppose you, they may be ashamed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +TIT 2 9 ntp7 ἰδίοις δεσπόταις 1 their masters "their own masters" +TIT 2 9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in everything "in every situation" or "always" +TIT 2 9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 please them "make their masters happy" or "satisfy their masters" +TIT 2 10 t87j ἐνδεικνυμένους πᾶσαν ἀγαθήν πίστιν 1 demonstrate all good faith "show that they are worthy of their masters' trust" +TIT 2 10 h2n6 ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in every way "in everything they do" +TIT 2 10 f8jy κοσμῶσιν τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος 1 they may bring credit to the teaching about God our Savior "they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive" or "they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good" +TIT 2 10 pn93 Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος 1 God our Savior "our God who saves us" TIT 2 11 y44u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus' coming and remember his authority through Jesus. -TIT 2 11 gp2z figs-personification 0 the grace of God has appeared Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who goes to other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -TIT 2 12 qy8k figs-personification 0 trains us Paul speaks of the grace of God ([Titus 2:11] (./11.md)) as if it were a person who goes to other people and trains them to live holy lives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +TIT 2 11 gp2z figs-personification ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπεφάνη 1 the grace of God has appeared Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who goes to other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +TIT 2 12 qy8k figs-personification παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς 1 trains us Paul speaks of the grace of God ([Titus 2:11] (./11.md)) as if it were a person who goes to other people and trains them to live holy lives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) TIT 2 12 lxb3 0 trains us to reject godlessness "teaches us not to dishonor God" -TIT 2 12 n3k5 0 worldly passions "strong desires for the things of this world" or "strong desires for sinful pleasures" +TIT 2 12 n3k5 τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 worldly passions "strong desires for the things of this world" or "strong desires for sinful pleasures" TIT 2 12 fk8j 0 in this age "while we live in this world" or "during this time" -TIT 2 13 rz93 0 we look forward to receiving "we wait to welcome" +TIT 2 13 rz93 προσδεχόμενοι 1 we look forward to receiving "we wait to welcome" TIT 2 13 pss7 figs-metonymy 0 our blessed hope, the appearance of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Here "glory" represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: "the good thing for which we hope, that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -TIT 2 14 niu4 figs-explicit 0 gave himself for us This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: "gave himself to die for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -TIT 2 14 gxe7 figs-metaphor 0 to redeem us from all lawlessness Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 2 14 fjy1 0 a special people A group of people that he treasures. -TIT 2 14 ii18 0 are eager "have a strong desire" -TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit 0 give correction with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -TIT 2 15 h15y 0 Let no one "Do not allow anyone to" -TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit 0 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "refuse to listen to your words" or "refuse to respect you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 2 14 niu4 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 gave himself for us This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: "gave himself to die for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 2 14 gxe7 figs-metaphor λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας 1 to redeem us from all lawlessness Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 2 14 fjy1 λαὸν περιούσιον λαὸν 1 a special people A group of people that he treasures. +TIT 2 14 ii18 ζηλωτὴν 1 are eager "have a strong desire" +TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 give correction with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 2 15 h15y περιφρονείτω μηδείς 1 Let no one "Do not allow anyone to" +TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit περιφρονείτω σου 1 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "refuse to listen to your words" or "refuse to respect you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) TIT 3 intro zh6x 0 # Titus 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.

Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Genealogies

Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron.
TIT 3 1 y9tr 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete. -TIT 3 1 j2sa 0 Remind them to submit "Tell our people again what they already know, to submit" or "Keep reminding them to submit" -TIT 3 1 w3fy 0 submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them "do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them" -TIT 3 1 wa9x 0 rulers and authorities These words have similar meanings and are used together to include everyone who holds authority in the government. -TIT 3 1 in7u 0 be ready for every good work "be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity" -TIT 3 2 lug7 0 to revile "to speak evil of" -TIT 3 3 m9zd 0 For once we ourselves "This is because we ourselves were once" -TIT 3 3 me7b 0 once "formerly" or "at some time" or "previously" -TIT 3 3 bl8e 0 we ourselves "even we" or "we also" -TIT 3 3 rrx9 0 were thoughtless "were foolish" or "were unwise" -TIT 3 3 qt8f figs-personification 0 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray" or "We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -TIT 3 3 tl5n 0 passions "lusts" or "desires" -TIT 3 3 dec4 figs-hendiadys 0 We lived in evil and envy Here "evil" and "envy" are similar words for sin. Alternate translation: "We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -TIT 3 3 y5lp 0 We were detestable "We caused others to hate us" -TIT 3 4 ba5a figs-personification 0 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared Paul speaks of God's kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -TIT 3 5 n4ug 0 by his mercy "because he had mercy on us" -TIT 3 5 k1a6 figs-metaphor 0 washing of new birth Paul is probably speaking of God's forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 3 6 fby9 figs-metaphor 0 whom God richly poured on us It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: "whom God gave to us generously" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 3 6 q9ze 0 through our Savior Jesus Christ "when Jesus saved us" -TIT 3 7 di3g figs-activepassive 0 having been justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "since God has declared us to be without sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -TIT 3 7 q1cm figs-metaphor 0 we might become heirs with the certain hope of eternal life The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 3 8 j8md 0 This message This refers to God giving the believers the Holy Spirit through Jesus in [Titus 3:7](../03/07.md). -TIT 3 8 kqm6 0 may be careful to engage themselves in good works "may seek to do good works" +TIT 3 1 j2sa ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Remind them to submit "Tell our people again what they already know, to submit" or "Keep reminding them to submit" +TIT 3 1 w3fy ὑποτάσσεσθαι ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις, πειθαρχεῖν 1 submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them "do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them" +TIT 3 1 wa9x ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις 1 rulers and authorities These words have similar meanings and are used together to include everyone who holds authority in the government. +TIT 3 1 in7u εἶναι ἑτοίμους πρὸς πᾶν ἀγαθὸν ἔργον 1 be ready for every good work "be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity" +TIT 3 2 lug7 βλασφημεῖν 1 to revile "to speak evil of" +TIT 3 3 m9zd γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 For once we ourselves "This is because we ourselves were once" +TIT 3 3 me7b ποτε καὶ 1 once "formerly" or "at some time" or "previously" +TIT 3 3 bl8e ἡμεῖς 1 we ourselves "even we" or "we also" +TIT 3 3 rrx9 ἦμεν ἀνόητοι 1 were thoughtless "were foolish" or "were unwise" +TIT 3 3 qt8f figs-personification πλανώμενοι δουλεύοντες ποικίλαις ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray" or "We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +TIT 3 3 tl5n ἐπιθυμίαις 1 passions "lusts" or "desires" +TIT 3 3 dec4 figs-hendiadys διάγοντες ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ 1 We lived in evil and envy Here "evil" and "envy" are similar words for sin. Alternate translation: "We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +TIT 3 3 y5lp στυγητοί 1 We were detestable "We caused others to hate us" +TIT 3 4 ba5a figs-personification ὅτε ἡ χρηστότης τοῦ Σωτῆρος Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Σωτῆρος καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared Paul speaks of God's kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +TIT 3 5 n4ug κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος 1 by his mercy "because he had mercy on us" +TIT 3 5 k1a6 figs-metaphor λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας 1 washing of new birth Paul is probably speaking of God's forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 3 6 fby9 figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν πλουσίως ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς 1 whom God richly poured on us It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: "whom God gave to us generously" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 3 6 q9ze διὰ ἡμῶν τοῦ Σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through our Savior Jesus Christ "when Jesus saved us" +TIT 3 7 di3g figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 having been justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "since God has declared us to be without sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +TIT 3 7 q1cm figs-metaphor γενηθῶμεν κληρονόμοι κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 we might become heirs with the certain hope of eternal life The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 3 8 j8md ὁ λόγος 1 This message This refers to God giving the believers the Holy Spirit through Jesus in [Titus 3:7](../03/07.md). +TIT 3 8 kqm6 φροντίζωσιν προΐστασθαι καλῶν ἔργων 1 may be careful to engage themselves in good works "may seek to do good works" TIT 3 9 tzh9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers. -TIT 3 9 j1hf 0 But avoid "So avoid" or "Therefore, avoid" -TIT 3 9 xnf9 0 foolish debates "arguments concerning unimportant matters" -TIT 3 9 qk66 0 genealogies This is the study of family kinship relationships. -TIT 3 9 xu7f 0 strife arguments or fights -TIT 3 9 ky3n 0 the law "the law of Moses" +TIT 3 9 j1hf δὲ περιΐστασο 1 But avoid "So avoid" or "Therefore, avoid" +TIT 3 9 xnf9 μωρὰς ζητήσεις 1 foolish debates "arguments concerning unimportant matters" +TIT 3 9 qk66 γενεαλογίας 1 genealogies This is the study of family kinship relationships. +TIT 3 9 xu7f ἔρεις 1 strife arguments or fights +TIT 3 9 ky3n νομικὰς 1 the law "the law of Moses" TIT 3 10 x3fh 0 Reject anyone "Stay away from anyone" -TIT 3 10 xzx1 0 after one or two warnings "after you have warned that person once or twice" -TIT 3 11 r7pc 0 such a person "a person like that" -TIT 3 11 inh5 figs-metaphor 0 has turned from the right way Paul speaks of someone who makes errors as if he were leaving the path on which he had been walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 3 10 xzx1 μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν 1 after one or two warnings "after you have warned that person once or twice" +TIT 3 11 r7pc ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 such a person "a person like that" +TIT 3 11 inh5 figs-metaphor ἐξέστραπται 1 has turned from the right way Paul speaks of someone who makes errors as if he were leaving the path on which he had been walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) TIT 3 11 p81k 0 condemns himself "brings judgment on himself" TIT 3 12 z7i4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him. -TIT 3 12 mba6 0 When I send "After I send" +TIT 3 12 mba6 ὅταν πέμψω 1 When I send "After I send" TIT 3 12 c32w translate-names 0 Artemas ... Tychicus These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -TIT 3 12 knt1 0 hurry and come "come quickly" -TIT 3 12 gdw9 0 spend the winter "stay for the winter" -TIT 3 13 a46f translate-names 0 Zenas This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +TIT 3 12 knt1 σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν 1 hurry and come "come quickly" +TIT 3 12 gdw9 παραχειμάσαι 1 spend the winter "stay for the winter" +TIT 3 13 a46f translate-names Ζηνᾶν 1 Zenas This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) TIT 3 13 j496 0 Do everything you can to send "Do not delay in sending" -TIT 3 13 s757 0 and Apollos "and also send Apollos" +TIT 3 13 s757 καὶ Ἀπολλῶν 1 and Apollos "and also send Apollos" TIT 3 14 v7wg 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains why it is important to provide for Zenas and Apollos. -TIT 3 14 fw98 0 Our people Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. -TIT 3 14 tn24 0 that provide for urgent needs "that enable them to help people who need important things immediately" -TIT 3 14 mji4 figs-doublenegatives 0 needs, and so not be unfruitful Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. This double negative means they should be fruitful or productive. Alternate translation: "needs; in this way they will be fruitful" or "needs, and so they will do good works" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +TIT 3 14 fw98 οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 Our people Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. +TIT 3 14 tn24 εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας 1 that provide for urgent needs "that enable them to help people who need important things immediately" +TIT 3 14 mji4 figs-doublenegatives εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 needs, and so not be unfruitful Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. This double negative means they should be fruitful or productive. Alternate translation: "needs; in this way they will be fruitful" or "needs, and so they will do good works" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) TIT 3 15 j3y2 0 General Information: Paul ends his letter to Titus. -TIT 3 15 k1sa 0 All those "All the people" -TIT 3 15 f4vc 0 those who love us in faith Possible meanings are 1) "the believers who love us" or 2) "the believers who love us because we share the same belief." -TIT 3 15 kx83 0 Grace be with all of you This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: "May God's grace be with you" or "I ask that God will be gracious to all of you" +TIT 3 15 k1sa πάντες οἱ μετ’ 1 All those "All the people" +TIT 3 15 f4vc τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει 1 those who love us in faith Possible meanings are 1) "the believers who love us" or 2) "the believers who love us because we share the same belief." +TIT 3 15 kx83 ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with all of you This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: "May God's grace be with you" or "I ask that God will be gracious to all of you" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv b/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv index f8d0e61570..7cfe726248 100644 --- a/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv @@ -1,62 +1,62 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote PHM front intro sz2w 0 # Introduction to Philemon
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Philemon

1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3)
1. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21)
1. Conclusion (1:22-25)

#### Who wrote the Book of Philemon?

Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter.

#### What is the Book of Philemon about?

Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison.

Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philemon." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Philemon" or "The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery?

Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in.

#### What does Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?

Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### Singular and plural "you"

In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There "you" refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PHM 1 1 sg4f figs-you 0 General Information: Three times Paul identifies himself as the author of this letter. Evidently Timothy was with him and probably wrote the words down as Paul said them. Paul greets others who meet for church at Philemon's house. All instances of "I," "me," and "my" refer to Paul. Philemon is the main person to whom this letter is written. All instances of "you" and "your" refer to him and are singular unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PHM 1 1 niq3 figs-exclusive 0 Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and the brother Timothy to Philemon Your language may have a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter. Alternate translation: "I, Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy, our brother, are writing this letter to Philemon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PHM 1 1 cgs4 0 a prisoner of Christ Jesus "a prisoner for the sake of Christ Jesus." People who opposed Paul's preaching had punished him by putting him into prison. -PHM 1 1 sv3p 0 brother Here this means a fellow Christian. -PHM 1 1 r3l9 figs-exclusive 0 our dear friend The word "our" here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PHM 1 1 ww3l 0 and fellow worker "who, like us, works to spread the gospel" +PHM 1 1 niq3 figs-exclusive Παῦλος, δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ ὁ ἀδελφὸς Τιμόθεος Φιλήμονι 1 Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and the brother Timothy to Philemon Your language may have a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter. Alternate translation: "I, Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy, our brother, are writing this letter to Philemon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +PHM 1 1 cgs4 δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 a prisoner of Christ Jesus "a prisoner for the sake of Christ Jesus." People who opposed Paul's preaching had punished him by putting him into prison. +PHM 1 1 sv3p ἀδελφὸς 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian. +PHM 1 1 r3l9 figs-exclusive ἡμῶν τῷ ἀγαπητῷ 1 our dear friend The word "our" here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +PHM 1 1 ww3l καὶ συνεργῷ 1 and fellow worker "who, like us, works to spread the gospel" PHM 1 2 e8su figs-exclusive 0 our sister ... our fellow soldier The word "our" here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PHM 1 2 zh5c translate-names 0 Apphia our sister Here "sister" means she was a believer, and not a relative. Alternate translation: "Apphia our fellow believer" or "Apphia our spiritual sister" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHM 1 2 sq44 translate-names 0 Archippus This is the name of a man in the church with Philemon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHM 1 2 mnn5 figs-metaphor 0 our fellow soldier Paul speaks here of Archippus as if they were both soldiers in an army. He means that Archippus works hard, as Paul himself works hard, to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: "our fellow spiritual warrior" or "who also fights the spiritual battle with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHM 1 2 zh5c translate-names Ἀπφίᾳ τῇ ἀδελφῇ 1 Apphia our sister Here "sister" means she was a believer, and not a relative. Alternate translation: "Apphia our fellow believer" or "Apphia our spiritual sister" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHM 1 2 sq44 translate-names Ἀρχίππῳ 1 Archippus This is the name of a man in the church with Philemon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHM 1 2 mnn5 figs-metaphor ἡμῶν τῷ συνστρατιώτῃ 1 our fellow soldier Paul speaks here of Archippus as if they were both soldiers in an army. He means that Archippus works hard, as Paul himself works hard, to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: "our fellow spiritual warrior" or "who also fights the spiritual battle with us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHM 1 3 r4nq 0 May grace be to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ "May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace." This is a blessing. -PHM 1 3 e5z8 figs-inclusive 0 God our Father The word "our" here refers to Paul, those with him, and the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -PHM 1 3 lh8a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 our Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +PHM 1 3 e5z8 figs-inclusive Θεοῦ ἡμῶν Πατρὸς 1 God our Father The word "our" here refers to Paul, those with him, and the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +PHM 1 3 lh8a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ἡμῶν Πατρὸς 1 our Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) PHM 1 4 kh5l figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "us" is plural and refers to Paul, those with him, and all Christians, including the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -PHM 1 6 t54l 0 that the fellowship of your faith "that your working together with us" -PHM 1 6 pxw1 0 be effective for the knowledge of everything good "result in knowing what is good" -PHM 1 6 n25e 0 in Christ "because of Christ" -PHM 1 7 aq4g figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the saints have been refreshed by you Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's emotions or inner being. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you have encouraged believers" or "you have helped the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHM 1 7 m5ip 0 you, brother "you, dear brother" or "you, dear friend." Paul called Philemon "brother" because they were both believers and he emphasizing their friendship. +PHM 1 6 t54l ὅπως ἡ κοινωνία τῆς πίστεώς σου τῆς πίστεώς 1 that the fellowship of your faith "that your working together with us" +PHM 1 6 pxw1 γένηται ἐνεργὴς ἐν ἐπιγνώσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ 1 be effective for the knowledge of everything good "result in knowing what is good" +PHM 1 6 n25e εἰς Χριστόν 1 in Christ "because of Christ" +PHM 1 7 aq4g figs-metonymy τὰ σπλάγχνα τῶν ἁγίων ἀναπέπαυται διὰ σοῦ 1 the hearts of the saints have been refreshed by you Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's emotions or inner being. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you have encouraged believers" or "you have helped the believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHM 1 7 m5ip σοῦ, ἀδελφέ 1 you, brother "you, dear brother" or "you, dear friend." Paul called Philemon "brother" because they were both believers and he emphasizing their friendship. PHM 1 8 ayy1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins his plea and the reason for his letter. -PHM 1 8 fd84 0 all the boldness in Christ Possible meanings are 1) "authority because of Christ" or 2) "courage because of Christ." Alternate translation: "courage because Christ has given me authority" -PHM 1 9 l9fh 0 yet because of love Possible meanings: 1) "because I know that you love God's people" 2) "because you love me" or 3) "because I love you" +PHM 1 8 fd84 πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἐν Χριστῷ 1 all the boldness in Christ Possible meanings are 1) "authority because of Christ" or 2) "courage because of Christ." Alternate translation: "courage because Christ has given me authority" +PHM 1 9 l9fh διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην 1 yet because of love Possible meanings: 1) "because I know that you love God's people" 2) "because you love me" or 3) "because I love you" PHM 1 10 lsr6 0 General Information: Onesimus is the name of a man. He was apparently Philemon's slave and had stolen something and ran away. -PHM 1 10 m6fw figs-metaphor 0 my child Onesimus "my son Onesimus." Paul speaks of the way he is friends with Onesimus as if it were the way a father and his son love each other. Onesimus was not Paul's actual son, but he received spiritual life when Paul taught him about Jesus, and Paul loved him. Alternate translation: "my spiritual son Onesimus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHM 1 10 dj9h translate-names 0 Onesimus The name "Onesimus" means "profitable" or "useful." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHM 1 10 mui3 figs-metaphor 0 whom I have fathered in my chains Here "fathered" is a metaphor that means Paul converted Onesimus to Christ. Alternate translation: "who became my spiritual son when I taught him about Christ and he received new life while I was in my chains" or "who became like a son to me while I was in my chains" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHM 1 10 nx1p figs-metonymy 0 in my chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: "while I was in prison ... while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHM 1 12 t1kp 0 I have sent him back to you Paul was probably sending Onesimus with another believer who carried this letter. -PHM 1 12 h9qv figs-metonymy 0 who is my very heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions. The phrase "who is my very heart" is a metaphor for loving someone. Paul was saying this about Onesimus. Alternate translation: "whom I love dearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHM 1 13 t4xl 0 so he could serve me for you "so that, since you cannot be here, he might help me" or "so that he could help me in your place" -PHM 1 13 bb3t figs-metonymy 0 while I am in chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: "while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PHM 1 13 iwa8 figs-explicit 0 for the sake of the gospel Paul was in prison because he preached the gospel publicly. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "because I preach the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHM 1 14 g9wp figs-doublenegatives 0 But I did not want to do anything without your consent Paul states a double negative to mean the opposite. Alternate translation: "But I wanted to keep him with me only if you approved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PHM 1 14 jxi7 0 I did not want your good deed to be from necessity but from good will "I did not want you to do this good deed because I commanded you to do it, but because you wanted to do it" -PHM 1 14 ngg8 0 but from good will "but because you freely chose to do the right thing" -PHM 1 15 q1dr figs-activepassive 0 Perhaps for this he was separated from you for a time, so that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Perhaps the reason God took Onesimus away from you for a time was so that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PHM 1 15 fp5v 0 for a time "during this time" -PHM 1 16 l3e4 0 better than a slave "more valuable than a slave" -PHM 1 16 f8tz 0 a beloved brother "a dear brother" or "a precious brother in Christ" -PHM 1 16 f38v 0 much more so to you "he means even more to you" -PHM 1 16 yub9 figs-metaphor 0 in both the flesh "both as a man." Paul is referring to Onesimus' being a trustworthy servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHM 1 16 scj1 0 in the Lord "as a brother in the Lord" or "because he belongs to the Lord" +PHM 1 10 m6fw figs-metaphor τοῦ ἐμοῦ τέκνου Ὀνήσιμον 1 my child Onesimus "my son Onesimus." Paul speaks of the way he is friends with Onesimus as if it were the way a father and his son love each other. Onesimus was not Paul's actual son, but he received spiritual life when Paul taught him about Jesus, and Paul loved him. Alternate translation: "my spiritual son Onesimus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHM 1 10 dj9h translate-names Ὀνήσιμον 1 Onesimus The name "Onesimus" means "profitable" or "useful." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHM 1 10 mui3 figs-metaphor ὃν ἐγέννησα ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 whom I have fathered in my chains Here "fathered" is a metaphor that means Paul converted Onesimus to Christ. Alternate translation: "who became my spiritual son when I taught him about Christ and he received new life while I was in my chains" or "who became like a son to me while I was in my chains" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHM 1 10 nx1p figs-metonymy ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 in my chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: "while I was in prison ... while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHM 1 12 t1kp ἀνέπεμψά ὃν ἀνέπεμψά σοι 1 I have sent him back to you Paul was probably sending Onesimus with another believer who carried this letter. +PHM 1 12 h9qv figs-metonymy αὐτόν τοῦτ’ ἔστιν τὰ ἐμὰ σπλάγχνα 1 who is my very heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions. The phrase "who is my very heart" is a metaphor for loving someone. Paul was saying this about Onesimus. Alternate translation: "whom I love dearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHM 1 13 t4xl ἵνα διακονῇ μοι ὑπὲρ σοῦ 1 so he could serve me for you "so that, since you cannot be here, he might help me" or "so that he could help me in your place" +PHM 1 13 bb3t figs-metonymy ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 while I am in chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: "while I am in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PHM 1 13 iwa8 figs-explicit τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the sake of the gospel Paul was in prison because he preached the gospel publicly. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "because I preach the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHM 1 14 g9wp figs-doublenegatives δὲ ἠθέλησα οὐδὲν ἠθέλησα ποιῆσαι οὐδὲν χωρὶς τῆς σῆς γνώμης 1 But I did not want to do anything without your consent Paul states a double negative to mean the opposite. Alternate translation: "But I wanted to keep him with me only if you approved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +PHM 1 14 jxi7 ἵνα μὴ ὡς σου τὸ ἀγαθόν ᾖ κατὰ ἀνάγκην ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον 1 I did not want your good deed to be from necessity but from good will "I did not want you to do this good deed because I commanded you to do it, but because you wanted to do it" +PHM 1 14 ngg8 ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον 1 but from good will "but because you freely chose to do the right thing" +PHM 1 15 q1dr figs-activepassive τάχα γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἐχωρίσθη πρὸς ὥραν, ἵνα 1 Perhaps for this he was separated from you for a time, so that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Perhaps the reason God took Onesimus away from you for a time was so that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHM 1 15 fp5v πρὸς ὥραν 1 for a time "during this time" +PHM 1 16 l3e4 ὑπὲρ δοῦλον 1 better than a slave "more valuable than a slave" +PHM 1 16 f8tz δοῦλον ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν ἀδελφὸν 1 a beloved brother "a dear brother" or "a precious brother in Christ" +PHM 1 16 f38v πόσῳ δὲ μᾶλλον σοὶ 1 much more so to you "he means even more to you" +PHM 1 16 yub9 figs-metaphor ἐν καὶ σαρκὶ 1 in both the flesh "both as a man." Paul is referring to Onesimus' being a trustworthy servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PHM 1 16 scj1 ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 in the Lord "as a brother in the Lord" or "because he belongs to the Lord" PHM 1 17 e1j2 0 if you have me as a partner "if you think of me as a fellow worker for Christ" -PHM 1 18 u5m1 0 charge that to me "say that I am the one who owes you" -PHM 1 19 wb53 0 I, Paul, write this with my own hand "I, Paul, write this myself." Paul wrote this part with his own hand so that Philemon would know that the words were really from Paul. Paul really would pay him. -PHM 1 19 gn6c figs-irony 0 not to mention "I do not need to remind you" or "You already know." Paul says he does not need to tell Philemon this, but then continues to tell him anyway. This emphasizes the truth of what Paul is telling him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PHM 1 19 st7e figs-explicit 0 you owe me your own self "you owe me your own life." Paul was implying that Philemon should not say that Onesimus or Paul owed him anything because Philemon owed Paul even more. The reason Philemon owed Paul his life can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "you owe me much because I saved your life" or "you owe me your own life because what I told you saved your life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHM 1 20 j8lh figs-metaphor 0 refresh my heart in Christ Here "refresh" is a metaphor for comfort or encourage. Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's feelings, thoughts, or inner being. How Paul wanted Philemon refresh his heart can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "encourage me in Christ" or "comfort me in Christ" or "refresh my heart in Christ by accepting Onesimus kindly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHM 1 18 u5m1 ἐλλόγα τοῦτο ἐμοὶ 1 charge that to me "say that I am the one who owes you" +PHM 1 19 wb53 ἐγὼ, Παῦλος, ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί 1 I, Paul, write this with my own hand "I, Paul, write this myself." Paul wrote this part with his own hand so that Philemon would know that the words were really from Paul. Paul really would pay him. +PHM 1 19 gn6c figs-irony ἵνα μὴ λέγω σοι 1 not to mention "I do not need to remind you" or "You already know." Paul says he does not need to tell Philemon this, but then continues to tell him anyway. This emphasizes the truth of what Paul is telling him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +PHM 1 19 st7e figs-explicit προσοφείλεις μοι καὶ σεαυτόν 1 you owe me your own self "you owe me your own life." Paul was implying that Philemon should not say that Onesimus or Paul owed him anything because Philemon owed Paul even more. The reason Philemon owed Paul his life can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "you owe me much because I saved your life" or "you owe me your own life because what I told you saved your life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHM 1 20 j8lh figs-metaphor ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐν Χριστῷ 1 refresh my heart in Christ Here "refresh" is a metaphor for comfort or encourage. Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's feelings, thoughts, or inner being. How Paul wanted Philemon refresh his heart can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "encourage me in Christ" or "comfort me in Christ" or "refresh my heart in Christ by accepting Onesimus kindly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PHM 1 21 am1e figs-you 0 General Information: Here the words "your" and "you" are plural and refer to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PHM 1 21 xpn6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter and gives a blessing on Philemon and the believers that met for church in Philemon's house. -PHM 1 21 g6fx 0 Confident about your obedience "Because I am sure that you will do what I ask" -PHM 1 22 bx62 0 At the same time "Also" -PHM 1 22 akw1 0 prepare a guest room for me "make a room in your house ready for me." Paul asked Philemon to do this for him. -PHM 1 22 ctr4 0 I will be given back to you "those who are keeping me in prison will set me free so that I can go to you." -PHM 1 23 x2d8 translate-names 0 Epaphras This is a fellow believer and prisoner with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHM 1 23 khx1 0 my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus "who is in prison with me because he serves Christ Jesus" -PHM 1 24 si6p 0 So do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers "Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers, also greet you" -PHM 1 24 i5gc translate-names 0 Mark ... Aristarchus ... Demas ... Luke These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PHM 1 24 gf6e 0 my fellow workers "the men who work with me" or "who all work with me." -PHM 1 25 gq7p figs-you 0 May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit The word "your" here refers to Philemon and all who met in his house. The words "your spirit" are a synecdoche and represent the people themselves. Alternate translation: "May our Lord Jesus Christ be kind to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PHM 1 21 g6fx πεποιθὼς σου τῇ ὑπακοῇ 1 Confident about your obedience "Because I am sure that you will do what I ask" +PHM 1 22 bx62 ἅμα δὲ καὶ 1 At the same time "Also" +PHM 1 22 akw1 ἑτοίμαζέ ξενίαν μοι 1 prepare a guest room for me "make a room in your house ready for me." Paul asked Philemon to do this for him. +PHM 1 22 ctr4 χαρισθήσομαι ὑμῖν 1 I will be given back to you "those who are keeping me in prison will set me free so that I can go to you." +PHM 1 23 x2d8 translate-names Ἐπαφρᾶς 1 Epaphras This is a fellow believer and prisoner with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHM 1 23 khx1 μου ὁ συναιχμάλωτός ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus "who is in prison with me because he serves Christ Jesus" +PHM 1 24 si6p Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς, μου οἱ συνεργοί 1 So do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers "Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers, also greet you" +PHM 1 24 i5gc translate-names Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς, 1 Mark ... Aristarchus ... Demas ... Luke These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PHM 1 24 gf6e μου οἱ συνεργοί 1 my fellow workers "the men who work with me" or "who all work with me." +PHM 1 25 gq7p figs-you ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ ὑμῶν τοῦ πνεύματος 1 May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit The word "your" here refers to Philemon and all who met in his house. The words "your spirit" are a synecdoche and represent the people themselves. Alternate translation: "May our Lord Jesus Christ be kind to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_59-HEB.tsv b/en_tn_59-HEB.tsv index a4dd1b6a2b..df1d819d3c 100644 --- a/en_tn_59-HEB.tsv +++ b/en_tn_59-HEB.tsv @@ -3,702 +3,702 @@ HEB front intro xy4n 0 # Introduction to Hebrews
## Part 1: General Introd HEB 1 intro aaf9 0 # Hebrews 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter describes how Jesus is more important to us than the angels are.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:5, 7-13, which are words from the Old Testament.

##### "Our ancestors"

The writer wrote this letter to Christians who had grown up as Jews. This is why the letter is called "Hebrews."

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical questions

The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of proving Jesus is better than the angels. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that God's Son is more important than any of the angels.

##### Poetry

Jewish teachers, like the Old Testament prophets, would put their most important teachings in the form of poetry so that the hearers would be able to learn and remember them.
HEB 1 1 c5f3 0 General Information: Although this letter does not mention the recipients to whom it was sent, the author wrote particularly to Hebrews (Jews), who would have understood the many Old Testament references. HEB 1 1 c5f3 0 General Information: This prologue lays the background for the whole book: the unsurpassing greatness of the Son — the Son is greater than all. The book begins with emphasizing that the Son is better than the prophets and the angels. -HEB 1 2 scr8 0 in these last days "in these final days." This phrase refers to the time when Jesus began his ministry, extending until God establishes his complete rule in his creation. +HEB 1 2 scr8 ἐπ’ τούτων ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν 1 in these last days "in these final days." This phrase refers to the time when Jesus began his ministry, extending until God establishes his complete rule in his creation. HEB 1 2 d386 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 through a Son "Son" here is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) HEB 1 2 i93z figs-metaphor 0 to be the heir of all things The author speaks of the Son as if he will inherit wealth and property from his Father. Alternate translation: "to possess all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 2 gqj8 0 It is through him that God also made the universe "It is through the Son that God also made all things" HEB 1 3 hn4q 0 the brightness of God's glory "the light of his glory." God's glory is associated with a very bright light. The author is saying that the Son embodies that light and fully represents God's glory. -HEB 1 3 b7jc 0 glory, the exact representation of his being "glory, the image of God's being." The "the exact representation of his being" is similar in meaning to "the brightness of God's glory." The Son embodies the character and essence of God and fully represents everything that God is. Alternate translation: "glory and is just like God" or "glory, and what is true about God is true about the Son" -HEB 1 3 ms8z figs-metonymy 0 the word of his power "his powerful word." Here "word" refers to a message or command. Alternate translation: "his powerful command" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 1 3 b7jc τῆς δόξης, χαρακτὴρ τῆς αὐτοῦ ὑποστάσεως 1 glory, the exact representation of his being "glory, the image of God's being." The "the exact representation of his being" is similar in meaning to "the brightness of God's glory." The Son embodies the character and essence of God and fully represents everything that God is. Alternate translation: "glory and is just like God" or "glory, and what is true about God is true about the Son" +HEB 1 3 ms8z figs-metonymy τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ τῆς δυνάμεως 1 the word of his power "his powerful word." Here "word" refers to a message or command. Alternate translation: "his powerful command" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 1 3 l1pg figs-abstractnouns 0 After he had made cleansing for sins The abstract noun "cleansing" can be expressed as a verb: "making clean." Alternate translation: "After he had finished making us clean from sins" or "After he had finished purifying us from our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 1 3 f729 figs-metaphor 0 he had made cleansing for sins The author speaks of forgiving sins as if it were making a person clean. Alternate translation: "he had made it possible for God to forgive our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 1 3 xij7 translate:translate_symaction 0 he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "he sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the Majesty on high" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_symaction]]) -HEB 1 3 ir7x figs-metonymy 0 the Majesty on high Here "Majesty" refers to God. Alternate translation: "God Most High" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 1 3 f729 figs-metaphor ποιησάμενος καθαρισμὸν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 he had made cleansing for sins The author speaks of forgiving sins as if it were making a person clean. Alternate translation: "he had made it possible for God to forgive our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 3 xij7 translate:translate_symaction ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς Μεγαλωσύνης ἐν ὑψηλοῖς 1 he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "he sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the Majesty on high" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_symaction]]) +HEB 1 3 ir7x figs-metonymy δεξιᾷ τῆς Μεγαλωσύνης ἐν ὑψηλοῖς 1 the Majesty on high Here "Majesty" refers to God. Alternate translation: "God Most High" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 1 4 mn1p 0 General Information: The first prophetic quotation (You are my son) comes from the Psalms. The prophet Samuel wrote the second one (I will be a father to him). All occurrences of "he" refer to Jesus, the Son. The word "You" refers to Jesus, and the words "I" and "me" refer to God the Father. -HEB 1 4 x4bh 0 He has become "The Son has become" +HEB 1 4 x4bh γενόμενος 1 He has become "The Son has become" HEB 1 4 fzg3 figs-metonymy 0 as the name he has inherited is more excellent than their name Here "name" refers to honor and authority. Alternate translation: "as the honor and authority he has inherited is superior to their honor and authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 1 4 qt7q figs-metaphor 0 he has inherited The author speaks of receiving honor and authority as if he were inheriting wealth and property from his father. Alternate translation: "he has received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 4 qt7q figs-metaphor κεκληρονόμηκεν 1 he has inherited The author speaks of receiving honor and authority as if he were inheriting wealth and property from his father. Alternate translation: "he has received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 5 ww5h figs-rquestion 0 For to which of the angels did God ever say, "You are my son ... a son to me"? This question emphasizes that God does not call any angel his son. Alternate translation: "For God never said to any of the angels 'You are my son ... a son to me.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HEB 1 5 t48e figs-parallelism 0 You are my son ... I have become your father These two phrases mean essentially the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HEB 1 6 b6dy 0 General Information: The first quotation in this section, "All God's angels ... him," comes from one of the books that Moses wrote. The second quotation, "He is the one who makes ... fire," is from the Psalms. -HEB 1 6 b4s2 figs-metaphor 0 the firstborn This means Jesus. The author refers to him as the "firstborn" to emphasize the Son's importance and authority over everyone else. It does not imply that there was a time before Jesus existed or that God has other sons like Jesus. Alternate translation: "his honored Son, his only Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 1 6 n7ph 0 he says "God says" -HEB 1 7 isd8 figs-metaphor 0 He is the one who makes his angels spirits, and his servants flames of fire Possible meanings are 1) "God has made his angels to be spirits who serve him with power like flames of fire" or 2) God makes the wind and flames of fire his messengers and servants. In the original language the word for "angel" is the same as "messenger," and the word for "spirits" is the same as "wind." With either possible meaning, the point is that the angels serve the Son because he is superior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 6 b4s2 figs-metaphor τὸν πρωτότοκον 1 the firstborn This means Jesus. The author refers to him as the "firstborn" to emphasize the Son's importance and authority over everyone else. It does not imply that there was a time before Jesus existed or that God has other sons like Jesus. Alternate translation: "his honored Son, his only Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 6 n7ph λέγει 1 he says "God says" +HEB 1 7 isd8 figs-metaphor ὁ ποιῶν αὐτοῦ τοὺς ἀγγέλους πνεύματα, καὶ αὐτοῦ τοὺς λειτουργοὺς φλόγα πυρὸς 1 He is the one who makes his angels spirits, and his servants flames of fire Possible meanings are 1) "God has made his angels to be spirits who serve him with power like flames of fire" or 2) God makes the wind and flames of fire his messengers and servants. In the original language the word for "angel" is the same as "messenger," and the word for "spirits" is the same as "wind." With either possible meaning, the point is that the angels serve the Son because he is superior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 8 vl1n 0 General Information: This scriptual quotation comes from the Psalms. HEB 1 8 p1xx 0 But to the Son he says "But God says this to the Son" -HEB 1 8 b155 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 1 8 b155 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱόν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) HEB 1 8 ewm4 figs-metonymy 0 Your throne, God, is forever and ever The Son's throne represents his rule. Alternate translation: "You are God, and your reign will last forever and ever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 1 8 k4cf figs-metonymy 0 The scepter of your kingdom is the scepter of justice Here "scepter" refers to the Son's rule. Alternate translation: "And you will rule over the people of your kingdom with justice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 1 9 t9yw figs-metaphor 0 has anointed you with the oil of joy more than your companions Here "oil of joy" refers to the joy that the Son felt when God honored him. Alternate translation: "has honored you and made you more joyful than anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 9 t9yw figs-metaphor ἔχρισέν σε ἔλαιον τοὺς ἔλαιον ἀγαλλιάσεως παρὰ σου μετόχους 1 has anointed you with the oil of joy more than your companions Here "oil of joy" refers to the joy that the Son felt when God honored him. Alternate translation: "has honored you and made you more joyful than anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 10 nsd4 0 General Information: This quotation comes from another Psalm. HEB 1 10 zp5r 0 Connecting Statement: The author continues explaining that Jesus is superior to the angels. -HEB 1 10 tmu5 0 In the beginning "Before anything existed" -HEB 1 10 j64k figs-metaphor 0 you laid the earth's foundation The author speaks of God creating the earth as if he built a building on a foundation. Alternate translation: "you created the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 1 10 r19v figs-metonymy 0 The heavens are the work of your hands Here "hands" refer to God's power and action. Alternate translation: "You made the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 1 11 a6le 0 They will perish "The heavens and earth will disappear" or "The heavens and earth will no longer exist" -HEB 1 11 qy4e figs-simile 0 wear out like a piece of clothing The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were a piece of clothing that will get old and eventually become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HEB 1 12 n4hl figs-simile 0 roll them up like a cloak The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were a robe or another kind of outer garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HEB 1 12 iv4r figs-simile 0 they will be changed like a piece of clothing The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were clothing that could be exchanged for other clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HEB 1 12 i761 figs-activepassive 0 they will be changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will change them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 1 12 v5mf figs-metaphor 0 your years do not end Periods of time are used to represent God's eternal existence. Alternate translation: "your life will never end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 10 tmu5 κατ’ ἀρχάς 1 In the beginning "Before anything existed" +HEB 1 10 j64k figs-metaphor σὺ ἐθεμελίωσας τὴν γῆν' γῆν ἐθεμελίωσας 1 you laid the earth's foundation The author speaks of God creating the earth as if he built a building on a foundation. Alternate translation: "you created the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 10 r19v figs-metonymy οἱ οὐρανοί εἰσιν ἔργα τῶν σού χειρῶν 1 The heavens are the work of your hands Here "hands" refer to God's power and action. Alternate translation: "You made the heavens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 1 11 a6le αὐτοὶ ἀπολοῦνται 1 They will perish "The heavens and earth will disappear" or "The heavens and earth will no longer exist" +HEB 1 11 qy4e figs-simile παλαιωθήσονται ὡς ἱμάτιον 1 wear out like a piece of clothing The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were a piece of clothing that will get old and eventually become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +HEB 1 12 n4hl figs-simile ἑλίξεις αὐτούς ἑλίξεις ὡσεὶ περιβόλαιον 1 roll them up like a cloak The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were a robe or another kind of outer garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +HEB 1 12 iv4r figs-simile ἀλλαγήσονται ὡς ἱμάτιον 1 they will be changed like a piece of clothing The author speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were clothing that could be exchanged for other clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +HEB 1 12 i761 figs-activepassive ἀλλαγήσονται 1 they will be changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will change them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 1 12 v5mf figs-metaphor σου ἔτη ἐκλείψουσιν οὐκ ἐκλείψουσιν 1 your years do not end Periods of time are used to represent God's eternal existence. Alternate translation: "your life will never end" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 13 pqs9 0 General Information: This quotation comes from another Psalm. HEB 1 13 kz68 figs-rquestion 0 But to which of the angels has God said at any time ... feet"? The author uses a question to emphasize that God has never said this to an angel. Alternate translation: "But God has never said to an angel at any time ... feet.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 1 13 s6k7 translate-symaction 0 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 1 13 ulp5 figs-metaphor 0 until I make your enemies a stool for your feet Christ's enemies are spoken of as if they will become an object on which a king rests his feet. This image represents defeat and dishonor for his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 13 s6k7 translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ μου δεξιῶν 1 Sit at my right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "Sit in the place of honor beside me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 1 13 ulp5 figs-metaphor ἕως θῶ σου τοὺς ἐχθρούς ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου τῶν ποδῶν 1 until I make your enemies a stool for your feet Christ's enemies are spoken of as if they will become an object on which a king rests his feet. This image represents defeat and dishonor for his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 1 14 fk5v figs-rquestion 0 Are not all angels spirits ... inherit salvation? The author uses this question to remind the readers that angels are not as powerful as Christ, but they have a different role. Alternate translation: "All angels are spirits who ... inherit salvation." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 1 14 v541 figs-metaphor 0 for those who will inherit salvation Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "for those whom God will save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 1 14 v541 figs-metaphor διὰ τοὺς μέλλοντας κληρονομεῖν σωτηρίαν 1 for those who will inherit salvation Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "for those whom God will save" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 2 intro s2gd 0 # Hebrews 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter is about how Jesus is better than Moses, the greatest Israelite.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:6-8, 12-13, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Brothers

The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews.

* __[Hebrews 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__

__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
HEB 2 1 x7px 0 Connecting Statement: This is the first of five urgent warnings the author gives. HEB 2 1 c72f figs-inclusive 0 we must Here "we" refers to the author and includes his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) HEB 2 1 ayd1 figs-metaphor 0 so that we do not drift away from it Possible meanings for this metaphor are 1) people who stop believing in God's word are spoken of as if they were drifting away, like a boat drifts from its position in the water. Alternate translation: "so that we do not stop believing it" or 2) people who stop obeying God's words are spoken of as if they were drifting away, like a boat drifts from its position in the water. Alternate translation: "so that we do not stop obeying it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 2 2 j4fa figs-explicit 0 For if the message that was spoken through the angels The Jews believed that God spoke his law to Moses through angels. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For if the message that God spoke through the angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 2 2 k5kb 0 For if the message The author is certain that these things are true. Alternate translation: "Because the message" -HEB 2 2 u52i figs-metonymy 0 every trespass and disobedience receives just punishment Here "trespass" and "disobedience" stand for the people who are guilty of these sins. Alternate translation: "every person who sins and disobeys will receive just punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 2 2 y2y7 figs-doublet 0 trespass and disobedience These two words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 2 2 k5kb γὰρ εἰ ὁ λόγος 1 For if the message The author is certain that these things are true. Alternate translation: "Because the message" +HEB 2 2 u52i figs-metonymy πᾶσα παράβασις καὶ παρακοὴ ἔλαβεν ἔνδικον μισθαποδοσίαν 1 every trespass and disobedience receives just punishment Here "trespass" and "disobedience" stand for the people who are guilty of these sins. Alternate translation: "every person who sins and disobeys will receive just punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 2 2 y2y7 figs-doublet παράβασις καὶ παρακοὴ 1 trespass and disobedience These two words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) HEB 2 3 fv4q figs-rquestion 0 how then can we escape if we ignore so great a salvation? The author uses a question to emphasize that the people will certainly receive punishment if they refuse God's salvation through Christ. Alternate translation: "then God will certainly punish us if we do not pay attention to his message about how God will save us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 2 3 i2zv 0 ignore "pay no attention to" or "consider unimportant" +HEB 2 3 i2zv ἀμελήσαντες 1 ignore "pay no attention to" or "consider unimportant" HEB 2 3 gm6v figs-activepassive 0 This is salvation that was first announced by the Lord and confirmed to us by those who heard it This can be stated in active form. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "The Lord himself first announced the message about how God will save us and then those who heard the message confirmed it to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 2 4 m2p8 0 according to his will "in just the way he wanted to do it" +HEB 2 4 m2p8 κατὰ αὐτοῦ θέλησιν 1 according to his will "in just the way he wanted to do it" HEB 2 5 jh56 0 General Information: The quotation here is from the book of Psalms in the Old Testament. It continues on through the next section. HEB 2 5 v7qf 0 Connecting Statement: The writer reminds these Hebrew believers that the earth will one day be under the rule of the Lord Jesus. HEB 2 5 i3bh 0 For it was not to the angels that God subjected "For God did not make the angels rulers over" -HEB 2 5 rqr9 figs-metonymy 0 the world to come Here "world" refers to the people who live there. And "to come" means that this is the world in the next age after Christ returns. Alternate translation: "the people who will live in the new world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 2 6 df5a figs-rquestion 0 What is man, that you are mindful of him? This rhetorical question emphasizes the insignificance of humans and expresses surprise that God would pay attention to them. Alternate translation: "Humans are insignificant, and yet you are mindful of them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 2 6 wkd9 figs-idiom 0 Or a son of man, that you care for him? The idiom "son of man" refers to human beings. This rhetorical question means basically the same thing as the first question. It expresses surprise that God would care for humans, who are insignificant. Alternate translation: "Human beings are of little importance, and yet you care for them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 2 6 e47v figs-ellipsis 0 Or a son of man The verb may be supplied from the previous question. Alternate translation: "Or what is a son of man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -HEB 2 7 ka5a figs-metaphor 0 a little lower than the angels The author speaks of people being less important than angels as if the people are standing in a position that is lower than the angels' position. Alternate translation: "less important than the angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 5 rqr9 figs-metonymy τὴν οἰκουμένην μέλλουσαν 1 the world to come Here "world" refers to the people who live there. And "to come" means that this is the world in the next age after Christ returns. Alternate translation: "the people who will live in the new world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 2 6 df5a figs-rquestion τί ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος, ὅτι μιμνῄσκῃ αὐτοῦ? 1 What is man, that you are mindful of him? This rhetorical question emphasizes the insignificance of humans and expresses surprise that God would pay attention to them. Alternate translation: "Humans are insignificant, and yet you are mindful of them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HEB 2 6 wkd9 figs-idiom ἢ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου, ὅτι ἐπισκέπτῃ αὐτόν? 1 Or a son of man, that you care for him? The idiom "son of man" refers to human beings. This rhetorical question means basically the same thing as the first question. It expresses surprise that God would care for humans, who are insignificant. Alternate translation: "Human beings are of little importance, and yet you care for them!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HEB 2 6 e47v figs-ellipsis ἢ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου 1 Or a son of man The verb may be supplied from the previous question. Alternate translation: "Or what is a son of man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +HEB 2 7 ka5a figs-metaphor βραχύ ἠλάττωσας παρ’ ἀγγέλους 1 a little lower than the angels The author speaks of people being less important than angels as if the people are standing in a position that is lower than the angels' position. Alternate translation: "less important than the angels" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 2 7 tjn6 figs-genericnoun 0 made man ... crowned him Here, these phrases do not refer to a specific person but to humans in general, including both males and females. Alternate translation: "made humans ... crowned them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 2 7 s85x figs-metaphor 0 you crowned him with glory and honor The gifts of glory and honor are spoken of as if they were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "you have given them great glory and honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 7 s85x figs-metaphor ἐστεφάνωσας αὐτόν δόξῃ καὶ τιμῇ 1 you crowned him with glory and honor The gifts of glory and honor are spoken of as if they were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "you have given them great glory and honor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 2 8 ac9f figs-genericnoun 0 his feet ... to him Here, these phrases do not refer to a specific person but to humans in general, including both males and females. Alternate translation: "their feet ... to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 2 8 k5j2 figs-metaphor 0 You put everything in subjection under his feet The author speaks of humans having control over everything as if they have stepped on everything with their feet. Alternate translation: "You have given them control over everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 8 rf44 figs-doublenegatives 0 He did not leave anything not subjected to him This double negative means that all things will be subject to Christ. Alternate translation: "God made everything subject to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 2 8 xy7c 0 we do not yet see everything subjected to him "we know that humans are not in control of everything yet" +HEB 2 8 k5j2 figs-metaphor ὑπέταξας πάντα ὑπέταξας ὑποκάτω αὐτοῦ τῶν ποδῶν 1 You put everything in subjection under his feet The author speaks of humans having control over everything as if they have stepped on everything with their feet. Alternate translation: "You have given them control over everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 8 rf44 figs-doublenegatives ἀφῆκεν οὐδὲν ἀφῆκεν οὐδὲν ἀνυπότακτον αὐτῷ 1 He did not leave anything not subjected to him This double negative means that all things will be subject to Christ. Alternate translation: "God made everything subject to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 2 8 xy7c ὁρῶμεν οὔπω ὁρῶμεν τὰ πάντα ὑποτεταγμένα αὐτῷ 1 we do not yet see everything subjected to him "we know that humans are not in control of everything yet" HEB 2 9 ijd1 0 Connecting Statement: The writer reminds these Hebrew believers that Christ became lower than the angels when he came to earth to suffer death for forgiveness of sins, and that he became a merciful high priest to believers. -HEB 2 9 gi12 0 we see him "we know there is one" -HEB 2 9 ma4j figs-activepassive 0 who was made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 2 9 gi12 βλέπομεν τι 1 we see him "we know there is one" +HEB 2 9 ma4j figs-activepassive τι ἠλαττωμένον 1 who was made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 2 9 i4fc 0 lower than the angels ... crowned with glory and honor See how you translated these words in [Hebrews 2:7](../02/07.md). -HEB 2 9 bil4 figs-metaphor 0 he might taste death The experience of death is spoken of as if it were food that people can taste. Alternate translation: "he might experience death" or "he might die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 10 r899 figs-metaphor 0 bring many sons to glory The gift of glory is spoken of here as if it were a place to which people could be brought. Alternate translation: "save many sons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 10 l95y figs-gendernotations 0 many sons Here this refers to believers in Christ, including males and females. Alternate translation: "many believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 2 10 sw9t figs-metaphor 0 the leader of their salvation Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of salvation as if it were a destination and of Jesus as the person who goes before the people on the road and leads them to salvation. Alternate translation: "the one who leads people to salvation" or 2) the word translated here as "leader" can mean "founder" and the author speaks of Jesus as the one who establishes salvation, or makes it possible for God to save people. Alternate translation: "the one who makes their salvation possible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 10 l321 figs-metaphor 0 complete Becoming mature and completely trained is spoken of as if a person were made complete, perhaps complete in all his body parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 9 bil4 figs-metaphor γεύσηται θανάτου 1 he might taste death The experience of death is spoken of as if it were food that people can taste. Alternate translation: "he might experience death" or "he might die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 10 r899 figs-metaphor ἀγαγόντα πολλοὺς υἱοὺς εἰς δόξαν 1 bring many sons to glory The gift of glory is spoken of here as if it were a place to which people could be brought. Alternate translation: "save many sons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 10 l95y figs-gendernotations πολλοὺς υἱοὺς 1 many sons Here this refers to believers in Christ, including males and females. Alternate translation: "many believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 2 10 sw9t figs-metaphor τὸν ἀρχηγὸν τῆς σωτηρίας αὐτῶν τῆς σωτηρίας 1 the leader of their salvation Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of salvation as if it were a destination and of Jesus as the person who goes before the people on the road and leads them to salvation. Alternate translation: "the one who leads people to salvation" or 2) the word translated here as "leader" can mean "founder" and the author speaks of Jesus as the one who establishes salvation, or makes it possible for God to save people. Alternate translation: "the one who makes their salvation possible" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 10 l321 figs-metaphor τελειῶσαι 1 complete Becoming mature and completely trained is spoken of as if a person were made complete, perhaps complete in all his body parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 2 11 jy9p 0 General Information: This prophetic quotation comes from a Psalm of King David. -HEB 2 11 ky9v 0 the one who sanctifies "the one who makes others holy" or "the one who makes others pure from sin" -HEB 2 11 jzw3 figs-activepassive 0 those who are sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom he makes holy" or "those whom he makes pure from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 2 11 ky9v ὅ ἁγιάζων 1 the one who sanctifies "the one who makes others holy" or "the one who makes others pure from sin" +HEB 2 11 jzw3 figs-activepassive οἱ ἁγιαζόμενοι 1 those who are sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom he makes holy" or "those whom he makes pure from sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 2 11 bj7i figs-explicit 0 have one source Who that source is can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "have one source, God himself" or "have the same Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 2 11 ul23 0 he is not ashamed "Jesus is not ashamed" HEB 2 11 k1q5 figs-doublenegatives 0 is not ashamed to call them brothers This double negative means that he will claim them as his brothers. Alternate translation: "is pleased to call them his brothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 2 11 a8h9 figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here this refers to all who have believed in Jesus, including both men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 2 12 e88p figs-metonymy 0 I will proclaim your name to my brothers Here "name" refers to the person's reputation and what they have done. Alternate translation: "I will proclaim to my brothers the great things you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 2 12 tn8n 0 from inside the assembly "when believers come together to worship God" +HEB 2 11 a8h9 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers Here this refers to all who have believed in Jesus, including both men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 2 12 e88p figs-metonymy ἀπαγγελῶ σου τὸ ὄνομά τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 I will proclaim your name to my brothers Here "name" refers to the person's reputation and what they have done. Alternate translation: "I will proclaim to my brothers the great things you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 2 12 tn8n ἐν μέσῳ ἐκκλησίας 1 from inside the assembly "when believers come together to worship God" HEB 2 13 dx1q 0 General Information: The prophet Isaiah wrote these quotations. -HEB 2 13 s1fp 0 And again, "And a prophet wrote in another scripture passage what Christ said about God:" -HEB 2 13 xap9 figs-metaphor 0 the children This speaks about those who believe in Christ as if they were children. Alternate translation: "those who are like my children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 14 qj3d figs-metaphor 0 the children This speaks about those who believe in Christ as if they were children. Alternate translation: "those who are like my children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 14 ndv2 figs-idiom 0 share in flesh and blood The phrase "flesh and blood" refers to people's human nature. Alternate translation: "are all human beings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -HEB 2 14 fy7a 0 he likewise shared in the same "Jesus in the same way shared in flesh and blood" or "Jesus became human in the same way they did" -HEB 2 14 p878 figs-abstractnouns 0 through death Here "death" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "by dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 2 14 ij54 figs-abstractnouns 0 has the power of death Here "death" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "has the power to cause people to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 2 13 s1fp καὶ πάλιν," 1 And again, "And a prophet wrote in another scripture passage what Christ said about God:" +HEB 2 13 xap9 figs-metaphor τὰ παιδία 1 the children This speaks about those who believe in Christ as if they were children. Alternate translation: "those who are like my children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 14 qj3d figs-metaphor τὰ παιδία 1 the children This speaks about those who believe in Christ as if they were children. Alternate translation: "those who are like my children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 14 ndv2 figs-idiom κεκοινώνηκεν σαρκός καὶ αἵματος 1 share in flesh and blood The phrase "flesh and blood" refers to people's human nature. Alternate translation: "are all human beings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +HEB 2 14 fy7a αὐτὸς παραπλησίως μετέσχεν τῶν αὐτῶν 1 he likewise shared in the same "Jesus in the same way shared in flesh and blood" or "Jesus became human in the same way they did" +HEB 2 14 p878 figs-abstractnouns διὰ τοῦ θανάτου 1 through death Here "death" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "by dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 2 14 ij54 figs-abstractnouns ἔχοντα τὸ κράτος θανάτου 1 has the power of death Here "death" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "has the power to cause people to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 2 15 w3cr figs-metaphor 0 This was so that he would free all those who through fear of death lived all their lives in slavery The fear of death is spoken of as if it were slavery. Taking away someone's fear is spoken of as it were freeing that person from slavery. Alternate translation: "This was so he might free all people. For we lived like slaves because we were afraid of dying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 16 d4cc figs-metaphor 0 the seed of Abraham Descendants of Abraham are spoken of as if they were his seed. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 2 17 agw2 0 it was necessary for him "it was necessary for Jesus" -HEB 2 17 v3pw 0 like his brothers Here "brothers" refers to people in general. Alternate translation: "like human beings" -HEB 2 17 u6ch 0 he would bring about the pardon of the people's sins Christ's death on the cross means that God can forgive sins. Alternate translation: "he would make it possible for God to forgive people's sins" -HEB 2 18 xde4 figs-activepassive 0 was tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Satan tempted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 2 18 a3a6 figs-activepassive 0 who are tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom Satan is tempting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 2 16 d4cc figs-metaphor σπέρματος Ἀβραὰμ 1 the seed of Abraham Descendants of Abraham are spoken of as if they were his seed. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 2 17 agw2 ὤφειλεν 1 it was necessary for him "it was necessary for Jesus" +HEB 2 17 v3pw ὁμοιωθῆναι τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 like his brothers Here "brothers" refers to people in general. Alternate translation: "like human beings" +HEB 2 17 u6ch ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς λαοῦ' λαοῦ ἁμαρτίας 1 he would bring about the pardon of the people's sins Christ's death on the cross means that God can forgive sins. Alternate translation: "he would make it possible for God to forgive people's sins" +HEB 2 18 xde4 figs-activepassive πειρασθείς 1 was tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Satan tempted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 2 18 a3a6 figs-activepassive πειραζομένοις 1 who are tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom Satan is tempting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 3 intro mu26 0 # Hebrews 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:7-11,15, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Brothers

The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Harden your hearts

A person who hardens his heart is a person who will not listen to or obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### Rhetorical questions

The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of warning his readers. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that they need to listen to God and obey him.
HEB 3 1 m1cv 0 Connecting Statement: This second warning is longer and more detailed and includes chapters 3 and 4. The writer begins by showing that Christ is better than his servant Moses. -HEB 3 1 tp7e figs-metaphor 0 holy brothers Here "brothers" refer to fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "holy brothers and sisters" or "my holy fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 3 1 af15 figs-metonymy 0 you share in a heavenly calling Here "heavenly" represents God. Alternate translation: "God has called us together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 1 zma3 0 the apostle and high priest Here the word "apostle" means someone who has been sent. In this passage, it does not refer to any of the twelve apostles. Alternate translation: "the one whom God sent and is the high priest" -HEB 3 1 mnd4 figs-abstractnouns 0 of our confession This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "confession" is expressed as the verb "confess." Alternate translation: "whom we confess" or "in whom we believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 3 1 tp7e figs-metaphor ἅγιοι ἀδελφοὶ 1 holy brothers Here "brothers" refer to fellow Christians, including both men and women. Alternate translation: "holy brothers and sisters" or "my holy fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 3 1 af15 figs-metonymy μέτοχοι κλήσεως ἐπουρανίου κλήσεως 1 you share in a heavenly calling Here "heavenly" represents God. Alternate translation: "God has called us together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 3 1 zma3 τῆς τὸν ἀπόστολον καὶ ἀρχιερέα 1 the apostle and high priest Here the word "apostle" means someone who has been sent. In this passage, it does not refer to any of the twelve apostles. Alternate translation: "the one whom God sent and is the high priest" +HEB 3 1 mnd4 figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἡμῶν ὁμολογίας 1 of our confession This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "confession" is expressed as the verb "confess." Alternate translation: "whom we confess" or "in whom we believe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 3 2 eqp7 figs-metaphor 0 in God's house The Hebrew people to whom God revealed himself are spoken of as if they were a literal house. Alternate translation: "to all of God's people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 3 3 py5n figs-activepassive 0 Jesus has been considered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has considered Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 3 4 f8n8 figs-metaphor 0 the one who built everything God's acts of creating the world are spoken of as if he had built a house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 3 4 wvw1 figs-activepassive 0 every house is built by someone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "every house has someone who built it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 3 5 d57q figs-metaphor 0 in God's entire house The Hebrew people to whom God revealed himself are spoken of as if they were a literal house. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 4 f8n8 figs-metaphor ὁ κατασκευάσας πάντα 1 the one who built everything God's acts of creating the world are spoken of as if he had built a house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 4 wvw1 figs-activepassive πᾶς οἶκος κατασκευάζεται ὑπό τινος 1 every house is built by someone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "every house has someone who built it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 3 5 d57q figs-metaphor λαληθησομένων 1 in God's entire house The Hebrew people to whom God revealed himself are spoken of as if they were a literal house. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 3 5 m4xr figs-metonymy 0 bearing witness about the things This phrase probably refers to all of Moses' work. Alternate translation: "Moses' life and work pointed to the things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 5 gt8c figs-activepassive 0 were to be spoken of in the future This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus would say in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 3 6 dgt5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 3 5 gt8c figs-activepassive λαληθησομένων 1 were to be spoken of in the future This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus would say in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 3 6 dgt5 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) HEB 3 6 djm7 figs-metaphor 0 in charge of God's house This speaks about God's people as if they were a literal house. Alternate translation: "who rules over God's people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 3 6 ly4x figs-metaphor 0 We are his house This speaks of God's people as if they are a literal house. Alternate translation: "We are God's people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 6 ly4x figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν οὗ οἶκός 1 We are his house This speaks of God's people as if they are a literal house. Alternate translation: "We are God's people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 3 6 kp9y figs-abstractnouns 0 if we hold fast to our courage and the hope of which we boast Here "courage" and "hope" are abstract and can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "if we continue to be courageous and joyfully expect God to do what he has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 3 7 c4sl 0 General Information: This quotation comes from the Old Testament in the book of Psalms. HEB 3 7 z2uk 0 Connecting Statement: The warning here is a reminder that the Israelites' unbelief kept almost all of them from entering into the land that God had promised them. -HEB 3 7 u66q figs-metonymy 0 if you hear his voice God's "voice" represents him speaking. Alternate translation: "when you hear God speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 8 gl2k figs-metonymy 0 do not harden your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "harden your hearts" is a metaphor for being stubborn. Alternate translation: "do not be stubborn" or "do not refuse to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 8 lik3 figs-abstractnouns 0 as in the rebellion, in the time of testing in the wilderness Here "rebellion" and "testing" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "as when your ancestors rebelled against God and tested him in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 3 7 u66q figs-metonymy ἐὰν ἀκούσητε αὐτοῦ τῆς φωνῆς 1 if you hear his voice God's "voice" represents him speaking. Alternate translation: "when you hear God speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 3 8 gl2k figs-metonymy σκληρύνητε μὴ σκληρύνητε ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 do not harden your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "harden your hearts" is a metaphor for being stubborn. Alternate translation: "do not be stubborn" or "do not refuse to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 3 8 lik3 figs-abstractnouns ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ, κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 as in the rebellion, in the time of testing in the wilderness Here "rebellion" and "testing" can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: "as when your ancestors rebelled against God and tested him in the wilderness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 3 9 e6n7 0 General Information: This quotation is from the Psalms. -HEB 3 9 i3wb figs-you 0 your ancestors Here "your" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +HEB 3 9 i3wb figs-you ὑμῶν οἱ πατέρες 1 your ancestors Here "your" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) HEB 3 9 q7c2 0 by testing me Here "me" refers to God. HEB 3 9 we42 translate-numbers 0 forty years "40 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -HEB 3 10 upb8 0 I was displeased "I was angry" or "I was greatly unhappy" -HEB 3 10 kh4v figs-metaphor 0 They have always gone astray in their hearts Here "gone astray in their hearts" is a metaphor for not being loyal to God. Here "hearts" is a metonym for minds or desires. Alternate translation: "They have always rejected me" or "They have always refused to obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 10 l5t7 figs-metaphor 0 They have not known my ways This speaks of a manner of conducting one's life as if it were a way or a path. Alternate translation: "They have not understood how I want them to conduct their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 10 upb8 προσώχθισα 1 I was displeased "I was angry" or "I was greatly unhappy" +HEB 3 10 kh4v figs-metaphor πλανῶνται ἀεὶ πλανῶνται τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 They have always gone astray in their hearts Here "gone astray in their hearts" is a metaphor for not being loyal to God. Here "hearts" is a metonym for minds or desires. Alternate translation: "They have always rejected me" or "They have always refused to obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 3 10 l5t7 figs-metaphor ἔγνωσαν οὐκ ἔγνωσαν μου τὰς ὁδούς 1 They have not known my ways This speaks of a manner of conducting one's life as if it were a way or a path. Alternate translation: "They have not understood how I want them to conduct their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 3 11 tz3l figs-metaphor 0 They will never enter my rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "They will never enter the place of rest" or "I will never allow them to experience my blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 3 12 gv84 figs-metaphor 0 brothers Here this refers to fellow Christians including males and females. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 3 12 gv84 figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this refers to fellow Christians including males and females. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) HEB 3 12 lma5 figs-metonymy 0 there will not be anyone with an evil heart of unbelief, a heart that turns away from the living God Here "heart" is a metonym that represents a person's mind or will. Refusing to believe and obey God is spoken of as if the heart did not believe and it physically turned away from God. Alternate translation: "there will not be any of you who refuse to believe the truth and who stop obeying the living God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 3 12 kjm7 0 the living God "the true God who is really alive" -HEB 3 13 d3k2 0 as long as it is called "today," "while there is still opportunity," -HEB 3 13 m1e7 figs-activepassive 0 no one among you will be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the deceitfulness of sin will not harden any of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 3 13 b198 figs-abstractnouns 0 no one among you will be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin Being stubborn is spoken of as being hard or having a hard heart. The hardness is a result of being deceived by sin. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "deceitfulness" is expressed as the verb "deceive." Alternate translation: "no one among you will be deceived by sin and become stubborn" or "you do not sin, deceiving yourselves so that you become stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 12 kjm7 Θεοῦ ζῶντος Θεοῦ 1 the living God "the true God who is really alive" +HEB 3 13 d3k2 , ἄχρις καλεῖται" τὸ σήμερον," 1 as long as it is called "today," "while there is still opportunity," +HEB 3 13 m1e7 figs-activepassive μὴ τις ἐξ ὑμῶν σκληρυνθῇ ἀπάτῃ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 no one among you will be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the deceitfulness of sin will not harden any of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 3 13 b198 figs-abstractnouns μὴ τις ἐξ ὑμῶν σκληρυνθῇ ἀπάτῃ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 no one among you will be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin Being stubborn is spoken of as being hard or having a hard heart. The hardness is a result of being deceived by sin. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "deceitfulness" is expressed as the verb "deceive." Alternate translation: "no one among you will be deceived by sin and become stubborn" or "you do not sin, deceiving yourselves so that you become stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 3 14 znu5 0 General Information: This continues the quotation from the same psalm that was also quoted in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). -HEB 3 14 f52j figs-inclusive 0 For we have become Here "we" refers to both the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +HEB 3 14 f52j figs-inclusive γὰρ γεγόναμεν 1 For we have become Here "we" refers to both the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) HEB 3 14 e753 0 if we firmly hold to our confidence in him "if we continue to confidently trust in him" -HEB 3 14 j3aq 0 from the beginning "from when we first begin to believe in him" -HEB 3 14 l9en figs-euphemism 0 to the end This is a polite way of referring to when a person dies. Alternate translation: "until we die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -HEB 3 15 bym1 figs-activepassive 0 it has been said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the writer wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 3 15 wa11 figs-metonymy 0 if you hear his voice God's "voice" represents him speaking. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: "when you hear God speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 3 15 j8dh figs-abstractnouns 0 as in the rebellion Here "rebellion" can be stated as a verb. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "as when your ancestors rebelled against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 3 14 j3aq τὴν ἀρχὴν 1 from the beginning "from when we first begin to believe in him" +HEB 3 14 l9en figs-euphemism μέχρι τέλους 1 to the end This is a polite way of referring to when a person dies. Alternate translation: "until we die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +HEB 3 15 bym1 figs-activepassive λέγεσθαι 1 it has been said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the writer wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 3 15 wa11 figs-metonymy ἐὰν ἀκούσητε αὐτοῦ τῆς φωνῆς 1 if you hear his voice God's "voice" represents him speaking. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: "when you hear God speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 3 15 j8dh figs-abstractnouns ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ 1 as in the rebellion Here "rebellion" can be stated as a verb. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "as when your ancestors rebelled against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 3 16 b4jy figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "they" refers to the disobedient Israelites, and "we" refers to the author and readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) HEB 3 16 pwl2 figs-rquestion 0 Who was it who heard God and rebelled? Was it not all those who came out of Egypt through Moses? The author uses questions to teach his readers. These two questions can be joined as one statement, if needed. Alternate translation: "All those who came out of Egypt with Moses heard God, yet they still rebelled." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 3 17 swy4 figs-rquestion 0 With whom was he angry for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose dead bodies fell in the wilderness? The author uses questions to teach his readers. These two questions can be joined as one statement, if needed. Alternate translation: "For forty years, God was angry with those who sinned, and he let them die in the wilderness." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 3 17 aha2 translate-numbers 0 forty years "40 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +HEB 3 17 swy4 figs-rquestion τίσιν προσώχθισεν τεσσεράκοντα ἔτη? οὐχὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήσασιν, ὧν τὰ κῶλα ἔπεσεν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ? 1 With whom was he angry for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose dead bodies fell in the wilderness? The author uses questions to teach his readers. These two questions can be joined as one statement, if needed. Alternate translation: "For forty years, God was angry with those who sinned, and he let them die in the wilderness." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HEB 3 17 aha2 translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα ἔτη 1 forty years "40 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) HEB 3 18 l1gc figs-rquestion 0 To whom did he swear that they would not enter his rest, if it was not to those who disobeyed him? The author uses this question to teach his readers. Alternate translation: "And it was to those who disobeyed that he swore they would not enter his rest." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 3 18 q16u figs-metaphor 0 they would not enter his rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "they would not enter the place of rest" or "they would not experience his blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 3 19 x18z figs-abstractnouns 0 because of unbelief The abstract noun "unbelief" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "because they did not believe him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 3 18 q16u figs-metaphor εἰσελεύσεσθαι μὴ εἰσελεύσεσθαι αὐτοῦ τὴν κατάπαυσιν 1 they would not enter his rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "they would not enter the place of rest" or "they would not experience his blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 3 19 x18z figs-abstractnouns δι’ ἀπιστίαν 1 because of unbelief The abstract noun "unbelief" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "because they did not believe him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 4 intro u72n 0 # Hebrews 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter tells why Jesus is the greatest high priest.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:3-4, 7, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### God's rest

The word "rest" seems to refer to at least two things in this chapter. It refers to a place or time when God will allow his people to rest from their work ([Hebrews 4:3](../../heb/04/03.md)), and it refers to God resting on the seventh day ([Hebrews 4:4](../../heb/04/04.md)).
HEB 4 1 n98m 0 Connecting Statement: Chapter 4 continues the warning to believers starting in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). God, through the writer, gives believers a rest of which God's rest in the creation of the world is a picture. -HEB 4 1 ay25 0 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" or "Since God will certainly punish those who do not obey" +HEB 4 1 ay25 οὖν 1 Therefore "Because what I have just said is true" or "Since God will certainly punish those who do not obey" HEB 4 1 zta2 figs-metaphor 0 none of you might seem to have failed to reach the promise left behind for you to enter God's rest God's promise is spoken of as if it were a gift that God left behind when he visited the people. Alternate translation: "none of you fail to enter into God's rest, which he promised to us" or "God will allow you all to enter into his rest as he promised us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 4 1 ev85 figs-metaphor 0 to enter God's rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "to enter the place of rest" or "to experience God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 2 m74h figs-activepassive 0 For we were told the good news just as they were This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For we heard the good news just as they did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 4 2 znk9 0 as they were Here "they" refers to the Hebrews' ancestors who were alive during the time of Moses. +HEB 4 2 m74h figs-activepassive γάρ ἐσμεν εὐηγγελισμένοι καθάπερ κἀκεῖνοι 1 For we were told the good news just as they were This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For we heard the good news just as they did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 4 2 znk9 καθάπερ κἀκεῖνοι 1 as they were Here "they" refers to the Hebrews' ancestors who were alive during the time of Moses. HEB 4 2 zza4 figs-doublenegatives 0 But that message did not benefit those who did not unite in faith with those who obeyed "But that message did not benefit those who did not join with the people who believed and obeyed." The author is talking about two groups of people, those who received God's covenant with faith, and those who heard it but did not believe. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "But that message benefited only those who believed and obeyed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) HEB 4 3 v4q4 0 General Information: Here the first quotation, "As I swore ... rest," is from a psalm. The second quotation, "God rested on ... deeds," is from Moses' writings. The third quotation, "They will never enter ... rest," is again from the same psalm. -HEB 4 3 u5yh 0 we who have believed "we who believe" -HEB 4 3 w6t4 figs-metaphor 0 we who have believed enter that rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "we who have believed will enter the place of rest" or "we who have believed will experience God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 3 x2kq 0 just as he said "just as God said" -HEB 4 3 qfs8 0 As I swore in my wrath "As I swore when I was very angry" -HEB 4 3 k1ld figs-metaphor 0 They will never enter my rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "They will never enter the place of rest" or "They will never experience my blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 3 x8zv figs-activepassive 0 his works were finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he finished creating" or "he finished his works of creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 4 3 vym3 figs-metaphor 0 from the foundation of the world The author speaks of the world as if it were a building set on a foundation. Alternate translation: "at the beginning of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 4 hbm5 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh day This is the ordinal number for "seven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +HEB 4 3 u5yh εἰσερχόμεθα οἱ πιστεύσαντες 1 we who have believed "we who believe" +HEB 4 3 w6t4 figs-metaphor εἰσερχόμεθα οἱ πιστεύσαντες εἰσερχόμεθα εἰς κατάπαυσιν 1 we who have believed enter that rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "we who have believed will enter the place of rest" or "we who have believed will experience God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 3 x2kq καθὼς εἴρηκεν 1 just as he said "just as God said" +HEB 4 3 qfs8 ὡς ὤμοσα ἐν μου τῇ ὀργῇ 1 As I swore in my wrath "As I swore when I was very angry" +HEB 4 3 k1ld figs-metaphor εἰσελεύσονται εἰ εἰσελεύσονται μου τὴν κατάπαυσίν 1 They will never enter my rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. Alternate translation: "They will never enter the place of rest" or "They will never experience my blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 3 x8zv figs-activepassive τῶν ἔργων γενηθέντων 1 his works were finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he finished creating" or "he finished his works of creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 4 3 vym3 figs-metaphor ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 from the foundation of the world The author speaks of the world as if it were a building set on a foundation. Alternate translation: "at the beginning of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 4 hbm5 translate-ordinal τῆς ἑβδόμης 1 the seventh day This is the ordinal number for "seven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) HEB 4 6 zq16 figs-activepassive 0 it still remains that some will enter his rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that he can give, and as if they were a place to which people could go. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God still allows some people to enter his place of rest" or "God still allows some people to experience his blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 4 7 y2tm 0 General Information: Here we find out that this quotation from the Psalms was written by David ([Hebrews 3:7-8](../03/07.md)). -HEB 4 7 bp6u figs-metaphor 0 if you hear his voice God's commands to Israel are spoken of as if he had given them in an audible voice. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: "if you hear God speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 7 lsp6 figs-metonymy 0 do not harden your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "harden your hearts" is a metaphor for being stubborn. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "do not be stubborn" or "do not refuse to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 4 7 bp6u figs-metaphor ἐὰν ἀκούσητε αὐτοῦ τῆς φωνῆς 1 if you hear his voice God's commands to Israel are spoken of as if he had given them in an audible voice. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: "if you hear God speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 7 lsp6 figs-metonymy σκληρύνητε μὴ σκληρύνητε ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 do not harden your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "harden your hearts" is a metaphor for being stubborn. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "do not be stubborn" or "do not refuse to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 4 8 r56z 0 Connecting Statement: Here the writer warns believers not to disobey but to enter into the rest God offers. He reminds them that God's word will convict them and that they can come in prayer with the confidence that God will help them. -HEB 4 8 mdq9 figs-metaphor 0 if Joshua had given them rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that Joshua could give. Alternate translation: "if Joshua had brought the Israelites to the place where God would give them rest" or "if the Israelites during the time of Joshua had experienced God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 9 vhx9 figs-activepassive 0 there is still a Sabbath rest reserved for God's people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there is still a Sabbath rest that God has reserved for his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 4 9 qe6x figs-metaphor 0 a Sabbath rest Eternal peace and security are spoken of as if they were the Sabbath day, the Jewish day of worship and rest from working. Alternate translation: "an eternal rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 8 mdq9 figs-metaphor εἰ Ἰησοῦς κατέπαυσεν αὐτοὺς κατέπαυσεν 1 if Joshua had given them rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were rest that Joshua could give. Alternate translation: "if Joshua had brought the Israelites to the place where God would give them rest" or "if the Israelites during the time of Joshua had experienced God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 9 vhx9 figs-activepassive ἀπολείπεται σαββατισμὸς ἀπολείπεται τῷ λαῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ λαῷ 1 there is still a Sabbath rest reserved for God's people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "there is still a Sabbath rest that God has reserved for his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 4 9 qe6x figs-metaphor σαββατισμὸς 1 a Sabbath rest Eternal peace and security are spoken of as if they were the Sabbath day, the Jewish day of worship and rest from working. Alternate translation: "an eternal rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 4 10 ej9y figs-metaphor 0 he who enters into God's rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they are a place to enter. Alternate translation: "the person who enters into God's place of rest" or "the person who experiences God's blessings of rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 11 bmg5 figs-metaphor 0 let us be eager to enter that rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were a place to enter. Alternate translation: "we should also do everything we can to rest with God where he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 11 bmg5 figs-metaphor σπουδάσωμεν εἰσελθεῖν ἐκείνην τὴν κατάπαυσιν 1 let us be eager to enter that rest The peace and security provided by God are spoken of as if they were a place to enter. Alternate translation: "we should also do everything we can to rest with God where he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 4 11 rtj7 figs-metaphor 0 will fall into the kind of disobedience that they did Disobedience is spoken of as if it were a hole that a person could physically fall into by accident. This passage can be reworded so that the abstract noun "disobedience" is expressed as the verb "disobey." Alternate translation: "will disobey in the same way as they did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 4 11 l39t 0 that they did Here "they" refers to the Hebrews' ancestors during the time of Moses. -HEB 4 12 h5d2 0 the word of God is living Here "word of God" refers to anything that God has communicated to humanity, whether through speech or through written messages. Alternate translation: "the words of God are living" -HEB 4 12 j9qy figs-personification 0 living and active This speaks about God's word as if it were alive. It means when God speaks, it is powerful and effective. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 4 12 g4tc figs-metaphor 0 sharper than any two-edged sword A two-edged sword can easily cut through a person's flesh. God's word is very effective in showing what is in a person's heart and thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 12 lv6y 0 two-edged sword a sword with a blade that is sharp on both edges -HEB 4 12 e7kv figs-metaphor 0 It pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of joints and marrow This continues speaking about God's word as if it were a sword. Here the sword is so sharp that it can cut through and divide parts of the human that are very difficult or even impossible to divide. This means that there is nothing inside us that we can hide from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 12 m6f2 0 soul and spirit These are two different but closely related nonphysical parts of a human. The "soul" is what causes a person to be alive. The "spirit" is the part of a person that causes him to be able to know and believe in God. -HEB 4 12 sc3m 0 joints and marrow The "joint" is what holds two bones together. The "marrow" is the center part of the bone. -HEB 4 12 n6n5 figs-personification 0 is able to discern This speaks about God's word as if it were a person who could know something. Alternate translation: "exposes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 4 12 xdu4 figs-metonymy 0 the thoughts and intentions of the heart "Heart" here is a metonym for "inner self." Alternate translation: "what a person is thinking and intends to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 4 12 h5d2 ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ζῶν 1 the word of God is living Here "word of God" refers to anything that God has communicated to humanity, whether through speech or through written messages. Alternate translation: "the words of God are living" +HEB 4 12 j9qy figs-personification ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργὴς 1 living and active This speaks about God's word as if it were alive. It means when God speaks, it is powerful and effective. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 4 12 g4tc figs-metaphor τομώτερος ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν δίστομον- δίστομον μάχαιραν 1 sharper than any two-edged sword A two-edged sword can easily cut through a person's flesh. God's word is very effective in showing what is in a person's heart and thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 12 lv6y δίστομον- δίστομον μάχαιραν 1 two-edged sword a sword with a blade that is sharp on both edges +HEB 4 12 e7kv figs-metaphor διϊκνούμενος καὶ ἄχρι μερισμοῦ ψυχῆς καὶ πνεύματος, ἁρμῶν τε καὶ μυελῶν 1 It pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of joints and marrow This continues speaking about God's word as if it were a sword. Here the sword is so sharp that it can cut through and divide parts of the human that are very difficult or even impossible to divide. This means that there is nothing inside us that we can hide from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 12 m6f2 ψυχῆς καὶ πνεύματος 1 soul and spirit These are two different but closely related nonphysical parts of a human. The "soul" is what causes a person to be alive. The "spirit" is the part of a person that causes him to be able to know and believe in God. +HEB 4 12 sc3m ἁρμῶν τε καὶ μυελῶν 1 joints and marrow The "joint" is what holds two bones together. The "marrow" is the center part of the bone. +HEB 4 12 n6n5 figs-personification κριτικὸς 1 is able to discern This speaks about God's word as if it were a person who could know something. Alternate translation: "exposes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 4 12 xdu4 figs-metonymy ἐνθυμήσεων καὶ ἐννοιῶν καρδίας 1 the thoughts and intentions of the heart "Heart" here is a metonym for "inner self." Alternate translation: "what a person is thinking and intends to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 4 13 nx6n figs-activepassive 0 Nothing created is hidden before God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Nothing that God has created can hide from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 4 13 f3h1 figs-metaphor 0 everything is bare and open This speaks about all things as if they were a person standing bare, or a box that is open. Alternate translation: "everything is completely exposed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 13 yk64 figs-doublet 0 bare and open These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that nothing is hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 4 13 i9hh figs-metaphor 0 to the eyes of the one to whom we must give account God is spoken of as if he had eyes. Alternate translation: "to God, who will judge how we have lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 4 14 a51p 0 who has passed through the heavens "who has entered where God is" -HEB 4 14 ph6z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -HEB 4 14 vt4v figs-metaphor 0 let us firmly hold to our beliefs Belief and trust are spoken of as if they were objects that a person could grasp firmly. Alternate translation: "let us continue to believe confidently in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 13 f3h1 figs-metaphor πάντα γυμνὰ καὶ τετραχηλισμένα 1 everything is bare and open This speaks about all things as if they were a person standing bare, or a box that is open. Alternate translation: "everything is completely exposed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 13 yk64 figs-doublet γυμνὰ καὶ τετραχηλισμένα 1 bare and open These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that nothing is hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 4 13 i9hh figs-metaphor τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ πρὸς ὃν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος 1 to the eyes of the one to whom we must give account God is spoken of as if he had eyes. Alternate translation: "to God, who will judge how we have lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 14 a51p διεληλυθότα τοὺς οὐρανούς 1 who has passed through the heavens "who has entered where God is" +HEB 4 14 ph6z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 4 14 vt4v figs-metaphor κρατῶμεν τῆς ὁμολογίας 1 let us firmly hold to our beliefs Belief and trust are spoken of as if they were objects that a person could grasp firmly. Alternate translation: "let us continue to believe confidently in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 4 15 i2fw figs-doublenegatives 0 we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy ... Instead, we have This double negative means that, in fact, Jesus does feel sympathy with people. Alternate translation: "we have a high priest who can feel sympathy ... Indeed, we have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) HEB 4 15 d26h figs-activepassive 0 who has in all ways been tempted as we are This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who has endured temptation in every way that we have" or "whom the devil has tempted in every way that he tempts us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 4 15 fve3 0 he is without sin "he did not sin" -HEB 4 16 aj1p figs-metonymy 0 to the throne of grace "to God's throne, where there is grace." Here "throne" refers to God ruling as king. Alternate translation: "to where our gracious God is sitting on his throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 4 16 py6d figs-metaphor 0 we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need Here "mercy" and "grace" are spoken of as if they were objects that can be given or can be found. Alternate translation: "God may be merciful and gracious and help us in time of need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 4 16 aj1p figs-metonymy τῷ θρόνῳ τῆς χάριτος 1 to the throne of grace "to God's throne, where there is grace." Here "throne" refers to God ruling as king. Alternate translation: "to where our gracious God is sitting on his throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 4 16 py6d figs-metaphor λάβωμεν ἔλεος καὶ εὕρωμεν χάριν εἰς βοήθειαν εὔκαιρον 1 we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need Here "mercy" and "grace" are spoken of as if they were objects that can be given or can be found. Alternate translation: "God may be merciful and gracious and help us in time of need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 5 intro b67j 0 # Hebrews 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the teaching of the previous chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 5:5-6.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### High priest

Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Milk and solid food

The writer speaks of Christians who are only able to understand simple things about Jesus as if they were babies, who drink only milk and cannot eat solid food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
HEB 5 1 dn18 0 Connecting Statement: The writer describes the sinfulness of the Old Testament priests, then he shows that Christ has a better kind of priesthood, not based on Aaron's priesthood but on the priesthood of Melchizedek. -HEB 5 1 whq1 figs-activepassive 0 chosen from among people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God chooses from among the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 1 ndz7 figs-activepassive 0 is appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God appoints" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 1 mzd9 0 to act on the behalf of people "to represent the people" +HEB 5 1 whq1 figs-activepassive λαμβανόμενος ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 chosen from among people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God chooses from among the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 1 ndz7 figs-activepassive καθίσταται 1 is appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God appoints" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 1 mzd9 καθίσταται ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων 1 to act on the behalf of people "to represent the people" HEB 5 2 gt9j figs-activepassive 0 those ... who have been deceived This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those ... whom others have deceived" or "those ... who believe what is false" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 2 f781 0 who have been deceived "who believe false things and so behave badly" -HEB 5 2 ny8u figs-metaphor 0 is subject to weakness The high priest's own weakness is spoken of as if it were a another person who rules over him. Alternate translation: "is spiritually weak" or "is weak against sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 2 ihs9 0 weakness the desire to sin -HEB 5 3 q5xi figs-activepassive 0 he also is required This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God also requires him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 2 f781 πλανωμένοις 1 who have been deceived "who believe false things and so behave badly" +HEB 5 2 ny8u figs-metaphor περίκειται ἀσθένειαν 1 is subject to weakness The high priest's own weakness is spoken of as if it were a another person who rules over him. Alternate translation: "is spiritually weak" or "is weak against sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 2 ihs9 ἀσθένειαν 1 weakness the desire to sin +HEB 5 3 q5xi figs-activepassive ὀφείλει καὶ ὀφείλει 1 he also is required This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God also requires him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 5 4 c45n 0 General Information: This quotation is from the Psalms in the Old Testament. -HEB 5 4 c336 figs-metaphor 0 takes this honor Honor is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could grasp in his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 4 n2e1 figs-metonymy 0 takes this honor The "honor" or praise and respect that people gave to the high priest stand for his task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 5 4 p6hc figs-activepassive 0 he is called by God, just as Aaron was This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called him, just as he called Aaron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 4 c336 figs-metaphor λαμβάνει τὴν τιμήν 1 takes this honor Honor is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could grasp in his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 4 n2e1 figs-metonymy λαμβάνει τὴν τιμήν 1 takes this honor The "honor" or praise and respect that people gave to the high priest stand for his task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 5 4 p6hc figs-activepassive καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καθώσπερ Ἀαρών 1 he is called by God, just as Aaron was This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called him, just as he called Aaron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 5 5 pr3f 0 the one speaking to him said "God said to him" HEB 5 5 i694 figs-parallelism 0 You are my Son; today I have become your Father These two phrases mean essentially the same thing. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HEB 5 5 mfa8 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son ... Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) HEB 5 6 bce6 0 General Information: This prophecy is from a Psalm of David. -HEB 5 6 ds6v figs-ellipsis 0 he also says To whom God is speaking can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "he also says to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -HEB 5 6 k5uw 0 in another place "in another place in the scriptures" -HEB 5 6 ede5 0 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" -HEB 5 7 mv2c figs-metonymy 0 During the days of his flesh Here "the days" stands for a period of time. And, "flesh" stand for Jesus's earthly life. Alternate translation: "While he lived on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 5 7 iel9 figs-doublet 0 prayers and requests Both of these words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 5 7 p6zm 0 the one able to save him from death Possible meanings are 1) God was able to save Christ so that he would not die. Alternate translation: 'to save him from dying" or 2) God was able to save Christ after Christ's death by making him alive again. If possible, translate this in a way that allows both interpretations. -HEB 5 7 e75a figs-activepassive 0 he was heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God heard him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 8 mk8z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 a son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 5 6 ds6v figs-ellipsis λέγει καὶ λέγει 1 he also says To whom God is speaking can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "he also says to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +HEB 5 6 k5uw ἐν ἑτέρῳ 1 in another place "in another place in the scriptures" +HEB 5 6 ede5 κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ 1 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" +HEB 5 7 mv2c figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς σαρκὸς 1 During the days of his flesh Here "the days" stands for a period of time. And, "flesh" stand for Jesus's earthly life. Alternate translation: "While he lived on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 5 7 iel9 figs-doublet δεήσεις καὶ ἱκετηρίας 1 prayers and requests Both of these words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 5 7 p6zm τὸν δυνάμενον σῴζειν αὐτὸν ἐκ θανάτου 1 the one able to save him from death Possible meanings are 1) God was able to save Christ so that he would not die. Alternate translation: 'to save him from dying" or 2) God was able to save Christ after Christ's death by making him alive again. If possible, translate this in a way that allows both interpretations. +HEB 5 7 e75a figs-activepassive εἰσακουσθεὶς 1 he was heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God heard him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 8 mk8z guidelines-sonofgodprinciples υἱός 1 a son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) HEB 5 9 z2bv 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 11 the writer begins his third warning. He warns these believers that they are still not mature and encourages them to learn God's word so they can understand right from wrong. -HEB 5 9 i29c figs-activepassive 0 He was made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made him perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 9 n5qt 0 made perfect Here this means being made mature, able to honor God in all aspects of life. -HEB 5 9 p9ug figs-abstractnouns 0 became, for everyone who obeys him, the cause of eternal salvation The abstract noun "salvation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "now he saves all who obey him and causes them to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 5 10 b9su figs-activepassive 0 He was designated by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God designated him" or "God appointed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 5 10 hd47 0 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "to be the sort of high priest that Melchizedek was" -HEB 5 11 cm78 figs-pronouns 0 We have much to say Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I have much to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -HEB 5 11 r2u2 figs-metaphor 0 you have become dull in hearing The ability to understand and obey is spoken of as if it were the ability to listen. And the ability to listen is spoken of as if it were a metal tool that becomes dull with use. Alternate translation: "you have trouble understanding it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 12 lw1a 0 basic principles Here "principles" means a guideline or standard for making decisions. Alternate translation: "basic truths" -HEB 5 12 wy2h figs-metaphor 0 You need milk Teaching about God that is easy to understand is spoken of as if it were milk, the only food that infants can take. Alternate translation: "You have become like babies and can drink only milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 12 yk1q figs-metaphor 0 milk, not solid food Teaching about God that is difficult to understand is spoken of as if it were solid food, suitable for adults. Alternate translation: "milk instead of solid food that adults can eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 13 nhx3 figs-metonymy 0 takes milk Here "takes" stands for "drinks." Alternate translation: "drinks milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 5 13 vl7k figs-metaphor 0 because he is still a little child Spiritual maturity is compared with the kind of food that a growing child eats. Solid food is not for a tiny baby, and that is a figure describing a young Christian who only learns simple truths; but later, more solid food is given to the little child, just as when a person matures he can learn about matters that are more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 5 14 e3yh figs-metonymy 0 who because of their maturity have their understanding trained for distinguishing good from evil People trained to understand something are spoken of as if their ability to understand had been trained. Alternate translation: "who are mature and can distinguish between good and evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 5 9 i29c figs-activepassive τελειωθεὶς 1 He was made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made him perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 9 n5qt τελειωθεὶς 1 made perfect Here this means being made mature, able to honor God in all aspects of life. +HEB 5 9 p9ug figs-abstractnouns ἐγένετο, πᾶσιν τοῖς ὑπακούουσιν αὐτῷ, αἴτιος αἰωνίου σωτηρίας 1 became, for everyone who obeys him, the cause of eternal salvation The abstract noun "salvation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "now he saves all who obey him and causes them to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 5 10 b9su figs-activepassive προσαγορευθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 He was designated by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God designated him" or "God appointed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 5 10 hd47 κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ 1 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "to be the sort of high priest that Melchizedek was" +HEB 5 11 cm78 figs-pronouns ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος πολὺς ὁ λόγος 1 We have much to say Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I have much to say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +HEB 5 11 r2u2 figs-metaphor γεγόνατε νωθροὶ ταῖς ἀκοαῖς 1 you have become dull in hearing The ability to understand and obey is spoken of as if it were the ability to listen. And the ability to listen is spoken of as if it were a metal tool that becomes dull with use. Alternate translation: "you have trouble understanding it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 12 lw1a τῆς ἀρχῆς στοιχεῖα 1 basic principles Here "principles" means a guideline or standard for making decisions. Alternate translation: "basic truths" +HEB 5 12 wy2h figs-metaphor χρείαν γάλακτος 1 You need milk Teaching about God that is easy to understand is spoken of as if it were milk, the only food that infants can take. Alternate translation: "You have become like babies and can drink only milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 12 yk1q figs-metaphor γάλακτος, οὐ στερεᾶς τροφῆς 1 milk, not solid food Teaching about God that is difficult to understand is spoken of as if it were solid food, suitable for adults. Alternate translation: "milk instead of solid food that adults can eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 13 nhx3 figs-metonymy μετέχων γάλακτος 1 takes milk Here "takes" stands for "drinks." Alternate translation: "drinks milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 5 13 vl7k figs-metaphor γάρ ἐστιν νήπιος 1 because he is still a little child Spiritual maturity is compared with the kind of food that a growing child eats. Solid food is not for a tiny baby, and that is a figure describing a young Christian who only learns simple truths; but later, more solid food is given to the little child, just as when a person matures he can learn about matters that are more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 5 14 e3yh figs-metonymy τῶν διὰ τὴν ἕξιν ἐχόντων τὰ αἰσθητήρια γεγυμνασμένα πρὸς διάκρισιν καλοῦ τε κακοῦ 1 who because of their maturity have their understanding trained for distinguishing good from evil People trained to understand something are spoken of as if their ability to understand had been trained. Alternate translation: "who are mature and can distinguish between good and evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 6 intro nz5i 0 # Hebrews 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Abrahamic Covenant

In the covenant that God made with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect Abraham's descendants and to give them land of their own. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
HEB 6 1 f1nk 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues with what immature Hebrew believers need to do to become mature Christians. He reminds them of the foundational teachings. HEB 6 1 i4xr figs-metaphor 0 let us leave the beginning of the message of Christ and move forward to maturity This speaks about the basic teachings as if they were the beginning of a journey and the mature teachings as if they were the end of a journey. Alternate translation: "let us stop only discussing what we first learned and start understanding more mature teachings as well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 6 1 thw8 figs-metaphor 0 Let us not lay again the foundation ... of faith in God Basic teachings are spoken of as if they were a building whose construction begins by laying a foundation. Alternate translation: "Let us not repeat the basic teachings ... of faith in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 1 d5q3 figs-metaphor 0 dead works Sinful deeds are spoken of as if they belonged to the world of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 1 d5q3 figs-metaphor νεκρῶν ἔργων 1 dead works Sinful deeds are spoken of as if they belonged to the world of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 6 2 s1cv figs-metaphor 0 nor the foundation of teaching ... eternal judgment Basic teachings are spoken of as if they were a building whose construction begins by laying a foundation. Alternate translation: "nor the basic teachings ... eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 2 xww5 0 laying on of hands This practice was done to set someone apart for special service or position. -HEB 6 4 e7px figs-metaphor 0 those who were once enlightened Understanding is spoken of as if it were illumination. Alternate translation: "those who once understood the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 4 l5mc figs-metaphor 0 who tasted the heavenly gift Experiencing salvation is spoken of as if it were tasting food. Alternate translation: "who experienced God's saving power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 4 d2lp figs-metaphor 0 who were sharers of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit, who comes to believers, is spoken of as if he were an object that people could share. Alternate translation: "who received the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 5 vp46 figs-metaphor 0 who tasted God's good word Learning God's message is spoken of as if it were tasting food. Alternate translation: "who learned God's good message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 5 tw1u figs-metonymy 0 the powers of the age to come This means the power of God when his kingdom is fully present in all the world. In this sense, "the powers" refer to God himself, who holds all power. Alternate translation: "learned how God will work powerfully in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 6 2 xww5 ἐπιθέσεώς ἀναστάσεώς χειρῶν 1 laying on of hands This practice was done to set someone apart for special service or position. +HEB 6 4 e7px figs-metaphor τοὺς φωτισθέντας ἅπαξ φωτισθέντας 1 those who were once enlightened Understanding is spoken of as if it were illumination. Alternate translation: "those who once understood the message about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 4 l5mc figs-metaphor γευσαμένους τῆς τῆς ἐπουρανίου δωρεᾶς 1 who tasted the heavenly gift Experiencing salvation is spoken of as if it were tasting food. Alternate translation: "who experienced God's saving power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 4 d2lp figs-metaphor γενηθέντας μετόχους Πνεύματος Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 who were sharers of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit, who comes to believers, is spoken of as if he were an object that people could share. Alternate translation: "who received the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 5 vp46 figs-metaphor γευσαμένους Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ καλὸν ῥῆμα 1 who tasted God's good word Learning God's message is spoken of as if it were tasting food. Alternate translation: "who learned God's good message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 5 tw1u figs-metonymy καλὸν δυνάμεις Θεοῦ δυνάμεις αἰῶνος μέλλοντος 1 the powers of the age to come This means the power of God when his kingdom is fully present in all the world. In this sense, "the powers" refer to God himself, who holds all power. Alternate translation: "learned how God will work powerfully in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 6 6 l8nx 0 it is impossible to restore them again to repentance "it is impossible to bring them back to repent again" HEB 6 6 dj3g figs-metaphor 0 they crucify the Son of God for themselves again When people turn away from God, it is as though they crucify Jesus again. Alternate translation: "it is like they crucify for themselves the very Son of God again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 6 y47b guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -HEB 6 7 p4tf figs-personification 0 the land that drinks in the rain Farmland that benefits from much rain is spoken of as if it were a person who drinks in the rainwater. Alternate translation: "the land that absorbs the rain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 6 7 r32n figs-personification 0 that gives birth to the plants Farmland that produces crops is spoken of as if it gives birth to them. Alternate translation: "that produces plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 6 7 da68 figs-personification 0 the land that receives a blessing from God Rain and crops are seen as proof that God has helped the farmland. The farmland is spoken of as if it were a person who could receive God's blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 6 7 qq1x 0 a blessing from God Here "blessing" means help from God, not spoken words. -HEB 6 8 pp48 figs-metaphor 0 is near to a curse This speaks of "curse" as if it were a place to which a person could draw near. Alternate translation: "is in danger of God cursing it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 8 a2bk 0 Its end is in burning The farmer will burn everything in the field. -HEB 6 9 sb4a figs-pronouns 0 we are convinced Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I am convinced" or "I am certain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -HEB 6 9 jt3k 0 about better things concerning you This means they are doing better than those who have rejected God, disobeyed him, and now can no longer repent so that God will forgive them ([Hebrews 6:4-6](./04.md)). Alternate translation: "that you are doing better things than what I have mentioned" -HEB 6 9 npu2 figs-abstractnouns 0 things that concern salvation The abstract noun "salvation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "things that concern God saving you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 6 10 t2hb figs-doublenegatives 0 For God is not so unjust that he would forget This double negative can mean that God in his justice will remember what good things his people have done. Alternate translation: "For God is just and therefore will certainly remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 6 10 r9xx figs-metonymy 0 for his name God's "name" is a metonym that stands for God himself. Alternate translation: "for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 6 11 j7f5 figs-pronouns 0 We greatly desire Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I greatly desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -HEB 6 11 k4si 0 diligence careful, hard work -HEB 6 11 xfy1 figs-explicit 0 to the end The implicit meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "to the end of your lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 6 6 y47b guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 6 7 p4tf figs-personification ἡ γῆ πιοῦσα τὸν ὑετόν 1 the land that drinks in the rain Farmland that benefits from much rain is spoken of as if it were a person who drinks in the rainwater. Alternate translation: "the land that absorbs the rain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 6 7 r32n figs-personification τίκτουσα βοτάνην 1 that gives birth to the plants Farmland that produces crops is spoken of as if it gives birth to them. Alternate translation: "that produces plants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 6 7 da68 figs-personification γεωργεῖται μεταλαμβάνει εὐλογίας ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the land that receives a blessing from God Rain and crops are seen as proof that God has helped the farmland. The farmland is spoken of as if it were a person who could receive God's blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 6 7 qq1x εὐλογίας ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 a blessing from God Here "blessing" means help from God, not spoken words. +HEB 6 8 pp48 figs-metaphor ἀδόκιμος καὶ ἐγγύς ἧς κατάρας 1 is near to a curse This speaks of "curse" as if it were a place to which a person could draw near. Alternate translation: "is in danger of God cursing it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 8 a2bk τὸ τέλος εἰς καῦσιν 1 Its end is in burning The farmer will burn everything in the field. +HEB 6 9 sb4a figs-pronouns ὑμῶν πεπείσμεθα 1 we are convinced Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I am convinced" or "I am certain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +HEB 6 9 jt3k πεπείσμεθα τὰ κρείσσονα περὶ 1 about better things concerning you This means they are doing better than those who have rejected God, disobeyed him, and now can no longer repent so that God will forgive them ([Hebrews 6:4-6](./04.md)). Alternate translation: "that you are doing better things than what I have mentioned" +HEB 6 9 npu2 figs-abstractnouns ἐχόμενα σωτηρίας 1 things that concern salvation The abstract noun "salvation" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "things that concern God saving you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 6 10 t2hb figs-doublenegatives γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἄδικος οὐ ἄδικος ἐπιλαθέσθαι 1 For God is not so unjust that he would forget This double negative can mean that God in his justice will remember what good things his people have done. Alternate translation: "For God is just and therefore will certainly remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 6 10 r9xx figs-metonymy εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 for his name God's "name" is a metonym that stands for God himself. Alternate translation: "for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 6 11 j7f5 figs-pronouns ἐπιθυμοῦμεν 1 We greatly desire Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "I greatly desire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +HEB 6 11 k4si σπουδὴν 1 diligence careful, hard work +HEB 6 11 xfy1 figs-explicit πρὸς τὴν τέλους 1 to the end The implicit meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "to the end of your lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 6 11 i2yc 0 in order to make your hope certain "in order to have complete certainty that you will receive what God has promised you" -HEB 6 12 yrh2 0 imitators An "imitator" is someone who copies the behavior of someone else. -HEB 6 12 q8ry figs-metaphor 0 inherit the promises Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "receive what God promised them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 14 ymh2 0 He said God said -HEB 6 14 n47a figs-metonymy 0 I will greatly increase you Here "increase" stands for give descendants. Alternate translation: "I will give you many descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 6 15 x5zs figs-activepassive 0 what was promised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God promised him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 6 17 rpv9 figs-metaphor 0 to the heirs of the promise The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "to those who would receive what he promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 17 ug6j 0 the unchangeable quality of his purpose "that his purpose would never change" or "that he would always do what he said he would do" -HEB 6 18 gjw3 figs-metaphor 0 we, who have fled for refuge Believers, who trust in God for him to protect them, are spoken of as if they were running to a safe place. Alternate translation: "we, who have trusted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 18 gk6n figs-metaphor 0 will have a strong encouragement to hold firmly to the hope set before us Trust in God is spoken of as if encouragement were an object that could be presented to a person and that person could hold on to it. Alternate translation: "will continue to trust in God just has he encouraged us to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 18 hs84 figs-activepassive 0 set before us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has placed before us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 6 12 yrh2 μιμηταὶ 1 imitators An "imitator" is someone who copies the behavior of someone else. +HEB 6 12 q8ry figs-metaphor κληρονομούντων τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 inherit the promises Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "receive what God promised them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 14 ymh2 λέγων 1 He said God said +HEB 6 14 n47a figs-metonymy πληθυνῶ σε 1 I will greatly increase you Here "increase" stands for give descendants. Alternate translation: "I will give you many descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 6 15 x5zs figs-activepassive τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 what was promised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God promised him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 6 17 rpv9 figs-metaphor τοῖς κληρονόμοις τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 to the heirs of the promise The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "to those who would receive what he promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 17 ug6j τῆς τὸ ἀμετάθετον αὐτοῦ βουλῆς 1 the unchangeable quality of his purpose "that his purpose would never change" or "that he would always do what he said he would do" +HEB 6 18 gjw3 figs-metaphor ἔχωμεν, οἱ καταφυγόντες 1 we, who have fled for refuge Believers, who trust in God for him to protect them, are spoken of as if they were running to a safe place. Alternate translation: "we, who have trusted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 18 gk6n figs-metaphor ἔχωμεν παράκλησιν ἰσχυρὰν παράκλησιν κρατῆσαι τῆς ἐλπίδος προκειμένης 1 will have a strong encouragement to hold firmly to the hope set before us Trust in God is spoken of as if encouragement were an object that could be presented to a person and that person could hold on to it. Alternate translation: "will continue to trust in God just has he encouraged us to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 18 hs84 figs-activepassive προκειμένης 1 set before us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has placed before us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 6 19 w66k 0 Connecting Statement: Having finished his third warning and encouragement to the believers, the writer of Hebrews continues his comparison of Jesus as priest to Melchizedek as priest. -HEB 6 19 ng9i figs-metaphor 0 as a secure and reliable anchor for the soul Just as an anchor keeps a boat from drifting in the water, Jesus keeps us secure in God's presence. Alternate translation: "that causes us to live securely in God's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 19 vdt3 figs-doublet 0 a secure and reliable anchor Here the words "secure" and "reliable" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the complete reliability of the anchor. Alternate translation: "a completely reliable anchor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 6 19 ng9i figs-metaphor ὡς ἄγκυραν βεβαίαν καὶ ἀσφαλῆ ἄγκυραν τῆς ψυχῆς 1 as a secure and reliable anchor for the soul Just as an anchor keeps a boat from drifting in the water, Jesus keeps us secure in God's presence. Alternate translation: "that causes us to live securely in God's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 19 vdt3 figs-doublet ἄγκυραν βεβαίαν καὶ ἀσφαλῆ ἄγκυραν 1 a secure and reliable anchor Here the words "secure" and "reliable" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the complete reliability of the anchor. Alternate translation: "a completely reliable anchor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) HEB 6 19 d223 figs-personification 0 hope that enters into the inner place behind the curtain Confidence is spoken of as if it were a person who could go into the most holy place of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 6 19 aj2m figs-metaphor 0 the inner place This was the most holy place in the temple. It was thought to be the place where God was most intensely present among his people. In this passage, this place stands for heaven and God's throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 6 20 zgj6 0 after the order of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" +HEB 6 19 aj2m figs-metaphor τὸ ἐσώτερον 1 the inner place This was the most holy place in the temple. It was thought to be the place where God was most intensely present among his people. In this passage, this place stands for heaven and God's throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 6 20 zgj6 κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ 1 after the order of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" HEB 7 intro y8j3 0 # Hebrews 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:17, 21, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### High priest

Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi.
HEB 7 1 mwy8 0 Connecting Statement: The writer of Hebrews continues his comparison of Jesus as priest to Melchizedek as priest. -HEB 7 1 rfc9 translate-names 0 Salem This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -HEB 7 1 rx36 figs-explicit 0 Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings This is refers to when Abraham and his men went and defeated the armies of four kings in order to rescue his nephew, Lot, and his family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 7 1 rfc9 translate-names Σαλήμ 1 Salem This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HEB 7 1 rx36 figs-explicit Ἀβραὰμ ὑποστρέφοντι ἀπὸ τῆς κοπῆς τῶν βασιλέων 1 Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings This is refers to when Abraham and his men went and defeated the armies of four kings in order to rescue his nephew, Lot, and his family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 7 2 q87x 0 It was to him "It was to Melchizedek" -HEB 7 2 abh4 0 king of righteousness ... king of peace "righteous king ... peaceful king" -HEB 7 3 q4eh 0 He is without father, without mother, without ancestors, with neither beginning of days nor end of life It is possible to think from this passage that Melchizedek was neither born nor did he die. However, it is likely that all the writer means is that the Scriptures provide no information about Melchizedek's ancestry, birth, or death. +HEB 7 2 abh4 βασιλεὺς εἰρήνης 1 king of righteousness ... king of peace "righteous king ... peaceful king" +HEB 7 3 q4eh ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ, ἀγενεαλόγητος, ἀφωμοιωμένος μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν μήτε τέλος ζωῆς 1 He is without father, without mother, without ancestors, with neither beginning of days nor end of life It is possible to think from this passage that Melchizedek was neither born nor did he die. However, it is likely that all the writer means is that the Scriptures provide no information about Melchizedek's ancestry, birth, or death. HEB 7 4 h2bg 0 Connecting Statement: The writer states that the priesthood of Melchizedek is better than Aaron's priesthood and then reminds them that the priesthood of Aaron did not make anything perfect. -HEB 7 4 w2gg 0 this man was "Melchizedek was" -HEB 7 5 l9zq figs-distinguish 0 The sons of Levi who receive the priesthood The author says this because not all of Levi's sons became priests. Alternate translation: "The descendants of Levi who became priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -HEB 7 5 hn3k 0 from the people "from the people of Israel" -HEB 7 5 ri2y 0 from their brothers Here "brothers" means they are all related to each other through Abraham. Alternate translation: "from their relatives" -HEB 7 5 x4za figs-metaphor 0 they, too, have come from Abraham's body This is a way of saying that they were descendants of Abraham. Alternate translation: "they, too, are descendants of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 7 6 r2rs 0 whose descent was not traced from them "who was not a descendant of Levi" -HEB 7 6 d2hq figs-metaphor 0 the one who had the promises The things that God promised to do for Abraham are spoken of as if they were objects that he could possess. Alternate translation: the one to whom God had spoken his promises" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 7 7 k6pc figs-activepassive 0 the lesser person is blessed by the greater person This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the more important person blesses the less important person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 4 w2gg οὗτος ᾧ 1 this man was "Melchizedek was" +HEB 7 5 l9zq figs-distinguish τῶν υἱῶν Λευεὶ λαμβάνοντες τὴν ἱερατείαν 1 The sons of Levi who receive the priesthood The author says this because not all of Levi's sons became priests. Alternate translation: "The descendants of Levi who became priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +HEB 7 5 hn3k τὸν τὸν λαὸν 1 from the people "from the people of Israel" +HEB 7 5 ri2y τοὺς αὐτῶν ἀδελφοὺς 1 from their brothers Here "brothers" means they are all related to each other through Abraham. Alternate translation: "from their relatives" +HEB 7 5 x4za figs-metaphor ἐξεληλυθότας, ἐξεληλυθότας, ἐξεληλυθότας ἐκ Ἀβραάμ' Ἀβραάμ τῆς ὀσφύος 1 they, too, have come from Abraham's body This is a way of saying that they were descendants of Abraham. Alternate translation: "they, too, are descendants of Abraham" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 7 6 r2rs ὁ γενεαλογούμενος μὴ γενεαλογούμενος ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 whose descent was not traced from them "who was not a descendant of Levi" +HEB 7 6 d2hq figs-metaphor τὸν ἔχοντα τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 the one who had the promises The things that God promised to do for Abraham are spoken of as if they were objects that he could possess. Alternate translation: the one to whom God had spoken his promises" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 7 7 k6pc figs-activepassive τὸ ἔλαττον εὐλογεῖται ὑπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος 1 the lesser person is blessed by the greater person This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the more important person blesses the less important person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 7 8 sf79 0 In this case ... in that case These phrases are used to compare the Levite priests with Melchizedek. Your language may have a way to emphasize that the author is making a comparison. -HEB 7 8 c9zz figs-metaphor 0 is testified that he lives on It is never explicitly written in scripture that Melchizedek dies. The author of Hebrews speaks of this absence of information about Melchizedek's death in scripture as if it were a positive statement that he is still alive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "scripture shows that he lives on" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 9 v1yu figs-metaphor 0 Levi, who received tithes, also paid tithes through Abraham Since Levi had not been born yet, the author speaks of him as still being in Abraham's body. In this way, the author argues that Levi paid tithes to Melchizedek through Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 7 8 c9zz figs-metaphor μαρτυρούμενος ὅτι ζῇ 1 is testified that he lives on It is never explicitly written in scripture that Melchizedek dies. The author of Hebrews speaks of this absence of information about Melchizedek's death in scripture as if it were a positive statement that he is still alive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "scripture shows that he lives on" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 9 v1yu figs-metaphor Λευεὶς, ὁ λαμβάνων δεκάτας, καὶ δεδεκάτωται δι’ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Levi, who received tithes, also paid tithes through Abraham Since Levi had not been born yet, the author speaks of him as still being in Abraham's body. In this way, the author argues that Levi paid tithes to Melchizedek through Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 7 10 g26s figs-metaphor 0 Levi was in the body of his ancestor Since Levi had not been born yet, the author speaks of him as still being in Abraham's body. In this way, the author argues that Levi paid tithes to Melchizedek through Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 7 11 kdb8 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -HEB 7 11 wgp5 figs-rquestion 0 what further need would there have been for another priest to arise after the manner of Melchizedek, and not be considered to be after the manner of Aaron? This question emphasizes that it was unexpected that priests come after the order of Melchizedek. Alternate translation: "no one would have needed another priest, one who was like Melchizedek and not like Aaron, to arise." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 7 11 hi4e 0 to arise "to come" or "to appear" -HEB 7 11 cc5f 0 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" -HEB 7 11 kt3a figs-activepassive 0 not be considered to be after the manner of Aaron This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "not be after the manner of Aaron" or "who is not a priest like Aaron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 12 c7f1 figs-activepassive 0 For when the priesthood is changed, the law must also be changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For when God changed the priesthood, he also had to change the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 13 k9zi 0 For the one This refers to Jesus. -HEB 7 13 m9mm figs-activepassive 0 about whom these things are said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about whom I am speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 14 t3dm 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -HEB 7 14 qsk5 0 it is from Judah that our Lord was born The words "our Lord" refer to Jesus. -HEB 7 14 ln94 0 from Judah "from the tribe of Judah" +HEB 7 11 wgp5 figs-rquestion τίς ἔτι χρεία κατὰ ἕτερον ἱερέα ἀνίστασθαι τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ, καὶ οὐ λέγεσθαι κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν? 1 what further need would there have been for another priest to arise after the manner of Melchizedek, and not be considered to be after the manner of Aaron? This question emphasizes that it was unexpected that priests come after the order of Melchizedek. Alternate translation: "no one would have needed another priest, one who was like Melchizedek and not like Aaron, to arise." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HEB 7 11 hi4e ἀνίστασθαι 1 to arise "to come" or "to appear" +HEB 7 11 cc5f τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ 1 after the manner of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" +HEB 7 11 kt3a figs-activepassive οὐ λέγεσθαι κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν 1 not be considered to be after the manner of Aaron This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "not be after the manner of Aaron" or "who is not a priest like Aaron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 12 c7f1 figs-activepassive γὰρ ἐξ τῆς ἱερωσύνης μετατιθεμένης, νόμου ἀνάγκης καὶ γίνεται μετάθεσις 1 For when the priesthood is changed, the law must also be changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For when God changed the priesthood, he also had to change the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 13 k9zi γὰρ ὃν 1 For the one This refers to Jesus. +HEB 7 13 m9mm figs-activepassive ἐφ’ ὃν ταῦτα λέγεται 1 about whom these things are said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about whom I am speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 14 t3dm γὰρ 1 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +HEB 7 14 qsk5 πρόδηλον ἐξ Ἰούδα ὅτι ἡμῶν ὁ Κύριος ἀνατέταλκεν 1 it is from Judah that our Lord was born The words "our Lord" refer to Jesus. +HEB 7 14 ln94 ἐξ Ἰούδα 1 from Judah "from the tribe of Judah" HEB 7 15 i17g 0 General Information: This quote comes from a psalm of King David. HEB 7 15 jn1p figs-inclusive 0 What we say is clearer yet "We can understand even more clearly." Here "we" refers to the author and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -HEB 7 15 md9i 0 if another priest arises "if another priest comes" -HEB 7 15 z1yl 0 in the likeness of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" +HEB 7 15 md9i εἰ ἕτερος ἱερεὺς ἀνίσταται 1 if another priest arises "if another priest comes" +HEB 7 15 z1yl κατὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα Μελχισέδεκ 1 in the likeness of Melchizedek This means that Christ as a priest has things in common with Melchizedek as a priest. Alternate translation: "in the same way that Melchizedek was a priest" HEB 7 16 fr4a 0 It was not based on the law "His becoming priest was not based on the law" HEB 7 16 erq7 figs-metonymy 0 the law of fleshly descent The idea of human descent is spoken of as if it had only to do with the flesh of one's body. Alternate translation: "the law of human descent" or "the law about priests' descendants becoming priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 7 17 xmj8 figs-personification 0 For scripture witnesses about him This speaks about scripture as if it were a person who could witness about something. Alternate translation: "For God witnesses about him through the scriptures" or "For this is what was written about him in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 7 17 g6zd 0 according to the order of Melchizedek There were two groups of priests. One was made up of the descendants of Levi. The other was made up of Melchizedek and Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "according to the line of Melchizedek" or "according to the priesthood of Melchizedek" -HEB 7 18 d6vn figs-metaphor 0 the former regulation is set aside Here "set aside" is a metaphor for making something invalid. This can be stated in active form. AT "God made the commandment invalid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 19 ia8j figs-personification 0 the law made nothing perfect The law is spoken of as if it were a person who could act. Alternate translation: "no one could become perfect by obeying the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 7 19 stc2 figs-activepassive 0 a better hope is introduced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has introduced a better hope" or "God has given us reason for a more confident hope (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 7 19 c9tz figs-metaphor 0 through which we come near to God Worshiping God and having his favor are spoken of coming near to him. Alternate translation: "and because of this hope we approach God" or "and because of this hope we worship God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 7 17 xmj8 figs-personification γὰρ μαρτυρεῖται γὰρ ὅτι 1 For scripture witnesses about him This speaks about scripture as if it were a person who could witness about something. Alternate translation: "For God witnesses about him through the scriptures" or "For this is what was written about him in the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 7 17 g6zd κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ 1 according to the order of Melchizedek There were two groups of priests. One was made up of the descendants of Levi. The other was made up of Melchizedek and Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "according to the line of Melchizedek" or "according to the priesthood of Melchizedek" +HEB 7 18 d6vn figs-metaphor τὸ προαγούσης ἐντολῆς γίνεται ἀθέτησις 1 the former regulation is set aside Here "set aside" is a metaphor for making something invalid. This can be stated in active form. AT "God made the commandment invalid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 19 ia8j figs-personification ὁ νόμος ἐτελείωσεν οὐδὲν ἐτελείωσεν 1 the law made nothing perfect The law is spoken of as if it were a person who could act. Alternate translation: "no one could become perfect by obeying the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 7 19 stc2 figs-activepassive κρείττονος ἐλπίδος ἐπεισαγωγὴ 1 a better hope is introduced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has introduced a better hope" or "God has given us reason for a more confident hope (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 19 c9tz figs-metaphor δι’ ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ 1 through which we come near to God Worshiping God and having his favor are spoken of coming near to him. Alternate translation: "and because of this hope we approach God" or "and because of this hope we worship God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 7 20 f3cd 0 General Information: This quote comes from the same psalm of David as [Hebrews 7:17](../07/17.md)). -HEB 7 20 vf69 figs-explicit 0 And it was not without an oath! The word "it" refers to Jesus becoming the eternal priest. It can be stated clearly who made the oath. Alternate translation: "And God did not choose this new priest without swearing an oath!" or "And it was because God swore an oath that the Lord became the new priest!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 7 20 vf69 figs-explicit καὶ καθ’ οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας! 1 And it was not without an oath! The word "it" refers to Jesus becoming the eternal priest. It can be stated clearly who made the oath. Alternate translation: "And God did not choose this new priest without swearing an oath!" or "And it was because God swore an oath that the Lord became the new priest!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) HEB 7 22 h462 0 Connecting Statement: The writer then assures these Jewish believers that Christ has the better priesthood because he lives forever and the priests that descended from Aaron all died. -HEB 7 22 e23d 0 has given the guarantee of a better covenant "has told us that we can be sure that there will be a better covenant" -HEB 7 24 u941 figs-abstractnouns 0 he has a permanent priesthood A priest's work is spoken of as if it were an object that Jesus possesses. This can be worded to avoid the abstract noun. Alternate translation: "he is a priest permanently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 7 25 a4gg figs-explicit 0 Therefore he You can make explicit what "Therefore" implies. Alternate translation: "Because Christ is our high priest who lives forever, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 7 25 b182 0 those who approach God through him "those who come to God because of what Jesus has done" -HEB 7 26 cmq1 figs-metaphor 0 has become higher than the heavens "God has raised him up to the highest heavens." The author speaks of possessing more honor and power than anyone else as if it were position that is up above all things. Alternate translation: "God has given him more honor and power than anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 7 22 e23d γέγονεν ἔγγυος κρείττονος διαθήκης 1 has given the guarantee of a better covenant "has told us that we can be sure that there will be a better covenant" +HEB 7 24 u941 figs-abstractnouns ἔχει ἀπαράβατον τὴν ἱερωσύνην 1 he has a permanent priesthood A priest's work is spoken of as if it were an object that Jesus possesses. This can be worded to avoid the abstract noun. Alternate translation: "he is a priest permanently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 7 25 a4gg figs-explicit ὅθεν δύναται 1 Therefore he You can make explicit what "Therefore" implies. Alternate translation: "Because Christ is our high priest who lives forever, he" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 7 25 b182 τοὺς προσερχομένους τῷ Θεῷ εἰς αὐτοῦ 1 those who approach God through him "those who come to God because of what Jesus has done" +HEB 7 26 cmq1 figs-metaphor γενόμενος ὑψηλότερος τῶν οὐρανῶν 1 has become higher than the heavens "God has raised him up to the highest heavens." The author speaks of possessing more honor and power than anyone else as if it were position that is up above all things. Alternate translation: "God has given him more honor and power than anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 7 27 b6nv 0 General Information: Here the words "He," "his," and "himself" refer to Christ. -HEB 7 28 n693 figs-metonymy 0 the law appoints as high priests men who have weaknesses Here "the law" is a metonym for the men who appointed the high priests according to the law of Moses. The focus is not on the men who did this, but on the fact that they did this according to the law. Alternate translation: "according to the law, men appoint as high priests men who have weaknesses" or "for according to the law, men who have weaknesses are appointed as high priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 7 28 u5ny 0 men who have weaknesses "men who are spiritually weak" or "men who are weak against sin" +HEB 7 28 n693 figs-metonymy ὁ νόμος καθίστησιν ἀρχιερεῖς ἀνθρώπους ἔχοντας ἀσθένειαν 1 the law appoints as high priests men who have weaknesses Here "the law" is a metonym for the men who appointed the high priests according to the law of Moses. The focus is not on the men who did this, but on the fact that they did this according to the law. Alternate translation: "according to the law, men appoint as high priests men who have weaknesses" or "for according to the law, men who have weaknesses are appointed as high priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 7 28 u5ny ἀνθρώπους ἔχοντας ἀσθένειαν 1 men who have weaknesses "men who are spiritually weak" or "men who are weak against sin" HEB 7 28 yez2 figs-metonymy 0 the word of the oath, which came after the law, appointed a Son The "word of the oath" represents God who made the oath. Alternate translation: "God appointed a Son by his oath, which he made after he gave the law" or "after he had given the law, God swore an oath and appointed his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 7 28 msa4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -HEB 7 28 fkl3 figs-activepassive 0 who has been made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who has completely obeyed God and become mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 7 28 msa4 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱόν 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 7 28 fkl3 figs-activepassive τὸν τετελειωμένον 1 who has been made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who has completely obeyed God and become mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 8 intro ks94 0 # Hebrews 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The author finishes describing how and why Jesus is the most important high priest. Then he begins to speak about how the new covenant is better to the covenant God made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:8-12, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### New covenant

The author tells how Jesus has established a new covenant that is better than the covenant that God established with the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
HEB 8 1 nb8q 0 Connecting Statement: The writer, having shown that Christ's priesthood is better than the earthly priesthood, shows that the earthly priesthood was a pattern of heavenly things. Christ has a superior ministry, a superior covenant. -HEB 8 1 tw7l 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -HEB 8 1 z4dh figs-exclusive 0 we are saying Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Because the writer does not include his readers here, the word "we" is exclusive. Alternate translation: "I am saying" or "I am writing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -HEB 8 1 m2b4 figs-inclusive 0 We have a high priest The author is including the readers here, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -HEB 8 1 b8qy translate-symaction 0 sat down at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the throne of the Majesty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 8 2 lrb7 0 the true tabernacle that the Lord, not a man, set up People built the earthly tabernacle out of animal skins fastened to a wooden framework, and they set it up in the manner of a tent. Here "true tabernacle" means the heavenly tabernacle that God created. -HEB 8 3 su9j figs-activepassive 0 For every high priest is appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For God appoints every priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 8 4 p2v6 0 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -HEB 8 4 gfz1 0 according to the law "as God requires in the law" -HEB 8 5 t3i8 figs-metaphor 0 They serve a copy and shadow of the heavenly things The words "copy" and "shadow" have similar meanings and are metaphors meaning that something is not the real thing but it is similar to the real thing. These words emphasize that the priesthood and the earthly temple were images of Christ, the true high priest, and the heavenly temple. Alternate translation: "They serve what is a vague image of the heavenly things" or "They serve what is only similar to the heavenly things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 8 5 k5r1 figs-activepassive 0 It is just as Moses was warned by God when he was This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "It is just as God warned Moses when Moses was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 8 5 qb7g figs-explicit 0 was about to construct the tabernacle Moses did not construct the tabernacle himself. He ordered the people to construct it. Alternate translation: "was about to command the people to construct the tabernacle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 8 1 tw7l δὲ 1 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +HEB 8 1 z4dh figs-exclusive λεγομένοις 1 we are saying Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Because the writer does not include his readers here, the word "we" is exclusive. Alternate translation: "I am saying" or "I am writing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +HEB 8 1 m2b4 figs-inclusive ἔχομεν ἀρχιερέα 1 We have a high priest The author is including the readers here, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +HEB 8 1 b8qy translate-symaction ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θρόνου τῆς Μεγαλωσύνης 1 sat down at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the throne of the Majesty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 8 2 lrb7 τῆς ἀληθινῆς σκηνῆς ἣν τῆς ὁ Κύριος, οὐκ ἄνθρωπος, ἔπηξεν 1 the true tabernacle that the Lord, not a man, set up People built the earthly tabernacle out of animal skins fastened to a wooden framework, and they set it up in the manner of a tent. Here "true tabernacle" means the heavenly tabernacle that God created. +HEB 8 3 su9j figs-activepassive γὰρ πᾶς ἀρχιερεὺς καθίσταται 1 For every high priest is appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For God appoints every priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 8 4 p2v6 μὲν 1 Now This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. +HEB 8 4 gfz1 κατὰ τὰ νόμον 1 according to the law "as God requires in the law" +HEB 8 5 t3i8 figs-metaphor οἵτινες λατρεύουσιν ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ ἐπουρανίων τῶν ἐπουρανίων 1 They serve a copy and shadow of the heavenly things The words "copy" and "shadow" have similar meanings and are metaphors meaning that something is not the real thing but it is similar to the real thing. These words emphasize that the priesthood and the earthly temple were images of Christ, the true high priest, and the heavenly temple. Alternate translation: "They serve what is a vague image of the heavenly things" or "They serve what is only similar to the heavenly things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 8 5 k5r1 figs-activepassive καθὼς Μωϋσῆς κεχρημάτισται μέλλων 1 It is just as Moses was warned by God when he was This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "It is just as God warned Moses when Moses was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 8 5 qb7g figs-explicit κεχρημάτισται μέλλων ἐπιτελεῖν τὴν σκηνήν 1 was about to construct the tabernacle Moses did not construct the tabernacle himself. He ordered the people to construct it. Alternate translation: "was about to command the people to construct the tabernacle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 8 5 jk6i 0 See that "Make sure that" -HEB 8 5 wf1p 0 to the pattern "to the design" -HEB 8 5 s9xe figs-activepassive 0 that was shown to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that I showed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 8 5 j3tz figs-explicit 0 on the mountain You can make explicit that "mountain" refers to Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: "on Mount Sinai" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 8 5 wf1p κατὰ τὸν τύπον 1 to the pattern "to the design" +HEB 8 5 s9xe figs-activepassive τὸν δειχθέντα σοι 1 that was shown to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that I showed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 8 5 j3tz figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ὄρει 1 on the mountain You can make explicit that "mountain" refers to Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: "on Mount Sinai" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 8 6 qdj6 0 Connecting Statement: This section begins to show that the new covenant is better than the old covenant with Israel and Judah. HEB 8 6 rt2a 0 Christ has received "God has given Christ" -HEB 8 6 spy1 0 mediator of a better covenant This means Christ caused a better covenant between God and humans to exist. -HEB 8 6 aw58 figs-activepassive 0 covenant, which is based on better promises This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "covenant. It was this covenant that God made based on better promises" or "covenant. God promised better things when he made this covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 8 6 spy1 μεσίτης διαθήκης κρείττονός διαθήκης 1 mediator of a better covenant This means Christ caused a better covenant between God and humans to exist. +HEB 8 6 aw58 figs-activepassive διαθήκης, ἥτις νενομοθέτηται ἐπὶ κρείττοσιν ἐπαγγελίαις 1 covenant, which is based on better promises This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "covenant. It was this covenant that God made based on better promises" or "covenant. God promised better things when he made this covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 8 7 wb9d translate-ordinal 0 first covenant ... second covenant The words "first" and "second" are ordinal numbers. Alternate translation: "old covenant ... new covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -HEB 8 7 gig6 0 had been faultless "had been perfect" +HEB 8 7 gig6 ἦν ἄμεμπτος 1 had been faultless "had been perfect" HEB 8 8 ya4n 0 General Information: In this quotation the prophet Jeremiah foretold of a new covenant that God would make. -HEB 8 8 sqb4 0 with the people "with the people of Israel" -HEB 8 8 xhp8 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -HEB 8 8 c6zm figs-metaphor 0 the house of Israel and with the house of Judah The people of Israel and Judah are spoken of as if they were houses. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel and with the people of Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 8 9 dde5 figs-metaphor 0 I took them by their hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt This metaphor represents God's great love and concern. Alternate translation: "I led them out of Egypt like a father leads his young child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 8 8 sqb4 αὐτοῖς 1 with the people "with the people of Israel" +HEB 8 8 xhp8 ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +HEB 8 8 c6zm figs-metaphor τὸν οἶκον Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ἰούδα 1 the house of Israel and with the house of Judah The people of Israel and Judah are spoken of as if they were houses. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel and with the people of Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 8 9 dde5 figs-metaphor μου ἐπιλαβομένου αὐτῶν τῆς χειρὸς ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου 1 I took them by their hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt This metaphor represents God's great love and concern. Alternate translation: "I led them out of Egypt like a father leads his young child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 8 10 fh1c 0 General Information: This is a quotation from the prophet Jeremiah. -HEB 8 10 k2ew figs-metaphor 0 the house of Israel The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a house. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 8 10 q78u 0 after those days "after that time" -HEB 8 10 gbw3 figs-metaphor 0 I will put my laws into their minds God's requirements are spoken of as if they were objects that could be placed somewhere. People's ability to think is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: "I will enable them to understand my laws" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 8 10 e45g figs-metonymy 0 I will also write them on their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "write them on their hearts" is a metaphor for enabling people to obey the law. Alternate translation: "I will also put them in their hearts" or "I will enable them to obey my law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 8 10 hs53 0 I will be their God "I will be the God they worship" -HEB 8 10 xgm3 0 they will be my people "they will be the people for whom I care" +HEB 8 10 k2ew figs-metaphor τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰσραὴλ 1 the house of Israel The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a house. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 8 10 q78u μετὰ ἐκείνας τὰς ἡμέρας 1 after those days "after that time" +HEB 8 10 gbw3 figs-metaphor διδοὺς μου νόμους εἰς αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν 1 I will put my laws into their minds God's requirements are spoken of as if they were objects that could be placed somewhere. People's ability to think is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: "I will enable them to understand my laws" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 8 10 e45g figs-metonymy ἐπιγράψω αὐτούς ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καρδίας 1 I will also write them on their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "write them on their hearts" is a metaphor for enabling people to obey the law. Alternate translation: "I will also put them in their hearts" or "I will enable them to obey my law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 8 10 hs53 ἔσομαι αὐτοῖς Θεόν 1 I will be their God "I will be the God they worship" +HEB 8 10 xgm3 αὐτοὶ ἔσονταί μοι λαόν 1 they will be my people "they will be the people for whom I care" HEB 8 11 lsq6 0 General Information: This continues the quotation from the prophet Jeremiah. HEB 8 11 jl1h figs-quotations 0 They will not teach each one his neighbor and each one his brother, saying, 'Know the Lord.' This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "They will not need to teach their neighbors or brothers to know me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) HEB 8 11 wne2 figs-doublet 0 neighbor ... brother Both of these refer to fellow Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) HEB 8 11 q5ki figs-metonymy 0 Know the Lord ... will all know me "Know" here stands for acknowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 8 12 cu1b figs-metonymy 0 toward their evil deeds This stands for the people who committed these evil deeds. Alternate translation: "to those who did evil deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 8 12 a1xr figs-metonymy 0 their sins I will not remember any longer Here "remember" stands for "think about." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 8 12 cu1b figs-metonymy ταῖς αὐτῶν ἀδικίαις 1 toward their evil deeds This stands for the people who committed these evil deeds. Alternate translation: "to those who did evil deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 8 12 a1xr figs-metonymy αὐτῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν μνησθῶ μὴ μνησθῶ ἔτι 1 their sins I will not remember any longer Here "remember" stands for "think about." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 9 intro p8vy 0 # Hebrews 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter describes how Jesus is better than the temple and all its laws and rules. This chapter will be difficult to understand if the first five books of the Old Testament have not yet been translated.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Will

A will is a legal document that describes what will happen to a person's property after he dies.

##### Blood

In the Old Testament, God had commanded the Israelites to offer sacrifices so that he would forgive their sins. Before they could offer these sacrifices, they had to kill animals and then offer not only the animal's body but also its blood. Shedding blood is a metaphor for killing an animal or person. Jesus offered his life, his blood, as a sacrifice when he allowed men to kill him. The writer of the Book of Hebrews is saying in this chapter that this sacrifice is better than the sacrifices of the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

##### Return of Christ

Jesus will return to finish the work that he began when he died so that God would forgive his people's sins. He will finish saving those people who are waiting for him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### First covenant

This refers to the covenant that God made with Moses. However, before he made this covenant, God had made a covenant with Abraham. But this was the first covenant that God had made with the people of Israel. You may decide to translate "the first covenant" as "the earlier covenant."
HEB 9 1 af6x 0 Connecting Statement: The writer makes clear to these Jewish believers that the laws and the tabernacle of the old covenant were only pictures of the better, new covenant. HEB 9 1 av9i 0 Now This word marks a new part of the teaching. HEB 9 1 d3vs 0 first covenant See how you translated this in [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). -HEB 9 1 pw63 0 had regulations "had detailed instructions" or "had rules" -HEB 9 2 e3em 0 For The author is continuing the discussion from [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). -HEB 9 2 f6k7 figs-activepassive 0 a tabernacle was prepared A tabernacle was constructed and made ready for use. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Israelites prepared a tabernacle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 2 t13a 0 the lampstand, the table, and the bread of the presence These objects are all accompanied by the definite article "the," because the author assumes that his readers already know about these things. -HEB 9 2 gw3p figs-abstractnouns 0 bread of the presence This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "presence" is expressed as the verb "display" or "present." Alternate translation: "bread on display before God" or "bread the priests presented to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 9 3 j7w3 0 Behind the second curtain The first curtain was the outer wall of the tabernacle, so the "second curtain" was the curtain between the "holy place" and the "most holy place." -HEB 9 3 ssr9 translate-ordinal 0 second This is the ordinal word for number two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -HEB 9 4 kt3u 0 Inside it "Inside the ark of the covenant" -HEB 9 4 jj9y figs-explicit 0 Aaron's rod that budded This was the rod Aaron had when God proved to the people of Israel that he had chosen Aaron as his priest by making Aaron's rod bud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 9 4 md1f 0 that budded "from which leaves and flowers had grown" -HEB 9 4 q9w3 0 tablets of the covenant Here "tablets" are flat pieces of stone that had writing on them. This refers to the stone tablets on which the ten commandments were written. +HEB 9 1 pw63 εἶχε δικαιώματα 1 had regulations "had detailed instructions" or "had rules" +HEB 9 2 e3em γὰρ 1 For The author is continuing the discussion from [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). +HEB 9 2 f6k7 figs-activepassive σκηνὴ κατεσκευάσθη 1 a tabernacle was prepared A tabernacle was constructed and made ready for use. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Israelites prepared a tabernacle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 2 t13a ἥ τε λυχνία, ἡ τράπεζα, καὶ τῶν ἄρτων ἡ Πρόθεσις 1 the lampstand, the table, and the bread of the presence These objects are all accompanied by the definite article "the," because the author assumes that his readers already know about these things. +HEB 9 2 gw3p figs-abstractnouns ἄρτων ἡ Πρόθεσις 1 bread of the presence This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "presence" is expressed as the verb "display" or "present." Alternate translation: "bread on display before God" or "bread the priests presented to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 9 3 j7w3 μετὰ τὸ δεύτερον καταπέτασμα 1 Behind the second curtain The first curtain was the outer wall of the tabernacle, so the "second curtain" was the curtain between the "holy place" and the "most holy place." +HEB 9 3 ssr9 translate-ordinal δεύτερον 1 second This is the ordinal word for number two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +HEB 9 4 kt3u ἐν 1 Inside it "Inside the ark of the covenant" +HEB 9 4 jj9y figs-explicit Ἀαρὼν' Ἀαρὼν ῥάβδος ἡ βλαστήσασα 1 Aaron's rod that budded This was the rod Aaron had when God proved to the people of Israel that he had chosen Aaron as his priest by making Aaron's rod bud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 9 4 md1f ἡ βλαστήσασα 1 that budded "from which leaves and flowers had grown" +HEB 9 4 q9w3 πλάκες τῆς διαθήκης 1 tablets of the covenant Here "tablets" are flat pieces of stone that had writing on them. This refers to the stone tablets on which the ten commandments were written. HEB 9 5 ue5q 0 glorious cherubim overshadowed the atonement lid When the Israelites were making the ark of the covenant, God commanded them to carve two cherubim facing each other, with their wings touching, over the atonement lid of the ark of the covenant. Here they are spoken of as providing shade for the ark of the covenant. Alternate translation: "glorious cherubim covered the atonement lid with their wings" -HEB 9 5 fh6g figs-metonymy 0 cherubim Here "cherubim" means figures of two cherubim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 5 fh6g figs-metonymy Χερουβεὶν 1 cherubim Here "cherubim" means figures of two cherubim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 9 5 f1je figs-pronouns 0 which we cannot Even though the author uses the plural pronoun "we," he is most likely referring only to himself. Alternate translation: "which I cannot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) HEB 9 6 mra7 figs-activepassive 0 After these things were prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After the priests prepared these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 7 xs9l figs-doublenegatives 0 not without blood This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "he always brought blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 9 7 xtk5 0 blood This is the blood of the bull and goat that the high priest had to sacrifice on the Day of Atonement. +HEB 9 7 xs9l figs-doublenegatives οὐ χωρὶς αἵματος 1 not without blood This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "he always brought blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 9 7 xtk5 αἵματος 1 blood This is the blood of the bull and goat that the high priest had to sacrifice on the Day of Atonement. HEB 9 8 a26f 0 the most holy place Possible meanings are 1) the inner room of the tabernacle on earth or 2) God's presence in heaven. -HEB 9 8 e14c figs-metonymy 0 the first tabernacle was still standing Possible meanings are 1) "the outer room of the tabernacle was still standing" or 2) "the earthly tabernacle and the sacrificial system still existed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 9 cu76 0 This was an illustration "This was a picture" or "This was a symbol" -HEB 9 9 fl6i 0 for the present time "for now" -HEB 9 9 g16u figs-activepassive 0 that are now being offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the priests now offer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 9 qsa1 figs-metaphor 0 are not able to perfect the worshiper's conscience The writer speaks of a person's conscience as if it were an object that could be made better and better until it was without fault. A person's conscience is his knowledge of right and wrong. It is also his awareness of whether or not he has done wrong. If he knows he has done wrong, we say that he feels guilty. Alternate translation: "are not able to make the worshiper free from guilt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 9 c31d figs-genericnoun 0 the worshiper's conscience The writer appears to refer to only one worshiper, but he means all those who came to worship God at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -HEB 9 10 hqs8 0 until the time of the new order "until God created the new order" -HEB 9 10 kqc1 0 new order "new covenant" +HEB 9 8 e14c figs-metonymy τῆς πρώτης σκηνῆς ἐχούσης ἔτι στάσιν 1 the first tabernacle was still standing Possible meanings are 1) "the outer room of the tabernacle was still standing" or 2) "the earthly tabernacle and the sacrificial system still existed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 9 cu76 ἥτις παραβολὴ 1 This was an illustration "This was a picture" or "This was a symbol" +HEB 9 9 fl6i εἰς τὸν ἐνεστηκότα καιρὸν 1 for the present time "for now" +HEB 9 9 g16u figs-activepassive τὸν καθ’ προσφέρονται 1 that are now being offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the priests now offer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 9 qsa1 figs-metaphor μὴ δυνάμεναι τελειῶσαι τὸν λατρεύοντα' λατρεύοντα συνείδησιν 1 are not able to perfect the worshiper's conscience The writer speaks of a person's conscience as if it were an object that could be made better and better until it was without fault. A person's conscience is his knowledge of right and wrong. It is also his awareness of whether or not he has done wrong. If he knows he has done wrong, we say that he feels guilty. Alternate translation: "are not able to make the worshiper free from guilt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 9 c31d figs-genericnoun τὸν λατρεύοντα' λατρεύοντα συνείδησιν 1 the worshiper's conscience The writer appears to refer to only one worshiper, but he means all those who came to worship God at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +HEB 9 10 hqs8 μέχρι καιροῦ διορθώσεως 1 until the time of the new order "until God created the new order" +HEB 9 10 kqc1 διορθώσεως 1 new order "new covenant" HEB 9 11 bnc6 0 Connecting Statement: Having described the service of the tabernacle under God's law, the writer makes clear that Christ's service under the new covenant is better because it is sealed with his blood. It is better also because Christ has entered the true "tabernacle," that is, God's own presence in heaven, instead of entering, as other high priests, into the earthly tabernacle, which was only an imperfect copy. -HEB 9 11 da2i 0 good things This does not refer to material things. It means the good things that God promised in his new covenant. -HEB 9 11 czx6 0 the greater and more perfect tabernacle This refers to the heavenly tent or tabernacle, which is more important and more perfect than the earthly tabernacle. -HEB 9 11 lxw8 figs-activepassive 0 that was not made by human hands This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that humans hands did not make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 11 mtj9 figs-synecdoche 0 human hands Here "hands" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -HEB 9 12 wp9n figs-metaphor 0 most holy place God's presence in heaven is spoken of as if it were the most holy place, the innermost room in the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 13 ch3c 0 sprinkling of a heifer's ashes on those who have become unclean The priest would drop small amounts of the ashes on the unclean people. -HEB 9 13 seb3 figs-metonymy 0 for the cleansing of their flesh Here "flesh" refers to the entire body. Alternate translation: "for the cleansing of their bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 11 da2i ἀγαθῶν 1 good things This does not refer to material things. It means the good things that God promised in his new covenant. +HEB 9 11 czx6 τῆς μείζονος καὶ τελειοτέρας σκηνῆς 1 the greater and more perfect tabernacle This refers to the heavenly tent or tabernacle, which is more important and more perfect than the earthly tabernacle. +HEB 9 11 lxw8 figs-activepassive τοῦτ’ οὐ χειροποιήτου 1 that was not made by human hands This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that humans hands did not make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 11 mtj9 figs-synecdoche χειροποιήτου 1 human hands Here "hands" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HEB 9 12 wp9n figs-metaphor ἅγια 1 most holy place God's presence in heaven is spoken of as if it were the most holy place, the innermost room in the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 13 ch3c ῥαντίζουσα δαμάλεως' δαμάλεως σποδὸς τοὺς κεκοινωμένους 1 sprinkling of a heifer's ashes on those who have become unclean The priest would drop small amounts of the ashes on the unclean people. +HEB 9 13 seb3 figs-metonymy πρὸς τὴν καθαρότητα τῆς σαρκὸς 1 for the cleansing of their flesh Here "flesh" refers to the entire body. Alternate translation: "for the cleansing of their bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 9 14 t58w figs-rquestion 0 how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, cleanse our conscience from dead works to serve the living God? The author uses this question to emphasize that Christ's sacrifice was the most powerful. Alternate translation: "then certainly Christ's blood will cleanse our conscience even more from dead works to serve the living God! Because, through the eternal Spirit, he offered himself without blemish to God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 9 14 r22p figs-metonymy 0 the blood of Christ The "blood" of Christ stands for his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 14 xj6g figs-metaphor 0 blemish This is a small sin or moral fault spoken of here as if it were a small, unusual spot or defect on Christ's body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 14 r22p figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα Χριστοῦ 1 the blood of Christ The "blood" of Christ stands for his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 14 xj6g figs-metaphor ἄμωμον 1 blemish This is a small sin or moral fault spoken of here as if it were a small, unusual spot or defect on Christ's body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 9 14 rkh4 figs-metonymy 0 cleanse our conscience Here "conscience" refers to a person's feeling of guilt. Believers no longer have to feel guilty for the sins they have committed because Jesus sacrificed himself and has forgiven them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 14 suu7 figs-metaphor 0 cleanse Here "cleanse" stands for the action of relieving our consciences from guilt for the sins we have committed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 14 zbj1 figs-metaphor 0 dead works Sinful deeds are spoken of as if they belonged to the world of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 15 x3xr 0 For this reason "As a result" or "Because of this" -HEB 9 15 p2kg 0 he is the mediator of a new covenant This means Christ caused the new covenant between God and humans to exist. -HEB 9 15 q3x3 0 first covenant See how you translated this in [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). -HEB 9 15 z29a figs-metonymy 0 to free those under the first covenant from their sins "to take away the sins of those who were under the first covenant." Possible meanings are 1) here "their sins" is a metonym for the guilt of their sins. Alternate translation: "to take away the guilt of those who were under the first covenant" or 2) here "their sins" is a metonym for the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: "to take away the punisment for sins of those who were under the first covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 15 ve3v figs-activepassive 0 those who are called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom God has chosen to be his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 15 xb9f figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 16 rng2 0 will a legal document in which a person states who should receive his possessions when he himself dies -HEB 9 16 um9a 0 the death of the person who made it must be proven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone must prove that the person who made the will has died" -HEB 9 18 wpf1 figs-activepassive 0 So not even the first covenant was established without blood This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "So God established even the first covenant with blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 9 18 kq87 0 first covenant See how you translated this in [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). -HEB 9 18 v838 figs-metonymy 0 blood The death of animals sacrificed to God is spoken of as if it were nothing but blood. Alternate translation: "the death of animals sacrificed to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 14 suu7 figs-metaphor καθαριεῖ 1 cleanse Here "cleanse" stands for the action of relieving our consciences from guilt for the sins we have committed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 14 zbj1 figs-metaphor νεκρῶν ἔργων 1 dead works Sinful deeds are spoken of as if they belonged to the world of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 15 x3xr διὰ 1 For this reason "As a result" or "Because of this" +HEB 9 15 p2kg τοῦτο ἐστίν τῇ μεσίτης διαθήκης καινῆς διαθήκης 1 he is the mediator of a new covenant This means Christ caused the new covenant between God and humans to exist. +HEB 9 15 q3x3 πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ 1 first covenant See how you translated this in [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). +HEB 9 15 z29a figs-metonymy εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν ἐπὶ τὴν πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ τῶν παραβάσεων 1 to free those under the first covenant from their sins "to take away the sins of those who were under the first covenant." Possible meanings are 1) here "their sins" is a metonym for the guilt of their sins. Alternate translation: "to take away the guilt of those who were under the first covenant" or 2) here "their sins" is a metonym for the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: "to take away the punisment for sins of those who were under the first covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 15 ve3v figs-activepassive οἱ κεκλημένοι 1 those who are called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom God has chosen to be his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 15 xb9f figs-metaphor κληρονομίας 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 16 rng2 διαθήκη 1 will a legal document in which a person states who should receive his possessions when he himself dies +HEB 9 16 um9a θάνατον τοῦ διαθεμένου ἀνάγκη φέρεσθαι 1 the death of the person who made it must be proven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone must prove that the person who made the will has died" +HEB 9 18 wpf1 figs-activepassive ὅθεν οὐδ’ ἡ πρώτη ἐνκεκαίνισται χωρὶς αἵματος 1 So not even the first covenant was established without blood This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "So God established even the first covenant with blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 9 18 kq87 πρώτη 1 first covenant See how you translated this in [Hebrews 8:7](../08/07.md). +HEB 9 18 v838 figs-metonymy αἵματος 1 blood The death of animals sacrificed to God is spoken of as if it were nothing but blood. Alternate translation: "the death of animals sacrificed to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 9 19 zl2n translate-symaction 0 took the blood ... with water ... and sprinkled ... the scroll ... and all the people The priest dipped the hyssop in the blood and the water and then shook the hyssop so drops of blood and water would fall on the scroll and on the people. Sprinkling was a symbolic action done by the priests by which they applied the benefits of the covenant to people and to objects. Here the scroll and the people's acceptability to God are renewed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 9 19 tgc2 0 hyssop a woody shrub with flowers in summer, used in ceremonial sprinkling -HEB 9 20 j7en figs-metonymy 0 the blood of the covenant Here "blood" refers to the death of the animals sacrificed to carry out the covenant's requirements. Alternate translation: "the blood that brings into effect the covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 21 k6dm 0 he sprinkled "Moses sprinkled" -HEB 9 21 l27v translate-symaction 0 sprinkled Sprinkling was a symbolic action done by the priests by which they applied the benefits of the covenant to people and to objects. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 9 21 xa9q 0 all the containers used in the service A container is an object that can hold things. Here it may refer to any kind of utensil or tool. Alternate translation: "all the utensils used in the service" -HEB 9 21 ec4h figs-activepassive 0 used in the service This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the priests used in their work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 21 cl3v figs-metonymy 0 blood Here the animal "blood" is talking about the animal's death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 9 22 g3ef figs-metaphor 0 almost everything is cleansed with blood Making something acceptable to God is spoken of as if it were cleansing that thing. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the priests use blood to cleanse almost everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 22 v8bj figs-metonymy 0 Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness Here "shedding of blood" refers to something dying as a sacrifice to God. This double negative can mean that all forgiveness comes through the shedding of blood. Alternate translation: "Forgiveness only comes when something dies as a sacrifice" or "God only forgives when something dies as a sacrifice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 9 22 v1tr figs-explicit 0 forgiveness You can state explicitly the implied meaning. Alternate translation: "forgiveness of the sins of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 9 19 tgc2 ὑσσώπου 1 hyssop a woody shrub with flowers in summer, used in ceremonial sprinkling +HEB 9 20 j7en figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης 1 the blood of the covenant Here "blood" refers to the death of the animals sacrificed to carry out the covenant's requirements. Alternate translation: "the blood that brings into effect the covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 21 k6dm ἐράντισεν 1 he sprinkled "Moses sprinkled" +HEB 9 21 l27v translate-symaction ἐράντισεν 1 sprinkled Sprinkling was a symbolic action done by the priests by which they applied the benefits of the covenant to people and to objects. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 9 21 xa9q πάντα τῷ σκεύη λειτουργίας ὁμοίως λειτουργίας 1 all the containers used in the service A container is an object that can hold things. Here it may refer to any kind of utensil or tool. Alternate translation: "all the utensils used in the service" +HEB 9 21 ec4h figs-activepassive σκεύη λειτουργίας ὁμοίως λειτουργίας 1 used in the service This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the priests used in their work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 21 cl3v figs-metonymy αἵματι 1 blood Here the animal "blood" is talking about the animal's death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 22 g3ef figs-metaphor σχεδὸν πάντα καθαρίζεται ἐν αἵματι 1 almost everything is cleansed with blood Making something acceptable to God is spoken of as if it were cleansing that thing. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the priests use blood to cleanse almost everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 22 v8bj figs-metonymy χωρὶς αἱματεκχυσίας γίνεται οὐ ἄφεσις 1 Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness Here "shedding of blood" refers to something dying as a sacrifice to God. This double negative can mean that all forgiveness comes through the shedding of blood. Alternate translation: "Forgiveness only comes when something dies as a sacrifice" or "God only forgives when something dies as a sacrifice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 9 22 v1tr figs-explicit ἄφεσις 1 forgiveness You can state explicitly the implied meaning. Alternate translation: "forgiveness of the sins of the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 9 23 nh15 0 Connecting Statement: The writer emphasizes that Christ (now in heaven interceding for us) had to die only once for sins and that he will return to earth a second time. HEB 9 23 q79n figs-activepassive 0 the copies of the things in heaven should be cleansed with these animal sacrifices This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the priests should use these animal sacrifices to cleanse what are copies of things that are in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 9 23 y9b7 figs-activepassive 0 the heavenly things themselves had to be cleansed with much better sacrifices That is, better than the sacrifices used to cleanse the earthly copies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as for the heavenly things themselves, God had to cleanse them with much better sacrifices" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 24 cy2x figs-synecdoche 0 the most holy place made with hands, which Here "with hands" means "by humans." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the most holy place, which humans made, and which" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 24 g5lp 0 of the true one "of the true most holy place" -HEB 9 25 f17a 0 He did not go there "He did not enter heaven" -HEB 9 25 rnh3 0 year by year "every year" or "each year" -HEB 9 25 zpf3 0 with the blood of another This means with the blood of an animal victim, not with his own blood. -HEB 9 26 lhi3 0 If that had been the case "If he had had to offer himself often" -HEB 9 26 dq7m figs-metaphor 0 to do away with sin by the sacrifice of himself Doing away with sin represents having God forgive it. Alternate translation: "to cause God to forgive sins by sacrificing himself" or "to sacrifice himself so that God can forgive sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 28 p8b6 figs-activepassive 0 Christ was offered once This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ offered himself once" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 9 28 hv2t figs-metaphor 0 to take away the sins The act of making us innocent rather than guilty for our sins is spoken of as if our sins were physical objects that Christ could carry away from us. Alternate translation: "so that God would forgive the sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 9 28 p6th figs-metonymy 0 the sins Here "sins" mean the guilt that people have before God because of the sins they committed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 9 24 cy2x figs-synecdoche τῶν ἅγια χειροποίητα, ἀντίτυπα 1 the most holy place made with hands, which Here "with hands" means "by humans." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the most holy place, which humans made, and which" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 24 g5lp τῶν τὸν ἀληθινῶν 1 of the true one "of the true most holy place" +HEB 9 25 f17a προσφέρῃ οὐδ’ 1 He did not go there "He did not enter heaven" +HEB 9 25 rnh3 κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν 1 year by year "every year" or "each year" +HEB 9 25 zpf3 ἐν αἵματι ἀλλοτρίῳ 1 with the blood of another This means with the blood of an animal victim, not with his own blood. +HEB 9 26 lhi3 ἐπεὶ 1 If that had been the case "If he had had to offer himself often" +HEB 9 26 dq7m figs-metaphor ἀθέτησιν ἁμαρτίας διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ 1 to do away with sin by the sacrifice of himself Doing away with sin represents having God forgive it. Alternate translation: "to cause God to forgive sins by sacrificing himself" or "to sacrifice himself so that God can forgive sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 28 p8b6 figs-activepassive ὁ Χριστός προσενεχθεὶς ἅπαξ 1 Christ was offered once This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ offered himself once" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 9 28 hv2t figs-metaphor προσενεχθεὶς τὸ ἁμαρτίας 1 to take away the sins The act of making us innocent rather than guilty for our sins is spoken of as if our sins were physical objects that Christ could carry away from us. Alternate translation: "so that God would forgive the sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 9 28 p6th figs-metonymy τὸ ἁμαρτίας 1 the sins Here "sins" mean the guilt that people have before God because of the sins they committed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 10 intro nev1 0 # Hebrews 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, the writer finishes describing how Jesus' sacrifice was better than the sacrifices offered in the Temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:5-7, 15-17, 37-38, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### God's judgment and reward

Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for how they lived their Christian life. Even though there will not be eternal condemnation for Christians, ungodly actions do and will have consequences. In addition, faithful living will be rewarded. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins"
The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It was ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus which then makes these sacrifices "take away sins." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

##### "The covenant that I will make"
It is unclear whether this prophecy was being fulfilled as the author was writing or whether it was to occur later. The translator should try to avoid making a claim about the time this covenant begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
HEB 10 1 kwq1 0 Connecting Statement: The writer shows the weakness of the law and its sacrifices, why God gave the law, and the perfection of the new priesthood and Christ's sacrifice. -HEB 10 1 kj83 figs-metaphor 0 the law is only a shadow of the good things to come This speaks about the law as if it were a shadow. The author means the law is not the good things that God had promised. It only hints at the good things that God is going to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 1 r6ly 0 not the real forms of those things themselves "not the real things themselves" -HEB 10 1 at4v 0 year after year "every year" -HEB 10 2 aw6g figs-rquestion 0 would the sacrifices not have ceased to be offered? The author uses a question to state that the sacrifices were limited in their power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they would have ceased offering those sacrifices." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 2 zc3d 0 ceased to be "stopped being" -HEB 10 2 mu42 figs-metaphor 0 the worshipers would have been cleansed Here being cleansed represents no longer being guilty of sin. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sacrifices would have taken away their sin" or "God would have made them no longer guilty of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 2 m9tj 0 would no longer have any consciousness of sin "would no longer think that they are guilty of sin" or "would know that they are no longer guilty of sin" -HEB 10 4 di8i figs-metaphor 0 For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that animal blood could sweep away as it flowed. Alternate translation: "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to cause God to forgive sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 4 bvu5 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of bulls and goats Here "blood" refers to these animals dying as sacrifices to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 1 kj83 figs-metaphor ὁ νόμος ἔχων σκιὰν τῶν ἀγαθῶν μελλόντων 1 the law is only a shadow of the good things to come This speaks about the law as if it were a shadow. The author means the law is not the good things that God had promised. It only hints at the good things that God is going to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 1 r6ly οὐκ τὴν εἰκόνα τὴν τοὺς πραγμάτων αὐτὴν 1 not the real forms of those things themselves "not the real things themselves" +HEB 10 1 at4v ἐνιαυτὸν 1 year after year "every year" +HEB 10 2 aw6g figs-rquestion ἂν ἐπαύσαντο οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι? 1 would the sacrifices not have ceased to be offered? The author uses a question to state that the sacrifices were limited in their power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they would have ceased offering those sacrifices." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 2 zc3d ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι 1 ceased to be "stopped being" +HEB 10 2 mu42 figs-metaphor τὸ λατρεύοντας κεκαθαρισμένους 1 the worshipers would have been cleansed Here being cleansed represents no longer being guilty of sin. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sacrifices would have taken away their sin" or "God would have made them no longer guilty of sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 2 m9tj τοὺς μηδεμίαν ἔχειν ἔτι συνείδησιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 would no longer have any consciousness of sin "would no longer think that they are guilty of sin" or "would know that they are no longer guilty of sin" +HEB 10 4 di8i figs-metaphor γὰρ ἀδύνατον αἷμα ταύρων καὶ τράγων ἀφαιρεῖν ἁμαρτίας 1 For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that animal blood could sweep away as it flowed. Alternate translation: "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to cause God to forgive sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 4 bvu5 figs-metonymy αἷμα ταύρων καὶ τράγων 1 the blood of bulls and goats Here "blood" refers to these animals dying as sacrifices to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 10 5 q4ye 0 General Information: Christ's words when he was on earth were foretold in this quotation from a psalm of David. HEB 10 5 ml8e figs-you 0 you did not desire Here "you" is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) HEB 10 5 cu51 0 a body you have prepared "you have made a body ready" -HEB 10 7 zn6c 0 Then I said Here "I" refers to Christ. +HEB 10 7 zn6c τότε εἶπον 1 Then I said Here "I" refers to Christ. HEB 10 8 c8eb 0 General Information: Though changing the wording slightly, the author repeats these quotations from a psalm of David for emphasis. HEB 10 8 rlv8 0 sacrifices ... offerings See how you translated these words in [Hebrews 10:5](./05.md). HEB 10 8 n7kc 0 whole burnt offerings ... sacrifices for sin See how you translated similar words in [Hebrews 10:6](./06.md). -HEB 10 8 d3ek figs-activepassive 0 that are offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that priests offer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 9 k5kv 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -HEB 10 9 n29v figs-abstractnouns 0 He takes away the first practice in order to establish the second practice The abstract noun "practice" here refers to a way of atoning for sins. Stopping doing it is spoken of as if it were an object that could be taken away. Starting the second way of atoning for sins is spoken of as establishing that practice. Alternate translation: "He stops people atoning for sins the first way in order to atone for sins the second way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 8 d3ek figs-activepassive προσφέρονται νόμον 1 that are offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that priests offer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 9 k5kv ἰδοὺ 1 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +HEB 10 9 n29v figs-abstractnouns ἀναιρεῖ τὸ πρῶτον ἵνα στήσῃ τὸ δεύτερον 1 He takes away the first practice in order to establish the second practice The abstract noun "practice" here refers to a way of atoning for sins. Stopping doing it is spoken of as if it were an object that could be taken away. Starting the second way of atoning for sins is spoken of as establishing that practice. Alternate translation: "He stops people atoning for sins the first way in order to atone for sins the second way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 10 9 ja8n translate-ordinal 0 first practice ... the second practice The words "first" and "second" are ordinal numbers. Alternate translation: "old practice ... the new practice" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -HEB 10 10 xj9i figs-activepassive 0 we have been sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has sanctified us" or "God has dedicated us to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 10 xk24 figs-abstractnouns 0 through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ The abstract noun "offering" can be expressed with the verb "offer" or "sacrifice." Alternate translation: "because Jesus Christ offered his body as a sacrifice" or "because Jesus Christ sacrificed his body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 10 11 f4wd 0 Day after day "day by day" or "every day" -HEB 10 11 jq4i figs-metaphor 0 can never take away sins This speaks of "sins" as if they are an object that a person can take away. Alternate translation: "can never cause God to forgive sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 12 fy8w translate-symaction 0 he sat down at the right hand of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "he sat down at the place of honor and authority beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 10 13 s6sn figs-metaphor 0 until his enemies are made a stool for his feet The humiliation of Christ's enemies is spoken of as if they were made a place for him to rest his feet. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until God humiliates Christ's enemies and they become like a stool for his feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 14 dz9n figs-activepassive 0 those who are being sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom God is sanctifying" or "those whom God has dedicated to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 10 xj9i figs-activepassive ἡγιασμένοι ἐσμὲν ἡγιασμένοι 1 we have been sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has sanctified us" or "God has dedicated us to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 10 xk24 figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς προσφορᾶς τοῦ σώματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ The abstract noun "offering" can be expressed with the verb "offer" or "sacrifice." Alternate translation: "because Jesus Christ offered his body as a sacrifice" or "because Jesus Christ sacrificed his body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 10 11 f4wd καθ’ ἡμέραν 1 Day after day "day by day" or "every day" +HEB 10 11 jq4i figs-metaphor δύνανται οὐδέποτε περιελεῖν ἁμαρτίας 1 can never take away sins This speaks of "sins" as if they are an object that a person can take away. Alternate translation: "can never cause God to forgive sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 12 fy8w translate-symaction ἐκάθισεν ἐν τοῦ δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ 1 he sat down at the right hand of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "he sat down at the place of honor and authority beside God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 10 13 s6sn figs-metaphor ἕως αὐτοῦ οἱ ἐχθροὶ τεθῶσιν ὑποπόδιον τῶν αὐτοῦ ποδῶν 1 until his enemies are made a stool for his feet The humiliation of Christ's enemies is spoken of as if they were made a place for him to rest his feet. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until God humiliates Christ's enemies and they become like a stool for his feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 14 dz9n figs-activepassive τοὺς ἁγιαζομένους 1 those who are being sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom God is sanctifying" or "those whom God has dedicated to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 10 15 qk8j 0 General Information: This is a quotation from the prophet Jeremiah in the Old Testament. -HEB 10 16 czh3 0 with them "with my people" -HEB 10 16 s783 0 after those days "when the time of the first covenant with my people has finished" -HEB 10 16 xx53 figs-metonymy 0 I will put my laws in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "put them in their hearts" is a metaphor for enabling people to obey the law. Alternate translation: "I will enable them to obey my laws" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 16 czh3 πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 with them "with my people" +HEB 10 16 s783 μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας 1 after those days "when the time of the first covenant with my people has finished" +HEB 10 16 xx53 figs-metonymy διδοὺς μου νόμους ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καρδίας 1 I will put my laws in their hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for a person's inner being. The phrase "put them in their hearts" is a metaphor for enabling people to obey the law. Alternate translation: "I will enable them to obey my laws" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 10 17 vkw4 0 General Information: This continues the quotation from the prophet Jeremiah in the Old Testament. -HEB 10 17 qn7w figs-explicit 0 Their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no longer." "I will no longer remember their sins and lawless deeds.'" or "I will no longer think about their sins and lawless deeds.'" This is the second part of the Holy Spirit's testimony ([Hebrews 10:15-16](./15.md)). You can make this explicit in the translation by ending the quotation at the end of verse 16 and starting a new quotation here. Alternate translation: "Then next he said, 'Their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no longer.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 10 17 pql9 figs-doublet 0 Their sins and lawless deeds The words "sins" and "lawless deeds" mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize how bad the sin is. Alternate translation: "The things they did that were forbidden and how they broke the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 10 18 pje1 0 Now This is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. It does not mean "at this moment." -HEB 10 18 pjh5 figs-abstractnouns 0 where there is forgiveness for these This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "forgiveness" is expressed as the verb "forgive." Alternate translation: "when God has forgiven these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 10 18 z351 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no longer any sacrifice for sin This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "sacrifice" is expressed as the verb "make offerings." Alternate translation: "people no longer need to make offerings for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 10 17 qn7w figs-explicit αὐτῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν μνησθήσομαι οὐ μὴ ἔτι 1 Their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no longer." "I will no longer remember their sins and lawless deeds.'" or "I will no longer think about their sins and lawless deeds.'" This is the second part of the Holy Spirit's testimony ([Hebrews 10:15-16](./15.md)). You can make this explicit in the translation by ending the quotation at the end of verse 16 and starting a new quotation here. Alternate translation: "Then next he said, 'Their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no longer.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 17 pql9 figs-doublet αὐτῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν 1 Their sins and lawless deeds The words "sins" and "lawless deeds" mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize how bad the sin is. Alternate translation: "The things they did that were forbidden and how they broke the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 10 18 pje1 δὲ 1 Now This is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. It does not mean "at this moment." +HEB 10 18 pjh5 figs-abstractnouns ὅπου ἄφεσις 1 where there is forgiveness for these This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "forgiveness" is expressed as the verb "forgive." Alternate translation: "when God has forgiven these things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 10 18 z351 figs-abstractnouns ὅπου ἄφεσις τούτων οὐκέτι προσφορὰ περὶ ἁμαρτίας 1 there is no longer any sacrifice for sin This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "sacrifice" is expressed as the verb "make offerings." Alternate translation: "people no longer need to make offerings for sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 10 19 ih5u 0 Connecting Statement: Having made it clear that there is only one sacrifice for sin, the writer continues with the picture of the most holy place in the temple, where only the high priest could enter each year with the blood of the sacrifice for sins. He reminds the believers that they now worship God in his presence as if they were standing in the most holy place. -HEB 10 19 f6g3 figs-metaphor 0 brothers Here this means all believers in Christ whether male or female. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 10 19 fii7 figs-metaphor 0 the most holy place This means the presence of God, not the most holy place in the old tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 19 zl87 figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of Jesus Here "blood of Jesus" refers to the death of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 10 20 l7wh 0 living way Possible meanings are 1) this new way to God that Jesus has provided results in believers living forever or 2) Jesus is alive, and he is the way believers enter into the presence of God. -HEB 10 20 c3ve figs-metaphor 0 through the curtain The curtain in the earthly temple represents the separation between people and God's true presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 20 ega9 figs-metonymy 0 by means of his flesh Here "flesh" stands for the body of Jesus, and his body stands for his sacrificial death. Alternate translation: "by means of his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 10 21 uh6i 0 we have a great priest over the house of God This must be translated in such a way as to make it clear that Jesus is this "great priest." -HEB 10 21 bmh1 0 over the house "in charge of the house" -HEB 10 21 d1u1 figs-metaphor 0 the house of God This speaks about God's people as if they were a literal house. Alternate translation: "all the people of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 22 l4ik figs-metonymy 0 let us approach Here "approach" stands for worshiping God, as a priest would go up to God's altar to sacrifice animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 10 22 wez1 figs-metonymy 0 with true hearts "with faithful hearts" or "with honest hearts." Here "hearts" stands for the genuine will and motivation of the believers. Alternate translation: "with sincerity" or "sincerely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 10 22 i7ti 0 in the full assurance of faith "and with a confident faith" or "and trusting completely in Jesus" -HEB 10 22 zkg5 figs-activepassive 0 having our hearts sprinkled clean This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as if had he made our hearts clean with his blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 22 w775 figs-metonymy 0 hearts sprinkled clean Here "hearts" is a metonym for the conscience, the awareness of right and wrong. Being made clean is a metaphor for being forgiven and being given the status of righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 22 pc1a translate-symaction 0 sprinkled Sprinkling was a symbolic action done by the priests by which they applied the benefits of the covenant to people and to objects. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 10 22 p2sk figs-activepassive 0 having our bodies washed with pure water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as if he had washed our bodies in pure water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 22 tk9p figs-metonymy 0 our bodies washed with pure water If the translator understands this phrase as referring to Christian baptism, then "water" is literal, not figurative. But if water is taken as literal, then "pure" is figurative, standing for the spiritual purity that baptism is said here to accomplish. The "washing" stands for the believer being made acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 23 k5ui figs-metaphor 0 Let us also hold tightly to the confession of our hope Here "hold tightly" is a metaphor that refers to a person determining to do something and refusing to stop. The abstract nouns "confession" and "expectation" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "Let us be determined to continue confessing the things that we confidently expect from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 10 23 jy4t figs-metaphor 0 without wavering Being uncertain about something is spoken of as if he were wavering or leaning from side to side. Alternate translation: "without being unsure" or "without doubting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 25 v4fa figs-explicit 0 Let us not stop meeting together You can make explicit that the people met to worship. Alternate translation: "Let us not stop coming together to worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 10 25 k9c7 figs-metaphor 0 as you see the day coming closer A future time is spoken of as if it were an object coming closer to the speaker. Here "the day" refers to when Jesus will return. Alternate translation: "as you know that Christ will return soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 19 f6g3 figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this means all believers in Christ whether male or female. Alternate translation: "brothers and sisters" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 10 19 fii7 figs-metaphor τῶν ἁγίων 1 the most holy place This means the presence of God, not the most holy place in the old tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 19 zl87 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αἵματι Ἰησοῦ 1 by the blood of Jesus Here "blood of Jesus" refers to the death of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 20 l7wh ζῶσαν ὁδὸν 1 living way Possible meanings are 1) this new way to God that Jesus has provided results in believers living forever or 2) Jesus is alive, and he is the way believers enter into the presence of God. +HEB 10 20 c3ve figs-metaphor διὰ τῆς καταπετάσματος 1 through the curtain The curtain in the earthly temple represents the separation between people and God's true presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 20 ega9 figs-metonymy τοῦτ’ αὐτοῦ σαρκὸς 1 by means of his flesh Here "flesh" stands for the body of Jesus, and his body stands for his sacrificial death. Alternate translation: "by means of his death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 21 uh6i καὶ ἱερέα μέγαν ἱερέα ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 we have a great priest over the house of God This must be translated in such a way as to make it clear that Jesus is this "great priest." +HEB 10 21 bmh1 ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον 1 over the house "in charge of the house" +HEB 10 21 d1u1 figs-metaphor τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the house of God This speaks about God's people as if they were a literal house. Alternate translation: "all the people of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 22 l4ik figs-metonymy προσερχώμεθα 1 let us approach Here "approach" stands for worshiping God, as a priest would go up to God's altar to sacrifice animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 22 wez1 figs-metonymy μετὰ ἀληθινῆς καρδίας 1 with true hearts "with faithful hearts" or "with honest hearts." Here "hearts" stands for the genuine will and motivation of the believers. Alternate translation: "with sincerity" or "sincerely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 22 i7ti ἐν τὰς πληροφορίᾳ πίστεως 1 in the full assurance of faith "and with a confident faith" or "and trusting completely in Jesus" +HEB 10 22 zkg5 figs-activepassive ῥεραντισμένοι τὰς καρδίας ῥεραντισμένοι 1 having our hearts sprinkled clean This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as if had he made our hearts clean with his blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 22 w775 figs-metonymy καρδίας ῥεραντισμένοι 1 hearts sprinkled clean Here "hearts" is a metonym for the conscience, the awareness of right and wrong. Being made clean is a metaphor for being forgiven and being given the status of righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 22 pc1a translate-symaction ῥεραντισμένοι 1 sprinkled Sprinkling was a symbolic action done by the priests by which they applied the benefits of the covenant to people and to objects. See how you translated this in [Hebrews 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 10 22 p2sk figs-activepassive λελουμένοι τὸ σῶμα λελουμένοι τὸ καθαρῷ ὕδατι 1 having our bodies washed with pure water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as if he had washed our bodies in pure water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 22 tk9p figs-metonymy τὸ σῶμα λελουμένοι τὸ καθαρῷ ὕδατι 1 our bodies washed with pure water If the translator understands this phrase as referring to Christian baptism, then "water" is literal, not figurative. But if water is taken as literal, then "pure" is figurative, standing for the spiritual purity that baptism is said here to accomplish. The "washing" stands for the believer being made acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 23 k5ui figs-metaphor κατέχωμεν τὴν ὁμολογίαν τῆς ἐλπίδος 1 Let us also hold tightly to the confession of our hope Here "hold tightly" is a metaphor that refers to a person determining to do something and refusing to stop. The abstract nouns "confession" and "expectation" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "Let us be determined to continue confessing the things that we confidently expect from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 10 23 jy4t figs-metaphor ἀκλινῆ 1 without wavering Being uncertain about something is spoken of as if he were wavering or leaning from side to side. Alternate translation: "without being unsure" or "without doubting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 25 v4fa figs-explicit ἐγκαταλείποντες μὴ ἐγκαταλείποντες τὴν ἐπισυναγωγὴν ἑαυτῶν 1 Let us not stop meeting together You can make explicit that the people met to worship. Alternate translation: "Let us not stop coming together to worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 25 k9c7 figs-metaphor ὅσῳ βλέπετε τὴν ἡμέραν ἐγγίζουσαν 1 as you see the day coming closer A future time is spoken of as if it were an object coming closer to the speaker. Here "the day" refers to when Jesus will return. Alternate translation: "as you know that Christ will return soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 10 26 gm7l 0 Connecting Statement: The writer now gives his fourth warning. -HEB 10 26 byv6 0 we deliberately go on sinning "we know we are sinning but we do it again and again" -HEB 10 26 hj5s figs-metaphor 0 after we have received the knowledge of the truth Knowledge of the truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be given by one person to another. Alternate translation: "after we have learned the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 26 b1r7 figs-explicit 0 the truth The truth about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 10 26 l7sv figs-explicit 0 a sacrifice for sins no longer exists No one is able to give a new sacrifice because Christ's sacrifice is the only one that works. Alternate translation: "no one can offer a sacrifice for which God will forgive our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 10 26 sil4 0 a sacrifice for sins Here "sacrifice for sins" stands for "an effective way to sacrifice animals to take away sins" -HEB 10 27 fza4 figs-explicit 0 of judgment Of God's judgment, that is, that God will judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 26 byv6 ἡμῶν ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτανόντων 1 we deliberately go on sinning "we know we are sinning but we do it again and again" +HEB 10 26 hj5s figs-metaphor μετὰ λαβεῖν τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τῆς ἀληθείας 1 after we have received the knowledge of the truth Knowledge of the truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be given by one person to another. Alternate translation: "after we have learned the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 26 b1r7 figs-explicit τῆς ἀληθείας 1 the truth The truth about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 26 l7sv figs-explicit θυσία περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν οὐκέτι ἀπολείπεται 1 a sacrifice for sins no longer exists No one is able to give a new sacrifice because Christ's sacrifice is the only one that works. Alternate translation: "no one can offer a sacrifice for which God will forgive our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 26 sil4 θυσία περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν 1 a sacrifice for sins Here "sacrifice for sins" stands for "an effective way to sacrifice animals to take away sins" +HEB 10 27 fza4 figs-explicit κρίσεως 1 of judgment Of God's judgment, that is, that God will judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 10 27 t6da figs-metaphor 0 a fury of fire that will consume God's enemies God's fury is spoken of as if it were fire that would burn up his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 28 c1aj figs-explicit 0 of two or three witnesses It is implied that this means "of at least two or three witness." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 28 c1aj figs-explicit ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶν μάρτυσιν 1 of two or three witnesses It is implied that this means "of at least two or three witness." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 10 29 gv5z figs-rquestion 0 How much worse punishment do you think one deserves ... grace? The author is emphasizing the greatness of the punishment for those who reject Christ. Alternate translation: "This was severe punishment. But the punishment will be even greater for anyone ... grace!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 10 29 jd69 figs-metaphor 0 has trampled underfoot the Son of God Disregarding Christ and scorning him are spoken of as if someone had walked on him. Alternate translation: "has rejected the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 29 d2z9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -HEB 10 29 m7lw 0 who treated the blood of the covenant as unholy This shows how the person has trampled the Son of God. Alternate translation: "by treating the blood of the covenant as unholy" -HEB 10 29 el74 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of the covenant Here "blood" stands for Christ's death, by which God established the new covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 29 jd69 figs-metaphor καταπατήσας τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 has trampled underfoot the Son of God Disregarding Christ and scorning him are spoken of as if someone had walked on him. Alternate translation: "has rejected the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 29 d2z9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +HEB 10 29 m7lw τὸ αἷμα ἡγησάμενος τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης κοινὸν 1 who treated the blood of the covenant as unholy This shows how the person has trampled the Son of God. Alternate translation: "by treating the blood of the covenant as unholy" +HEB 10 29 el74 figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης 1 the blood of the covenant Here "blood" stands for Christ's death, by which God established the new covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 10 29 wj2p figs-activepassive 0 the blood by which he was sanctified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the blood by which God sanctified him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 29 qr6c 0 the Spirit of grace "the Spirit of God, who provides grace" +HEB 10 29 qr6c τῆς τὸ Πνεῦμα χάριτος 1 the Spirit of grace "the Spirit of God, who provides grace" HEB 10 30 ynr1 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "we" here refers to the writer and all believers. These two quotations come from the law that Moses gave in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -HEB 10 30 v8ad figs-metaphor 0 Vengeance belongs to me Vengeance is spoken of as if it were an object that belongs to God, who has the right to do as he wishes with what he owns. God has the right to take vengeance on his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 30 pdw9 figs-metaphor 0 I will pay back God taking vengeance is spoken of as if he were paying back the harmful things that someone has done to others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 31 hhu7 figs-metaphor 0 to fall into the hands Receiving God's full punishment is spoken of as if the person falls into God's hands. Here "hands" refers to God's power to judge. Alternate translation: "to receive God's full punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 10 32 tlh3 0 the former days "the time in the past" -HEB 10 32 p3q3 figs-metaphor 0 after you were enlightened Learning the truth is spoken of as if God shined a light on the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after you learned the truth about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 10 32 v25j 0 how you endured a great struggle in suffering "how much suffering you had to endure" +HEB 10 30 v8ad figs-metaphor ἐκδίκησις ἐμοὶ 1 Vengeance belongs to me Vengeance is spoken of as if it were an object that belongs to God, who has the right to do as he wishes with what he owns. God has the right to take vengeance on his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 30 pdw9 figs-metaphor ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω 1 I will pay back God taking vengeance is spoken of as if he were paying back the harmful things that someone has done to others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 31 hhu7 figs-metaphor τὸ ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς χεῖρας 1 to fall into the hands Receiving God's full punishment is spoken of as if the person falls into God's hands. Here "hands" refers to God's power to judge. Alternate translation: "to receive God's full punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 10 32 tlh3 τὰς πρότερον ἡμέρας 1 the former days "the time in the past" +HEB 10 32 p3q3 figs-metaphor φωτισθέντες 1 after you were enlightened Learning the truth is spoken of as if God shined a light on the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after you learned the truth about Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 10 32 v25j αἷς ὑπεμείνατε πολλὴν ἄθλησιν ἐν παθημάτων 1 how you endured a great struggle in suffering "how much suffering you had to endure" HEB 10 33 cig1 figs-activepassive 0 You were exposed to public ridicule by insults and persecution This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People ridiculed you by insulting and persecuting you in public" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 10 33 u1gk 0 you were sharing with those "you joined those" -HEB 10 34 cjr6 figs-metaphor 0 a better and everlasting possession God's eternal blessings are spoken of as a "possession." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 34 cjr6 figs-metaphor κρείσσονα καὶ μένουσαν ὕπαρξιν 1 a better and everlasting possession God's eternal blessings are spoken of as a "possession." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 10 35 xh64 0 General Information: In 10:37 is a quotation from the prophet Isaiah in the Old Testament. -HEB 10 35 m35c figs-metaphor 0 do not throw away your confidence, which has a great reward A person no longer having confidence is spoken of as if the person were to throw confidence away, like a person would discard something worthless. The abstract noun "confidence" can be translated with the adjective "confident" or the adverb "confidently." Alternate translation: "do not stop being confident, because you will receive a great reward for being confident" or "do not stop confidently trusting in God, who will reward you greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 10 37 st8v figs-explicit 0 For in a very little while You can make this explicit. Alternate translation: "As God said in the scriptures, 'For in a very little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 10 37 cna2 0 in a very little while "very soon" +HEB 10 35 m35c figs-metaphor ἀποβάλητε μὴ ἀποβάλητε ὑμῶν τὴν παρρησίαν, ἥτις ἔχει μεγάλην μισθαποδοσίαν 1 do not throw away your confidence, which has a great reward A person no longer having confidence is spoken of as if the person were to throw confidence away, like a person would discard something worthless. The abstract noun "confidence" can be translated with the adjective "confident" or the adverb "confidently." Alternate translation: "do not stop being confident, because you will receive a great reward for being confident" or "do not stop confidently trusting in God, who will reward you greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 10 37 st8v figs-explicit γὰρ ἔτι ὅσον μικρὸν ὅσον 1 For in a very little while You can make this explicit. Alternate translation: "As God said in the scriptures, 'For in a very little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 10 37 cna2 ἔτι ὅσον μικρὸν ὅσον 1 in a very little while "very soon" HEB 10 38 j2ck 0 General Information: In 10:38 the author quotes from the prophet Habakkuk, which directly follows the quotation from the prophet Isaiah in 10:37. HEB 10 38 j6d1 figs-genericnoun 0 My righteous one ... If he shrinks ... with him These refer to any of God's people in general. Alternate translation: "My faithful people ... If any one of them shrinks ... with that person" or "My faithful people ... If they shrink ... with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) HEB 10 38 r8mh 0 My righteous ... I will Here "My" and "I" refer to God. -HEB 10 38 h5bw 0 shrinks back stops doing the good thing he is doing -HEB 10 39 i9zh figs-metaphor 0 who turn back to destruction A person who loses courage and faith are spoken of as if he were stepping back in fear from something. And "destruction" is spoken of as if it were a destination. Alternate translation: "who stop trusting God, which will cause him to destroy us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 10 39 dv8y figs-metaphor 0 for keeping our soul Living eternally with God is spoken of as if it were keeping one's soul. Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: ", which will result in us living with God forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HEB 10 38 h5bw ὑποστείληται 1 shrinks back stops doing the good thing he is doing +HEB 10 39 i9zh figs-metaphor ὑποστολῆς εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 who turn back to destruction A person who loses courage and faith are spoken of as if he were stepping back in fear from something. And "destruction" is spoken of as if it were a destination. Alternate translation: "who stop trusting God, which will cause him to destroy us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 10 39 dv8y figs-metaphor εἰς περιποίησιν ψυχῆς 1 for keeping our soul Living eternally with God is spoken of as if it were keeping one's soul. Here "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: ", which will result in us living with God forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) HEB 11 intro g4cc 0 # Hebrews 11 General Notes
#### Structure

The writer begins this chapter by telling what faith is. Then he gives many examples of people who had faith and how they lived.

#### Important concepts in this chapter

##### Faith

In both the old and new covenants, God required faith. Some people with faith performed miracles and were very powerful. Other people with faith suffered greatly.
HEB 11 1 a371 0 Connecting Statement: The author tells three things about faith in this brief introduction. -HEB 11 1 d95i 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here the author starts to explain the meaning of "faith." -HEB 11 1 dne9 0 faith is being sure of the things hoped for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when we have faith, we are sure of the things we hope for" or "faith is what allows a person to confidently expect certain things" -HEB 11 1 hiq2 0 hoped for Here this refers specifically to the sure promises of God, especially the certainty that all believers in Jesus will live with God forever in heaven. -HEB 11 1 ybd8 figs-activepassive 0 certain of things that are not seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that we still have not seen" or "that still have not happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 2 smr4 0 For because of this "Because they were certain about events that had not happened" +HEB 11 1 d95i δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main teaching. Here the author starts to explain the meaning of "faith." +HEB 11 1 dne9 πίστις ἔστιν ὑπόστασις ἐλπιζομένων 1 faith is being sure of the things hoped for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when we have faith, we are sure of the things we hope for" or "faith is what allows a person to confidently expect certain things" +HEB 11 1 hiq2 ἐλπιζομένων 1 hoped for Here this refers specifically to the sure promises of God, especially the certainty that all believers in Jesus will live with God forever in heaven. +HEB 11 1 ybd8 figs-activepassive ἔλεγχος πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων 1 certain of things that are not seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that we still have not seen" or "that still have not happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 2 smr4 γὰρ ἐν ταύτῃ 1 For because of this "Because they were certain about events that had not happened" HEB 11 2 kmq6 figs-activepassive 0 the ancestors were approved for their faith This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God approved of our ancestors because they had faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 2 u66c figs-explicit 0 the ancestors The author is speaking to the Hebrews about Hebrew ancestors. Alternate translation: "our ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 11 3 u5i9 figs-activepassive 0 the universe was created by God's command This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God created the universe by commanding it to exist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 3 e7fs 0 what is visible was not made out of things that were visible This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not create what we see out of things that were visible" +HEB 11 2 u66c figs-explicit οἱ πρεσβύτεροι 1 the ancestors The author is speaking to the Hebrews about Hebrew ancestors. Alternate translation: "our ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 11 3 u5i9 figs-activepassive τοὺς αἰῶνας κατηρτίσθαι ῥήματι Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ ῥήματι 1 the universe was created by God's command This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God created the universe by commanding it to exist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 3 e7fs φαινομένων γεγονέναι τὸ μὴ γεγονέναι ἐκ γεγονέναι τὸ βλεπόμενον 1 what is visible was not made out of things that were visible This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not create what we see out of things that were visible" HEB 11 4 w5de 0 Connecting Statement: The writer then gives many examples (mostly from Old Testament writings) of people who lived by faith even though they did not receive what God had promised while they lived on the earth. HEB 11 4 r2m8 figs-activepassive 0 he was attested to be righteous This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God declared him to be righteous" or "God declared that Abel was righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 11 4 g52j figs-metaphor 0 Abel still speaks Reading the scriptures and learning about Abel's faith is spoken of as if Abel himself were still speaking. Alternate translation: "we still learn from what Abel did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 11 5 r3yl figs-activepassive 0 It was by faith that Enoch was taken up so that he did not see death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "It was by faith that Enoch did not die because God took him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 5 ki2t figs-metaphor 0 see death This speaks of death as if it were an object that people can see. It means to experience death. Alternate translation: "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 5 kb5l figs-activepassive 0 before he was taken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "before God took him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 5 jbx2 figs-activepassive 0 it was testified that he had pleased God This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God said that Enoch had pleased him" or 2) "people said that Enoch pleased God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 5 ki2t figs-metaphor ἰδεῖν θάνατον 1 see death This speaks of death as if it were an object that people can see. It means to experience death. Alternate translation: "die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 5 kb5l figs-activepassive πρὸ αὐτὸν τῆς μεταθέσεως 1 before he was taken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "before God took him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 5 jbx2 figs-activepassive μεμαρτύρηται εὐηρεστηκέναι τῷ Θεῷ 1 it was testified that he had pleased God This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God said that Enoch had pleased him" or 2) "people said that Enoch pleased God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 11 6 hd94 0 Now without faith Here "Now" does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -HEB 11 6 r9nb figs-doublenegatives 0 without faith it is impossible to please him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "a person can please God only if he has faith in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 11 6 b438 figs-metaphor 0 that anyone coming to God Wanting to worship God and belong to his people is spoken of as if the person is literally coming to God. Alternate translation: "that anyone who wants to belong to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 6 xl5v 0 he is a rewarder of those "he rewards those" -HEB 11 6 i8e9 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek him Those who learn about God and make an effort to obey him are spoken of as if they were seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 7 r67b figs-activepassive 0 having been given a divine message This can be stated in active form and in other terms. Alternate translation: "because God told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 7 p3pn figs-activepassive 0 about things not yet seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about things no one had ever seen before" or "about events that had not happened yet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 7 pf7b figs-metonymy 0 the world Here "world" refers to the world's human population. Alternate translation: "the people living in the world at that time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 11 7 c9yc figs-metaphor 0 became an heir of the righteousness Noah is spoken of as if he were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "received from God the righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 7 et9l 0 that is according to faith "that God gives to those who have faith in him" -HEB 11 8 a7c2 figs-activepassive 0 when he was called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when God called him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 8 kkt5 0 went out to the place "left his home to go to the place" -HEB 11 8 d1zf figs-metaphor 0 that he was to receive as an inheritance The land that God promised to give Abraham's descendants is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Abraham was to receive. Alternate translation: "that God would give him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 8 sq21 0 He went out "He left his home" -HEB 11 9 pmb6 figs-abstractnouns 0 he lived in the land of promise as a foreigner This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "promise" is expressed as the verb "promised." Alternate translation: "he lived as a foreigner in the land God had promised to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 11 9 s5fw figs-metaphor 0 fellow heirs "heirs together." This speaks about Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as if they were heirs that would receive an inheritance from their father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 10 f3z8 figs-metonymy 0 the city with foundations "the city that has foundations." Having foundations indicates that the city is permanent. Alternate translation: "the eternal city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 11 10 fd98 0 whose architect and builder is God "which is designed and built by God" or "which God would design and build" -HEB 11 10 ufe6 0 architect a person who designs buildings and cities +HEB 11 6 r9nb figs-doublenegatives χωρὶς πίστεως ἀδύνατον εὐαρεστῆσαι 1 without faith it is impossible to please him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "a person can please God only if he has faith in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 11 6 b438 figs-metaphor τὸν προσερχόμενον τῷ Θεῷ 1 that anyone coming to God Wanting to worship God and belong to his people is spoken of as if the person is literally coming to God. Alternate translation: "that anyone who wants to belong to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 6 xl5v αὐτὸν γίνεται μισθαποδότης τοῖς 1 he is a rewarder of those "he rewards those" +HEB 11 6 i8e9 figs-metaphor τοῖς ἐκζητοῦσιν 1 those who seek him Those who learn about God and make an effort to obey him are spoken of as if they were seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 7 r67b figs-activepassive χρηματισθεὶς 1 having been given a divine message This can be stated in active form and in other terms. Alternate translation: "because God told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 7 p3pn figs-activepassive περὶ τῶν μηδέπω βλεπομένων 1 about things not yet seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "about things no one had ever seen before" or "about events that had not happened yet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 7 pf7b figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 the world Here "world" refers to the world's human population. Alternate translation: "the people living in the world at that time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 7 c9yc figs-metaphor ἐγένετο κληρονόμος τοῦ δικαιοσύνης 1 became an heir of the righteousness Noah is spoken of as if he were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "received from God the righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 7 et9l δικαιοσύνης τῆς κατὰ πίστιν 1 that is according to faith "that God gives to those who have faith in him" +HEB 11 8 a7c2 figs-activepassive καλούμενος ἤμελλεν καλούμενος 1 when he was called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when God called him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 8 kkt5 ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τόπον 1 went out to the place "left his home to go to the place" +HEB 11 8 d1zf figs-metaphor ὃν ἤμελλεν λαμβάνειν εἰς κληρονομίαν 1 that he was to receive as an inheritance The land that God promised to give Abraham's descendants is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Abraham was to receive. Alternate translation: "that God would give him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 8 sq21 ἐξῆλθεν 1 He went out "He left his home" +HEB 11 9 pmb6 figs-abstractnouns παρῴκησεν εἰς τῆς γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ὡς ἀλλοτρίαν 1 he lived in the land of promise as a foreigner This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "promise" is expressed as the verb "promised." Alternate translation: "he lived as a foreigner in the land God had promised to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 11 9 s5fw figs-metaphor τῶν συνκληρονόμων 1 fellow heirs "heirs together." This speaks about Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as if they were heirs that would receive an inheritance from their father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 10 f3z8 figs-metonymy τὴν πόλιν ἔχουσαν τοὺς θεμελίους 1 the city with foundations "the city that has foundations." Having foundations indicates that the city is permanent. Alternate translation: "the eternal city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 10 fd98 ἧς τεχνίτης καὶ δημιουργὸς ὁ Θεός 1 whose architect and builder is God "which is designed and built by God" or "which God would design and build" +HEB 11 10 ufe6 τεχνίτης 1 architect a person who designs buildings and cities HEB 11 11 ks44 0 General Information: Many versions interpret this verse as referring to Sarah, and others interpret it as referring to Abraham. HEB 11 11 mk6i 0 It was by faith, even though Sarah herself was barren, that Abraham received ability to father a child. This happened even though he was too old, since he considered Some versions interpret this verse as referring to Sarah. "By faith Sarah, herself also barren, received power to bear children even beyond the time of maturity, since she considered" HEB 11 11 mtf2 figs-abstractnouns 0 It was by faith The abstract noun "faith" can be expressed with the verb "believe." Possible meanings are 1) it was by Abraham's faith. Alternate translation: "It was because Abraham believed God" or 2) it was by Sarah's faith. Alternate translation: "It was because Sarah believed God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 11 11 dgu6 0 received ability to father a child "received ability to become a father" or "received ability to have a child" +HEB 11 11 dgu6 ἔλαβεν δύναμιν καταβολὴν σπέρματος 1 received ability to father a child "received ability to become a father" or "received ability to have a child" HEB 11 11 wgp6 0 since he considered as faithful the one who had given the promise "because he believed God, who had give the promise, to be faithful" HEB 11 12 x8b2 figs-simile 0 descendants as many as the stars in the sky and as countless as sand by the seashore This simile means Abraham had very many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HEB 11 12 mu4e 0 as countless as sand by the seashore This means that just as there are so many grains of sand on the seashore that no one can count them all, Abraham had so many descendants that no one can count them all. -HEB 11 13 yin6 figs-metaphor 0 without receiving the promises This speaks of promises as if they are objects that a person receives. Alternate translation: "without receiving what God had promised them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 11 12 mu4e ὡς ἡ ἀναρίθμητος ἡ ἄμμος ἡ παρὰ τῆς χεῖλος 1 as countless as sand by the seashore This means that just as there are so many grains of sand on the seashore that no one can count them all, Abraham had so many descendants that no one can count them all. +HEB 11 13 yin6 figs-metaphor μὴ λαβόντες τῆς τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 without receiving the promises This speaks of promises as if they are objects that a person receives. Alternate translation: "without receiving what God had promised them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 11 13 g5ut figs-metaphor 0 after seeing and greeting them from far off Future promised events are spoken of as if they were travelers arriving from far away. Alternate translation: "after learning what God will do in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 13 n71b 0 they admitted "they acknowledged" or "they accepted" -HEB 11 13 q1nq figs-doublet 0 they were foreigners and exiles on earth Here "foreigners" and "exiles" mean basically the same thing. This emphasizes that this earth was not their true home. They were waiting for their true home that God would make for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 11 14 xwa4 0 a homeland "a country for them to belong to" -HEB 11 16 ea1a 0 heavenly one "heavenly country" or "country in heaven" -HEB 11 16 cvh1 figs-activepassive 0 God is not ashamed to be called their God This can be expressed in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "God is happy to have them call him their God" or "God is proud to have them say that he is their God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -HEB 11 17 bk7a figs-activepassive 0 when he was tested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when God tested him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 13 n71b αὐτὰς ὁμολογήσαντες 1 they admitted "they acknowledged" or "they accepted" +HEB 11 13 q1nq figs-doublet εἰσιν ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοί ἐπὶ γῆς 1 they were foreigners and exiles on earth Here "foreigners" and "exiles" mean basically the same thing. This emphasizes that this earth was not their true home. They were waiting for their true home that God would make for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 11 14 xwa4 πατρίδα 1 a homeland "a country for them to belong to" +HEB 11 16 ea1a ἐπουρανίου 1 heavenly one "heavenly country" or "country in heaven" +HEB 11 16 cvh1 figs-activepassive ὁ Θεὸς ἔστιν οὐκ ἐπαισχύνεται ἐπικαλεῖσθαι αὐτοὺς Θεὸς 1 God is not ashamed to be called their God This can be expressed in active and positive form. Alternate translation: "God is happy to have them call him their God" or "God is proud to have them say that he is their God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +HEB 11 17 bk7a figs-activepassive πειραζόμενος 1 when he was tested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when God tested him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 11 18 wy2j figs-activepassive 0 to whom it had been said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to whom God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 18 c23z figs-activepassive 0 that your descendants will be named Here "named" means assigned or designated. This sentence can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that I will designate your descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 18 c23z figs-activepassive σοι σπέρμα κληθήσεταί 1 that your descendants will be named Here "named" means assigned or designated. This sentence can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that I will designate your descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 11 19 p43u 0 God was able to raise up Isaac from the dead "God was able to cause Isaac to live again" HEB 11 19 sar1 0 to raise up ... from the dead In this verse, "to raise up" is to make alive again. The words "from the dead" speak of all dead people together in the underworld. -HEB 11 19 aea3 0 figuratively speaking "in a manner of speaking." This means that what the author says next is not to be understood literally. God did not bring Isaac back from death literally. But because Abraham was about to sacrifice Isaac when God stopped him, it was as if God brought him back from the dead. -HEB 11 19 k7u3 0 it was from them "it was from the dead" +HEB 11 19 aea3 παραβολῇ 1 figuratively speaking "in a manner of speaking." This means that what the author says next is not to be understood literally. God did not bring Isaac back from death literally. But because Abraham was about to sacrifice Isaac when God stopped him, it was as if God brought him back from the dead. +HEB 11 19 k7u3 αὐτὸν ὅθεν 1 it was from them "it was from the dead" HEB 11 19 g19x 0 he received him back "Abraham received Isaac back" HEB 11 21 sg26 0 Jacob worshiped "Jacob worshiped God" -HEB 11 22 lkp6 figs-euphemism 0 when his end was near Here "his end" is a polite way of referring to death. Alternate translation: "when he was about to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +HEB 11 22 lkp6 figs-euphemism τελευτῶν 1 when his end was near Here "his end" is a polite way of referring to death. Alternate translation: "when he was about to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) HEB 11 22 hhs3 0 spoke of the departure of the children of Israel from Egypt "spoke of when the children of Israel would leave Egypt" HEB 11 22 t6i5 0 the children of Israel "the Israelites" or "the descendants of Israel" HEB 11 22 nl1i figs-explicit 0 instructed them about his bones Joseph died while in Egypt. He wanted his people to take his bones with them when they left Egypt so they could bury his bones in the land that God promised them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 11 23 g2wx figs-activepassive 0 Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses' parents hid him for three months after he was born" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 24 h5wz 0 had grown up "had become an adult" -HEB 11 24 mq2x figs-activepassive 0 refused to be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "refused to allow people to call him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 23 g2wx figs-activepassive Μωϋσῆς, γεννηθεὶς, ἐκρύβη τρίμηνον ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ τῶν πατέρων 1 Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses' parents hid him for three months after he was born" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 24 h5wz γενόμενος μέγας 1 had grown up "had become an adult" +HEB 11 24 mq2x figs-activepassive ἠρνήσατο λέγεσθαι 1 refused to be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "refused to allow people to call him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 11 26 i9sc figs-abstractnouns 0 the disgrace of following Christ This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "disgrace" is express as the verb "disrespect." Alternate translation: "the experience of people disrespecting him because he did what Christ would want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 11 26 xq6t figs-metaphor 0 following Christ Obeying Christ is spoken of as if it were following him down a path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 11 26 t588 figs-metaphor 0 fixing his eyes on his reward Fully concentrating on achieving a goal is spoken of as if a person were staring at an object and refusing to look away. Alternate translation: "doing what he knew would earn him a reward in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 11 27 rc43 figs-simile 0 he endured as if he were seeing the one who is invisible Moses is spoken of as if he saw God, who is invisible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HEB 11 27 cc8w 0 the one who is invisible "the one no one can see" -HEB 11 28 tz7k 0 he kept the Passover and the sprinkling of the blood This was the first Passover. Moses kept it by obeying God's commands concerning the Passover and by commanding the people to obey them every year. Alternate translation: "he commanded the people to obey God's commands concerning the Passover and to sprinkle blood on their doors" or "he established the Passover and the sprinkling of blood" -HEB 11 28 bef7 figs-explicit 0 the sprinkling of the blood This refers to God's command to the Israelites to kill a lamb and spread its blood on the doorposts of every house where Israelites lived. This would prevent the destroyer from harming their firstborn sons. This was one of the Passover commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 11 26 t588 figs-metaphor ἀπέβλεπεν εἰς τὴν μισθαποδοσίαν 1 fixing his eyes on his reward Fully concentrating on achieving a goal is spoken of as if a person were staring at an object and refusing to look away. Alternate translation: "doing what he knew would earn him a reward in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 11 27 rc43 figs-simile φοβηθεὶς ἐκαρτέρησεν ὡς ὁρῶν τὸν ἀόρατον 1 he endured as if he were seeing the one who is invisible Moses is spoken of as if he saw God, who is invisible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +HEB 11 27 cc8w τὸν ἀόρατον 1 the one who is invisible "the one no one can see" +HEB 11 28 tz7k πεποίηκεν τὸ Πάσχα καὶ τὴν πρόσχυσιν τοῦ αἵματος 1 he kept the Passover and the sprinkling of the blood This was the first Passover. Moses kept it by obeying God's commands concerning the Passover and by commanding the people to obey them every year. Alternate translation: "he commanded the people to obey God's commands concerning the Passover and to sprinkle blood on their doors" or "he established the Passover and the sprinkling of blood" +HEB 11 28 bef7 figs-explicit τὴν πρόσχυσιν τοῦ αἵματος 1 the sprinkling of the blood This refers to God's command to the Israelites to kill a lamb and spread its blood on the doorposts of every house where Israelites lived. This would prevent the destroyer from harming their firstborn sons. This was one of the Passover commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 11 28 bm2f figs-metonymy 0 should not touch Here "touch" refers to harming or to killing someone. Alternate translation: "would not harm" or "would not kill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 11 29 z2yj 0 General Information: Here the first word "they" refers to the Israelites, the second "they" refers to the Egyptians, the third "they" refers to the walls of Jericho. -HEB 11 29 a67h 0 they passed through the Sea of Reeds "the Israelites passed through the Sea of Reeds" -HEB 11 29 hq2y figs-activepassive 0 they were swallowed up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the water swallowed up the Egyptians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 29 kmy8 figs-personification 0 they were swallowed up The water is spoken of as if it were an animal. Alternate translation: "the Egyptians drowned in the water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 11 29 a67h κατεπόθησαν 1 they passed through the Sea of Reeds "the Israelites passed through the Sea of Reeds" +HEB 11 29 hq2y figs-activepassive κατεπόθησαν 1 they were swallowed up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the water swallowed up the Egyptians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 29 kmy8 figs-personification κατεπόθησαν 1 they were swallowed up The water is spoken of as if it were an animal. Alternate translation: "the Egyptians drowned in the water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HEB 11 30 lnw4 figs-activepassive 0 they had been circled around for seven days This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Israelites had marched around them for seven days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 30 dw7v translate-numbers 0 seven days "7 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -HEB 11 31 ftc8 0 had received the spies in peace "had peacefully received the spies" +HEB 11 30 dw7v translate-numbers ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας 1 seven days "7 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +HEB 11 31 ftc8 δεξαμένη τοὺς κατασκόπους μετ’ εἰρήνης 1 had received the spies in peace "had peacefully received the spies" HEB 11 32 f7ip 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues to speak of what God did for the ancestors of the people of Israel. -HEB 11 32 rh6y figs-rquestion 0 What more can I say? The author uses a question to emphasize that there are many examples that he could have quoted. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "And there are many more examples." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HEB 11 32 bs7h 0 the time will fail me "I will not have enough time" -HEB 11 32 ni55 translate-names 0 Barak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HEB 11 32 rh6y figs-rquestion τί ἔτι λέγω? 1 What more can I say? The author uses a question to emphasize that there are many examples that he could have quoted. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "And there are many more examples." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HEB 11 32 bs7h ὁ χρόνος ἐπιλείψει με 1 the time will fail me "I will not have enough time" +HEB 11 32 ni55 translate-names Βαράκ 1 Barak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HEB 11 33 f3jx 0 It was through faith that they Here "they" does not mean that each person listed in 11:32 did all the things the author is about to mention. The author means in general these are the kinds of things that those with faith were able to do. Alternate translation: "It was through faith that men like these" HEB 11 33 v5w8 0 they conquered kingdoms Here "kingdoms" refers to the people who lived there. Alternate translation: "they defeated the people of foreign kingdoms" HEB 11 33 u2su figs-metaphor 0 They stopped the mouths of lions These words begin a list of some of the ways God saved believers from death. Alternate translation: "They kept lions from eating them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 11 34 j6sv figs-metaphor 0 extinguished the power of fire, escaped the edge of the sword These are some of the ways God saved believers from death. Alternate translation: "they kept fire from burning them, they kept their enemies from killing them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 11 34 iri4 figs-activepassive 0 were healed of illnesses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "received healing from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 34 j6sv figs-metaphor ἔσβεσαν δύναμιν πυρός, ἔφυγον στόματα μαχαίρης 1 extinguished the power of fire, escaped the edge of the sword These are some of the ways God saved believers from death. Alternate translation: "they kept fire from burning them, they kept their enemies from killing them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 34 iri4 figs-activepassive ἐδυναμώθησαν ἀπὸ ἀσθενείας 1 were healed of illnesses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "received healing from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 11 34 sy63 0 became mighty in battle, and defeated "and they became mighty in battle and defeated" -HEB 11 35 t9sp figs-abstractnouns 0 Women received back their dead by resurrection This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "resurrection." The word "dead" is a nominal adjective. It can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "Women received back alive those who had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -HEB 11 35 ne1u figs-activepassive 0 Others were tortured, not accepting release It is implied that their enemies would have released them from prison under certain conditions. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Others accepted torture rather than release from prison" or "Others allowed their enemies to torture them rather than doing what their enemies required of them in order to release them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 11 35 faq3 0 tortured made to suffer great mental or physical pain -HEB 11 35 jyw7 0 a better resurrection Possible meanings are 1) these people will experience a better life in heaven than what they experienced in this world or 2) these people will have a better resurrection than those who did not have faith. Those with faith will live forever with God. Those without faith will live forever separated from God. -HEB 11 36 e9al figs-activepassive 0 Others had testing in mocking and whippings These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People mocked and whipped others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 36 nx7u figs-abstractnouns 0 Others had testing in mocking and whippings, and even chains and imprisonment This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns are expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "God tested others by allowing their enemies to mock and whip them and even put them in chains and imprison them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 11 35 t9sp figs-abstractnouns γυναῖκες ἔλαβον τὴν νεκροὺς ἐξ ἀναστάσεως 1 Women received back their dead by resurrection This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "resurrection." The word "dead" is a nominal adjective. It can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "Women received back alive those who had died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +HEB 11 35 ne1u figs-activepassive ἄλλοι ἐτυμπανίσθησαν, οὐ προσδεξάμενοι ἀπολύτρωσιν 1 Others were tortured, not accepting release It is implied that their enemies would have released them from prison under certain conditions. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Others accepted torture rather than release from prison" or "Others allowed their enemies to torture them rather than doing what their enemies required of them in order to release them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 11 35 faq3 ἐτυμπανίσθησαν 1 tortured made to suffer great mental or physical pain +HEB 11 35 jyw7 κρείττονος ἀναστάσεως 1 a better resurrection Possible meanings are 1) these people will experience a better life in heaven than what they experienced in this world or 2) these people will have a better resurrection than those who did not have faith. Those with faith will live forever with God. Those without faith will live forever separated from God. +HEB 11 36 e9al figs-activepassive ἕτεροι ἔλαβον πεῖραν ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων 1 Others had testing in mocking and whippings These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People mocked and whipped others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 11 36 nx7u figs-abstractnouns ἕτεροι ἔλαβον πεῖραν ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων, δὲ ἔτι δεσμῶν καὶ φυλακῆς 1 Others had testing in mocking and whippings, and even chains and imprisonment This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns are expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "God tested others by allowing their enemies to mock and whip them and even put them in chains and imprison them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 11 37 fg8c figs-activepassive 0 They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People mocked and whipped others ... People threw stones at others. People sawed others in two. People killed others with the sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 37 r3gx 0 went about "went from place to place" or "lived all the time" -HEB 11 37 qf89 0 in sheepskins and goatskins "wearing only the skins of sheep and goats" -HEB 11 37 x2jf 0 They were destitute "They had nothing" or "They were very poor" -HEB 11 38 a721 figs-metonymy 0 The world was not worthy Here "world" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "The people of this world were not worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 37 r3gx περιῆλθον 1 went about "went from place to place" or "lived all the time" +HEB 11 37 qf89 ἐν μηλωταῖς ἐν αἰγίοις 1 in sheepskins and goatskins "wearing only the skins of sheep and goats" +HEB 11 37 x2jf ὑστερούμενοι 1 They were destitute "They had nothing" or "They were very poor" +HEB 11 38 a721 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος ἦν οὐκ ἄξιος 1 The world was not worthy Here "world" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "The people of this world were not worthy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 11 38 j9lp 0 They were always wandering about This was because they had no place to live. -HEB 11 38 li8j 0 caves and holes in the ground "caves, and some lived in holes in the ground" +HEB 11 38 li8j σπηλαίοις καὶ ὀπαῖς τῆς γῆς 1 caves and holes in the ground "caves, and some lived in holes in the ground" HEB 11 39 l5wd figs-activepassive 0 Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God honored all these because of their faith, but they did not themselves receive what God had promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 11 39 vgw2 figs-metonymy 0 the promise This expression stands for "what God had promised them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 11 39 vgw2 figs-metonymy τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν 1 the promise This expression stands for "what God had promised them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 11 40 p9uu figs-activepassive 0 so that without us, they would not be made perfect This can be stated in positive and active form. Alternate translation: "in order that God would perfect us and them together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 12 intro h1qb 0 # Hebrews 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

After telling of the value discipline, the author begins a series of exhortations. (See; [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exhort]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Discipline

God wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])
HEB 12 1 jg6w figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The words "we" and "us" refer to the author and his readers. The word "you" is plural and here refers to the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) HEB 12 1 k8mr 0 Connecting Statement: Because of this great number of Old Testament believers, the author talks of the life of faith that believers should live with Jesus as their example. HEB 12 1 f6u9 figs-metaphor 0 we are surrounded by such a large cloud of witnesses The writer speaks about the Old Testament believers as if they were a cloud that surrounded the present-day believers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "such a large cloud of witnesses surrounds us" or "there are so many examples of faithful people about whom we learn in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 1 hf97 0 witnesses Here "witnesses" refers to the Old Testament believers in chapter 11 who lived before the race of faith that believers now run. +HEB 12 1 hf97 μαρτύρων 1 witnesses Here "witnesses" refers to the Old Testament believers in chapter 11 who lived before the race of faith that believers now run. HEB 12 1 yw1t figs-metaphor 0 let us lay aside every weight and easily entangling sin Here "weight" and "easily entangling sin" are spoken of as if a person could take them off himself and put them down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 1 zln7 figs-metaphor 0 every weight Attitudes or habits that keep believers from trusting and obeying God are spoken of as if they were loads that would make it difficult for a person to carry while running. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 1 t6wu figs-metaphor 0 easily entangling sin Sin is spoken of as if it were a net or something else that can trip people up and make them fall. Alternate translation: "sin that makes obeying God difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 1 zln7 figs-metaphor πάντα ὄγκον 1 every weight Attitudes or habits that keep believers from trusting and obeying God are spoken of as if they were loads that would make it difficult for a person to carry while running. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 1 t6wu figs-metaphor εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν 1 easily entangling sin Sin is spoken of as if it were a net or something else that can trip people up and make them fall. Alternate translation: "sin that makes obeying God difficult" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 12 1 g5dn figs-metaphor 0 Let us patiently run the race that is placed before us Following Jesus is spoken of as if it were running a race. Alternate translation: "Let us continue obeying what God has commanded us, just like a runner keeps going until the race is over" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 2 a946 0 the founder and perfecter of the faith Jesus gives us faith and makes our faith perfect by causing us to reach our goal. Alternate translation: "creator and finisher of our faith" or "the one who enables us to have faith from beginning to end" -HEB 12 2 za14 figs-metaphor 0 For the joy that was placed before him The joy that Jesus would experience is spoken of as if God the Father had placed it before him as a goal to reach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 2 y7me 0 despised its shame This means he was not concerned about the shame of dying on a cross. -HEB 12 2 vm9b translate-symaction 0 sat down at the right hand of the throne of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the throne of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -HEB 12 3 i1xl figs-metonymy 0 weary in your hearts Here "hearts" represents a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "discouraged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 12 2 a946 τὸν ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν τῆς πίστεως 1 the founder and perfecter of the faith Jesus gives us faith and makes our faith perfect by causing us to reach our goal. Alternate translation: "creator and finisher of our faith" or "the one who enables us to have faith from beginning to end" +HEB 12 2 za14 figs-metaphor ἀντὶ τῆς χαρᾶς προκειμένης αὐτῷ 1 For the joy that was placed before him The joy that Jesus would experience is spoken of as if God the Father had placed it before him as a goal to reach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 2 y7me καταφρονήσας αἰσχύνης 1 despised its shame This means he was not concerned about the shame of dying on a cross. +HEB 12 2 vm9b translate-symaction κεκάθικεν ἐν τοῦ δεξιᾷ τοῦ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 sat down at the right hand of the throne of God To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the throne of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +HEB 12 3 i1xl figs-metonymy κάμητε ταῖς ὑμῶν ψυχαῖς 1 weary in your hearts Here "hearts" represents a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "discouraged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 12 4 q1w8 0 Connecting Statement: The author of Hebrews has been comparing the Christian life to a race. HEB 12 4 b9b7 figs-personification 0 You have not yet resisted or struggled against sin Here "sin" is spoken of as if it were a person whom someone fights in a battle. Alternate translation: "You have not yet had to endure attacks of sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 12 4 i4ip figs-metaphor 0 to the point of blood Resisting opposition so much that one dies for it is spoken of as if one reached a certain place where he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 4 uwg6 figs-metonymy 0 of blood Here "blood" refers to death. Alternate translation: "of death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 12 5 y6cv figs-personification 0 the encouragement that instructs you Old Testament scripture is spoken of as if it were a person who could encourage others. Alternate translation: "what God has instructed you in the scriptures to encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HEB 12 5 e6a9 figs-gendernotations 0 as sons ... My son The word translated "sons" and "son" is specifically the word for a male child. In that culture the family line continued through the sons, not normally through the daughters. However, as stated by the UST and some English versions, the author is directing his words to both males and females. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 12 4 i4ip figs-metaphor μέχρις αἵματος 1 to the point of blood Resisting opposition so much that one dies for it is spoken of as if one reached a certain place where he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 4 uwg6 figs-metonymy μέχρις αἵματος 1 of blood Here "blood" refers to death. Alternate translation: "of death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 12 5 y6cv figs-personification τῆς παρακλήσεως ἥτις διαλέγεται ὑμῖν 1 the encouragement that instructs you Old Testament scripture is spoken of as if it were a person who could encourage others. Alternate translation: "what God has instructed you in the scriptures to encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HEB 12 5 e6a9 figs-gendernotations ὡς υἱοῖς:" μου υἱέ, 1 as sons ... My son The word translated "sons" and "son" is specifically the word for a male child. In that culture the family line continued through the sons, not normally through the daughters. However, as stated by the UST and some English versions, the author is directing his words to both males and females. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) HEB 12 5 a7vf 0 My son ... corrected by him Here the author is quoting from the book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, which was the words of Solomon to his male children. -HEB 12 5 cxe9 figs-litotes 0 do not think lightly of the Lord's discipline, nor grow weary This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "take it very seriously when the Lord disciplines you, and do not grow weary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -HEB 12 5 cjq5 0 nor grow weary "and do not become discouraged" -HEB 12 5 i1a6 figs-activepassive 0 you are corrected by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he corrects you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 5 cxe9 figs-litotes ὀλιγώρει μὴ ὀλιγώρει Κυρίου' Κυρίου παιδείας, μηδὲ ἐκλύου 1 do not think lightly of the Lord's discipline, nor grow weary This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "take it very seriously when the Lord disciplines you, and do not grow weary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +HEB 12 5 cjq5 μηδὲ ἐκλύου 1 nor grow weary "and do not become discouraged" +HEB 12 5 i1a6 figs-activepassive ἐλεγχόμενος ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 you are corrected by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he corrects you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 12 6 zu3c 0 every son whom he receives The word translated "son" is specifically the word for a male child. In that culture the family line continued through the sons, not normally through the daughters. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations) HEB 12 7 y3z3 0 Endure suffering as discipline "Understand that during suffering God teaches us discipline" HEB 12 7 v1gu figs-simile 0 God deals with you as with sons This compares God disciplining his people to a father disciplining his sons. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "God deals with you the same way a father deals with his sons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -706,121 +706,121 @@ HEB 12 7 i3k4 figs-gendernotations 0 sons ... son All occurrences of these word HEB 12 7 jb38 figs-rquestion 0 what son is there whom his father does not discipline? The author makes the point throught this question that every good father disciplines his children. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "every father disciplines his children!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HEB 12 8 kwc6 figs-abstractnouns 0 But if you are without discipline, which all people share in You can restate the abstract noun "discipline" as the verb "disciplining." Alternate translation: "So if you have not experienced God disciplining you like he disciplines all his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) HEB 12 8 s5u9 figs-metaphor 0 then you are illegitimate and not his sons Those whom God does not discipline are spoken of as if they are sons born to a man and a woman who are not married each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 9 r4lb figs-exclamations 0 How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live! The author uses an exclamation to emphasize that we should obey God the Father. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "Therefore even more so, we should obey the Father of spirits and live." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -HEB 12 9 cl95 figs-idiom 0 the Father of spirits This idiom contrasts with "fathers in the flesh." Alternate translation: "our spiritual Father" or "our Father in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -HEB 12 9 pem8 0 and live "so that we will live" +HEB 12 9 r4lb figs-exclamations πολὺ μᾶλλον ὑποταγησόμεθα τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ ζήσομεν! 1 How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live! The author uses an exclamation to emphasize that we should obey God the Father. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "Therefore even more so, we should obey the Father of spirits and live." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +HEB 12 9 cl95 figs-idiom τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων 1 the Father of spirits This idiom contrasts with "fathers in the flesh." Alternate translation: "our spiritual Father" or "our Father in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +HEB 12 9 pem8 καὶ ζήσομεν 1 and live "so that we will live" HEB 12 10 l1a3 figs-metaphor 0 so that we can share in his holiness This metaphor speaks of "holiness" as if it were an object that can be shared among people. Alternate translation: "so that we may become holy as God is holy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 11 g13e figs-metaphor 0 it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "it produces the peaceful result of righteousness" or "it produces righteousness, which results in peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 11 xbg8 figs-personification 0 who have been trained by it "who have been trained by discipline." The discipline or correction done by the Lord is spoken of as if it were the Lord himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has trained by disciplining them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 12 cvp9 figs-metaphor 0 strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees. Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 13 yi9n figs-metaphor 0 Make straight paths for your feet Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 13 qmq7 figs-metaphor 0 straight paths Living so as to honor and please God is spoken of as if it were a straight path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 13 i19d figs-metaphor 0 what is lame will not be sprained In this metaphor of running a race, "lame" represents another person in the race who is hurt and wants to quit. This, in turn, represent the Christians themselves. Alternate translation: "whoever is weak and wants to quit will not sprain his ankle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 13 euf9 figs-metaphor 0 will not be sprained Someone who stops obeying God is spoken of as if he injured his foot or ankle on a path. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not sprain his ankle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 13 wq18 figs-metaphor 0 rather be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "instead become strong" or "instead God will heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 11 g13e figs-metaphor αὐτῆς ἀποδίδωσιν καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης 1 it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "it produces the peaceful result of righteousness" or "it produces righteousness, which results in peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 11 xbg8 figs-personification γεγυμνασμένοις δι’ ἀποδίδωσιν 1 who have been trained by it "who have been trained by discipline." The discipline or correction done by the Lord is spoken of as if it were the Lord himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has trained by disciplining them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 12 cvp9 figs-metaphor ἀνορθώσατε τὰς χεῖρας παρειμένας καὶ τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα. 1 strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees. Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 13 yi9n figs-metaphor ποιεῖτε ὀρθὰς τροχιὰς τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν τοῖς ποσὶν 1 Make straight paths for your feet Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 13 qmq7 figs-metaphor ὀρθὰς τροχιὰς 1 straight paths Living so as to honor and please God is spoken of as if it were a straight path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 13 i19d figs-metaphor τὸ χωλὸν ἐκτραπῇ μὴ ἐκτραπῇ 1 what is lame will not be sprained In this metaphor of running a race, "lame" represents another person in the race who is hurt and wants to quit. This, in turn, represent the Christians themselves. Alternate translation: "whoever is weak and wants to quit will not sprain his ankle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 13 euf9 figs-metaphor ἐκτραπῇ μὴ ἐκτραπῇ 1 will not be sprained Someone who stops obeying God is spoken of as if he injured his foot or ankle on a path. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not sprain his ankle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 13 wq18 figs-metaphor μᾶλλον ἰαθῇ 1 rather be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "instead become strong" or "instead God will heal him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 12 14 b6ef 0 General Information: The man Esau, who was told about in the writings of Moses, refers to Isaac's first son and Jacob's brother. -HEB 12 14 h45r figs-metaphor 0 Pursue peace with everyone Here the abstract noun "peace" is spoken of as if it were something that a person must chase after and can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: "Try to live peacefully with everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 12 14 pa9a figs-doublenegatives 0 also the holiness without which no one will see the Lord This can be expressed as a positive encouragement. Alternate translation: "also work hard to be holy, because only holy people will see the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 12 14 v9z7 figs-ellipsis 0 also the holiness You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "also pursue the holiness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -HEB 12 15 at8j 0 no one lacks God's grace "no one receives God's grace and then lets go of it" or "no one rejects God's grace after first trusting in him" +HEB 12 14 h45r figs-metaphor διώκετε εἰρήνην μετὰ πάντων 1 Pursue peace with everyone Here the abstract noun "peace" is spoken of as if it were something that a person must chase after and can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: "Try to live peacefully with everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 12 14 pa9a figs-doublenegatives καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν χωρὶς οὗ οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν Κύριον 1 also the holiness without which no one will see the Lord This can be expressed as a positive encouragement. Alternate translation: "also work hard to be holy, because only holy people will see the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 12 14 v9z7 figs-ellipsis καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν 1 also the holiness You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "also pursue the holiness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +HEB 12 15 at8j μή τις ὑστερῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς χάριτος 1 no one lacks God's grace "no one receives God's grace and then lets go of it" or "no one rejects God's grace after first trusting in him" HEB 12 15 nh7g figs-metaphor 0 that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it Hateful or resentful attitudes are spoken of as if they were a plant bitter to the taste. Alternate translation: "that no one becomes like a bitter root, which when it grows causes trouble and harms many people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 17 j6x8 figs-activepassive 0 he was rejected This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his father, Isaac, refused to bless him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 17 d6he figs-abstractnouns 0 because he found no opportunity for repentance The abstract noun "repentance" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "because it was not possible for him to repent" or "because it was not possible for him to change his decision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -HEB 12 17 b7k3 0 even though he sought it with tears Here "he" refers to Esau. +HEB 12 17 j6x8 figs-activepassive ἀπεδοκιμάσθη 1 he was rejected This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his father, Isaac, refused to bless him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 17 d6he figs-abstractnouns γὰρ εὗρεν οὐχ τόπον γὰρ μετανοίας 1 because he found no opportunity for repentance The abstract noun "repentance" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "because it was not possible for him to repent" or "because it was not possible for him to change his decision" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +HEB 12 17 b7k3 καίπερ ἐκζητήσας αὐτήν μετὰ δακρύων 1 even though he sought it with tears Here "he" refers to Esau. HEB 12 18 y1ed 0 General Information: The words "you" and "You" refer to the Hebrew believers to whom the author wrote. The word "they" refers to people of Israel after Moses led them out of Egypt. The first quotation comes from the writings of Moses. God reveals in this passage in Hebrews that Moses said he shook at seeing the mountain. HEB 12 18 xti4 0 Connecting Statement: The author gives a contrast between what believers in Moses' time had while living under the law and what present day believers have after coming to Jesus under the new covenant. He illustrates the experience of the Israelites by describing how God appeared to them at Mount Sinai. HEB 12 18 a43l figs-explicit 0 For you have not come to a mountain that can be touched The implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "For you have not come, as the people of Israel came, to a mountain that can be touched" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 12 18 w6j6 figs-activepassive 0 that can be touched This means that believers in Christ have not come to a physical mountain like Mount Sinai that a person can touch or see. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that a person can touch" or "that people can perceive with their senses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 12 19 s3x2 0 You have not come to a trumpet blast "You have not come to a place where there is the loud sound of a trumpet" HEB 12 19 x2qk figs-metonymy 0 nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them Here "voice" refers to someone speaking. The phrase "be spoken" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "or where God was speaking in such a way that those who heard him begged him not to speak another word to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 20 p7qu figs-activepassive 0 what was commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 20 x31x figs-activepassive 0 it must be stoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you must stone it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 20 p7qu figs-activepassive τὸ διαστελλόμενον 1 what was commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what God commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 20 x31x figs-activepassive λιθοβοληθήσεται 1 it must be stoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you must stone it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 12 22 w9jj 0 General Information: The man Abel was the son of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. Cain, also their son, murdered Abel. -HEB 12 22 r9dz figs-metaphor 0 Mount Zion The writer speaks of Mount Zion, the temple mount in Jerusalem, as if it were heaven itself, the residence of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 22 k1kv 0 tens of thousands of angels "an uncountable number of angels" -HEB 12 23 j94e figs-metaphor 0 the firstborn This speaks of believers in Christ as if they were firstborn sons. This emphasizes their special place and privilege as God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 23 km4a figs-activepassive 0 registered in heaven "whose names are written in heaven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose names God has written in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 23 i7qb figs-activepassive 0 who have been made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has made perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 24 kq1v 0 the mediator of a new covenant This means Jesus caused the new covenant between God and humans to exist. See how you translated this phrase in [Hebrews 9:15](../09/15.md). +HEB 12 22 r9dz figs-metaphor Ὄρει Σιὼν 1 Mount Zion The writer speaks of Mount Zion, the temple mount in Jerusalem, as if it were heaven itself, the residence of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 22 k1kv μυριάσιν ἀγγέλων 1 tens of thousands of angels "an uncountable number of angels" +HEB 12 23 j94e figs-metaphor ἐκκλησίᾳ πρωτοτόκων 1 the firstborn This speaks of believers in Christ as if they were firstborn sons. This emphasizes their special place and privilege as God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 23 km4a figs-activepassive ἀπογεγραμμένων ἐν οὐρανοῖς 1 registered in heaven "whose names are written in heaven." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose names God has written in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 23 i7qb figs-activepassive τετελειωμένων 1 who have been made perfect This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has made perfect" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 24 kq1v μεσίτῃ διαθήκης νέας διαθήκης 1 the mediator of a new covenant This means Jesus caused the new covenant between God and humans to exist. See how you translated this phrase in [Hebrews 9:15](../09/15.md). HEB 12 24 nz8l figs-personification 0 the sprinkled blood that speaks better than Abel's blood The blood of Jesus and the blood of Abel are spoken of as if they were people calling out. Alternate translation: "the sprinkled blood of Jesus that says better things than the blood of Abel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 12 24 z7uq figs-metonymy 0 blood Here "blood" stands for Jesus' death, as Abel's blood stands for his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 12 24 z7uq figs-metonymy αἵματι 1 blood Here "blood" stands for Jesus' death, as Abel's blood stands for his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 12 25 pnn5 figs-you 0 General Information: This quotation is from the prophet Haggai in the Old Testament. The word "you" continues to refer to believers. The word "we" continues to refer to the writer and the readers who are believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) HEB 12 25 c9cn 0 Connecting Statement: Having contrasted the Israelites' experience at Mount Sinai with the believers' experience after Christ died, the writer reminds believers that they have the same God who warns them today. This is the fifth main warning given to believers. -HEB 12 25 nnk9 figs-doublenegatives 0 you do not refuse the one who is speaking This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "you pay attention to the one who is speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -HEB 12 25 gkn1 figs-explicit 0 if they did not escape The implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "if the people of Israel did not escape judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HEB 12 25 fy9u 0 the one who warned them on earth Possible meanings are 1) "Moses, who warned them here on earth" or 2) "God, who warned them at Mount Sinai" +HEB 12 25 nnk9 figs-doublenegatives παραιτήσησθε μὴ παραιτήσησθε τὸν λαλοῦντα 1 you do not refuse the one who is speaking This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "you pay attention to the one who is speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +HEB 12 25 gkn1 figs-explicit εἰ ἐκεῖνοι ἐξέφυγον οὐκ ἐξέφυγον 1 if they did not escape The implicit information can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "if the people of Israel did not escape judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HEB 12 25 fy9u τὸν χρηματίζοντα ἐπὶ γῆς 1 the one who warned them on earth Possible meanings are 1) "Moses, who warned them here on earth" or 2) "God, who warned them at Mount Sinai" HEB 12 25 s5lj figs-metaphor 0 if we turn away from the one who is warning Disobeying God is spoken of as if a person were changing direction and walking away from him. Alternate translation: "if we disobey the one who is warning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 12 26 rf4e 0 his voice shook the earth "when God spoke, the sound of his voice caused the earth to shake" +HEB 12 26 rf4e ἡ φωνὴ ἐσάλευσεν τὴν γῆν 1 his voice shook the earth "when God spoke, the sound of his voice caused the earth to shake" HEB 12 26 i1c8 0 shook ... shake Use the word for what an earthquake does in moving the ground. This refers back to [Hebrews 12:18-21](./18.md) and what happened when the people saw the mountain where Moses received the law from God. HEB 12 27 ylq9 0 General Information: Here the quotation from the prophet Haggai is repeated from the previous verse. HEB 12 27 z6ys figs-abstractnouns 0 mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things The abstract noun "removal" can be translated with the verb "remove." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "mean that God will remove the things that he can shake, that is, the things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 27 l29r 0 shaken Use the word for what an earthquake does in moving the ground. This refers back to [Hebrews 12:18-21](./18.md) and what happened when the people saw the mountain where Moses received the law from God. See how you translated "shook" and "shake" in [Hebrews 12:26](../12/26.md). -HEB 12 27 s3xt figs-activepassive 0 that have been created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 27 ta84 figs-activepassive 0 the things that cannot be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that do not shake" or "the things that cannot shake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 27 zr9x figs-activepassive 0 that cannot be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that does not shake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 12 28 m44c writing-connectingwords 0 receiving a kingdom You can add the words "because we are" to make clear the logical connection between this statement and the next statement. Alternate translation: "because we are receiving a kingdom" or "because God is making us members of his kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) -HEB 12 28 btf6 0 let us be grateful "let us give thanks" -HEB 12 28 f382 figs-doublet 0 with reverence and awe The words "reverence" and "awe" share similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of reverence due to God. Alternate translation: "with great respect and dread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -HEB 12 29 f899 figs-metaphor 0 our God is a consuming fire God is spoken of here as if he were a fire that can burn up anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 12 27 l29r σαλευομένων 1 shaken Use the word for what an earthquake does in moving the ground. This refers back to [Hebrews 12:18-21](./18.md) and what happened when the people saw the mountain where Moses received the law from God. See how you translated "shook" and "shake" in [Hebrews 12:26](../12/26.md). +HEB 12 27 s3xt figs-activepassive πεποιημένων 1 that have been created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has created" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 27 ta84 figs-activepassive ὡς τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα 1 the things that cannot be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the things that do not shake" or "the things that cannot shake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 27 zr9x figs-activepassive τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα 1 that cannot be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that does not shake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 12 28 m44c writing-connectingwords παραλαμβάνοντες βασιλείαν 1 receiving a kingdom You can add the words "because we are" to make clear the logical connection between this statement and the next statement. Alternate translation: "because we are receiving a kingdom" or "because God is making us members of his kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) +HEB 12 28 btf6 χάριν 1 let us be grateful "let us give thanks" +HEB 12 28 f382 figs-doublet μετὰ εὐλαβείας καὶ δέους 1 with reverence and awe The words "reverence" and "awe" share similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of reverence due to God. Alternate translation: "with great respect and dread" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +HEB 12 29 f899 figs-metaphor ἡμῶν ὁ Θεὸς πῦρ καταναλίσκον πῦρ 1 our God is a consuming fire God is spoken of here as if he were a fire that can burn up anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 13 intro c8gg 0 # Hebrews 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The author finishes the list of exhortations he began in chapter 12. Then he asks the readers to pray for him and ends the letter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 13:6, which are words from the Old Testament.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Hospitality

God wants his people to invite other people to come to their homes to eat food and even to sleep. His people should do this even if they do not know well the people they are inviting. In the Old Testament, Abraham and his nephew Lot both showed hospitality to people they did not know. Abraham served a costly meal to them, and then Lot invited them to sleep in his house. They learned later that those people were actually angels.
HEB 13 1 sf1n 0 Connecting Statement: In this closing section, the author gives specific instructions to believers on how they are supposed to live. -HEB 13 1 g819 0 Let brotherly love continue "Continue to show your love for other believers as you would for a member of your family" -HEB 13 2 rh7r figs-litotes 0 Do not forget This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Be sure to remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -HEB 13 2 y7cd 0 hospitality for strangers "to welcome and show kindness to strangers" +HEB 13 1 g819 μενέτω ἡ φιλαδελφία μενέτω 1 Let brotherly love continue "Continue to show your love for other believers as you would for a member of your family" +HEB 13 2 rh7r figs-litotes ἐπιλανθάνεσθε μὴ ἐπιλανθάνεσθε 1 Do not forget This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Be sure to remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +HEB 13 2 y7cd φιλοξενίας 1 hospitality for strangers "to welcome and show kindness to strangers" HEB 13 3 mx5r figs-activepassive 0 as if you were bound with them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as if you were tied up along with them" or "as if you were in prison with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 3 d3ze figs-activepassive 0 who are mistreated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom others are mistreating" or "who are suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 3 d3ze figs-activepassive τῶν κακουχουμένων 1 who are mistreated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom others are mistreating" or "who are suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HEB 13 3 g4ap figs-activepassive 0 as if you also were them in the body This phrase encourages believers to think about other people's suffering as they would think about their own suffering. Alternate translation: "as if you were the one suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 4 ix27 figs-activepassive 0 Let marriage be respected by everyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Men and women who are married to each other must respect each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 4 ix79 figs-euphemism 0 Let the marriage bed be pure This refers to the act of sexual union as if it were only the bed of a married couple. Alternate translation: "Let husbands and wives honor their marriage relationship to one another and not sleep with other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 5 sz35 0 Let your conduct be free from the love of money Here "conduct" refers to a person's character or the way he lives, and "free from the love of money" refers to not greatly desiring to have more money. A person who loves money is not content with the amount of money he has. Alternate translation: "Let your conduct not be affected by the love of money" or "Do not greatly wish to have more money" -HEB 13 5 n19c 0 Be content "Be satisfied" +HEB 13 4 ix27 figs-activepassive τίμιος ὁ γάμος τίμιος ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Let marriage be respected by everyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Men and women who are married to each other must respect each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 4 ix79 figs-euphemism ἀμίαντος ἡ κοίτη ἀμίαντος 1 Let the marriage bed be pure This refers to the act of sexual union as if it were only the bed of a married couple. Alternate translation: "Let husbands and wives honor their marriage relationship to one another and not sleep with other people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 5 sz35 τρόπος ὁ τρόπος ἀφιλάργυρος 1 Let your conduct be free from the love of money Here "conduct" refers to a person's character or the way he lives, and "free from the love of money" refers to not greatly desiring to have more money. A person who loves money is not content with the amount of money he has. Alternate translation: "Let your conduct not be affected by the love of money" or "Do not greatly wish to have more money" +HEB 13 5 n19c ἀρκούμενοι 1 Be content "Be satisfied" HEB 13 6 c8w6 figs-explicit 0 The Lord is my helper ... do to me This is a quotation from the book of Psalms in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HEB 13 6 q8ie figs-rquestion 0 I will not be afraid. What can a man do to me? The author uses a question to emphasize that he does not fear people because God is helping him. Here "man" means any person in general. Alternate translation: "I will not fear what any person can do to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 13 7 e6b5 0 God's word "what God has said" -HEB 13 7 ym9m 0 the result of their conduct "the outcome of the way they behave" -HEB 13 7 tvu6 figs-metonymy 0 Imitate their faith Here the trust in God and the way of life led by these leaders are spoken of as "their faith." Alternate translation: "Trust and obey God in the same way they do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 8 dv5g figs-metonymy 0 is the same yesterday, today, and forever Here "yesterday" means all times in the past. Alternate translation: "is the same in the past, the present, and in the future forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 7 e6b5 τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 God's word "what God has said" +HEB 13 7 ym9m τὴν ἔκβασιν τῆς ἀναστροφῆς 1 the result of their conduct "the outcome of the way they behave" +HEB 13 7 tvu6 figs-metonymy μιμεῖσθε τὴν πίστιν 1 Imitate their faith Here the trust in God and the way of life led by these leaders are spoken of as "their faith." Alternate translation: "Trust and obey God in the same way they do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 8 dv5g figs-metonymy ὁ αὐτός ἐχθὲς, σήμερον, καὶ αἰῶνας 1 is the same yesterday, today, and forever Here "yesterday" means all times in the past. Alternate translation: "is the same in the past, the present, and in the future forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 13 9 y92c 0 General Information: This section refers to animal sacrifices made by believers in God in Old Testament times, which covered their sins temporarily until the death of Christ came about. -HEB 13 9 dp5w figs-metaphor 0 Do not be carried away by various strange teachings Being persuaded by various teachings is spoken of as if a person were being carried away by a force. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Do not let others persuade you to believe their various strange teachings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 9 fe6i 0 various strange teachings "many, different teachings that are not the good news we told you" -HEB 13 9 tmt1 figs-metaphor 0 it is good that the heart should be strengthened by grace, not by foods that do not help those who walk by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we become stronger when we think of how God has been kind to us, but we do not become stronger by obeying rules about food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 9 t28u figs-metonymy 0 the heart should be strengthened Here "heart" is a metonym for the "inner being." Alternate translation: "we should be strengthened inwardly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 9 ar93 figs-metonymy 0 foods Here "foods" stands for rules about food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 9 kf3b figs-metaphor 0 those who walk by them Living is spoken of as if it were walking. Alternate translation: "those who live by them" or "those who regulate their lives by them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 10 jjy3 figs-metonymy 0 We have an altar Here "altar" stands for "place of worship." It also stands for the animals that the priests in the old covenant sacrificed, from which they took meat for themselves and their families. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 11 luf7 figs-activepassive 0 the blood of the animals killed for sins is brought by the high priest into the holy place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the high priest brings into the holy place the blood of the animals that the priests killed for sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 11 iv19 figs-activepassive 0 while their bodies are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while the priests burn the animals' bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 11 f7nb 0 outside the camp "away from where the people lived" +HEB 13 9 dp5w figs-metaphor παραφέρεσθε μὴ παραφέρεσθε διδαχαῖς ποικίλαις ξέναις διδαχαῖς 1 Do not be carried away by various strange teachings Being persuaded by various teachings is spoken of as if a person were being carried away by a force. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Do not let others persuade you to believe their various strange teachings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 9 fe6i ποικίλαις ξέναις διδαχαῖς 1 various strange teachings "many, different teachings that are not the good news we told you" +HEB 13 9 tmt1 figs-metaphor καλὸν τὴν καρδίαν βεβαιοῦσθαι βρώμασιν χάριτι, οὐ ἐν βρώμασιν περιπατοῦντες οὐκ ὠφελήθησαν οἷς περιπατοῦντες οἱ 1 it is good that the heart should be strengthened by grace, not by foods that do not help those who walk by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we become stronger when we think of how God has been kind to us, but we do not become stronger by obeying rules about food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 9 t28u figs-metonymy τὴν καρδίαν βεβαιοῦσθαι 1 the heart should be strengthened Here "heart" is a metonym for the "inner being." Alternate translation: "we should be strengthened inwardly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 9 ar93 figs-metonymy βρώμασιν 1 foods Here "foods" stands for rules about food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 9 kf3b figs-metaphor οἷς περιπατοῦντες οἱ 1 those who walk by them Living is spoken of as if it were walking. Alternate translation: "those who live by them" or "those who regulate their lives by them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 10 jjy3 figs-metonymy ἔχομεν θυσιαστήριον 1 We have an altar Here "altar" stands for "place of worship." It also stands for the animals that the priests in the old covenant sacrificed, from which they took meat for themselves and their families. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 11 luf7 figs-activepassive τὸ αἷμα ζῴων τὰ ζῴων περὶ ἁμαρτίας εἰσφέρεται διὰ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως εἰς τὰ ἅγια 1 the blood of the animals killed for sins is brought by the high priest into the holy place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the high priest brings into the holy place the blood of the animals that the priests killed for sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 11 iv19 figs-activepassive τούτων σώματα τούτων κατακαίεται 1 while their bodies are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while the priests burn the animals' bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 11 f7nb ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς 1 outside the camp "away from where the people lived" HEB 13 12 x48h 0 Connecting Statement: There is a comparison here between Jesus' sacrifice and the tabernacle sacrifices of the Old Testament. -HEB 13 12 fw9g 0 So "In the same way" or "Because the bodies of the sacrifices were burned outside the camp" ([Hebrews 13:11](../13/11.md)) -HEB 13 12 eq6t figs-metonymy 0 outside the city gate This stands for "outside the city." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 13 zf8v figs-metaphor 0 Let us therefore go to him outside the camp Obeying Jesus is spoken of as if a person were leaving the camp to go out where Jesus is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 13 h3j4 figs-metaphor 0 bearing his shame Disgrace is spoken of as if it were an object that had to be carried in one's hands or on one's back. Alternate translation: "while allowing others to insult us just like people insulted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 14 u2wn 0 looking for "waiting for" -HEB 13 15 zfy9 figs-metaphor 0 sacrifices of praise Praise is spoken of as if it were a sacrifice of animals or incense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 12 fw9g διὸ 1 So "In the same way" or "Because the bodies of the sacrifices were burned outside the camp" ([Hebrews 13:11](../13/11.md)) +HEB 13 12 eq6t figs-metonymy ἔξω τὸν πύλης 1 outside the city gate This stands for "outside the city." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 13 zf8v figs-metaphor ἐξερχώμεθα τοίνυν ἐξερχώμεθα πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς 1 Let us therefore go to him outside the camp Obeying Jesus is spoken of as if a person were leaving the camp to go out where Jesus is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 13 h3j4 figs-metaphor φέροντες αὐτοῦ τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν 1 bearing his shame Disgrace is spoken of as if it were an object that had to be carried in one's hands or on one's back. Alternate translation: "while allowing others to insult us just like people insulted him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 14 u2wn ἐπιζητοῦμεν 1 looking for "waiting for" +HEB 13 15 zfy9 figs-metaphor θυσίαν αἰνέσεως 1 sacrifices of praise Praise is spoken of as if it were a sacrifice of animals or incense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HEB 13 15 b4p1 figs-metaphor 0 praise that is the fruit of lips that acknowledge his name Praise is spoken of as if it were fruit produced by the lips of people. Alternate translation: "praise that is produced by the lips of those who acknowledge his name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 15 zr2d figs-synecdoche 0 lips that acknowledge his name Here "lips" represents people who speak. Alternate translation: "the lips of those who acknowledge his name" or "those who acknowledge his name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -HEB 13 15 v52x figs-metonymy 0 his name A person's name represents that person. Alternate translation: "him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 15 zr2d figs-synecdoche χειλέων ὁμολογούντων αὐτοῦ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 lips that acknowledge his name Here "lips" represents people who speak. Alternate translation: "the lips of those who acknowledge his name" or "those who acknowledge his name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HEB 13 15 v52x figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ τῷ ὀνόματι 1 his name A person's name represents that person. Alternate translation: "him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 13 16 ma8c figs-litotes 0 Let us not forget doing good and helping one another This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "Let us always remember to do good and help others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -HEB 13 16 kp76 figs-metaphor 0 with such sacrifices Doing good and helping others is spoken of as if they were sacrifices on an altar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 17 n5e8 figs-metaphor 0 keep watch over your souls The believers' souls, that is, the believers' spiritual well-being, are spoken of as if they were objects or animals that guards could keep watch over. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 17 z2yp figs-metonymy 0 not with groaning Here "groaning" stands for sadness or grief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 16 kp76 figs-metaphor τοιαύταις θυσίαις 1 with such sacrifices Doing good and helping others is spoken of as if they were sacrifices on an altar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 17 n5e8 figs-metaphor ἀγρυπνοῦσιν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ψυχῶν 1 keep watch over your souls The believers' souls, that is, the believers' spiritual well-being, are spoken of as if they were objects or animals that guards could keep watch over. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 17 z2yp figs-metonymy μὴ στενάζοντες 1 not with groaning Here "groaning" stands for sadness or grief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HEB 13 18 d5hf 0 Connecting Statement: The author closes with a blessing and greetings. -HEB 13 18 xmh1 figs-exclusive 0 Pray for us Here "us" refers to the author and his companions, but not to the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -HEB 13 18 n6gb figs-metaphor 0 we are persuaded that we have a clean conscience Here "clean" stands for being free from guilt. Alternate translation: "we are certain that we have no guilt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 19 cg4l figs-activepassive 0 that I will be returned to you sooner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God will quickly remove the things that stop my coming to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 20 n66e 0 Now This marks a new section of the letter. Here the author praises God and gives a final prayer for his readers. -HEB 13 20 d8yq 0 brought back from the dead the great shepherd of the sheep, our Lord Jesus "raised the great shepherd of the sheep, our Lord Jesus, to life" -HEB 13 20 k6n6 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To raise someone from among them speaks of causing that person to become alive again. -HEB 13 20 gn9w figs-metaphor 0 the great shepherd of the sheep Christ in his role of leader and protector of those who believe in him is spoken of as if he were a shepherd of sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HEB 13 20 qxb8 figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of the eternal covenant Here "blood" stands for the death of Jesus, which is the basis for the covenant that will last forever between God and all believers in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 21 qj79 0 equip you with everything good to do his will "give you every good thing you need in order to do his will "make you capable of doing every good thing according to his will" -HEB 13 21 r3mi figs-inclusive 0 working in us The word "us" refers to the author and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -HEB 13 21 u6iq 0 to whom be the glory forever "whom all people will praise forever" +HEB 13 18 xmh1 figs-exclusive προσεύχεσθε περὶ ἡμῶν 1 Pray for us Here "us" refers to the author and his companions, but not to the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +HEB 13 18 n6gb figs-metaphor πειθόμεθα ὅτι ἔχομεν καλὴν συνείδησιν 1 we are persuaded that we have a clean conscience Here "clean" stands for being free from guilt. Alternate translation: "we are certain that we have no guilt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 19 cg4l figs-activepassive ἵνα ἀποκατασταθῶ ὑμῖν τάχειον 1 that I will be returned to you sooner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God will quickly remove the things that stop my coming to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 20 n66e δὲ 1 Now This marks a new section of the letter. Here the author praises God and gives a final prayer for his readers. +HEB 13 20 d8yq ὁ ἀναγαγὼν ἐκ νεκρῶν τὸν μέγαν Ποιμένα τῶν προβάτων, ἡμῶν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν 1 brought back from the dead the great shepherd of the sheep, our Lord Jesus "raised the great shepherd of the sheep, our Lord Jesus, to life" +HEB 13 20 k6n6 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To raise someone from among them speaks of causing that person to become alive again. +HEB 13 20 gn9w figs-metaphor νεκρῶν τὸν μέγαν Ποιμένα τῶν προβάτων 1 the great shepherd of the sheep Christ in his role of leader and protector of those who believe in him is spoken of as if he were a shepherd of sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HEB 13 20 qxb8 figs-metonymy ἐν τὸν αἵματι ἡμῶν τὸν αἰωνίου διαθήκης 1 by the blood of the eternal covenant Here "blood" stands for the death of Jesus, which is the basis for the covenant that will last forever between God and all believers in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 21 qj79 καταρτίσαι ὑμᾶς ἐν παντὶ ἀγαθῷ εἰς ποιῆσαι αὐτοῦ θέλημα 1 equip you with everything good to do his will "give you every good thing you need in order to do his will "make you capable of doing every good thing according to his will" +HEB 13 21 r3mi figs-inclusive ποιῶν ἐν ἡμῖν 1 working in us The word "us" refers to the author and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +HEB 13 21 u6iq ᾧ ἡ δόξα αἰώνων 1 to whom be the glory forever "whom all people will praise forever" HEB 13 22 wa9r 0 Now This marks a new section of the letter. Here the author gives his final comments to his audience. -HEB 13 22 b27j figs-gendernotations 0 brothers This refers to all the believers to whom he is writing whether male or female. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -HEB 13 22 d5e6 0 bear with the word of encouragement "patiently consider what I have just written to encourage you" -HEB 13 22 l8b3 figs-metonymy 0 the word of encouragement Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the encouraging message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HEB 13 23 w3m2 figs-activepassive 0 has been set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "is no longer in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HEB 13 24 r7kn 0 Those from Italy greet you Possible meanings are 1) the author is not in Italy, but there is a group of believers with him who have come from Italy or 2) the author is in Italy while writing this letter. -HEB 13 24 kk9c translate-names 0 Italy This is the name of a region at that time. Rome was the then-capital city of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HEB 13 22 b27j figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers This refers to all the believers to whom he is writing whether male or female. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +HEB 13 22 d5e6 ἀνέχεσθε τοῦ λόγου τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 bear with the word of encouragement "patiently consider what I have just written to encourage you" +HEB 13 22 l8b3 figs-metonymy τοῦ λόγου τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 the word of encouragement Here "word" stands for a message. Alternate translation: "the encouraging message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HEB 13 23 w3m2 figs-activepassive ἀπολελυμένον 1 has been set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "is no longer in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +HEB 13 24 r7kn οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς 1 Those from Italy greet you Possible meanings are 1) the author is not in Italy, but there is a group of believers with him who have come from Italy or 2) the author is in Italy while writing this letter. +HEB 13 24 kk9c translate-names τῆς Ἰταλίας 1 Italy This is the name of a region at that time. Rome was the then-capital city of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_60-JAS.tsv b/en_tn_60-JAS.tsv index 4246462718..bdb5f84126 100644 --- a/en_tn_60-JAS.tsv +++ b/en_tn_60-JAS.tsv @@ -2,335 +2,335 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo JAS front intro exs3 0 # Introduction to James
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of James

1. Greetings (1:1)
1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)
1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)
1. True faith seen in works
- Word of God (1:19-27)
- Royal law of love (2:1-13)
- Works (2:14-26)
1. Difficulties in community
- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)
- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)
- Worldly desires (4:1-12)
1. God's perspective on your decisions
- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)
- Warning about riches (5:1-6)
- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)
1. Closing exhortations
- Oaths (5:12)
- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)
- Care for one another (5:19-20)

#### Who wrote the Book of James?

The author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church.

This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.

#### What is the Book of James about?

In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.

James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).

#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"?

James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?

Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?

The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?

* "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?" If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
JAS 1 intro pz2q 0 # James 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Testing and temptation

These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.

##### Crowns

The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion"

It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.
JAS 1 1 ssc8 0 General Information: The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places. -JAS 1 1 pkt2 figs-explicit 0 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ The phrase "this letter is from" is implied. Alternate translation: "This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JAS 1 1 l4i7 figs-synecdoche 0 to the twelve tribes Possible meanings are 1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or 2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: "to God's faithful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 1 vza9 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the dispersion The term "dispersion" normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb "scattered." Alternate translation: "who are scattered around the world" or "who live in other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 1 1 huk9 0 Greetings! a basic greeting, such as "Hello!" or "Good day!" +JAS 1 1 pkt2 figs-explicit Ἰάκωβος, δοῦλος Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ The phrase "this letter is from" is implied. Alternate translation: "This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 1 1 l4i7 figs-synecdoche ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς 1 to the twelve tribes Possible meanings are 1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or 2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: "to God's faithful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 1 vza9 figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ 1 in the dispersion The term "dispersion" normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb "scattered." Alternate translation: "who are scattered around the world" or "who live in other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 1 1 huk9 χαίρειν! 1 Greetings! a basic greeting, such as "Hello!" or "Good day!" JAS 1 2 knw6 0 Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles "My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate" -JAS 1 3 xud2 figs-abstractnouns 0 the testing of your faith produces endurance The expressions "the testing," "your faith," and "endurance" are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers ("you") believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: "when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 1 3 xud2 figs-abstractnouns τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν 1 the testing of your faith produces endurance The expressions "the testing," "your faith," and "endurance" are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers ("you") believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: "when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JAS 1 4 j2p4 figs-personification 0 Let endurance complete its work Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: "Learn to endure any hardship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 1 4 unh4 0 fully developed able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances -JAS 1 4 l7ef 0 not lacking anything This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "having all that you need" or "being all that you need to be" +JAS 1 4 unh4 τέλειοι 1 fully developed able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances +JAS 1 4 l7ef ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι 1 not lacking anything This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "having all that you need" or "being all that you need to be" JAS 1 5 du7z 0 ask for it from God, the one who gives "ask God for it. He is the one who gives" -JAS 1 5 q2df 0 gives generously and without rebuke to all "gives generously and does not rebuke any" +JAS 1 5 q2df τοῦ διδόντος ἁπλῶς καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος πᾶσιν 1 gives generously and without rebuke to all "gives generously and does not rebuke any" JAS 1 5 xu31 0 he will give it "God will do it" or "God will answer your prayer" -JAS 1 6 y2mk figs-doublenegatives 0 in faith, doubting nothing This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "with complete certainty that God will answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +JAS 1 6 y2mk figs-doublenegatives ἐν πίστει, διακρινόμενος μηδὲν 1 in faith, doubting nothing This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "with complete certainty that God will answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JAS 1 6 p12l figs-simile 0 For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JAS 1 8 b5t6 figs-metaphor 0 is double-minded The word "double-minded" refers to a person's thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: "cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 8 k89p figs-metaphor 0 unstable in all his ways Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 9 gc9b 0 the poor brother "the believer who does not have much money" -JAS 1 9 yxs5 figs-metaphor 0 boast of his high position Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 10 uzk7 figs-ellipsis 0 but the rich man of his low position The words "let boast" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but let the rich man boast of his low position" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JAS 1 10 w4ta 0 but the rich man "but the man who has a lot of money." Possible meanings are 1) the rich man is a believer or 2) the rich man is an unbeliever. -JAS 1 10 ulk4 figs-ellipsis 0 of his low position A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: "should be happy that God has given him difficulties" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JAS 1 10 nug7 figs-simile 0 he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 11 gv7v figs-metaphor 0 its beauty perishes A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: "and it is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 11 ng26 figs-simile 0 the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 11 sdi2 figs-metaphor 0 in the middle of his journey A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 8 k89p figs-metaphor ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις αὐτοῦ ταῖς ὁδοῖς 1 unstable in all his ways Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 9 gc9b ὁ ὁ ταπεινὸς ἀδελφὸς 1 the poor brother "the believer who does not have much money" +JAS 1 9 yxs5 figs-metaphor καυχάσθω ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ ὕψει 1 boast of his high position Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 10 uzk7 figs-ellipsis ὁ δὲ πλούσιος ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ ταπεινώσει 1 but the rich man of his low position The words "let boast" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but let the rich man boast of his low position" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JAS 1 10 w4ta ὁ δὲ πλούσιος 1 but the rich man "but the man who has a lot of money." Possible meanings are 1) the rich man is a believer or 2) the rich man is an unbeliever. +JAS 1 10 ulk4 figs-ellipsis ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ ταπεινώσει 1 of his low position A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: "should be happy that God has given him difficulties" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JAS 1 10 nug7 figs-simile παρελεύσεται ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου 1 he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JAS 1 11 gv7v figs-metaphor αὐτοῦ ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου ἀπώλετο 1 its beauty perishes A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: "and it is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 11 ng26 figs-simile οὕτως καὶ ὁ πλούσιος μαρανθήσεται ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ πορείαις 1 the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JAS 1 11 sdi2 figs-metaphor ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ πορείαις 1 in the middle of his journey A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 1 12 vcu4 0 Connecting Statement: James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation. JAS 1 12 m13d 0 Blessed is the man who endures testing "The man who endures testing is fortunate" or "The man who endures testing is well off" -JAS 1 12 vr4a 0 endures testing remains faithful to God during hardships +JAS 1 12 vr4a ὑπομένει πειρασμόν 1 endures testing remains faithful to God during hardships JAS 1 12 vta6 0 passed the test he has been approved by God -JAS 1 12 k3hh figs-metaphor 0 receive the crown of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "receive eternal life as his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 12 k3hh figs-metaphor λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς 1 receive the crown of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "receive eternal life as his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 1 12 hx28 figs-activepassive 0 has been promised to those who love God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has promised to those who love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 1 13 a77a 0 when he is tempted "when he desires to do something evil" -JAS 1 13 lh7z figs-activepassive 0 I am tempted by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is trying to make me do something evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 1 13 p5cp figs-activepassive 0 God is not tempted by evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 1 13 zb13 0 nor does he himself tempt anyone "and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil" -JAS 1 14 nj9m figs-personification 0 each person is tempted by his own desire A person's desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 1 14 nle5 figs-personification 0 which drags him away and entices him Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 1 14 z4bd 0 entices attracts, persuades someone to do evil +JAS 1 13 a77a πειραζόμενος 1 when he is tempted "when he desires to do something evil" +JAS 1 13 lh7z figs-activepassive πειράζομαι ἀπὸ Θεοῦ 1 I am tempted by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is trying to make me do something evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 1 13 p5cp figs-activepassive Θεοῦ ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἐστιν ἀπείραστός κακῶν 1 God is not tempted by evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 1 13 zb13 πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα 1 nor does he himself tempt anyone "and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil" +JAS 1 14 nj9m figs-personification ἕκαστος πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας 1 each person is tempted by his own desire A person's desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 1 14 nle5 figs-personification ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος 1 which drags him away and entices him Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 1 14 z4bd δελεαζόμενος 1 entices attracts, persuades someone to do evil JAS 1 15 s4cd figs-personification 0 Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 16 v195 0 Do not be deceived "Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves" -JAS 1 17 t2nn figs-doublet 0 Every good gift and every perfect gift These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JAS 1 17 n7d8 figs-metaphor 0 the Father of lights God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their "Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 16 v195 πλανᾶσθε μὴ πλανᾶσθε 1 Do not be deceived "Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves" +JAS 1 17 t2nn figs-doublet πᾶσα ἀγαθὴ δόσις καὶ πᾶν τέλειον δώρημα 1 Every good gift and every perfect gift These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JAS 1 17 n7d8 figs-metaphor τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων 1 the Father of lights God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their "Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 1 17 g5ge figs-simile 0 With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: "God does not change. He is as as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 18 g1tv figs-inclusive 0 to give us The word "us" refers to James and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -JAS 1 18 mj29 figs-metaphor 0 give us birth God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 18 ykq9 0 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message." -JAS 1 18 qh2e figs-simile 0 so that we would be a kind of firstfruits James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: "so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JAS 1 18 g1tv figs-inclusive ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς 1 to give us The word "us" refers to James and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +JAS 1 18 mj29 figs-metaphor ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς ἀπεκύησεν 1 give us birth God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 18 ykq9 λόγῳ ἀληθείας 1 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message." +JAS 1 18 qh2e figs-simile εἰς ἡμᾶς τὸ εἶναι ἀπαρχήν τινα 1 so that we would be a kind of firstfruits James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: "so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JAS 1 19 dt7i 0 You know this Possible meanings are 1) "Know this" as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or 2) "You know this" as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know. -JAS 1 19 p728 figs-idiom 0 Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JAS 1 19 ev3v 0 slow to anger "not get angry quickly" -JAS 1 20 ej4p 0 the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous. +JAS 1 19 p728 figs-idiom ἔστω πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ἔστω ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι 1 Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JAS 1 19 ev3v βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν 1 slow to anger "not get angry quickly" +JAS 1 20 ej4p ὀργὴ ἀνδρὸς ἐργάζεται οὐκ ἐργάζεται δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ 1 the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous. JAS 1 21 hit5 figs-metaphor 0 take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: "stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 1 21 h226 figs-doublet 0 take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil Here the expressions "sinful filth" and "evil" share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: "stop doing every kind of sinful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JAS 1 21 h8ty figs-metaphor 0 sinful filth Here "filth," that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 21 a3u3 0 In humility "Without pride" or "Without arrogance" -JAS 1 21 i9w1 figs-metaphor 0 receive the implanted word The expression "implant" means to place one thing inside of another. Here God's word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: "obey the message God has spoken to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 21 ekl3 figs-explicit 0 save your souls What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "save you from God's judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JAS 1 21 z73e figs-synecdoche 0 your souls Here the word "souls" refers to persons.Alternate translation: "yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JAS 1 22 x14m 0 Be doers of the word "Be people who follow God's instructions" -JAS 1 22 wvp4 0 deceiving yourselves "fooling yourselves" -JAS 1 23 ewn9 0 For if anyone is a hearer of the word "For if anyone listens to the God's message in the scriptures" -JAS 1 23 r6pp figs-ellipsis 0 but not a doer The word "is" and "of the word" are understood from the previous phrase. The noun "doer" can also be expressed with the verbs "do" or "obey." Alternate translation: "but is not a doer of the word" or "but does not obey the word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JAS 1 23 pw5x figs-simile 0 he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror A person who hears God's word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 23 shn9 0 his natural face The word "natural" clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word "face." Alternate translation: "his face" +JAS 1 21 a3u3 ἐν πραΰτητι 1 In humility "Without pride" or "Without arrogance" +JAS 1 21 i9w1 figs-metaphor δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον 1 receive the implanted word The expression "implant" means to place one thing inside of another. Here God's word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: "obey the message God has spoken to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 21 ekl3 figs-explicit σῶσαι ὑμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς 1 save your souls What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "save you from God's judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 1 21 z73e figs-synecdoche ὑμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς 1 your souls Here the word "souls" refers to persons.Alternate translation: "yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JAS 1 22 x14m γίνεσθε ποιηταὶ λόγου 1 Be doers of the word "Be people who follow God's instructions" +JAS 1 22 wvp4 παραλογιζόμενοι ἑαυτούς 1 deceiving yourselves "fooling yourselves" +JAS 1 23 ewn9 ὅτι εἴ τις ἐστὶν ἀκροατὴς λόγου 1 For if anyone is a hearer of the word "For if anyone listens to the God's message in the scriptures" +JAS 1 23 r6pp figs-ellipsis καὶ οὐ ποιητής 1 but not a doer The word "is" and "of the word" are understood from the previous phrase. The noun "doer" can also be expressed with the verbs "do" or "obey." Alternate translation: "but is not a doer of the word" or "but does not obey the word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JAS 1 23 pw5x figs-simile οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι αὐτοῦ τῆς γενέσεως τὸ πρόσωπον ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ 1 he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror A person who hears God's word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JAS 1 23 shn9 αὐτοῦ τῆς γενέσεως τὸ πρόσωπον 1 his natural face The word "natural" clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word "face." Alternate translation: "his face" JAS 1 24 wu34 figs-explicit 0 then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God's word is like. Alternate translation: "then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 25 kvr7 figs-simile 0 the person who looks carefully into the perfect law This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JAS 1 25 sf8k figs-explicit 0 the perfect law of freedom The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JAS 1 25 jku1 figs-activepassive 0 this man will be blessed in his actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless this man as he obeys the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 1 25 kvr7 figs-simile ὁ δὲ παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον νόμον 1 the person who looks carefully into the perfect law This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JAS 1 25 sf8k figs-explicit νόμον τέλειον νόμον τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1 the perfect law of freedom The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 1 25 jku1 figs-activepassive οὗτος ἔσται μακάριος ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ ποιήσει 1 this man will be blessed in his actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless this man as he obeys the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JAS 1 26 j1bg 0 thinks himself to be religious "thinks he worships God correctly" -JAS 1 26 vxu1 figs-metonymy 0 his tongue Controlling one's tongue stands for controlling one's speech. Alternate translation: "what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 1 26 bj2t 0 deceives gets someone to believe something that is not true -JAS 1 26 sex6 figs-metonymy 0 his heart Here "heart" refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: "himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 1 26 vxu1 figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ γλῶσσαν 1 his tongue Controlling one's tongue stands for controlling one's speech. Alternate translation: "what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 1 26 bj2t ἀπατῶν 1 deceives gets someone to believe something that is not true +JAS 1 26 sex6 figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ καρδίαν 1 his heart Here "heart" refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: "himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 1 26 q83d 0 his religion is worthless "he worships God uselessly" -JAS 1 27 g11k figs-doublet 0 pure and unspoiled James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: "Completely acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 27 g11k figs-doublet καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος 1 pure and unspoiled James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: "Completely acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 1 27 skf4 figs-metaphor 0 before our God and Father directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 1 27 iiv2 0 the fatherless "the orphans" -JAS 1 27 r8nj 0 in their affliction The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died. -JAS 1 27 nmf7 figs-metaphor 0 to keep oneself unstained by the world Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: "to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 1 27 iiv2 ὀρφανοὺς 1 the fatherless "the orphans" +JAS 1 27 r8nj ἐν αὐτῶν τῇ θλίψει 1 in their affliction The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died. +JAS 1 27 nmf7 figs-metaphor τηρεῖν ἑαυτὸν ἄσπιλον ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου 1 to keep oneself unstained by the world Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: "to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 2 intro f5zd 0 # James 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Favoritism

Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.

##### Justification

Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Quotation marks

The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone."

##### "You have ... I have"

Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 2 1 ici9 0 Connecting Statement: James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers. -JAS 2 1 kab4 0 My brothers James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: "My fellow believers" or "My brothers and sisters in Christ" -JAS 2 1 qs2x figs-metaphor 0 hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 2 1 x32n figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Jesus Christ The word "our" includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -JAS 2 1 en1c 0 favoritism toward certain people the desire to help some people more than others +JAS 2 1 kab4 μου ἀδελφοί 1 My brothers James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: "My fellow believers" or "My brothers and sisters in Christ" +JAS 2 1 qs2x figs-metaphor ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 1 x32n figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 our Lord Jesus Christ The word "our" includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +JAS 2 1 en1c προσωπολημψίαις 1 favoritism toward certain people the desire to help some people more than others JAS 2 2 h5uh figs-hypo 0 Suppose that someone James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JAS 2 2 j8d5 0 wearing gold rings and fine clothes "dressed like a wealthy person" JAS 2 3 zx9f 0 sit here in a good place sit in this place of honor -JAS 2 3 ce14 0 stand over there move to a place with less honor -JAS 2 3 h2fy 0 Sit at my feet move to a humble place +JAS 2 3 ce14 στῆθι ἐκεῖ 1 stand over there move to a place with less honor +JAS 2 3 h2fy κάθου ὑπὸ μου τὸ ὑποπόδιόν 1 Sit at my feet move to a humble place JAS 2 4 x9el figs-rquestion 0 are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts? James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: "you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 5 m5jr 0 Listen, my beloved brothers James was exhorting his readers as family. "Pay attention, my dear fellow believers" +JAS 2 5 m5jr ἀκούσατε, μου ἀγαπητοί ἀδελφοί 1 Listen, my beloved brothers James was exhorting his readers as family. "Pay attention, my dear fellow believers" JAS 2 5 ha52 figs-rquestion 0 did not God choose ... love him? Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "God has chosen ... love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 5 ke2q figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +JAS 2 5 ke2q figs-nominaladj τοὺς πτωχοὺς 1 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JAS 2 5 s38z figs-metaphor 0 be rich in faith Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: "have strong faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 2 5 qii5 figs-metaphor 0 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 2 6 yv6y figs-you 0 But you have James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JAS 2 6 vr53 0 have dishonored the poor "you have shamed poor people" -JAS 2 6 l2lu figs-rquestion 0 Is it not the rich who oppress you? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JAS 2 6 eeg5 figs-nominaladj 0 the rich This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: "rich people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JAS 2 6 z73x 0 who oppress you "who treat you badly" +JAS 2 5 qii5 figs-metaphor κληρονόμους 1 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 6 yv6y figs-you δὲ ὑμεῖς ἠτιμάσατε 1 But you have James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JAS 2 6 vr53 ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν 1 have dishonored the poor "you have shamed poor people" +JAS 2 6 l2lu figs-rquestion καταδυναστεύουσιν οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν? 1 Is it not the rich who oppress you? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +JAS 2 6 eeg5 figs-nominaladj οἱ πλούσιοι 1 the rich This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: "rich people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +JAS 2 6 z73x καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν 1 who oppress you "who treat you badly" JAS 2 6 s9k1 figs-rquestion 0 Are they not the ones ... to court? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people are the ones ... to court." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 6 h8jn figs-explicit 0 drag you to court "forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 2 6 h8jn figs-explicit ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια 1 drag you to court "forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JAS 2 7 las1 figs-rquestion 0 Do they not insult ... have been called? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people insult ... have been called." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 7 wd8y figs-metonymy 0 the good name by which you have been called This refers to Christ's name. Alternate translation: "the name of Christ who called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 2 8 fe1i figs-you 0 you fulfill The word "you" refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JAS 2 8 q9hh 0 fulfill the royal law "obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people. -JAS 2 8 ymf5 0 You shall love your neighbor as yourself James is quoting from the book of Leviticus. -JAS 2 8 gll2 0 your neighbor "all people" or "everyone" -JAS 2 8 b9wu 0 you do well "you are doing well" or "you are doing what is right" -JAS 2 9 xt6y 0 if you favor "give special treatment to" or "give honor to" -JAS 2 9 cq5h 0 committing sin "sinning." That is, breaking the law. -JAS 2 9 gl2e figs-personification 0 convicted by the law as lawbreakers Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: "guilty of breaking God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 2 10 l29g 0 For whoever obeys "For anyone who obeys" +JAS 2 7 wd8y figs-metonymy τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς τὸ ἐπικληθὲν 1 the good name by which you have been called This refers to Christ's name. Alternate translation: "the name of Christ who called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 2 8 fe1i figs-you τελεῖτε 1 you fulfill The word "you" refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JAS 2 8 q9hh τελεῖτε νόμον βασιλικὸν νόμον 1 fulfill the royal law "obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people. +JAS 2 8 ymf5 ἀγαπήσεις σου τὸν πλησίον ὡς σεαυτόν 1 You shall love your neighbor as yourself James is quoting from the book of Leviticus. +JAS 2 8 gll2 σου τὸν πλησίον 1 your neighbor "all people" or "everyone" +JAS 2 8 b9wu ποιεῖτε καλῶς 1 you do well "you are doing well" or "you are doing what is right" +JAS 2 9 xt6y εἰ προσωπολημπτεῖτε 1 if you favor "give special treatment to" or "give honor to" +JAS 2 9 cq5h ἐργάζεσθε ἁμαρτίαν 1 committing sin "sinning." That is, breaking the law. +JAS 2 9 gl2e figs-personification ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται 1 convicted by the law as lawbreakers Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: "guilty of breaking God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 2 10 l29g γὰρ ὅστις τηρήσῃ 1 For whoever obeys "For anyone who obeys" JAS 2 10 jb5u figs-metaphor 0 except that he stumbles ... the whole law Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 2 10 m8ep 0 in just a single way because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law -JAS 2 11 ez11 0 For the one who said This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses. -JAS 2 11 q19i 0 Do not commit To "commit" is to do an action. +JAS 2 11 ez11 ὁ γὰρ εἰπών 1 For the one who said This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses. +JAS 2 11 q19i μοιχεύσῃς μὴ μοιχεύσῃς 1 Do not commit To "commit" is to do an action. JAS 2 11 c8jm figs-you 0 If you ... but if you ... you have Here "you" means "each one of you." Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JAS 2 12 c6y8 0 So speak and act "So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this. -JAS 2 12 yp6i figs-activepassive 0 who will be judged by means of the law of freedom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 2 12 ik76 0 by means of the law This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law. -JAS 2 12 e87r 0 the law of freedom "the law that gives true freedom" -JAS 2 13 yv6l figs-personification 0 Mercy triumphs over "Mercy is better than" or "Mercy defeats." Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 2 12 c6y8 οὕτως λαλεῖτε καὶ ποιεῖτε 1 So speak and act "So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this. +JAS 2 12 yp6i figs-activepassive μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας 1 who will be judged by means of the law of freedom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 2 12 ik76 διὰ νόμου 1 by means of the law This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law. +JAS 2 12 e87r νόμου ἐλευθερίας 1 the law of freedom "the law that gives true freedom" +JAS 2 13 yv6l figs-personification ἔλεος κατακαυχᾶται κρίσεως 1 Mercy triumphs over "Mercy is better than" or "Mercy defeats." Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JAS 2 14 h384 0 Connecting Statement: James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works. JAS 2 14 k4e4 figs-rquestion 0 What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works? James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 14 c234 figs-abstractnouns 0 if someone says he has faith, but he has no works The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 2 14 z9q8 figs-rquestion 0 Can that faith save him? James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "faith." Alternate translation: "That faith cannot save him." or "If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 2 14 g8kr 0 save him "spare him from God's judgment" -JAS 2 15 f6el 0 brother or sister a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female -JAS 2 16 lj89 figs-metonymy 0 stay warm This means either "have enough clothes to wear" or "have a place to sleep." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 2 16 ngj8 figs-explicit 0 be filled The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "be filled with food" or "have enough to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JAS 2 16 n5jh figs-metonymy 0 for the body to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 2 14 c234 figs-abstractnouns ἐὰν τις λέγῃ ἔχειν πίστιν, δὲ ἔχῃ μὴ ἔργα 1 if someone says he has faith, but he has no works The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 2 14 z9q8 figs-rquestion μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν? 1 Can that faith save him? James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "faith." Alternate translation: "That faith cannot save him." or "If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 2 14 g8kr σῶσαι αὐτόν 1 save him "spare him from God's judgment" +JAS 2 15 f6el ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ 1 brother or sister a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female +JAS 2 16 lj89 figs-metonymy θερμαίνεσθε 1 stay warm This means either "have enough clothes to wear" or "have a place to sleep." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 2 16 ngj8 figs-explicit χορτάζεσθε 1 be filled The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "be filled with food" or "have enough to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 2 16 n5jh figs-metonymy τοῦ σώματος 1 for the body to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 2 16 yi63 figs-rquestion 0 what good is that? James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "that is not good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 17 me1d figs-metaphor 0 faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 2 18 al63 figs-hypo 0 Yet someone may say James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience's understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JAS 2 18 ii8d figs-abstractnouns 0 "You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 2 17 me1d figs-metaphor ἡ πίστις καθ’ ἑαυτήν, ἐὰν ἔχῃ μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, ἐστιν νεκρά 1 faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 2 18 al63 figs-hypo ἀλλ’ τις ἐρεῖ 1 Yet someone may say James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience's understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JAS 2 18 ii8d figs-abstractnouns ," σὺ ἔχεις πίστιν, κἀγὼ ἔχω ἔργα." δεῖξόν μοι σου τὴν πίστιν χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ δείξω σοι τὴν πίστιν ἐκ μου τῶν ἔργων. 1 "You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JAS 2 19 fv39 0 the demons believe that, and they tremble "the demons also believe, but they shake with fear." James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not. -JAS 2 20 ax95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless? James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 20 sd63 figs-abstractnouns 0 that faith without works is useless This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 2 20 ax95 figs-rquestion θέλεις γνῶναι, κενέ ἄνθρωπε, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἐστιν ἀργή? 1 Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless? James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 2 20 sd63 figs-abstractnouns ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἐστιν ἀργή 1 that faith without works is useless This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JAS 2 21 ysr8 0 General Information: Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word. JAS 2 21 q8iv figs-rquestion 0 Was not Abraham our father justified ... on the altar? This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man's arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: "Abraham our father was certainly justified ... on the altar." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 2 21 v3ft figs-metaphor 0 justified by works James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: "justified by doing good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 2 21 ph1s 0 father Here "father" is used in the sense of "ancestor." -JAS 2 22 t832 0 You see The word "you" is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person. -JAS 2 22 l1gj figs-metonymy 0 You see The word "see" is a metonym. Alternate translation: "You understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 2 21 v3ft figs-metaphor ἐδικαιώθη ἐξ ἔργων 1 justified by works James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: "justified by doing good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 21 ph1s ὁ πατὴρ 1 father Here "father" is used in the sense of "ancestor." +JAS 2 22 t832 βλέπεις 1 You see The word "you" is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person. +JAS 2 22 l1gj figs-metonymy βλέπεις 1 You see The word "see" is a metonym. Alternate translation: "You understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 2 22 vde4 0 faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed James speaks as if "faith" and "works" are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: "because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely" -JAS 2 22 bd9d 0 You see James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of "you." -JAS 2 23 qh4i figs-activepassive 0 The scripture was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 2 23 l818 figs-metaphor 0 it was counted to him as righteousness "God regarded his faith as righteousness." Abraham's faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 22 bd9d βλέπεις 1 You see James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of "you." +JAS 2 23 qh4i figs-activepassive ἡ Γραφὴ ἐπληρώθη 1 The scripture was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 2 23 l818 figs-metaphor ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 it was counted to him as righteousness "God regarded his faith as righteousness." Abraham's faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 2 24 yha5 figs-activepassive 0 it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith "actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith." James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 2 25 hir8 0 In the same way also ... justified by works James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works. JAS 2 25 dcv5 figs-rquestion 0 was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works ... another road? James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: "it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her ... another road." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 2 25 pn2f 0 Rahab the prostitute James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab. -JAS 2 25 bx6i figs-metaphor 0 justified by works James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 2 25 af9u 0 messengers people who bring news from another place -JAS 2 25 xm5m 0 sent them away by another road "then helped them escape and leave the city" -JAS 2 26 uum8 figs-metaphor 0 For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 25 pn2f Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη 1 Rahab the prostitute James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab. +JAS 2 25 bx6i figs-metaphor ἐδικαιώθη ἐξ ἔργων 1 justified by works James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 2 25 af9u ἀγγέλους 1 messengers people who bring news from another place +JAS 2 25 xm5m ἐκβαλοῦσα ὁδῷ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ 1 sent them away by another road "then helped them escape and leave the city" +JAS 2 26 uum8 figs-metaphor γὰρ ὥσπερ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος ἐστιν νεκρόν, καὶ οὕτως ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων ἐστιν νεκρά 1 For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 3 intro py3p 0 # James 03 General Notes
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 3 1 p4uu figs-genericnoun 0 Not many of you James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -JAS 3 1 c36b 0 my brothers "my fellow believers" +JAS 3 1 c36b μου ἀδελφοί 1 my brothers "my fellow believers" JAS 3 1 aw5f figs-explicit 0 we who teach will be judged more strictly This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: "God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JAS 3 1 v7fa figs-exclusive 0 we who teach James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word "we" is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -JAS 3 2 ab9h figs-inclusive 0 we all stumble James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -JAS 3 2 p9ek figs-metaphor 0 stumble Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 2 t6xt 0 does not stumble in words "does not sin by saying wrong things" -JAS 3 2 kn4v 0 he is a perfect man "he is spiritually mature" -JAS 3 2 b16h figs-synecdoche 0 control even his whole body James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JAS 3 2 ab9h figs-inclusive ἅπαντες πταίομεν 1 we all stumble James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +JAS 3 2 p9ek figs-metaphor πταίομεν 1 stumble Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 2 t6xt πταίει οὐ πταίει ἐν λόγῳ 1 does not stumble in words "does not sin by saying wrong things" +JAS 3 2 kn4v οὗτος ἀνήρ τέλειος ἀνήρ 1 he is a perfect man "he is spiritually mature" +JAS 3 2 b16h figs-synecdoche χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ τὸ σῶμα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα 1 control even his whole body James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JAS 3 3 z2ez 0 General Information: James is developing an argument that small things can control big things. -JAS 3 3 zql3 0 Now if we put bits into horses' mouths James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes. -JAS 3 3 s1nf 0 Now if "If" or "When" -JAS 3 3 u92q 0 horses A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people. +JAS 3 3 zql3 δὲ εἰ βάλλομεν τοὺς χαλινοὺς εἰς τῶν ἵππων' τὰ στόματα 1 Now if we put bits into horses' mouths James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes. +JAS 3 3 s1nf δὲ εἰ 1 Now if "If" or "When" +JAS 3 3 u92q τῶν ἵππων 1 horses A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people. JAS 3 4 yn42 0 Notice also that ships ... are steered by a very small rudder A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool." -JAS 3 4 k7f5 figs-activepassive 0 are driven by strong winds, This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 3 4 jrk1 0 are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires "have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes" -JAS 3 5 wt6i 0 Likewise This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses' bits and the ships' rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "In the same way" -JAS 3 5 qx1k 0 boasts great things Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud. +JAS 3 4 k7f5 figs-activepassive ἐλαυνόμενα ὑπὸ σκληρῶν ἀνέμων, 1 are driven by strong winds, This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 3 4 jrk1 μετάγεται ὑπὸ πηδαλίου ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται 1 are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires "have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes" +JAS 3 5 wt6i οὕτως καὶ 1 Likewise This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses' bits and the ships' rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "In the same way" +JAS 3 5 qx1k αὐχεῖ μεγάλα 1 boasts great things Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud. JAS 3 5 ub5h 0 Notice also "Think about" -JAS 3 5 fr8x 0 how small a fire sets on fire a large forest In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees" -JAS 3 6 wm5q figs-metonymy 0 The tongue is also a fire The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 6 i61e figs-metaphor 0 a world of sinfulness set among our body parts The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 6 sv44 figs-metaphor 0 It stains the whole body Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one's body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 6 lf1j figs-metaphor 0 sets on fire the course of life The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 5 fr8x ἡλίκον πῦρ ἀνάπτει ἡλίκην ὕλην 1 how small a fire sets on fire a large forest In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees" +JAS 3 6 wm5q figs-metonymy ἡ γλῶσσα καὶ πῦρ 1 The tongue is also a fire The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 6 i61e figs-metaphor πῦρ ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας καθίσταται ἐν ἡμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν 1 a world of sinfulness set among our body parts The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 6 sv44 figs-metaphor ἡ σπιλοῦσα τὸ ὅλον σῶμα 1 It stains the whole body Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one's body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 6 lf1j figs-metaphor φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως 1 sets on fire the course of life The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 3 6 a7qd figs-activepassive 0 life. It is itself set on fire by hell The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 3 7 ug59 figs-activepassive 0 For every kind of ... mankind The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 3 7 b8c9 translate-unknown 0 reptile This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JAS 3 7 zw5m 0 sea creature an animal that lives in the sea -JAS 3 8 q9xe figs-metaphor 0 But no human being can tame the tongue James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 3 7 b8c9 translate-unknown ἑρπετῶν 1 reptile This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +JAS 3 7 zw5m ἐναλίων 1 sea creature an animal that lives in the sea +JAS 3 8 q9xe figs-metaphor δὲ οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων δύναται δαμάσαι τὴν γλῶσσαν 1 But no human being can tame the tongue James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 3 8 m7vi figs-metaphor 0 It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 9 le6h 0 With it we "We use the tongue to say words that" -JAS 3 9 ucm9 0 we curse men "we ask God to harm men" +JAS 3 9 le6h ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν 1 With it we "We use the tongue to say words that" +JAS 3 9 ucm9 καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 1 we curse men "we ask God to harm men" JAS 3 9 umg1 figs-activepassive 0 who have been made in God's likeness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 3 10 a1ly figs-abstractnouns 0 Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 10 qrs2 0 My brothers "Fellow Christians" -JAS 3 10 n9zy 0 these things should not happen "these things are wrong" +JAS 3 10 a1ly figs-abstractnouns ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα 1 Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 3 10 qrs2 μου ἀδελφοί 1 My brothers "Fellow Christians" +JAS 3 10 n9zy ταῦτα χρή οὐ γίνεσθαι 1 these things should not happen "these things are wrong" JAS 3 11 m18q 0 Connecting Statement: After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways. JAS 3 11 mz8d figs-rquestion 0 Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water? James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 3 12 z3qg figs-rquestion 0 Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives? James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 3 12 jjj8 0 my brothers "my fellow believers" -JAS 3 12 bu4l figs-ellipsis 0 Or a grapevine, figs? The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JAS 3 13 fgb7 figs-rquestion 0 Who is wise and understanding among you? James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JAS 3 12 z3qg figs-rquestion μὴ δύναται συκῆ, μου ἀδελφοί, ποιῆσαι ἐλαίας? 1 Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives? James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 3 12 jjj8 μου ἀδελφοί 1 my brothers "my fellow believers" +JAS 3 12 bu4l figs-ellipsis ἢ ἄμπελος, σῦκα? 1 Or a grapevine, figs? The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JAS 3 13 fgb7 figs-rquestion τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν? 1 Who is wise and understanding among you? James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JAS 3 13 f9xv figs-abstractnouns 0 Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 14 js7b figs-metonymy 0 if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 14 a191 figs-abstractnouns 0 do not boast and lie against the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 15 clz6 figs-metonymy 0 This is not the wisdom that comes down from above Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 3 14 js7b figs-metonymy εἰ ἔχετε πικρὸν ζῆλον καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν ὑμῶν τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 3 14 a191 figs-abstractnouns κατακαυχᾶσθε μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 do not boast and lie against the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 3 15 clz6 figs-metonymy αὕτη ἔστιν οὐκ ἡ σοφία κατερχομένη ἄνωθεν 1 This is not the wisdom that comes down from above Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 3 15 g44u figs-abstractnouns 0 This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." - Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 15 h36b figs-metonymy 0 earthly The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 3 15 a2u6 0 unspiritual "not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual" -JAS 3 15 mzc9 0 demonic "from demons" +JAS 3 15 h36b figs-metonymy ἐπίγειος 1 earthly The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 3 15 a2u6 ψυχική 1 unspiritual "not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual" +JAS 3 15 mzc9 δαιμονιώδης 1 demonic "from demons" JAS 3 16 x5jz figs-abstractnouns 0 For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JAS 3 16 dvd7 0 there is confusion "there is disorder" or "there is chaos" -JAS 3 16 vmt4 0 every evil practice "every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed" -JAS 3 17 s8w4 figs-abstractnouns 0 But the wisdom from above is first pure Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 3 17 hhk5 0 is first pure "is first holy" -JAS 3 17 hfh9 figs-metaphor 0 full of mercy and good fruits Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 16 vmt4 πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα 1 every evil practice "every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed" +JAS 3 17 s8w4 figs-abstractnouns ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν ἐστιν πρῶτον ἁγνή 1 But the wisdom from above is first pure Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 3 17 hhk5 ἐστιν πρῶτον ἁγνή 1 is first pure "is first holy" +JAS 3 17 hfh9 figs-metaphor μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ ἀγαθῶν καρπῶν 1 full of mercy and good fruits Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 3 17 by2l 0 and sincere "and honest" or "and truthful" -JAS 3 18 md56 figs-metaphor 0 The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 3 18 htr1 figs-abstractnouns 0 make peace The abstract noun "peace" can be stated as "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 3 18 md56 figs-metaphor καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης σπείρεται ἐν εἰρήνῃ τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην 1 The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 3 18 htr1 figs-abstractnouns ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην 1 make peace The abstract noun "peace" can be stated as "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JAS 4 intro r6vv 0 # James 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Adultery

Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

##### Law

James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Rhetorical Questions

James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Humble

This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.
JAS 4 1 q3pd 0 General Information: In this section, the words "yourselves," "your," and "you" are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes. JAS 4 1 k21j 0 Connecting Statement: James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other. JAS 4 1 ub82 figs-doublet 0 Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from? The abstract nouns "quarrels" and "disputes" mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?" or "Why do you fight among yourselves?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 4 1 pqx2 figs-rquestion 0 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 4 1 vpe2 figs-personification 0 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 4 1 v5kg 0 among your members Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer. -JAS 4 2 khh9 figs-hyperbole 0 You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JAS 4 2 v9m8 figs-doublet 0 You fight and quarrel The words "fight" and "quarrel" mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: "You constantly fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JAS 4 3 nk57 0 you ask badly Possible meanings are 1) "you ask with wrong motives" or "you ask with bad attitudes" or 2) "you are asking for wrong things" or "you are asking for bad things" -JAS 4 4 efi8 figs-metaphor 0 You adulteresses! James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: "You are not being faithful to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 1 pqx2 figs-rquestion ἐντεῦθεν οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ ὑμῶν τῶν ἡδονῶν ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν? 1 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 4 1 vpe2 figs-personification ἐντεῦθεν οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ ὑμῶν τῶν ἡδονῶν ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν? 1 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 4 1 v5kg τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν 1 among your members Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer. +JAS 4 2 khh9 figs-hyperbole φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ δύνασθε οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν 1 You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JAS 4 2 v9m8 figs-doublet μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε 1 You fight and quarrel The words "fight" and "quarrel" mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: "You constantly fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JAS 4 3 nk57 αἰτεῖσθε κακῶς 1 you ask badly Possible meanings are 1) "you ask with wrong motives" or "you ask with bad attitudes" or 2) "you are asking for wrong things" or "you are asking for bad things" +JAS 4 4 efi8 figs-metaphor μοιχαλίδες! 1 You adulteresses! James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: "You are not being faithful to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 4 4 wu5v figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know ... God? James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 4 4 b5ly figs-metonymy 0 friendship with the world This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world's value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 4 4 br36 figs-personification 0 friendship with the world Here the world's value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 4 4 jf1g figs-metonymy 0 friendship with the world is hostility against God One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here "friendship with the world" stands for being friends with the world, and "hostility against God" stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: "friends of the world are enemies of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 4 5 i2y4 0 Or do you think the scripture says in vain This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says" -JAS 4 5 bx68 0 The Spirit he caused to live in us Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as "the spirit" and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers. +JAS 4 4 b5ly figs-metonymy ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου 1 friendship with the world This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world's value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 4 4 br36 figs-personification ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου 1 friendship with the world Here the world's value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JAS 4 4 jf1g figs-metonymy ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου ἐστιν ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 friendship with the world is hostility against God One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here "friendship with the world" stands for being friends with the world, and "hostility against God" stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: "friends of the world are enemies of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 4 5 i2y4 ἢ δοκεῖτε ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει κενῶς 1 Or do you think the scripture says in vain This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says" +JAS 4 5 bx68 τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν 1 The Spirit he caused to live in us Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as "the spirit" and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers. JAS 4 6 ub8z figs-explicit 0 But God gives more grace How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: "But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JAS 4 6 hyh2 0 so the scripture "Because God gives more grace, the scripture" -JAS 4 6 qs61 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: "proud people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JAS 4 6 uu3r figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: "humble people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JAS 4 7 da5t 0 So submit "Because God gives grace to the humble, submit" -JAS 4 7 g7e5 0 submit to God "obey God" -JAS 4 7 nud3 0 Resist the devil "Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants" -JAS 4 7 w9ue 0 he will flee "he will run away" -JAS 4 7 b5yz figs-you 0 you Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James' audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JAS 4 6 qs61 figs-nominaladj ὑπερηφάνοις 1 the proud This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: "proud people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +JAS 4 6 uu3r figs-nominaladj ταπεινοῖς 1 the humble This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: "humble people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +JAS 4 7 da5t οὖν ὑποτάγητε 1 So submit "Because God gives grace to the humble, submit" +JAS 4 7 g7e5 ὑποτάγητε τῷ Θεῷ 1 submit to God "obey God" +JAS 4 7 nud3 ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ 1 Resist the devil "Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants" +JAS 4 7 w9ue φεύξεται 1 he will flee "he will run away" +JAS 4 7 b5yz figs-you ὑμῶν 1 you Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James' audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JAS 4 8 vd6z figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JAS 4 8 g62m figs-metaphor 0 Come close to God Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 8 g62m figs-metaphor ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ 1 Come close to God Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 4 8 yh1k figs-parallelism 0 Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JAS 4 8 elh1 figs-metonymy 0 Cleanse your hands This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: "Behave in a way that honors God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 4 8 mw54 figs-metonymy 0 purify your hearts Here "hearts" refers to a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "make your thoughts and intentions right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 4 8 iw61 figs-metaphor 0 double-minded The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 4 9 kdn8 figs-doublet 0 Grieve, mourn, and cry These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +JAS 4 8 iw61 figs-metaphor δίψυχοι- δίψυχοι 1 double-minded The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 9 kdn8 figs-doublet ταλαιπωρήσατε, πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε 1 Grieve, mourn, and cry These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) JAS 4 9 rf6g figs-parallelism 0 Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns "laughter," "sadness," "joy," and "gloom" can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: "Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 4 10 an8i figs-metaphor 0 Humble yourselves before the Lord "Be humble toward God." Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 4 10 tn5w figs-metaphor 0 he will lift you up James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 10 an8i figs-metaphor ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου 1 Humble yourselves before the Lord "Be humble toward God." Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 10 tn5w figs-metaphor ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς ὑψώσει 1 he will lift you up James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 4 11 sy54 0 General Information: The words "you" and "your" in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes. -JAS 4 11 r3hc 0 speak against "speak badly about" or "oppose" -JAS 4 11 uyi9 figs-metonymy 0 brothers James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -JAS 4 11 jlx4 0 but a judge "but you are acting like the person who gives the law" +JAS 4 11 r3hc καταλαλεῖτε 1 speak against "speak badly about" or "oppose" +JAS 4 11 uyi9 figs-metonymy ἀδελφοί 1 brothers James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +JAS 4 11 jlx4 ἀλλὰ κριτής 1 but a judge "but you are acting like the person who gives the law" JAS 4 12 e9da 0 Only one is the lawgiver and judge This refers to God. "God is the only one who gives laws and judges people" -JAS 4 12 m49q figs-rquestion 0 Who are you, you who judge your neighbor? This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 4 13 iz9h figs-idiom 0 spend a year there James speaks of spending time as if it were money. "stay there for a year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JAS 4 12 m49q figs-rquestion σὺ δὲ τίς, εἶ ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον? 1 Who are you, you who judge your neighbor? This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 4 13 iz9h figs-idiom ποιήσομεν ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκεῖ 1 spend a year there James speaks of spending time as if it were money. "stay there for a year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JAS 4 14 b7ir figs-rquestion 0 Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life? James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 4 14 a9v2 figs-metaphor 0 For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 4 15 gj65 0 Instead, you should say "Instead, your attitude should be" -JAS 4 15 e1il 0 we will live and do this or that "we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do." The word "we" does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James' audience should consider the future. +JAS 4 14 a9v2 figs-metaphor γάρ ἐστε ἀτμὶς φαινομένη ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον καὶ ἔπειτα ἀφανιζομένη 1 For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 4 15 gj65 ἀντὶ, ὑμᾶς τοῦ λέγειν 1 Instead, you should say "Instead, your attitude should be" +JAS 4 15 e1il ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο 1 we will live and do this or that "we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do." The word "we" does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James' audience should consider the future. JAS 4 17 q84z 0 for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin. JAS 5 intro ud8q 0 # James 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Eternity
This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

##### Oaths
Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Elijah
This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.

##### "Save his soul from death"
This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
JAS 5 1 phs3 0 Connecting Statement: James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches. -JAS 5 1 gel9 figs-explicit 0 you who are rich Possible meanings are 1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or 2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: "you who are rich and say you honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JAS 5 1 l3wd figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the miseries coming on you James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun "miseries" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because you will suffer terribly in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JAS 5 2 gq45 figs-pastforfuture 0 Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten. Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +JAS 5 1 gel9 figs-explicit οἱ πλούσιοι 1 you who are rich Possible meanings are 1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or 2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: "you who are rich and say you honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JAS 5 1 l3wd figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις ὑμῶν 1 because of the miseries coming on you James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun "miseries" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because you will suffer terribly in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JAS 5 2 gq45 figs-pastforfuture ὑμῶν ὁ πλοῦτος σέσηπεν, καὶ ὑμῶν τὰ ἱμάτια γέγονεν σητόβρωτα- σητόβρωτα. 1 Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten. Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JAS 5 2 v241 0 riches ... clothes These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. JAS 5 3 am1u figs-pastforfuture 0 Your gold and your silver have become tarnished Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JAS 5 3 wj9v 0 gold ... silver These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. JAS 5 3 q4pm 0 have become tarnished ... their rust These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: "are ruined ... their ruined condition" or "are corroded ... their corrosion" -JAS 5 3 e55t figs-personification 0 their rust will be a witness against you. It James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] ) +JAS 5 3 e55t figs-personification αὐτῶν ὁ ἰὸς ἔσται εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν. φάγεται 1 their rust will be a witness against you. It James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] ) JAS 5 3 i37x figs-simile 0 will consume ... like fire Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 3 w3aj figs-metonymy 0 your flesh Here "flesh" stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 3 j6fe figs-metaphor 0 fire The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God's punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 3 np1u figs-metonymy 0 for the last days This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: "for when God is about to judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 3 w3aj figs-metonymy ὑμῶν τὰς σάρκας 1 your flesh Here "flesh" stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 3 j6fe figs-metaphor πῦρ 1 fire The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God's punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 3 np1u figs-metonymy ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις 1 for the last days This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: "for when God is about to judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 5 4 gcj5 0 Connecting Statement: James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches. JAS 5 4 e9iy figs-personification 0 the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: "the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JAS 5 4 n21a figs-metaphor 0 the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 4 h9y8 figs-metaphor 0 into the ears of the Lord of hosts God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 5 xt8h figs-metaphor 0 You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 5 pr31 figs-metonymy 0 your hearts The "heart" was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 4 n21a figs-metaphor αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων εἰσελήλυθαν εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ 1 the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 4 h9y8 figs-metaphor εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ 1 into the ears of the Lord of hosts God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 5 xt8h figs-metaphor ἐθρέψατε ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς 1 You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 5 pr31 figs-metonymy ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 your hearts The "heart" was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 5 6 u5c5 0 You have condemned ... the righteous person This is probably not "condemned" in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die. -JAS 5 6 lq6p figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person. He does not "the people who do what is right. They do not." Here "the righteous person" refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: "righteous people. They do not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -JAS 5 6 z7w1 0 resist you "oppose you" +JAS 5 6 lq6p figs-genericnoun τὸν δίκαιον. ἀντιτάσσεται οὐκ 1 the righteous person. He does not "the people who do what is right. They do not." Here "the righteous person" refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: "righteous people. They do not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +JAS 5 6 z7w1 ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν 1 resist you "oppose you" JAS 5 7 n888 0 General Information: In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord's coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord. JAS 5 7 xr6g 0 Connecting Statement: James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers. -JAS 5 7 a4sv 0 So be patient "Because of this, wait and be calm" +JAS 5 7 a4sv οὖν μακροθυμήσατε 1 So be patient "Because of this, wait and be calm" JAS 5 7 wgk4 figs-metonymy 0 until the Lord's coming This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: "until Christ's return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 7 y4er figs-metaphor 0 the farmer James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 8 bbn1 figs-metonymy 0 Make your hearts strong James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 7 y4er figs-metaphor ὁ γεωργὸς 1 the farmer James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 8 bbn1 figs-metonymy στηρίξατε ὑμῶν τὰς καρδίας στηρίξατε 1 Make your hearts strong James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 5 8 jw3b 0 the Lord's coming is near "the Lord will return soon" JAS 5 9 k74r 0 Do not complain, brothers ... you James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers. -JAS 5 9 w9xv 0 against one another "about each other" -JAS 5 9 z3p7 figs-activepassive 0 you will be not judged This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JAS 5 9 ita4 0 See, the judge "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge" -JAS 5 9 g938 figs-metaphor 0 the judge is standing at the door James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 10 sic1 0 the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord "how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience" -JAS 5 10 pvs3 figs-metonymy 0 spoke in the name of the Lord "Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 11 xwr8 0 See, we regard "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard" -JAS 5 11 s3nl 0 those who endured "those who continued obeying God even through hardship" -JAS 5 12 fug7 0 Above all, my brothers, "This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers," -JAS 5 12 bjt3 figs-gendernotations 0 my brothers This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: "my fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -JAS 5 12 s755 0 do not swear To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow" -JAS 5 12 t1uq figs-metonymy 0 either by heaven or by the earth The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 9 w9xv κατ’ ἀλλήλων 1 against one another "about each other" +JAS 5 9 z3p7 figs-activepassive κριθῆτε μὴ κριθῆτε 1 you will be not judged This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 5 9 ita4 ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς 1 See, the judge "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge" +JAS 5 9 g938 figs-metaphor ὁ κριτὴς ἕστηκεν πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν 1 the judge is standing at the door James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 10 sic1 τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας τοὺς προφήτας, οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord "how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience" +JAS 5 10 pvs3 figs-metonymy οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου 1 spoke in the name of the Lord "Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 11 xwr8 ἰδοὺ, μακαρίζομεν 1 See, we regard "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard" +JAS 5 11 s3nl τοὺς ὑπομείναντας 1 those who endured "those who continued obeying God even through hardship" +JAS 5 12 fug7 πρὸ πάντων, μου ἀδελφοί, 1 Above all, my brothers, "This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers," +JAS 5 12 bjt3 figs-gendernotations μου ἀδελφοί 1 my brothers This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: "my fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +JAS 5 12 s755 ὀμνύετε μὴ ὀμνύετε 1 do not swear To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow" +JAS 5 12 t1uq figs-metonymy μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν μήτε τὴν γῆν 1 either by heaven or by the earth The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 5 12 m3ve 0 let your "Yes" mean "Yes" and your "No" mean "No," "do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath" -JAS 5 12 f6mx figs-metaphor 0 so you do not fall under judgment Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 13 m3e6 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 5 13 wdf7 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 5 14 in34 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone among you sick? Let him call James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is sick, he should call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JAS 5 14 fik7 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord "Name" is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "with the authority that the Lord has given hthem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 15 c8q6 figs-metonymy 0 The prayer of faith will heal the sick person The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: "The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 15 qiw4 0 The prayer of faith "The prayer made by believers" or "The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask" -JAS 5 15 ei3q 0 the Lord will raise him up "the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life" +JAS 5 12 f6mx figs-metaphor ἵνα πέσητε μὴ πέσητε ὑπὸ κρίσιν 1 so you do not fall under judgment Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 13 m3e6 figs-rquestion τις ἐν ὑμῖν κακοπαθεῖ? προσευχέσθω 1 Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 5 13 wdf7 figs-rquestion τις εὐθυμεῖ? ψαλλέτω 1 Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 5 14 in34 figs-rquestion τις ἐν ὑμῖν ἀσθενεῖ? προσκαλεσάσθω 1 Is anyone among you sick? Let him call James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is sick, he should call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JAS 5 14 fik7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord "Name" is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "with the authority that the Lord has given hthem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 15 c8q6 figs-metonymy ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα 1 The prayer of faith will heal the sick person The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: "The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 15 qiw4 ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως 1 The prayer of faith "The prayer made by believers" or "The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask" +JAS 5 15 ei3q ὁ Κύριος ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ἐγερεῖ 1 the Lord will raise him up "the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life" JAS 5 16 t2iq 0 General Information: As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet's practical prayers. -JAS 5 16 dl5k 0 So confess your sins Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven. -JAS 5 16 i8cm 0 to one another "to each other" -JAS 5 16 mzk8 figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God may heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JAS 5 16 dl5k οὖν ἐξομολογεῖσθε τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 So confess your sins Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven. +JAS 5 16 i8cm ἀλλήλοις 1 to one another "to each other" +JAS 5 16 mzk8 figs-activepassive ὅπως ἰαθῆτε 1 so that you may be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God may heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JAS 5 16 zk62 figs-metaphor 0 The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: "When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JAS 5 17 vhw2 0 prayed earnestly "prayed eagerly" or "prayed passionately" +JAS 5 17 vhw2 προσευχῇ προσηύξατο 1 prayed earnestly "prayed eagerly" or "prayed passionately" JAS 5 17 i8wv translate-numbers 0 three ... six "3 ... 6" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JAS 5 18 zwc9 0 The heavens gave rain "The heavens" probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: "Rain fell from the sky" -JAS 5 18 yi7m 0 the earth produced its fruit Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops. -JAS 5 18 s76l figs-metonymy 0 fruit Here "fruit" stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JAS 5 19 xr4l figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -JAS 5 19 dv4v figs-metaphor 0 if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: "whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 18 zwc9 ὁ οὐρανὸς ἔδωκεν ὑετὸν 1 The heavens gave rain "The heavens" probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: "Rain fell from the sky" +JAS 5 18 yi7m ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν αὐτῆς τὸν καρπὸν 1 the earth produced its fruit Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops. +JAS 5 18 s76l figs-metonymy τὸν καρπὸν 1 fruit Here "fruit" stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JAS 5 19 xr4l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +JAS 5 19 dv4v figs-metaphor ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ τις ἐπιστρέψῃ αὐτόν ἐπιστρέψῃ 1 if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: "whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JAS 5 20 xg1y figs-metonymy 0 whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way ... will cover over a great number of sins James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner's soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JAS 5 20 pd78 figs-synecdoche 0 will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins Here "death" refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: "will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JAS 5 20 rh4d figs-metaphor 0 will cover over a great number of sins Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JAS 5 20 rh4d figs-metaphor καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν 1 will cover over a great number of sins Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv b/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv index 9f28e4475d..f47e224f85 100644 --- a/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv +++ b/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv @@ -2,278 +2,278 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE front intro c1uv 0 # Introduction to 1 Peter
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of 1 Peter

1. Introduction (1:1-2)
1. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)
1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)
1. Closing (5:12-14)


#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?

The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.

#### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?

Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12).
He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### How were Christians treated in Rome?

Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### Singular and plural "you"
In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?

* "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart."

If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1PE 1 intro ql4i 0 # 1 Peter 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### What God reveals

When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God's people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God's people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.

##### Holiness

God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

##### Eternity

Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](./06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them "in the last time" ([1 Peter 1:5](./05.md))
1PE 1 1 g6b4 0 General Information: Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing. -1PE 1 1 u3zc figs-metaphor 0 the foreigners of the dispersion Peter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 1 u3zc figs-metaphor παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς 1 the foreigners of the dispersion Peter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 1 1 qkl8 0 Cappadocia ... Bithynia Along with the other places that Peter mentions, "Cappadocia" and "Bithynia" were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey. -1PE 1 1 cf7b 0 the chosen ones "the ones whom God the Father has chosen." God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. -1PE 1 2 a3gd 0 according to the foreknowledge of God the Father "according to his own foreknowledge" -1PE 1 2 ba1h figs-abstractnouns 0 the foreknowledge of God the Father The abstract noun "foreknowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are 1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father decided previously" or 2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father knew beforehand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 2 i9kf figs-metonymy 0 for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 2 z7df figs-abstractnouns 0 May grace be to you, and may your peace increase This passage speaks of grace as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of peace as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 1 cf7b παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς ἐκλεκτοῖς 1 the chosen ones "the ones whom God the Father has chosen." God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. +1PE 1 2 a3gd κατὰ πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός 1 according to the foreknowledge of God the Father "according to his own foreknowledge" +1PE 1 2 ba1h figs-abstractnouns πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός 1 the foreknowledge of God the Father The abstract noun "foreknowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are 1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father decided previously" or 2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father knew beforehand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 2 i9kf figs-metonymy ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 2 z7df figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν, καὶ πληθυνθείη εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 May grace be to you, and may your peace increase This passage speaks of grace as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of peace as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 1 3 y6aq 0 General Information: Peter begins to talk about the believers' salvation and faith. Here he elaborates on a metaphor in which what God promises to do for all believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he passes on to them. 1PE 1 3 cyf6 figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Jesus Christ ... has given us new birth The words "our" and "us" refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1PE 1 3 c92y 0 he has given us new birth "he has caused us to be born again" -1PE 1 4 b2zy figs-abstractnouns 0 This is for an inheritance You can translate this using a verb. Alternate translation: "We confidently expect to receive an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 4 cy1g figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 4 vr9s figs-metaphor 0 will not perish, will not become stained, and will not fade away Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 4 z6w4 figs-activepassive 0 It is reserved in heaven for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is reserving it in heaven for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 5 r4es figs-activepassive 0 You are protected by God's power This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is protecting you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 5 fw3p figs-abstractnouns 0 by God's power Here "power" is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 5 a4ab figs-abstractnouns 0 through faith Here "faith" refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: "because of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 5 g4rb figs-activepassive 0 that is ready to be revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is ready to reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 6 hy8d 0 You are very glad about this The word "this" refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses. -1PE 1 7 vvp1 figs-metaphor 0 This is for the proving of your faith In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 7 ct3n 0 the proving of your faith God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ. -1PE 1 7 u63m 0 faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes, even though it is tested by fire Faith is more valuable than gold, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in fire. -1PE 1 7 a6q4 0 your faith will be found to result in praise, glory, and honor Possible meanings are 1) that "God will honor you very highly" because of your faith or 2) that "your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor" to God. -1PE 1 7 bkr9 figs-activepassive 0 at the revealing of Jesus Christ "when Jesus Christ is revealed." This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 8 eka3 0 joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory "wonderful joy that words cannot describe" -1PE 1 9 j2qe figs-synecdoche 0 the salvation of your souls Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "your salvation" or "God saving you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 9 hw6y 0 salvation This words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, "salvation" refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. +1PE 1 3 c92y ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς ἀναγεννήσας 1 he has given us new birth "he has caused us to be born again" +1PE 1 4 b2zy figs-abstractnouns εἰς κληρονομίαν 1 This is for an inheritance You can translate this using a verb. Alternate translation: "We confidently expect to receive an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 4 cy1g figs-metaphor κληρονομίαν 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 4 vr9s figs-metaphor ἄφθαρτον, ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον 1 will not perish, will not become stained, and will not fade away Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 4 z6w4 figs-activepassive τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 It is reserved in heaven for you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is reserving it in heaven for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 5 r4es figs-activepassive τοὺς φρουρουμένους ἐν Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ δυνάμει 1 You are protected by God's power This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is protecting you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 5 fw3p figs-abstractnouns ἐν Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ δυνάμει 1 by God's power Here "power" is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 5 a4ab figs-abstractnouns διὰ πίστεως 1 through faith Here "faith" refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: "because of your faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 5 g4rb figs-activepassive ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 that is ready to be revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is ready to reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 6 hy8d ἀγαλλιᾶσθε ἐν ᾧ 1 You are very glad about this The word "this" refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses. +1PE 1 7 vvp1 figs-metaphor ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως 1 This is for the proving of your faith In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 7 ct3n τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως 1 the proving of your faith God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ. +1PE 1 7 u63m τῆς πίστεως, πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, δοκιμαζομένου διὰ πυρὸς 1 faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes, even though it is tested by fire Faith is more valuable than gold, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in fire. +1PE 1 7 a6q4 εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν 1 your faith will be found to result in praise, glory, and honor Possible meanings are 1) that "God will honor you very highly" because of your faith or 2) that "your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor" to God. +1PE 1 7 bkr9 figs-activepassive ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 at the revealing of Jesus Christ "when Jesus Christ is revealed." This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 8 eka3 χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ 1 joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory "wonderful joy that words cannot describe" +1PE 1 9 j2qe figs-synecdoche σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν 1 the salvation of your souls Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "your salvation" or "God saving you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 9 hw6y σωτηρίαν 1 salvation This words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, "salvation" refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. 1PE 1 10 p4p5 0 salvation ... grace These words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, "salvation" refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, "grace" refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers. -1PE 1 10 yyz4 figs-doublet 0 searched and inquired carefully The words "inquired carefully" mean basically the same thing as "searched." Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: "examined very carefully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 1 10 yyz4 figs-doublet ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν 1 searched and inquired carefully The words "inquired carefully" mean basically the same thing as "searched." Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: "examined very carefully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1PE 1 11 x5x8 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues talking about the prophets' search for salvation. -1PE 1 11 r5jf 0 They searched to know "They tried to determine" -1PE 1 11 w3n8 0 the Spirit of Christ This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. -1PE 1 12 x4b1 figs-activepassive 0 It was revealed to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God revealed to the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 12 xi4d 0 into which angels long to look "that angels want to understand" -1PE 1 13 bjg9 0 So gird "Because of this, gird." Peter uses the word "So" here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets. -1PE 1 13 u87y figs-idiom 0 gird up the loins of your mind Girding up the loins refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one's robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: "get your minds ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1PE 1 13 i56f figs-idiom 0 Be sober Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1PE 1 13 y771 figs-activepassive 0 the grace that will be brought to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God will bring to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 13 ut69 figs-metaphor 0 the grace that will be brought to you Here God's way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 13 l45d figs-activepassive 0 when Jesus Christ is revealed This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 14 e4tb figs-idiom 0 do not conform yourselves to the desires "do not desire the same things" Alternate translation: "do not live to gratify the desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1PE 1 16 m1q7 figs-activepassive 0 For it is written This refers to God's message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For as God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 16 s8kz 0 Be holy, because I am holy Here the word "I" refers to God. -1PE 1 17 s6gv figs-metaphor 0 go through the time of your journey Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: "use the time you are living away from your true home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 18 q4pc figs-activepassive 0 you have been redeemed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has redeemed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 19 s4jd figs-metonymy 0 the precious blood of Christ Here "blood" stands for Christ's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 1 19 gk6a figs-simile 0 like a lamb without blemish or spot Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people's sins. Alternate translation: "like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 1 19 smu8 figs-doublet 0 without blemish or spot Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ's purity. Alternate translation: "with no imperfections" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 1 20 msw5 figs-activepassive 0 Christ was chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 20 ky7a figs-abstractnouns 0 before the foundation of the world You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "before God created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 20 dkk2 figs-activepassive 0 he has been revealed to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has revealed him to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 1 20 u7e3 figs-metaphor 0 he has been revealed to you Peter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 21 lt5u 0 who raised him from the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead" -1PE 1 21 f7mn figs-abstractnouns 0 and gave him glory "and glorified him" or "and showed that he is glorious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 22 luj3 figs-synecdoche 0 You made your souls pure Here the word "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "You made yourselves pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1PE 1 22 hj14 figs-metaphor 0 pure Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 22 qyt5 figs-abstractnouns 0 by obedience to the truth You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "by obeying the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 22 j777 0 brotherly love This refers to love between fellow believers. -1PE 1 22 e9wr figs-metonymy 0 love one another earnestly from the heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or emotions. To love someone "from the heart" means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: "love one another earnestly and completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 1 23 w4v3 figs-metaphor 0 born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seed Possible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either 1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or 2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 23 nh9r 0 imperishable seed seed that will not rot or dry up or die -1PE 1 23 tjq9 figs-metonymy 0 through the living and remaining word of God Peter speaks of God's word as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 1 11 r5jf ἐραυνῶντες 1 They searched to know "They tried to determine" +1PE 1 11 w3n8 τὸ Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 1 the Spirit of Christ This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. +1PE 1 12 x4b1 figs-activepassive ἀπεκαλύφθη οἷς 1 It was revealed to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God revealed to the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 12 xi4d εἰς ἃ ἄγγελοι ἐπιθυμοῦσιν παρακύψαι 1 into which angels long to look "that angels want to understand" +1PE 1 13 bjg9 διὸ ἀναζωσάμενοι 1 So gird "Because of this, gird." Peter uses the word "So" here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets. +1PE 1 13 u87y figs-idiom ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς ὑμῶν διανοίας 1 gird up the loins of your mind Girding up the loins refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one's robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: "get your minds ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1PE 1 13 i56f figs-idiom νήφοντες 1 Be sober Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1PE 1 13 y771 figs-activepassive τὴν χάριν φερομένην ὑμῖν 1 the grace that will be brought to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the grace that God will bring to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 13 ut69 figs-metaphor τὴν χάριν φερομένην ὑμῖν 1 the grace that will be brought to you Here God's way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 13 l45d figs-activepassive ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἀποκαλύψει 1 when Jesus Christ is revealed This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 14 e4tb figs-idiom συνσχηματιζόμενοι μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις 1 do not conform yourselves to the desires "do not desire the same things" Alternate translation: "do not live to gratify the desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1PE 1 16 m1q7 figs-activepassive διότι ὅτι 1 For it is written This refers to God's message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For as God said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 16 s8kz ἔσεσθε ἅγιοι, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος 1 Be holy, because I am holy Here the word "I" refers to God. +1PE 1 17 s6gv figs-metaphor ἀναστράφητε τὸν χρόνον τῆς ὑμῶν παροικίας 1 go through the time of your journey Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: "use the time you are living away from your true home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 18 q4pc figs-activepassive ἐλυτρώθητε 1 you have been redeemed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has redeemed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 19 s4jd figs-metonymy τιμίῳ αἵματι Χριστοῦ 1 the precious blood of Christ Here "blood" stands for Christ's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 1 19 gk6a figs-simile ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου 1 like a lamb without blemish or spot Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people's sins. Alternate translation: "like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 1 19 smu8 figs-doublet ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου 1 without blemish or spot Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ's purity. Alternate translation: "with no imperfections" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 1 20 msw5 figs-activepassive προεγνωσμένου μὲν 1 Christ was chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 20 ky7a figs-abstractnouns πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 before the foundation of the world You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "before God created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 20 dkk2 figs-activepassive φανερωθέντος δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 he has been revealed to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has revealed him to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 1 20 u7e3 figs-metaphor φανερωθέντος δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 he has been revealed to you Peter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 21 lt5u τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 who raised him from the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead" +1PE 1 21 f7mn figs-abstractnouns καὶ δόντα αὐτῷ δόξαν 1 and gave him glory "and glorified him" or "and showed that he is glorious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 22 luj3 figs-synecdoche ἡγνικότες ὑμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς ἡγνικότες 1 You made your souls pure Here the word "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "You made yourselves pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1PE 1 22 hj14 figs-metaphor ἡγνικότες 1 pure Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 22 qyt5 figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 by obedience to the truth You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "by obeying the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 1 22 j777 φιλαδελφίαν 1 brotherly love This refers to love between fellow believers. +1PE 1 22 e9wr figs-metonymy φιλαδελφίαν ἀγαπήσατε ἀλλήλους ἐκτενῶς ἐκ καρδίας 1 love one another earnestly from the heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or emotions. To love someone "from the heart" means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: "love one another earnestly and completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 1 23 w4v3 figs-metaphor ἀναγεγεννημένοι, οὐκ ἐκ φθαρτῆς σπορᾶς, ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου 1 born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seed Possible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either 1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or 2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 1 23 nh9r ἀφθάρτου 1 imperishable seed seed that will not rot or dry up or die +1PE 1 23 tjq9 figs-metonymy διὰ λόγου ζῶντος καὶ μένοντος διὰ λόγου Θεοῦ 1 through the living and remaining word of God Peter speaks of God's word as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 1 24 kyc5 0 General Information: In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed. -1PE 1 24 dr75 figs-metonymy 0 All flesh is like grass, and all its The word "flesh" refers to humanity. The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: "All people will die like grass dies, and all their" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 1 24 hd2f figs-simile 0 glory is like the wild flower of the grass Here the word "glory" refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: "goodness soon stops, just as flowers soon die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 1 25 aba2 0 the word of the Lord "the message that comes from the Lord" +1PE 1 24 dr75 figs-metonymy πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα αὐτῆς 1 All flesh is like grass, and all its The word "flesh" refers to humanity. The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: "All people will die like grass dies, and all their" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 1 24 hd2f figs-simile δόξα ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου 1 glory is like the wild flower of the grass Here the word "glory" refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: "goodness soon stops, just as flowers soon die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 1 25 aba2 τὸ ῥῆμα Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord "the message that comes from the Lord" 1PE 1 25 s11j figs-activepassive 0 the gospel that was proclaimed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the gospel that we proclaimed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 2 intro a121 0 # 1 Peter 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Stones

The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Milk and babies

When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1PE 2 1 cch5 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience. -1PE 2 1 g65y figs-metaphor 0 Therefore put aside all evil, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slander These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. The word "Therefore" here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. Alternate translation: "So then, get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander" or "So then, stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 2 y6fv figs-metaphor 0 As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God's word. Alternate translation: "Just as babies long for their mother's breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 2 rm71 0 long for "desire intensely" or "yearn for" -1PE 2 2 fn81 figs-metaphor 0 pure spiritual milk Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were spiritual milk that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 2 vg76 figs-abstractnouns 0 you may grow in salvation Here the word "salvation" refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 2 2 ypy6 figs-metaphor 0 grow Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 3 tui9 figs-metaphor 0 if you have tasted that the Lord is kind Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: "if you have experienced the Lord's kindness toward you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 1 g65y figs-metaphor οὖν ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς 1 Therefore put aside all evil, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slander These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. The word "Therefore" here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. Alternate translation: "So then, get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander" or "So then, stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 2 y6fv figs-metaphor ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη, ἐπιποθήσατε τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα 1 As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God's word. Alternate translation: "Just as babies long for their mother's breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 2 rm71 ἐπιποθήσατε 1 long for "desire intensely" or "yearn for" +1PE 2 2 fn81 figs-metaphor τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα 1 pure spiritual milk Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were spiritual milk that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 2 vg76 figs-abstractnouns αὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 you may grow in salvation Here the word "salvation" refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 2 2 ypy6 figs-metaphor αὐξηθῆτε 1 grow Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 3 tui9 figs-metaphor εἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι ὁ Κύριος χρηστὸς 1 if you have tasted that the Lord is kind Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: "if you have experienced the Lord's kindness toward you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 2 4 sa2z figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 4 c4lu figs-metaphor 0 Come to him who is a living stone Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: "Come to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 4 ihq2 0 who is a living stone Possible meanings are 1) "who is a stone that is alive" or 2) "who is a stone that gives life." -1PE 2 4 e8sy figs-activepassive 0 that has been rejected by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people have rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 4 a438 figs-activepassive 0 but that has been chosen by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but that God has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 4 c4lu figs-metaphor προσερχόμενοι πρὸς ὃν λίθον ζῶντα λίθον 1 Come to him who is a living stone Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: "Come to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 4 ihq2 ὃν λίθον ζῶντα λίθον 1 who is a living stone Possible meanings are 1) "who is a stone that is alive" or 2) "who is a stone that gives life." +1PE 2 4 e8sy figs-activepassive ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν 1 that has been rejected by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people have rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 4 a438 figs-activepassive δὲ ἐκλεκτὸν παρὰ Θεῷ 1 but that has been chosen by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but that God has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 2 5 z11h figs-metaphor 0 You also are ... being built up to be a spiritual house Just as people used stones to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 5 g33x figs-simile 0 You also are like living stones Peter compares his readers to stones that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 2 5 v3jw figs-activepassive 0 that are being built up to be a spiritual house This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is building into a spiritual house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 5 i4bn figs-metonymy 0 a holy priesthood that offers the spiritual sacrifices Here the position of priesthood stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 2 6 ibi1 figs-metaphor 0 Scripture contains this The scriptures are spoken of as if they were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: "This is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 6 q7jx 0 See The word "see" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -1PE 2 6 klv2 figs-explicit 0 a cornerstone, chosen and valuable God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: "a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 2 6 xsx8 figs-metaphor 0 a cornerstone The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 5 g33x figs-simile αὐτοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς ζῶντες λίθοι 1 You also are like living stones Peter compares his readers to stones that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 2 5 v3jw figs-activepassive οἰκοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικὸς οἶκος 1 that are being built up to be a spiritual house This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is building into a spiritual house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 5 i4bn figs-metonymy ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἱεράτευμα ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας 1 a holy priesthood that offers the spiritual sacrifices Here the position of priesthood stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 2 6 ibi1 figs-metaphor ἐν Γραφῇ διότι περιέχει 1 Scripture contains this The scriptures are spoken of as if they were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: "This is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 6 q7jx ἰδοὺ 1 See The word "see" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +1PE 2 6 klv2 figs-explicit λίθον ἀκρογωνιαῖον, ἐκλεκτὸν καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἔντιμον 1 a cornerstone, chosen and valuable God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: "a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 2 6 xsx8 figs-metaphor λίθον ἀκρογωνιαῖον 1 a cornerstone The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 2 7 ze1c 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues quoting from the scriptures. -1PE 2 7 uu3j figs-metaphor 0 the stone that was rejected ... has become the head of the corner This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God has made him the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 2 7 i4jl figs-activepassive 0 the stone that was rejected by the builders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the stone that the builders rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 7 ql12 0 the head of the corner This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as "cornerstone" in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). -1PE 2 8 ptx5 figs-explicit 0 A stone of stumbling and a rock that makes them fall These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take offense at this "stone," which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "a stone or a rock over which people will stumble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 7 uu3j figs-metaphor εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 the stone that was rejected ... has become the head of the corner This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God has made him the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 2 7 i4jl figs-activepassive λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες 1 the stone that was rejected by the builders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the stone that the builders rejected" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 7 ql12 εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 the head of the corner This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as "cornerstone" in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). +1PE 2 8 ptx5 figs-explicit λίθος προσκόμματος καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου 1 A stone of stumbling and a rock that makes them fall These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take offense at this "stone," which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "a stone or a rock over which people will stumble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 2 8 h7ta 0 stumble because they disobey the word Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. "stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus" 1PE 2 8 sm6s figs-activepassive 0 which is what they were appointed to do This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for which God also appointed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 2 9 dc8m 0 General Information: In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable. -1PE 2 9 zla9 figs-activepassive 0 a chosen people You can clarify that God is the one who has chosen them. Alternate translation: "a people whom God has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 9 g39z 0 a royal priesthood Possible meanings are 1) "a group of kings and a group of priests" or 2) "a group of priests who serve the king." -1PE 2 9 qk7f 0 a people for God's possession "a people who belong to God" -1PE 2 9 ra7z 0 who called you out "who called you to come out" -1PE 2 9 nvf5 figs-metaphor 0 from darkness into his marvelous light Here "darkness" refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and "light" refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: "from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 9 zla9 figs-activepassive γένος ἐκλεκτόν γένος 1 a chosen people You can clarify that God is the one who has chosen them. Alternate translation: "a people whom God has chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 9 g39z ἱεράτευμα βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα 1 a royal priesthood Possible meanings are 1) "a group of kings and a group of priests" or 2) "a group of priests who serve the king." +1PE 2 9 qk7f λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν' περιποίησιν 1 a people for God's possession "a people who belong to God" +1PE 2 9 ra7z καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς ἐκ 1 who called you out "who called you to come out" +1PE 2 9 nvf5 figs-metaphor ἐκ σκότους εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸ θαυμαστὸν φῶς 1 from darkness into his marvelous light Here "darkness" refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and "light" refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: "from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 2 11 jnr9 0 General Information: Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives. -1PE 2 11 ve9u figs-doublet 0 foreigners and exiles These two words mean basically the same thing. Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated "foreigners" in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 11 ubn9 figs-metaphor 0 to abstain from fleshly desires Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: "to not to give in to sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 11 x3q5 figs-metonymy 0 make war against your soul Here the word "soul" refers to a person's spiritual life. Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: "seek to destroy your spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 12 b5nv figs-abstractnouns 0 You should have good behavior The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "You should behave well" or "You should behave in a good way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 2 11 ve9u figs-doublet παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους 1 foreigners and exiles These two words mean basically the same thing. Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated "foreigners" in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 11 ubn9 figs-metaphor ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν 1 to abstain from fleshly desires Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: "to not to give in to sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 11 x3q5 figs-metonymy στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς 1 make war against your soul Here the word "soul" refers to a person's spiritual life. Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: "seek to destroy your spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 12 b5nv figs-abstractnouns ἔχοντες καλήν τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν 1 You should have good behavior The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "You should behave well" or "You should behave in a good way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 2 12 mkt4 0 if they speak about you as "if they accuse you of" -1PE 2 12 w3yn figs-abstractnouns 0 they may observe your good works The abstract noun "works" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "they may observe the good things that you do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 2 12 s2ji figs-explicit 0 on the day of his coming "on the day when he comes." This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: "when he comes to judge everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 2 13 c484 0 for the Lord's sake Possible meanings are 1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or 2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. -1PE 2 13 al6q 0 the king as supreme "the king as the highest human authority" -1PE 2 14 y1l2 figs-activepassive 0 who are sent to punish This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the king has sent to punish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 15 mh6s 0 in doing good you silence the ignorant talk of foolish people "by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know" -1PE 2 16 y9pg figs-metaphor 0 as a covering for wickedness Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: "as an excuse to do wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 17 gwy8 0 the brotherhood This refers to all Christian believers. +1PE 2 12 w3yn figs-abstractnouns ἐποπτεύοντες ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων 1 they may observe your good works The abstract noun "works" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "they may observe the good things that you do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 2 12 s2ji figs-explicit ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς 1 on the day of his coming "on the day when he comes." This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: "when he comes to judge everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 2 13 c484 διὰ τὸν Κύριον' διὰ τὸν Κύριον 1 for the Lord's sake Possible meanings are 1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or 2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. +1PE 2 13 al6q βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι 1 the king as supreme "the king as the highest human authority" +1PE 2 14 y1l2 figs-activepassive ὡς δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις εἰς ἐκδίκησιν 1 who are sent to punish This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the king has sent to punish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 15 mh6s ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν 1 in doing good you silence the ignorant talk of foolish people "by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know" +1PE 2 16 y9pg figs-metaphor ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα τῆς κακίας 1 as a covering for wickedness Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: "as an excuse to do wicked things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 17 gwy8 τὴν ἀδελφότητα 1 the brotherhood This refers to all Christian believers. 1PE 2 18 w2nc 0 General Information: Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in people's houses. -1PE 2 18 xgk8 figs-doublet 0 the good and gentle masters Here the words "good" and "gentle" share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: "the very kind masters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 2 18 a6gc 0 the malicious ones "the cruel ones" or "the mean ones" -1PE 2 19 r1h1 0 it is praiseworthy "it is deserving of praise" or "it is pleasing to God" +1PE 2 18 xgk8 figs-doublet τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν 1 the good and gentle masters Here the words "good" and "gentle" share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: "the very kind masters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 2 18 a6gc τοῖς σκολιοῖς 1 the malicious ones "the cruel ones" or "the mean ones" +1PE 2 19 r1h1 τοῦτο γὰρ χάρις 1 it is praiseworthy "it is deserving of praise" or "it is pleasing to God" 1PE 2 19 zm8e 0 endures pain ... because of his awareness of God Possible meanings of the original passage are 1) that this person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God or 2) that this person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering. 1PE 2 20 y5ue figs-rquestion 0 For how much credit is there ... while being punished? Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: "For there is no credit ... while being punished." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1PE 2 20 pr8b figs-activepassive 0 while being punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while someone punishes you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 20 ly9f figs-activepassive 0 you suffer while being punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you suffer while someone punishes you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 20 pr8b figs-activepassive κολαφιζόμενοι 1 while being punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while someone punishes you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 20 ly9f figs-activepassive πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε 1 you suffer while being punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you suffer while someone punishes you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 2 21 c1jn 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in people's houses. -1PE 2 21 xit1 figs-activepassive 0 it is to this that you were called Here the word "this" refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has called you to this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 21 si3l figs-metaphor 0 for you to follow in his steps "so that you would follow his footprints." Peter speaks of following Jesus' example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: "so that you would imitate his behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 2 22 tyz4 figs-activepassive 0 neither was any deceit found in his mouth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 22 lw1u figs-metonymy 0 neither was any deceit found in his mouth Here "deceit" refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: "neither did he speak any lies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 2 23 lj4a figs-activepassive 0 When he was reviled, he did not revile back To "revile" someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When people insulted him, he did not insult them back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 23 gqb5 0 gave himself to the one who judges justly "he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly." This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly. +1PE 2 21 xit1 figs-activepassive εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε 1 it is to this that you were called Here the word "this" refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has called you to this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 21 si3l figs-metaphor ὑμῖν ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ 1 for you to follow in his steps "so that you would follow his footprints." Peter speaks of following Jesus' example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: "so that you would imitate his behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 22 tyz4 figs-activepassive οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος εὑρέθη ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ στόματι 1 neither was any deceit found in his mouth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 22 lw1u figs-metonymy οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος εὑρέθη ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ στόματι 1 neither was any deceit found in his mouth Here "deceit" refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: "neither did he speak any lies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 2 23 lj4a figs-activepassive ὃς λοιδορούμενος, ἀντελοιδόρει οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει 1 When he was reviled, he did not revile back To "revile" someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When people insulted him, he did not insult them back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 23 gqb5 παρεδίδου τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως 1 gave himself to the one who judges justly "he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly." This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly. 1PE 2 24 k5fm 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants. -1PE 2 24 k632 figs-rpronouns 0 He himself This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -1PE 2 24 w49m figs-metonymy 0 carried our sins in his body to the tree Here "carried our sins" means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: "suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 2 24 zl8e figs-metonymy 0 the tree This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 2 24 ep4s figs-activepassive 0 By his bruises you have been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has healed you because people bruised him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 2 25 sgt9 figs-simile 0 you had been wandering away like lost sheep Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 2 25 i5lu figs-metaphor 0 the shepherd and guardian of your souls Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 2 24 k632 figs-rpronouns ὃς αὐτὸς 1 He himself This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +1PE 2 24 w49m figs-metonymy ἀνήνεγκεν ἡμῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον 1 carried our sins in his body to the tree Here "carried our sins" means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: "suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 2 24 zl8e figs-metonymy τὸ ξύλον 1 the tree This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 2 24 ep4s figs-activepassive τῷ μώλωπι οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε 1 By his bruises you have been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has healed you because people bruised him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 2 25 sgt9 figs-simile ἦτε πλανώμενοι ὡς πρόβατα 1 you had been wandering away like lost sheep Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 2 25 i5lu figs-metaphor τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν 1 the shepherd and guardian of your souls Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 3 intro cqf4 0 # 1 Peter 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Outward ornaments"

Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.

##### Unity

Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1PE 3 1 p454 0 General Information: Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives. -1PE 3 1 cj7z 0 In this way, you who are wives should submit to your own husbands Just as believers are to "Obey every human authority" ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to "be subject" to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to submit to their husbands. The words "Obey," "be subject," and "submit" translate the same word. -1PE 3 1 wp5p figs-metonymy 0 some men are disobedient to the word Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: "some men do not believe the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 3 1 bs56 figs-idiom 0 they may be won "they may be persuaded to believe in Christ." This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they may become believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 1 qp4q figs-ellipsis 0 without a word "without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1PE 3 2 zft4 figs-abstractnouns 0 they will have seen your sincere behavior with respect The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "they will have seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 3 2 ng3s 0 your sincere behavior with respect Possible meanings are 1) "your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them" or 2) "your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God." +1PE 3 1 cj7z ὁμοίως, γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 In this way, you who are wives should submit to your own husbands Just as believers are to "Obey every human authority" ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to "be subject" to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to submit to their husbands. The words "Obey," "be subject," and "submit" translate the same word. +1PE 3 1 wp5p figs-metonymy τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ 1 some men are disobedient to the word Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: "some men do not believe the message about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 3 1 bs56 figs-idiom κερδηθήσονται 1 they may be won "they may be persuaded to believe in Christ." This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they may become believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 1 qp4q figs-ellipsis ἄνευ λόγου 1 without a word "without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1PE 3 2 zft4 figs-abstractnouns ἐποπτεύσαντες ὑμῶν τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν 1 they will have seen your sincere behavior with respect The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "they will have seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 3 2 ng3s ὑμῶν τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν 1 your sincere behavior with respect Possible meanings are 1) "your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them" or 2) "your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God." 1PE 3 3 p1bg 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues speaking to women who are wives. -1PE 3 3 z9xx 0 Let it be done The word "it" refers to the wives' submission to and conduct towards their husbands. -1PE 3 4 l2yq figs-metonymy 0 the inner person of the heart Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 3 4 gbw9 0 a gentle and quiet spirit "a gentle and peaceful attitude." Here the word "quiet" means "peaceful" or "calm." The word "spirit" refers to a person's attitude or temperament. -1PE 3 4 j5bu figs-metaphor 0 which is precious before God Peter speaks of God's opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: "which God considers to be precious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 6 j1tp 0 called him her lord said that he was her lord, that is, her master -1PE 3 6 t3xl figs-metaphor 0 You are now her children Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 3 z9xx ἔστω 1 Let it be done The word "it" refers to the wives' submission to and conduct towards their husbands. +1PE 3 4 l2yq figs-metonymy ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος 1 the inner person of the heart Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 3 4 gbw9 τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος 1 a gentle and quiet spirit "a gentle and peaceful attitude." Here the word "quiet" means "peaceful" or "calm." The word "spirit" refers to a person's attitude or temperament. +1PE 3 4 j5bu figs-metaphor ὅ ἐστιν πολυτελές ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 which is precious before God Peter speaks of God's opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: "which God considers to be precious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 6 j1tp καλοῦσα αὐτὸν κύριον 1 called him her lord said that he was her lord, that is, her master +1PE 3 6 t3xl figs-metaphor ἐγενήθητε ἧς τέκνα 1 You are now her children Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 3 7 lbc2 0 General Information: Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands. -1PE 3 7 f5ay 0 In the same way This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md). -1PE 3 7 eq1z figs-metaphor 0 wives according to understanding, as with a weaker container, a woman Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. The abstract noun "understanding" can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "wives, understanding that the woman is the weaker partner" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 3 7 a88w figs-abstractnouns 0 give them honor as fellow heirs of the grace of life You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "honor them because they will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 3 7 n4rf figs-metaphor 0 heirs of the grace of life Eternal life is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 7 dv7t figs-explicit 0 Do this Here "this" refers to the ways husbands should treat their wives. Alternate translation: "Live with your wives in this way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 3 7 dwm6 figs-activepassive 0 so that your prayers will not be hindered To "hinder" is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that nothing will hinder your prayers" or "so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 7 f5ay ὁμοίως 1 In the same way This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md). +1PE 3 7 eq1z figs-metaphor συνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει, τῷ γυναικείῳ 1 wives according to understanding, as with a weaker container, a woman Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. The abstract noun "understanding" can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "wives, understanding that the woman is the weaker partner" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 3 7 a88w figs-abstractnouns ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς 1 give them honor as fellow heirs of the grace of life You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "honor them because they will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 3 7 n4rf figs-metaphor συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς 1 heirs of the grace of life Eternal life is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 7 dv7t figs-explicit εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι 1 Do this Here "this" refers to the ways husbands should treat their wives. Alternate translation: "Live with your wives in this way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 3 7 dwm6 figs-activepassive εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι ὑμῶν τὰς προσευχὰς εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι 1 so that your prayers will not be hindered To "hinder" is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that nothing will hinder your prayers" or "so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 3 8 nk97 0 General Information: Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers. -1PE 3 8 f5y7 0 be likeminded "have the same opinion and be" or "have the same attitude and be" -1PE 3 8 rut5 0 tenderhearted being gentle and compassionate towards others -1PE 3 9 z5u3 figs-metaphor 0 Do not pay back evil for evil or insult for insult Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: "Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 9 t6il figs-explicit 0 continue to bless You can clarify the object of blessing. Alternate translation: "continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 3 9 w5df figs-activepassive 0 for this you were called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you for this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 9 n3xc figs-metaphor 0 that you might inherit a blessing Peter speaks of receiving God's blessing as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: "that you might receive God's blessing as your permanent possession" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 8 f5y7 ὁμόφρονες 1 be likeminded "have the same opinion and be" or "have the same attitude and be" +1PE 3 8 rut5 εὔσπλαγχνοι 1 tenderhearted being gentle and compassionate towards others +1PE 3 9 z5u3 figs-metaphor ἀποδιδόντες μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας 1 Do not pay back evil for evil or insult for insult Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: "Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 9 t6il figs-explicit εὐλογοῦντες 1 continue to bless You can clarify the object of blessing. Alternate translation: "continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 3 9 w5df figs-activepassive εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε 1 for this you were called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you for this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 9 n3xc figs-metaphor ἵνα κληρονομήσητε εὐλογίαν 1 that you might inherit a blessing Peter speaks of receiving God's blessing as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: "that you might receive God's blessing as your permanent possession" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 3 10 dpf2 figs-explicit 0 General Information: In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 3 10 p9bl figs-parallelism 0 to love life and see good days These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1PE 3 10 t5en figs-metaphor 0 see good days Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. The word "days" refers to one's lifetime. Alternate translation: "experience good things during life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 3 10 wq2b figs-parallelism 0 stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit The words "tongue" and "lips" refer to the person who is speaking. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: "stop saying evil and deceitful things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1PE 3 11 n5sr figs-metaphor 0 Let him turn away from what is bad Here "turn away" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "Let him stop doing what is bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 12 yn5l figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of the Lord see the righteous The word "eyes" refers to the Lord's ability to know things. The Lord's approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: "The Lord sees the righteous" or "The Lord approves of the righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 12 r5xf figs-synecdoche 0 his ears hear their requests The word "ears" refers to the Lord's awareness of what people say. That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: "he hears their requests" or "he grants their requests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 3 12 t22b figs-synecdoche 0 the face of the Lord is against The word "face" refers to the Lord's will to oppose his enemies. Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one's face against that person. Alternate translation: "the Lord opposes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 10 p9bl figs-parallelism ἀγαπᾶν ζωὴν καὶ ἰδεῖν ἀγαθὰς ἡμέρας 1 to love life and see good days These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1PE 3 10 t5en figs-metaphor ἰδεῖν ἀγαθὰς ἡμέρας 1 see good days Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. The word "days" refers to one's lifetime. Alternate translation: "experience good things during life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 3 10 wq2b figs-parallelism παυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον 1 stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit The words "tongue" and "lips" refer to the person who is speaking. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: "stop saying evil and deceitful things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1PE 3 11 n5sr figs-metaphor ἐκκλινάτω ἀπὸ κακοῦ 1 Let him turn away from what is bad Here "turn away" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "Let him stop doing what is bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 12 yn5l figs-synecdoche ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους 1 The eyes of the Lord see the righteous The word "eyes" refers to the Lord's ability to know things. The Lord's approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: "The Lord sees the righteous" or "The Lord approves of the righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 12 r5xf figs-synecdoche αὐτοῦ ὦτα εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν εἰς δέησιν 1 his ears hear their requests The word "ears" refers to the Lord's awareness of what people say. That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: "he hears their requests" or "he grants their requests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 3 12 t22b figs-synecdoche πρόσωπον Κυρίου ἐπὶ 1 the face of the Lord is against The word "face" refers to the Lord's will to oppose his enemies. Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one's face against that person. Alternate translation: "the Lord opposes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 3 13 wkw4 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives. -1PE 3 13 e1ma figs-rquestion 0 Who is the one who will harm you if you are eager to do what is good? Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: "No one will harm you if you do good things." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1PE 3 14 f6ch figs-abstractnouns 0 suffer because of righteousness You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "suffer because you do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 3 14 xg3m figs-activepassive 0 you are blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 14 f9u8 figs-parallelism 0 Do not fear what they fear. Do not be troubled These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of what people might do to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1PE 3 14 yz6y 0 what they fear Here the word "they" refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing. -1PE 3 15 ju58 0 Instead, set apart "Instead of being troubled, set apart" -1PE 3 15 vgv7 figs-metaphor 0 set apart the Lord Christ in your hearts as holy The phrase "set apart the Lord Christ ... as holy" is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ's holiness. Here "hearts" is a metonym for the "inner person." Alternate translation: "acknowledge within yourselves that the Lord Christ is holy" or "honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 3 13 e1ma figs-rquestion τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς ἐὰν γένησθε ζηλωταὶ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ? 1 Who is the one who will harm you if you are eager to do what is good? Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: "No one will harm you if you do good things." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1PE 3 14 f6ch figs-abstractnouns πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 suffer because of righteousness You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "suffer because you do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 3 14 xg3m figs-activepassive μακάριοι 1 you are blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 14 f9u8 figs-parallelism φοβηθῆτε μὴ φοβηθῆτε τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν τὸν δὲ φόβον. ταραχθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε 1 Do not fear what they fear. Do not be troubled These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of what people might do to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1PE 3 14 yz6y τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν τὸν δὲ φόβον 1 what they fear Here the word "they" refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing. +1PE 3 15 ju58 δὲ, ἁγιάσατε 1 Instead, set apart "Instead of being troubled, set apart" +1PE 3 15 vgv7 figs-metaphor ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστὸν ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις ἁγιάσατε 1 set apart the Lord Christ in your hearts as holy The phrase "set apart the Lord Christ ... as holy" is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ's holiness. Here "hearts" is a metonym for the "inner person." Alternate translation: "acknowledge within yourselves that the Lord Christ is holy" or "honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 3 18 me4u 0 Connecting Statement: Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering. 1PE 3 18 kz83 figs-inclusive 0 suffered for us The word "us" includes the people Peter was writing to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -1PE 3 18 g1xd figs-metaphor 0 so that he would bring us to God Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 3 18 j5lh figs-metaphor 0 He was put to death in the flesh Here "flesh" refers to Christ's body; Christ was physically put to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People put Christ to death physically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 18 h6v4 figs-activepassive 0 he was made alive by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit made him alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 18 n7nh 0 by the Spirit Possible meanings are 1) by the Holy Spirit's power or 2) in a spiritual existence. -1PE 3 19 hp82 0 By the Spirit, he went Possible meanings are 1) "By the Holy Spirit's power, he went" or 2) "In his spiritual existence, he went." -1PE 3 19 ez3d 0 the spirits who are now in prison Possible meanings of the word "spirits" are 1) "evil spirits" or 2) "spirits of the dead people." -1PE 3 20 s7qm figs-personification 0 when the patience of God was waiting The word "patience" is a metonym for God himself. Peter writes of God's patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: "when God was waiting patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 3 20 c6mi figs-activepassive 0 in the days of Noah, in the days of the building of an ark This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 21 jti3 0 through the resurrection of Jesus Christ "because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ." This phrase completes the thought, "This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now." -1PE 3 22 g4qh figs-metonymy 0 Christ is at the right hand of God To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. AT: "Christ is beside God in the place of honor and authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 3 22 f6jq 0 submit to him "submit to Jesus Christ" +1PE 3 18 g1xd figs-metaphor ἵνα προσαγάγῃ ὑμᾶς τῷ Θεῷ 1 so that he would bring us to God Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 3 18 j5lh figs-metaphor θανατωθεὶς σαρκὶ 1 He was put to death in the flesh Here "flesh" refers to Christ's body; Christ was physically put to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People put Christ to death physically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 18 h6v4 figs-activepassive ζῳοποιηθεὶς Πνεύματι 1 he was made alive by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit made him alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 18 n7nh Πνεύματι 1 by the Spirit Possible meanings are 1) by the Holy Spirit's power or 2) in a spiritual existence. +1PE 3 19 hp82 ἐν ᾧ, πορευθεὶς 1 By the Spirit, he went Possible meanings are 1) "By the Holy Spirit's power, he went" or 2) "In his spiritual existence, he went." +1PE 3 19 ez3d τοῖς πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ 1 the spirits who are now in prison Possible meanings of the word "spirits" are 1) "evil spirits" or 2) "spirits of the dead people." +1PE 3 20 s7qm figs-personification ὅτε ἡ μακροθυμία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπεξεδέχετο 1 when the patience of God was waiting The word "patience" is a metonym for God himself. Peter writes of God's patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: "when God was waiting patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 3 20 c6mi figs-activepassive ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ 1 in the days of Noah, in the days of the building of an ark This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 3 21 jti3 δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through the resurrection of Jesus Christ "because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ." This phrase completes the thought, "This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now." +1PE 3 22 g4qh figs-metonymy ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ 1 Christ is at the right hand of God To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. AT: "Christ is beside God in the place of honor and authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 3 22 f6jq ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ 1 submit to him "submit to Jesus Christ" 1PE 4 intro zh5n 0 # 1 Peter 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Ungodly Gentiles

This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

##### Martyrdom
It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those"

Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
1PE 4 1 b8d4 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ's sufferings. -1PE 4 1 ess6 0 in the flesh "in his body" -1PE 4 1 p2rv figs-metaphor 0 arm yourselves with the same intention The phrase "arm yourselves" makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures "the same intention" as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: "prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 1 vjw2 0 in the flesh Here "flesh" means "body." Alternate translation: "in his body" or "while here on earth" -1PE 4 1 d66g 0 has ceased from sin "has stopped sinning" -1PE 4 2 gbb6 0 for men's desires for the things that sinful people normally desire -1PE 4 3 rp5p 0 drunken celebrations, having wild parties These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. -1PE 4 4 q6k6 0 floods of reckless behavior These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that sweep over people. -1PE 4 4 w1d8 0 reckless behavior doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies -1PE 4 5 xw39 0 the one who is ready to judge Possible meanings are 1) "God, who is ready to judge" or 2) "Christ, who is ready to judge" -1PE 4 5 dx7v figs-merism 0 the living and the dead This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: "every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -1PE 4 6 u54m 0 the gospel was preached also to the dead Possible meanings are 1) "the gospel was preached also to people who had already died" or 2) "the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead" -1PE 4 6 ql11 figs-activepassive 0 the gospel was preached This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: "Christ preached the gospel" or 2) men preached. Alternate translation: "men preached the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 4 6 hsg6 figs-activepassive 0 they have been judged in the flesh as humans This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: "God judged them in their bodies as humans" or 2) men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: "men judged them in their bodies as humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 4 6 s72f figs-euphemism 0 judged in the flesh as humans This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1PE 4 6 h154 0 live in the spirit the way God does Possible meanings are 1) "live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so" or 2) "live according to God's standards by the power of the Holy Spirit" -1PE 4 7 e445 0 The end of all things This refers to the end of the world at Christ's second coming. -1PE 4 7 qs1t figs-metaphor 0 is coming The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it is physically coming closer in distance. Alternate translation: "will soon happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 7 ubd4 figs-parallelism 0 be of sound mind, and be sober in your thinking These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1PE 4 7 k5hh figs-idiom 0 be sober in your thinking Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: "control your thoughts" or "be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1PE 4 8 x6ac 0 Above all things "Most importantly of all" -1PE 4 8 f1lr figs-personification 0 for love covers a multitude of sins Peter describes "love" as if it were a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are 1) "for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned" or 2) "for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 9 g3vw 0 Be hospitable Show kindness to and welcome guests and travelers -1PE 4 10 xvj3 figs-explicit 0 As each one of you has received a gift This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: "Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1PE 4 11 ir6x figs-activepassive 0 so that in all ways God would be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that in all ways you will glorify God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 4 11 wq9e 0 glorified praised, honored -1PE 4 12 vw9s figs-metaphor 0 the testing in the fire that has happened to you In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 13 rgb5 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: "rejoice even more" or "be very glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 4 13 mhj1 0 at the revealing of his glory "when God reveals Christ's glory" -1PE 4 14 i6ul figs-activepassive 0 If you are insulted for Christ's name Here the word "name" refers to Christ himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If people insult you because you believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 4 14 i1kq figs-parallelism 0 the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of God Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God" or "the glorious Spirit of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1PE 4 14 nx6p 0 is resting on you is staying with you -1PE 4 15 nr6n 0 a meddler This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. -1PE 4 16 xm8z 0 with that name "because he bears the name Christian" or "because people have recognized him as a Christian." The words "that name" refer to the word "Christian." -1PE 4 17 x9np figs-metaphor 0 household of God This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God's family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 17 c8ke figs-rquestion 0 If it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel? Peter use this question to emphasize that God's judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: "If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel will be much worse." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1PE 4 17 z9zc 0 what will be the outcome for those "what will happen to those" -1PE 4 17 l3db 0 those who do not obey God's gospel "those who do not believe God's gospel." Here the word "obey" means to believe. -1PE 4 18 w8ke figs-rquestion 0 the righteous ... what will become of the ungodly and the sinner? Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: "the righteous man ... the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1PE 4 18 ms54 0 what will become of the ungodly and the sinner "what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner" -1PE 4 18 t762 figs-activepassive 0 If it is difficult for the righteous to be saved Here the word "saved" refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 4 18 wb4v figs-doublet 0 the ungodly and the sinner The words "ungodly" and "sinner" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: "ungodly sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 4 19 qm3u figs-synecdoche 0 entrust their souls Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "entrust themselves" or "entrust their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1PE 4 19 wih1 figs-abstractnouns 0 in well-doing The abstract noun "well-doing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "while they do good" or "while they live rightly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 4 1 ess6 σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh "in his body" +1PE 4 1 p2rv figs-metaphor ὁπλίσασθε ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν 1 arm yourselves with the same intention The phrase "arm yourselves" makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures "the same intention" as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: "prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 4 1 vjw2 σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh Here "flesh" means "body." Alternate translation: "in his body" or "while here on earth" +1PE 4 1 d66g πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας 1 has ceased from sin "has stopped sinning" +1PE 4 2 gbb6 ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις' ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις 1 for men's desires for the things that sinful people normally desire +1PE 4 3 rp5p πότοις, κώμοις 1 drunken celebrations, having wild parties These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. +1PE 4 4 q6k6 ἀνάχυσιν τῆς ἀσωτίας 1 floods of reckless behavior These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that sweep over people. +1PE 4 4 w1d8 τῆς ἀσωτίας 1 reckless behavior doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies +1PE 4 5 xw39 τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 the one who is ready to judge Possible meanings are 1) "God, who is ready to judge" or 2) "Christ, who is ready to judge" +1PE 4 5 dx7v figs-merism ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς 1 the living and the dead This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: "every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +1PE 4 6 u54m εὐηγγελίσθη καὶ νεκροῖς 1 the gospel was preached also to the dead Possible meanings are 1) "the gospel was preached also to people who had already died" or 2) "the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead" +1PE 4 6 ql11 figs-activepassive εὐηγγελίσθη 1 the gospel was preached This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: "Christ preached the gospel" or 2) men preached. Alternate translation: "men preached the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 4 6 hsg6 figs-activepassive κριθῶσι μὲν σαρκὶ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους 1 they have been judged in the flesh as humans This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: "God judged them in their bodies as humans" or 2) men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: "men judged them in their bodies as humans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 4 6 s72f figs-euphemism κριθῶσι μὲν σαρκὶ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους 1 judged in the flesh as humans This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +1PE 4 6 h154 ζῶσι πνεύματι κατὰ Θεὸν 1 live in the spirit the way God does Possible meanings are 1) "live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so" or 2) "live according to God's standards by the power of the Holy Spirit" +1PE 4 7 e445 τὸ τέλος πάντων 1 The end of all things This refers to the end of the world at Christ's second coming. +1PE 4 7 qs1t figs-metaphor ἤγγικεν 1 is coming The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it is physically coming closer in distance. Alternate translation: "will soon happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 4 7 ubd4 figs-parallelism σωφρονήσατε, καὶ νήψατε 1 be of sound mind, and be sober in your thinking These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1PE 4 7 k5hh figs-idiom νήψατε 1 be sober in your thinking Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: "control your thoughts" or "be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1PE 4 8 x6ac πρὸ πάντων 1 Above all things "Most importantly of all" +1PE 4 8 f1lr figs-personification τὴν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς ἀγάπην ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν 1 for love covers a multitude of sins Peter describes "love" as if it were a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are 1) "for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned" or 2) "for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 4 9 g3vw φιλόξενοι 1 Be hospitable Show kindness to and welcome guests and travelers +1PE 4 10 xvj3 figs-explicit καθὼς ἕκαστος ἔλαβεν χάρισμα 1 As each one of you has received a gift This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: "Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1PE 4 11 ir6x figs-activepassive ἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν ὁ Θεὸς δοξάζηται 1 so that in all ways God would be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that in all ways you will glorify God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 4 11 wq9e δοξάζηται 1 glorified praised, honored +1PE 4 12 vw9s figs-metaphor πρὸς πειρασμὸν τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει γινομένῃ ὑμῖν 1 the testing in the fire that has happened to you In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 4 13 rgb5 figs-doublet χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι 1 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: "rejoice even more" or "be very glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 4 13 mhj1 ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ τῆς δόξης 1 at the revealing of his glory "when God reveals Christ's glory" +1PE 4 14 i6ul figs-activepassive εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν Χριστοῦ' Χριστοῦ ὀνόματι 1 If you are insulted for Christ's name Here the word "name" refers to Christ himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If people insult you because you believe in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 4 14 i1kq figs-parallelism τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of God Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God" or "the glorious Spirit of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1PE 4 14 nx6p ἀναπαύεται ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 1 is resting on you is staying with you +1PE 4 15 nr6n ὡς ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος 1 a meddler This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. +1PE 4 16 xm8z ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι 1 with that name "because he bears the name Christian" or "because people have recognized him as a Christian." The words "that name" refer to the word "Christian." +1PE 4 17 x9np figs-metaphor οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 household of God This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God's family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 4 17 c8ke figs-rquestion εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ' τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? 1 If it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel? Peter use this question to emphasize that God's judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: "If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel will be much worse." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1PE 4 17 z9zc τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων 1 what will be the outcome for those "what will happen to those" +1PE 4 17 l3db τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ' τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 those who do not obey God's gospel "those who do not believe God's gospel." Here the word "obey" means to believe. +1PE 4 18 w8ke figs-rquestion ἁμαρτωλὸς 1 the righteous ... what will become of the ungodly and the sinner? Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: "the righteous man ... the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1PE 4 18 ms54 ποῦ φανεῖται ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς 1 what will become of the ungodly and the sinner "what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner" +1PE 4 18 t762 figs-activepassive εἰ μόλις ὁ δίκαιος σῴζεται 1 If it is difficult for the righteous to be saved Here the word "saved" refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 4 18 wb4v figs-doublet ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς 1 the ungodly and the sinner The words "ungodly" and "sinner" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: "ungodly sinners" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1PE 4 19 qm3u figs-synecdoche παρατιθέσθωσαν αὐτῶν τὰς ψυχὰς 1 entrust their souls Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "entrust themselves" or "entrust their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1PE 4 19 wih1 figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ- ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ 1 in well-doing The abstract noun "well-doing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "while they do good" or "while they live rightly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 5 intro a6d9 0 # 1 Peter 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Crowns

The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Lion

All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

##### Babylon

Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1PE 5 1 s8fr 0 General Information: Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders. -1PE 5 1 yb3l figs-activepassive 0 the glory that will be revealed This is a reference to Christ's second coming. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the glory of Christ that God will reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 5 2 a5s7 figs-metaphor 0 Be shepherds of God's flock Peter speaks of the believers as a flock of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 3 lta9 figs-metaphor 0 Do not act as a master over the people ... Instead, be an example Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 3 xwr3 figs-abstractnouns 0 who are in your care You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "whom God has placed in your care" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 5 4 td11 figs-metaphor 0 Then when the Chief Shepherd is revealed Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd who had authority over all other shepherds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears" or "When God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 5 4 ll4r figs-metaphor 0 an unfading crown of glory Here the word "crown" represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word "unfading" means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: "a glorious prize that will last forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 4 c6h3 0 of glory glorious +1PE 5 1 yb3l figs-activepassive τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης 1 the glory that will be revealed This is a reference to Christ's second coming. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the glory of Christ that God will reveal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 2 a5s7 figs-metaphor ποιμάνατε τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸ ἐν ὑμῖν ποίμνιον 1 Be shepherds of God's flock Peter speaks of the believers as a flock of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 3 lta9 figs-metaphor κατακυριεύοντες μηδ’ κατακυριεύοντες ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων. ἀλλὰ, γινόμενοι τύποι 1 Do not act as a master over the people ... Instead, be an example Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 3 xwr3 figs-abstractnouns τῶν κλήρων 1 who are in your care You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "whom God has placed in your care" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1PE 5 4 td11 figs-metaphor καὶ φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος φανερωθέντος 1 Then when the Chief Shepherd is revealed Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd who had authority over all other shepherds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears" or "When God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 5 4 ll4r figs-metaphor τὸν ἀμαράντινον στέφανον τῆς δόξης 1 an unfading crown of glory Here the word "crown" represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word "unfading" means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: "a glorious prize that will last forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 4 c6h3 τῆς δόξης 1 of glory glorious 1PE 5 5 qm2h 0 General Information: Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers. -1PE 5 5 x6c2 0 In the same way This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). -1PE 5 5 uh4n 0 All of you This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. -1PE 5 5 r6s6 figs-metaphor 0 clothe yourselves with humility Peter speaks of having the moral quality of humility as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: "act humbly toward each other" or "act with humility" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 6 bie6 figs-metonymy 0 under God's mighty hand so Here the word "hand" refers to God's power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: "under God's great power so" or "before God, realizing that he has great power, so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 5 7 c1uu figs-metaphor 0 Cast all your anxiety on him Peter speaks of anxiety as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: "Trust him with everything that worries you" or "Let him take care of all the things that trouble you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 8 k9nt figs-idiom 0 Be sober Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1PE 5 8 tl7i figs-simile 0 the devil, is stalking around like a roaring lion ... looking for someone to devour Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is seeking to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1PE 5 8 l4u5 0 stalking around "walking about" or "walking about and hunting" -1PE 5 9 c5z9 figs-metonymy 0 Stand against him Standing is a metonym for fighting. Alternate translation: "Fight against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 5 9 v451 figs-metaphor 0 your community Peter speaks of fellow believers as members of the same community. Alternate translation: "your fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 9 i4ur 0 in the world "in various places throughout the world" +1PE 5 5 x6c2 ὁμοίως 1 In the same way This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). +1PE 5 5 uh4n πάντες δὲ 1 All of you This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. +1PE 5 5 r6s6 figs-metaphor ἐγκομβώσασθε τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην 1 clothe yourselves with humility Peter speaks of having the moral quality of humility as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: "act humbly toward each other" or "act with humility" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 6 bie6 figs-metonymy ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα ἵνα 1 under God's mighty hand so Here the word "hand" refers to God's power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: "under God's great power so" or "before God, realizing that he has great power, so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 7 c1uu figs-metaphor ἐπιρίψαντες πᾶσαν ὑμῶν τὴν μέριμναν ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 Cast all your anxiety on him Peter speaks of anxiety as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: "Trust him with everything that worries you" or "Let him take care of all the things that trouble you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 8 k9nt figs-idiom νήψατε 1 Be sober Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1PE 5 8 tl7i figs-simile , διάβολος, περιπατεῖ ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος λέων, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν. 1 the devil, is stalking around like a roaring lion ... looking for someone to devour Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is seeking to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1PE 5 8 l4u5 περιπατεῖ 1 stalking around "walking about" or "walking about and hunting" +1PE 5 9 c5z9 figs-metonymy ἀντίστητε ᾧ 1 Stand against him Standing is a metonym for fighting. Alternate translation: "Fight against him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 9 v451 figs-metaphor ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι 1 your community Peter speaks of fellow believers as members of the same community. Alternate translation: "your fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 9 i4ur ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 in the world "in various places throughout the world" 1PE 5 10 eex1 0 General Information: This is the end of Peter's letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings. -1PE 5 10 suu9 0 for a little while "for a short time" -1PE 5 10 p648 0 the God of all grace Here the word "grace" may refer either to the things that God gives or to God's character. Possible meanings are 1) "the God who always gives us what we need" or 2) "the God who is always gracious." -1PE 5 10 lwz6 0 who called you to his eternal glory in Christ "who chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ" -1PE 5 10 qf2h 0 perfect you "make you perfect" or "restore you" or "make you well again" -1PE 5 10 j2nt figs-metaphor 0 establish you, and strengthen you These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 12 an6q 0 I have written to you briefly through him Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. -1PE 5 12 g1t6 figs-metonymy 0 what I have written is the true grace of God "I have written about the true grace of God." Here the word "grace" refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1PE 5 12 nm72 figs-metaphor 0 Stand in it The word "it" refers to "the true grace of God." Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: "Remain strongly committed to it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 13 muq7 writing-symlanguage 0 The woman who is in Babylon Here "The woman" probably refers to the group of believers who live in "Babylon." Possible meanings for "Babylon" are 1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, 2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or 3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -1PE 5 13 rpf5 figs-activepassive 0 who is chosen together with you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has chosen as he has chosen you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 5 13 ws2x figs-metaphor 0 my son Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual son. Alternate translation: "my spiritual son" or "who is like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 14 fc7b 0 a kiss of love "a loving kiss" or "a kiss to show your love for each other" +1PE 5 10 suu9 ὀλίγον 1 for a little while "for a short time" +1PE 5 10 p648 ὁ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος 1 the God of all grace Here the word "grace" may refer either to the things that God gives or to God's character. Possible meanings are 1) "the God who always gives us what we need" or 2) "the God who is always gracious." +1PE 5 10 lwz6 ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ 1 who called you to his eternal glory in Christ "who chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ" +1PE 5 10 qf2h αὐτὸς καταρτίσει 1 perfect you "make you perfect" or "restore you" or "make you well again" +1PE 5 10 j2nt figs-metaphor θεμελιώσει, στηρίξει σθενώσει 1 establish you, and strengthen you These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 12 an6q ἔγραψα ὑμῖν δι’ ὀλίγων διὰ Σιλουανοῦ 1 I have written to you briefly through him Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. +1PE 5 12 g1t6 figs-metonymy ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 what I have written is the true grace of God "I have written about the true grace of God." Here the word "grace" refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 12 nm72 figs-metaphor στῆτε εἰς ἣν 1 Stand in it The word "it" refers to "the true grace of God." Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: "Remain strongly committed to it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 13 muq7 writing-symlanguage ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι 1 The woman who is in Babylon Here "The woman" probably refers to the group of believers who live in "Babylon." Possible meanings for "Babylon" are 1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, 2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or 3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +1PE 5 13 rpf5 figs-activepassive συνεκλεκτὴ 1 who is chosen together with you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has chosen as he has chosen you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1PE 5 13 ws2x figs-metaphor μου ὁ υἱός 1 my son Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual son. Alternate translation: "my spiritual son" or "who is like a son to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1PE 5 14 fc7b φιλήματι ἀγάπης 1 a kiss of love "a loving kiss" or "a kiss to show your love for each other" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_62-2PE.tsv b/en_tn_62-2PE.tsv index ccad1fa278..84f5f588d7 100644 --- a/en_tn_62-2PE.tsv +++ b/en_tn_62-2PE.tsv @@ -2,180 +2,180 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2PE front intro mvk9 0 # Introduction to 2 Peter
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter

1. Introduction (1:1-2)
1. Reminder to live good lives because God has enabled us to (1:3-21)
1. Warning against false teachers (2:1-22)
1. Encouragement to prepare for the second coming of Jesus (3:1-17)

#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter?

The author identified himself as Simon Peter. Simon Peter was an apostle. He also wrote 1 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter while in a prison in Rome just before he died. Peter called this letter his second letter, so we can date it after 1 Peter. He addressed the letter to the same audience as his first letter. The audience probably was Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.

#### What is the Book of 2 Peter about?

Peter wrote this letter to encourage believers to live good lives. He warned them about false teachers who were saying Jesus was taking too long to return. He told them that Jesus was not slow in returning. Instead, God was giving people time to repent so that they would be saved.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Peter" or "Second Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from Peter" or "The Second Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Who were the people Peter spoke against?

It is possible that the people Peter spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.

#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture?

The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to understand that while each writer of scripture had his own distinct way of writing, God is the true author of scripture (1:20-21).

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

##### Singular and plural "you"

In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter. Also, the word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter?

For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "to be kept in chains of lower darkness until the judgment" (2:4). Some modern versions and older versions have, "to be kept in pits of lower darkness until the judgment."
* "They enjoy their deceitful actions while they are feasting with you" (2:13). Some versions have, "They enjoy their actions while they are feasting with you in love feasts."
* "Beor" (2:15). Some other versions read, "Bosor."
* "The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed" (3:10). Other versions have, "The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be burned up."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
2PE 1 intro wjw5 0 # 2 Peter 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Knowledge of God
Having knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, "knowledge" is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is a knowledge that causes God to save a person and to give him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]])

##### Living godly lives
Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is like they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### The truth of Scripture
Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son.
2PE 1 1 n1di 0 General Information: Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers he is writing to. -2PE 1 1 v381 0 slave and apostle of Jesus Christ Peter speaks of being Jesus Christ's servant. He also was given the position and authority of being Christ's apostle. -2PE 1 1 yy7j figs-explicit 0 to those who have received the same precious faith That these people have received faith implies that God has given that faith to them. Alternate translation: "to those to whom God has given the same precious faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 1 1 mbg7 0 to those who have received "to you who have received." Peter addresses all believers who may read this letter. -2PE 1 1 y157 figs-exclusive 0 we have received Here the word "we" refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to those to whom he is writing. Alternate translation: "we apostles have received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -2PE 1 2 y7l9 figs-explicit 0 May grace and peace increase in measure God is the one who will give grace and peace to believers. Alternate translation: "May God increase your grace and your peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 1 2 n59n figs-metaphor 0 May grace and peace increase Peter speaks of peace as if it were an object that could increase in size or numbers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 1 2 vq19 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 1 1 v381 δοῦλος καὶ ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 slave and apostle of Jesus Christ Peter speaks of being Jesus Christ's servant. He also was given the position and authority of being Christ's apostle. +2PE 1 1 yy7j figs-explicit τοῖς λαχοῦσιν ἰσότιμον πίστιν 1 to those who have received the same precious faith That these people have received faith implies that God has given that faith to them. Alternate translation: "to those to whom God has given the same precious faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 1 1 mbg7 τοῖς λαχοῦσιν 1 to those who have received "to you who have received." Peter addresses all believers who may read this letter. +2PE 1 1 y157 figs-exclusive ἡμῖν 1 we have received Here the word "we" refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to those to whom he is writing. Alternate translation: "we apostles have received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +2PE 1 2 y7l9 figs-explicit πληθυνθείη χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 May grace and peace increase in measure God is the one who will give grace and peace to believers. Alternate translation: "May God increase your grace and your peace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 1 2 n59n figs-metaphor πληθυνθείη χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 May grace and peace increase Peter speaks of peace as if it were an object that could increase in size or numbers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 1 2 vq19 figs-abstractnouns πληθυνθείη ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Ἰησοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2PE 1 3 ywj9 0 General Information: Peter begins to teach the believers about living godly lives. -2PE 1 3 epx9 figs-hendiadys 0 for life and godliness Here "godliness" describes the word "life." Alternate translation: "for a godly life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -2PE 1 3 an3z figs-inclusive 0 who called us Here the word "us" refers to Peter and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -2PE 1 4 m91m 0 Through these Here "these" refers to "his own glory and virtue." -2PE 1 4 f42f 0 you might be sharers "you might share" -2PE 1 4 yk7g 0 the divine nature what God is like -2PE 1 4 p2yj figs-metaphor 0 having escaped the corruption in the world that is caused by evil desires Peter speaks of people not suffering from the corruption that wicked desires cause as if they were escaping from that corruption. The word "corruption" is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "and so that the wicked desires in this world will no longer corrupt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 1 5 exd9 figs-explicit 0 For this reason This refers to what Peter has just said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "Because of what God has done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 1 7 a8ti 0 brotherly affection This refers to love for a friend or family member and likely means love for ones spiritual family. -2PE 1 8 jz77 0 these things This refers to faith, virtue, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in the previous verses. -2PE 1 8 l7yj figs-metaphor 0 you will not be barren or unfruitful Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he is a field that will not produce a crop. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: "you will produce and be fruitful" or "you will be effective" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -2PE 1 8 f9qm figs-doublet 0 barren or unfruitful These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this person will not be productive or experience any benefits from knowing Jesus. Alternate translation: "unproductive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -2PE 1 8 ppd8 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 1 9 gg2c 0 whoever lacks these things any person who does not have these things -2PE 1 9 h6fn figs-metaphor 0 is so nearsighted that he is blind Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he were a nearsighted or blind person because he does not understand their value. Alternate translation: "is like a shortsighted person who cannot see their importance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 1 9 gq4d figs-abstractnouns 0 he has been cleansed from his past sins You can use a verb to translate this. Alternate translation: "that God has cleansed him from his old sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 1 10 raa1 figs-doublet 0 make your calling and election sure The words "calling" and "election" share similar meanings and refer to God's choosing them to belong to him. Alternate translation: "make sure that God has really chosen you to belong to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -2PE 1 10 jcv9 figs-metaphor 0 you will not stumble Here the word "stumble" refers either to 1) committing sin. Alternate translation: "you will not practice sinful behavior" or 2) becoming unfaithful to Christ. Alternate translation: "you will not become unfaithful to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 1 11 f45v figs-activepassive 0 there will be richly provided for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will richly provide for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 1 11 k1e4 0 an entrance the opportunity to enter +2PE 1 3 epx9 figs-hendiadys πρὸς ζωὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν 1 for life and godliness Here "godliness" describes the word "life." Alternate translation: "for a godly life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +2PE 1 3 an3z figs-inclusive τοῦ καλέσαντος ἡμᾶς 1 who called us Here the word "us" refers to Peter and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +2PE 1 4 m91m δι’ ὧν 1 Through these Here "these" refers to "his own glory and virtue." +2PE 1 4 f42f γένησθε κοινωνοὶ 1 you might be sharers "you might share" +2PE 1 4 yk7g θείας φύσεως 1 the divine nature what God is like +2PE 1 4 p2yj figs-metaphor ἀποφυγόντες τῆς φθορᾶς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ 1 having escaped the corruption in the world that is caused by evil desires Peter speaks of people not suffering from the corruption that wicked desires cause as if they were escaping from that corruption. The word "corruption" is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "and so that the wicked desires in this world will no longer corrupt you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 1 5 exd9 figs-explicit αὐτὸ τοῦτο 1 For this reason This refers to what Peter has just said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "Because of what God has done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 1 7 a8ti τὴν φιλαδελφίαν 1 brotherly affection This refers to love for a friend or family member and likely means love for ones spiritual family. +2PE 1 8 jz77 ταῦτα 1 these things This refers to faith, virtue, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in the previous verses. +2PE 1 8 l7yj figs-metaphor πλεονάζοντα καθίστησιν οὐκ καθίστησιν ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους 1 you will not be barren or unfruitful Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he is a field that will not produce a crop. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: "you will produce and be fruitful" or "you will be effective" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +2PE 1 8 f9qm figs-doublet ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους 1 barren or unfruitful These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this person will not be productive or experience any benefits from knowing Jesus. Alternate translation: "unproductive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +2PE 1 8 ppd8 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 1 9 gg2c ᾧ μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα 1 whoever lacks these things any person who does not have these things +2PE 1 9 h6fn figs-metaphor ἐστιν μυωπάζων τυφλός 1 is so nearsighted that he is blind Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he were a nearsighted or blind person because he does not understand their value. Alternate translation: "is like a shortsighted person who cannot see their importance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 1 9 gq4d figs-abstractnouns τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ τῶν πάλαι αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν 1 he has been cleansed from his past sins You can use a verb to translate this. Alternate translation: "that God has cleansed him from his old sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 1 10 raa1 figs-doublet ποιεῖσθαι ὑμῶν τὴν κλῆσιν καὶ ἐκλογὴν βεβαίαν 1 make your calling and election sure The words "calling" and "election" share similar meanings and refer to God's choosing them to belong to him. Alternate translation: "make sure that God has really chosen you to belong to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +2PE 1 10 jcv9 figs-metaphor πταίσητέ οὐ μὴ πταίσητέ 1 you will not stumble Here the word "stumble" refers either to 1) committing sin. Alternate translation: "you will not practice sinful behavior" or 2) becoming unfaithful to Christ. Alternate translation: "you will not become unfaithful to Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 1 11 f45v figs-activepassive ἐπιχορηγηθήσεται πλουσίως ἐπιχορηγηθήσεται ὑμῖν ἡ εἴσοδος εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον βασιλείαν 1 there will be richly provided for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will richly provide for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 1 11 k1e4 ἡ εἴσοδος 1 an entrance the opportunity to enter 2PE 1 12 du69 0 Connecting Statement: Peter tells the believers about his obligation to continue reminding them and teaching them. -2PE 1 12 l2kh 0 you are strong in the truth "you strongly believe the truth of these things" -2PE 1 13 vmj2 figs-metaphor 0 to stir you up by way of reminder Here the word "stir" means to awaken someone from sleep. Peter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: "to remind you of these things so that you will think about them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 1 13 ax2a figs-metaphor 0 as long as I am in this tent Peter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: "as long as I am in this body" or "as long as I am alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2PE 1 14 j8f5 figs-metaphor 0 the putting off of my tent will be soon Peter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: "I will soon take off this body" or "I will die soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2PE 1 15 c2iw 0 you may be always able to remember these things Here the words "these things" refers to everything that Peter has said in the previous verses. -2PE 1 15 alg8 figs-metaphor 0 after my departure Peter speaks of his death as if he were leaving one place to go to another. Alternate translation: "after my death" or "after I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2PE 1 12 l2kh ἐστηριγμένους ἐν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 you are strong in the truth "you strongly believe the truth of these things" +2PE 1 13 vmj2 figs-metaphor διεγείρειν ὑμᾶς διεγείρειν ἐν ὑπομνήσει 1 to stir you up by way of reminder Here the word "stir" means to awaken someone from sleep. Peter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: "to remind you of these things so that you will think about them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 1 13 ax2a figs-metaphor ἐφ’ ὅσον εἰμὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σκηνώματι 1 as long as I am in this tent Peter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: "as long as I am in this body" or "as long as I am alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2PE 1 14 j8f5 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀπόθεσις τοῦ σκηνώματός μου τοῦ σκηνώματός ἐστιν ταχινή 1 the putting off of my tent will be soon Peter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: "I will soon take off this body" or "I will die soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2PE 1 15 c2iw ὑμᾶς ἔχειν ἑκάστοτε ἔχειν τὴν τούτων μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι 1 you may be always able to remember these things Here the words "these things" refers to everything that Peter has said in the previous verses. +2PE 1 15 alg8 figs-metaphor μετὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ἔξοδον 1 after my departure Peter speaks of his death as if he were leaving one place to go to another. Alternate translation: "after my death" or "after I die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2PE 1 16 k3rm 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to explain his teachings to the believers and explains why they are trustworthy. -2PE 1 16 vc99 figs-exclusive 0 For we did not follow cleverly invented myths Here the word "we" refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to his readers. Alternate translation: "For we apostles did not follow cleverly made-up stories" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -2PE 1 16 jwy8 figs-hendiadys 0 the power and the coming These two phrases may refer to the same thing and be translated as a single phrase. Alternate translation: "the powerful coming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -2PE 1 16 zs6v 0 the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) the future second coming of the Lord Jesus or 2) the first coming of the Lord Jesus. -2PE 1 16 v4kd figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Jesus Christ Here the word "our" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -2PE 1 17 m33h figs-activepassive 0 when a voice was brought to him by the Majestic Glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when he heard a voice come from the Majestic Glory" or "when he heard the voice of the Majestic Glory speak to him" or "when the Majestic Glory spoke to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 1 17 yd8g figs-metonymy 0 the Majestic Glory saying Peter refers to God in terms of his glory. This is a euphemism that avoids using God's name, out of reverence for him. Alternate translation: "God, the Supreme Glory, saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2PE 1 18 ezn2 figs-exclusive 0 We ourselves heard this voice brought from heaven With the word "We," Peter is referring to himself and to the disciples James and John, who heard the voice of God. Alternate translation: "We ourselves heard this voice that came from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -2PE 1 18 chy4 0 heard this voice brought from heaven "heard the voice of the one who spoke from heaven" -2PE 1 18 mlm9 0 we were with him "we were with Jesus" +2PE 1 16 vc99 figs-exclusive γὰρ ἐξακολουθήσαντες οὐ ἐξακολουθήσαντες σεσοφισμένοις μύθοις 1 For we did not follow cleverly invented myths Here the word "we" refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to his readers. Alternate translation: "For we apostles did not follow cleverly made-up stories" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +2PE 1 16 jwy8 figs-hendiadys τὴν δύναμιν καὶ παρουσίαν 1 the power and the coming These two phrases may refer to the same thing and be translated as a single phrase. Alternate translation: "the powerful coming" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +2PE 1 16 zs6v παρουσίαν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) the future second coming of the Lord Jesus or 2) the first coming of the Lord Jesus. +2PE 1 16 v4kd figs-inclusive ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 our Lord Jesus Christ Here the word "our" refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +2PE 1 17 m33h figs-activepassive ἐνεχθείσης φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης 1 when a voice was brought to him by the Majestic Glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when he heard a voice come from the Majestic Glory" or "when he heard the voice of the Majestic Glory speak to him" or "when the Majestic Glory spoke to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 1 17 yd8g figs-metonymy τῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης οὗτός 1 the Majestic Glory saying Peter refers to God in terms of his glory. This is a euphemism that avoids using God's name, out of reverence for him. Alternate translation: "God, the Supreme Glory, saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2PE 1 18 ezn2 figs-exclusive ἠκούσαμεν ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἐνεχθεῖσαν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 We ourselves heard this voice brought from heaven With the word "We," Peter is referring to himself and to the disciples James and John, who heard the voice of God. Alternate translation: "We ourselves heard this voice that came from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +2PE 1 18 chy4 ἠκούσαμεν ταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἐνεχθεῖσαν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ 1 heard this voice brought from heaven "heard the voice of the one who spoke from heaven" +2PE 1 18 mlm9 ὄντες σὺν αὐτῷ 1 we were with him "we were with Jesus" 2PE 1 19 km3l 0 General Information: Peter begins to warn the believers about false teachers. -2PE 1 19 h498 figs-explicit 0 For we have this prophetic word made more sure The things that Peter and the other apostles saw, which he described in the previous verses, confirm what the prophets spoke. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the things that we saw make this prophetic message more sure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 1 19 z3na figs-inclusive 0 For we have Here the word "we" refers to all believers, including Peter and his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -2PE 1 19 l7zq figs-explicit 0 this prophetic word made This refers to the Old Testament. Alternate translation: "the scriptures, which the prophets spoke, made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 1 19 sjd3 0 you do well to pay attention to it Peter instructs the believers to pay close attention to the prophetic message. -2PE 1 19 xt8i figs-simile 0 as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns Peter compares the prophetic word to a lamp that gives light in the dark until light comes in the morning. The coming of morning is a reference to Christ's coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -2PE 1 19 kc3l figs-metaphor 0 the morning star rises in your hearts Peter speaks of Christ as the "morning star," which indicates that daybreak and the end of darkness is near. Christ will bring light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds. Alternate translation: "Christ shines his light into your hearts like the morning star shines its light into the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 1 19 bl8s 0 the morning star The "morning star" refers to the planet Venus, which sometimes rises just before the sun and indicates that daybreak is near. -2PE 1 20 wcn9 0 Above all, you must understand "Most importantly, you must understand" -2PE 1 20 s4k2 0 no prophecy comes from someone's own interpretation Possible meanings are 1) the prophets did not make their prophecies on their own or 2) people must rely on the Holy Spirit to understand the prophecies or 3) people must interpret the prophecies with the help of the entire Christian community of believers. -2PE 1 21 mh2s figs-metaphor 0 men spoke from God when they were carried along by the Holy Spirit Peter speaks of the Holy Spirit helping the prophets to write what God wanted them to write as if the Holy Spirit was carrying them from one place to another. Alternate translation: "men spoke from God as the Holy Spirit directed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 1 19 h498 figs-explicit καὶ ἔχομεν τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον βεβαιότερον 1 For we have this prophetic word made more sure The things that Peter and the other apostles saw, which he described in the previous verses, confirm what the prophets spoke. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the things that we saw make this prophetic message more sure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 1 19 z3na figs-inclusive καὶ ἔχομεν 1 For we have Here the word "we" refers to all believers, including Peter and his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +2PE 1 19 l7zq figs-explicit τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον βεβαιότερον 1 this prophetic word made This refers to the Old Testament. Alternate translation: "the scriptures, which the prophets spoke, made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 1 19 sjd3 ποιεῖτε καλῶς προσέχοντες ᾧ 1 you do well to pay attention to it Peter instructs the believers to pay close attention to the prophetic message. +2PE 1 19 xt8i figs-simile ὡς λύχνῳ φαίνοντι ἐν τόπῳ αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ, ἕως οὗ ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ 1 as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns Peter compares the prophetic word to a lamp that gives light in the dark until light comes in the morning. The coming of morning is a reference to Christ's coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2PE 1 19 kc3l figs-metaphor φωσφόρος ἀνατείλῃ ἐν ὑμῶν ταῖς καρδίαις 1 the morning star rises in your hearts Peter speaks of Christ as the "morning star," which indicates that daybreak and the end of darkness is near. Christ will bring light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's minds. Alternate translation: "Christ shines his light into your hearts like the morning star shines its light into the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 1 19 bl8s φωσφόρος 1 the morning star The "morning star" refers to the planet Venus, which sometimes rises just before the sun and indicates that daybreak is near. +2PE 1 20 wcn9 τοῦτο πρῶτον, γινώσκοντες 1 Above all, you must understand "Most importantly, you must understand" +2PE 1 20 s4k2 οὐ προφητεία γίνεται ἐπιλύσεως ἰδίας' ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως 1 no prophecy comes from someone's own interpretation Possible meanings are 1) the prophets did not make their prophecies on their own or 2) people must rely on the Holy Spirit to understand the prophecies or 3) people must interpret the prophecies with the help of the entire Christian community of believers. +2PE 1 21 mh2s figs-metaphor ἄνθρωποι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ φερόμενοι ὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 men spoke from God when they were carried along by the Holy Spirit Peter speaks of the Holy Spirit helping the prophets to write what God wanted them to write as if the Holy Spirit was carrying them from one place to another. Alternate translation: "men spoke from God as the Holy Spirit directed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2PE 2 intro mv79 0 # 2 Peter 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Flesh

"Flesh" is a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. It is not the physical part of man that is sinful. "Flesh" represents the human nature that rejects all things godly and desires what is sinful. This is the condition of all humans before they receive the Holy Spirit by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

##### Implicit information
There are several analogies in 2:4-8 that are difficult to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. Further explanation may be necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2PE 2 1 us8u 0 General Information: Peter begins to warn the believers about false teachers. -2PE 2 1 l2cg 0 False prophets came to the people, and false teachers will also come to you Just as false prophets came deceiving Israel with their words, so will false teachers come teaching lies about Christ. -2PE 2 1 tbz8 0 destructive heresies The word "heresies" refers to opinions that are contrary to the teaching of Christ and the apostles. These heresies destroy the faith of those who believe them. -2PE 2 1 g99z figs-metaphor 0 the master who bought them The word "master" here refers to a person who owns slaves. Peter speaks of Jesus as the owner of people whom he has bought, the price being his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 2 2 z53e 0 sensuality immoral sexual behavior -2PE 2 2 nzx7 figs-activepassive 0 the way of truth will be blasphemed The phrase "way of truth" refers to the Christian faith as the true path to God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "unbelievers will blaspheme the way of truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 2 3 dl1k 0 exploit you with deceptive words "convince you to give them money by telling you lies" -2PE 2 3 k359 figs-personification 0 their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep Peter speaks of "condemnation" and "destruction" as if they are persons who act. The two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how soon the false teachers will be condemned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2PE 2 3 c57u figs-doublenegatives 0 their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep You can translate these phrases with verbs in positive terms. Alternate translation: "God will soon condemn them; he is ready to destroy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 2 1 l2cg ψευδοπροφῆται ἐγένοντο ἐν τῷ λαῷ, ἔσονται ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι ἔσονται καὶ ἔσονται ἐν ὑμῖν 1 False prophets came to the people, and false teachers will also come to you Just as false prophets came deceiving Israel with their words, so will false teachers come teaching lies about Christ. +2PE 2 1 tbz8 ἀπωλείας αἱρέσεις 1 destructive heresies The word "heresies" refers to opinions that are contrary to the teaching of Christ and the apostles. These heresies destroy the faith of those who believe them. +2PE 2 1 g99z figs-metaphor τὸν Δεσπότην ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς 1 the master who bought them The word "master" here refers to a person who owns slaves. Peter speaks of Jesus as the owner of people whom he has bought, the price being his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 2 2 z53e ταῖς ἀσελγείαις 1 sensuality immoral sexual behavior +2PE 2 2 nzx7 figs-activepassive ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας βλασφημηθήσεται 1 the way of truth will be blasphemed The phrase "way of truth" refers to the Christian faith as the true path to God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "unbelievers will blaspheme the way of truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 2 3 dl1k ἐμπορεύσονται ὑμᾶς λόγοις πλαστοῖς λόγοις 1 exploit you with deceptive words "convince you to give them money by telling you lies" +2PE 2 3 k359 figs-personification οἷς τὸ κρίμα ἀργεῖ οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ αὐτῶν ἡ ἀπώλεια νυστάζει οὐ νυστάζει 1 their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep Peter speaks of "condemnation" and "destruction" as if they are persons who act. The two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how soon the false teachers will be condemned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2PE 2 3 c57u figs-doublenegatives οἷς τὸ κρίμα ἀργεῖ οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ αὐτῶν ἡ ἀπώλεια νυστάζει οὐ νυστάζει 1 their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep You can translate these phrases with verbs in positive terms. Alternate translation: "God will soon condemn them; he is ready to destroy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2PE 2 4 s115 0 Connecting Statement: Peter gives examples of people who acted against God and whom God punished because of what they did. -2PE 2 4 pr13 0 did not spare "did not refrain from punishing" or "punished" -2PE 2 4 b54v translate-names 0 he handed them down to Tartarus The word "Tartarus" is a term from Greek religion that refers to the place where evil spirits and wicked men who have died are punished. Alternate translation: "he cast them into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2PE 2 4 h7uj figs-activepassive 0 to be kept in chains of lower darkness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where he will keep them in chains of lower darkness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 2 4 uzy2 figs-metaphor 0 in chains of lower darkness Possible meanings are 1) "in chains in a very dark place" or 2) "in very deep darkness that imprisons them like chains." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 4 c2ak 0 until the judgment This refers to the day of judgment when God will judge every person. -2PE 2 5 hpv7 figs-metonymy 0 he did not spare the ancient world Here the word "world" refers to the people who lived in it. Alternate translation: "he did not spare the people who lived in the ancient world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 4 pr13 ἐφείσατο οὐκ ἐφείσατο 1 did not spare "did not refrain from punishing" or "punished" +2PE 2 4 b54v translate-names ταρταρώσας 1 he handed them down to Tartarus The word "Tartarus" is a term from Greek religion that refers to the place where evil spirits and wicked men who have died are punished. Alternate translation: "he cast them into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2PE 2 4 h7uj figs-activepassive ταρταρώσας τηρουμένους σειροῖς ζόφου 1 to be kept in chains of lower darkness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where he will keep them in chains of lower darkness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 2 4 uzy2 figs-metaphor σειροῖς ζόφου 1 in chains of lower darkness Possible meanings are 1) "in chains in a very dark place" or 2) "in very deep darkness that imprisons them like chains." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 4 c2ak εἰς κρίσιν 1 until the judgment This refers to the day of judgment when God will judge every person. +2PE 2 5 hpv7 figs-metonymy ἐφείσατο οὐκ ἐφείσατο κόσμου ἀρχαίου κόσμου 1 he did not spare the ancient world Here the word "world" refers to the people who lived in it. Alternate translation: "he did not spare the people who lived in the ancient world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2PE 2 5 iw5v 0 he preserved Noah ... along with seven others God did not destroy Noah and seven other people when he destroyed the rest of the people who lived in the ancient world. -2PE 2 6 gp3e 0 reduced the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes "burned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah with fire until only ashes remained" -2PE 2 6 reg3 0 condemned them to destruction Here the word "them" refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and the people who lived in them. -2PE 2 6 hgt7 0 as an example of what is to happen to the ungodly Sodom and Gomorrah serve as an example and a warning of what will happen to others who disobey God. +2PE 2 6 gp3e τεφρώσας πόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας τεφρώσας 1 reduced the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes "burned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah with fire until only ashes remained" +2PE 2 6 reg3 κατέκρινεν καταστροφῇ 1 condemned them to destruction Here the word "them" refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and the people who lived in them. +2PE 2 6 hgt7 ὑπόδειγμα μελλόντων ἀσεβέσιν 1 as an example of what is to happen to the ungodly Sodom and Gomorrah serve as an example and a warning of what will happen to others who disobey God. 2PE 2 7 fm1p 0 Connecting Statement: Peter gives an example of Lot, whom God rescued out from among men who deserved punishment. -2PE 2 7 k79d 0 the sensual behavior of lawless people "the immoral behavior of people who broke God's law" -2PE 2 8 b1ba 0 that righteous man This refers to Lot. -2PE 2 8 hpi4 figs-synecdoche 0 was tormented in his righteous soul Here the word "soul" refers to Lot's thoughts and emotions. The immoral behavior of the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah disturbed him emotionally. Alternate translation: "was greatly disturbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2PE 2 7 k79d τῆς ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων 1 the sensual behavior of lawless people "the immoral behavior of people who broke God's law" +2PE 2 8 b1ba ὁ δίκαιος 1 that righteous man This refers to Lot. +2PE 2 8 hpi4 figs-synecdoche ἐβασάνιζεν ψυχὴν δικαίαν ψυχὴν 1 was tormented in his righteous soul Here the word "soul" refers to Lot's thoughts and emotions. The immoral behavior of the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah disturbed him emotionally. Alternate translation: "was greatly disturbed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2PE 2 10 skh8 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins describing the characteristics of unrighteous men. -2PE 2 10 c9e5 0 This is especially true The word "this" refers to God keeping unrighteous men in prison until judgment day in [2 Peter 2:9](../02/09.md). -2PE 2 10 eb1k 0 those who continue in the corrupt desires of the flesh Here the phrase "desires of the flesh" refers to the desires of the sinful nature. Alternate translation: "those who continue to indulge their corrupt, sinful desires" -2PE 2 10 axr4 0 despise authority "refuse to submit to God's authority." Here the word "authority" probably refers to God's authority. -2PE 2 10 n7n8 figs-metonymy 0 authority Here "authority" stands for God, who has the right to give commands and to punish disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 2 10 esb2 0 self-willed "do whatever they want to do" -2PE 2 10 s7l1 0 the glorious ones This phrase refers to spiritual beings, such as angels or demons. -2PE 2 11 u2jk 0 greater strength and power "more strength and power than the false teachers" -2PE 2 11 v1qt 0 they do not bring insulting judgments against them The word "they" refers to angels. Possible meanings for the word "them" are 1) the glorious ones or 2) the false teachers. -2PE 2 11 zi6p figs-metaphor 0 bring insulting judgments against them The idea that angels could accuse them is spoken of as if they could attack them using accusations as weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 12 y4bl figs-metaphor 0 these unreasoning animals are naturally made for capture and destruction. Just as animals cannot reason, these men cannot be reasoned with. Alternate translation: "these false teachers are like unreasoning animals who are made to be captured and destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 12 ipd4 0 They do not know what they insult They speak evil of what they do not know or understand. -2PE 2 12 jw8d figs-activepassive 0 They will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will destroy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 2 13 p7g7 figs-irony 0 They will receive the reward of their wrongdoing Peter speaks of the punishment that the false teachers will receive as if it were a reward. Alternate translation: "They will receive what they deserve for their wrongdoing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +2PE 2 10 c9e5 μάλιστα 1 This is especially true The word "this" refers to God keeping unrighteous men in prison until judgment day in [2 Peter 2:9](../02/09.md). +2PE 2 10 eb1k τοὺς πορευομένους ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ σαρκὸς 1 those who continue in the corrupt desires of the flesh Here the phrase "desires of the flesh" refers to the desires of the sinful nature. Alternate translation: "those who continue to indulge their corrupt, sinful desires" +2PE 2 10 axr4 καταφρονοῦντας κυριότητος 1 despise authority "refuse to submit to God's authority." Here the word "authority" probably refers to God's authority. +2PE 2 10 n7n8 figs-metonymy κυριότητος 1 authority Here "authority" stands for God, who has the right to give commands and to punish disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 10 esb2 αὐθάδεις- αὐθάδεις 1 self-willed "do whatever they want to do" +2PE 2 10 s7l1 δόξας 1 the glorious ones This phrase refers to spiritual beings, such as angels or demons. +2PE 2 11 u2jk μείζονες ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει 1 greater strength and power "more strength and power than the false teachers" +2PE 2 11 v1qt φέρουσιν οὐ φέρουσιν βλάσφημον κρίσιν κατ’ αὐτῶν 1 they do not bring insulting judgments against them The word "they" refers to angels. Possible meanings for the word "them" are 1) the glorious ones or 2) the false teachers. +2PE 2 11 zi6p figs-metaphor φέρουσιν βλάσφημον κρίσιν κατ’ αὐτῶν 1 bring insulting judgments against them The idea that angels could accuse them is spoken of as if they could attack them using accusations as weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 12 y4bl figs-metaphor οὗτοι ὡς ἄλογα ζῷα γεγεννημένα φυσικὰ γεγεννημένα εἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν. 1 these unreasoning animals are naturally made for capture and destruction. Just as animals cannot reason, these men cannot be reasoned with. Alternate translation: "these false teachers are like unreasoning animals who are made to be captured and destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 12 ipd4 ἀγνοοῦσιν βλασφημοῦντες 1 They do not know what they insult They speak evil of what they do not know or understand. +2PE 2 12 jw8d figs-activepassive ἐν τῇ φθορᾷ αὐτῶν καὶ φθαρήσονται 1 They will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will destroy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 2 13 p7g7 figs-irony ἀδικούμενοι μισθὸν ἀδικίας 1 They will receive the reward of their wrongdoing Peter speaks of the punishment that the false teachers will receive as if it were a reward. Alternate translation: "They will receive what they deserve for their wrongdoing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 2PE 2 13 e62s 0 luxury during the day Here the word "luxury" refers to immoral activity that includes gluttony, drunkenness, and sexual activity. Doing these things during the day indicates that these people are not ashamed of this behavior. -2PE 2 13 u1rc figs-metaphor 0 They are stains and blemishes The words "stains" and "blemishes" share similar meanings. Peter speaks of the false teachers as if they were stains on a garment that cause shame for those who wear it. Alternate translation: "They are like stains and blemishes on clothes, which cause disgrace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -2PE 2 14 v7t4 figs-metonymy 0 They have eyes full of adultery Here the "eyes" represent their desires and "eyes full" means they constant want something. Alternate translation: "They constantly want to commit adultery" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 2 14 a22r 0 they are never satisfied with sin Although they sin in order to satisfy their lusts, the sin that they commit never satisfies. -2PE 2 14 wt89 figs-synecdoche 0 They entice unstable souls Here the word "souls" refers to persons. Alternate translation: "They entice unstable people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2PE 2 14 c55u figs-metonymy 0 hearts trained in covetousness Here the word "hearts" refers to the thoughts and emotions of the person. Because of their habitual actions, they have trained themselves to think and act out of covetousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 2 15 et62 0 They have abandoned the right way and have wandered off to follow "These false teachers have abandoned the right way and have gone astray to follow." The false teachers have refused to be obedient to God because they have rejected what is right. -2PE 2 15 ky5q figs-metaphor 0 the right way Right behavior that honors God is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 16 z37w figs-abstractnouns 0 he obtained a rebuke You can specify it was God who rebuked Balaam. Alternate translation: "God rebuked him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 2 16 g9dr 0 a mute donkey speaking in a human voice A donkey, which is naturally unable to speak, spoke with a voice like a human. -2PE 2 16 tf38 figs-metonymy 0 stopped the prophet's insanity God used a donkey to stop the prophet's foolish action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 2 17 t137 figs-metaphor 0 These men are springs without water Springs flowing with water promise refreshment for thirsty people, but "springs without water" will leave the thirsty disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 17 hzu1 figs-metaphor 0 mists driven by a storm When people see storm clouds, they expect rain to fall. When the winds from the storm blow the clouds away before the rain can fall, the people are disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 17 xe3y figs-activepassive 0 The gloom of thick darkness is reserved for them The word "them" refers to the false teachers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has reserved the gloom of thick darkness for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 2 18 cxt8 0 They speak with vain arrogance They use impressive but meaningless words. -2PE 2 18 f8tg 0 They entice people through the lusts of the flesh They appeal to the sinful nature to engage people in immoral and sinful actions. -2PE 2 18 nks3 figs-explicit 0 people who try to escape from those who live in error This phrase refers to people who recently became believers. The phrase "those who live in error" refers to unbelievers who still live in sin. Alternate translation: "people who try to live rightly, instead of living sinfully as they used to and as other people do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 2 18 jec8 figs-metaphor 0 people who try to escape Peter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need to be released from their captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 19 uyw6 figs-metaphor 0 They promise freedom to them, but they themselves are slaves of corruption "Freedom" here is an idiom for the ability to live exactly as one wants. Alternate translation: "They promise to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live, but they themselves cannot escape their own sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 13 u1rc figs-metaphor σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι 1 They are stains and blemishes The words "stains" and "blemishes" share similar meanings. Peter speaks of the false teachers as if they were stains on a garment that cause shame for those who wear it. Alternate translation: "They are like stains and blemishes on clothes, which cause disgrace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +2PE 2 14 v7t4 figs-metonymy ἔχοντες ὀφθαλμοὺς μεστοὺς μοιχαλίδος 1 They have eyes full of adultery Here the "eyes" represent their desires and "eyes full" means they constant want something. Alternate translation: "They constantly want to commit adultery" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 14 a22r ἀκαταπαύστους ἁμαρτίας 1 they are never satisfied with sin Although they sin in order to satisfy their lusts, the sin that they commit never satisfies. +2PE 2 14 wt89 figs-synecdoche δελεάζοντες ἀστηρίκτους ψυχὰς 1 They entice unstable souls Here the word "souls" refers to persons. Alternate translation: "They entice unstable people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2PE 2 14 c55u figs-metonymy καρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας 1 hearts trained in covetousness Here the word "hearts" refers to the thoughts and emotions of the person. Because of their habitual actions, they have trained themselves to think and act out of covetousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 15 et62 καταλειπόντες ὁδὸν εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν ἐπλανήθησαν ἐξακολουθήσαντες 1 They have abandoned the right way and have wandered off to follow "These false teachers have abandoned the right way and have gone astray to follow." The false teachers have refused to be obedient to God because they have rejected what is right. +2PE 2 15 ky5q figs-metaphor ὁδὸν εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν 1 the right way Right behavior that honors God is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 16 z37w figs-abstractnouns ἔσχεν ἔλεγξιν 1 he obtained a rebuke You can specify it was God who rebuked Balaam. Alternate translation: "God rebuked him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 2 16 g9dr ὑποζύγιον ἄφωνον ὑποζύγιον φθεγξάμενον ἐν φωνῇ ἀνθρώπου φωνῇ 1 a mute donkey speaking in a human voice A donkey, which is naturally unable to speak, spoke with a voice like a human. +2PE 2 16 tf38 figs-metonymy ἐκώλυσεν τὴν τοῦ προφήτου' τοῦ προφήτου παραφρονίαν 1 stopped the prophet's insanity God used a donkey to stop the prophet's foolish action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 17 t137 figs-metaphor οὗτοί εἰσιν πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι 1 These men are springs without water Springs flowing with water promise refreshment for thirsty people, but "springs without water" will leave the thirsty disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 17 hzu1 figs-metaphor ὁμίχλαι ἐλαυνόμεναι ὑπὸ λαίλαπος 1 mists driven by a storm When people see storm clouds, they expect rain to fall. When the winds from the storm blow the clouds away before the rain can fall, the people are disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 17 xe3y figs-activepassive ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους τετήρηται οἷς 1 The gloom of thick darkness is reserved for them The word "them" refers to the false teachers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has reserved the gloom of thick darkness for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 2 18 cxt8 φθεγγόμενοι ματαιότητος ὑπέρογκα 1 They speak with vain arrogance They use impressive but meaningless words. +2PE 2 18 f8tg δελεάζουσιν ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις σαρκὸς ἀσελγείαις 1 They entice people through the lusts of the flesh They appeal to the sinful nature to engage people in immoral and sinful actions. +2PE 2 18 nks3 figs-explicit τοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας τοὺς ἐν πλάνῃ ἀναστρεφομένους 1 people who try to escape from those who live in error This phrase refers to people who recently became believers. The phrase "those who live in error" refers to unbelievers who still live in sin. Alternate translation: "people who try to live rightly, instead of living sinfully as they used to and as other people do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 2 18 jec8 figs-metaphor τοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας 1 people who try to escape Peter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need to be released from their captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 19 uyw6 figs-metaphor ἐπαγγελλόμενοι ἐλευθερίαν αὐτοῖς, ὑπάρχοντες αὐτοὶ ὑπάρχοντες δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς 1 They promise freedom to them, but they themselves are slaves of corruption "Freedom" here is an idiom for the ability to live exactly as one wants. Alternate translation: "They promise to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live, but they themselves cannot escape their own sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2PE 2 19 v5tt figs-metaphor 0 promise freedom ... slaves of corruption Peter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need to be released from their captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 19 b79v figs-metaphor 0 For a man is a slave to whatever overcomes him Peter speaks of a person as a slave when anything has control over that person, and that thing as the master of that person. Alternate translation: "For if something has control over a person, that person becomes like a slave to that thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 19 b79v figs-metaphor γάρ τις δεδούλωται ᾧ ἥττηται 1 For a man is a slave to whatever overcomes him Peter speaks of a person as a slave when anything has control over that person, and that thing as the master of that person. Alternate translation: "For if something has control over a person, that person becomes like a slave to that thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2PE 2 20 d6ra 0 Connecting Statement: The words "they" and "them" refer to the false teachers Peter speaks of in verses 12-19. 2PE 2 20 q96i 0 If they have escaped ... and are again entangled ... and overcome, the last state has become worse ... than the first This sentence is a description of a conditional statement that is true. The false teachers had at one time "escaped," but if they are again entangled ... and overcome," then "the last state has become worse ... than the first." -2PE 2 20 lu22 figs-metonymy 0 the corruption of the world The word "defilements" refers to sinful behavior that makes one morally impure. The "world" refers to human society. Alternate translation: "the defiling practices of sinful human society" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 2 20 bi73 figs-abstractnouns 0 through the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. See how you translated similar phrases in [2 Peter 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: "by knowing the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 2 20 d42g 0 the last state has become worse for them than the first "their condition is worse than it was before" -2PE 2 21 pm7b figs-metaphor 0 the way of righteousness Peter speaks of life as a "way" or path. This phrase refers to living a life that is according to God's will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 21 ic3c figs-metaphor 0 turn away from the holy commandment Here "turn away from" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "stop obeying the holy commandment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 2 21 blr5 figs-activepassive 0 the holy commandment delivered to them This can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: "the holy commandment that God delivered to them" or "the holy commandment that God made sure that they received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 2 22 hqr3 0 This proverb is true for them "This proverb applies to them" or "This proverb describes them" -2PE 2 22 h42r writing-proverbs 0 A dog returns to its own vomit, and a washed pig returns to the mud Peter uses two proverbs to illustrate how the false teachers, although they have known "the way of righteousness," have turned back to the things that make them morally and spiritually impure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) +2PE 2 20 lu22 figs-metonymy τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου 1 the corruption of the world The word "defilements" refers to sinful behavior that makes one morally impure. The "world" refers to human society. Alternate translation: "the defiling practices of sinful human society" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 2 20 bi73 figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ You can translate "knowledge" using a verbal phrase. See how you translated similar phrases in [2 Peter 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: "by knowing the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 2 20 d42g τὰ ἔσχατα γέγονεν χείρονα αὐτοῖς τῶν πρώτων 1 the last state has become worse for them than the first "their condition is worse than it was before" +2PE 2 21 pm7b figs-metaphor τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 the way of righteousness Peter speaks of life as a "way" or path. This phrase refers to living a life that is according to God's will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 21 ic3c figs-metaphor ὑποστρέψαι ἐκ τῆς ἁγίας ἐντολῆς 1 turn away from the holy commandment Here "turn away from" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "stop obeying the holy commandment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 2 21 blr5 figs-activepassive τῆς ἁγίας ἐντολῆς παραδοθείσης αὐτοῖς 1 the holy commandment delivered to them This can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: "the holy commandment that God delivered to them" or "the holy commandment that God made sure that they received" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 2 22 hqr3 συμβέβηκεν αὐτοῖς τὸ τῆς ἀληθοῦς παροιμίας 1 This proverb is true for them "This proverb applies to them" or "This proverb describes them" +2PE 2 22 h42r writing-proverbs κύων ἐπιστρέψας ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα, καί ὗς λουσαμένη ὗς εἰς κυλισμὸν βορβόρου 1 A dog returns to its own vomit, and a washed pig returns to the mud Peter uses two proverbs to illustrate how the false teachers, although they have known "the way of righteousness," have turned back to the things that make them morally and spiritually impure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) 2PE 3 intro c1id 0 # 2 Peter 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Fire
People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, it is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]])

##### Day of the Lord
The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will come as a surprise to people. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to be prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2PE 3 1 n92f 0 General Information: Peter begins to talk about the last days. -2PE 3 1 gc3m figs-metaphor 0 to stir up your sincere mind Peter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: "to cause you to think pure thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 3 2 gxj7 figs-activepassive 0 the words spoken in the past by the holy prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the words that the holy prophets spoke in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 2 yhi7 figs-activepassive 0 the command of our Lord and Savior given through your apostles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the command of our Lord and Savior, which your apostles gave to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 3 lm1a 0 Know this first "Know this as the most important thing." See how you translated this in [2 Peter 1:20](../01/20.md). -2PE 3 3 znh2 figs-explicit 0 proceed according to their own desires Here the word "desires" refers to sinful desires that are opposed to God's will. Alternate translation: "live according to their own sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 3 3 hl23 0 proceed act, behave -2PE 3 4 zrj7 figs-rquestion 0 Where is the promise of his return? The mockers ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that they do not believe that Jesus will return. The word "promise" refers to the fulfillment of the promise that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: "The promise that Jesus would return is not true! He will not return!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 3 4 t6hl figs-euphemism 0 our fathers fell asleep Here "fathers" refers to ancestors who lived long ago. Falling asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: "our ancestors died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2PE 3 4 c2en figs-hyperbole 0 all things have stayed the same, since the beginning of creation The mockers exaggerate with the word "all", and they argue that since nothing in the world has ever changed, it cannot be true that Jesus will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2PE 3 4 yue7 figs-abstractnouns 0 since the beginning of creation This can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "since God created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 3 1 gc3m figs-metaphor διεγείρω ὑμῶν τὴν εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν 1 to stir up your sincere mind Peter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: "to cause you to think pure thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 3 2 gxj7 figs-activepassive τῶν ῥημάτων προειρημένων ὑπὸ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν 1 the words spoken in the past by the holy prophets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the words that the holy prophets spoke in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 2 yhi7 figs-activepassive τῆς ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος τῶν ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν 1 the command of our Lord and Savior given through your apostles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the command of our Lord and Savior, which your apostles gave to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 3 lm1a γινώσκοντες τοῦτο πρῶτον 1 Know this first "Know this as the most important thing." See how you translated this in [2 Peter 1:20](../01/20.md). +2PE 3 3 znh2 figs-explicit πορευόμενοι κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας 1 proceed according to their own desires Here the word "desires" refers to sinful desires that are opposed to God's will. Alternate translation: "live according to their own sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 3 3 hl23 πορευόμενοι 1 proceed act, behave +2PE 3 4 zrj7 figs-rquestion ποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ τῆς παρουσίας? 1 Where is the promise of his return? The mockers ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that they do not believe that Jesus will return. The word "promise" refers to the fulfillment of the promise that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: "The promise that Jesus would return is not true! He will not return!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 3 4 t6hl figs-euphemism οἱ πατέρες ἐκοιμήθησαν 1 our fathers fell asleep Here "fathers" refers to ancestors who lived long ago. Falling asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: "our ancestors died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2PE 3 4 c2en figs-hyperbole πάντα διαμένει οὕτως, ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως 1 all things have stayed the same, since the beginning of creation The mockers exaggerate with the word "all", and they argue that since nothing in the world has ever changed, it cannot be true that Jesus will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2PE 3 4 yue7 figs-abstractnouns ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως 1 since the beginning of creation This can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "since God created the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2PE 3 5 mku9 figs-activepassive 0 the heavens and the earth came to exist ... long ago, by God's command This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God established the heavens and the earth ... long ago by his word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 5 s77f 0 came to exist out of water and through water This means that God caused the land to come up out of the water, gathering the bodies of water together to make the land appear. -2PE 3 6 jh4r 0 through these things Here "these things" refers to God's word and water. -2PE 3 6 nyb7 figs-activepassive 0 the world of that time was destroyed, being flooded with water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God flooded the world that existed at that time with water and destroyed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 7 b2in figs-activepassive 0 the heavens and the earth are reserved for fire by that same command This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God, by that same word, has reserved the heavens and the earth for fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 7 e673 0 that same command Here "command" stands for God, who will give the command: AT "God, who will give a similar command" -2PE 3 7 jl5d figs-activepassive 0 They are reserved for the day of judgment This can be stated in active form and can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: "He is reserving them for the day of judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 7 y3gg figs-abstractnouns 0 for the day of judgment and the destruction of the ungodly people This can be stated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "for the day when he judges and destroys ungodly people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2PE 3 8 s5cy 0 It should not escape your notice "You should not fail to understand this" or "Do not ignore this" -2PE 3 8 enh9 0 that one day with the Lord is like a thousand years "that from the Lord's point of view, one day is like a thousand years" -2PE 3 9 zv9m 0 The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises "The Lord does not move slowly to fulfill his promises" -2PE 3 9 dzq8 0 as some consider slowness to be Some people think that the Lord is slow to fulfill his promises because their perspective of time is different than God's. -2PE 3 10 w6ma 0 However Although the Lord is being patient and wants people to repent, he will indeed return and bring judgment. -2PE 3 10 c5m1 figs-personification 0 the day of the Lord will come as a thief Peter speaks of the day when God will judge everyone as if it were a thief who will unexpectedly and take people by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -2PE 3 10 k31z 0 The heavens will pass away "The heavens will disappear" -2PE 3 10 z32k figs-activepassive 0 The elements will be burned with fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will burn the elements with fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 10 zgd3 0 The elements Possible meanings are 1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or 2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water. -2PE 3 10 j1gj figs-activepassive 0 the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed God will see all the earth and all the deeds of everyone, and he will then judge everything. This can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: "God will expose the earth and everything that people have done on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 5 s77f ἦσαν ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ δι’ ὕδατος 1 came to exist out of water and through water This means that God caused the land to come up out of the water, gathering the bodies of water together to make the land appear. +2PE 3 6 jh4r δι’ ὧν 1 through these things Here "these things" refers to God's word and water. +2PE 3 6 nyb7 figs-activepassive ὁ κόσμος τότε ἀπώλετο, κατακλυσθεὶς ὕδατι 1 the world of that time was destroyed, being flooded with water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God flooded the world that existed at that time with water and destroyed it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 7 b2in figs-activepassive οἱ οὐρανοὶ καὶ ἡ γῆ εἰσὶν τεθησαυρισμένοι πυρὶ τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ 1 the heavens and the earth are reserved for fire by that same command This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God, by that same word, has reserved the heavens and the earth for fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 7 e673 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ 1 that same command Here "command" stands for God, who will give the command: AT "God, who will give a similar command" +2PE 3 7 jl5d figs-activepassive τηρούμενοι εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως 1 They are reserved for the day of judgment This can be stated in active form and can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: "He is reserving them for the day of judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 7 y3gg figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως καὶ ἀπωλείας τῶν ἀσεβῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 for the day of judgment and the destruction of the ungodly people This can be stated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "for the day when he judges and destroys ungodly people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 3 8 s5cy ἓν δὲ τοῦτο μὴ λανθανέτω ὑμᾶς 1 It should not escape your notice "You should not fail to understand this" or "Do not ignore this" +2PE 3 8 enh9 ὅτι μία ἡμέρα παρὰ Κυρίῳ ὡς χίλια ἔτη 1 that one day with the Lord is like a thousand years "that from the Lord's point of view, one day is like a thousand years" +2PE 3 9 zv9m Κύριος βραδύνει οὐ βραδύνει τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises "The Lord does not move slowly to fulfill his promises" +2PE 3 9 dzq8 ὥς τινες ἡγοῦνται βραδύτητα ἡγοῦνται 1 as some consider slowness to be Some people think that the Lord is slow to fulfill his promises because their perspective of time is different than God's. +2PE 3 10 w6ma δὲ 1 However Although the Lord is being patient and wants people to repent, he will indeed return and bring judgment. +2PE 3 10 c5m1 figs-personification ἡμέρα Κυρίου ἥξει ὡς κλέπτης 1 the day of the Lord will come as a thief Peter speaks of the day when God will judge everyone as if it were a thief who will unexpectedly and take people by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2PE 3 10 k31z οἱ οὐρανοὶ παρελεύσονται 1 The heavens will pass away "The heavens will disappear" +2PE 3 10 z32k figs-activepassive στοιχεῖα καυσούμενα λυθήσεται 1 The elements will be burned with fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will burn the elements with fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 10 zgd3 στοιχεῖα 1 The elements Possible meanings are 1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or 2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water. +2PE 3 10 j1gj figs-activepassive γῆ καὶ τὰ ἔργα ἐν αὐτῇ εὑρεθήσεται 1 the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed God will see all the earth and all the deeds of everyone, and he will then judge everything. This can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: "God will expose the earth and everything that people have done on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2PE 3 11 buq4 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins to tell the believers how they should live as they wait for the day of the Lord. -2PE 3 11 nq63 figs-activepassive 0 Since all these things will be destroyed in this way This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Since God will destroy all these things in this way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 11 t8wx figs-rquestion 0 what kind of people should you be? Peter uses this rhetorical question to emphasize what he will say next, that they "should live holy and godly lives." Alternate translation: "you know what kind of people you should be." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2PE 3 12 rq9g figs-activepassive 0 the heavens will be destroyed by fire, and the elements will be melted in great heat This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will destroy the heavens by fire, and he will melt the elements in great heat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 12 v15i 0 the elements Possible meanings are 1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or 2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water. See how you translated this in [2 Peter 3:10](../03/10.md). -2PE 3 13 df3v figs-personification 0 where righteousness will dwell Peter speaks of "righteousness" as if it were a person. This is a metonym for people who are righteous. Alternate translation: "where righteous people will dwell" or "where people will live righteously" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2PE 3 14 fj1l figs-activepassive 0 do your best to be found spotless and blameless before him, in peace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "do your best to live in a way so that God will find you spotless and blameless, and be at peace with him and each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 14 s141 figs-doublet 0 spotless and blameless The words "spotless" and "blameless" mean basically the same thing and emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: "completely pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -2PE 3 14 byr8 figs-metaphor 0 spotless Here this stands for "faultless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 3 15 g35u figs-explicit 0 consider the patience of our Lord to be salvation Because the Lord is patient, the day of judgment has not yet happened. This gives people an opportunity to repent and be saved, as he explained in [2 Peter 3:9](../03/09.md). Alternate translation: "Also, think about the patience of our Lord as giving you an opportunity to repent and be saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2PE 3 15 nnd7 figs-activepassive 0 according to the wisdom that was given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "according to the wisdom that God gave to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 16 wil1 0 Paul speaks of these things in all his letters "Paul speaks of the patience of God leading to salvation in all his letters" -2PE 3 16 z4cj 0 in which there are things that are difficult to understand There are things in Paul's letters that are difficult to understand. -2PE 3 16 dt6r 0 Ignorant and unstable men distort these things Ignorant and unstable men misinterpret the things that are difficult to understand in Paul's letters. -2PE 3 16 giz1 0 Ignorant and unstable "Unlearned and unsteady." These men have not been taught how to properly interpret scripture and are not well established in the truth of the gospel. -2PE 3 16 sh4j 0 to their own destruction "resulting in their own destruction" +2PE 3 11 nq63 figs-activepassive λυομένων πάντων τούτων λυομένων οὕτως 1 Since all these things will be destroyed in this way This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Since God will destroy all these things in this way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 11 t8wx figs-rquestion ποταποὺς δεῖ ὑμᾶς ὑπάρχειν? 1 what kind of people should you be? Peter uses this rhetorical question to emphasize what he will say next, that they "should live holy and godly lives." Alternate translation: "you know what kind of people you should be." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2PE 3 12 rq9g figs-activepassive οὐρανοὶ λυθήσονται πυρούμενοι, καὶ στοιχεῖα τήκεται καυσούμενα 1 the heavens will be destroyed by fire, and the elements will be melted in great heat This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will destroy the heavens by fire, and he will melt the elements in great heat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 12 v15i στοιχεῖα 1 the elements Possible meanings are 1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or 2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water. See how you translated this in [2 Peter 3:10](../03/10.md). +2PE 3 13 df3v figs-personification ἐν οἷς δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ 1 where righteousness will dwell Peter speaks of "righteousness" as if it were a person. This is a metonym for people who are righteous. Alternate translation: "where righteous people will dwell" or "where people will live righteously" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2PE 3 14 fj1l figs-activepassive σπουδάσατε εὑρεθῆναι ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι αὐτῷ, ἐν εἰρήνῃ 1 do your best to be found spotless and blameless before him, in peace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "do your best to live in a way so that God will find you spotless and blameless, and be at peace with him and each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 14 s141 figs-doublet ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι 1 spotless and blameless The words "spotless" and "blameless" mean basically the same thing and emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: "completely pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +2PE 3 14 byr8 figs-metaphor ἄσπιλοι 1 spotless Here this stands for "faultless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 3 15 g35u figs-explicit ἡγεῖσθε τὴν μακροθυμίαν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου σωτηρίαν 1 consider the patience of our Lord to be salvation Because the Lord is patient, the day of judgment has not yet happened. This gives people an opportunity to repent and be saved, as he explained in [2 Peter 3:9](../03/09.md). Alternate translation: "Also, think about the patience of our Lord as giving you an opportunity to repent and be saved" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2PE 3 15 nnd7 figs-activepassive κατὰ τὴν σοφίαν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ 1 according to the wisdom that was given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "according to the wisdom that God gave to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 16 wil1 λαλῶν περὶ τούτων ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἐπιστολαῖς 1 Paul speaks of these things in all his letters "Paul speaks of the patience of God leading to salvation in all his letters" +2PE 3 16 z4cj ἐν αἷς ἐστιν τινα δυσνόητά 1 in which there are things that are difficult to understand There are things in Paul's letters that are difficult to understand. +2PE 3 16 dt6r οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι στρεβλοῦσιν ἃ 1 Ignorant and unstable men distort these things Ignorant and unstable men misinterpret the things that are difficult to understand in Paul's letters. +2PE 3 16 giz1 οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι 1 Ignorant and unstable "Unlearned and unsteady." These men have not been taught how to properly interpret scripture and are not well established in the truth of the gospel. +2PE 3 16 sh4j πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν 1 to their own destruction "resulting in their own destruction" 2PE 3 17 kn3d 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes instructing the believers and ends his letter. -2PE 3 17 t1gd 0 since you know about these things "These things" refers to the truths about the patience of God and the teachings of these false teachers. -2PE 3 17 z54q 0 guard yourselves "protect yourselves" -2PE 3 17 h2ik figs-metaphor 0 so that you are not led astray by the deceit of lawless people Here "led astray" is a metaphor for being persuaded to do something wrong. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that lawless people do not deceive you and cause you do something wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2PE 3 17 w3sp figs-metaphor 0 you lose your own faithfulness Faithfulness is spoken of as if it were a possession that believers could lose. Alternate translation: "you stop being faithful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2PE 3 18 lk3c figs-metaphor 0 grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ Here growing in the grace and knowledge of the Lord represents experiencing his grace more and knowing him more. The abstract noun "grace" can be expressed with the phrase "act kindly." Alternate translation: "receive more of the grace of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and know him more" or "be more aware of how our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ acts kindly toward you, and know him better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2PE 3 17 t1gd προγινώσκοντες ὑμεῖς προγινώσκοντες 1 since you know about these things "These things" refers to the truths about the patience of God and the teachings of these false teachers. +2PE 3 17 z54q φυλάσσεσθε 1 guard yourselves "protect yourselves" +2PE 3 17 h2ik figs-metaphor ἵνα συναπαχθέντες μὴ συναπαχθέντες τῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ 1 so that you are not led astray by the deceit of lawless people Here "led astray" is a metaphor for being persuaded to do something wrong. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that lawless people do not deceive you and cause you do something wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2PE 3 17 w3sp figs-metaphor ἐκπέσητε τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ 1 you lose your own faithfulness Faithfulness is spoken of as if it were a possession that believers could lose. Alternate translation: "you stop being faithful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2PE 3 18 lk3c figs-metaphor αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ Here growing in the grace and knowledge of the Lord represents experiencing his grace more and knowing him more. The abstract noun "grace" can be expressed with the phrase "act kindly." Alternate translation: "receive more of the grace of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and know him more" or "be more aware of how our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ acts kindly toward you, and know him better" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_63-1JN.tsv b/en_tn_63-1JN.tsv index 2d8f0ad08a..93f3003b54 100644 --- a/en_tn_63-1JN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_63-1JN.tsv @@ -2,292 +2,292 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1JN front intro nl27 0 # Introduction to 1 John
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 1 John

1. Introduction (1:1-4)
1. Christian living (1:5-3:10)
1. The command to love one another (3:11-5:12)
1. Conclusion (5:13-21)

#### Who wrote the Book of 1 John?

This book does not name the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. He was also wrote of the Gospel of John.

#### What is the Book of 1 John about?

John wrote this letter to Christians at a time when false teachers were troubling them. John wrote this letter because he wanted to prevent believers from sinning. He wanted to protect believers from false teachings. And he wanted to assure believers that they were saved.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 John" or "First John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter From John" or "The First Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Who were the people that John spoke against?

The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John?

John often used the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus' word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers.

Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their languages in exactly the same way. For example, John intended to express the idea of the Christian being spiritually together with God when he said, "He who says he remains in God" (1 John 2:6). The UST says, "If we say that we are in union with God," but translators will often have to find other expressions that communicate these ideas well.

In the passage, "the word of God remains in you" (1 John 2:13), the UST expresses this idea as, "you continue to obey what God commands." Many translators will find it possible to use this translation as a model.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John?

For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "And we are writing these things to you so that our joy may be complete" (1:4). Some older versions have, "And we are writing these things to you so that your joy may be complete."
* "And you all know the truth" (2:20). Other modern versions have, "And you all have knowledge." Some older versions have, "and you know all things."
* "and this is what we are!" (3:1). The ULT, UST, and most modern versions read this way. Some older versions omit this phrase.
* "and every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God" (4:3). The ULT, UST, and most modern versions have this reading. Some older versions read, "and every spirit that does not acknowledge that Jesus has come in the flesh is not of God."

For the following passage, translators are advised to translate this as the ULT does. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include this passage, the translators can include it. If it is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it was probably not in the original version of 1 John.

* "For there are three who bear witness: the Spirit, the water, and the blood. These three are in agreement." (5:7-8) Some older versions have, "For there are three that bear witness in heaven: the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness on earth: the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three are as one."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1JN 1 intro ab9v 0 # 1 John 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This is a letter that John wrote to Christians.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Christians and sin
In this chapter John teaches that all Christians are still sinners. But God continues to forgive a Christian's sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

In this chapter John writes that God is light. Light is a metaphor for understanding and righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

John also writes about people walking in the light or in the darkness. Walking is a metaphor for behaving or living. People who walk in the light understand what is righteous and do it. People who walk in the darkness may not understand what is righteous, and they do what is sinful.
1JN 1 1 axg6 figs-you 0 General Information: The apostle John wrote this letter to believers. All instances of "you," "your," and "yours" include all believers and are plural. Here the words "we" and "us" refer to John and those who had been with Jesus. In verses 1-2 many pronouns like "that," "which," and "it" are used. They refer to "the Word of life" and "the eternal life." But, since these are names for Jesus, you can use pronouns that refer to a person like "who," "whom" or "he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -1JN 1 1 ej5x 0 which we have heard "which we have heard him teach" +1JN 1 1 ej5x ὃ ἀκηκόαμεν 1 which we have heard "which we have heard him teach" 1JN 1 1 rb73 figs-parallelism 0 which we have seen ... we have looked at This is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "which we ourselves have seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1JN 1 1 gt44 0 the Word of life "Jesus, the one who causes people to live forever" -1JN 1 1 i8b4 figs-metonymy 0 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 1 2 la4a figs-activepassive 0 the life was made known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made the eternal life known to us" or "God made us able to know him, who is eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 1 1 gt44 τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς 1 the Word of life "Jesus, the one who causes people to live forever" +1JN 1 1 i8b4 figs-metonymy ζωῆς 1 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 1 2 la4a figs-activepassive ἡ ζωὴ ἐφανερώθη 1 the life was made known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God made the eternal life known to us" or "God made us able to know him, who is eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1JN 1 2 jp6s 0 we have seen it "we have seen him" 1JN 1 2 ih36 0 we bear witness to it "we solemnly tell others about him" -1JN 1 2 lyt6 figs-metonymy 0 the eternal life Here, "the eternal life" refers to the one who gives that life, Jesus. Alternate translation: "the one who enables us to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 1 2 itv8 0 which was with the Father "who was with God the Father" -1JN 1 2 fru2 figs-activepassive 0 and which has been made known to us This was when he lived on earth. Alternate translation: "and he came to live among us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 1 2 lyt6 figs-metonymy τὴν τὴν αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 the eternal life Here, "the eternal life" refers to the one who gives that life, Jesus. Alternate translation: "the one who enables us to live forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 1 2 itv8 ἥτις ἦν πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα 1 which was with the Father "who was with God the Father" +1JN 1 2 fru2 figs-activepassive καὶ ἐφανερώθη ἡμῖν 1 and which has been made known to us This was when he lived on earth. Alternate translation: "and he came to live among us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1JN 1 3 jd7p figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "we," "us," and "our" refer to John and those who had been with Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1JN 1 3 vw2w 0 That which we have seen and heard we declare also to you "We say to you also what we have seen and heard" +1JN 1 3 vw2w ὃ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ ἀκηκόαμεν ἀπαγγέλλομεν καὶ ὑμῖν 1 That which we have seen and heard we declare also to you "We say to you also what we have seen and heard" 1JN 1 3 dw7l 0 have fellowship with us. Our fellowship is with the Father "be our close friends. We are friends with God the Father" -1JN 1 3 tf4m 0 Our fellowship It is not clear if John is including or excluding his readers. You may translate this either way. +1JN 1 3 tf4m ἡ ἡμετέρα ἡ κοινωνία 1 Our fellowship It is not clear if John is including or excluding his readers. You may translate this either way. 1JN 1 3 rxq7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 1 4 xn9d 0 so that our joy will be complete "to make our joy complete" or "to make ourselves completely happy" +1JN 1 4 xn9d ἵνα ἡμῶν ἡ χαρὰ ᾖ πεπληρωμένη 1 so that our joy will be complete "to make our joy complete" or "to make ourselves completely happy" 1JN 1 5 djn4 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "we" and "us" refer to all believers, including the people to whom John was writing. Unless otherwise stated, that is the meaning for the remainder of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 1JN 1 5 kz3i 0 Connecting Statement: From here into the next chapter, John writes about fellowship—close relationships with God and other believers. -1JN 1 5 cd6f figs-metonymy 0 God is light This is a metaphor that means that God is perfectly pure and holy. Cultures that associate goodness with light may be able to keep the idea of light without explaining the metaphor. Alternate translation: "God is purely righteous like pure light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 1 5 e9m2 figs-metaphor 0 in him there is no darkness at all This is a metaphor that means that God never sins and is not evil in any way. Cultures that associate evil with darkness may be able to keep the idea of darkness without explaining the metaphor. Alternate translation: "in him there is nothing that is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 1 6 f958 figs-metaphor 0 walk in darkness Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for "evil." Alternate translation: "do what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 1 7 lpr3 figs-metaphor 0 walk in the light as he is in the light Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here "light" is a metaphor for "good" or "right." Alternate translation: "do what is good as God is perfectly good" or "do what is right as God is perfectly right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 1 7 d7d8 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of Jesus This refers to the death of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 1 7 jb3e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 1 5 cd6f figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς ἐστιν φῶς 1 God is light This is a metaphor that means that God is perfectly pure and holy. Cultures that associate goodness with light may be able to keep the idea of light without explaining the metaphor. Alternate translation: "God is purely righteous like pure light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 1 5 e9m2 figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ ἔστιν οὐκ σκοτία οὐδεμία 1 in him there is no darkness at all This is a metaphor that means that God never sins and is not evil in any way. Cultures that associate evil with darkness may be able to keep the idea of darkness without explaining the metaphor. Alternate translation: "in him there is nothing that is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 1 6 f958 figs-metaphor περιπατῶμεν ἐν τῷ σκότει 1 walk in darkness Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for "evil." Alternate translation: "do what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 1 7 lpr3 figs-metaphor περιπατῶμεν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ ὡς αὐτός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ φωτί 1 walk in the light as he is in the light Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here "light" is a metaphor for "good" or "right." Alternate translation: "do what is good as God is perfectly good" or "do what is right as God is perfectly right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 1 7 d7d8 figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα Ἰησοῦ 1 the blood of Jesus This refers to the death of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 1 7 jb3e guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) 1JN 1 8 gb5l 0 General Information: Here the words "he," "him," and "his" refer to God ([1 John 1:5](../01/05.md)). -1JN 1 8 enu7 0 have no sin "never sin" -1JN 1 8 m8hf 0 are deceiving "are tricking" or "lying to" -1JN 1 8 tt51 figs-metaphor 0 the truth is not in us The truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be inside believers. Alternate translation: "we do not believe what God says is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 1 9 f68c figs-parallelism 0 to forgive us our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. John uses them to emphasize that God will surely forgive our sins. Alternate translation: "and will completely forgive us of what we have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1JN 1 10 hii2 figs-explicit 0 we make him out to be a liar It is implied that a person who claims to be without sin would be calling God a liar since he said that everyone is a sinner. Alternate translation: "it is the same as calling him a liar, because he said we have all sinned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 1 10 m3p1 figs-metaphor 0 his word is not in us "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Obeying and honoring God's word is spoken of as if his word were inside the believers. Alternate translation: "we do not understand God's word nor obey what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 1 8 enu7 ἔχομεν οὐκ ἁμαρτίαν 1 have no sin "never sin" +1JN 1 8 m8hf πλανῶμεν 1 are deceiving "are tricking" or "lying to" +1JN 1 8 tt51 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀλήθεια ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν ἡμῖν 1 the truth is not in us The truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be inside believers. Alternate translation: "we do not believe what God says is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 1 9 f68c figs-parallelism ἵνα ἀφῇ ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀδικίας 1 to forgive us our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. John uses them to emphasize that God will surely forgive our sins. Alternate translation: "and will completely forgive us of what we have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1JN 1 10 hii2 figs-explicit ποιοῦμεν αὐτὸν ψεύστην 1 we make him out to be a liar It is implied that a person who claims to be without sin would be calling God a liar since he said that everyone is a sinner. Alternate translation: "it is the same as calling him a liar, because he said we have all sinned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 1 10 m3p1 figs-metaphor αὐτοῦ ὁ λόγος ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν ἡμῖν 1 his word is not in us "Word" here is a metonym for "message." Obeying and honoring God's word is spoken of as if his word were inside the believers. Alternate translation: "we do not understand God's word nor obey what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1JN 2 intro zjj9 0 # 1 John 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Antichrist

In this chapter John writes about both a specific antichrist and many antichrists. The word "antichrist" means "opposed to Christ." The antichrist is a person who will come in the last days and imitate Jesus' work, but he will do it for evil. Before this person comes, there will be many people who work against Christ; they too are called "antichrists." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphor

There are several groups of similar metaphors that are used throughout this chapter.

Being in God is a metaphor for having fellowship with God, and God's word and truth being in people is a metaphor for people knowing and obeying God's word.

Walking is a metaphor for behaving, not knowing where one is going is a metaphor for not knowing how to behave, and stumbling is a metaphor for sinning.

The light is a metaphor for knowing and doing what is right, and darkness and blindness are metaphors for not knowing what is right and doing what is wrong.

Leading people astray is a metaphor for teaching people things that are not true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1JN 2 1 u65h figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words "we" and "us" refer to John and all believers. The words "him" and "his" could refer to God the Father or to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 1JN 2 1 w9ji 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to write about fellowship and shows that it is possible because Jesus goes between believers and the Father. -1JN 2 1 v57g figs-metaphor 0 Children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 1 p49e 0 I am writing these things "I am writing this letter" -1JN 2 1 bi4g 0 But if anyone sins "But when anyone sins." This is something that is likely to happen. -1JN 2 1 stj2 figs-explicit 0 we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ, the one who is righteous The word "advocate" here refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "we have Jesus Christ, the one who is righteous, who speaks to the Father and asks him to forgive us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 2 2 h8fg 0 He is the propitiation for our sins "God is no longer angry with us, because Jesus sacrificed his own life for our sins" or "Jesus is the one who sacrificed his life for our sins, so God is no longer angry with us for our sins" -1JN 2 3 el7q 0 We know that we have come to know him "We know that we know him" or "We know that we have a good relationship with him" -1JN 2 3 qn85 0 if we keep his commandments "if we obey what he commands" -1JN 2 4 kmz5 0 The one who says "Anyone who says" or "The person who says" +1JN 2 1 v57g figs-metaphor τεκνία 1 Children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 1 p49e γράφω ταῦτα 1 I am writing these things "I am writing this letter" +1JN 2 1 bi4g καὶ ἐάν τις ἁμάρτῃ 1 But if anyone sins "But when anyone sins." This is something that is likely to happen. +1JN 2 1 stj2 figs-explicit ἔχομεν Παράκλητον πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν, δίκαιον 1 we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ, the one who is righteous The word "advocate" here refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "we have Jesus Christ, the one who is righteous, who speaks to the Father and asks him to forgive us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 2 2 h8fg αὐτὸς ἐστιν ἱλασμός περὶ ἡμῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 He is the propitiation for our sins "God is no longer angry with us, because Jesus sacrificed his own life for our sins" or "Jesus is the one who sacrificed his life for our sins, so God is no longer angry with us for our sins" +1JN 2 3 el7q γινώσκομεν ὅτι ἐγνώκαμεν αὐτόν 1 We know that we have come to know him "We know that we know him" or "We know that we have a good relationship with him" +1JN 2 3 qn85 ἐὰν τηρῶμεν αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐντολὰς 1 if we keep his commandments "if we obey what he commands" +1JN 2 4 kmz5 ὁ λέγων 1 The one who says "Anyone who says" or "The person who says" 1JN 2 4 q665 0 I know God "I have a good relationship with God" -1JN 2 4 qp1j 0 does not keep "does not obey" or "disobeys" -1JN 2 4 qt4e 0 his commandments "what God tells him to do" -1JN 2 4 cj84 figs-metaphor 0 the truth is not in him The truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be inside the believers. Alternate translation: "he does not believe what God says is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 5 aqa4 figs-idiom 0 keeps his word To keep someone's word here is an idiom for to obey. Alternate translation: "does what God tells him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1JN 2 5 x88p figs-possession 0 in him truly the love of God has been perfected This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "the love of God" refers to a person loving God, and "perfected" represents completely or fully. Alternate translation: "it is that person who loves God completely" or 2) "the love of God" refers to God loving people, and "perfected" represents completing its purpose. Alternate translation: "God's love has achieved its purpose in that person's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 2 5 b688 figs-metaphor 0 By this we know that we are in him The phrase "we are in him" means that the believer has fellowship with God. Alternate translation: "When we obey what God says, we can be certain that we have fellowship with him" or "By this we know that are joined to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 4 qp1j τηρῶν μὴ τηρῶν 1 does not keep "does not obey" or "disobeys" +1JN 2 4 qt4e αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐντολὰς 1 his commandments "what God tells him to do" +1JN 2 4 cj84 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀλήθεια ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν τούτῳ 1 the truth is not in him The truth is spoken of as if it were an object that could be inside the believers. Alternate translation: "he does not believe what God says is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 5 aqa4 figs-idiom τηρῇ αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον 1 keeps his word To keep someone's word here is an idiom for to obey. Alternate translation: "does what God tells him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1JN 2 5 x88p figs-possession ἐν τούτῳ ἀληθῶς ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ τετελείωται 1 in him truly the love of God has been perfected This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "the love of God" refers to a person loving God, and "perfected" represents completely or fully. Alternate translation: "it is that person who loves God completely" or 2) "the love of God" refers to God loving people, and "perfected" represents completing its purpose. Alternate translation: "God's love has achieved its purpose in that person's life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 2 5 b688 figs-metaphor ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι ἐσμεν ἐν αὐτῷ 1 By this we know that we are in him The phrase "we are in him" means that the believer has fellowship with God. Alternate translation: "When we obey what God says, we can be certain that we have fellowship with him" or "By this we know that are joined to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 2 6 u6lu figs-metaphor 0 remains in God To remain in God means to continue to have fellowship with God. Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with God" or "stays joined to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 6 x5n1 figs-metaphor 0 should himself also walk just as he walked Conducting one's life is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: "must live as he lived" or "should also obey God just as Jesus Christ did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 6 x5n1 figs-metaphor ὀφείλει ἐκεῖνος καὶ περιεπάτησεν καθὼς αὐτὸς περιπατεῖν 1 should himself also walk just as he walked Conducting one's life is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: "must live as he lived" or "should also obey God just as Jesus Christ did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 2 7 s5wc 0 Connecting Statement: John gives believers basic principles of fellowship—obedience and love. -1JN 2 7 py9g 0 Beloved, I am "You people whom I love, I am" or "Dear friends, I am" -1JN 2 7 amu6 0 I am not writing a new commandment to you, but an old commandment "I write to you to love one other, which is not a new thing to do but an old commandment that you had heard." John refers to Jesus' command to love one another. -1JN 2 7 vz9w figs-explicit 0 from the beginning Here, "beginning" refers to when they decided to follow Christ. Alternate translation: "from when you first believed in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 2 7 eia9 0 The old commandment is the word that you heard. ""The old commandment is the message that you heard" -1JN 2 8 i1up 0 Yet I am writing a new commandment to you "But in one way the commandment I write to you is a new commandment" +1JN 2 7 py9g ἀγαπητοί, γράφω 1 Beloved, I am "You people whom I love, I am" or "Dear friends, I am" +1JN 2 7 amu6 γράφω οὐκ γράφω ἐντολὴν καινὴν ἐντολὴν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἐντολὴν παλαιὰν ἐντολὴν 1 I am not writing a new commandment to you, but an old commandment "I write to you to love one other, which is not a new thing to do but an old commandment that you had heard." John refers to Jesus' command to love one another. +1JN 2 7 vz9w figs-explicit ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 from the beginning Here, "beginning" refers to when they decided to follow Christ. Alternate translation: "from when you first believed in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 2 7 eia9 ἡ ἡ παλαιά ἐντολὴ ἐστιν ὁ λόγος ὃν ἠκούσατε. 1 The old commandment is the word that you heard. ""The old commandment is the message that you heard" +1JN 2 8 i1up πάλιν γράφω ἐντολὴν καινὴν ἐντολὴν ὑμῖν 1 Yet I am writing a new commandment to you "But in one way the commandment I write to you is a new commandment" 1JN 2 8 c2fa 0 which is true in Christ and in you "which is true, as shown in Christ's deeds and your deeds" -1JN 2 8 i8gr figs-metaphor 0 the darkness is passing away, and the true light is already shining Here "darkness" is a metaphor for "evil" and "light" is a metaphor for "good." Alternate translation: "because you are ceasing to do evil and you are doing more and more good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 8 i8gr figs-metaphor ἡ σκοτία παράγεται, καὶ τὸ τὸ ἀληθινὸν φῶς φαίνει ἤδη φαίνει 1 the darkness is passing away, and the true light is already shining Here "darkness" is a metaphor for "evil" and "light" is a metaphor for "good." Alternate translation: "because you are ceasing to do evil and you are doing more and more good" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 2 9 j4f7 0 General Information: Here the word "brother" refers to a fellow Christian. -1JN 2 9 a3jt 0 The one who says "Anyone who says" or "Someone who claims." This does not refer to a specific person. -1JN 2 9 srl7 figs-metaphor 0 he is in the light Here to be "in the light" is a metaphor for doing what is right. Alternate translation: "he does what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 9 mp9f figs-metaphor 0 is in the darkness Here to be "in the darkness" is a metaphor for doing what is evil. Alternate translation: "does what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 10 q2x1 figs-metaphor 0 there is no occasion for stumbling in him "nothing will cause him to stumble." The word "stumbling" is a metaphor that means to fail spiritually or morally. Alternate translation: "nothing will cause him to sin" or "he will not fail to do what is pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 11 u44x figs-metaphor 0 is in the darkness and walks in the darkness Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here to be "in the darkness" and "walks in the darkness" mean the same thing. This brings attention to how evil it is to hate a fellow believer. Alternate translation: "does what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1JN 2 11 y5cs figs-metaphor 0 he does not know where he is going This is a metaphor for the believer who is not living as a Christian should be living. Alternate translation: "he does not know what he should do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 11 w4r2 figs-metaphor 0 the darkness has blinded his eyes "the darkness has made him unable to see." Darkness is a metaphor for sin or evil. Alternate translation: "sin has made it impossible for him to understand the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 9 a3jt ὁ λέγων 1 The one who says "Anyone who says" or "Someone who claims." This does not refer to a specific person. +1JN 2 9 srl7 figs-metaphor εἶναι ἐν τῷ φωτὶ 1 he is in the light Here to be "in the light" is a metaphor for doing what is right. Alternate translation: "he does what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 9 mp9f figs-metaphor ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ 1 is in the darkness Here to be "in the darkness" is a metaphor for doing what is evil. Alternate translation: "does what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 10 q2x1 figs-metaphor ἔστιν οὐκ σκάνδαλον ἐν αὐτῷ 1 there is no occasion for stumbling in him "nothing will cause him to stumble." The word "stumbling" is a metaphor that means to fail spiritually or morally. Alternate translation: "nothing will cause him to sin" or "he will not fail to do what is pleasing to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 11 u44x figs-metaphor ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ καὶ περιπατεῖ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ 1 is in the darkness and walks in the darkness Here "walk" is a metaphor for how a person lives or behaves. Here to be "in the darkness" and "walks in the darkness" mean the same thing. This brings attention to how evil it is to hate a fellow believer. Alternate translation: "does what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1JN 2 11 y5cs figs-metaphor οἶδεν οὐκ οἶδεν ποῦ ὑπάγει 1 he does not know where he is going This is a metaphor for the believer who is not living as a Christian should be living. Alternate translation: "he does not know what he should do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 11 w4r2 figs-metaphor ἡ σκοτία ἐτύφλωσεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς 1 the darkness has blinded his eyes "the darkness has made him unable to see." Darkness is a metaphor for sin or evil. Alternate translation: "sin has made it impossible for him to understand the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 2 12 k1w9 0 General Information: John explains why he is writing his letter either to different age groups or to believers with differences in maturity. Try to use similar wording for these sentences, as they are written poetically. 1JN 2 12 in8n figs-metaphor 0 you, dear children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "you, my dear children in Christ" or "you who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 12 ed41 figs-activepassive 0 your sins are forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God forgives your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 2 12 yjy8 figs-metonymy 0 because of his name "his name" refers to Christ and who he is. Alternate translation: "because of what Christ has done for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 2 13 kue2 figs-metaphor 0 I am writing to you, fathers The word "fathers" here is possibly a metaphor referring to mature believers. Alternate translation: "I am writing to you, mature believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 13 y1vm 0 you know "you have a relationship with" -1JN 2 13 wmt8 0 the one who is from the beginning "the one who has always lived" or "the one who has always existed." It refers either to "Jesus" or to "God the Father." -1JN 2 13 wg4v figs-metaphor 0 young men This possibly refers to those who are no longer new believers but are growing in spiritual maturity. Alternate translation: "young believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 13 tfh1 figs-metaphor 0 overcome The writer is speaking of the believers' refusal to follow Satan and of their frustrating his plans as if it were a matter of conquering him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 14 l74j figs-metaphor 0 you are strong Here "strong" refers not to believers' physical strength, but to their faithfulness to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 14 u3n8 figs-metaphor 0 the word of God remains in you "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. The writer refers to the believers' increased faithfulness to Christ and knowledge of him as if he were speaking of God's word existing in them. Alternate translation: "God's message continues to teach you" or "you know the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 2 15 xig6 figs-metonymy 0 Do not love the world nor In 2:15-17 the word "world" refers to all the things people want to do that do not honor God. Alternate translation: "Do not behave like the people in the world who do not honor God, and do not love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 2 15 h2hm 0 the things that are in the world "the things that those who dishonor God want" -1JN 2 15 p56b figs-metaphor 0 If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him A person cannot love this world and all that dishonors God and love the Father at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 15 s48z 0 the love of the Father is not in him "he does not love the Father" -1JN 2 16 pz3q 0 the lust of the flesh "the strong desire to have sinful physical pleasure" -1JN 2 16 x124 0 the lust of the eyes "the strong desire to have things that we see" -1JN 2 16 c3xw 0 is not from the Father "does not come from the Father" or "is not how the Father teaches us to live" -1JN 2 17 ct43 0 are passing away "pass away" or "will one day not be here" +1JN 2 12 ed41 figs-activepassive ὑμῖν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἀφέωνται 1 your sins are forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God forgives your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 2 12 yjy8 figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 because of his name "his name" refers to Christ and who he is. Alternate translation: "because of what Christ has done for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 2 13 kue2 figs-metaphor γράφω ὑμῖν, πατέρες 1 I am writing to you, fathers The word "fathers" here is possibly a metaphor referring to mature believers. Alternate translation: "I am writing to you, mature believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 13 y1vm ἐγνώκατε 1 you know "you have a relationship with" +1JN 2 13 wmt8 τὸν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 the one who is from the beginning "the one who has always lived" or "the one who has always existed." It refers either to "Jesus" or to "God the Father." +1JN 2 13 wg4v figs-metaphor νεανίσκοι 1 young men This possibly refers to those who are no longer new believers but are growing in spiritual maturity. Alternate translation: "young believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 13 tfh1 figs-metaphor νενικήκατε 1 overcome The writer is speaking of the believers' refusal to follow Satan and of their frustrating his plans as if it were a matter of conquering him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 14 l74j figs-metaphor ἐστε ἰσχυροί 1 you are strong Here "strong" refers not to believers' physical strength, but to their faithfulness to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 14 u3n8 figs-metaphor ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ μένει ἐν ὑμῖν 1 the word of God remains in you "Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. The writer refers to the believers' increased faithfulness to Christ and knowledge of him as if he were speaking of God's word existing in them. Alternate translation: "God's message continues to teach you" or "you know the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 2 15 xig6 figs-metonymy ἀγαπᾶτε μὴ ἀγαπᾶτε τὸν κόσμον μηδὲ 1 Do not love the world nor In 2:15-17 the word "world" refers to all the things people want to do that do not honor God. Alternate translation: "Do not behave like the people in the world who do not honor God, and do not love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 2 15 h2hm τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 the things that are in the world "the things that those who dishonor God want" +1JN 2 15 p56b figs-metaphor ἐάν τις ἀγαπᾷ τὸν κόσμον, ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Πατρὸς ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him A person cannot love this world and all that dishonors God and love the Father at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 15 s48z ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Πατρὸς ἔστιν οὐκ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 the love of the Father is not in him "he does not love the Father" +1JN 2 16 pz3q ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκὸς 1 the lust of the flesh "the strong desire to have sinful physical pleasure" +1JN 2 16 x124 ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκὸς ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 the lust of the eyes "the strong desire to have things that we see" +1JN 2 16 c3xw ἔστιν οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός 1 is not from the Father "does not come from the Father" or "is not how the Father teaches us to live" +1JN 2 17 ct43 παράγεται 1 are passing away "pass away" or "will one day not be here" 1JN 2 18 fi2k 0 Connecting Statement: John warns about those who are against Christ. -1JN 2 18 c7td 0 Little children "Immature Christians." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). -1JN 2 18 esd9 figs-metonymy 0 it is the last hour The phrase "the last hour" refers to the time just before Jesus returns. Alternate translation: "Jesus will return soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 2 18 r2vq 0 many antichrists have come "there are many people who are against Christ" -1JN 2 18 rs4w 0 have come. By this we know "have come, and because of this we know" or "have come, and because many antichrists have come, we know" -1JN 2 19 rmj7 0 They went out from us "They left us" -1JN 2 19 ytb1 0 but they were not from us "but they did not really belong to us anyway" or "but they were not really part of our group in the first place." The reason they were not really part of the group is that they were not believers in Jesus. -1JN 2 19 jin1 0 For if they had been from us they would have remained with us "We know this because they would not have left us if they really had been believers" +1JN 2 18 c7td παιδία 1 Little children "Immature Christians." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). +1JN 2 18 esd9 figs-metonymy ἐστίν ἐσχάτη ὥρα 1 it is the last hour The phrase "the last hour" refers to the time just before Jesus returns. Alternate translation: "Jesus will return soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 2 18 r2vq πολλοὶ ἀντίχριστοι γεγόνασιν 1 many antichrists have come "there are many people who are against Christ" +1JN 2 18 rs4w γεγόνασιν. ὅθεν γινώσκομεν 1 have come. By this we know "have come, and because of this we know" or "have come, and because many antichrists have come, we know" +1JN 2 19 rmj7 ἐξῆλθαν ἐξ ἡμῶν 1 They went out from us "They left us" +1JN 2 19 ytb1 ἀλλ’ ἦσαν οὐκ ἐξ ἡμῶν 1 but they were not from us "but they did not really belong to us anyway" or "but they were not really part of our group in the first place." The reason they were not really part of the group is that they were not believers in Jesus. +1JN 2 19 jin1 γὰρ εἰ ἦσαν ἐξ ἡμῶν μεμενήκεισαν μεθ’ ἡμῶν 1 For if they had been from us they would have remained with us "We know this because they would not have left us if they really had been believers" 1JN 2 20 k4s4 0 General Information: In the Old Testament the word "anointing" referred to pouring oil on a person to set him apart to serve God. -1JN 2 20 i3m1 figs-metaphor 0 But you have an anointing from the Holy One John speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were "an anointing" that the people have received from Jesus. The abstract noun "anointing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "But the Holy One has anointed you" or "But Jesus Christ, the Holy One, has given you his Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 2 20 gy16 figs-explicit 0 the Holy One This refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jesus, the Holy One" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 2 20 i3m1 figs-metaphor καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔχετε χρῖσμα ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἁγίου 1 But you have an anointing from the Holy One John speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were "an anointing" that the people have received from Jesus. The abstract noun "anointing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "But the Holy One has anointed you" or "But Jesus Christ, the Holy One, has given you his Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 2 20 gy16 figs-explicit τοῦ Ἁγίου 1 the Holy One This refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "Jesus, the Holy One" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1JN 2 20 rnw6 figs-abstractnouns 0 the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "what is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 2 21 r8yr figs-abstractnouns 0 the truth ... no lie is from the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "what is true ... no lie comes from what is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 2 22 d71l figs-rquestion 0 Who is the liar but the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ? "Who is the liar? Anyone who denies that Jesus is the Christ." John used a question to emphasize who liars are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1JN 2 22 d4u7 0 denies that Jesus is the Christ "refuses to say that Jesus is the Christ" or "says that Jesus is not the Messiah" -1JN 2 22 z4t1 0 denies the Father and the Son "refuses to say the truth about the Father and the Son" or "rejects the Father and the Son." +1JN 2 21 r8yr figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀληθείας. 1 the truth ... no lie is from the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "what is true ... no lie comes from what is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 2 22 d71l figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν ὁ ψεύστης εἰ μὴ ὁ ἀρνούμενος ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός? 1 Who is the liar but the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ? "Who is the liar? Anyone who denies that Jesus is the Christ." John used a question to emphasize who liars are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1JN 2 22 d4u7 ἀρνούμενος ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός 1 denies that Jesus is the Christ "refuses to say that Jesus is the Christ" or "says that Jesus is not the Messiah" +1JN 2 22 z4t1 ὁ ἀρνούμενος τὸν Πατέρα καὶ τὸν Υἱόν 1 denies the Father and the Son "refuses to say the truth about the Father and the Son" or "rejects the Father and the Son." 1JN 2 22 pth9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 2 23 az2y 0 has the Father "belongs to the Father" -1JN 2 23 u9ep 0 confesses the Son "speaks the truth about the Son" -1JN 2 23 k78f 0 has the Father "belongs to the Father" +1JN 2 23 az2y ἔχει τὸν Πατέρα 1 has the Father "belongs to the Father" +1JN 2 23 u9ep ὁ ὁμολογῶν τὸν Υἱὸν 1 confesses the Son "speaks the truth about the Son" +1JN 2 23 k78f ἔχει τὸν Πατέρα 1 has the Father "belongs to the Father" 1JN 2 24 xmi4 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word "you" is plural and refers to the people to whom John wrote as well as all believers. The word "he" is emphatic and refers to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1JN 2 24 p41e 0 Connecting Statement: John reminds believers to continue in what they have first heard. -1JN 2 24 c42w 0 As for you This marks John's telling them how they should live as followers of Jesus instead of how those against Christ live. -1JN 2 24 zl8y figs-explicit 0 let what you have heard from the beginning remain in you "remember and believe what you have heard from the beginning." How they heard it, what they heard, and what "the beginning" means can be made explicit: Alternate translation: "continue to trust what we have taught you about Jesus just as you have trusted since you first became believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 2 24 dsl7 0 what you have heard from the beginning "what we taught you about Jesus when you first became believers" -1JN 2 24 rfz8 0 If what you heard from the beginning remains in you The word "remains" is talking about relationship, not salvation. Alternate translation: "If you continue to trust what we first taught you" -1JN 2 24 ty7q figs-metaphor 0 also remain in the Son and in the Father To "remain in" means to continue to have fellowship with. See how translated a similar phrase to "remain in" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "also continue to have fellowship with Son and with the Father" or "also stay joined to the Son and to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 25 llj2 0 This is the promise he gave to us—eternal life. "This is what he promised to give us—eternal life" or "He has promised to cause us to live forever" -1JN 2 25 id51 figs-metonymy 0 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 2 26 fe44 figs-metaphor 0 those who would lead you astray Here "lead you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "those who want to deceive you" or "those who want to make you believe lies about Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 24 c42w ὑμεῖς 1 As for you This marks John's telling them how they should live as followers of Jesus instead of how those against Christ live. +1JN 2 24 zl8y figs-explicit μενέτω ὃ ἠκούσατε ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς μενέτω ἐν ὑμῖν 1 let what you have heard from the beginning remain in you "remember and believe what you have heard from the beginning." How they heard it, what they heard, and what "the beginning" means can be made explicit: Alternate translation: "continue to trust what we have taught you about Jesus just as you have trusted since you first became believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 2 24 dsl7 ὃ ἠκούσατε ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 what you have heard from the beginning "what we taught you about Jesus when you first became believers" +1JN 2 24 rfz8 ἐὰν ὃ ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἠκούσατε μείνῃ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If what you heard from the beginning remains in you The word "remains" is talking about relationship, not salvation. Alternate translation: "If you continue to trust what we first taught you" +1JN 2 24 ty7q figs-metaphor καὶ μενεῖτε ἐν τῷ Υἱῷ καὶ ἐν τῷ Πατρὶ 1 also remain in the Son and in the Father To "remain in" means to continue to have fellowship with. See how translated a similar phrase to "remain in" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "also continue to have fellowship with Son and with the Father" or "also stay joined to the Son and to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 25 llj2 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία αὐτὸς ἐπηγγείλατο ἡμῖν— τὴν αἰώνιον τὴν ζωὴν. 1 This is the promise he gave to us—eternal life. "This is what he promised to give us—eternal life" or "He has promised to cause us to live forever" +1JN 2 25 id51 figs-metonymy τὴν ζωὴν 1 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 2 26 fe44 figs-metaphor τῶν πλανώντων ὑμᾶς τῶν πλανώντων 1 those who would lead you astray Here "lead you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "those who want to deceive you" or "those who want to make you believe lies about Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 2 27 tdj7 0 Connecting Statement: Starting in verse 29, John introduces the idea of being born into God's family. The previous verses show that believers continue to sin; this part shows that believers also have the new nature, which cannot sin. It continues to show how believers can recognize each other. -1JN 2 27 qw47 0 As for you This marks John's telling them something else about how they should live as followers of Jesus instead of following those who are against Christ. -1JN 2 27 cn2f 0 the anointing This refers to "God's Spirit." See the note about "anointing" in [1 John 2:20](../02/20.md). -1JN 2 27 tb5k figs-hyperbole 0 as his anointing teaches you everything Here the word "everything" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "because his anointing teaches you everything that you need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -1JN 2 27 wr63 figs-metaphor 0 remain in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continue to have fellowship with him" or "stay joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 28 tii1 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the letter. +1JN 2 27 qw47 ὑμεῖς 1 As for you This marks John's telling them something else about how they should live as followers of Jesus instead of following those who are against Christ. +1JN 2 27 cn2f τὸ χρῖσμα 1 the anointing This refers to "God's Spirit." See the note about "anointing" in [1 John 2:20](../02/20.md). +1JN 2 27 tb5k figs-hyperbole ὡς τὸ αὐτοῦ χρῖσμα διδάσκει ὑμᾶς περὶ πάντων 1 as his anointing teaches you everything Here the word "everything" is a generalization. Alternate translation: "because his anointing teaches you everything that you need to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1JN 2 27 wr63 figs-metaphor μένετε ἐν αὐτῷ 1 remain in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continue to have fellowship with him" or "stay joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 2 28 tii1 νῦν 1 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the letter. 1JN 2 28 kjn9 figs-metaphor 0 dear children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "my dear children in Christ" or "you who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 2 28 zz4x 0 he appears "we see him" -1JN 2 28 lnk2 0 boldness having no fear -1JN 2 28 d4ql 0 not be ashamed before him "not be ashamed in his presence" -1JN 2 28 x7ic 0 at his coming "when he comes again" -1JN 2 29 u6er 0 has been born from him "has been born of God" or "is God's child" +1JN 2 28 zz4x φανερωθῇ 1 he appears "we see him" +1JN 2 28 lnk2 παρρησίαν 1 boldness having no fear +1JN 2 28 d4ql μὴ αἰσχυνθῶμεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 not be ashamed before him "not be ashamed in his presence" +1JN 2 28 x7ic ἐν αὐτοῦ τῇ παρουσίᾳ 1 at his coming "when he comes again" +1JN 2 29 u6er γεγέννηται ἐξ αὐτοῦ 1 has been born from him "has been born of God" or "is God's child" 1JN 3 intro d8r2 0 # 1 John 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Children of God
God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### Cain
Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He was jealous of his brother and murdered him. Readers may not know who Cain was if they have not read Genesis. It may help them if you explain this to them.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "To know"
The verb "to know" is used in two different ways in this chapter. Sometimes it is used about knowing a fact, as in 3:2, 3:5, and 3:19. Sometimes it means to experience and understand someone or something, as in 3:1, 3:6, 3:16, and 3:20. Some languages have different words for these different meanings.


##### "He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him"
Many scholars believe this is about remaining in God's will and is not about being saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
1JN 3 1 as62 0 Connecting Statement: In this part John tells the believers about their new nature, which cannot sin. -1JN 3 1 gl8n 0 See what kind of love the Father has given to us "Think about how our Father loves us so much" -1JN 3 1 x99a 0 we should be called children of God "the Father called us his children" -1JN 3 1 c3z8 0 children of God Here this means people who belong to God through faith in Jesus. -1JN 3 1 fq4t 0 For this reason, the world does not know us, because it did not know him Possible meanings are 1) "Because we are the children of God and because the world did not know God, it does not know us" or 2) "Because the world did not know God, it does not know us." -1JN 3 1 l5e7 figs-metonymy 0 the world does not know us, because it did not know him Here "the world" refers to people who do not honor God. What the world did not know can be made explicit: Alternate translation: "those who do not honor God do not know that we belong to God, because they did not know God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 3 2 ek9v 0 Beloved, we are "You people whom I love, we are" or "Dear friends, we are." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). -1JN 3 2 anq1 figs-activepassive 0 it has not yet been revealed This can be stated in active form: Alternate translation: "God has not yet revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 3 2 w2v8 0 revealed This can mean here either "told," "demonstrated," or "shown." +1JN 3 1 gl8n ἴδετε ποταπὴν ἀγάπην ὁ Πατὴρ δέδωκεν ἡμῖν 1 See what kind of love the Father has given to us "Think about how our Father loves us so much" +1JN 3 1 x99a κληθῶμεν τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 we should be called children of God "the Father called us his children" +1JN 3 1 c3z8 τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 children of God Here this means people who belong to God through faith in Jesus. +1JN 3 1 fq4t διὰ τοῦτο διὰ, ὁ κόσμος γινώσκει οὐ γινώσκει ἡμᾶς, ὅτι ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτόν 1 For this reason, the world does not know us, because it did not know him Possible meanings are 1) "Because we are the children of God and because the world did not know God, it does not know us" or 2) "Because the world did not know God, it does not know us." +1JN 3 1 l5e7 figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος γινώσκει οὐ γινώσκει ἡμᾶς, ὅτι ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτόν 1 the world does not know us, because it did not know him Here "the world" refers to people who do not honor God. What the world did not know can be made explicit: Alternate translation: "those who do not honor God do not know that we belong to God, because they did not know God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 3 2 ek9v ἀγαπητοί, ἐσμεν 1 Beloved, we are "You people whom I love, we are" or "Dear friends, we are." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). +1JN 3 2 anq1 figs-activepassive ἐφανερώθη οὔπω ἐφανερώθη 1 it has not yet been revealed This can be stated in active form: Alternate translation: "God has not yet revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 3 2 w2v8 ἐφανερώθη 1 revealed This can mean here either "told," "demonstrated," or "shown." 1JN 3 3 pj6a 0 Everyone who has this hope fixed on him purifies himself just as he is pure "Everyone who confidently expects to see Christ as he really is will keep himself pure because Christ is pure" 1JN 3 5 g4ph figs-activepassive 0 Christ was revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Christ appeared" or "the Father revealed Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 3 6 j999 figs-metaphor 0 remains in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with him" or "stays joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 6 eu9c figs-doublet 0 No one ... has seen him or known him John uses the words "seen" and "known" to say that the person who sins has never met Christ in a spiritual sense. A person behaving according to his sinful nature cannot know Christ. Alternate translation: "No one ... has ever truly believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1JN 3 6 j999 figs-metaphor πᾶς ὁ ἐν αὐτῷ μένων οὐχ 1 remains in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with him" or "stays joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 6 eu9c figs-doublet . πᾶς ὁ ἁμαρτάνων οὐχ ἑώρακεν αὐτὸν οὐδὲ ἔγνωκεν αὐτόν. 1 No one ... has seen him or known him John uses the words "seen" and "known" to say that the person who sins has never met Christ in a spiritual sense. A person behaving according to his sinful nature cannot know Christ. Alternate translation: "No one ... has ever truly believed in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1JN 3 7 ia4z figs-metaphor 0 Dear children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 7 wg85 figs-metaphor 0 do not let anyone lead you astray Here "lead you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "do not let anyone fool you" or "do not let anyone deceive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 7 wg85 figs-metaphor μηδεὶς πλανάτω ὑμᾶς μηδεὶς πλανάτω 1 do not let anyone lead you astray Here "lead you astray" is a metaphor for persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: "do not let anyone fool you" or "do not let anyone deceive you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 3 7 v4yp 0 The one who does righteousness is righteous, just as Christ is righteous "He who does what is right is pleasing to God just as Christ is pleasing to God." -1JN 3 8 uja7 0 is from the devil "belongs to the devil" or "is like the devil" -1JN 3 8 cit3 figs-metonymy 0 from the beginning This refers to the very earliest time of creation before humans first sinned. Alternate translation: "since the earliest time of creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 3 8 nq4w figs-activepassive 0 the Son of God was revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God revealed his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 3 8 p9ks guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 3 8 uja7 ἐστίν ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου 1 is from the devil "belongs to the devil" or "is like the devil" +1JN 3 8 cit3 figs-metonymy ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 from the beginning This refers to the very earliest time of creation before humans first sinned. Alternate translation: "since the earliest time of creation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 3 8 nq4w figs-activepassive ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφανερώθη 1 the Son of God was revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God revealed his Son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 3 8 p9ks guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) 1JN 3 9 q2pp 0 Connecting Statement: For now John ends this section on the new birth and the new nature which cannot sin. -1JN 3 9 ftw3 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever has been born from God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Whoever God has made his child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 3 9 ps9v figs-metaphor 0 God's seed This speaks of the Holy Spirit, whom God gives to believers and who makes them able to resist sin and do what pleases God as if he were a physical seed that is planted in the earth and grows. This is sometimes referred to as the new nature. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 9 fp7x figs-activepassive 0 he has been born of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has given him new spiritual life" or "he is a child of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 3 10 w33l figs-activepassive 0 In this the children of God and children of the devil are revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is how we know the children of God and the children of the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 3 9 ftw3 figs-activepassive πᾶς ὁ γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Whoever has been born from God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Whoever God has made his child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 3 9 ps9v figs-metaphor τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 God's seed This speaks of the Holy Spirit, whom God gives to believers and who makes them able to resist sin and do what pleases God as if he were a physical seed that is planted in the earth and grows. This is sometimes referred to as the new nature. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 9 fp7x figs-activepassive γεγέννηται ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 he has been born of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has given him new spiritual life" or "he is a child of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 3 10 w33l figs-activepassive ἐν τούτῳ τὰ τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τὰ τέκνα τοῦ διαβόλου ἐστιν φανερά 1 In this the children of God and children of the devil are revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is how we know the children of God and the children of the devil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1JN 3 10 ctk6 figs-doublenegatives 0 Whoever does not do what is righteous is not from God, neither is the one who does not love his brother The words "from God" are understood in the second part of the sentence. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "whoever does not do what is righteous is not from God; whoever does not love his brother is also not from God" or "those who do what is righteous are from God, and those who love their brothers are from God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1JN 3 10 v1bx 0 his brother Here "brother" means fellow Christians. +1JN 3 10 v1bx αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν 1 his brother Here "brother" means fellow Christians. 1JN 3 11 ved4 0 General Information: Cain and Abel were the first sons of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. 1JN 3 11 u7il 0 Connecting Statement: Here John teaches believers how they can recognize each other by the way they live; he teaches his readers to love each other. 1JN 3 12 frz9 0 We should not be like Cain "We should not do as Cain did" -1JN 3 12 w83v 0 brother This refers to Cain's younger brother Abel. -1JN 3 12 b1xh figs-rquestion 0 Why did he kill him? Because John uses a question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "He killed him because" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1JN 3 12 w83v τὸν ἀδελφὸν 1 brother This refers to Cain's younger brother Abel. +1JN 3 12 b1xh figs-rquestion τίνος ἔσφαξεν αὐτόν? ὅτι 1 Why did he kill him? Because John uses a question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "He killed him because" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1JN 3 12 mq7x figs-ellipsis 0 his works were evil and his brother's righteous The words "works were" are also understood in the second phrase. Alternate translation: "Cain's works were evil and his brother's works were righteous" or "Cain did evil things and his brother did what was right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1JN 3 13 wc1m 0 my brothers "my fellow believers." John's readers were both male and female. -1JN 3 13 lq9f figs-metonymy 0 if the world hates you Here the word "world" refers to the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "if those who do not honor God hate you who do honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 3 14 fs1x figs-metaphor 0 we have passed out of death into life The conditions of living and of being dead are spoken of as if they were physical locations from which a person could leave and go to. The abstract nouns "life" and "death" can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "we are no longer spiritually dead but are spiritually alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 3 14 ybc4 figs-metonymy 0 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 3 14 qa7l 0 remains in death "is still spiritually dead" -1JN 3 15 mqu2 figs-metaphor 0 Anyone who hates his brother is a murderer John speaks of a person who hates another believer as if he were a murderer. Since people commit murder because they hate other people, God considers anyone who hates to be as guilty as someone who kills a person. Alternate translation: "Whoever hates another believer is as guilty as someone who kills a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 15 s3aw figs-personification 0 no murderer has eternal life residing in him "Eternal life" is something God gives believers after they die, but it is also the power God gives believers in this life to help them to stop sinning and to do what please him. Here eternal life is spoken of as if it were a person that could live in someone. Alternate translation: "a murderer does not have the power of spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1JN 3 13 lq9f figs-metonymy εἰ ὁ κόσμος μισεῖ ὑμᾶς 1 if the world hates you Here the word "world" refers to the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "if those who do not honor God hate you who do honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 3 14 fs1x figs-metaphor μεταβεβήκαμεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν 1 we have passed out of death into life The conditions of living and of being dead are spoken of as if they were physical locations from which a person could leave and go to. The abstract nouns "life" and "death" can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "we are no longer spiritually dead but are spiritually alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 3 14 ybc4 figs-metonymy τὴν ζωήν 1 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 3 14 qa7l μένει ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ 1 remains in death "is still spiritually dead" +1JN 3 15 mqu2 figs-metaphor πᾶς ὁ μισῶν αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐστίν ἀνθρωποκτόνος 1 Anyone who hates his brother is a murderer John speaks of a person who hates another believer as if he were a murderer. Since people commit murder because they hate other people, God considers anyone who hates to be as guilty as someone who kills a person. Alternate translation: "Whoever hates another believer is as guilty as someone who kills a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 15 s3aw figs-personification πᾶς ἀνθρωποκτόνος οὐκ ἔχει αἰώνιον ζωὴν μένουσαν ἐν αὐτῷ 1 no murderer has eternal life residing in him "Eternal life" is something God gives believers after they die, but it is also the power God gives believers in this life to help them to stop sinning and to do what please him. Here eternal life is spoken of as if it were a person that could live in someone. Alternate translation: "a murderer does not have the power of spiritual life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1JN 3 16 a2cq figs-idiom 0 Christ laid down his life for us This expression means "Christ willingly gave his life for us" or "Christ willingly died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1JN 3 17 nlj7 0 the world's goods material possessions like money, food, or clothing -1JN 3 17 b6lh 0 sees his brother in need "realizes a fellow believer needs help" +1JN 3 17 b6lh θεωρῇ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν χρείαν ἔχοντα 1 sees his brother in need "realizes a fellow believer needs help" 1JN 3 17 zql1 figs-metonymy 0 shuts up his heart of compassion from him Here "heart" is a metonym for "thoughts" or "emotions." Here "shuts up his heart of compassion" is a metaphor for no longer showing someone compassion. Alternate translation: "does not show him compassion" or "does not willingly help him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 17 l8u4 figs-rquestion 0 how does the love of God remain in him? John uses a question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "God's love is not in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1JN 3 17 l8u4 figs-rquestion πῶς ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ μένει ἐν αὐτῷ? 1 how does the love of God remain in him? John uses a question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "God's love is not in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1JN 3 18 g6uh figs-metaphor 0 My dear children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 18 p91w figs-doublet 0 let us not love in word nor in tongue, but in actions and truth The phrases "in word" and "in tongue" both refer to what a person says. The word "love" is understood in the second part of the sentence. Alternate translation: "do not just say that you love people, but show that you truly love people by helping them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1JN 3 18 p91w figs-doublet ἀγαπῶμεν μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν λόγῳ μηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ, ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ ἀληθείᾳ 1 let us not love in word nor in tongue, but in actions and truth The phrases "in word" and "in tongue" both refer to what a person says. The word "love" is understood in the second part of the sentence. Alternate translation: "do not just say that you love people, but show that you truly love people by helping them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1JN 3 19 up2h 0 Connecting Statement: Here John probably means that believers' ability to love God and each other sincerely ([1 John 3:18](../03/18.md)) is a sign that their new life has indeed originated from the truth about Christ. -1JN 3 19 qx9c 0 we are from the truth "we belong to the truth" or Alternate translation: "we are living according the way Jesus taught us" -1JN 3 19 mv6c figs-metonymy 0 we assure our hearts The word "heart" here refers to feelings. Alternate translation: "we do not feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 3 20 f594 figs-metonymy 0 if our hearts condemn us Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's thoughts or consciences. Here "hearts condemn us" is a metaphor for feeling guilty. Alternate translation: "if we know that we have sinned and as a result feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 3 20 lv7z figs-metonymy 0 God is greater than our hearts Here "hearts" is metonym for people's thoughts or consciences. For God to be "greater than our hearts" means that God knows more than a person. Therefore he can judge things better than a person can. The effect of this truth is probably that God is more merciful than our consciences would suppose. Alternate translation: "God knows more than we do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 3 21 rf96 0 Beloved, if "You people whom I love, if" or "Dear friends, if." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). -1JN 3 22 p3ga figs-metaphor 0 do the things that are pleasing before him God's opinion is spoken of as if it depends on what he sees happen in front of himself. Alternate translation: "we do what pleases him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 19 qx9c ἐσμέν ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 we are from the truth "we belong to the truth" or Alternate translation: "we are living according the way Jesus taught us" +1JN 3 19 mv6c figs-metonymy πείσομεν ἡμῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 we assure our hearts The word "heart" here refers to feelings. Alternate translation: "we do not feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 3 20 f594 figs-metonymy ἐὰν ἡ καρδία καταγινώσκῃ ἡμῶν 1 if our hearts condemn us Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's thoughts or consciences. Here "hearts condemn us" is a metaphor for feeling guilty. Alternate translation: "if we know that we have sinned and as a result feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 3 20 lv7z figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς ἐστὶν μείζων ἡμῶν τῆς καρδίας 1 God is greater than our hearts Here "hearts" is metonym for people's thoughts or consciences. For God to be "greater than our hearts" means that God knows more than a person. Therefore he can judge things better than a person can. The effect of this truth is probably that God is more merciful than our consciences would suppose. Alternate translation: "God knows more than we do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 3 21 rf96 ἀγαπητοί, ἐὰν 1 Beloved, if "You people whom I love, if" or "Dear friends, if." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). +1JN 3 22 p3ga figs-metaphor ποιοῦμεν τὰ ἀρεστὰ ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 do the things that are pleasing before him God's opinion is spoken of as if it depends on what he sees happen in front of himself. Alternate translation: "we do what pleases him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 3 23 irb3 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is his commandment: that we should believe ... just as he gave us this commandment The abstract noun "commandment" can be stated as "command." Alternate translation: "This is what God commands us to do: Believe ... just as he commanded us to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 3 23 feq7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 3 23 feq7 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) 1JN 3 24 we1m figs-metaphor 0 remains in him, and God remains in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with him, and God continues to have fellowship with him" or "stays joined with him, and God stays joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 4 intro l3qa 0 # 1 John 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Spirit
This word "spirit" is used in different ways in this chapter. Sometimes the word "spirit" refers to spiritual beings. Sometimes it refers to the character of something. For example "the spirit of the antichrist," "the spirit of truth," and "the spirit of error" refer to what is typical of the antichrist, truth, and error. "The Spirit" (written with a capital "S") and "the Spirit of God" refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Loving God
If people love God, they should show it in the way they live and the way they treat other people. Doing this may assure us that God has saved us and that we belong to him, but loving others does not save us. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
1JN 4 1 c9jb 0 General Information: John gives a warning against false teachers who teach against Christ's having had a human body and teachers who talk the way those who love the world talk. -1JN 4 1 h1lv 0 Beloved, do not believe "You people whom I love, do not believe" or "Dear friends, do not believe." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). -1JN 4 1 zm7f figs-metonymy 0 do not believe every spirit Here, the word "spirit" refers to a spiritual power or being that gives a person a message or prophecy. Alternate translation: "do not trust every prophet who claims to have a message from a spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 4 1 l5nv figs-metonymy 0 test the spirits Here, the word "spirits" refers to a spiritual power or being that gives a person a message or prophecy. Alternate translation: "think carefully about what the prophet says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 4 2 e6ww figs-synecdoche 0 has come in the flesh Here "flesh" represents the human body. Alternate translation: "has come as a human being" or "has come in a physical body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1JN 4 1 h1lv ἀγαπητοί, πιστεύετε μὴ πιστεύετε 1 Beloved, do not believe "You people whom I love, do not believe" or "Dear friends, do not believe." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). +1JN 4 1 zm7f figs-metonymy πιστεύετε μὴ πιστεύετε παντὶ πνεύματι 1 do not believe every spirit Here, the word "spirit" refers to a spiritual power or being that gives a person a message or prophecy. Alternate translation: "do not trust every prophet who claims to have a message from a spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 4 1 l5nv figs-metonymy δοκιμάζετε τὰ πνεύματα 1 test the spirits Here, the word "spirits" refers to a spiritual power or being that gives a person a message or prophecy. Alternate translation: "think carefully about what the prophet says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 4 2 e6ww figs-synecdoche ἐληλυθότα ἐν σαρκὶ 1 has come in the flesh Here "flesh" represents the human body. Alternate translation: "has come as a human being" or "has come in a physical body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1JN 4 3 cda6 0 This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you have heard is coming, and now is already in the world "These are prophets opposed to Christ, whom you have heard are coming, and now are already in the world" 1JN 4 4 w1yr figs-metaphor 0 dear children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "my dear children in Christ" or "you who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 4 avj3 0 have overcome them "have not believed the false teachers" -1JN 4 4 j5ve 0 the one who is in you is "God, who is in you, is" -1JN 4 4 tp4q figs-metonymy 0 the one who is in the world Two possible meanings are 1) this refers to Satan. Alternate translation: "Satan, who is in the world" or "Satan, who works through those who do not obey God" or 2) this refers to worldly teachers. Alternate translation: "worldly teachers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 4 5 y2z8 figs-metonymy 0 They are from the world The words "are from" are a metaphor for "receive their power and authority." "The world" is a metonym ultimately for "the one who is in the world," Satan, though it is also a metonym for sinful people who gladly listen to them and so also give them authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 4 4 avj3 νενικήκατε αὐτούς 1 have overcome them "have not believed the false teachers" +1JN 4 4 j5ve ὁ ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστὶν 1 the one who is in you is "God, who is in you, is" +1JN 4 4 tp4q figs-metonymy ὁ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 the one who is in the world Two possible meanings are 1) this refers to Satan. Alternate translation: "Satan, who is in the world" or "Satan, who works through those who do not obey God" or 2) this refers to worldly teachers. Alternate translation: "worldly teachers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 4 5 y2z8 figs-metonymy αὐτοὶ εἰσίν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου 1 They are from the world The words "are from" are a metaphor for "receive their power and authority." "The world" is a metonym ultimately for "the one who is in the world," Satan, though it is also a metonym for sinful people who gladly listen to them and so also give them authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1JN 4 5 jy2h figs-metonymy 0 therefore what they say is from the world "The world" here is a metonym ultimately for "the one who is in the world," Satan, though it is also a metonym for sinful people who gladly listen to them and so also give them authority. Alternate translation: "therefore they teach what they have learned from sinful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 4 5 em2t figs-metonymy 0 and the world listens to them The words "the world" are a metonym for people who do not obey God. Alternate translation: "so the people who do not obey God listen to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 4 5 em2t figs-metonymy καὶ ὁ κόσμος ἀκούει αὐτῶν 1 and the world listens to them The words "the world" are a metonym for people who do not obey God. Alternate translation: "so the people who do not obey God listen to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1JN 4 7 qp8k 0 General Information: John continues to teach about the new nature. He teaches his readers about God's love and loving one another. -1JN 4 7 fpl5 0 Beloved, let us love "You people whom I love, let us love" or "Dear friends, let us love." See how you translated "Beloved" in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). -1JN 4 7 va6p 0 let us love one another "believers are to love other believers" -1JN 4 7 zvt9 0 and everyone who loves is born from God and knows God "and because those who love their fellow believers have become God's children and know him" -1JN 4 7 c6w6 0 for love is from God "because God causes us to love each other" -1JN 4 7 ec73 figs-metaphor 0 born from God This is a metaphor which means someone has a relationship to God like a child to his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 8 kti1 figs-metaphor 0 The person who does not love does not know God, for God is love The phrase "God is love" a metaphor which means "the character of God is love." Alternate translation: "Those who do not love their fellow believers do not know God because the character of God is to love people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 7 fpl5 ἀγαπητοί, ἀγαπῶμεν 1 Beloved, let us love "You people whom I love, let us love" or "Dear friends, let us love." See how you translated "Beloved" in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). +1JN 4 7 va6p ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους 1 let us love one another "believers are to love other believers" +1JN 4 7 zvt9 καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν γεγέννηται ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ γινώσκει τὸν Θεόν 1 and everyone who loves is born from God and knows God "and because those who love their fellow believers have become God's children and know him" +1JN 4 7 c6w6 ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 for love is from God "because God causes us to love each other" +1JN 4 7 ec73 figs-metaphor γεγέννηται ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 born from God This is a metaphor which means someone has a relationship to God like a child to his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 8 kti1 figs-metaphor ὁ μὴ ἀγαπῶν ἔγνω οὐκ ἔγνω τὸν Θεόν, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἐστίν ἀγάπη 1 The person who does not love does not know God, for God is love The phrase "God is love" a metaphor which means "the character of God is love." Alternate translation: "Those who do not love their fellow believers do not know God because the character of God is to love people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 4 9 i2b5 0 Because of this ... among us, that God has sent his only Son "Because of this ... among us: God has sent his only Son." The phrase "Because of this" refers to the phrase "that God has sent his only Son." -1JN 4 9 y4m8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the love of God was revealed among us The noun "love" can be translated as a verb. This phrase can be made active. Alternate translation: "God showed that he loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 4 9 wxf8 0 so that we would live because of him "to enable us to live eternally because of what Jesus did" -1JN 4 10 v1zv 0 In this is love "God showed us what real love is" +1JN 4 9 y4m8 figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφανερώθη ἐν ἡμῖν 1 the love of God was revealed among us The noun "love" can be translated as a verb. This phrase can be made active. Alternate translation: "God showed that he loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 4 9 wxf8 ἵνα ζήσωμεν δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 so that we would live because of him "to enable us to live eternally because of what Jesus did" +1JN 4 10 v1zv ἐν τούτῳ ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγάπη 1 In this is love "God showed us what real love is" 1JN 4 10 b39j figs-abstractnouns 0 he sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins Here "propitiation" refers to Jesus' death on the cross appeasing God's wrath against sin. The word can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "he sent his Son to be the sacrifice that appeased his wrath against our sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 4 11 i4tf 0 Beloved, if "You people whom I love, if" or "Dear friends, if." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). -1JN 4 11 g4gu 0 if God so loved us "since God loved us in this way" -1JN 4 11 llp5 0 we also should love one another "believers are to love other believers" -1JN 4 12 sh9q figs-metaphor 0 God remains in us To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "God continues to have fellowship with us" or "God stays joined to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 12 vt14 0 his love is perfected in us "God's love is complete in us" -1JN 4 13 yv6s figs-metaphor 0 we remain in him and he in us To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "we continue to have fellowship with God and he continues to have fellowship with us" or "we stay joined to God and he stays joined to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 13 m69h figs-ellipsis 0 and he in us The word "remains" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and he remains in us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1JN 4 11 i4tf ἀγαπητοί, εἰ 1 Beloved, if "You people whom I love, if" or "Dear friends, if." See how you translated this in [1 John 2:7](../02/07.md). +1JN 4 11 g4gu εἰ ὁ Θεὸς οὕτως ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς 1 if God so loved us "since God loved us in this way" +1JN 4 11 llp5 ἡμεῖς καὶ ὀφείλομεν ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους 1 we also should love one another "believers are to love other believers" +1JN 4 12 sh9q figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς μένει ἐν ἡμῖν 1 God remains in us To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "God continues to have fellowship with us" or "God stays joined to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 12 vt14 αὐτοῦ ἡ ἀγάπη ἐστιν τετελειωμένη ἐν ἡμῖν 1 his love is perfected in us "God's love is complete in us" +1JN 4 13 yv6s figs-metaphor μένομεν ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἡμῖν 1 we remain in him and he in us To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "we continue to have fellowship with God and he continues to have fellowship with us" or "we stay joined to God and he stays joined to us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 13 m69h figs-ellipsis καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἡμῖν 1 and he in us The word "remains" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and he remains in us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1JN 4 13 gj7p 0 By this we know ... us, because he has given Your translation may be clearer if you omit either "by this" or "because." Alternate translation: "We know ... us because he gave" or "By this we know ... us: he gave" -1JN 4 13 dge3 0 because he has given us some of his Spirit "because he gave us his Spirit" or "because he has put his Holy Spirit in us." This phrase, however, does not imply that God has less of his Spirit after he has given us some. +1JN 4 13 dge3 ὅτι δέδωκεν ἡμῖν ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος αὐτοῦ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 because he has given us some of his Spirit "because he gave us his Spirit" or "because he has put his Holy Spirit in us." This phrase, however, does not imply that God has less of his Spirit after he has given us some. 1JN 4 14 w6mz 0 Also, we have seen and have borne witness that the Father has sent the Son to be the Savior of the world "And we apostles have seen the Son of God and tell everyone that God the Father has sent his Son to save people on this earth" 1JN 4 14 m7cb guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 4 15 nvb1 0 Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God "Anyone who says the truth about Jesus, that he is the Son of God" -1JN 4 15 b6td guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 4 15 l3ft figs-metaphor 0 God remains in him and he in God To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "God continues to have fellowship with him and he continues to have fellowship with God" or "God stays joined to him and he stays joined to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 15 a7rx 0 and he in God The word "remains" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and he remains in God" (See: Ellipsis) -1JN 4 16 t5am figs-metaphor 0 God is love This is a metaphor which means "the character of God is love." See how you translated this in [1 John 4:8](../04/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 16 dyr6 0 the one who remains in this love "those who continue to love others" -1JN 4 16 fz29 figs-metaphor 0 remains in God, and God remains in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with God, and God continues to have fellowship with him" or "stays joined with God, and God stays joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 4 17 ypv4 figs-activepassive 0 Because of this, this love has been made perfect among us, so that we will have confidence This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "Because of this" refers back to [1 John 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: "Because whoever lives in love is in God and God is in him, God has made his love for us complete, and so we may have complete confidence" or 2) "Because of this" refers to "we may have confidence." Alternate translation: "We are confident that God will accept us on the day he judges everyone, so we know he has made his love for us complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 4 17 m76g figs-activepassive 0 this love has been made perfect among us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has made his love for us complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 4 17 l78r 0 because as he is, just so are we in this world "because the relationship that Jesus has with God is the same relationship we have with God in this world" -1JN 4 18 bu17 figs-personification 0 Instead, perfect love throws out fear Here "love" is described as a person with the power to remove fear. God's love is perfect. Alternate translation: "But when our love is complete, we are no longer afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1JN 4 15 nvb1 ὃς ὁμολογήσῃ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God "Anyone who says the truth about Jesus, that he is the Son of God" +1JN 4 15 b6td guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 4 15 l3ft figs-metaphor τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ Θεὸς μένει ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 God remains in him and he in God To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "God continues to have fellowship with him and he continues to have fellowship with God" or "God stays joined to him and he stays joined to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 15 a7rx καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 and he in God The word "remains" is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "and he remains in God" (See: Ellipsis) +1JN 4 16 t5am figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς ἐστίν ἀγάπη 1 God is love This is a metaphor which means "the character of God is love." See how you translated this in [1 John 4:8](../04/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 16 dyr6 ὁ μένων ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 the one who remains in this love "those who continue to love others" +1JN 4 16 fz29 figs-metaphor μένει ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς μένει ἐν αὐτῷ 1 remains in God, and God remains in him To remain in someone means to continue to have fellowship with him. See how you translated "remains in God" in [1 John 2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: "continues to have fellowship with God, and God continues to have fellowship with him" or "stays joined with God, and God stays joined with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 4 17 ypv4 figs-activepassive ἐν τούτῳ, ἡ ἀγάπη τετελείωται μεθ’ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἔχωμεν παρρησίαν 1 Because of this, this love has been made perfect among us, so that we will have confidence This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "Because of this" refers back to [1 John 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: "Because whoever lives in love is in God and God is in him, God has made his love for us complete, and so we may have complete confidence" or 2) "Because of this" refers to "we may have confidence." Alternate translation: "We are confident that God will accept us on the day he judges everyone, so we know he has made his love for us complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 4 17 m76g figs-activepassive ἐν τούτῳ ἡ ἀγάπη τετελείωται μεθ’ ἡμῶν 1 this love has been made perfect among us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has made his love for us complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 4 17 l78r ὅτι καθὼς ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν, καὶ ἐσμεν ἡμεῖς ἐν τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ 1 because as he is, just so are we in this world "because the relationship that Jesus has with God is the same relationship we have with God in this world" +1JN 4 18 bu17 figs-personification ἀλλ’, ἡ τελεία ἀγάπη βάλλει ἔξω τὸν φόβον 1 Instead, perfect love throws out fear Here "love" is described as a person with the power to remove fear. God's love is perfect. Alternate translation: "But when our love is complete, we are no longer afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1JN 4 18 sq7k 0 because fear has to do with punishment "because we would be afraid only if we thought that he would punish us" -1JN 4 18 yg1r figs-activepassive 0 But the one who fears has not been made perfect in love This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But when a person is afraid that God will punish him, his love is not complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1JN 4 20 tfq3 0 hates his brother "hates a fellow believer" -1JN 4 20 a8zh figs-doublenegatives 0 the one who does not love his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen If two negative statements in a row are confusing, this can be translated differently. Alternate translation: "the one who hates his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +1JN 4 18 yg1r figs-activepassive ὁ δὲ φοβούμενος τετελείωται οὐ τετελείωται ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 But the one who fears has not been made perfect in love This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But when a person is afraid that God will punish him, his love is not complete" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1JN 4 20 tfq3 μισῇ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν 1 hates his brother "hates a fellow believer" +1JN 4 20 a8zh figs-doublenegatives ὁ γὰρ μὴ ἀγαπῶν αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν, ὃν ἑώρακεν, οὐ δύναται ἀγαπᾶν τὸν Θεὸν, ὃν ἑώρακεν οὐχ ἑώρακεν 1 the one who does not love his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen If two negative statements in a row are confusing, this can be translated differently. Alternate translation: "the one who hates his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1JN 5 intro bxm4 0 # 1 John 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Children born from God
When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

##### Christian living
People who believe in Jesus should obey God's commands and love his children.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Death
When John writes about death in this chapter, he refers to physical death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

##### "the whole world lies in the power of the evil one"
The phrase "the evil one" refers to Satan. God has allowed him to rule the world, but ultimately God is in control over everything. God keeps his children safe from the evil one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]])
1JN 5 1 nej3 0 General Information: John continues to teach his readers about God's love and the love believers are to have because they have this new nature from God. -1JN 5 1 h8if 0 is born from God "is a child of God" +1JN 5 1 h8if γεγέννηται ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 is born from God "is a child of God" 1JN 5 2 ukc7 0 Because of this we know that we love God's children, when we love God and do his commandments. "When we love God and do what he commands, then we know that we love his children" -1JN 5 3 ve87 0 For this is love for God: that we keep his commandments "Because when we do what he commands, that is true love for God" -1JN 5 3 uik3 0 his commandments are not burdensome "what he commands is not difficult" -1JN 5 3 c5z1 0 burdensome "heavy" or "crushing" or "difficult" -1JN 5 4 i2bf 0 everyone who is born from God overcomes "all children of God overcome" -1JN 5 4 g3uw 0 overcomes the world "has victory over the world," "succeeds against the world," or "refuses to do the evil things unbelievers do" -1JN 5 4 yq2d figs-metonymy 0 the world This passage uses "the world" to refer to all the sinful people and the evil systems in the world. Alternate translation: "everything in the world that is against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 5 3 ve87 γάρ αὕτη ἐστιν ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ: ἵνα τηρῶμεν αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐντολὰς 1 For this is love for God: that we keep his commandments "Because when we do what he commands, that is true love for God" +1JN 5 3 uik3 αὐτοῦ αἱ ἐντολαὶ εἰσίν οὐκ βαρεῖαι 1 his commandments are not burdensome "what he commands is not difficult" +1JN 5 3 c5z1 βαρεῖαι 1 burdensome "heavy" or "crushing" or "difficult" +1JN 5 4 i2bf πᾶν τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ νικᾷ 1 everyone who is born from God overcomes "all children of God overcome" +1JN 5 4 g3uw νικᾷ τὸν κόσμον 1 overcomes the world "has victory over the world," "succeeds against the world," or "refuses to do the evil things unbelievers do" +1JN 5 4 yq2d figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 the world This passage uses "the world" to refer to all the sinful people and the evil systems in the world. Alternate translation: "everything in the world that is against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1JN 5 4 tf9x 0 And this is the victory that has overcome the world, even our faith "And this is what gives us the power to resist whatever would lead us to sin against God: our faith" or "And it is our faith that gives us the power to resist whatever would lead us to sin against God" -1JN 5 5 qm85 figs-rquestion 0 Who is the one who overcomes the world? John used this question to introduce something he wanted to teach. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who overcomes the world:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1JN 5 5 db4f 0 The one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God This does not refer to a specific person but to anyone who believes this. Alternate translation: "Anyone who believes that Jesus is the Son of God" -1JN 5 5 drv2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 5 5 qm85 figs-rquestion τίς ἐστιν ὁ νικῶν τὸν κόσμον? 1 Who is the one who overcomes the world? John used this question to introduce something he wanted to teach. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who overcomes the world:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1JN 5 5 db4f ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God This does not refer to a specific person but to anyone who believes this. Alternate translation: "Anyone who believes that Jesus is the Son of God" +1JN 5 5 drv2 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) 1JN 5 6 yjh2 0 Connecting Statement: John teaches about Jesus Christ and what God said about him. -1JN 5 6 js27 figs-metonymy 0 This is the one who came by water and blood: Jesus Christ "Jesus Christ is the one who came by water and blood." Here "water" is probably a metonym for the baptism of Jesus, and "blood" stands for Jesus' death on the cross. Alternate translation: "God showed that Jesus Christ is his son at Jesus' baptism and his death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 5 6 js27 figs-metonymy οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐλθὼν δι’ ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός 1 This is the one who came by water and blood: Jesus Christ "Jesus Christ is the one who came by water and blood." Here "water" is probably a metonym for the baptism of Jesus, and "blood" stands for Jesus' death on the cross. Alternate translation: "God showed that Jesus Christ is his son at Jesus' baptism and his death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1JN 5 6 bdl4 figs-metonymy 0 He came not only by water, but also by water and blood Here "water" is probably a metonym for the baptism of Jesus, and "blood" stands for Jesus' death on the cross. Alternate translation: "God did not show us Jesus was his son just through his baptism, but through his baptism and his death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 5 9 k2de figs-explicit 0 If we receive the witness of men, the witness of God is greater The translator can state more clearly the implied reason about why we should believe what God says: Alternate translation: "If we believe what people say, then we should believe what God says because he always tells the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1JN 5 9 ai6a figs-idiom 0 receive the witness of men The idiom to "receive the witness" means to believe what another person testifies concerning something that he has seen. The abstract noun "witness" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "believe what men testify" or "believe what men say about what they have seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 5 9 nxq1 0 the witness of God is greater the witness of God is more important and more reliable -1JN 5 9 gt7u guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 5 10 gkj1 0 Anyone who believes in the Son of God has the testimony in himself "Whoever believes in Jesus knows for sure Jesus is the Son of God" -1JN 5 10 j255 0 has made him out to be a liar "has called God a liar" -1JN 5 10 sii2 0 because he has not believed the witness that God has given concerning his Son "because he has not believed that God has told the truth about his Son" -1JN 5 11 bi7k 0 And the witness is this "This is what God says" -1JN 5 11 k2qn figs-abstractnouns 0 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 5 11 u1w5 0 this life is in his Son "this life is through his Son" or "we will live forever if we are joined with his Son" or "we will live forever if we are united with his Son" -1JN 5 11 sz21 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 5 12 st2z figs-metaphor 0 The one who has the Son has life. The one who does not have the Son of God does not have life Being in a close relationship to the Son is spoken of as having the Son. Alternate translation: "He who believes in the Son of God has eternal life. He who does not believe in the Son of God does not have eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 5 9 k2de figs-explicit εἰ λαμβάνομεν τὴν μαρτυρίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἡ μαρτυρία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστίν μείζων 1 If we receive the witness of men, the witness of God is greater The translator can state more clearly the implied reason about why we should believe what God says: Alternate translation: "If we believe what people say, then we should believe what God says because he always tells the truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1JN 5 9 ai6a figs-idiom λαμβάνομεν τὴν μαρτυρίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 receive the witness of men The idiom to "receive the witness" means to believe what another person testifies concerning something that he has seen. The abstract noun "witness" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "believe what men testify" or "believe what men say about what they have seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 5 9 nxq1 τὴν μαρτυρίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ μαρτυρία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστίν μείζων 1 the witness of God is greater the witness of God is more important and more reliable +1JN 5 9 gt7u guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 5 10 gkj1 ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔχει τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἐν αὑτῷ 1 Anyone who believes in the Son of God has the testimony in himself "Whoever believes in Jesus knows for sure Jesus is the Son of God" +1JN 5 10 j255 πεποίηκεν αὐτόν πεποίηκεν ψεύστην 1 has made him out to be a liar "has called God a liar" +1JN 5 10 sii2 ὅτι πεπίστευκεν οὐ πεπίστευκεν τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν ὁ Θεὸς μεμαρτύρηκεν περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Υἱοῦ 1 because he has not believed the witness that God has given concerning his Son "because he has not believed that God has told the truth about his Son" +1JN 5 11 bi7k καὶ ἡ μαρτυρία ἐστὶν αὕτη 1 And the witness is this "This is what God says" +1JN 5 11 k2qn figs-abstractnouns ζωὴν 1 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 5 11 u1w5 αὕτη ἡ ζωὴ ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ Υἱῷ 1 this life is in his Son "this life is through his Son" or "we will live forever if we are joined with his Son" or "we will live forever if we are united with his Son" +1JN 5 11 sz21 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τῷ Υἱῷ 1 Son This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 5 12 st2z figs-metaphor ὁ ἔχων τὸν Υἱὸν ἔχει τὴν ζωήν. ὁ μὴ ἔχων τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔχει οὐκ ἔχει τὴν ζωὴν 1 The one who has the Son has life. The one who does not have the Son of God does not have life Being in a close relationship to the Son is spoken of as having the Son. Alternate translation: "He who believes in the Son of God has eternal life. He who does not believe in the Son of God does not have eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1JN 5 13 uwm2 0 General Information: This begins the end of John's letter. He tells his readers the last purpose for his letter and gives them some final teachings. -1JN 5 13 ezl8 0 these things "this letter" -1JN 5 13 wns6 figs-metonymy 0 to you who believe in the name of the Son of God Here "name" is a metonym for the Son of God. Alternate translation: "to you who trust in the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 5 13 gg32 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 5 14 yj31 figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the confidence we have before him, that The abstract noun "confidence" can be stated as "confident." Alternate translation: "we are confident in God's presence because we know that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 5 14 at5n 0 if we ask anything according to his will "if we ask for the things that God desires" -1JN 5 15 ev49 0 we know that we have whatever we have asked of him "we know that we will receive that for which we have asked God" -1JN 5 16 sc1f 0 his brother "fellow believer" -1JN 5 16 myf6 figs-abstractnouns 0 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1JN 5 16 q1me 0 death This refers to eternal death, that is, eternity spent away from God's presence. +1JN 5 13 ezl8 ταῦτα 1 these things "this letter" +1JN 5 13 wns6 figs-metonymy τοῖς πιστεύουσιν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to you who believe in the name of the Son of God Here "name" is a metonym for the Son of God. Alternate translation: "to you who trust in the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 5 13 gg32 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 5 14 yj31 figs-abstractnouns αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ παρρησία ἔχομεν πρὸς αὐτόν, ὅτι 1 this is the confidence we have before him, that The abstract noun "confidence" can be stated as "confident." Alternate translation: "we are confident in God's presence because we know that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 5 14 at5n ἐάν αἰτώμεθα τι κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ θέλημα 1 if we ask anything according to his will "if we ask for the things that God desires" +1JN 5 15 ev49 οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἔχομεν τὰ αἰτήματα ἃ ᾐτήκαμεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 we know that we have whatever we have asked of him "we know that we will receive that for which we have asked God" +1JN 5 16 sc1f αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν 1 his brother "fellow believer" +1JN 5 16 myf6 figs-abstractnouns ζωήν 1 life The word "life" throughout this letter refers to more than physical life. Here "life" refers to being alive spiritually. See how you translated this in [1 John 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1JN 5 16 q1me θάνατον 1 death This refers to eternal death, that is, eternity spent away from God's presence. 1JN 5 18 f9y9 0 Connecting Statement: John closes his letter, reviewing what he has said about the new nature of believers, which cannot sin, and he reminds them to keep themselves from idols. -1JN 5 18 l7h8 0 the evil one cannot harm him The phrase "the evil one" refers to Satan, the devil. -1JN 5 19 n9ig figs-metaphor 0 the whole world lies in the power of the evil one Lying in someone's power represents being controlled or ruled by him. Alternate translation: "the whole world is controlled by the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 5 19 eh5z figs-metonymy 0 the whole world Here "world" is a way in which some biblical writers refer to the people living in the world who are in rebellion against God and to the world system that is affected in every way by the corrupting power of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 5 20 je13 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -1JN 5 20 n1nh 0 has given us understanding "has enabled us to understand the truth" -1JN 5 20 ge7c figs-metaphor 0 we are in him who is true Being "in" someone represents having a close relationship with him, that is being united to him or belonging to him. The phrase "him who is true" refers to the true God, and the phrase "in his Son Jesus Christ" explains how we are in him who is true. Alternate translation: "we are united to him who is true by being united to his Son Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 5 20 hvr7 0 him who is true "the true one" or "the real God" -1JN 5 20 w5yl 0 This one is the true God Possible meanings are 1) "This one" refers to Jesus Christ, or 2) "This one" refers to the one true God. -1JN 5 20 dz3s figs-metonymy 0 and eternal life He is called "eternal life" becasue he gives us eternal life. Alternate translation: "and the one who gives eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1JN 5 21 i3rw figs-metaphor 0 Children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1JN 5 21 hn4y 0 keep yourselves from idols "stay away from idols" or "do not worship idols" +1JN 5 18 l7h8 ὁ πονηρὸς οὐχ ἅπτεται αὐτοῦ 1 the evil one cannot harm him The phrase "the evil one" refers to Satan, the devil. +1JN 5 19 n9ig figs-metaphor τῷ πονηρῷ 1 the whole world lies in the power of the evil one Lying in someone's power represents being controlled or ruled by him. Alternate translation: "the whole world is controlled by the evil one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 5 19 eh5z figs-metonymy ὁ κόσμος ὅλος ὁ κόσμος 1 the whole world Here "world" is a way in which some biblical writers refer to the people living in the world who are in rebellion against God and to the world system that is affected in every way by the corrupting power of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 5 20 je13 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +1JN 5 20 n1nh δέδωκεν ἡμῖν διάνοιαν 1 has given us understanding "has enabled us to understand the truth" +1JN 5 20 ge7c figs-metaphor ἐσμὲν ἐν τῷ Ἀληθινῷ 1 we are in him who is true Being "in" someone represents having a close relationship with him, that is being united to him or belonging to him. The phrase "him who is true" refers to the true God, and the phrase "in his Son Jesus Christ" explains how we are in him who is true. Alternate translation: "we are united to him who is true by being united to his Son Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 5 20 hvr7 τὸν Ἀληθινόν 1 him who is true "the true one" or "the real God" +1JN 5 20 w5yl οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀληθινὸς Θεὸς 1 This one is the true God Possible meanings are 1) "This one" refers to Jesus Christ, or 2) "This one" refers to the one true God. +1JN 5 20 dz3s figs-metonymy καὶ αἰώνιος ζωὴ 1 and eternal life He is called "eternal life" becasue he gives us eternal life. Alternate translation: "and the one who gives eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1JN 5 21 i3rw figs-metaphor τεκνία 1 Children John was an elderly man and their leader. He used this expression to show his love for them. See how you translated this in [1 John 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: "My dear children in Christ" or "You who are as dear to me as my own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1JN 5 21 hn4y φυλάξατε ἑαυτὰ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων 1 keep yourselves from idols "stay away from idols" or "do not worship idols" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_64-2JN.tsv b/en_tn_64-2JN.tsv index 08f16e772e..94c1d2e4c9 100644 --- a/en_tn_64-2JN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_64-2JN.tsv @@ -2,33 +2,33 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2JN front intro vpa9 0 # Introduction to 2 John
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 2 John

1. Greeting (1:1-3)
1. Encouragement and the greatest commandment (1:4-6)
1. Warning about false teachers (1:7–11)
1. Greetings from fellow believers (1:12-13)

#### Who wrote the Book of 2 John?

The letter does not name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder." The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life. The content of 2 John is similar to the content in John's Gospel.

#### What is the Book of 2 John about?

John addressed this letter to someone he called "the chosen lady" and to "her children" (1:1). This could refer to a specific friend and her children. Or it could refer to a specific group of believers or to believers in general. John's purpose in writing this letter was to warn his audience about false teachers. John did not want believers helping or giving money to false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 John" or "Second John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from John" or "The Second Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is hospitality?

Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. John wanted believers to offer hospitality to guests. However, he did not want believers to offer hospitality to false teachers.

#### Who were the people John spoke against?

The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
2JN 1 1 ma4c figs-you 0 General Information: Tradition identifies the apostle John as the writer of this letter. Though possibly addressed to an individual woman, because he writes that they should "love one another," this is probably to a church. All instances of "you" and "your" in this letter are plural unless noted otherwise. In this letter, John includes himself and his readers by using the word "us" and "our." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 2JN 1 1 z4tk figs-explicit 0 From the elder to the chosen lady and her children This is how letters were started. The name of the author can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "I, John the elder, am writing this letter to the chosen lady and her children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2JN 1 1 z9f1 0 the elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as "elder" either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. -2JN 1 1 y7hw figs-metaphor 0 to the chosen lady and her children This probably refers to a congregation and the believers that belong to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2JN 1 1 z9f1 ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 the elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as "elder" either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. +2JN 1 1 y7hw figs-metaphor ἐκλεκτῇ κυρίᾳ καὶ αὐτῆς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 to the chosen lady and her children This probably refers to a congregation and the believers that belong to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2JN 1 3 vpl9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father ... Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -2JN 1 3 w6tr figs-hendiadys 0 in truth and love The word "truth" describes "love." Possibly it means "in true love." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -2JN 1 4 ir6v figs-you 0 your children The word "your" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +2JN 1 3 w6tr figs-hendiadys ἐν ἀληθείᾳ καὶ ἀγάπῃ 1 in truth and love The word "truth" describes "love." Possibly it means "in true love." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +2JN 1 4 ir6v figs-you σου τῶν τέκνων 1 your children The word "your" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 2JN 1 4 s7hr 0 just as we have received this commandment from the Father "just as God the Father commanded us" 2JN 1 5 c9xi figs-you 0 you, lady ... writing to you These instances of "you" are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -2JN 1 5 u38f 0 not as though I were writing to you a new commandment "not as though I were commanding you to do something new" -2JN 1 5 uhs8 figs-explicit 0 but one that we have had from the beginning Here, "beginning" refers to "when we first believed." Alternate translation: "but I am writing to you what Christ commanded us to do when we first believed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2JN 1 5 vmm8 0 beginning—that we should love one another This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "beginning. He commanded that we should love one another" -2JN 1 6 nw4g figs-metaphor 0 This is the commandment, just as you heard from the beginning, that you should walk in it Conducting our lives according to God's commands is spoken of as if we were walking in them. The word "it" refers to love. "And he has commanded you, since you first believed, to love one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2JN 1 5 u38f οὐχ ὡς γράφων σοι ἐντολὴν καινὴν ἐντολὴν 1 not as though I were writing to you a new commandment "not as though I were commanding you to do something new" +2JN 1 5 uhs8 figs-explicit ἀλλὰ ἣν εἴχαμεν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 but one that we have had from the beginning Here, "beginning" refers to "when we first believed." Alternate translation: "but I am writing to you what Christ commanded us to do when we first believed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2JN 1 5 vmm8 ἀρχῆς— ἵνα ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους 1 beginning—that we should love one another This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "beginning. He commanded that we should love one another" +2JN 1 6 nw4g figs-metaphor αὕτη ἐστιν ἡ ἐντολή, καθὼς ἠκούσατε ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς, ἵνα περιπατῆτε ἐν αὐτῇ 1 This is the commandment, just as you heard from the beginning, that you should walk in it Conducting our lives according to God's commands is spoken of as if we were walking in them. The word "it" refers to love. "And he has commanded you, since you first believed, to love one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2JN 1 7 u3vi 0 Connecting Statement: John warns them of deceivers, reminds them to remain in Christ's teaching, and warns them to stay away from those who do not remain in Christ's teaching. -2JN 1 7 w25m 0 For many deceivers have gone out into the world "For many false teachers have left the congregation" or "For many deceivers are in the world" -2JN 1 7 f9e2 0 many deceivers "many false teachers" or "many imposters" -2JN 1 7 x8yl figs-metonymy 0 Jesus Christ came in the flesh Coming in the flesh is a metonym for being a real person. Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ came as a real human" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2JN 1 7 wbp6 0 This is the deceiver and the antichrist "They are the ones who deceive others and oppose Christ himself" -2JN 1 8 it9t 0 Look to yourselves "Watch out" or "Pay attention" -2JN 1 8 b91r 0 lose the things "lose your future rewards in heaven" -2JN 1 8 eu46 0 full reward "complete reward in heaven" -2JN 1 9 mn3v 0 Whoever goes on ahead This refers to a person who claims to know more about God and truth than everyone else. Alternate translation: "Whoever claims to know more about God" or "Whoever disobeys the truth" -2JN 1 9 xty9 0 does not have God "does not belong to God" -2JN 1 9 x523 0 The one who remains in the teaching, this one has both the Father and the Son "Someone who follows Christ's teaching belongs to both the Father and the Son" -2JN 1 9 k8cv guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 the Father and the Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +2JN 1 7 w25m ὅτι πολλοὶ πλάνοι ἐξῆλθαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 For many deceivers have gone out into the world "For many false teachers have left the congregation" or "For many deceivers are in the world" +2JN 1 7 f9e2 πολλοὶ πλάνοι 1 many deceivers "many false teachers" or "many imposters" +2JN 1 7 x8yl figs-metonymy Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἐρχόμενον ἐν σαρκί 1 Jesus Christ came in the flesh Coming in the flesh is a metonym for being a real person. Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ came as a real human" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2JN 1 7 wbp6 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ πλάνος καὶ ὁ ἀντίχριστος 1 This is the deceiver and the antichrist "They are the ones who deceive others and oppose Christ himself" +2JN 1 8 it9t βλέπετε ἑαυτούς 1 Look to yourselves "Watch out" or "Pay attention" +2JN 1 8 b91r ἀπολέσητε εἰργασάμεθα 1 lose the things "lose your future rewards in heaven" +2JN 1 8 eu46 πλήρη μισθὸν 1 full reward "complete reward in heaven" +2JN 1 9 mn3v πᾶς ὁ προάγων 1 Whoever goes on ahead This refers to a person who claims to know more about God and truth than everyone else. Alternate translation: "Whoever claims to know more about God" or "Whoever disobeys the truth" +2JN 1 9 xty9 ἔχει οὐκ ἔχει Θεὸν 1 does not have God "does not belong to God" +2JN 1 9 x523 ὁ μένων ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ, οὗτος ἔχει καὶ τὸν Πατέρα καὶ τὸν Υἱὸν 1 The one who remains in the teaching, this one has both the Father and the Son "Someone who follows Christ's teaching belongs to both the Father and the Son" +2JN 1 9 k8cv guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τὸν Πατέρα καὶ τὸν Υἱὸν 1 the Father and the Son These are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) 2JN 1 10 ls1c 0 receive him into your house Here this means to welcome him and treat him with honor in order to build a relationship with him. -2JN 1 11 n7zt 0 participates in his evil deeds "shares with him in his evil deeds" or "helps him in his evil deeds" +2JN 1 11 n7zt κοινωνεῖ τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ τοῖς πονηροῖς τοῖς ἔργοις 1 participates in his evil deeds "shares with him in his evil deeds" or "helps him in his evil deeds" 2JN 1 12 nx77 figs-you 0 General Information: The words "you" in verse 12 are singular. The word "your" in verse 13 is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 2JN 1 12 y4gw 0 Connecting Statement: John's letter closes with his desire to visit them and gives greetings from another church. 2JN 1 12 gq26 0 I did not wish to write them with paper and ink John does not wish to write these other things but would like to come say the words to them. He is not saying that he would write them with something other than paper and ink. -2JN 1 12 v4v2 figs-idiom 0 speak face to face "Face to face" here is an idiom, meaning to speak in their presence. Alternate translation: "speak in your presence" or "speak to you in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2JN 1 13 fh6j figs-metaphor 0 The children of your chosen sister Here John speaks of this other church as if it were a sister to the readers' church and the believers that are a part of that church as if they were that church's children. This emphasizes that all believers are a spiritual family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2JN 1 12 v4v2 figs-idiom λαλῆσαι στόμα πρὸς στόμα 1 speak face to face "Face to face" here is an idiom, meaning to speak in their presence. Alternate translation: "speak in your presence" or "speak to you in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2JN 1 13 fh6j figs-metaphor τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἀδελφῆς σου τῆς ἐκλεκτῆς τῆς ἀδελφῆς 1 The children of your chosen sister Here John speaks of this other church as if it were a sister to the readers' church and the believers that are a part of that church as if they were that church's children. This emphasizes that all believers are a spiritual family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_65-3JN.tsv b/en_tn_65-3JN.tsv index 1fcfbf5235..4d9b6e7773 100644 --- a/en_tn_65-3JN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_65-3JN.tsv @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote 3JN front intro kwv9 0 # Introduction to 3 John
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of 3 John

1. Introduction (1:1)
1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8)
1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12)
1. Conclusion (1:13-14)

#### Who wrote the Book of 3 John?

The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder" (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life.

#### What is the Book of 3 John about?

John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "3 John" or "Third John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Third Letter from John" or "The Third Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### What is hospitality?

Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### How does the author use family relationships in his letter?

The author used the terms "brother" and "children" in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term "brothers" to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his "children." These are believers he taught to obey Christ.

John also used the term "Gentile" in a way that could be confusing. The scriptures often used the term "Gentile" to refer to people who are not Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to those who did not believe in Jesus.
3JN 1 1 rni7 figs-you 0 General Information: This is a personal letter from John to Gaius. All instances of "you" and "your" refer to Gaius and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -3JN 1 1 w99t figs-explicit 0 The elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as "elder" either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: "I, John the elder, am writing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3JN 1 1 lls6 translate-names 0 Gaius This is a fellow believer to whom John is writing this letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -3JN 1 1 mp9w 0 whom I love in truth "whom I truly love" -3JN 1 2 v6dv 0 all may go well with you and that you may be healthy "you may do well in all things and be healthy" -3JN 1 2 i269 0 just as it is well with your soul "just as you are doing well spiritually" -3JN 1 3 b4zh 0 brothers came "fellow believers came." These people were probably all male. -3JN 1 3 y7q3 figs-metaphor 0 you walk in truth Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: "you are living your life according to God's truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3JN 1 4 w79m figs-metaphor 0 my children John speaks of those he taught to believe in Jesus as though they were his children. This emphasizes his love and concern for them. It could also be that he himself led them to the Lord. Alternate translation: "my spiritual children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3JN 1 1 w99t figs-explicit ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 The elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as "elder" either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: "I, John the elder, am writing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3JN 1 1 lls6 translate-names Γαΐῳ 1 Gaius This is a fellow believer to whom John is writing this letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +3JN 1 1 mp9w ὃν ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 whom I love in truth "whom I truly love" +3JN 1 2 v6dv περὶ πάντων εὐοδοῦσθαι σε καὶ ὑγιαίνειν 1 all may go well with you and that you may be healthy "you may do well in all things and be healthy" +3JN 1 2 i269 καθὼς εὐοδοῦταί σου ἡ ψυχή 1 just as it is well with your soul "just as you are doing well spiritually" +3JN 1 3 b4zh ἀδελφῶν ἐρχομένων 1 brothers came "fellow believers came." These people were probably all male. +3JN 1 3 y7q3 figs-metaphor σὺ περιπατεῖς ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 you walk in truth Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: "you are living your life according to God's truth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3JN 1 4 w79m figs-metaphor τὰ ἐμὰ τέκνα 1 my children John speaks of those he taught to believe in Jesus as though they were his children. This emphasizes his love and concern for them. It could also be that he himself led them to the Lord. Alternate translation: "my spiritual children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3JN 1 5 jtc6 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word "we" refers to John and those with him, and possibly includes all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 3JN 1 5 vl13 0 Connecting Statement: John's purpose in writing this letter is to compliment Gaius in the way he took care of traveling Bible teachers; then he talks about two people, one evil and one good. -3JN 1 5 tmh1 0 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. -3JN 1 5 gs6x 0 you practice faithfulness "you are doing what is faithful to God" or "you are being loyal to God" -3JN 1 5 g4gz 0 work for the brothers and for strangers "help fellow believers and those you do not know" -3JN 1 6 wzf6 0 who have borne witness of your love in the presence of the church These words describe the "strangers" (verse 5). "strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them" -3JN 1 6 pb64 0 You do well to send them John is thanking Gaius for his normal practice of helping these believers. +3JN 1 5 tmh1 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. +3JN 1 5 gs6x ποιεῖς πιστὸν 1 you practice faithfulness "you are doing what is faithful to God" or "you are being loyal to God" +3JN 1 5 g4gz ὃ ἐὰν ἐργάσῃ εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοῦτο ξένους 1 work for the brothers and for strangers "help fellow believers and those you do not know" +3JN 1 6 wzf6 οἳ ἐμαρτύρησάν σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐνώπιον ἐκκλησίας 1 who have borne witness of your love in the presence of the church These words describe the "strangers" (verse 5). "strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them" +3JN 1 6 pb64 ποιήσεις καλῶς προπέμψας 1 You do well to send them John is thanking Gaius for his normal practice of helping these believers. 3JN 1 7 d8y1 figs-metonymy 0 because it was for the sake of the name that they went out Here "the name" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "for they have gone out to tell people about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3JN 1 7 yzc8 0 taking nothing receiving no gifts or help -3JN 1 7 hk3p 0 the Gentiles Here "Gentiles" does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus. -3JN 1 8 d2l7 0 so that we will be fellow workers for the truth "so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God's truth to people" +3JN 1 7 yzc8 λαμβάνοντες μηδὲν 1 taking nothing receiving no gifts or help +3JN 1 7 hk3p τῶν ἐθνικῶν 1 the Gentiles Here "Gentiles" does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus. +3JN 1 8 d2l7 ἵνα γινώμεθα συνεργοὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 so that we will be fellow workers for the truth "so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God's truth to people" 3JN 1 9 dp1v figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word "us" refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -3JN 1 9 tm9q 0 congregation This refers to Gaius and the group of believers who met together to worship God. -3JN 1 9 cz9d translate-names 0 Diotrephes He was a member of the congregation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -3JN 1 9 s82w 0 who loves to be first among them "who loves to be the most important one among them" or "who loves to act as though he's their leader" -3JN 1 10 f6qj 0 talking wicked nonsense against us "and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true" +3JN 1 9 tm9q τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 congregation This refers to Gaius and the group of believers who met together to worship God. +3JN 1 9 cz9d translate-names Διοτρέφης 1 Diotrephes He was a member of the congregation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +3JN 1 9 s82w ὁ φιλοπρωτεύων αὐτῶν 1 who loves to be first among them "who loves to be the most important one among them" or "who loves to act as though he's their leader" +3JN 1 10 f6qj λόγοις πονηροῖς φλυαρῶν ἡμᾶς 1 talking wicked nonsense against us "and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true" 3JN 1 10 wi6a 0 refused to welcome the brothers "did not welcome the fellow believers" 3JN 1 10 it7p 0 stops those who want to welcome them "stops those who want to welcome the believers" 3JN 1 10 g98b 0 puts them out of the church "he forces them to leave the congregation" 3JN 1 11 a16a figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here "we" refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -3JN 1 11 a3z8 0 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md). -3JN 1 11 pv24 0 do not imitate what is evil "do not copy the evil things that people do" -3JN 1 11 sz2h figs-ellipsis 0 but what is good There are words left out but they are understood. Alternate translation: "but imitate the good things that people do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -3JN 1 11 cm8t 0 is of God "belongs to God" -3JN 1 11 zan2 0 has not seen God "does not belong to God" or "does not believe in God" -3JN 1 12 pl7i figs-activepassive 0 Demetrius is borne witness to by all This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "All who know Demetrius bear witness of him" or "Every believer who knows Demetrius speaks well of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3JN 1 12 m22h translate-names 0 Demetrius This is probably a man whom John wants Gaius and the congregation to welcome when he comes to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -3JN 1 12 rad4 figs-personification 0 by the truth itself "the truth itself speaks well of him." Here "truth" is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: "everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -3JN 1 12 s712 figs-ellipsis 0 We also bear witness What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: "We also speak well of Demetrius" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +3JN 1 11 a3z8 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md). +3JN 1 11 pv24 μιμοῦ μὴ μιμοῦ τὸ κακὸν 1 do not imitate what is evil "do not copy the evil things that people do" +3JN 1 11 sz2h figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 but what is good There are words left out but they are understood. Alternate translation: "but imitate the good things that people do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +3JN 1 11 cm8t ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 is of God "belongs to God" +3JN 1 11 zan2 ἑώρακεν οὐχ ἑώρακεν τὸν Θεόν 1 has not seen God "does not belong to God" or "does not believe in God" +3JN 1 12 pl7i figs-activepassive Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται ὑπὸ πάντων 1 Demetrius is borne witness to by all This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "All who know Demetrius bear witness of him" or "Every believer who knows Demetrius speaks well of him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +3JN 1 12 m22h translate-names Δημητρίῳ 1 Demetrius This is probably a man whom John wants Gaius and the congregation to welcome when he comes to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +3JN 1 12 rad4 figs-personification ὑπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας αὐτῆς 1 by the truth itself "the truth itself speaks well of him." Here "truth" is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: "everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +3JN 1 12 s712 figs-ellipsis ἡμεῖς καὶ μαρτυροῦμεν 1 We also bear witness What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: "We also speak well of Demetrius" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 3JN 1 13 v27c 0 General Information: This is the end of John's letter to Gaius. He gives some final remarks and closes with a greeting. 3JN 1 13 am6k 0 I do not wish to write them to you with pen and ink John does not wish to write these other things at all. He is not saying that he would write them with something other than pen and ink. -3JN 1 14 r8i4 figs-idiom 0 face to face "Face to face" here is an idiom, meaning "in person." Alternate translation: "in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +3JN 1 14 r8i4 figs-idiom στόμα πρὸς στόμα 1 face to face "Face to face" here is an idiom, meaning "in person." Alternate translation: "in person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3JN 1 15 v8yj 0 May peace be with you "May God give you peace" -3JN 1 15 mhs1 0 The friends greet you "The friends here greet you" -3JN 1 15 lq8r 0 Greet our friends there by name "Greet each of the believers there for me" +3JN 1 15 mhs1 οἱ φίλοι ἀσπάζονταί σε 1 The friends greet you "The friends here greet you" +3JN 1 15 lq8r 0 Greet our friends there by name "Greet each of the believers there for me" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv b/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv index 74d43f735f..651642f0ab 100644 --- a/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv +++ b/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv @@ -1,72 +1,72 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JUD front intro xh5n 0 # Introduction to Jude
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Jude

1. Introduction (1:1-2)
1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4)
1. Old Testament examples (1:5-16)
1. Proper response (1:17-23)
1. Praises to God (1:24-25)

#### Who wrote the Book of Jude?

The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.

#### What is the Book of Jude about?

Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Petter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Jude." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter from Jude" or "The Letter Jude Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Who were the people Jude spoke against?

It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.
JUD 1 1 ek3q figs-you 0 General Information: Jude identifies himself as the writer of this letter and greets his readers. He was probably the half-brother of Jesus. There are two other Judes mentioned in the New Testament. The word "you" in this letter refers to the Christians to whom Jude was writing and is always plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JUD 1 1 npc3 translate-names 0 Jude, a servant of Jude is the brother of James. Alternate translation: "I am Jude, a servant of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JUD 1 1 m3v1 0 brother of James James and Jude were half brothers of Jesus. -JUD 1 2 r5ae figs-abstractnouns 0 May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you "may mercy, peace, and love be increased many times for you." These ideas are spoken of as if they were objects that could grow in size or number. This can be restate to remove the abstract nouns "mercy," "peace," and "love." Alternate translation: "May God continue to be merciful to you so that you live peacefully and love one another more and more (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JUD 1 1 npc3 translate-names Ἰούδας, δοῦλος Ἰησοῦ 1 Jude, a servant of Jude is the brother of James. Alternate translation: "I am Jude, a servant of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JUD 1 1 m3v1 ἀδελφὸς Ἰακώβου 1 brother of James James and Jude were half brothers of Jesus. +JUD 1 2 r5ae figs-abstractnouns πληθυνθείη ἔλεος καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη ὑμῖν 1 May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you "may mercy, peace, and love be increased many times for you." These ideas are spoken of as if they were objects that could grow in size or number. This can be restate to remove the abstract nouns "mercy," "peace," and "love." Alternate translation: "May God continue to be merciful to you so that you live peacefully and love one another more and more (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JUD 1 3 kjk6 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word "our" in this letter includes both Jude and believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) JUD 1 3 yfa8 0 Connecting Statement: Jude tells the believers his reason for writing this letter. -JUD 1 3 mi3w 0 our common salvation "the salvation we share" -JUD 1 3 si1u 0 I had to write "I felt a great need to write" or "I felt an urgent need to write" -JUD 1 3 yyf4 0 to exhort you to struggle earnestly for the faith "to encourage you to defend the true teaching" -JUD 1 3 j67u 0 once for all "finally and completely" -JUD 1 4 v94i 0 For certain men have slipped in secretly among you "For some men have come in among the believers without drawing attention to themselves" -JUD 1 4 wwz3 figs-activepassive 0 men who were marked out for condemnation This can also be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: "men whom God chose to condemn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JUD 1 4 c642 figs-metaphor 0 who have changed the grace of our God into sensuality God's grace is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something horrible. Alternate translation: "who teach that God's grace permits one to continue to live in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 4 ws1b 0 deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) they teach that he is not God or 2) these men do not obey Jesus Christ. +JUD 1 3 mi3w ἡμῶν τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας 1 our common salvation "the salvation we share" +JUD 1 3 si1u ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι 1 I had to write "I felt a great need to write" or "I felt an urgent need to write" +JUD 1 3 yyf4 γράψαι ὑμῖν παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ πίστει 1 to exhort you to struggle earnestly for the faith "to encourage you to defend the true teaching" +JUD 1 3 j67u ἅπαξ 1 once for all "finally and completely" +JUD 1 4 v94i γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι παρεισέδυσαν 1 For certain men have slipped in secretly among you "For some men have come in among the believers without drawing attention to themselves" +JUD 1 4 wwz3 figs-activepassive προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τὸ κρίμα 1 men who were marked out for condemnation This can also be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: "men whom God chose to condemn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JUD 1 4 c642 figs-metaphor μετατιθέντες τὴν χάριτα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰς ἀσέλγειαν 1 who have changed the grace of our God into sensuality God's grace is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something horrible. Alternate translation: "who teach that God's grace permits one to continue to live in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 4 ws1b ἀρνούμενοι τὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν 1 deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) they teach that he is not God or 2) these men do not obey Jesus Christ. JUD 1 5 fa5e 0 Connecting Statement: Jude gives examples from the past of those who did not follow the Lord. JUD 1 5 f4mm 0 the Lord saved a people out of the land of Egypt "the Lord rescued the Israelites long ago from Egypt" JUD 1 5 xbq1 0 the Lord Some texts read "Jesus." -JUD 1 6 pt1k 0 their own position of authority "the responsibilities God entrusted to them" -JUD 1 6 s3cn 0 God has kept them in everlasting chains, in utter darkness "God has put these angels in a dark prison from which they will never escape" -JUD 1 6 s1j9 figs-metonymy 0 utter darkness Here "darkness" is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: "in utter darkness in hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JUD 1 6 ccz6 0 the great day the final day when God will judge everyone -JUD 1 7 yn36 figs-metonymy 0 the cities around them Here "cities" stands for the people who lived in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JUD 1 7 r3e9 0 also indulged themselves The sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels' evil ways. -JUD 1 7 pi4t 0 as examples of those who suffer the punishment The destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah became an example of the fate of all who reject God. -JUD 1 8 ujs2 0 these dreamers the people who disobey God, probably because they claimed to see visions that gave them authority to do so -JUD 1 8 ez4l figs-metaphor 0 pollute their bodies This metaphor says that their sin makes their bodies—that is, their actions—unacceptable the way garbage in a stream makes the water undrinkable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 8 e73k 0 say slanderous things "speak insults" -JUD 1 8 pn3j 0 glorious ones This refers to spiritual beings, such as angels. +JUD 1 6 pt1k τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν 1 their own position of authority "the responsibilities God entrusted to them" +JUD 1 6 s3cn τετήρηκεν δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις δεσμοῖς, ὑπὸ ζόφον 1 God has kept them in everlasting chains, in utter darkness "God has put these angels in a dark prison from which they will never escape" +JUD 1 6 s1j9 figs-metonymy ζόφον 1 utter darkness Here "darkness" is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: "in utter darkness in hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JUD 1 6 ccz6 κρίσιν ἡμέρας μεγάλης ἡμέρας 1 the great day the final day when God will judge everyone +JUD 1 7 yn36 figs-metonymy αἱ πόλεις περὶ αὐτὰς 1 the cities around them Here "cities" stands for the people who lived in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JUD 1 7 r3e9 τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις ἐκπορνεύσασαι 1 also indulged themselves The sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels' evil ways. +JUD 1 7 pi4t δεῖγμα ὑπέχουσαι δίκην 1 as examples of those who suffer the punishment The destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah became an example of the fate of all who reject God. +JUD 1 8 ujs2 οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι 1 these dreamers the people who disobey God, probably because they claimed to see visions that gave them authority to do so +JUD 1 8 ez4l figs-metaphor μιαίνουσιν σάρκα 1 pollute their bodies This metaphor says that their sin makes their bodies—that is, their actions—unacceptable the way garbage in a stream makes the water undrinkable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 8 e73k βλασφημοῦσιν 1 say slanderous things "speak insults" +JUD 1 8 pn3j δόξας 1 glorious ones This refers to spiritual beings, such as angels. JUD 1 9 rmg9 0 General Information: Balaam was a prophet who refused to curse Israel for an enemy but then taught that enemy to get the people to marry unbelievers and become idol worshipers. Korah was a man of Israel who rebelled against Moses' leadership and Aaron's priesthood. -JUD 1 9 uzj1 0 did not dare to bring "controlled himself. He did not bring" or "was not willing to bring" -JUD 1 9 kib4 0 a slanderous judgment "an evil-speaking judgment" or "an evil judgment" -JUD 1 9 v9fh 0 bring a slanderous judgment against "say evil, untrue things about" -JUD 1 10 h6sq 0 these people the ungodly people -JUD 1 10 fjm5 0 whatever they do not understand "anything of which they do not know the meaning." Possible meanings are 1) "everything good that they do not understand" or 2) "the glorious ones, which they do not understand" ([Jude 1:8](../01/08.md)). -JUD 1 11 j3g9 figs-metaphor 0 walked in the way of Cain "Walked in the way" here is a metaphor for "lived in the same way as." Alternate translation: "lived the same way Cain lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 9 uzj1 ἐτόλμησεν οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν ἐπενεγκεῖν 1 did not dare to bring "controlled himself. He did not bring" or "was not willing to bring" +JUD 1 9 kib4 κρίσιν βλασφημίας κρίσιν 1 a slanderous judgment "an evil-speaking judgment" or "an evil judgment" +JUD 1 9 v9fh ἐπενεγκεῖν κρίσιν βλασφημίας κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν 1 bring a slanderous judgment against "say evil, untrue things about" +JUD 1 10 h6sq οὗτοι 1 these people the ungodly people +JUD 1 10 fjm5 ὅσα οἴδασιν οὐκ οἴδασιν 1 whatever they do not understand "anything of which they do not know the meaning." Possible meanings are 1) "everything good that they do not understand" or 2) "the glorious ones, which they do not understand" ([Jude 1:8](../01/08.md)). +JUD 1 11 j3g9 figs-metaphor ἐπορεύθησαν τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν 1 walked in the way of Cain "Walked in the way" here is a metaphor for "lived in the same way as." Alternate translation: "lived the same way Cain lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JUD 1 12 s4az 0 Connecting Statement: Jude uses a series of metaphors to describe the ungodly men. He tells the believers how to recognize these men when they are among them. -JUD 1 12 r875 0 These are the ones The word "These" refers to the "ungodly men" of [Jude 1:4](../01/04.md). -JUD 1 12 e25d figs-metaphor 0 hidden reefs Reefs are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 12 zk57 figs-metaphor 0 twice dead, torn up by the roots A tree that someone has uprooted is a metaphor for death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 12 t28p figs-metaphor 0 torn up by the roots Like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God, who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 13 e4rm figs-metaphor 0 violent waves in the sea As the sea's waves are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people are easily moved in many directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 13 fgr9 figs-metaphor 0 foaming out their own shame As wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam—so these men, through their false teaching and actions, shame themselves. Alternate translation: "and just as waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 13 r6rj figs-metaphor 0 They are wandering stars Those who studied the stars in ancient times noticed that what we call planets do not move the way that stars do. Alternate translation: "They are like moving stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 13 djm4 figs-metonymy 0 for whom the gloom of thick darkness has been reserved forever Here "darkness" is a metonym that represents the place of the dead or hell. Here "thick darkness" is an idiom that means "very dark." The phrase "has been reserved" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and God will put them in the gloom and darkness of hell forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JUD 1 14 e5wv 0 the seventh from Adam If Adam is counted as the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh. If Adam's son is counted as the first, Enoch is sixth in line. -JUD 1 14 lu2y 0 Look "Listen" or "Pay attention to this important thing I am going to say" -JUD 1 15 bl4q 0 to execute judgment on "to make judgment on" or "to judge" -JUD 1 16 zs28 0 grumblers, complainers People who do not want to obey and speak against godly authority. "Grumblers" tend to speak quietly, while "complainers" speak openly. -JUD 1 16 eaf2 0 loud boasters People who praise themselves so that others can hear. -JUD 1 16 j8rh 0 flatter others "give false praise to others" -JUD 1 18 w1mx figs-metaphor 0 will follow their own ungodly desires These people are spoken of as if their desires were kings who ruled over them. Alternate translation: "are never able to stop dishonoring God by doing the evil things they wish to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 18 j5m4 figs-metaphor 0 will follow their own ungodly desires Ungodly desires are spoken of as if they were a path that a person will follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 19 r28j 0 It is these "It is these mockers" or "These mockers are the ones" -JUD 1 19 ba6u figs-metaphor 0 are worldly think as other ungodly people think, they value the things that unbelievers value (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 19 qn4p 0 they do not have the Spirit The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. Alternate translation: "the Spirit is not within them" +JUD 1 12 r875 οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ 1 These are the ones The word "These" refers to the "ungodly men" of [Jude 1:4](../01/04.md). +JUD 1 12 e25d figs-metaphor σπιλάδες 1 hidden reefs Reefs are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 12 zk57 figs-metaphor δὶς ἀποθανόντα, ἐκριζωθέντα 1 twice dead, torn up by the roots A tree that someone has uprooted is a metaphor for death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 12 t28p figs-metaphor ἐκριζωθέντα 1 torn up by the roots Like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God, who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 13 e4rm figs-metaphor ἄγρια κύματα θαλάσσης 1 violent waves in the sea As the sea's waves are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people are easily moved in many directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 13 fgr9 figs-metaphor ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας 1 foaming out their own shame As wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam—so these men, through their false teaching and actions, shame themselves. Alternate translation: "and just as waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 13 r6rj figs-metaphor ἀστέρες πλανῆται ἀστέρες 1 They are wandering stars Those who studied the stars in ancient times noticed that what we call planets do not move the way that stars do. Alternate translation: "They are like moving stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 13 djm4 figs-metonymy οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους τετήρηται εἰς αἰῶνα 1 for whom the gloom of thick darkness has been reserved forever Here "darkness" is a metonym that represents the place of the dead or hell. Here "thick darkness" is an idiom that means "very dark." The phrase "has been reserved" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and God will put them in the gloom and darkness of hell forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JUD 1 14 e5wv ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ 1 the seventh from Adam If Adam is counted as the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh. If Adam's son is counted as the first, Enoch is sixth in line. +JUD 1 14 lu2y ἰδοὺ 1 Look "Listen" or "Pay attention to this important thing I am going to say" +JUD 1 15 bl4q ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ 1 to execute judgment on "to make judgment on" or "to judge" +JUD 1 16 zs28 γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι 1 grumblers, complainers People who do not want to obey and speak against godly authority. "Grumblers" tend to speak quietly, while "complainers" speak openly. +JUD 1 16 eaf2 τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα 1 loud boasters People who praise themselves so that others can hear. +JUD 1 16 j8rh θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα 1 flatter others "give false praise to others" +JUD 1 18 w1mx figs-metaphor πορευόμενοι κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας τῶν ἀσεβειῶν κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας 1 will follow their own ungodly desires These people are spoken of as if their desires were kings who ruled over them. Alternate translation: "are never able to stop dishonoring God by doing the evil things they wish to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 18 j5m4 figs-metaphor πορευόμενοι κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας τῶν ἀσεβειῶν κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας 1 will follow their own ungodly desires Ungodly desires are spoken of as if they were a path that a person will follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 19 r28j εἰσιν οὗτοί 1 It is these "It is these mockers" or "These mockers are the ones" +JUD 1 19 ba6u figs-metaphor ψυχικοί 1 are worldly think as other ungodly people think, they value the things that unbelievers value (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 19 qn4p ψυχικοί ἔχοντες μὴ ἔχοντες Πνεῦμα 1 they do not have the Spirit The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. Alternate translation: "the Spirit is not within them" JUD 1 20 e3ga 0 Connecting Statement: Jude tells the believers how they should live and how they should treat others. -JUD 1 20 xm93 0 But you, beloved "Do not be like them, beloved. Instead" -JUD 1 20 cc68 figs-metaphor 0 build yourselves up Becoming increasingly able to trust in God and obey him is spoken of as if it were the process of constructing a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 21 zd2c figs-metaphor 0 Keep yourselves in God's love Remaining able to receive God's love is spoken of as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 21 s6w6 0 wait for "eagerly look forward to" -JUD 1 21 p3bw figs-metonymy 0 the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings you eternal life Here "mercy" stands for Jesus Christ himself, who will show his mercy to the believers by making them live forever with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JUD 1 22 wbr5 0 those who doubt "those who do not yet believe that Jesus is God" -JUD 1 23 wkj9 figs-metaphor 0 snatching them out of the fire The picture is that of pulling people from a fire before they start to burn. Alternate translation: "doing for them whatever needs to be done to keep them from dying without Christ. This is like pulling them from the fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 23 ign7 0 To others be merciful with fear "Be kind to others, but be afraid of sinning the way they did" -JUD 1 23 u4px figs-hyperbole 0 Hate even the garment stained by the flesh Jude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: "Treat them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JUD 1 20 xm93 δέ ὑμεῖς, ἀγαπητοί 1 But you, beloved "Do not be like them, beloved. Instead" +JUD 1 20 cc68 figs-metaphor ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς ἐποικοδομοῦντες 1 build yourselves up Becoming increasingly able to trust in God and obey him is spoken of as if it were the process of constructing a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 21 zd2c figs-metaphor τηρήσατε ἑαυτοὺς ἐν Θεοῦ' Θεοῦ ἀγάπῃ 1 Keep yourselves in God's love Remaining able to receive God's love is spoken of as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 21 s6w6 προσδεχόμενοι 1 wait for "eagerly look forward to" +JUD 1 21 p3bw figs-metonymy τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς αἰώνιον ζωὴν 1 the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings you eternal life Here "mercy" stands for Jesus Christ himself, who will show his mercy to the believers by making them live forever with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JUD 1 22 wbr5 οὓς διακρινομένους 1 those who doubt "those who do not yet believe that Jesus is God" +JUD 1 23 wkj9 figs-metaphor ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρὸς 1 snatching them out of the fire The picture is that of pulling people from a fire before they start to burn. Alternate translation: "doing for them whatever needs to be done to keep them from dying without Christ. This is like pulling them from the fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 23 ign7 οὓς ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ 1 To others be merciful with fear "Be kind to others, but be afraid of sinning the way they did" +JUD 1 23 u4px figs-hyperbole μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα ἐσπιλωμένον ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Hate even the garment stained by the flesh Jude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: "Treat them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JUD 1 24 r3jx 0 Connecting Statement: Jude closes with a blessing. -JUD 1 24 w1dc figs-metaphor 0 to cause you to stand before his glorious presence His glory is brilliant light that represents his greatness. Alternate translation: "and to allow you to enjoy and worship his glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 24 gq9e figs-metaphor 0 glorious presence without blemish and with Here sin is spoken of as if it were dirt on one's body or a flaw on one's body. Alternate translation: "glorious presence, where you will be without sin and have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JUD 1 25 a3ua 0 to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord "to the only God, who saved us because of what Jesus Christ did." This emphasizes that God the Father as well as the Son is the Savior. -JUD 1 25 kql5 0 be glory, majesty, dominion, and power, before all time, now, and forevermore God has always had, now has, and always will have glory, absolute leadership, and complete control of all things. +JUD 1 24 w1dc figs-metaphor στῆσαι κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ τῆς δόξης 1 to cause you to stand before his glorious presence His glory is brilliant light that represents his greatness. Alternate translation: "and to allow you to enjoy and worship his glory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 24 gq9e figs-metaphor τῆς δόξης ἀμώμους ἐν 1 glorious presence without blemish and with Here sin is spoken of as if it were dirt on one's body or a flaw on one's body. Alternate translation: "glorious presence, where you will be without sin and have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JUD 1 25 a3ua Θεῷ μόνῳ Θεῷ ἡμῶν Σωτῆρι διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord "to the only God, who saved us because of what Jesus Christ did." This emphasizes that God the Father as well as the Son is the Savior. +JUD 1 25 kql5 δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, καὶ ἐξουσία, πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος, νῦν, καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 be glory, majesty, dominion, and power, before all time, now, and forevermore God has always had, now has, and always will have glory, absolute leadership, and complete control of all things. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_67-REV.tsv b/en_tn_67-REV.tsv index 53d68365e4..1af06e04f7 100644 --- a/en_tn_67-REV.tsv +++ b/en_tn_67-REV.tsv @@ -2,1058 +2,1058 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo REV front intro xx8l 0 # Introduction to Revelation
## Part 1: General Introduction

#### Outline of the Book of Revelation

1. Opening (1:1-20)
1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)
1. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11)
1. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)
1. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)
1. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)
1. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)
1. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)
1. The Lamb's judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)
1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)
1. Jesus' promise to return, the witness from the angels, John's closing words, Christ's message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)

#### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?

The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.

#### What is the Book of Revelation about?

John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.

#### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, "Revelation," "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," "The Revelation to Saint John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as "The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

#### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?

John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

#### Are the events of Revelation past or future?

Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.

Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT.

#### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?

No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

#### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?

One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULT?

The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following principles:
* The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULT uses "holy." (See: 14:12; 22:11)
* Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses "believer" or "believers." (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9)
* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses "sanctify," "set apart," "dedicated to," or "reserved for."

The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

#### Periods of time

John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent.

#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation?

For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* "'I am the alpha and the omega,' says the Lord God, 'the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty'" (1:8). Some versions add the phrase "the Beginning and the End."
* "the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped" (5:14). Some older versions read, "the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever."
* "so that a third of it [the earth] was burned up" (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase.
* "the one who is and who was" (11:17). Some versions add the phrase "and who is to come."
* "they are blameless" (14:5). Some versions add the phrase "before the throne of God" (14:5).
* "the one who is and who was, the Holy One" (16:5). Some older versions read, "O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be."
* "The nations will walk by the light of that city" (21:24). Some older versions read, "The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city."
* "Blessed are those who wash their robes" (22:14). Some older versions read "Blessed are those who do his commandments."
* "God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city" (22:19). Some older versions read, "God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city."

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
REV 1 intro u1e2 0 # Revelation 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Seven churches

John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.

##### White

The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

##### "Him who is, and who was, and who is to come"

God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Blood

Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "He is coming with the clouds"

Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be "with the clouds." It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or "with the clouds" in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.

##### "One like a son of man"

This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man."

##### "The angels of the seven churches"

The word "angels" here can also mean "messengers." This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word "angel" (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.
REV 1 1 kv41 0 General Information: This is an introduction to the book of Revelation. It explains that it is a revelation from Jesus Christ and it gives a blessing to those who read it. -REV 1 1 ik5v 0 his servants This refers to people who believe in Christ. -REV 1 1 x8bu 0 what must soon take place "the events that must happen soon" -REV 1 1 kez4 0 made it known "communicated it" -REV 1 1 pb4u figs-123person 0 to his servant John John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: "to me, John, his servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -REV 1 2 va4c 0 the word of God "the message that God spoke" -REV 1 2 b5se 0 the testimony of Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ" or 2) "the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself" +REV 1 1 ik5v αὐτοῦ τοῖς δούλοις 1 his servants This refers to people who believe in Christ. +REV 1 1 x8bu ἃ δεῖ ἐν τάχει γενέσθαι 1 what must soon take place "the events that must happen soon" +REV 1 1 kez4 ἐσήμανεν 1 made it known "communicated it" +REV 1 1 pb4u figs-123person τῷ αὐτοῦ δούλῳ Ἰωάννῃ 1 to his servant John John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: "to me, John, his servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +REV 1 2 va4c τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God "the message that God spoke" +REV 1 2 b5se τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the testimony of Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ" or 2) "the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself" REV 1 3 le65 figs-genericnoun 0 the one who reads aloud This does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who reads it aloud. Alternate translation: "anyone who reads aloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -REV 1 3 h37b figs-activepassive 0 obey what is written in it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "obey what John has written in it" or "obey what they read in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 1 3 dwt8 0 the time is near "the things that must happen will soon happen" +REV 1 3 h37b figs-activepassive τηροῦντες τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν αὐτῇ 1 obey what is written in it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "obey what John has written in it" or "obey what they read in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 1 3 dwt8 ὁ καιρὸς ἐγγύς 1 the time is near "the things that must happen will soon happen" REV 1 4 vw1t 0 General Information: This is the beginning of John's letter. Here he names himself as the writer and greets the people he is writing to. REV 1 4 y9yh figs-abstractnouns 0 May grace be to you and peace from the one who is ... and from the seven spirits This is a wish or blessing. John speaks as if these were things that God could give, although they are really ways in which he hopes God will act for his people. Alternate translation: "May he who is ... and the seven spirits ... treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 1 4 hl5c 0 from the one who is "from God, who is" -REV 1 4 qsu6 figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 1 4 x38p writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 1 5 w24x 0 and from Jesus Christ This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4] (./04.md). "May grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ" or "and may Jesus Christ treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely" -REV 1 5 l3h8 0 the firstborn from the dead "the first person to be raised from death" -REV 1 5 j1xp 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. -REV 1 5 u6v7 0 has released us "has set us free" -REV 1 6 a4mq 0 has made us a kingdom, priests "has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests" -REV 1 6 ne7x 0 his God and Father This is one person. Alternate translation: "God, his Father" -REV 1 6 c77q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 1 4 hl5c ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν 1 from the one who is "from God, who is" +REV 1 4 qsu6 figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 1 4 x38p writing-symlanguage ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων 1 seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 1 5 w24x καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 and from Jesus Christ This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4] (./04.md). "May grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ" or "and may Jesus Christ treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely" +REV 1 5 l3h8 ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν 1 the firstborn from the dead "the first person to be raised from death" +REV 1 5 j1xp τῶν νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. +REV 1 5 u6v7 λύσαντι ἡμᾶς 1 has released us "has set us free" +REV 1 6 a4mq ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς 1 has made us a kingdom, priests "has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests" +REV 1 6 ne7x αὐτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί 1 his God and Father This is one person. Alternate translation: "God, his Father" +REV 1 6 c77q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρί 1 Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) REV 1 6 qd74 figs-abstractnouns 0 to him be the glory and the power This is a wish or prayer. Possible meanings are 1) "May people honor his glory and power" or 2) "May he have glory and power." John prays that Jesus Christ will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 1 6 vc5g 0 the power This probably refers to his authority as king. +REV 1 6 vc5g τὸ κράτος 1 the power This probably refers to his authority as king. REV 1 7 ldv8 0 General Information: In verse 7, John is quoting from Daniel and Zechariah. -REV 1 7 hb4i figs-synecdoche 0 every eye Since people see with the eyes, the word "eye" is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: "every person" or "everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 1 7 t16v 0 including those who pierced him "even those who pierced him will see him" -REV 1 7 ndf6 figs-metonymy 0 pierced him Jesus' hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to people killing him. Alternate translation: "killed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 1 7 lqs9 0 pierced made a hole in -REV 1 8 mm9z figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 1 8 in5e figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 1 8 c96p writing-quotations 0 says the Lord God Some languages would put "The Lord God says" at the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +REV 1 7 hb4i figs-synecdoche πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς 1 every eye Since people see with the eyes, the word "eye" is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: "every person" or "everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 1 7 t16v καὶ οἵτινες ἐξεκέντησαν αὐτὸν 1 including those who pierced him "even those who pierced him will see him" +REV 1 7 ndf6 figs-metonymy ἐξεκέντησαν αὐτὸν 1 pierced him Jesus' hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to people killing him. Alternate translation: "killed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 1 7 lqs9 ἐξεκέντησαν 1 pierced made a hole in +REV 1 8 mm9z figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 1 8 in5e figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 1 8 c96p writing-quotations λέγει Κύριος ὁ Θεός 1 says the Lord God Some languages would put "The Lord God says" at the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) REV 1 9 up7y 0 General Information: John explains how his vision began and the instructions the Spirit gave him. REV 1 9 mg1k figs-you 0 your ... you These refer to the believers in the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) REV 1 9 p7ii 0 I, John—your brother and the one who shares with you in the suffering and kingdom and patient endurance that are in Jesus—was This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "I, John, am your brother who who shares with you in God's kingdom and also suffers and patiently endures trials along with you because we belong to Jesus. I was" -REV 1 9 c1a9 0 because of the word of God "because I told others the word of God" -REV 1 9 j5rg 0 the word of God "the message that God spoke." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md). -REV 1 9 sim8 0 the testimony about Jesus "the testimony that God has given about Jesus." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md). -REV 1 10 s2sw figs-idiom 0 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -REV 1 10 lnj2 0 the Lord's day the day of worship for believers in Christ -REV 1 10 fa68 figs-simile 0 loud voice like a trumpet The voice was so loud it sounded like a trumpet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 1 10 dn8e 0 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. +REV 1 9 c1a9 διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 because of the word of God "because I told others the word of God" +REV 1 9 j5rg τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God "the message that God spoke." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md). +REV 1 9 sim8 τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 the testimony about Jesus "the testimony that God has given about Jesus." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md). +REV 1 10 s2sw figs-idiom ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι 1 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 1 10 lnj2 τῇ Κυριακῇ' Κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the Lord's day the day of worship for believers in Christ +REV 1 10 fa68 figs-simile μεγάλην φωνὴν ὡς σάλπιγγος 1 loud voice like a trumpet The voice was so loud it sounded like a trumpet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 1 10 dn8e σάλπιγγος 1 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. REV 1 11 kq6x translate-names 0 Smyrna ... Pergamum ... Thyatira ... Sardis ... Philadelphia ... Laodicea These are names of cities in the region of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) REV 1 12 dkp1 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to explain what he saw in his vision. -REV 1 12 r89l figs-synecdoche 0 whose voice This refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: "who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 1 13 xmx7 figs-metaphor 0 son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 1 13 y6qk 0 a golden sash a piece of cloth worn around the chest. It may have had golden threads in it. +REV 1 12 r89l figs-synecdoche ἥτις τὴν φωνὴν 1 whose voice This refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: "who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 1 13 xmx7 figs-metaphor Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου 1 son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 1 13 y6qk ζώνην χρυσᾶν ζώνην 1 a golden sash a piece of cloth worn around the chest. It may have had golden threads in it. REV 1 14 qc12 figs-simile 0 His head and hair were as white as wool—as white as snow Wool and snow are examples of things that are very white. The repetition of "as white as" emphasizes that they were very white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -REV 1 14 j9w4 0 wool This is the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white. +REV 1 14 j9w4 ἔριον 1 wool This is the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white. REV 1 14 vp4t figs-simile 0 his eyes were like a flame of fire His eyes are described as being full of light like a flame of fire. Alternate translation: "his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) REV 1 15 u551 figs-simile 0 His feet were like polished bronze Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. Alternate translation: "His feet were very shiny like polished bronze" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) REV 1 15 d6je figs-events 0 like polished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace The bronze would be refined first and then polished. Alternate translation: "like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and polished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -REV 1 15 ldx7 0 furnace a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would burn away any impurities that were in the metal. +REV 1 15 ldx7 καμίνῳ 1 furnace a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would burn away any impurities that were in the metal. REV 1 15 izg6 0 the sound of many rushing waters This is very loud, like the sound of a large, fast flowing river, of a large waterfall, or of loud waves in the sea. REV 1 16 pp58 0 a sword ... was coming out of his mouth The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. -REV 1 16 zy4d 0 a sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. -REV 1 17 twy9 figs-simile 0 fell at his feet like a dead man John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 1 17 jw5r 0 He placed his right hand on me "He touched me with his right hand" -REV 1 17 uc3d figs-merism 0 I am the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 1 18 a4e2 figs-metaphor 0 I have the keys of death and of Hades Having the power over something is spoken of as having the keys to it. The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of Hades. Alternate translation: "I have the power over death and over Hades" or "I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 1 16 zy4d ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα δίστομος 1 a sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. +REV 1 17 twy9 figs-simile ἔπεσα πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας ὡς νεκρός 1 fell at his feet like a dead man John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 1 17 jw5r ἔθηκεν αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 He placed his right hand on me "He touched me with his right hand" +REV 1 17 uc3d figs-merism ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 I am the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 1 18 a4e2 figs-metaphor ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου 1 I have the keys of death and of Hades Having the power over something is spoken of as having the keys to it. The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of Hades. Alternate translation: "I have the power over death and over Hades" or "I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 1 19 u49x 0 Connecting Statement: The Son of Man continues to speak. -REV 1 20 d6ez writing-symlanguage 0 stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 1 20 fl5d writing-symlanguage 0 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 1 20 eek9 0 the angels of the seven churches Possible meanings are that these "angels" are 1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches or 2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches. -REV 1 20 e25n 0 seven churches This refers to seven churches that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). +REV 1 20 d6ez writing-symlanguage ἀστέρων 1 stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 1 20 fl5d writing-symlanguage λυχνίας 1 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 1 20 eek9 ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν 1 the angels of the seven churches Possible meanings are that these "angels" are 1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches or 2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches. +REV 1 20 e25n ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν 1 seven churches This refers to seven churches that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). REV 2 intro zps2 0 # Revelation 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Poverty and wealth

The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])

##### "The devil is about to"

People were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

##### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel

Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"

The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The angel of the church"

The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).

##### "The words of the one who"

The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
REV 2 1 mn8x 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Ephesus. -REV 2 1 kq5r 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 2 1 i92a writing-symlanguage 0 stars These stars are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 2 1 ugs3 writing-symlanguage 0 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 2 1 kq5r τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 2 1 i92a writing-symlanguage ἀστέρας 1 stars These stars are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 2 1 ugs3 writing-symlanguage λυχνιῶν 1 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 2 2 jg1u figs-abstractnouns 0 I know ... your hard labor and your patient endurance "Labor" and "endurance" are abstract nouns and can be translated with verbs "work" and "endure." Alternate translation: "I know ... that you work very hard and that you endure patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 2 2 szc1 0 but are not "but are not apostles" -REV 2 2 ka9e 0 you have found them to be false "you have recognized that those people are false apostles" -REV 2 3 muq8 figs-metonymy 0 because of my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you believe in my name" or "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 2 3 j46d figs-metaphor 0 you have not grown weary Being discouraged is spoken of as being tired. Alternate translation: "you have not become discouraged" or "you have not quit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 4 j7gz 0 I have against you the fact that "I disapprove of you because" or "I am angry with you because" -REV 2 4 kx98 figs-metaphor 0 you have left behind your first love To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it behind. Love is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT "you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 5 sfw2 figs-metaphor 0 from where you have fallen No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven fallen. Alternate translation: "how much you have changed" or "how much you used to love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 5 j6p5 0 Unless you repent "If you do not repent" -REV 2 5 j8p5 writing-symlanguage 0 remove your lampstand The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated "lampstand" in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 2 6 cvi5 translate-names 0 Nicolaitans people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 7 s3qg figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 2 szc1 καὶ εἰσίν οὐκ 1 but are not "but are not apostles" +REV 2 2 ka9e εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς 1 you have found them to be false "you have recognized that those people are false apostles" +REV 2 3 muq8 figs-metonymy διὰ μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 because of my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you believe in my name" or "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 3 j46d figs-metaphor κεκοπίακες οὐ κεκοπίακες 1 you have not grown weary Being discouraged is spoken of as being tired. Alternate translation: "you have not become discouraged" or "you have not quit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 4 j7gz ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὅτι 1 I have against you the fact that "I disapprove of you because" or "I am angry with you because" +REV 2 4 kx98 figs-metaphor ἀφῆκες σου τὴν πρώτην τὴν ἀγάπην 1 you have left behind your first love To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it behind. Love is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT "you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 5 sfw2 figs-metaphor πόθεν πέπτωκας 1 from where you have fallen No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven fallen. Alternate translation: "how much you have changed" or "how much you used to love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 5 j6p5 ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσῃς 1 Unless you repent "If you do not repent" +REV 2 5 j8p5 writing-symlanguage κινήσω σου τὴν λυχνίαν 1 remove your lampstand The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated "lampstand" in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 2 6 cvi5 translate-names Νικολαϊτῶν 1 Nicolaitans people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 7 s3qg figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 2 7 ft48 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -REV 2 7 wzg1 figs-genericnoun 0 the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -REV 2 7 rmf5 0 the paradise of God "God's garden." This is a symbol for heaven. +REV 2 7 wzg1 figs-genericnoun τῷ νικῶντι 1 the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 2 7 rmf5 τῷ Παραδείσῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the paradise of God "God's garden." This is a symbol for heaven. REV 2 8 is3w 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Smyrna. -REV 2 8 ie9x 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 2 8 key2 translate-names 0 Smyrna This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 8 k7qk figs-merism 0 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 2 9 p6hp figs-abstractnouns 0 I know your sufferings and your poverty "Sufferings" and "poverty" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "I know how you have suffered and how poor you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 2 8 ie9x τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 2 8 key2 translate-names Σμύρνῃ 1 Smyrna This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 8 k7qk figs-merism ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 2 9 p6hp figs-abstractnouns οἶδά σου τὴν θλῖψιν καὶ τὴν πτωχείαν 1 I know your sufferings and your poverty "Sufferings" and "poverty" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "I know how you have suffered and how poor you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) REV 2 9 f6bp figs-abstractnouns 0 I know the slander of those who say they are Jews "Slander" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "I know how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews" or "I know how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 2 9 qf9p 0 but they are not "but they are not real Jews" -REV 2 9 a4yu figs-metaphor 0 a synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 10 agx4 figs-metonymy 0 The devil is about to throw some of you into prison The words "the Devil" here are a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: "The devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 2 10 f5t1 0 Be faithful until death "Be faithful to me even if they kill you." The use of the word "until" does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death. -REV 2 10 sp8z 0 the crown "the winner's crown." This was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. -REV 2 10 zhj8 figs-metaphor 0 the crown of life Possible meanings are 1) "a crown that shows that I have given you eternal life" or 2) "true life as a prize like a winner's crown" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 11 g7zq figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 9 qf9p καὶ εἰσίν οὐκ 1 but they are not "but they are not real Jews" +REV 2 9 a4yu figs-metaphor συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 a synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 10 agx4 figs-metonymy ὁ διάβολος μέλλει βάλλειν ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν 1 The devil is about to throw some of you into prison The words "the Devil" here are a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: "The devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 10 f5t1 γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου 1 Be faithful until death "Be faithful to me even if they kill you." The use of the word "until" does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death. +REV 2 10 sp8z τὸν στέφανον 1 the crown "the winner's crown." This was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. +REV 2 10 zhj8 figs-metaphor τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς 1 the crown of life Possible meanings are 1) "a crown that shows that I have given you eternal life" or 2) "true life as a prize like a winner's crown" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 11 g7zq figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 2 11 dc3n figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -REV 2 11 s9d2 figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -REV 2 11 q6w2 0 will not be hurt by the second death "will not experience the second death" or "will not die a second time" +REV 2 11 s9d2 figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 2 11 q6w2 ἀδικηθῇ οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ τοῦ δευτέρου θανάτου 1 will not be hurt by the second death "will not experience the second death" or "will not die a second time" REV 2 12 ll17 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Pergamum. -REV 2 12 y864 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 2 12 il7c translate-names 0 Pergamum This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 12 f6s5 0 the sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) -REV 2 13 ryn6 figs-metonymy 0 Satan's throne Possible meanings are 1) Satan's power and evil influence on people, or 2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 2 13 tf7c figs-metaphor 0 you hold on tightly to my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person. Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on tightly. Alternate translation: "you firmly believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 12 y864 τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 2 12 il7c translate-names Περγάμῳ 1 Pergamum This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 12 f6s5 ὁ ἔχων τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν δίστομον 1 the sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) +REV 2 13 ryn6 figs-metonymy τοῦ Σατανᾶ' τοῦ Σατανᾶ ὁ θρόνος 1 Satan's throne Possible meanings are 1) Satan's power and evil influence on people, or 2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 13 tf7c figs-metaphor κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 you hold on tightly to my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person. Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on tightly. Alternate translation: "you firmly believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 2 13 x6j6 figs-abstractnouns 0 you did not deny your faith in me "Faith" can be translated with the verb "believe." AT "you continued to tell people that you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 2 13 lu4b translate-names 0 Antipas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 14 wu6n 0 But I have a few things against you "I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done" or "I am angry with you because of a few things you did." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md). -REV 2 14 rd44 figs-metaphor 0 who hold tightly to the teaching of Balaam, who Possible meanings are 1) "who teach what Balaam taught; he" or 2) "who do what Balaam taught; he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 14 j3nc translate-names 0 Balak This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 13 lu4b translate-names Ἀντιπᾶς 1 Antipas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 14 wu6n ἀλλ’ ἔχω ὀλίγα κατὰ σοῦ 1 But I have a few things against you "I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done" or "I am angry with you because of a few things you did." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md). +REV 2 14 rd44 figs-metaphor κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ, ὃς 1 who hold tightly to the teaching of Balaam, who Possible meanings are 1) "who teach what Balaam taught; he" or 2) "who do what Balaam taught; he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 14 j3nc translate-names τῷ Βαλὰκ 1 Balak This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) REV 2 14 hg4g figs-metaphor 0 who taught Balak to throw a stumbling block before the children of Israel Something that leads people to sin is spoken of as a stone in the road that people stumble on. Alternate translation: "who showed Balak how to cause the people of Israel to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 14 u19f 0 be sexually immoral "sin sexually" or "commit sexual sin" -REV 2 15 hc85 translate-names 0 Nicolaitans This was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 16 rwa4 0 Repent, therefore "So repent" +REV 2 14 u19f πορνεῦσαι 1 be sexually immoral "sin sexually" or "commit sexual sin" +REV 2 15 hc85 translate-names Νικολαϊτῶν 1 Nicolaitans This was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 16 rwa4 μετανόησον, οὖν 1 Repent, therefore "So repent" REV 2 16 f8dy figs-ellipsis 0 If you do not, I The verb can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "If you do not repent, I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -REV 2 16 fd6u 0 wage war against them "fight against them" -REV 2 16 j52q writing-symlanguage 0 with the sword in my mouth This refers to the sword in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God's word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: "with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 2 17 lm1j figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 16 fd6u πολεμήσω μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 wage war against them "fight against them" +REV 2 16 j52q writing-symlanguage ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου τοῦ στόματός 1 with the sword in my mouth This refers to the sword in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God's word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: "with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 2 17 lm1j figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 2 17 m867 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -REV 2 17 i61b figs-genericnoun 0 To the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 2 17 i61b figs-genericnoun τῷ νικῶντι 1 To the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) REV 2 18 b83m 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Thyatira. -REV 2 18 nd4m 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 2 18 kd5v translate-names 0 Thyatira This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 2 18 q3w9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -REV 2 18 zbx5 figs-simile 0 who has eyes like a flame of fire His eyes are describes as being full of light like a flame of fire. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: "whose eyes glow like a flame of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 2 18 p86i figs-simile 0 feet like polished bronze Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: "whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 2 19 bx33 figs-abstractnouns 0 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The abstract nouns "love," "faith," "service," and "endurance" can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "How you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 2 19 y2mu figs-explicit 0 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The implied objects of these verbs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "How you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 2 18 nd4m τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 2 18 kd5v translate-names Θυατείροις 1 Thyatira This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 2 18 q3w9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 2 18 zbx5 figs-simile ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὡς φλόγα πυρός 1 who has eyes like a flame of fire His eyes are describes as being full of light like a flame of fire. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: "whose eyes glow like a flame of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 2 18 p86i figs-simile οἱ πόδες ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ 1 feet like polished bronze Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: "whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 2 19 bx33 figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀγάπην καὶ τὴν πίστιν καὶ τὴν διακονίαν καὶ σου τὴν ὑπομονήν 1 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The abstract nouns "love," "faith," "service," and "endurance" can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "How you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 2 19 y2mu figs-explicit τὴν ἀγάπην καὶ τὴν πίστιν καὶ τὴν διακονίαν καὶ σου τὴν ὑπομονήν 1 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The implied objects of these verbs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "How you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 2 20 wbu1 0 But I have this against you "But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing" or "But I am angry with you because of something you are doing." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md). -REV 2 20 f6e8 figs-metaphor 0 the woman Jezebel, who Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen Jezebel, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: "the woman who is just like Jezebel and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 21 g7yh 0 I gave her time to repent "I gave her opportunity to repent" or "I waited for her to repent" +REV 2 20 f6e8 figs-metaphor τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ, ἡ λέγουσα 1 the woman Jezebel, who Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen Jezebel, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: "the woman who is just like Jezebel and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 21 g7yh ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ 1 I gave her time to repent "I gave her opportunity to repent" or "I waited for her to repent" REV 2 22 twa2 figs-metonymy 0 I will throw her onto a sickbed ... into great suffering Her having to lie in bed would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. Alternate translation: "I will make her lie sick in bed ... I will make suffer greatly" or "I will make her very sick ... I will make suffer greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 2 22 lj36 figs-metaphor 0 those who commit adultery with her into great suffering Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: "I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 22 h8fz 0 commit adultery "practice adultery" -REV 2 22 g53b figs-explicit 0 unless they repent of her deeds This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of her deeds, they also repent of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: "if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does" or "if they do not repent of participating in her deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 2 23 kx34 0 I will strike her children dead "I will kill her children" -REV 2 23 cn5s figs-metaphor 0 her children Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were her children. Alternate translation: 'her followers" or "the people who do what she teaches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 23 zm6t figs-metonymy 0 thoughts and hearts The term "heart" a metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: "what people think and want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 2 23 bgs9 figs-idiom 0 I will give to each one of you This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: "I will punish or reward each one of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -REV 2 24 tli6 figs-metaphor 0 everyone who does not hold this teaching Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the teaching. Alternate translation: "everyone who does not believe this teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 24 scu6 0 does not hold this teaching The noun "teaching" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "does not hold to what she teaches" or "does not believe what she teaches" -REV 2 24 d5i9 figs-metaphor 0 deep things Secret things are spoken of as if they were deep. Alternate translation: "secret things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 26 z5xi figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "The person who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 2 22 lj36 figs-metaphor τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ’ αὐτῆς εἰς μεγάλην θλῖψιν 1 those who commit adultery with her into great suffering Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: "I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 22 h8fz τοὺς μοιχεύοντας 1 commit adultery "practice adultery" +REV 2 22 g53b figs-explicit ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσουσιν ἐκ αὐτῆς τῶν ἔργων 1 unless they repent of her deeds This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of her deeds, they also repent of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: "if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does" or "if they do not repent of participating in her deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 2 23 kx34 ἀποκτενῶ αὐτῆς τὰ τέκνα ἐν θανάτῳ 1 I will strike her children dead "I will kill her children" +REV 2 23 cn5s figs-metaphor αὐτῆς τὰ τέκνα 1 her children Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were her children. Alternate translation: 'her followers" or "the people who do what she teaches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 23 zm6t figs-metonymy νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας 1 thoughts and hearts The term "heart" a metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: "what people think and want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 23 bgs9 figs-idiom δώσω ἑκάστῳ ὑμῖν 1 I will give to each one of you This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: "I will punish or reward each one of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 2 24 tli6 figs-metaphor ὅσοι ἔχουσιν οὐκ ἔχουσιν ταύτην τὴν διδαχὴν 1 everyone who does not hold this teaching Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the teaching. Alternate translation: "everyone who does not believe this teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 24 scu6 ἔχουσιν οὐκ ἔχουσιν ταύτην τὴν διδαχὴν 1 does not hold this teaching The noun "teaching" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "does not hold to what she teaches" or "does not believe what she teaches" +REV 2 24 d5i9 figs-metaphor βαθέα 1 deep things Secret things are spoken of as if they were deep. Alternate translation: "secret things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 26 z5xi figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "The person who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) REV 2 27 c9gu 0 He will rule ... break them into pieces This is a prophecy from the Old Testament about a king of Israel, but Jesus applied it here to those to whom he gives authority over the nations. -REV 2 27 w8pp figs-metaphor 0 He will rule them with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. Alternate translation: "He will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 2 27 ksl1 figs-simile 0 like clay jars he will break them into pieces Breaking them to pieces is an image that represents either 1) destroying evildoers or 2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: "He will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 2 28 n9ts figs-explicit 0 Just as I have received from my Father Some languages may need to tell what was received. Possible meanings are 1) "Just as I have received authority from my Father" or 2) "Just as I have received the morning star from my Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 2 28 hr39 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -REV 2 28 c1zc 0 I will also give him Here "him" refers to the one who conquers. -REV 2 28 g5iy writing-symlanguage 0 morning star This is a bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 2 29 ilk8 figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 2 27 w8pp figs-metaphor ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ ῥάβδῳ 1 He will rule them with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. Alternate translation: "He will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 2 27 ksl1 figs-simile ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται 1 like clay jars he will break them into pieces Breaking them to pieces is an image that represents either 1) destroying evildoers or 2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: "He will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 2 28 n9ts figs-explicit ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ μου τοῦ πατρός 1 Just as I have received from my Father Some languages may need to tell what was received. Possible meanings are 1) "Just as I have received authority from my Father" or 2) "Just as I have received the morning star from my Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 2 28 hr39 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ πατρός 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 2 28 c1zc δώσω καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ 1 I will also give him Here "him" refers to the one who conquers. +REV 2 28 g5iy writing-symlanguage τὸν πρωϊνόν ἀστέρα 1 morning star This is a bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 2 29 ilk8 figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 2 29 ikm8 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) REV 3 intro q1l9 0 # Revelation 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).

##### Seven stars

These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).

#### Important metaphors in this chapter

##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking

Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"

The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The angel of the church"

The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).

##### "The words of the one who"

The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
REV 3 1 k6b7 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Sardis. -REV 3 1 u1zs 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md). -REV 3 1 q7n9 translate-names 0 Sardis This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 3 1 un3c writing-symlanguage 0 the seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 3 1 t8wv writing-symlanguage 0 the seven stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 3 1 u1zs τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md). +REV 3 1 q7n9 translate-names Σάρδεσιν 1 Sardis This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 3 1 un3c writing-symlanguage ὁ ἔχων τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα 1 the seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 3 1 t8wv writing-symlanguage τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας 1 the seven stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 3 1 ty18 figs-metaphor 0 alive ... dead Obeying and honoring God is spoken of as being alive; disobeying and dishonoring him is spoken of as being dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 3 2 d8cw figs-metaphor 0 Wake up and strengthen what remains, but is about to die The good deeds done by the believers in Sardis are spoken of as if they were alive but in danger of dying. Alternate translation: "Wake up and complete the work that remains, or what you have done will become worthless" or "Wake up. If you do not finish what you have started to do, your previous work will have been useless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 2 l7qg figs-metaphor 0 Wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: "Be alert" or "Be careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 3 wcs4 figs-explicit 0 what you have received and heard This refers to God's word, which they believed. Alternate translation: "God's word that you heard and the truth that you believed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 3 3 gwk8 figs-metaphor 0 if you do not wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated "wake up" on [Revelation 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "If you are not alert" or "If you are not careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 3 ypw4 figs-simile 0 I will come as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 3 2 l7qg figs-metaphor γίνου γρηγορῶν 1 Wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: "Be alert" or "Be careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 3 wcs4 figs-explicit πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας 1 what you have received and heard This refers to God's word, which they believed. Alternate translation: "God's word that you heard and the truth that you believed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 3 3 gwk8 figs-metaphor ἐὰν γρηγορήσῃς μὴ γρηγορήσῃς 1 if you do not wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated "wake up" on [Revelation 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "If you are not alert" or "If you are not careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 3 ypw4 figs-simile ἥξω ὡς κλέπτης 1 I will come as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) REV 3 4 fy7f figs-metonymy 0 a few names The word "names" is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "a few people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 3 4 x2if figs-metaphor 0 have not stained their clothes Jesus speaks of sin in a person's life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: "have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 4 x48r figs-metaphor 0 will walk with me People commonly spoke of living as "walking." Alternate translation: "will live with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 4 x2if figs-metaphor ἐμόλυναν οὐκ ἐμόλυναν αὐτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια 1 have not stained their clothes Jesus speaks of sin in a person's life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: "have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 4 x48r figs-metaphor περιπατήσουσιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 will walk with me People commonly spoke of living as "walking." Alternate translation: "will live with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 3 4 w5t9 figs-metaphor 0 dressed in white White clothes represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: "and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 5 v69e figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -REV 3 5 w5k4 figs-activepassive 0 will be clothed in white garments This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "will wear white garments" or "I will give white clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 3 5 yyu5 figs-metonymy 0 I will confess his name He would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person's name. Alternate translation: "I will announce that he belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 3 5 d7l5 0 before my Father "in the presence of my Father" -REV 3 5 bi3h guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -REV 3 6 zxc7 figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 5 v69e figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 3 5 w5k4 figs-activepassive περιβαλεῖται ἐν λευκοῖς ἱματίοις 1 will be clothed in white garments This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "will wear white garments" or "I will give white clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 3 5 yyu5 figs-metonymy ὁμολογήσω αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα 1 I will confess his name He would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person's name. Alternate translation: "I will announce that he belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 5 d7l5 ἐνώπιον μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 before my Father "in the presence of my Father" +REV 3 5 bi3h guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 3 6 zxc7 figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 3 6 k2k6 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) REV 3 7 rf9b 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Philadelphia. -REV 3 7 ksg4 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 3 7 mm6x translate-names 0 Philadelphia This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -REV 3 7 ih6i writing-symlanguage 0 key of David Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David's key. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 3 7 ksg4 τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 3 7 mm6x translate-names Φιλαδελφίᾳ 1 Philadelphia This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 3 7 ih6i writing-symlanguage κλεῖν Δαυείδ 1 key of David Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David's key. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 3 7 aam6 0 he opens and no one shuts "he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it" -REV 3 7 pzy2 0 he shuts and no one can open "he closes the door and no one can open it" -REV 3 8 j1x7 0 I have put before you an open door "I have opened a door for you" -REV 3 8 xyw6 0 you have obeyed my word Possible meanings are 1) "you have followed by teachings" or 2) "you have obeyed my commands" -REV 3 8 b3kz figs-metonymy 0 my name The word "name" here is is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: "me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 3 9 x78m figs-metaphor 0 synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were in a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 9 q496 translate-symaction 0 bow down This is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: "bow down in submission" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -REV 3 9 ah4w figs-synecdoche 0 before your feet Here the word "feet" represent the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: "before you" or "to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 3 9 k2g5 0 they will come to know "they will learn" or "they will admit" +REV 3 7 pzy2 κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει 1 he shuts and no one can open "he closes the door and no one can open it" +REV 3 8 j1x7 δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην θύραν 1 I have put before you an open door "I have opened a door for you" +REV 3 8 xyw6 ἐτήρησάς μου τὸν λόγον 1 you have obeyed my word Possible meanings are 1) "you have followed by teachings" or 2) "you have obeyed my commands" +REV 3 8 b3kz figs-metonymy μου τὸ ὄνομά 1 my name The word "name" here is is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: "me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 9 x78m figs-metaphor συναγωγῆς τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were in a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 9 q496 translate-symaction προσκυνήσουσιν 1 bow down This is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: "bow down in submission" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +REV 3 9 ah4w figs-synecdoche ἐνώπιον σου τῶν ποδῶν 1 before your feet Here the word "feet" represent the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: "before you" or "to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 3 9 k2g5 γνῶσιν 1 they will come to know "they will learn" or "they will admit" REV 3 10 gv5g 0 will also keep you from the hour of testing "will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you" or "will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing" -REV 3 10 ckm4 0 hour of testing "time of testing." This probably means "the time when people try to make you disobey me." +REV 3 10 ckm4 ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ 1 hour of testing "time of testing." This probably means "the time when people try to make you disobey me." REV 3 10 e6bw figs-metaphor 0 is coming Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 3 11 ih12 figs-explicit 0 I am coming soon It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. Alternate translation: "I am coming to judge soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 3 11 n9a9 figs-metaphor 0 Hold to what you have Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: "Continue to believe firmly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 11 a4m5 figs-metaphor 0 crown A crown was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. Here "crown" stands for a reward. See how you translated "crown" in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 12 px36 figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God Here "The one who conquers" refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). The "pillar" represents an important and permanent part of God's kingdom. Alternate translation: "I will make anyone who resists evil strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" or "Those who do not agree to do evil I will make strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 13 u5jk figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 11 n9a9 figs-metaphor κράτει ὃ ἔχεις 1 Hold to what you have Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: "Continue to believe firmly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 11 a4m5 figs-metaphor τὸν στέφανόν 1 crown A crown was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. Here "crown" stands for a reward. See how you translated "crown" in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 12 px36 figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν, ποιήσω στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The one who conquers, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God Here "The one who conquers" refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). The "pillar" represents an important and permanent part of God's kingdom. Alternate translation: "I will make anyone who resists evil strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" or "Those who do not agree to do evil I will make strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 13 u5jk figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 3 13 ug5m figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) REV 3 14 r6bz 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Laodicea. -REV 3 14 jg3b 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) -REV 3 14 wzg9 translate-names 0 Laodicea This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 3 14 jg3b τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) +REV 3 14 wzg9 translate-names Λαοδικίᾳ 1 Laodicea This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) REV 3 14 f65v 0 The words of the Amen Here "the Amen" is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God's promises by saying amen to them. -REV 3 14 btv1 0 the ruler over God's creation Possible meanings are 1) "the one who rules over everything that God created" or 2) "the one through whom God created everything." -REV 3 15 pf9x figs-metaphor 0 you are neither cold nor hot The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Possible meanings are 1) "cold" and hot" represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where "cold" is to be completely against God, and to be "hot" is to be zealous to serve him, or 2) "cold" and "hot" both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: "you are like water that is neither cold nor hot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 16 y9vt figs-metaphor 0 I am about to vomit you out of my mouth Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: "I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 17 v1pj figs-metaphor 0 you are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: "You are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 18 tmm7 0 Buy from me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, and brilliant white garments so you may clothe yourself and not show the shame of your nakedness, and salve to anoint your eyes so you will see Here to "buy" represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The "gold refined by fire" represents spiritual wealth. The "brilliant white garments" represents rightousness. And the "salve to anoint your eyes" represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: "Come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) -REV 3 19 sf66 0 be earnest and repent "be serious and repent" -REV 3 20 i7gy figs-metaphor 0 I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: "I am like one standing at the door and knocking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 3 20 sr5y translate-symaction 0 am knocking When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they knock on the door. Alternate translation: "I want you to let me come inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -REV 3 20 m6n2 figs-metonymy 0 hears my voice The phrase "my voice" refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: "hears me speak" or "hears me call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 14 btv1 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς κτίσεως 1 the ruler over God's creation Possible meanings are 1) "the one who rules over everything that God created" or 2) "the one through whom God created everything." +REV 3 15 pf9x figs-metaphor εἶ οὔτε ψυχρὸς οὔτε ζεστός 1 you are neither cold nor hot The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Possible meanings are 1) "cold" and hot" represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where "cold" is to be completely against God, and to be "hot" is to be zealous to serve him, or 2) "cold" and "hot" both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: "you are like water that is neither cold nor hot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 16 y9vt figs-metaphor μέλλω ἐμέσαι σε ἐκ μου τοῦ στόματός 1 I am about to vomit you out of my mouth Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: "I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 17 v1pj figs-metaphor σὺ εἶ ὁ ταλαίπωρος, ἐλεεινὸς, πτωχὸς, τυφλὸς, καὶ γυμνός 1 you are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: "You are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 18 tmm7 ἀγοράσαι παρ’ ἐμοῦ χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρὸς ἵνα πλουτήσῃς, καὶ λευκὰ ἱμάτια ἵνα περιβάλῃ καὶ μὴ φανερωθῇ ἡ αἰσχύνη τῆς γυμνότητός σου τῆς γυμνότητός, καὶ κολλούριον ἐγχρῖσαι σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς ἵνα βλέπῃς 1 Buy from me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, and brilliant white garments so you may clothe yourself and not show the shame of your nakedness, and salve to anoint your eyes so you will see Here to "buy" represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The "gold refined by fire" represents spiritual wealth. The "brilliant white garments" represents rightousness. And the "salve to anoint your eyes" represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: "Come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) +REV 3 19 sf66 ζήλευε καὶ μετανόησον 1 be earnest and repent "be serious and repent" +REV 3 20 i7gy figs-metaphor ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω 1 I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: "I am like one standing at the door and knocking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 20 sr5y translate-symaction κρούω 1 am knocking When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they knock on the door. Alternate translation: "I want you to let me come inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +REV 3 20 m6n2 figs-metonymy ἀκούσῃ μου τῆς φωνῆς 1 hears my voice The phrase "my voice" refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: "hears me speak" or "hears me call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 3 20 di8q figs-go 0 I will come into his home Some languages might prefer the verb "go" here. Alternate translation: "I will go in to his home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -REV 3 20 une1 figs-metaphor 0 and will eat with him This represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 3 20 une1 figs-metaphor καὶ δειπνήσω μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 and will eat with him This represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 3 21 h9pf 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the Son of Man's messages to the angels of the seven churches. -REV 3 21 n83q figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -REV 3 21 mn2c figs-metonymy 0 to sit down with me on my throne To sit on a throne means to rule. Alternate translation: "to rule with me" or "to sit down on my throne and rule with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 3 21 un17 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -REV 3 22 m13x figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 21 n83q figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +REV 3 21 mn2c figs-metonymy καθίσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν μου τῷ θρόνῳ 1 to sit down with me on my throne To sit on a throne means to rule. Alternate translation: "to rule with me" or "to sit down on my throne and rule with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 3 21 un17 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples μου τοῦ Πατρός 1 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 3 22 m13x figs-metonymy ἀκουσάτω ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 3 22 mjv6 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) REV 4 intro cl9f 0 # Revelation 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11.

John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald

These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John's day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.

##### Twenty-four elders

Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).

##### Giving glory to God

God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Difficult images

Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
REV 4 1 ws2q 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God. -REV 4 1 vh4i 0 After these things "After I had just seen these things" ([Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md)) -REV 4 1 z8r8 figs-metaphor 0 an open door in heaven This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 4 1 a49s figs-simile 0 speaking to me like a trumpet How the voice was like a trumpet can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 4 1 j713 0 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). -REV 4 2 ie3w figs-idiom 0 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -REV 4 3 m4mi translate-unknown 0 jasper and carnelian These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 4 3 aap1 translate-unknown 0 emerald a green, valuable stone (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 4 4 u2b2 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 4 4 ivw8 0 golden crowns These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Such crowns, made of leaves, were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. -REV 4 5 ryb1 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. -REV 4 5 u1da 0 rumblings, and crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. -REV 4 5 e1jm writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 4 6 ja33 figs-metaphor 0 a sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 4 6 cv9p figs-simile 0 like crystal How it was like crystal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "clear as crystal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 4 6 fr7x 0 In the middle of the throne and around the throne "Immediately around the throne" or "Close to the throne and around it" -REV 4 6 b66k 0 four living creatures "four living beings" or "four living things" +REV 4 1 vh4i μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things "After I had just seen these things" ([Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md)) +REV 4 1 z8r8 figs-metaphor θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη θύρα ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 an open door in heaven This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 4 1 a49s figs-simile λαλούσης μετ’ ἐμοῦ ὡς σάλπιγγος 1 speaking to me like a trumpet How the voice was like a trumpet can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 4 1 j713 σάλπιγγος 1 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). +REV 4 2 ie3w figs-idiom ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι 1 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 4 3 m4mi translate-unknown λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι καὶ σαρδίῳ 1 jasper and carnelian These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 4 3 aap1 translate-unknown σμαραγδίνῳ 1 emerald a green, valuable stone (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 4 4 u2b2 translate-numbers εἴκοσι- τέσσαρας πρεσβυτέρους 1 twenty-four elders "24 elders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 4 4 ivw8 χρυσοῦς στεφάνους 1 golden crowns These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Such crowns, made of leaves, were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. +REV 4 5 ryb1 ἀστραπαὶ 1 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. +REV 4 5 u1da φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί 1 rumblings, and crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. +REV 4 5 e1jm writing-symlanguage ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 4 6 ja33 figs-metaphor θάλασσα ὑαλίνη 1 a sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 4 6 cv9p figs-simile ὁμοία κρυστάλλῳ 1 like crystal How it was like crystal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "clear as crystal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 4 6 fr7x ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ κύκλῳ τοῦ θρόνου 1 In the middle of the throne and around the throne "Immediately around the throne" or "Close to the throne and around it" +REV 4 6 b66k τέσσαρα ζῷα 1 four living creatures "four living beings" or "four living things" REV 4 7 d84n figs-simile 0 The first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature was like a calf, the third living creature had a face like a man, and the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle How the head of each living creature appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 4 7 b9tx 0 living creature "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) -REV 4 8 n8g2 0 full of eyes on top and underneath The top and bottom of each wing was covered with eyes. -REV 4 8 y1u5 figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 4 9 xj6b 0 the one who sits on the throne, the one who lives forever and ever This is one person. The one who sits on the throne lives forever and ever. -REV 4 9 a19z figs-doublet 0 forever and ever These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "for all eternity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -REV 4 10 cmj9 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 4 10 c2vg 0 fall down They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping. -REV 4 10 sly8 translate-symaction 0 They lay their crowns before the throne These crowns looked like wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. The elders were respectfully placing the crowns on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God's authority to rule. Alternate translation: "they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -REV 4 10 wvf9 0 lay Possible meanings are 1) to place or 2) to throw down forcibly, as of something worthless ("throw," [Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully. -REV 4 11 idj1 0 our Lord and our God "our Lord and God." This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne. -REV 4 11 q91l figs-metonymy 0 to receive glory and honor and power These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: "to be praised for your glory, honor, and power" or "for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 4 7 b9tx ζῷον 1 living creature "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) +REV 4 8 n8g2 γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν κυκλόθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν 1 full of eyes on top and underneath The top and bottom of each wing was covered with eyes. +REV 4 8 y1u5 figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 4 9 xj6b εὐχαριστίαν τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 the one who sits on the throne, the one who lives forever and ever This is one person. The one who sits on the throne lives forever and ever. +REV 4 9 a19z figs-doublet εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 forever and ever These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "for all eternity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +REV 4 10 cmj9 translate-numbers εἴκοσι- τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 4 10 c2vg πεσοῦνται 1 fall down They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping. +REV 4 10 sly8 translate-symaction βαλοῦσιν αὐτῶν τοὺς στεφάνους ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου 1 They lay their crowns before the throne These crowns looked like wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. The elders were respectfully placing the crowns on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God's authority to rule. Alternate translation: "they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +REV 4 10 wvf9 βαλοῦσιν 1 lay Possible meanings are 1) to place or 2) to throw down forcibly, as of something worthless ("throw," [Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully. +REV 4 11 idj1 ὁ Κύριος καὶ ἡμῶν ὁ Θεὸς 1 our Lord and our God "our Lord and God." This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne. +REV 4 11 q91l figs-metonymy λαβεῖν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν 1 to receive glory and honor and power These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: "to be praised for your glory, honor, and power" or "for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 5 intro g7ey 0 # Revelation 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Sealed scroll

Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, "the one who was seated on the throne" had written the scroll. Only the person called "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David" and "the Lamb" had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])

##### Twenty-four elders

Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### Christian prayers

The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.

##### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

The "Lion of the tribe of Judah" and the "Root of David" are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words "Root of David" speak of Israel's King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 5 1 txr5 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe what he saw in his vision of the throne of God. -REV 5 1 w3yi 0 Then I saw "After I saw those things, I saw" -REV 5 1 u3br 0 the one who was seated on the throne This is the same "one" as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md). -REV 5 1 yhm3 0 a scroll written on the front and on the back "a scroll with writing on the front and the back" -REV 5 1 aj7m 0 sealed with seven seals "and it had seven seals keeping it closed" -REV 5 2 r2vt figs-events 0 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? The person would need to break the seals in order to open the scroll. Alternate translation: "Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -REV 5 2 v4r4 figs-rquestion 0 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? This can be translated as a command: "The one who is worthy to do this should come to break the seals and open the scroll!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 5 3 lj9u figs-merism 0 in heaven or on the earth or under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: "anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 5 5 dm5p 0 Look "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" -REV 5 5 j67w 0 The Lion of the tribe of Judah This is a title for the man from the tribe of Judah that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah" or "The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah" -REV 5 5 b6wg figs-metaphor 0 The Lion The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 5 5 i89j 0 the Root of David This is a title for the descendant of David that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "the one who is called the Root of David" -REV 5 5 z3vw figs-metaphor 0 the Root of David The descendant is spoken of as if David's family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: "the Descendant of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 5 1 w3yi καὶ εἶδον 1 Then I saw "After I saw those things, I saw" +REV 5 1 u3br τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου 1 the one who was seated on the throne This is the same "one" as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md). +REV 5 1 yhm3 βιβλίον γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν 1 a scroll written on the front and on the back "a scroll with writing on the front and the back" +REV 5 1 aj7m κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά σφραγῖσιν 1 sealed with seven seals "and it had seven seals keeping it closed" +REV 5 2 r2vt figs-events τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον καὶ λῦσαι αὐτοῦ τὰς σφραγῖδας 1 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? The person would need to break the seals in order to open the scroll. Alternate translation: "Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) +REV 5 2 v4r4 figs-rquestion τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον καὶ λῦσαι αὐτοῦ τὰς σφραγῖδας 1 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? This can be translated as a command: "The one who is worthy to do this should come to break the seals and open the scroll!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 5 3 lj9u figs-merism ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς 1 in heaven or on the earth or under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: "anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 5 5 dm5p ἰδοὺ 1 Look "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" +REV 5 5 j67w ὁ λέων ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα 1 The Lion of the tribe of Judah This is a title for the man from the tribe of Judah that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah" or "The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah" +REV 5 5 b6wg figs-metaphor ὁ λέων 1 The Lion The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 5 5 i89j ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ 1 the Root of David This is a title for the descendant of David that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "the one who is called the Root of David" +REV 5 5 z3vw figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ 1 the Root of David The descendant is spoken of as if David's family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: "the Descendant of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 5 6 v99j writing-participants 0 General Information: The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) -REV 5 6 du51 writing-symlanguage 0 a Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 5 6 erg2 writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 5 6 t7d1 figs-activepassive 0 sent out into all the earth This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "which God sent out over all the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 5 7 egp6 figs-go 0 He went He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb "come." Alternate translation: "He came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -REV 5 8 e3fh writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young male sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 5 8 cgs1 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 5 8 ff8y 0 fell down "lay down on the ground." Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally. -REV 5 8 uv6w 0 Each of them Possible meanings are 1) "each of the elders and living creatures" or 2) "each of the elders." -REV 5 8 qak6 writing-symlanguage 0 a golden bowl full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints The incense here is a symbol for the believers' prayers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 5 9 yu7h figs-activepassive 0 For you were slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For they slaughtered you" or "For people killed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 5 9 j1jn 0 slaughtered If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here. -REV 5 9 qtv5 figs-metonymy 0 with your blood Since blood represents a person's life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means "by your death" or "by dying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 5 6 du51 writing-symlanguage Ἀρνίον 1 a Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 5 6 erg2 writing-symlanguage ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 5 6 t7d1 figs-activepassive ἀπεσταλμένοι εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν 1 sent out into all the earth This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "which God sent out over all the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 5 7 egp6 figs-go ἦλθεν 1 He went He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb "come." Alternate translation: "He came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +REV 5 8 e3fh writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young male sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 5 8 cgs1 translate-numbers εἴκοσι- τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 5 8 ff8y ἔπεσαν 1 fell down "lay down on the ground." Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally. +REV 5 8 uv6w ἕκαστος 1 Each of them Possible meanings are 1) "each of the elders and living creatures" or 2) "each of the elders." +REV 5 8 qak6 writing-symlanguage φιάλας χρυσᾶς φιάλας γεμούσας θυμιαμάτων, αἵ εἰσιν αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων 1 a golden bowl full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints The incense here is a symbol for the believers' prayers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 5 9 yu7h figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐσφάγης 1 For you were slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For they slaughtered you" or "For people killed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 5 9 j1jn ἐσφάγης 1 slaughtered If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here. +REV 5 9 qtv5 figs-metonymy ἐν σου τῷ αἵματί 1 with your blood Since blood represents a person's life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means "by your death" or "by dying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 5 9 k8re 0 you purchased people for God "you bought people so that they could belong to God" or "you paid the price so that people could belong to God" -REV 5 9 zzc7 0 from every tribe, language, people, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included. -REV 5 11 xuy1 translate-numbers 0 ten thousands of ten thousands and thousands of thousands Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: "millions" or "too many thousands to count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 5 9 zzc7 ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς, γλώσσης, λαοῦ, καὶ ἔθνους 1 from every tribe, language, people, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included. +REV 5 11 xuy1 translate-numbers μυριάδες μυριάδων καὶ χιλιάδες χιλιάδων 1 ten thousands of ten thousands and thousands of thousands Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: "millions" or "too many thousands to count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) REV 5 12 gnv1 0 Worthy is the Lamb who has been slaughtered "The Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy" REV 5 12 mt28 figs-metonymy 0 to receive power, wealth, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and praise These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Revelation 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: "for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 5 13 sad6 figs-merism 0 in heaven and on the earth and under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 5 13 sad6 figs-merism ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς 1 in heaven and on the earth and under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) REV 5 13 t3zy 0 To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be "May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have" REV 6 intro zkn7 0 # Revelation 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Seven Seals
Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### The Four Horsemen
As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### The Lamb
This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Similes
In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 6 1 i392 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll. -REV 6 1 be7p 0 Come! This is a command to one person, apparently the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2. -REV 6 2 t2qg figs-activepassive 0 he was given a crown This kind of crown was a likeness of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, probably hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "he received a crown" or "God gave him a crown (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 6 2 r5mh 0 a crown This was a wreath of olive branches or of laurel leaves like the wreaths that winning athletes received in contests at the time of John. -REV 6 3 bs66 translate-ordinal 0 the second seal "the next seal" or "seal number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 3 i1p4 translate-ordinal 0 the second living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 4 qg8s 0 came out—fiery red This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: "came out. It was red like fire" or "came out. It was bright red" +REV 6 1 be7p ἔρχου 1 Come! This is a command to one person, apparently the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2. +REV 6 2 t2qg figs-activepassive αὐτῷ ἐδόθη στέφανος 1 he was given a crown This kind of crown was a likeness of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, probably hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "he received a crown" or "God gave him a crown (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 6 2 r5mh στέφανος 1 a crown This was a wreath of olive branches or of laurel leaves like the wreaths that winning athletes received in contests at the time of John. +REV 6 3 bs66 translate-ordinal τὴν τὴν δευτέραν σφραγῖδα 1 the second seal "the next seal" or "seal number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 3 i1p4 translate-ordinal τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου 1 the second living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 4 qg8s ἐξῆλθεν— πυρρός 1 came out—fiery red This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: "came out. It was red like fire" or "came out. It was bright red" REV 6 4 w57m figs-activepassive 0 To its rider was given permission This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God gave permission to its rider" or "Its rider received person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 6 4 je64 figs-activepassive 0 This rider was given a huge sword This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This rider received a huge sword" or "God gave this rider a huge sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 6 4 n58n 0 a huge sword "a very large sword" or "a great sword" -REV 6 5 v4us translate-ordinal 0 the third seal "the next seal" or "seal number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 5 zec1 translate-ordinal 0 the third living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 5 rm4y 0 a pair of scales a tool used for weighing things -REV 6 6 cq7h 0 A choenix of wheat for one denarius Some languages might want a verb such as "cost" or "buy" in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: "A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius" or "Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius" +REV 6 4 je64 figs-activepassive αὐτῷ ἐδόθη μάχαιρα μεγάλη μάχαιρα 1 This rider was given a huge sword This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This rider received a huge sword" or "God gave this rider a huge sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 6 4 n58n μάχαιρα μεγάλη μάχαιρα 1 a huge sword "a very large sword" or "a great sword" +REV 6 5 v4us translate-ordinal τὴν τὴν τρίτην σφραγῖδα 1 the third seal "the next seal" or "seal number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 5 zec1 translate-ordinal τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου 1 the third living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 5 rm4y ζυγὸν 1 a pair of scales a tool used for weighing things +REV 6 6 cq7h χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου 1 A choenix of wheat for one denarius Some languages might want a verb such as "cost" or "buy" in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: "A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius" or "Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius" REV 6 6 b5rr translate-bvolume 0 A choenix of wheat ... three choenices of barley a "choenix" was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of "choenix" is "choenices." Alternate translation: "one liter of wheat ... three liters of barley" or "one bowl of wheat ... three bowls of barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -REV 6 6 v3sn translate-bmoney 0 one denarius This coin was worth a day's wages. Alternate translation: "one silver coin" or "the pay for one day of work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -REV 6 6 ej1v 0 But do not harm the oil and the wine If the oil and wine were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up. -REV 6 6 c5ik figs-metonymy 0 the oil and the wine These expressions probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 6 7 mu5f translate-ordinal 0 the fourth seal "the next seal" or "seal number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 7 zj87 translate-ordinal 0 the fourth living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 8 e11y 0 pale horse "grey horse." This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death. -REV 6 8 df32 figs-metonymy 0 one-fourth of the earth Here "the earth" represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "one-fourth of the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -REV 6 8 tjw8 figs-metonymy 0 the sword A sword is a weapon, and here it represents war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 6 8 n9x3 0 with the wild animals of the earth This means that Death and Hades would cause the wild animals to attack and kill people. -REV 6 9 bv8r translate-ordinal 0 the fifth seal "the next seal" or "seal number five" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 9 n3mi 0 under the altar This may have been "at the base of the altar." -REV 6 9 b2kp figs-activepassive 0 those who had been killed This can be translated with an active verb. AT "those whom others had killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 6 9 y8c6 figs-metaphor 0 because of the word of God and the testimony which they held Here "Word of God" is a metonym for the message from God and "held" is a metaphor. Possible meanings are 1) holding the testimony refers to believing God's word and testimony. Alternate translation: "because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ" or "because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony" or 2) holding the testimony refers to testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: "because they testified about the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 6 10 qz1i figs-metonymy 0 avenge our blood The word blood here represents their deaths. Alternate translation: "punish those who killed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 6 v3sn translate-bmoney δηναρίου 1 one denarius This coin was worth a day's wages. Alternate translation: "one silver coin" or "the pay for one day of work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +REV 6 6 ej1v καὶ ἀδικήσῃς μὴ ἀδικήσῃς τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον 1 But do not harm the oil and the wine If the oil and wine were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up. +REV 6 6 c5ik figs-metonymy τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον 1 the oil and the wine These expressions probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 7 mu5f translate-ordinal τὴν τὴν τετάρτην σφραγῖδα 1 the fourth seal "the next seal" or "seal number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 7 zj87 translate-ordinal φωνὴν τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου 1 the fourth living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 8 e11y χλωρός ἵππος 1 pale horse "grey horse." This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death. +REV 6 8 df32 figs-metonymy τὸ τέταρτον- τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς 1 one-fourth of the earth Here "the earth" represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "one-fourth of the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +REV 6 8 tjw8 figs-metonymy ῥομφαίᾳ 1 the sword A sword is a weapon, and here it represents war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 8 n9x3 ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς 1 with the wild animals of the earth This means that Death and Hades would cause the wild animals to attack and kill people. +REV 6 9 bv8r translate-ordinal τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα 1 the fifth seal "the next seal" or "seal number five" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 9 n3mi ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου 1 under the altar This may have been "at the base of the altar." +REV 6 9 b2kp figs-activepassive τῶν ἐσφαγμένων 1 those who had been killed This can be translated with an active verb. AT "those whom others had killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 6 9 y8c6 figs-metaphor διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον 1 because of the word of God and the testimony which they held Here "Word of God" is a metonym for the message from God and "held" is a metaphor. Possible meanings are 1) holding the testimony refers to believing God's word and testimony. Alternate translation: "because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ" or "because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony" or 2) holding the testimony refers to testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: "because they testified about the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 10 qz1i figs-metonymy ἐκδικεῖς ἡμῶν τὸ αἷμα 1 avenge our blood The word blood here represents their deaths. Alternate translation: "punish those who killed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 6 11 bq1p figs-rquestion 0 until the full number of their fellow servants and their brothers was reached who were to be killed, just as they had been killed This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should be killed by their enemies. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants ... sisters whom God had decided people would kill, just as people had killed their fellow servants ... sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 6 11 q9xh 0 their fellow servants and their brothers This is one group of people described in two ways: as servants and as brothers. Alternate translation: "their brothers who serve God with them" or "their fellow believers who serve God with them" -REV 6 11 p615 figs-metaphor 0 brothers Christians are often spoken of as being one another's brothers. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: "fellow Christians" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 6 12 z9qm translate-ordinal 0 the sixth seal "the next seal" or "seal number six" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 6 12 xu8l figs-simile 0 as black as sackcloth Sometimes sackcloth was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: "as black as mourning clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 6 12 g7rt figs-simile 0 like blood The image of blood is meant to lead people to think of death. How it was like blood can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "red like blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 6 13 s137 figs-activepassive 0 just as a fig tree drops its unripe fruit when shaken by a stormy wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 6 14 jyb7 figs-simile 0 The sky vanished like a scroll that was being rolled up The sky was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and rolled up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 6 15 m6j6 0 the generals This word refers to the warriors who command in the battle. -REV 6 15 vl6h 0 caves large holes in the sides of hills -REV 6 16 f4bj figs-metonymy 0 the face of the one Here "face" represents "presence." Alternate translation: "the presence of the one" or "the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 6 17 bd8v figs-metonymy 0 the great day of their wrath has come The day of their wrath refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: "this is the terrible time when they will punish people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 6 17 i7t4 figs-metaphor 0 has come Existing now is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 6 17 cq9e 0 their wrath "Their" refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb. -REV 6 17 r1ta figs-metonymy 0 Who is able to stand? Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: "No one can survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 6 11 q9xh αὐτῶν οἱ σύνδουλοι καὶ αὐτῶν οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 their fellow servants and their brothers This is one group of people described in two ways: as servants and as brothers. Alternate translation: "their brothers who serve God with them" or "their fellow believers who serve God with them" +REV 6 11 p615 figs-metaphor οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers Christians are often spoken of as being one another's brothers. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: "fellow Christians" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 6 12 z9qm translate-ordinal τὴν τὴν ἕκτην σφραγῖδα 1 the sixth seal "the next seal" or "seal number six" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 6 12 xu8l figs-simile μέλας σάκκος 1 as black as sackcloth Sometimes sackcloth was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: "as black as mourning clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 6 12 g7rt figs-simile ὡς αἷμα 1 like blood The image of blood is meant to lead people to think of death. How it was like blood can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "red like blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 6 13 s137 figs-activepassive ὡς συκῆ βάλλει αὐτῆς τοὺς ὀλύνθους σειομένη ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου ἀνέμου 1 just as a fig tree drops its unripe fruit when shaken by a stormy wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 6 14 jyb7 figs-simile ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον 1 The sky vanished like a scroll that was being rolled up The sky was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and rolled up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 6 15 m6j6 οἱ χιλίαρχοι 1 the generals This word refers to the warriors who command in the battle. +REV 6 15 vl6h τὰ σπήλαια 1 caves large holes in the sides of hills +REV 6 16 f4bj figs-metonymy προσώπου τοῦ καθημένου 1 the face of the one Here "face" represents "presence." Alternate translation: "the presence of the one" or "the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 17 bd8v figs-metonymy ἡ ἡ μεγάλη ἡμέρα τῆς αὐτῶν ὀργῆς ἦλθεν 1 the great day of their wrath has come The day of their wrath refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: "this is the terrible time when they will punish people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 6 17 i7t4 figs-metaphor ἦλθεν 1 has come Existing now is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 6 17 cq9e αὐτῶν ὀργῆς 1 their wrath "Their" refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb. +REV 6 17 r1ta figs-metonymy τίς δύναται σταθῆναι 1 Who is able to stand? Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: "No one can survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) REV 7 intro f27i 0 # Revelation 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.

Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Worship
God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### The Lamb
This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 7 1 b1yl 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal. -REV 7 1 id3y 0 the four corners of the earth The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase "the four corners" refers to the north, south, east, and west. -REV 7 2 sgq7 figs-metonymy 0 the seal of the living God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. Alternate translation: "the marker" or "stamp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 7 3 upb7 figs-metonymy 0 put a seal on the foreheads The word "seal" here refers to a mark. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: "put a mark on the foreheads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 7 3 je8m 0 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes. -REV 7 4 m58v figs-activepassive 0 those who were sealed This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "those whom God's angel marked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 7 1 id3y τὰς τέσσαρας γωνίας τῆς γῆς 1 the four corners of the earth The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase "the four corners" refers to the north, south, east, and west. +REV 7 2 sgq7 figs-metonymy σφραγῖδα Θεοῦ ζῶντος Θεοῦ 1 the seal of the living God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. Alternate translation: "the marker" or "stamp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 7 3 upb7 figs-metonymy σφραγίσωμεν ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων 1 put a seal on the foreheads The word "seal" here refers to a mark. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: "put a mark on the foreheads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 7 3 je8m μετώπων 1 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes. +REV 7 4 m58v figs-activepassive τῶν ἐσφραγισμένων 1 those who were sealed This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "those whom God's angel marked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 7 4 lh7h translate-numbers 0 144000 "one hundred forty-four thousand people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -REV 7 5 lyz8 translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand from the tribe "12,000 people from the tribe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 7 5 lyz8 translate-numbers δώδεκα χιλιάδες ἐκ φυλῆς 1 twelve thousand from the tribe "12,000 people from the tribe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) REV 7 7 ru7t 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of the people of Israel who were sealed. REV 7 9 cj5k 0 General Information: John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal. -REV 7 9 au1m 0 a huge multitude "a huge crowd" or "a great number of people" -REV 7 9 v63z 0 white robes Here the color "white" represents purity. +REV 7 9 au1m ὄχλος πολύς ὄχλος 1 a huge multitude "a huge crowd" or "a great number of people" +REV 7 9 v63z λευκάς στολὰς 1 white robes Here the color "white" represents purity. REV 7 10 m5az 0 Salvation belongs to "Salvation comes from" REV 7 10 vlv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation belongs ... to the Lamb They were praising God and the Lamb. The noun "salvation" can be expressed with the verb "save." AT "Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 7 11 a45p 0 the four living creatures These are the four creatures mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md). -REV 7 11 aja9 figs-idiom 0 they fell on their faces Here "fell on their faces" is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 7 11 a45p τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 the four living creatures These are the four creatures mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md). +REV 7 11 aja9 figs-idiom ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ αὐτῶν τὰ πρόσωπα 1 they fell on their faces Here "fell on their faces" is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) REV 7 12 lf1m 0 Praise, glory ... be to our God "Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength" REV 7 12 q3gt 0 Praise, glory ... thanksgiving, honor ... be to our God The verb "give" can be used to show how praise, glory, and honor, are to be "to" God. Alternate translation: "We must give praise, glory, thanks, and honor to our God" REV 7 12 d74f 0 forever and ever These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end. -REV 7 13 wz8z 0 clothed with white robes These white robes showed that they were righteous. -REV 7 14 p6en 0 have come out of the great tribulation "have survived the great tribulation" or "have lived through the great tribulation" -REV 7 14 u6fc 0 the great tribulation "the time of terrible suffering" or "the time when people will suffer terribly" -REV 7 14 b7mi figs-metaphor 0 They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb Being made righteous by the blood of the Lamb is spoken of as washing their robes in his blood. Alternate translation: "They have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 7 14 ym21 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of the Lamb The word "blood" is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 7 13 wz8z περιβεβλημένοι τὰς τὰς λευκὰς στολὰς 1 clothed with white robes These white robes showed that they were righteous. +REV 7 14 p6en οἱ ἐρχόμενοι ἐκ τῆς τῆς μεγάλης θλίψεως 1 have come out of the great tribulation "have survived the great tribulation" or "have lived through the great tribulation" +REV 7 14 u6fc τῆς τῆς μεγάλης θλίψεως 1 the great tribulation "the time of terrible suffering" or "the time when people will suffer terribly" +REV 7 14 b7mi figs-metaphor ἔπλυναν αὐτῶν τὰς στολὰς καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐλεύκαναν ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb Being made righteous by the blood of the Lamb is spoken of as washing their robes in his blood. Alternate translation: "They have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 7 14 ym21 figs-metonymy τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the blood of the Lamb The word "blood" is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 7 15 q73i 0 Connecting Statement: The elder continues to speak to John. REV 7 15 qs23 0 they ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation. -REV 7 15 us3i figs-merism 0 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 7 15 k9f2 figs-metaphor 0 will spread his tent over them "will put his tent up over them." Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: "will shelter them" or "will protect them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 7 15 us3i figs-merism ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς 1 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 7 15 k9f2 figs-metaphor σκηνώσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 will spread his tent over them "will put his tent up over them." Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: "will shelter them" or "will protect them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 7 16 p6u7 0 They ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation. -REV 7 16 t45h figs-metaphor 0 The sun will not beat down The sun's heat is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: "The sun will not burn them" or "The sun will not make them weak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 7 16 t45h figs-metaphor ὁ ἥλιος πέσῃ μὴ πέσῃ 1 The sun will not beat down The sun's heat is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: "The sun will not burn them" or "The sun will not make them weak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 7 17 wc49 0 their ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation. -REV 7 17 b5rp 0 the Lamb at the center of the throne "the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne" +REV 7 17 b5rp τὸ Ἀρνίον ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θρόνου 1 the Lamb at the center of the throne "the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne" REV 7 17 bi5i figs-metaphor 0 For the Lamb ... will be their shepherd The elder speaks of the Lamb's care for his people as if it were a shepherd's care for his sheep. Alternate translation: "For the Lamb ... will be like a shepherd to them" or "For the Lamb ... will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 7 17 m6m8 figs-metaphor 0 he will guide them to springs of living water The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were springs of fresh water. Alternate translation: "he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water" or "he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 7 17 g3d2 figs-metonymy 0 God will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 7 17 m6m8 figs-metaphor ὁδηγήσει αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ πηγὰς ὑδάτων ζωῆς ὑδάτων 1 he will guide them to springs of living water The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were springs of fresh water. Alternate translation: "he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water" or "he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 7 17 g3d2 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ αὐτῶν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 God will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 8 intro ma7f 0 # Revelation 08 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Seven seals and seven trumpets
This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Passive voice
John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator's language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

##### Similes
In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 8 1 d652 0 Connecting Statement: The Lamb opens the seventh seal. -REV 8 1 mh2b translate-ordinal 0 the seventh seal This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: "the next seal" or "the final seal" or "seal number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 8 2 fri9 figs-activepassive 0 seven trumpets were given to them They were each given one trumpet. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God gave them seven trumpets" or 2) "the Lamb gave them seven trumpets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 8 1 mh2b translate-ordinal τὴν τὴν ἑβδόμην σφραγῖδα 1 the seventh seal This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: "the next seal" or "the final seal" or "seal number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 8 2 fri9 figs-activepassive ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς 1 seven trumpets were given to them They were each given one trumpet. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God gave them seven trumpets" or 2) "the Lamb gave them seven trumpets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 8 3 f9g9 0 he would offer it "he would offer the incense to God by burning it" -REV 8 4 lq1q figs-metonymy 0 the angel's hand This refers to the bowl in the angel's hand. Alternate translation: "the bowl in the angel's hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 8 5 l79w figs-metonymy 0 filled it with fire The word "fire" here probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: "filled it with burning coals" or "filled it with coals of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 8 4 lq1q figs-metonymy τοῦ ἀγγέλου' ἀγγέλου χειρὸς 1 the angel's hand This refers to the bowl in the angel's hand. Alternate translation: "the bowl in the angel's hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 8 5 l79w figs-metonymy ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς 1 filled it with fire The word "fire" here probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: "filled it with burning coals" or "filled it with coals of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 8 6 xys5 0 General Information: The seven angels sound the seven trumpets, one at a time. -REV 8 7 g5gp figs-activepassive 0 It was thrown down onto the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 8 7 g5gp figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν 1 It was thrown down onto the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 8 7 ga1r figs-activepassive 0 a third of it was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 8 8 rnh8 translate-ordinal 0 The second angel "The next angel" or "Angel number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -REV 8 8 uw2h figs-activepassive 0 something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 8 8 ev7g translate-fraction 0 A third of the sea became blood The fraction "A third" can be explained in translation. Alternate translation: "It was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -REV 8 8 k43y figs-simile 0 became blood Possible meanings are it 1) "became red like blood" or it 2) really became blood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 8 9 vgf4 0 the living creatures in the sea "the things living in the sea" or "the fish and other animals that lived in the sea" -REV 8 10 n8ue figs-simile 0 a huge star fell from the sky, blazing like a torch "a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky." The fire of the huge star looked similar to the fire of a torch. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 8 10 int4 0 torch a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light +REV 8 8 rnh8 translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος 1 The second angel "The next angel" or "Angel number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 8 8 uw2h figs-activepassive ὡς ὄρος μέγα ὄρος καιόμενον πυρὶ ἐβλήθη 1 something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 8 8 ev7g translate-fraction τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης ἐγένετο αἷμα 1 A third of the sea became blood The fraction "A third" can be explained in translation. Alternate translation: "It was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +REV 8 8 k43y figs-simile ἐγένετο αἷμα 1 became blood Possible meanings are it 1) "became red like blood" or it 2) really became blood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 8 9 vgf4 τῶν τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς κτισμάτων ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 1 the living creatures in the sea "the things living in the sea" or "the fish and other animals that lived in the sea" +REV 8 10 n8ue figs-simile ἀστὴρ μέγας ἀστὴρ ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς 1 a huge star fell from the sky, blazing like a torch "a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky." The fire of the huge star looked similar to the fire of a torch. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 8 10 int4 λαμπάς 1 torch a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light REV 8 11 as2n translate-unknown 0 The name of the star is Wormwood Wormwood is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: "The name of the star is Bitterness" or "The name of the star is Bitter Medicine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 8 11 gei4 figs-metaphor 0 became wormwood The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were wormwood. Alternate translation: "became bitter like wormwood" or "became bitter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 8 11 g4q5 0 died from the waters that became bitter "died when they drank the bitter water" -REV 8 12 z936 figs-metaphor 0 a third of the sun was struck Causing something bad to happen to the sun is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "a third of the sun changed" or "God changed a third of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 8 12 ukh6 0 a third of them turned dark Possible meanings are 1) "one third of the time they were dark" or 2) "one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark" +REV 8 11 gei4 figs-metaphor ἐγένετο ἄψινθον 1 became wormwood The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were wormwood. Alternate translation: "became bitter like wormwood" or "became bitter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 8 11 g4q5 ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν 1 died from the waters that became bitter "died when they drank the bitter water" +REV 8 12 z936 figs-metaphor τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου ἐπλήγη 1 a third of the sun was struck Causing something bad to happen to the sun is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "a third of the sun changed" or "God changed a third of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 8 12 ukh6 τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν σκοτισθῇ 1 a third of them turned dark Possible meanings are 1) "one third of the time they were dark" or 2) "one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark" REV 8 12 t1ag 0 a third of the day and a third of the night had no light "there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night" or "they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night" REV 8 13 x375 figs-activepassive 0 because of the remaining trumpet ... angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 9 intro sq5c 0 # Revelation 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### Woe
John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Animal imagery
This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.

##### Bottomless pit
This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])

##### Abaddon and Apollyon

"Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])

##### Repentance
Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Simile
John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 9 1 d26c 0 Connecting Statement: The fifth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet. -REV 9 1 jim6 0 I saw a star from heaven that had fallen John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall. -REV 9 1 v12j 0 the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit "the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit" -REV 9 1 cjr9 0 the shaft of the bottomless pit Possible meanings are 1) "shaft" is another way of referring to the pit and describes it as long and narrow, or 2) "shaft" refers to the opening of the pit. -REV 9 1 p886 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. -REV 9 2 tp79 figs-simile 0 like smoke from a huge furnace A huge furnace gives off a great amount of thick, dark smoke. Alternate translation: "like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 9 2 nd4n 0 turned dark "became dark" -REV 9 3 mb9m translate-unknown 0 locusts insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 9 1 jim6 εἶδον ἀστέρα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πεπτωκότα 1 I saw a star from heaven that had fallen John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall. +REV 9 1 v12j ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit "the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit" +REV 9 1 cjr9 τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 the shaft of the bottomless pit Possible meanings are 1) "shaft" is another way of referring to the pit and describes it as long and narrow, or 2) "shaft" refers to the opening of the pit. +REV 9 1 p886 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. +REV 9 2 tp79 figs-simile ὡς καπνὸς καμίνου μεγάλης καμίνου 1 like smoke from a huge furnace A huge furnace gives off a great amount of thick, dark smoke. Alternate translation: "like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 9 2 nd4n ἐσκοτώθη 1 turned dark "became dark" +REV 9 3 mb9m translate-unknown ἀκρίδες 1 locusts insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) REV 9 3 a4e7 figs-explicit 0 power like that of scorpions Scorpions have the ability to sting and poison other animals and people. Alternate translation: "the ability to sting people as scorpions do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 9 3 mjf1 translate-unknown 0 scorpions small insects with poisonous stingers on their tails. Their sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 9 4 cl6p 0 They were told not to damage the grass on the earth or any green plant or tree Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this. -REV 9 4 pb9q figs-ellipsis 0 but only the people The phrase "to damage" or "to harm" is understood. Alternate translation: "but only to harm the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -REV 9 4 gi1a figs-metonymy 0 the seal of God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. See how you translated "seal" in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: "the marker of God" or "stamp of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 9 4 tl6n 0 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes. -REV 9 5 rui1 0 They were not given permission "They" refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md)) -REV 9 5 vfj7 0 those people the people whom the locusts were stinging +REV 9 3 mjf1 translate-unknown σκορπίοι 1 scorpions small insects with poisonous stingers on their tails. Their sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 9 4 cl6p αὐταῖς ἐρρέθη μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν τὸν χόρτον τῆς γῆς οὐδὲ πᾶν χλωρὸν οὐδὲ δένδρον 1 They were told not to damage the grass on the earth or any green plant or tree Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this. +REV 9 4 pb9q figs-ellipsis εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 1 but only the people The phrase "to damage" or "to harm" is understood. Alternate translation: "but only to harm the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +REV 9 4 gi1a figs-metonymy τὴν σφραγῖδα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the seal of God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. See how you translated "seal" in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: "the marker of God" or "stamp of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 9 4 tl6n μετώπων 1 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes. +REV 9 5 rui1 αὐτοῖς ἐδόθη μὴ ἐδόθη 1 They were not given permission "They" refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md)) +REV 9 5 vfj7 αὐτούς 1 those people the people whom the locusts were stinging REV 9 5 ii8s figs-ellipsis 0 but only to torture them Here the words "given permission" are understood. Alternate translation: "but only given permission to torture them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) REV 9 5 nm7q 0 to torture them for five months The locusts would be allowed to do this for five months. REV 9 5 a3dw 0 to torture them "to make them suffer terrible pain" -REV 9 5 qtk9 0 the sting of a scorpion A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. -REV 9 6 p4mb figs-abstractnouns 0 people will seek death, but will not find it This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "death." Alternate translation: "people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it" or "people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 9 6 hiq8 0 will greatly desire to die "will want very much to die" or "will wish that they could die" -REV 9 6 f1b4 figs-personification 0 death will flee from them John speaks of death as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: "they will not be able to die" or "they will not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 9 5 qtk9 βασανισμὸς σκορπίου 1 the sting of a scorpion A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. +REV 9 6 p4mb figs-abstractnouns οἱ ἄνθρωποι ζητήσουσιν τὸν θάνατον, καὶ εὑρήσουσιν οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτόν 1 people will seek death, but will not find it This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "death." Alternate translation: "people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it" or "people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 9 6 hiq8 ἐπιθυμήσουσιν ἀποθανεῖν 1 will greatly desire to die "will want very much to die" or "will wish that they could die" +REV 9 6 f1b4 figs-personification ὁ θάνατος φεύγει ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 death will flee from them John speaks of death as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: "they will not be able to die" or "they will not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) REV 9 7 zh82 0 General Information: These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things. -REV 9 7 s9gl 0 crowns of gold These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. -REV 9 10 mac3 0 They had tails The word "They" refers to the locusts. -REV 9 10 qdc3 figs-simile 0 with stingers like scorpions A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: "with stingers like scorpion stingers" or "with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 9 10 lim1 0 in their tails they had power to harm people for five months Possible meanings are 1) they had power for five months to harm people or 2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months. -REV 9 11 fiu6 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). +REV 9 7 s9gl στέφανοι ὅμοιοι χρυσῷ 1 crowns of gold These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. +REV 9 10 mac3 ἔχουσιν οὐρὰς 1 They had tails The word "They" refers to the locusts. +REV 9 10 qdc3 figs-simile καὶ κέντρα ὁμοίας σκορπίοις 1 with stingers like scorpions A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: "with stingers like scorpion stingers" or "with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 9 10 lim1 ἐν αὐτῶν ταῖς οὐραῖς αὐτῶν ἡ ἐξουσία ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μῆνας πέντε μῆνας 1 in their tails they had power to harm people for five months Possible meanings are 1) they had power for five months to harm people or 2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months. +REV 9 11 fiu6 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). REV 9 11 bkg6 translate-names 0 Abaddon ... Apollyon Both names mean "Destroyer." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) REV 9 12 ts26 figs-metaphor 0 there are still two disasters to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 9 13 cyb6 0 Connecting Statement: The sixth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet. -REV 9 13 x4md figs-synecdoche 0 I heard a voice coming The voice refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: "I heard someone speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 9 13 q3a3 0 horns of the golden altar These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the altar. -REV 9 14 iq5t figs-synecdoche 0 The voice said The voice refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The speaker said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 9 14 su17 figs-activepassive 0 the four angels who are bound The text does not say who has bound the angels, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind" or "the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 9 13 x4md figs-synecdoche ἤκουσα μίαν φωνὴν ἐκ 1 I heard a voice coming The voice refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: "I heard someone speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 9 13 q3a3 κεράτων τοῦ τοῦ χρυσοῦ θυσιαστηρίου 1 horns of the golden altar These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the altar. +REV 9 14 iq5t figs-synecdoche λέγουσαν 1 The voice said The voice refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The speaker said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 9 14 su17 figs-activepassive τοὺς τέσσαρας ἀγγέλους τοὺς δεδεμένους 1 the four angels who are bound The text does not say who has bound the angels, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind" or "the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 9 15 ijx2 figs-activepassive 0 The four angels who had been prepared for ... that year, were released This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "The angel released the four angels who had been prepared for ... that year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 9 15 p3w1 figs-activepassive 0 The four angels who had been prepared This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "The four angels whom God had prepared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 9 15 b3d6 figs-parallelism 0 for that hour, that day, that month, and that year These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: "for that exact time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +REV 9 15 p3w1 figs-activepassive οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι 1 The four angels who had been prepared This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "The four angels whom God had prepared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 9 15 b3d6 figs-parallelism εἰς τὴν ὥραν, ἡμέραν, μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν 1 for that hour, that day, that month, and that year These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: "for that exact time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) REV 9 16 h8uf 0 General Information: Suddenly, 200,000,000 soldiers on horseback appear in John's vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse. REV 9 16 ays5 translate-numbers 0 200000000 Some ways to express this are: "two hundred million" or "two hundred thousand thousand" or "twenty thousand times ten thousand." If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in [Revelation 5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 9 17 j5n9 0 fiery red "red like fire" or "bright red." See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md). -REV 9 17 pqe8 0 sulfurous yellow "yellow like sulfur" or "bright yellow like sulfur" -REV 9 17 mzf7 0 out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur "fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths" +REV 9 17 j5n9 πυρίνους 1 fiery red "red like fire" or "bright red." See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md). +REV 9 17 pqe8 θειώδεις 1 sulfurous yellow "yellow like sulfur" or "bright yellow like sulfur" +REV 9 17 mzf7 ἐκ αὐτῶν τῶν στομάτων ἐκπορεύεται πῦρ, καπνὸς, καὶ θεῖον 1 out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur "fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths" REV 9 18 q9mp 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the horses and the plagues brought upon humanity. -REV 9 18 x4fr translate-fraction 0 A third of the people "One third of the people." See how you translated "A third" in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -REV 9 20 xf3t figs-activepassive 0 those who were not killed by these plagues This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the plagues had not killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 9 18 x4fr translate-fraction τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 A third of the people "One third of the people." See how you translated "A third" in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +REV 9 20 xf3t figs-activepassive οἳ ἀπεκτάνθησαν οὐκ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν ταύταις ταῖς πληγαῖς 1 those who were not killed by these plagues This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the plagues had not killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 9 20 d3vn figs-distinguish 0 things that cannot see, hear, or walk This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: "even though idols cannot see, hear, or walk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) REV 10 intro ys3l 0 # Revelation 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Seven thunders
John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### "The mystery of God"
This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Simile
John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 10 1 xr6f 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John's vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets. -REV 10 1 jj2e figs-metaphor 0 He was robed in a cloud John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing a cloud as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 10 1 qax6 figs-simile 0 His face was like the sun John compares the brightness of his face with the brightness of the sun. Alternate translation: "His face was bright like the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 10 1 p81x figs-metonymy 0 his feet were like pillars of fire The word "feet" here refers to the legs. Alternate translation: "his legs were like pillars of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 10 2 l3r8 0 He put his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land "He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land" -REV 10 3 ubb9 0 Then he shouted "Then the angel shouted" -REV 10 3 r4j6 0 the seven thunders spoke out The thunder is described as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: "the seven thunders made a loud noise" or "the thunder sounded very loudly seven times" -REV 10 3 qag8 0 seven thunders Thunder occurring seven times is spoken of as if it were seven different "thunders." -REV 10 4 az1z figs-synecdoche 0 but I heard a voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: "but I heard someone speaking from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 10 5 l5xy translate-symaction 0 raised his right hand to heaven He did this to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -REV 10 6 t2f6 0 He swore by the one who lives forever and ever "He asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever" -REV 10 6 gmm8 0 the one who lives forever and ever Here "the one" refers to God. -REV 10 6 egm1 0 There will be no more delay "There will be no more waiting" or "God will not delay" -REV 10 7 c5gy figs-activepassive 0 the mystery of God will be accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will accomplish his mystery" or "God will complete his secret plan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 10 1 jj2e figs-metaphor περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην 1 He was robed in a cloud John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing a cloud as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 10 1 qax6 figs-simile αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς ὁ ἥλιος 1 His face was like the sun John compares the brightness of his face with the brightness of the sun. Alternate translation: "His face was bright like the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 10 1 p81x figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ οἱ πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός 1 his feet were like pillars of fire The word "feet" here refers to the legs. Alternate translation: "his legs were like pillars of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 10 2 l3r8 ἔθηκεν αὐτοῦ τὸν δεξιὸν τὸν πόδα ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης δὲ τὸν εὐώνυμον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 He put his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land "He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land" +REV 10 3 ubb9 καὶ ἔκραξεν 1 Then he shouted "Then the angel shouted" +REV 10 3 r4j6 αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ ἐλάλησαν 1 the seven thunders spoke out The thunder is described as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: "the seven thunders made a loud noise" or "the thunder sounded very loudly seven times" +REV 10 3 qag8 ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ 1 seven thunders Thunder occurring seven times is spoken of as if it were seven different "thunders." +REV 10 4 az1z figs-synecdoche καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 but I heard a voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: "but I heard someone speaking from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 10 5 l5xy translate-symaction ἦρεν αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν τὴν χεῖρα εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν 1 raised his right hand to heaven He did this to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +REV 10 6 t2f6 ὤμοσεν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 He swore by the one who lives forever and ever "He asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever" +REV 10 6 gmm8 τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 the one who lives forever and ever Here "the one" refers to God. +REV 10 6 egm1 ἔσται οὐκέτι χρόνος 1 There will be no more delay "There will be no more waiting" or "God will not delay" +REV 10 7 c5gy figs-activepassive τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐτελέσθη 1 the mystery of God will be accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will accomplish his mystery" or "God will complete his secret plan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 10 8 t61f 0 Connecting Statement: John hears the voice from heaven, which he had heard in [Revelation 10:4](../10/04.md), speak to him again. -REV 10 8 v6a9 figs-synecdoche 0 The voice I heard from heaven The word "voice" refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The one I heard speak from heaven" or "The one who had spoken to me from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 10 8 tkq7 0 I heard John heard -REV 10 9 x13b 0 He said to me "The angel said to me" +REV 10 8 v6a9 figs-synecdoche ἡ φωνὴ ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 The voice I heard from heaven The word "voice" refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The one I heard speak from heaven" or "The one who had spoken to me from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 10 8 tkq7 ἤκουσα 1 I heard John heard +REV 10 9 x13b λέγει μοι 1 He said to me "The angel said to me" REV 10 9 tg31 0 make ... bitter "make ... sour" or "make ... acid." This refers to a bad taste from the stomach after eating something that is not good. -REV 10 11 ahb4 figs-metonymy 0 languages This refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: "many language communities" or "many groups of people who speak their own languages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 10 11 ahb4 figs-metonymy γλώσσαις 1 languages This refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: "many language communities" or "many groups of people who speak their own languages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 11 intro s117 0 # Revelation 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18.

##### Woe

John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Gentiles
The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

##### Two witnesses
Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

##### Bottomless pit
This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
REV 11 1 ba9b 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets. -REV 11 1 lkn6 figs-activepassive 0 A reed was given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone gave me a reed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 11 1 lkn6 figs-activepassive κάλαμος ἐδόθη μοι 1 A reed was given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone gave me a reed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 11 1 tl86 0 given to me ... I was told The words "me" and "I" refer to John. -REV 11 1 ha6e 0 those who worship in it "count those who worship in the temple" -REV 11 2 jae6 0 trample to treat something as worthless by walking on it -REV 11 2 b11f translate-numbers 0 forty-two months "42 months" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 1 ha6e τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ 1 those who worship in it "count those who worship in the temple" +REV 11 2 jae6 πατήσουσιν 1 trample to treat something as worthless by walking on it +REV 11 2 b11f translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα- δύο μῆνας 1 forty-two months "42 months" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) REV 11 3 jk7r 0 Connecting Statement: God continues speaking to John. -REV 11 3 rib4 translate-numbers 0 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 11 3 h8vh translate-unknown 0 days, clothed in sackcloth Why they will wear sackcloth can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "days, wearing rough mourning clothes" or "days: they will wear scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 11 3 rib4 translate-numbers ἡμέρας 1 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 3 h8vh translate-unknown ἡμέρας, περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους 1 days, clothed in sackcloth Why they will wear sackcloth can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "days, wearing rough mourning clothes" or "days: they will wear scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 11 4 pa44 writing-symlanguage 0 These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth The two olive trees and the two lampstands symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: "The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 11 4 p6mi figs-explicit 0 the two olive trees and the two lampstands that John expects his readers to know about them because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: "the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 11 5 nr2s 0 fire comes out of their mouth and devours their enemies Because this is about future events, it can also be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: "fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies" +REV 11 4 p6mi figs-explicit αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι αἱ 1 the two olive trees and the two lampstands that John expects his readers to know about them because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: "the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 11 5 nr2s πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ αὐτῶν τοῦ στόματος καὶ κατεσθίει αὐτῶν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς 1 fire comes out of their mouth and devours their enemies Because this is about future events, it can also be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: "fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies" REV 11 5 ab6b figs-metaphor 0 fire ... devours their enemies Fire burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: "fire ... will destroy their enemies" or "fire ... will completely burn up their enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 6 cac1 figs-metaphor 0 to close up the sky so that no rain will fall John speaks of the sky as if it had a door that can be opened to let rain fall or closed to stop the rain. Alternate translation: "to keep rain from falling from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 6 a7ed 0 to turn "to change" -REV 11 6 kth7 figs-metaphor 0 to strike the earth with every kind of plague John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: "to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 7 i679 0 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). -REV 11 8 r45p 0 Their bodies This refers to the bodies of the two witnesses. -REV 11 8 p9fu 0 in the street of the great city The city had more than one street. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: "in one of the streets of the great city" or "in the main street of the great city" -REV 11 8 iea1 0 their Lord They served the Lord, and like him would die in that city. -REV 11 9 h3i2 translate-numbers 0 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 6 cac1 figs-metaphor κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ 1 to close up the sky so that no rain will fall John speaks of the sky as if it had a door that can be opened to let rain fall or closed to stop the rain. Alternate translation: "to keep rain from falling from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 6 a7ed στρέφειν 1 to turn "to change" +REV 11 6 kth7 figs-metaphor πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ 1 to strike the earth with every kind of plague John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: "to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 7 i679 Ἀβύσσου 1 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). +REV 11 8 r45p αὐτῶν τὰ πτώματα 1 Their bodies This refers to the bodies of the two witnesses. +REV 11 8 p9fu ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς τῆς μεγάλης πόλεως 1 in the street of the great city The city had more than one street. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: "in one of the streets of the great city" or "in the main street of the great city" +REV 11 8 iea1 αὐτῶν ὁ Κύριος 1 their Lord They served the Lord, and like him would die in that city. +REV 11 9 h3i2 translate-numbers τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ ἡμέρας 1 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) REV 11 9 bp61 0 They will not permit them to be placed in a tomb This will be a sign of disrespect. -REV 11 10 dm89 0 will rejoice over them and celebrate "will rejoice that the two witnesses have died" +REV 11 10 dm89 χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς καὶ εὐφραίνονται 1 will rejoice over them and celebrate "will rejoice that the two witnesses have died" REV 11 10 trs2 translate-symaction 0 even send gifts to one another This action shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -REV 11 10 h4pq 0 because these two prophets tormented those who lived on the earth This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died. -REV 11 11 x3gn translate-numbers 0 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days." See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 11 11 al5w figs-metaphor 0 a breath of life from God will enter them The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: "God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 11 u265 figs-metaphor 0 Great fear will fall on those who see them Fear is spoken of as if it is a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: "Those who see them will be extremely afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 12 f8ze 0 Then they will hear Possible meanings are 1) the two witnesses will hear or 2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses. -REV 11 12 mkq9 figs-metonymy 0 a loud voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly to them from heaven and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 11 12 l1x7 0 say to them "say to the two witnesses" -REV 11 13 p56r translate-numbers 0 Seven thousand people "7,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 11 13 fa14 0 the survivors "those who do not die" or "those who are still living" -REV 11 13 f4r2 0 give glory to the God of heaven "say that the God of heaven is glorious" -REV 11 14 l7jp 0 The second woe is past "The second terrible event is over." See how you translated "The first woe is past" in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md). -REV 11 14 j1m5 figs-metaphor 0 The third woe is coming quickly Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. Alternate translation: "The third woe will happen soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 10 h4pq ὅτι οὗτοι δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 because these two prophets tormented those who lived on the earth This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died. +REV 11 11 x3gn translate-numbers τὰς τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ ἡμέρας 1 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days." See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 11 al5w figs-metaphor πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν αὐτούς 1 a breath of life from God will enter them The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: "God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 11 u265 figs-metaphor μέγας φόβος ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς 1 Great fear will fall on those who see them Fear is spoken of as if it is a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: "Those who see them will be extremely afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 12 f8ze καὶ ἤκουσαν 1 Then they will hear Possible meanings are 1) the two witnesses will hear or 2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses. +REV 11 12 mkq9 figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης φωνῆς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 a loud voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly to them from heaven and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 11 12 l1x7 λεγούσης αὐτοῖς 1 say to them "say to the two witnesses" +REV 11 13 p56r translate-numbers ἑπτά χιλιάδες ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων 1 Seven thousand people "7,000 people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 13 fa14 οἱ λοιποὶ 1 the survivors "those who do not die" or "those who are still living" +REV 11 13 f4r2 ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 give glory to the God of heaven "say that the God of heaven is glorious" +REV 11 14 l7jp ἡ ἡ δευτέρα οὐαὶ ἀπῆλθεν 1 The second woe is past "The second terrible event is over." See how you translated "The first woe is past" in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md). +REV 11 14 j1m5 figs-metaphor ἡ ἡ τρίτη οὐαὶ ἔρχεται ταχύ 1 The third woe is coming quickly Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. Alternate translation: "The third woe will happen soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 11 15 l1be 0 Connecting Statement: The last of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet. -REV 11 15 sxx9 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh angel This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated "seventh" in [Revelation 8.1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "the final angel" or "angel number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +REV 11 15 sxx9 translate-ordinal ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος 1 the seventh angel This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated "seventh" in [Revelation 8.1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "the final angel" or "angel number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) REV 11 15 zt2f 0 loud voices spoke in heaven and said The phrase "loud voices" represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: "speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said" REV 11 15 jsm2 figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of the world ... the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ Here "kingdom" refers to the authority to rule the world. Alternate translation: "The authority to rule the world ... the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 11 15 en51 figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to everyone in the world. Alternate translation: "everyone in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 11 15 sw4u 0 The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ "Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world" -REV 11 16 jv5s translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 11 16 s2nv figs-idiom 0 fell upon their faces This is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -REV 11 17 dw6v figs-distinguish 0 you, Lord God Almighty, the one who is and who was These phrases can be stated as sentences. Alternate translation: "you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -REV 11 17 fq4b 0 the one who is "the one who exists" or "the one who lives" -REV 11 17 ea29 0 who was "who has always existed" or "who has always lived" -REV 11 17 fe2b figs-explicit 0 you have taken your great power What God did with his great power can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 11 15 en51 figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 the world This refers to everyone in the world. Alternate translation: "everyone in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 11 15 sw4u ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου ἐγένετο τοῦ ἡμῶν Κυρίου καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ "Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world" +REV 11 16 jv5s translate-numbers εἴκοσι- τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 11 16 s2nv figs-idiom ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ αὐτῶν τὰ πρόσωπα 1 fell upon their faces This is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 11 17 dw6v figs-distinguish σοι, Κύριε ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν 1 you, Lord God Almighty, the one who is and who was These phrases can be stated as sentences. Alternate translation: "you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +REV 11 17 fq4b ὁ ὢν 1 the one who is "the one who exists" or "the one who lives" +REV 11 17 ea29 ὁ ἦν 1 who was "who has always existed" or "who has always lived" +REV 11 17 fe2b figs-explicit εἴληφας σου τὴν μεγάλην τὴν δύναμίν 1 you have taken your great power What God did with his great power can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 11 18 qw72 0 General Information: The words "you" and "your" refer to God. REV 11 18 kx7k 0 Connecting Statement: The twenty-four elders continue praising God. -REV 11 18 amc2 0 were enraged "were extremely angry" -REV 11 18 iv5k figs-metaphor 0 your wrath has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: "You are ready to show your anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 11 18 amc2 ὠργίσθησαν 1 were enraged "were extremely angry" +REV 11 18 iv5k figs-metaphor σου ἡ ὀργή ἦλθεν 1 your wrath has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: "You are ready to show your anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 11 18 v18q figs-metaphor 0 The time has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: "The time is right" or "Now is the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 11 18 h833 figs-activepassive 0 for the dead to be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God to judge the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 11 18 zk1u figs-nominaladj 0 the dead This nominal adjective can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: "Those who have died" or "the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +REV 11 18 h833 figs-activepassive τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι 1 for the dead to be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God to judge the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 11 18 zk1u figs-nominaladj τῶν νεκρῶν 1 the dead This nominal adjective can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: "Those who have died" or "the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) REV 11 18 k3ba figs-metonymy 0 the prophets, those who are believers, and those who feared your name This list explains what "your servants" means. These were not three completely different groups of people. The prophets also were believers and feared God's name. "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "the prophets, those who are believers, and those who fear you" or "the prophets and the others who are believers and fear your name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 11 19 c7pd figs-activepassive 0 Then God's temple in heaven was opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then someone opened God's temple in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 11 19 d9z7 figs-activepassive 0 the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 11 19 b6ly 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). -REV 11 19 ap5g 0 rumblings, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). +REV 11 19 c7pd figs-activepassive καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ναὸς ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἠνοίγη 1 Then God's temple in heaven was opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then someone opened God's temple in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 11 19 d9z7 figs-activepassive ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης ὤφθη ἐν αὐτοῦ τῷ ναῷ 1 the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 11 19 b6ly ἀστραπαὶ 1 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). +REV 11 19 ap5g φωναὶ, βρονταὶ 1 rumblings, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). REV 12 intro cq7x 0 # Revelation 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Serpent
The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "A great sign was seen in heaven"
By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
REV 12 1 n4ii 0 General Information: John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision. -REV 12 1 d7pw figs-activepassive 0 A great sign was seen in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A great sign appeared in heaven" or "I, John, saw a great sign in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 12 1 j9yl figs-activepassive 0 a woman clothed with the sun, and with the moon under her feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 12 1 tg62 0 a crown of twelve stars This was apparently a likeness of a wreath made of laurel leaves or olive branches, but with twelve stars included in it. -REV 12 1 x45q translate-numbers 0 twelve stars "12 stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 12 1 d7pw figs-activepassive σημεῖον μέγα σημεῖον ὤφθη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 A great sign was seen in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A great sign appeared in heaven" or "I, John, saw a great sign in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 12 1 j9yl figs-activepassive γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω αὐτῆς τῶν ποδῶν 1 a woman clothed with the sun, and with the moon under her feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 12 1 tg62 στέφανος ἀστέρων δώδεκα ἀστέρων 1 a crown of twelve stars This was apparently a likeness of a wreath made of laurel leaves or olive branches, but with twelve stars included in it. +REV 12 1 x45q translate-numbers δώδεκα ἀστέρων 1 twelve stars "12 stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) REV 12 3 y4c1 0 Connecting Statement: John describes a dragon that appears in his vision. -REV 12 3 s1j6 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 12 4 r1lr 0 His tail swept away a third of the stars "With his tail he swept away a third of the stars" -REV 12 4 ii1k translate-fraction 0 a third "one third." See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -REV 12 5 zr5q figs-metaphor 0 rule all the nations with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 12 5 kfr1 figs-activepassive 0 Her child was snatched away to God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God quickly took her child to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 12 6 a5bd translate-numbers 0 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 12 7 tb66 0 Now John uses this word to mark a shift in his account to introduce something else happening in his vision. -REV 12 7 wh37 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 12 3 s1j6 writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 12 4 r1lr αὐτοῦ ἡ οὐρὰ σύρει τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων 1 His tail swept away a third of the stars "With his tail he swept away a third of the stars" +REV 12 4 ii1k translate-fraction τὸ τρίτον 1 a third "one third." See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +REV 12 5 zr5q figs-metaphor ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ 1 rule all the nations with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 12 5 kfr1 figs-activepassive αὐτῆς τὸ τέκνον ἡρπάσθη πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 Her child was snatched away to God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God quickly took her child to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 12 6 a5bd translate-numbers ἡμέρας 1 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 12 7 tb66 καὶ 1 Now John uses this word to mark a shift in his account to introduce something else happening in his vision. +REV 12 7 wh37 writing-symlanguage δράκοντος 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 12 8 uj6a 0 So there was no longer any place in heaven for him and his angels "So the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven" -REV 12 9 pk5u figs-distinguish 0 dragon—that old serpent called the devil or Satan, who deceives the whole world—was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him The information about the serpent can be given in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: "dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +REV 12 9 pk5u figs-distinguish δράκων— ὁ ἀρχαῖος ὁ ὄφις καλούμενος Διάβολος καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν ὅλην οἰκουμένην— ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ ἄγγελοι ἐβλήθησαν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 dragon—that old serpent called the devil or Satan, who deceives the whole world—was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him The information about the serpent can be given in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: "dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) REV 12 9 v1tp figs-activepassive 0 The great dragon ... was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the great dragon ... and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 12 10 jb7z 0 I The word "I" refers to John. -REV 12 10 i112 figs-metonymy 0 I heard a loud voice in heaven The word "voice" refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: "I heard someone saying loudly from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 12 10 nt1j figs-metaphor 0 Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his salvation and power were things that have come. God's ruling and Christ's authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: "Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 12 10 a5fm 0 have come "have begun to really exist" or "have appeared" or "have become real." God is revealing these things because their time to occur has "come." It is not that they did not exist before. -REV 12 10 yg1a 0 the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down This is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md). -REV 12 10 a9wf figs-metaphor 0 our brothers Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: "our fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 12 10 jn6q figs-merism 0 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 12 10 jb7z ἤκουσα 1 I The word "I" refers to John. +REV 12 10 i112 figs-metonymy ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην φωνὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 I heard a loud voice in heaven The word "voice" refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: "I heard someone saying loudly from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 12 10 nt1j figs-metaphor ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ αὐτοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his salvation and power were things that have come. God's ruling and Christ's authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: "Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 12 10 a5fm ἐγένετο 1 have come "have begun to really exist" or "have appeared" or "have become real." God is revealing these things because their time to occur has "come." It is not that they did not exist before. +REV 12 10 yg1a ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἐβλήθη 1 the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down This is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md). +REV 12 10 a9wf figs-metaphor ἡμῶν τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 our brothers Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: "our fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 12 10 jn6q figs-merism ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός 1 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) REV 12 11 lkk6 0 Connecting Statement: The loud voice from heaven continues to speak. -REV 12 11 qmg8 0 They conquered him "They conquered the accuser" -REV 12 11 zt7v figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of the Lamb The blood refers to his death. Alternate translation: "because the lamb had shed his blood and died for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 12 11 lht6 figs-abstractnouns 0 by the word of their testimony The word "testimony" can be expressed with the verb "testify." Also who they testified about can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 12 11 n6wk 0 even to death The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: "but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it" -REV 12 12 l3ra figs-metaphor 0 He is filled with terrible anger The devil is spoken of as if he were a container, and anger is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be in him. Alternate translation: "He is terribly angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 12 13 x7st figs-activepassive 0 the dragon realized he had been thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 12 13 z3hb 0 he pursued the woman "he chased after the woman" -REV 12 13 kgv9 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 12 14 sxw1 0 the serpent This is another way of referring to the dragon. -REV 12 15 c73v 0 serpent This is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md). -REV 12 15 y5ml figs-simile 0 like a river The water flowed from his mouth like a river flows. Alternate translation: "in large volume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 12 15 a9wh 0 to sweep her away "to wash her away" -REV 12 16 i4u5 figs-personification 0 The earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon was pouring out of his mouth The earth is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a mouth that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: "A hole in the ground opened up and the water went down into the hole" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 12 16 lgt7 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 12 17 t6jf 0 hold to the testimony about Jesus The word "testimony" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "continue to testify about Jesus" +REV 12 11 qmg8 αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν 1 They conquered him "They conquered the accuser" +REV 12 11 zt7v figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 by the blood of the Lamb The blood refers to his death. Alternate translation: "because the lamb had shed his blood and died for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 12 11 lht6 figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν τῆς μαρτυρίας 1 by the word of their testimony The word "testimony" can be expressed with the verb "testify." Also who they testified about can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 12 11 n6wk ἄχρι θανάτου 1 even to death The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: "but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it" +REV 12 12 l3ra figs-metaphor ἔχων θυμὸν μέγαν θυμὸν 1 He is filled with terrible anger The devil is spoken of as if he were a container, and anger is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be in him. Alternate translation: "He is terribly angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 12 13 x7st figs-activepassive ὁ δράκων εἶδεν ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν 1 the dragon realized he had been thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 12 13 z3hb ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα 1 he pursued the woman "he chased after the woman" +REV 12 13 kgv9 writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 12 14 sxw1 τοῦ ὄφεως 1 the serpent This is another way of referring to the dragon. +REV 12 15 c73v ὄφις 1 serpent This is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md). +REV 12 15 y5ml figs-simile ὡς ποταμόν 1 like a river The water flowed from his mouth like a river flows. Alternate translation: "in large volume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 12 15 a9wh ποταμοφόρητον αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον 1 to sweep her away "to wash her away" +REV 12 16 i4u5 figs-personification ἡ γῆ ἤνοιξεν αὐτῆς τὸ στόμα καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν ὃν ὁ δράκων ἔβαλεν ἐκ αὐτοῦ τοῦ στόματος 1 The earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon was pouring out of his mouth The earth is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a mouth that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: "A hole in the ground opened up and the water went down into the hole" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 12 16 lgt7 writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 12 17 t6jf ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 hold to the testimony about Jesus The word "testimony" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "continue to testify about Jesus" REV 13 intro c9mw 0 # Revelation 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Similes
John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Unknown animals
John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 13 1 su49 0 General Information: John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. The word "I" here refers to John. -REV 13 2 k6qh writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 13 2 xa3a 0 The dragon gave his power to it The dragon made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose his power, however, by giving it to the beast. +REV 13 2 k6qh writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 13 2 xa3a ὁ δράκων ἔδωκεν αὐτοῦ τὴν δύναμιν αὐτῷ 1 The dragon gave his power to it The dragon made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose his power, however, by giving it to the beast. REV 13 2 c4wx 0 his power ... his throne, and his great authority to rule These are three ways of referring to his authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great. -REV 13 2 gyv9 figs-metonymy 0 his throne The word "throne" here refers to the dragon's authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: "his royal authority" or "his authority to rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 13 3 yt22 figs-activepassive 0 but its fatal wound was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but its fatal wound healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 3 ba2z 0 fatal wound "deadly wound." This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die. -REV 13 3 jc7x figs-metonymy 0 The whole earth The word "earth" refers to the people on it. Alternate translation: "All the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 13 3 xx3h 0 followed the beast "obeyed the beast" -REV 13 4 t15f writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 13 4 yuu8 0 he had given his authority to the beast "he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had" -REV 13 4 ep4n figs-rquestion 0 Who is like the beast? This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. Alternate translation: "No one is as powerful as the beast!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 13 4 mdd2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can fight against it? This question shows how much the people feared the power of the beast. Alternate translation: "No one could ever fight against the beast and win!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 13 2 gyv9 figs-metonymy αὐτοῦ τὸν θρόνον 1 his throne The word "throne" here refers to the dragon's authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: "his royal authority" or "his authority to rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 3 yt22 figs-activepassive καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θανάτου ἡ πληγὴ ἐθεραπεύθη 1 but its fatal wound was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but its fatal wound healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 3 ba2z τοῦ θανάτου ἡ πληγὴ 1 fatal wound "deadly wound." This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die. +REV 13 3 jc7x figs-metonymy ἡ ὅλη γῆ 1 The whole earth The word "earth" refers to the people on it. Alternate translation: "All the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 3 xx3h ὀπίσω τοῦ θηρίου 1 followed the beast "obeyed the beast" +REV 13 4 t15f writing-symlanguage δράκοντι 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 13 4 yuu8 ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ 1 he had given his authority to the beast "he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had" +REV 13 4 ep4n figs-rquestion ," τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ?" 1 Who is like the beast? This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. Alternate translation: "No one is as powerful as the beast!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 13 4 mdd2 figs-rquestion τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 Who can fight against it? This question shows how much the people feared the power of the beast. Alternate translation: "No one could ever fight against the beast and win!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) REV 13 5 p2n5 figs-activepassive 0 The beast was given ... It was permitted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave the beast ... God permitted the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 5 y29e figs-metonymy 0 The beast was given a mouth that could speak Being given a mouth refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: "The beast was allowed to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 13 5 ai5y translate-numbers 0 forty-two months "42 months" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 13 6 ru6v 0 to speak blasphemies against God "to say disrespectful things about God" +REV 13 5 y29e figs-metonymy αὐτῷ ἐδόθη στόμα λαλοῦν 1 The beast was given a mouth that could speak Being given a mouth refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: "The beast was allowed to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 5 ai5y translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα- δύο μῆνας 1 forty-two months "42 months" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 13 6 ru6v εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν Θεόν 1 to speak blasphemies against God "to say disrespectful things about God" REV 13 6 k71y 0 blaspheming his name, the place where he lives, and those who live in heaven These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God. -REV 13 7 fyp6 figs-activepassive 0 authority was given to it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave authority to the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 7 f5rl 0 every tribe, people, language, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md). -REV 13 8 nr7r 0 will worship it "will worship the beast" +REV 13 7 fyp6 figs-activepassive ἐξουσία ἐδόθη αὐτῷ 1 authority was given to it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave authority to the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 7 f5rl πᾶσαν φυλὴν, λαὸν, γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος 1 every tribe, people, language, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md). +REV 13 8 nr7r προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν 1 will worship it "will worship the beast" REV 13 8 vyy8 figs-activepassive 0 everyone whose name was not written ... in the Book of Life This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whose names the Lamb did not write ... in The Book of Life" or "those whose names were not ... in the Book of Life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 8 nj7e 0 since the creation of the world "when God created the world" -REV 13 8 vac6 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 13 8 bcu5 figs-activepassive 0 who had been slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the people slaughtered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 8 nj7e ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 since the creation of the world "when God created the world" +REV 13 8 vac6 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 13 8 bcu5 figs-activepassive τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου 1 who had been slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the people slaughtered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 13 9 tdy8 0 General Information: These verses are a break from John's account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account. -REV 13 9 rr9a figs-metonymy 0 If anyone has an ear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If anyone is willing to listen, listen" or "If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 9 rr9a figs-metonymy εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 If anyone has an ear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If anyone is willing to listen, listen" or "If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 13 9 tx89 figs-123person 0 If anyone ... let him hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) REV 13 10 r6sx figs-explicit 0 If anyone is to be taken This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If needed, translators may state clearly who decided it. Alternate translation: "If God has decided that someone should be taken" or "If it is God's will that someone should be taken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 13 10 ipw7 figs-activepassive 0 If anyone is to be taken into captivity This can be stated in active form. The noun "captivity" can be stated with the verb "capture." Alternate translation: "If it is God's will for the enemy to capture a certain person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) REV 13 10 na15 figs-abstractnouns 0 into captivity he will go The noun "captivity" can be stated with the verb "capture." Alternate translation: "he will be captured" or "the enemy will capture him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 13 10 mtu9 figs-activepassive 0 If anyone is to be killed with the sword This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If it is God's will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 10 cdi9 figs-metonymy 0 with the sword The sword represents war. Alternate translation: "in war" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 13 10 d2rw figs-activepassive 0 he will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy will kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 10 mtu9 figs-activepassive εἴ τις ἀποκτενεῖ ἐν μαχαίρῃ 1 If anyone is to be killed with the sword This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If it is God's will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 10 cdi9 figs-metonymy ἐν μαχαίρῃ 1 with the sword The sword represents war. Alternate translation: "in war" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 10 d2rw figs-activepassive ἀποκτανθῆναι 1 he will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy will kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 13 10 pk8r 0 Here is a call for the patient endurance and faith of the saints "God's holy people must endure patiently and be faithful" REV 13 11 pg7g 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to describe another beast who appears in his vision. -REV 13 11 e7aw figs-simile 0 it spoke like a dragon Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of a dragon. Alternate translation: "it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 13 11 k9g8 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 13 12 a2fp 0 the earth and those who live on it "everyone on the earth" -REV 13 12 ys3n figs-activepassive 0 the one whose lethal wound had been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the one who had a lethal wound that healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 12 jc77 0 lethal wound "deadly wound." This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die. -REV 13 13 z2ws 0 It performed "The beast from the earth performed" -REV 13 15 dl87 figs-activepassive 0 It was permitted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God permitted the beast from the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 13 15 cw55 figs-metonymy 0 to give breath to the beast's image Here the word "breath" represents life. Alternate translation: "to give life to the beast's image" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 13 15 dey8 0 the beast's image This is the image of the first beast that had been mentioned. +REV 13 11 e7aw figs-simile ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων 1 it spoke like a dragon Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of a dragon. Alternate translation: "it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 13 11 k9g8 writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 13 12 a2fp τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας ἐν 1 the earth and those who live on it "everyone on the earth" +REV 13 12 ys3n figs-activepassive οὗ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θανάτου ἡ πληγὴ ἐθεραπεύθη 1 the one whose lethal wound had been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the one who had a lethal wound that healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 12 jc77 τοῦ θανάτου ἡ πληγὴ 1 lethal wound "deadly wound." This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die. +REV 13 13 z2ws ποιεῖ 1 It performed "The beast from the earth performed" +REV 13 15 dl87 figs-activepassive αὐτῷ ἐδόθη 1 It was permitted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God permitted the beast from the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 13 15 cw55 figs-metonymy δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ τοῦ θηρίου' τοῦ θηρίου εἰκόνι 1 to give breath to the beast's image Here the word "breath" represents life. Alternate translation: "to give life to the beast's image" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 13 15 dey8 τῇ τοῦ θηρίου' τοῦ θηρίου εἰκόνι 1 the beast's image This is the image of the first beast that had been mentioned. REV 13 15 ruk5 0 cause all who refused to worship the beast to be killed "put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast" -REV 13 16 h9u9 0 It also forced everyone "The beast from the earth also forced everyone" +REV 13 16 h9u9 ποιεῖ καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας 1 It also forced everyone "The beast from the earth also forced everyone" REV 13 17 t7wm figs-explicit 0 It was impossible for anyone to buy or sell unless he had the mark of the beast "People could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast." The implicit information that the beast from the earth commanded it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "He commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 13 17 j8x4 0 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. +REV 13 17 j8x4 τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου 1 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. REV 13 18 i46m 0 General Information: This verse is a break from John's account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account. REV 13 18 uk74 0 This calls for wisdom "Wisdom is needed" or "You need to be wise about this" REV 13 18 z8tz figs-abstractnouns 0 If anyone has insight The word "insight" can be translated with the verb "understand." Alternate translation: "If anyone is able to understand things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 13 18 ri1y 0 let him calculate the number of the beast "he should discern what the number of the beast means" or "he should figure out what the number of the beast means" -REV 13 18 bbn2 0 is the number of a human being Possible meanings are 1) the number represents one person or 2) the number represents all of humanity. +REV 13 18 ri1y ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου 1 let him calculate the number of the beast "he should discern what the number of the beast means" or "he should figure out what the number of the beast means" +REV 13 18 bbn2 ἐστίν ἀριθμὸς ἀνθρώπου 1 is the number of a human being Possible meanings are 1) the number represents one person or 2) the number represents all of humanity. REV 14 intro q71v 0 # Revelation 14 General Notes
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Harvest

Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
REV 14 1 e7u7 0 General Information: The word "I" refers to John. REV 14 1 ck6y 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to describe the next part of his vision. There are 144,000 believers standing before the Lamb. -REV 14 1 a3kz writing-symlanguage 0 Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 1 a3kz writing-symlanguage Ἀρνίον 1 Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 14 1 uc96 translate-numbers 0 144000 "one hundred forty-four thousand." See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 14 1 z963 figs-activepassive 0 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 14 1 rf47 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -REV 14 2 hwu4 0 a voice from heaven "a sound from heaven" -REV 14 3 sz1f 0 They sang a new song "The 144,000 people sang a new song." This explains what the sound was that John heard. Alternate translation: "That sound was a new song that they sang" -REV 14 3 ii11 0 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creature" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) -REV 14 3 m75y 0 elders This refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated "elders" in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). +REV 14 1 z963 figs-activepassive ἔχουσαι αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Πατρὸς' τοῦ Πατρὸς τὸ ὄνομα γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ αὐτῶν τῶν μετώπων 1 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 14 1 rf47 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples αὐτοῦ τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 his Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +REV 14 2 hwu4 φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 a voice from heaven "a sound from heaven" +REV 14 3 sz1f ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν ᾠδὴν 1 They sang a new song "The 144,000 people sang a new song." This explains what the sound was that John heard. Alternate translation: "That sound was a new song that they sang" +REV 14 3 ii11 τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creature" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) +REV 14 3 m75y πρεσβυτέρων 1 elders This refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated "elders" in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). REV 14 3 q6fc translate-numbers 0 144000 "one hundred forty-four thousand." See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 14 4 jet6 0 have not defiled themselves with women Possible meanings are 1) "have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman" or 2) "have never had sexual relations with a woman." Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols. -REV 14 4 a7ir 0 they have kept themselves sexually pure Possible meanings are 1) "they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife" or 2) "they are virgins." -REV 14 4 q3hg figs-metaphor 0 follow the Lamb wherever he goes Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: "they do whatever the Lamb does" or "they obey the Lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 14 4 mlw3 figs-metaphor 0 redeemed from among mankind as firstfruits "Firstfruits" here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: "purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 14 5 ga8p figs-metonymy 0 No lie was found in their mouth Their "mouth" refers to what they said." Alternate translation: "They never lied when they spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 14 4 jet6 ἐμολύνθησαν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν μετὰ γυναικῶν 1 have not defiled themselves with women Possible meanings are 1) "have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman" or 2) "have never had sexual relations with a woman." Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols. +REV 14 4 a7ir παρθένοι 1 they have kept themselves sexually pure Possible meanings are 1) "they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife" or 2) "they are virgins." +REV 14 4 q3hg figs-metaphor οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ Ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγει 1 follow the Lamb wherever he goes Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: "they do whatever the Lamb does" or "they obey the Lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 14 4 mlw3 figs-metaphor ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ 1 redeemed from among mankind as firstfruits "Firstfruits" here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: "purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 14 5 ga8p figs-metonymy οὐχ ψεῦδος εὑρέθη ἐν αὐτῶν τῷ στόματι 1 No lie was found in their mouth Their "mouth" refers to what they said." Alternate translation: "They never lied when they spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 14 6 n1fr 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth. -REV 14 6 pp1l 0 every nation, tribe, language, and people This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md). -REV 14 7 cj5z figs-metaphor 0 the hour of his judgment has come Here "the hour" represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having "come" is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. The idea of "judgment" can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: "now is the time that God has chosen for judgment" or "it is now the time for God to judge people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 14 6 pp1l πᾶν ἔθνος, φυλὴν, γλῶσσαν, καὶ λαόν 1 every nation, tribe, language, and people This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md). +REV 14 7 cj5z figs-metaphor ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ τῆς κρίσεως ἦλθεν 1 the hour of his judgment has come Here "the hour" represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having "come" is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. The idea of "judgment" can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: "now is the time that God has chosen for judgment" or "it is now the time for God to judge people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) REV 14 8 b18s figs-metaphor 0 Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. Alternate translation: "Babylon the great has been destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 14 8 jh3r writing-symlanguage 0 Babylon the great "Babylon the large city" or "the important city of Babylon." This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 14 8 kg1i figs-metonymy 0 who persuaded Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 14 8 ldz2 writing-symlanguage 0 to drink the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "to be sexually immoral like her" or "to get drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 14 8 v3zk figs-personification 0 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 14 9 z6xp 0 with a loud voice "loudly" -REV 14 10 qw28 writing-symlanguage 0 will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath Drinking the wine of God's wrath is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: "will also drink some of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 14 10 fe83 figs-activepassive 0 that has been poured undiluted This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has poured full strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 14 10 bb38 writing-symlanguage 0 that has been poured undiluted This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 14 10 zl4g writing-symlanguage 0 cup of his anger This symbolic cup holds the wine that represents God's anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 8 jh3r writing-symlanguage Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη 1 Babylon the great "Babylon the large city" or "the important city of Babylon." This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 8 kg1i figs-metonymy ἣ πεπότικεν 1 who persuaded Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 14 8 ldz2 writing-symlanguage πεπότικεν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ αὐτῆς τῆς πορνείας τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 to drink the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "to be sexually immoral like her" or "to get drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 8 v3zk figs-personification αὐτῆς τῆς πορνείας τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 14 9 z6xp ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 1 with a loud voice "loudly" +REV 14 10 qw28 writing-symlanguage πίεται καὶ πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath Drinking the wine of God's wrath is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: "will also drink some of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 10 fe83 figs-activepassive τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου 1 that has been poured undiluted This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has poured full strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 14 10 bb38 writing-symlanguage τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου 1 that has been poured undiluted This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 14 10 zl4g writing-symlanguage ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς 1 cup of his anger This symbolic cup holds the wine that represents God's anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 14 11 hh91 0 Connecting Statement: The third angel continues to speak. -REV 14 11 dds6 figs-metonymy 0 The smoke from their torment The phrase "their torment" refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: "The smoke from the fire that torments them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 14 11 z5ea 0 they have no rest "they have no relief" or "the torment does not stop" +REV 14 11 dds6 figs-metonymy ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ αὐτῶν βασανισμοῦ 1 The smoke from their torment The phrase "their torment" refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: "The smoke from the fire that torments them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 14 11 z5ea ἔχουσιν οὐκ ἀνάπαυσιν 1 they have no rest "they have no relief" or "the torment does not stop" REV 14 12 me1j 0 Here is a call for the patient endurance of the saints "God's holy people must endure patiently and be faithful." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 13:10](../13/10.md). -REV 14 13 x62q 0 the dead who die "those who die" -REV 14 13 hy1a 0 who die in the Lord "who are united to the Lord and die." This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: "who die because they are united to the Lord" -REV 14 13 vd4m 0 labors difficulties and sufferings -REV 14 13 v4xz figs-personification 0 their deeds will follow them These deeds are spoken of as if they were alive and able to follow those who did them. Possible meanings are 1) "others will know the good deeds these people have done" or 2) "God will reward them for their deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 14 13 x62q οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ ἀποθνῄσκοντες 1 the dead who die "those who die" +REV 14 13 hy1a οἱ ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 who die in the Lord "who are united to the Lord and die." This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: "who die because they are united to the Lord" +REV 14 13 vd4m τῶν κόπων 1 labors difficulties and sufferings +REV 14 13 v4xz figs-personification αὐτῶν ἔργα ἀκολουθεῖ αὐτῶν 1 their deeds will follow them These deeds are spoken of as if they were alive and able to follow those who did them. Possible meanings are 1) "others will know the good deeds these people have done" or 2) "God will reward them for their deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) REV 14 14 ft6v writing-symlanguage 0 John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God's judging people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 14 14 gvw8 figs-simile 0 one like a son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 14 14 i8se 0 golden crown This was the likeness of a wreath of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. -REV 14 14 l89c translate-unknown 0 sickle a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 14 15 v6dy 0 came out of the temple "came out of the heavenly temple" -REV 14 15 v2xf figs-metaphor 0 the time to reap has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 14 16 nt7k figs-activepassive 0 the earth was harvested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he harvested the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 14 14 gvw8 figs-simile ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου 1 one like a son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 14 14 i8se χρυσοῦν στέφανον 1 golden crown This was the likeness of a wreath of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. +REV 14 14 l89c translate-unknown δρέπανον 1 sickle a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 14 15 v6dy ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ 1 came out of the temple "came out of the heavenly temple" +REV 14 15 v2xf figs-metaphor ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι ἦλθεν 1 the time to reap has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 14 16 nt7k figs-activepassive ἡ γῆ ἐθερίσθη 1 the earth was harvested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he harvested the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 14 17 fb4y 0 Connecting Statement: John continues describing his vision about the earth being harvested. -REV 14 18 jp7l 0 who had authority over the fire Here "authority over" refers to responsibility to tend the fire. -REV 14 19 f3mn 0 the great wine vat of God's wrath "the large wine vat where God will show his wrath" -REV 14 20 b1bw 0 winepress This is "the great wine vat" of [Revelation 14:19] (./19.md). -REV 14 20 xt4z 0 up to the height of a horse's bridle "as high as the bridle in a horse's mouth" -REV 14 20 m2i9 0 bridle a device made of leather straps that goes around a horse's head and is used for directing the horse -REV 14 20 gdl8 translate-numbers 0 1,600 stadia "one thousand six hundred stadia" or "sixteen hundred stadia." A "stadium" is 185 meters. In modern measures this would be about "300 kilometers" or "200 miles." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +REV 14 18 jp7l ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός 1 who had authority over the fire Here "authority over" refers to responsibility to tend the fire. +REV 14 19 f3mn τὴν τὸν μέγαν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 the great wine vat of God's wrath "the large wine vat where God will show his wrath" +REV 14 20 b1bw ληνὸς 1 winepress This is "the great wine vat" of [Revelation 14:19] (./19.md). +REV 14 20 xt4z ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων' τῶν ἵππων τῶν χαλινῶν 1 up to the height of a horse's bridle "as high as the bridle in a horse's mouth" +REV 14 20 m2i9 τῶν χαλινῶν 1 bridle a device made of leather straps that goes around a horse's head and is used for directing the horse +REV 14 20 gdl8 translate-numbers σταδίων 1 1,600 stadia "one thousand six hundred stadia" or "sixteen hundred stadia." A "stadium" is 185 meters. In modern measures this would be about "300 kilometers" or "200 miles." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) REV 15 intro zxt7 0 # Revelation 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "Victorious over the beast"

These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### "The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven"
Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### Songs

The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
REV 15 1 p98c 0 General Information: This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21. -REV 15 1 l345 figs-doublet 0 great and marvelous These words have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "something that greatly amazed me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +REV 15 1 l345 figs-doublet μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν 1 great and marvelous These words have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "something that greatly amazed me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) REV 15 1 w6lf 0 seven angels with seven plagues "seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth" REV 15 1 mw7g 0 which are the final plagues "and after them, there will not be any more plagues" -REV 15 1 ij3d figs-activepassive 0 for with them the wrath of God will be completed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for these plagues will complete the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 15 1 gdt5 0 for with them the wrath of God will be completed Possible meanings are 1) these plagues will show all of God's anger or 2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry. +REV 15 1 ij3d figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐτελέσθη 1 for with them the wrath of God will be completed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for these plagues will complete the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 15 1 gdt5 ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐτελέσθη 1 for with them the wrath of God will be completed Possible meanings are 1) these plagues will show all of God's anger or 2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry. REV 15 2 ytq6 0 General Information: Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God. -REV 15 2 n9yj figs-metaphor 0 sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 15 2 pt8v figs-explicit 0 who had been victorious over the beast and his image How they were victorious can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 15 2 dbz9 figs-explicit 0 over the number representing his name How they were victorious over the number can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 15 2 lra7 0 the number representing his name This refers to the number described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md). -REV 15 3 l5hu 0 They were singing "Those who had been victorious over the beast were singing" -REV 15 4 hh87 figs-rquestion 0 Who will not fear you, Lord, and glorify your name? This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. It can be expressed as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 15 4 j9gj figs-metonymy 0 glorify your name The phrase "your name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "glorify you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 15 4 ei9k figs-activepassive 0 your righteous deeds have been revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 15 2 n9yj figs-metaphor θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην 1 sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 15 2 pt8v figs-explicit τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου καὶ αὐτοῦ τῆς εἰκόνος 1 who had been victorious over the beast and his image How they were victorious can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 15 2 dbz9 figs-explicit ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 over the number representing his name How they were victorious over the number can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 15 2 lra7 τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 the number representing his name This refers to the number described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md). +REV 15 3 l5hu ᾄδουσιν 1 They were singing "Those who had been victorious over the beast were singing" +REV 15 4 hh87 figs-rquestion τίς φοβηθῇ οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ Κύριε, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει σου τὸ ὄνομά? 1 Who will not fear you, Lord, and glorify your name? This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. It can be expressed as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 15 4 j9gj figs-metonymy δοξάσει σου τὸ ὄνομά 1 glorify your name The phrase "your name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "glorify you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 15 4 ei9k figs-activepassive σου τὰ δικαιώματά ἐφανερώθησαν 1 your righteous deeds have been revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 15 5 v4ye 0 Connecting Statement: The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in [Revelation 15:1](../15/01.md). -REV 15 5 da6n 0 After these things "After the people finished singing" -REV 15 6 f9gq 0 the seven angels holding the seven plagues These angels were seen as holding seven plagues because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God. -REV 15 6 nei2 0 linen a fine, expensive cloth made from flax -REV 15 6 w9kw 0 sashes A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body. -REV 15 7 s4dj 0 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creatures" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) -REV 15 7 z1wz figs-explicit 0 seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: "seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 15 8 s67r 0 until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed "until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth" +REV 15 5 da6n μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things "After the people finished singing" +REV 15 6 f9gq οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς 1 the seven angels holding the seven plagues These angels were seen as holding seven plagues because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God. +REV 15 6 nei2 λίθον 1 linen a fine, expensive cloth made from flax +REV 15 6 w9kw ζώνας 1 sashes A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body. +REV 15 7 s4dj τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creatures" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) +REV 15 7 z1wz figs-explicit ἑπτὰ χρυσᾶς φιάλας γεμούσας τοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: "seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 15 8 s67r ἄχρι αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων τελεσθῶσιν 1 until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed "until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth" REV 16 intro v1cm 0 # Revelation 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple"

This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.

##### Seven bowls of God's wrath

This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.

##### Armageddon

This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])

REV 16 1 nj83 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God's wrath. -REV 16 1 t995 0 I heard The word "I" refers to John. -REV 16 1 k2nq figs-explicit 0 bowls of God's wrath The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: "bowls full of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 16 2 n7mw figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 2 e66u 0 painful sores "painful wounds." These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed. -REV 16 2 nux1 0 mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md). -REV 16 3 nc6a figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 3 sx66 figs-synecdoche 0 the sea This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 16 4 p4ae figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 4 xu1y figs-synecdoche 0 rivers and the springs of water This refers to all bodies of fresh water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -REV 16 5 f35a 0 the angel of the waters Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the third angel who was in charge of pouring out God's wrath on the rivers and springs of water or 2) this was another angel who was in charge of all the waters. -REV 16 5 e45u figs-you 0 You are righteous "You" refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -REV 16 5 itg7 0 the one who is and who was "God who is and who was." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). -REV 16 6 b6wa figs-metonymy 0 they poured out the blood of the saints and prophets Here "poured out the blood" means killed. Alternate translation: "they murdered God's holy people and the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 6 jy6a 0 you have given them blood to drink God will make the evil people drink the waters that he turned to blood. -REV 16 7 p4c5 figs-metonymy 0 I heard the altar reply The word "altar" here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. "I heard someone at the altar reply" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 8 nne6 figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 8 l6n2 figs-personification 0 it was given permission to scorch the people John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and caused the sun to severely burn the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 16 1 t995 ἤκουσα 1 I heard The word "I" refers to John. +REV 16 1 k2nq figs-explicit φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 bowls of God's wrath The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: "bowls full of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 16 2 n7mw figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 2 e66u πονηρὸν ἕλκος 1 painful sores "painful wounds." These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed. +REV 16 2 nux1 χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου 1 mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md). +REV 16 3 nc6a figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 3 sx66 figs-synecdoche τὴν θάλασσαν 1 the sea This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 16 4 p4ae figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 4 xu1y figs-synecdoche ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων 1 rivers and the springs of water This refers to all bodies of fresh water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +REV 16 5 f35a τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων 1 the angel of the waters Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the third angel who was in charge of pouring out God's wrath on the rivers and springs of water or 2) this was another angel who was in charge of all the waters. +REV 16 5 e45u figs-you εἶ δίκαιος 1 You are righteous "You" refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +REV 16 5 itg7 ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν 1 the one who is and who was "God who is and who was." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). +REV 16 6 b6wa figs-metonymy ἐξέχεαν αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν 1 they poured out the blood of the saints and prophets Here "poured out the blood" means killed. Alternate translation: "they murdered God's holy people and the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 6 jy6a ἔδωκας αὐτοῖς αἷμα πιεῖν 1 you have given them blood to drink God will make the evil people drink the waters that he turned to blood. +REV 16 7 p4c5 figs-metonymy ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος 1 I heard the altar reply The word "altar" here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. "I heard someone at the altar reply" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 8 nne6 figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 8 l6n2 figs-personification αὐτῷ ἐδόθη καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 1 it was given permission to scorch the people John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and caused the sun to severely burn the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 16 9 i2du figs-activepassive 0 They were scorched by the terrible heat This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The extreme heat burned them badly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 16 9 pr4e figs-metonymy 0 they blasphemed the name of God Here the name of God represents God. Alternate translation: "they blasphemed God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 9 aza1 figs-distinguish 0 God, who has the power over these plagues This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about God. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: "God because he has the power over these plagues" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -REV 16 9 rd4f figs-metaphor 0 the power over these plagues This refers to the power to inflict these plagues on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 16 10 f1pm figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 10 a2ud figs-metonymy 0 the throne of the beast This is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 10 hit6 figs-metaphor 0 darkness covered its kingdom Here "darkness" is spoken of as if it were something like a blanket. Alternate translation: "it became dark in all his kingdom" or "all of his kingdom became dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 16 10 pb1u 0 They chewed The people in the beast's kingdom chewed. -REV 16 11 kna6 0 They blasphemed The people in the beast's kingdom blasphemed. -REV 16 12 kv5y figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 12 amf1 figs-activepassive 0 the Euphrates. Its water was dried up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Euphrates. Its water dried up" or "the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 16 13 bb6d 0 looked like frogs A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals. -REV 16 13 ai28 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 16 9 pr4e figs-metonymy ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 they blasphemed the name of God Here the name of God represents God. Alternate translation: "they blasphemed God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 9 aza1 figs-distinguish τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ ταύτας τὰς πληγὰς 1 God, who has the power over these plagues This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about God. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: "God because he has the power over these plagues" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +REV 16 9 rd4f figs-metaphor τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ ταύτας τὰς πληγὰς 1 the power over these plagues This refers to the power to inflict these plagues on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 16 10 f1pm figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 10 a2ud figs-metonymy τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου 1 the throne of the beast This is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 10 hit6 figs-metaphor ἐσκοτωμένη ἐγένετο αὐτοῦ ἡ βασιλεία 1 darkness covered its kingdom Here "darkness" is spoken of as if it were something like a blanket. Alternate translation: "it became dark in all his kingdom" or "all of his kingdom became dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 16 10 pb1u ἐμασῶντο 1 They chewed The people in the beast's kingdom chewed. +REV 16 11 kna6 ἐβλασφήμησαν 1 They blasphemed The people in the beast's kingdom blasphemed. +REV 16 12 kv5y figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 12 amf1 figs-activepassive τὸν Εὐφράτην. αὐτοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ ἐξηράνθη 1 the Euphrates. Its water was dried up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Euphrates. Its water dried up" or "the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 16 13 bb6d ὡς βάτραχοι 1 looked like frogs A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals. +REV 16 13 ai28 writing-symlanguage δράκοντος 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 16 15 u3v8 0 General Information: Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John's vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16. REV 16 15 l16g figs-explicit 0 Look! I am coming ... his shameful condition This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. It can be stated clearly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 16 15 lgi6 figs-simile 0 I am coming as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 16 15 an84 figs-metaphor 0 keeping his garments on Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one's clothes on. Alternate translation: "doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 16 15 cia7 0 keeping his garments on Some versions translate, "keeping his garments with him." -REV 16 15 qwa2 0 they see his shameful condition Here the word "they" refers to other people. -REV 16 16 m2v7 0 They brought them together "The spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together" -REV 16 16 cdx1 figs-activepassive 0 the place that is called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the place that people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 16 16 x6ff translate-names 0 Armageddon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +REV 16 15 lgi6 figs-simile ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης 1 I am coming as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 16 15 an84 figs-metaphor τηρῶν αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια τηρῶν 1 keeping his garments on Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one's clothes on. Alternate translation: "doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 16 15 cia7 τηρῶν αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια τηρῶν 1 keeping his garments on Some versions translate, "keeping his garments with him." +REV 16 15 qwa2 βλέπωσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην 1 they see his shameful condition Here the word "they" refers to other people. +REV 16 16 m2v7 συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς συνήγαγεν 1 They brought them together "The spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together" +REV 16 16 cdx1 figs-activepassive τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον 1 the place that is called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the place that people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 16 16 x6ff translate-names Ἁρμαγεδών 1 Armageddon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) REV 16 17 ny8p 0 Connecting Statement: The seventh angel pours out the seventh bowl of God's wrath. -REV 16 17 nhs7 figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 17 nhs7 figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν αὐτοῦ τὴν φιάλην 1 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 16 17 a15p figs-metonymy 0 Then a loud voice came out of the temple and from the throne This means someone sitting on the throne or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 18 x586 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). -REV 16 18 c9fa 0 rumbles, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). +REV 16 18 x586 ἀστραπαὶ 1 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). +REV 16 18 c9fa φωναὶ, βρονταί 1 rumbles, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md). REV 16 19 q8lg figs-activepassive 0 The great city was split This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The earthquake split the great city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 16 19 r2vh 0 Then God called to mind "Then God remembered" or "Then God thought of" or "Then God started to pay attention to." This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. REV 16 19 g6s8 writing-symlanguage 0 he gave that city the cup filled with the wine made from his furious wrath The wine is a symbol of his wrath. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: "he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 16 20 eb5w 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the seventh bowl of God's wrath. -REV 16 20 byn4 figs-metonymy 0 the mountains were no longer found The inability to see any mountains is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: "there were no longer any mountains" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 16 21 i43r translate-bweight 0 a talent You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "33 kilograms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +REV 16 20 byn4 figs-metonymy ὄρη εὑρέθησαν οὐχ εὑρέθησαν 1 the mountains were no longer found The inability to see any mountains is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: "there were no longer any mountains" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 16 21 i43r translate-bweight ταλαντιαία 1 a talent You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "33 kilograms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) REV 17 intro ysn1 0 # Revelation 17 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Prostitute

Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

##### Seven hills

This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up "

This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

##### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md))
REV 17 1 ppd7 0 General Information: John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute. -REV 17 1 c6f4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the condemnation of the great prostitute The noun "condemnation" can be expressed with the verb "condemn." Alternate translation: "how God will condemn the great prostitute" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 17 1 f7ry writing-symlanguage 0 the great prostitute "the prostitute that everyone knows about." She represents a certain sinful city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 17 1 crs4 figs-explicit 0 on many waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: "on many rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 17 1 c6f4 figs-abstractnouns τὸ κρίμα τῆς τῆς μεγάλης πόρνης 1 the condemnation of the great prostitute The noun "condemnation" can be expressed with the verb "condemn." Alternate translation: "how God will condemn the great prostitute" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 17 1 f7ry writing-symlanguage τῆς τῆς μεγάλης πόρνης 1 the great prostitute "the prostitute that everyone knows about." She represents a certain sinful city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 17 1 crs4 figs-explicit ἐπὶ πολλῶν ὑδάτων 1 on many waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: "on many rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 17 2 paa4 figs-distinguish 0 It is with the wine of her sexual immorality that the earth's inhabitants became drunk The wine represents sexual immorality. Alternate translation: "The people of the earth became drunk by drinking her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 17 2 ayw3 figs-metaphor 0 her sexual immorality This may well have a double meaning: sexual immorality among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 3 hf43 writing-background 0 carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in a wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -REV 17 4 rw19 translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 17 5 az5b figs-activepassive 0 On her forehead was written a name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had written on her forehead a name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 17 5 l75t figs-explicit 0 Babylon the great If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a sentence. Alternate translation: "I am Babylon, the powerful one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 17 2 ayw3 figs-metaphor αὐτῆς τῆς πορνείας 1 her sexual immorality This may well have a double meaning: sexual immorality among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 3 hf43 writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἀπήνεγκέν ἐν Πνεύματι εἰς ἔρημον 1 carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in a wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +REV 17 4 rw19 translate-unknown μαργαρίταις 1 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 17 5 az5b figs-activepassive ἐπὶ αὐτῆς τὸ μέτωπον γεγραμμένον ὄνομα 1 On her forehead was written a name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had written on her forehead a name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 5 l75t figs-explicit Βαβυλὼν ἡ Μεγάλη 1 Babylon the great If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a sentence. Alternate translation: "I am Babylon, the powerful one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 17 6 iq7b 0 General Information: The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18. REV 17 6 iwz1 0 was drunk with the blood ... and with the blood "was drunk because she had drunk the blood ... and had drunk the blood" -REV 17 6 yqi7 0 the martyrs for Jesus "the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus" -REV 17 6 ydi9 0 astonished amazed, surprised -REV 17 7 j412 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you astonished? The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: "You should not be astonished!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 17 8 upm7 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). -REV 17 8 usl4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Then it will go on to destruction The noun "destruction" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "Then he will be destroyed" or "Then God will destroy him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 17 8 glf1 figs-activepassive 0 it will go on to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 8 r6h4 figs-activepassive 0 those whose names have not been written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whose names God did not write" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 6 yqi7 τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ 1 the martyrs for Jesus "the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus" +REV 17 6 ydi9 ἐθαύμασα 1 astonished amazed, surprised +REV 17 7 j412 figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας? 1 Why are you astonished? The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: "You should not be astonished!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 17 8 upm7 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). +REV 17 8 usl4 figs-abstractnouns καὶ ὑπάγει εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 Then it will go on to destruction The noun "destruction" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "Then he will be destroyed" or "Then God will destroy him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 8 glf1 figs-activepassive ὑπάγει εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 it will go on to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 8 r6h4 figs-activepassive ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα γέγραπται οὐ γέγραπται 1 those whose names have not been written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whose names God did not write" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 17 9 p3lb 0 Connecting Statement: The angel continues speaking. Here he explains the meaning of the seven heads of the beast that the woman is riding. REV 17 9 p6lr figs-abstractnouns 0 This calls for a mind that has wisdom The abstract nouns "mind" and "wisdom" can be expressed with "think" and "wise" or "wisely." Why a wise mind is needed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "A wise mind is needed in order to understand this" or "You need to think wisely in order to understand this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 17 9 i6ta 0 This calls for "This makes it necessary to have" -REV 17 9 nr42 0 The seven heads are seven hills Here "are" means "stand for" or "represent." -REV 17 10 yk93 figs-metaphor 0 Five kings have fallen The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: "Five kings have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 10 d2wx 0 one exists "one is king now" or "one king is alive now" -REV 17 10 kw95 figs-metaphor 0 the other has not yet come; when he comes Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having come. Alternate translation: "the other has not yet become king; when he becomes king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 10 v8vx figs-metaphor 0 he can remain only for a little while The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: "he can be king only for a little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 11 b1ct 0 it is one of those seven kings Possible meanings are 1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king or 2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them. -REV 17 11 w7sk figs-metaphor 0 it is going to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. Alternate translation: "it will certainly be destroyed" or "God will surely destroy it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 9 nr42 αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ εἰσίν ἑπτὰ ὄρη 1 The seven heads are seven hills Here "are" means "stand for" or "represent." +REV 17 10 yk93 figs-metaphor οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν 1 Five kings have fallen The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: "Five kings have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 10 d2wx ὁ εἷς ἔστιν 1 one exists "one is king now" or "one king is alive now" +REV 17 10 kw95 figs-metaphor ὁ ἄλλος ἦλθεν οὔπω ἦλθεν; ὅταν ἔλθῃ 1 the other has not yet come; when he comes Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having come. Alternate translation: "the other has not yet become king; when he becomes king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 10 v8vx figs-metaphor ἔλθῃ αὐτὸν μεῖναι ὀλίγον 1 he can remain only for a little while The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: "he can be king only for a little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 11 b1ct ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά 1 it is one of those seven kings Possible meanings are 1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king or 2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them. +REV 17 11 w7sk figs-metaphor ὑπάγει εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 it is going to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. Alternate translation: "it will certainly be destroyed" or "God will surely destroy it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 17 12 gq2m 0 Connecting Statement: The angel continues speaking to John. Here he explains the meaning of the ten horns of the beast. -REV 17 12 n2rd translate-unknown 0 for one hour If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: "for a very short time" or "for a very small part of a day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 17 13 w7jb 0 These are of one mind "These all think the same thing" or "These all agree to do the same thing" -REV 17 14 wt9k writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 17 14 abb5 figs-activepassive 0 the called ones, the chosen ones, and the faithful ones This refers to one group of people. The words "called" and "chosen" can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "the called, chosen, and faithful ones" or "the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 17 15 f5x6 figs-metaphor 0 The waters you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages Here "are" stands for "represent." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 15 kq1e figs-explicit 0 The waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. See how you translated "many waters" in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: "The rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 17 15 zsh5 0 multitudes large groups of people -REV 17 15 ua3s figs-metonymy 0 languages This refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 17 16 j157 0 make her desolate and naked "steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing" -REV 17 16 f9as figs-metaphor 0 they will devour her flesh Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all her flesh. "They will destroy her completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 12 n2rd translate-unknown μίαν ὥραν 1 for one hour If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: "for a very short time" or "for a very small part of a day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 17 13 w7jb οὗτοι ἔχουσιν μίαν γνώμην 1 These are of one mind "These all think the same thing" or "These all agree to do the same thing" +REV 17 14 wt9k writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 17 14 abb5 figs-activepassive οἱ κλητοὶ, ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί 1 the called ones, the chosen ones, and the faithful ones This refers to one group of people. The words "called" and "chosen" can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "the called, chosen, and faithful ones" or "the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 15 f5x6 figs-metaphor τὰ ὕδατα εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, εἰσὶν λαοὶ, ὄχλοι, ἔθνη, καὶ γλῶσσαι 1 The waters you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages Here "are" stands for "represent." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 15 kq1e figs-explicit τὰ ὕδατα 1 The waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. See how you translated "many waters" in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: "The rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 17 15 zsh5 ὄχλοι 1 multitudes large groups of people +REV 17 15 ua3s figs-metonymy γλῶσσαι 1 languages This refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 17 16 j157 ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν ἠρημωμένην καὶ γυμνήν 1 make her desolate and naked "steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing" +REV 17 16 f9as figs-metaphor φάγονται αὐτῆς τὰς σάρκας 1 they will devour her flesh Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all her flesh. "They will destroy her completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 17 17 y8cn 0 For God has put it into their hearts to carry out his purpose by agreeing to give ... until God's words are fulfilled They would agree to give their power to the beast, but it would not be that they want to obey God. Alternate translation: "For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give ... until God's words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God's purpose" REV 17 17 sb1d figs-metonymy 0 God has put it into their hearts Here "heart" is a metonym for desires. Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it in their hearts to do it. Alternate translation: "God has made them want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 17 ku6m 0 power to rule "authority" or "kingly authority" -REV 17 17 el9y figs-activepassive 0 until God's words are fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until God fulfills what he said will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 17 17 ku6m τὴν βασιλείαν 1 power to rule "authority" or "kingly authority" +REV 17 17 el9y figs-activepassive ἄχρι τοῦ Θεοῦ' τοῦ Θεοῦ οἱ λόγοι τελεσθήσονται 1 until God's words are fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until God fulfills what he said will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 17 18 w2lu 0 Connecting Statement: The angel finishes speaking to John about the prostitute and the beast. -REV 17 18 md61 figs-metaphor 0 is Here "is" stands for "represents." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 17 18 uy1m figs-metonymy 0 the great city that rules When it says that the city rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: "the great city whose leader rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 17 18 md61 figs-metaphor ἔστιν 1 is Here "is" stands for "represents." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 17 18 uy1m figs-metonymy ἡ ἡ μεγάλη πόλις ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν 1 the great city that rules When it says that the city rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: "the great city whose leader rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 18 intro j5qc 0 # Revelation 18 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Prophecy

The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Metaphors

Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 1 fl3m figs-personification 0 General Information: The pronouns "she" and "her" refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) REV 18 1 xxe5 0 Connecting Statement: Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast. REV 18 2 a2f5 figs-metaphor 0 Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in [Revelation 14:8](../14/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 2 ii4l 0 detestable bird "disgusting bird" or "repulsive bird" -REV 18 3 l5jq figs-metonymy 0 all the nations The nations is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: "the people of all the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 3 kpp1 writing-symlanguage 0 have drunk the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "have become sexually immoral like her" or "have become drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 18 3 kp3p figs-personification 0 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 3 ejc5 0 merchants A merchant is a person who sells things. -REV 18 3 ql37 0 from the power of her sensual way of living "because she spent so much money on sexual immorality" +REV 18 2 ii4l μεμισημένου ὀρνέου 1 detestable bird "disgusting bird" or "repulsive bird" +REV 18 3 l5jq figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 all the nations The nations is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: "the people of all the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 3 kpp1 writing-symlanguage πέπτωκαν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ αὐτῆς τῆς πορνείας τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 have drunk the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "have become sexually immoral like her" or "have become drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 18 3 kp3p figs-personification αὐτῆς τῆς πορνείας τοῦ θυμοῦ 1 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 3 ejc5 ἔμποροι 1 merchants A merchant is a person who sells things. +REV 18 3 ql37 ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ αὐτῆς στρήνους 1 from the power of her sensual way of living "because she spent so much money on sexual immorality" REV 18 4 ze11 figs-personification 0 General Information: The pronouns "she" and "her" refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) REV 18 4 e7c7 0 Connecting Statement: Another voice from heaven begins to speak. -REV 18 4 nz77 figs-metonymy 0 another voice The word "voice" refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: "someone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 5 e32w figs-metaphor 0 Her sins have piled up as high as heaven The voice speaks of Babylon's sins as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: "Her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 5 u2yu 0 has remembered "has thought of" or "has started to pay attention to." This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated "called to mind" in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md). -REV 18 6 ec42 figs-metaphor 0 Pay her back as she has paid others back The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "Punish her as she has punished others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 6 pa62 figs-metaphor 0 repay her double The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "punish her twice as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 6 xba5 figs-metaphor 0 in the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: "prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others" or "make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 6 l3n5 0 mix double the amount Possible meanings are 1) "prepare twice the amount" or 2) "make it twice as strong" +REV 18 4 nz77 figs-metonymy ἄλλην φωνὴν 1 another voice The word "voice" refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: "someone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 5 e32w figs-metaphor αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἐκολλήθησαν ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 Her sins have piled up as high as heaven The voice speaks of Babylon's sins as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: "Her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 5 u2yu ἐμνημόνευσεν 1 has remembered "has thought of" or "has started to pay attention to." This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated "called to mind" in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md). +REV 18 6 ec42 figs-metaphor ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ἀπόδοτε ὡς αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν 1 Pay her back as she has paid others back The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "Punish her as she has punished others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 6 pa62 figs-metaphor διπλώσατε 1 repay her double The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "punish her twice as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 6 xba5 figs-metaphor ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε διπλοῦν αὐτῇ 1 in the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: "prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others" or "make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 6 l3n5 κεράσατε διπλοῦν 1 mix double the amount Possible meanings are 1) "prepare twice the amount" or 2) "make it twice as strong" REV 18 7 i9bm 0 Connecting Statement: The same voice from heaven continues speaking about Babylon as if it were a woman. -REV 18 7 we2t 0 she glorified herself "the people of Babylon glorified themselves" -REV 18 7 yt32 figs-metonymy 0 For she says in her heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: "For she says to herself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 7 m3mg figs-simile 0 I am seated as a queen She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 18 7 dy5k figs-metaphor 0 I am not a widow She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 7 eh5r figs-metaphor 0 I will never see mourning Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing mourning. Alternate translation: "I will never mourn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 8 u6r9 figs-metaphor 0 her plagues will come Existing in the future is spoken of a coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 8 vkk2 figs-metaphor 0 She will be consumed by fire Being burned up by fires is spoken of as being eaten up by fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Fire will completely burn her up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 7 we2t ἐδόξασεν αὑτὴν 1 she glorified herself "the people of Babylon glorified themselves" +REV 18 7 yt32 figs-metonymy ὅτι λέγει ἐν αὐτῆς τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 For she says in her heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: "For she says to herself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 7 m3mg figs-simile κάθημαι βασίλισσα 1 I am seated as a queen She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 18 7 dy5k figs-metaphor εἰμί οὐκ χήρα 1 I am not a widow She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 7 eh5r figs-metaphor ἴδω οὐ μὴ ἴδω πένθος 1 I will never see mourning Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing mourning. Alternate translation: "I will never mourn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 8 u6r9 figs-metaphor αὐτῆς αἱ πληγαὶ ἥξουσιν 1 her plagues will come Existing in the future is spoken of a coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 8 vkk2 figs-metaphor κατακαυθήσεται ἐν πυρὶ 1 She will be consumed by fire Being burned up by fires is spoken of as being eaten up by fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Fire will completely burn her up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 18 9 lj14 0 General Information: In these verses the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon. REV 18 9 pmz9 0 Connecting Statement: John tells what people say about Babylon. -REV 18 9 wk13 0 committed sexual immorality and went out of control with her "sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did" -REV 18 10 j3ln figs-abstractnouns 0 afraid of her torment The abstract noun "torment" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "afraid that they will be tormented as Babylon is" or "afraid that God will torment them as he torments Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 18 10 qn81 0 Woe, woe This is repeated for emphasis. -REV 18 10 hkd8 figs-metaphor 0 your punishment has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 11 fe7u 0 mourn for her "mourn for the people of Babylon" -REV 18 12 krs3 0 precious stone, pearls "many kinds of expensive stones." See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). -REV 18 12 hnk1 0 fine linen expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated "linen" in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md). -REV 18 12 xm9u translate-unknown 0 purple, silk, scarlet Purple is a very dark red cloth that is very expensive. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet is an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 18 12 hir4 0 every vessel of ivory "all kinds of containers made of ivory" -REV 18 12 yri7 translate-unknown 0 ivory a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: "tusks" or "valuable animal teeth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 18 12 b8xc translate-unknown 0 marble a precious stone used for building (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 18 13 gz3v 0 cinnamon a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree -REV 18 13 z894 0 spice a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil -REV 18 14 x3kl figs-metaphor 0 The fruit "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "The result" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 14 a1aa 0 longed for with all your might "wanted very much" -REV 18 14 p7f7 figs-activepassive 0 vanished, never to be found again Not to be found stands for not existing. This figure of speech can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "vanished; you will never have them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 9 wk13 πορνεύσαντες καὶ στρηνιάσαντες μετ’ αὐτῆς 1 committed sexual immorality and went out of control with her "sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did" +REV 18 10 j3ln figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ 1 afraid of her torment The abstract noun "torment" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "afraid that they will be tormented as Babylon is" or "afraid that God will torment them as he torments Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 18 10 qn81 οὐαὶ, οὐαί 1 Woe, woe This is repeated for emphasis. +REV 18 10 hkd8 figs-metaphor σου ἡ κρίσις ἦλθεν 1 your punishment has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 11 fe7u πενθοῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτήν 1 mourn for her "mourn for the people of Babylon" +REV 18 12 krs3 τιμίου λίθου, μαργαριτῶν 1 precious stone, pearls "many kinds of expensive stones." See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). +REV 18 12 hnk1 βυσσίνου 1 fine linen expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated "linen" in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md). +REV 18 12 xm9u translate-unknown πορφύρας, σιρικοῦ, κοκκίνου 1 purple, silk, scarlet Purple is a very dark red cloth that is very expensive. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet is an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 18 12 hir4 πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον 1 every vessel of ivory "all kinds of containers made of ivory" +REV 18 12 yri7 translate-unknown ἐλεφάντινον 1 ivory a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: "tusks" or "valuable animal teeth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 18 12 b8xc translate-unknown μαρμάρου 1 marble a precious stone used for building (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 18 13 gz3v κιννάμωμον 1 cinnamon a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree +REV 18 13 z894 ἄμωμον 1 spice a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil +REV 18 14 x3kl figs-metaphor ἡ ὀπώρα 1 The fruit "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "The result" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 14 a1aa ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς 1 longed for with all your might "wanted very much" +REV 18 14 p7f7 figs-activepassive ἀπώλετο, οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ 1 vanished, never to be found again Not to be found stands for not existing. This figure of speech can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "vanished; you will never have them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 18 15 n25k 0 General Information: In these verses, the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon. -REV 18 15 s4iq figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the fear of her torment This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "fear" and "torment." Alternate translation: "because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her" or "because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -REV 18 15 ii7v 0 weeping and mourning loudly This is what the merchants will be doing. Alternate translation: "and they will weep and mourn loudly" -REV 18 16 i7ip figs-metaphor 0 the great city that was dressed in fine linen Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: "the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen" or "the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 16 nji6 figs-activepassive 0 that was dressed in fine linen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that wore fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 16 v6q3 figs-activepassive 0 was adorned with gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "adorned herself with gold" or "adorned themselves with gold" or "wore gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 16 i5uy 0 precious jewels "valuable gems" or "treasured gems" -REV 18 16 rtm9 translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 18 15 s4iq figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ 1 because of the fear of her torment This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "fear" and "torment." Alternate translation: "because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her" or "because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 18 15 ii7v κλαίοντες καὶ πενθοῦντες 1 weeping and mourning loudly This is what the merchants will be doing. Alternate translation: "and they will weep and mourn loudly" +REV 18 16 i7ip figs-metaphor ἡ ἡ μεγάλη πόλις ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον 1 the great city that was dressed in fine linen Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: "the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen" or "the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 16 nji6 figs-activepassive ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον 1 that was dressed in fine linen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that wore fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 16 v6q3 figs-activepassive κεχρυσωμένη ἐν χρυσίῳ 1 was adorned with gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "adorned herself with gold" or "adorned themselves with gold" or "wore gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 16 i5uy τιμίῳ λίθῳ 1 precious jewels "valuable gems" or "treasured gems" +REV 18 16 rtm9 translate-unknown μαργαρίτῃ 1 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) REV 18 17 ap3v figs-metonymy 0 whose living is made from the sea The phrase "from the sea" refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: "who travel on the sea to make their living" or "who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 18 18 ys97 0 General Information: In these verses the word "they" refers to the sailors and seafarers, and the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon. -REV 18 18 v7qe figs-rquestion 0 What city is like the great city? This question shows the people the importance of the city of Babylon. Alternate translation: "No other city is like the great city, Babylon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -REV 18 20 ld6c figs-abstractnouns 0 God has brought your judgment on her The noun "judgment" can be expressed with the verb "judge." Alternate translation: "God has judged her for you" or "God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +REV 18 18 v7qe figs-rquestion τίς ὁμοία τῇ τῇ μεγάλῃ πόλει 1 What city is like the great city? This question shows the people the importance of the city of Babylon. Alternate translation: "No other city is like the great city, Babylon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +REV 18 20 ld6c figs-abstractnouns ὁ Θεὸς ἔκρινεν ὑμῶν τὸ κρίμα ἐξ αὐτῆς 1 God has brought your judgment on her The noun "judgment" can be expressed with the verb "judge." Alternate translation: "God has judged her for you" or "God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) REV 18 21 b94u 0 Connecting Statement: Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously. -REV 18 21 el4e 0 millstone a large round stone used to crush grain -REV 18 21 dlp4 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down with violence and will not be seen anymore God will completely destroy the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 21 kre6 figs-metonymy 0 will not be seen anymore "no one will see it anymore." Not being seen here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: "it will not exist anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 22 j6aq figs-activepassive 0 The sound made by harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters will not be heard anymore in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 22 da3h figs-apostrophe 0 in you The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: "in Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -REV 18 22 c88l figs-metonymy 0 will not be heard anymore in you "no one will hear them anymore in you." Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "they will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 21 el4e μύλινον 1 millstone a large round stone used to crush grain +REV 18 21 dlp4 figs-metaphor Βαβυλὼν, ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, βληθήσεται ὁρμήματι καὶ εὑρεθῇ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι 1 Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down with violence and will not be seen anymore God will completely destroy the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 21 kre6 figs-metonymy εὑρεθῇ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι 1 will not be seen anymore "no one will see it anymore." Not being seen here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: "it will not exist anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 22 j6aq figs-activepassive φωνὴ κιθαρῳδῶν, μουσικῶν, αὐλητῶν, καὶ σαλπιστῶν ἀκουσθῇ οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἔτι ἐν σοὶ 1 The sound made by harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters will not be heard anymore in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 22 da3h figs-apostrophe ἐν σοὶ 1 in you The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: "in Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +REV 18 22 c88l figs-metonymy ἀκουσθῇ οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἔτι ἐν σοὶ 1 will not be heard anymore in you "no one will hear them anymore in you." Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "they will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 18 22 cu19 figs-metonymy 0 No craftsman ... will be found in you Not being found there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "No craftsman of any kind will be in your city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 22 c7p2 figs-metonymy 0 No sound of a mill will be heard anymore in you The sound of something not being heard means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: "No one will use a mill in your city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 22 c7p2 figs-metonymy οὐ μὴ φωνὴ μύλου ἀκουσθῇ ἔτι ἐν σοὶ 1 No sound of a mill will be heard anymore in you The sound of something not being heard means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: "No one will use a mill in your city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 18 23 pmd2 0 General Information: The words "you," "your," and "her" refer to Babylon. REV 18 23 d3yq 0 Connecting Statement: The angel who threw the millstone finishes talking. -REV 18 23 d67i figs-activepassive 0 The voices of the bridegroom and the bride will not be heard in you anymore This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 23 ja6m figs-metonymy 0 will not be heard in you anymore Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 18 23 q8qm figs-metaphor 0 your merchants were the princes of the earth The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were princes. Alternate translation: "your merchants were like princes of the earth" or "your merchants were the most important men in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 18 23 j3iy figs-activepassive 0 the nations were deceived by your sorcery This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 18 24 s8bp figs-activepassive 0 In her the blood of prophets and saints was found, and the blood of all who have been killed on the earth Blood being found there means that the people there were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: "Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 23 d67i figs-activepassive φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης ἀκουσθῇ οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 The voices of the bridegroom and the bride will not be heard in you anymore This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 23 ja6m figs-metonymy ἀκουσθῇ οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 will not be heard in you anymore Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 18 23 q8qm figs-metaphor σου οἱ ἔμποροί ἦσαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες τῆς γῆς 1 your merchants were the princes of the earth The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were princes. Alternate translation: "your merchants were like princes of the earth" or "your merchants were the most important men in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 18 23 j3iy figs-activepassive τὰ ἔθνη ἐπλανήθησαν ἐν σου τῇ φαρμακείᾳ 1 the nations were deceived by your sorcery This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 18 24 s8bp figs-activepassive ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 In her the blood of prophets and saints was found, and the blood of all who have been killed on the earth Blood being found there means that the people there were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: "Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 19 intro h785 0 # Revelation 19 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Songs

The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

##### Wedding celebration

The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
REV 19 1 qu5h 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon. -REV 19 1 lr94 0 I heard Here "I" refers to John. -REV 19 1 nk8x 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." -REV 19 2 u1rp figs-metaphor 0 the great prostitute Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a great prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 2 ky99 figs-metonymy 0 who corrupted the earth Here "the earth" is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: "who corrupted the people of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 19 2 d9j7 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of his servants Here "the blood" is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: "murdering his servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 19 2 cj3t figs-rpronouns 0 she herself This refers to Babylon. The reflexive pronoun "herself" is used to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -REV 19 3 jm9m 0 They spoke Here "They" refers to the crowd of people in heaven. -REV 19 3 h1k4 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md). -REV 19 3 zy6e 0 smoke rises from her The word "her" refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The smoke is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: "smoke rises from that city" -REV 19 4 r43f translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 19 4 y4qd 0 the four living creatures "the four living beings" or "the four living things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) -REV 19 4 dns7 figs-activepassive 0 who was seated on the throne This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who sat on the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 5 w9qe figs-personification 0 a voice came out from the throne Here John speaks of the "voice" as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "someone spoke from the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 19 5 c3lm figs-inclusive 0 Praise our God Here "our" refers to the speaker and all God's servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) -REV 19 5 cck3 figs-explicit 0 you who fear him Here "fear" does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: "all you who honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 19 1 lr94 ἤκουσα 1 I heard Here "I" refers to John. +REV 19 1 nk8x ἁλληλουϊά 1 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." +REV 19 2 u1rp figs-metaphor τὴν τὴν μεγάλην πόρνην 1 the great prostitute Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a great prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 2 ky99 figs-metonymy ἥτις ἔφθειρεν τὴν γῆν 1 who corrupted the earth Here "the earth" is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: "who corrupted the people of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 19 2 d9j7 figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα τῶν αὐτοῦ δούλων 1 the blood of his servants Here "the blood" is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: "murdering his servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 19 2 cj3t figs-rpronouns ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς 1 she herself This refers to Babylon. The reflexive pronoun "herself" is used to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +REV 19 3 jm9m εἴρηκαν 1 They spoke Here "They" refers to the crowd of people in heaven. +REV 19 3 h1k4 ἁλληλουϊά 1 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md). +REV 19 3 zy6e καπνὸς ἀναβαίνει αὐτῆς 1 smoke rises from her The word "her" refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The smoke is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: "smoke rises from that city" +REV 19 4 r43f translate-numbers οἱ εἴκοσι- τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 19 4 y4qd τὰ τέσσερα ζῷα 1 the four living creatures "the four living beings" or "the four living things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) +REV 19 4 dns7 figs-activepassive τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ 1 who was seated on the throne This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who sat on the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 5 w9qe figs-personification φωνὴ ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου 1 a voice came out from the throne Here John speaks of the "voice" as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "someone spoke from the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 19 5 c3lm figs-inclusive αἰνεῖτε ἡμῶν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Praise our God Here "our" refers to the speaker and all God's servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) +REV 19 5 cck3 figs-explicit οἱ φοβούμενοι αὐτόν 1 you who fear him Here "fear" does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: "all you who honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 19 5 qdb3 figs-merism 0 both the unimportant and the powerful The speaker uses these words together to mean all of God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 19 6 kq7n figs-simile 0 Then I heard what sounded like the voice of a great number of people, like the roar of many waters, and like loud crashes of thunder John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large crowd of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 19 6 mdj6 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md). -REV 19 6 e3ua 0 For the Lord "Because the Lord" +REV 19 6 kq7n figs-simile καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ὄχλου πολλοῦ ὄχλου, ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν ὑδάτων, καὶ ὡς ἰσχυρῶν φωνὴν βροντῶν 1 Then I heard what sounded like the voice of a great number of people, like the roar of many waters, and like loud crashes of thunder John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large crowd of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 19 6 mdj6 ἁλληλουϊά 1 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md). +REV 19 6 e3ua ὅτι Κύριος 1 For the Lord "Because the Lord" REV 19 7 hi52 0 Connecting Statement: The voice of the crowd from the previous verse continues speaking. -REV 19 7 api6 0 Let us rejoice Here "us" refers to all of God's servants. -REV 19 7 m5av 0 give him the glory "give God the glory" or "honor God" +REV 19 7 api6 χαίρωμεν 1 Let us rejoice Here "us" refers to all of God's servants. +REV 19 7 m5av δῶμεν αὐτῷ τὴν δόξαν 1 give him the glory "give God the glory" or "honor God" REV 19 7 bwf9 figs-metaphor 0 wedding celebration of the Lamb ... his bride has made herself ready Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a wedding celebration. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 7 r5xt writing-symlanguage 0 Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 19 7 j6d7 figs-metaphor 0 has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 7 q9e4 figs-metaphor 0 his bride has made herself ready John speaks of God's people as if they were a bride who has gotten ready for her wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 8 pz72 figs-metaphor 0 She was permitted to be dressed in bright and clean fine linen Here "she" refers to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God's people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 7 r5xt writing-symlanguage Ἀρνίου 1 Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 19 7 j6d7 figs-metaphor ἦλθεν 1 has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 7 q9e4 figs-metaphor αὐτοῦ ἡ γυνὴ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν ἡτοίμασεν 1 his bride has made herself ready John speaks of God's people as if they were a bride who has gotten ready for her wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 8 pz72 figs-metaphor αὐτῇ ἐδόθη ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν βύσσινον 1 She was permitted to be dressed in bright and clean fine linen Here "she" refers to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God's people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 19 9 ayc4 0 General Information: An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). -REV 19 9 l72p figs-activepassive 0 those who are invited You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "the people whom God invites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 9 q4ya figs-metaphor 0 the wedding feast of the Lamb Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a wedding feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 10 uq6h 0 I fell down at his feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md). -REV 19 10 i2yq 0 your brothers The word "brothers" here refers to all believers, male and female. -REV 19 10 up6l figs-metaphor 0 who hold the testimony about Jesus Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: "who speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 10 rku2 figs-explicit 0 for the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy Here "spirit of prophecy" refers to God's Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 19 9 l72p figs-activepassive οἱ κεκλημένοι 1 those who are invited You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "the people whom God invites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 9 q4ya figs-metaphor τὸ τοῦ γάμου δεῖπνον τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the wedding feast of the Lamb Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a wedding feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 10 uq6h ἔπεσα ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ τῶν ποδῶν 1 I fell down at his feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md). +REV 19 10 i2yq σου τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 your brothers The word "brothers" here refers to all believers, male and female. +REV 19 10 up6l figs-metaphor τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 who hold the testimony about Jesus Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: "who speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 10 rku2 figs-explicit γὰρ ἡ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ ἐστιν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας 1 for the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy Here "spirit of prophecy" refers to God's Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 19 11 xx12 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse. -REV 19 11 m1qn 0 Then I saw heaven open This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md). -REV 19 11 hcs8 0 The one riding it The rider is Jesus. +REV 19 11 m1qn καὶ εἶδον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠνεῳγμένον 1 Then I saw heaven open This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md). +REV 19 11 hcs8 ὁ καθήμενος αὐτὸν 1 The one riding it The rider is Jesus. REV 19 11 lp9a figs-explicit 0 It is with justice that he judges and wages war Here "justice" refers to what is right. Alternate translation: "He judges all people and wages war according to what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 19 12 p9ak figs-simile 0 His eyes are like a fiery flame John speaks of the rider's eyes as if they shone like a flame of fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) REV 19 12 yhr7 figs-activepassive 0 He has a name written on him You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone has written a name on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 19 12 kk9x figs-rpronouns 0 on him that no one knows but himself "on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -REV 19 13 vny3 figs-activepassive 0 He wears a robe that was dipped in blood You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Blood had covered his robe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 13 hdk1 figs-activepassive 0 his name is called the Word of God You can state this in active form. "Word of God" here is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "his name is called the Message of God" or "his name is also the Word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 19 15 m9yn 0 Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). -REV 19 15 a88t 0 strikes down the nations "destroys the nations" or "brings the nations under his control" -REV 19 15 uq4z figs-metaphor 0 rule them with an iron rod John speaks of the rider's power as if he were ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 19 15 nb4y figs-metaphor 0 He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty John speaks of the rider's destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Here "wrath" refers to God's punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: "He crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 19 16 a61a figs-activepassive 0 He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 17 m6dt figs-metonymy 0 I saw an angel standing in the sun Here "the sun" is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: "Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 19 18 khs9 figs-merism 0 both free and slave, the unimportant and the powerful The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to mean all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 19 20 q83v figs-activepassive 0 The beast was captured and with him the false prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 20 gs37 0 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md). -REV 19 20 ht8g figs-activepassive 0 The two of them were thrown alive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the beast and the false prophet alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 13 vny3 figs-activepassive περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον βεβαμμένον αἵματι 1 He wears a robe that was dipped in blood You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Blood had covered his robe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 13 hdk1 figs-activepassive αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα κέκληται ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 his name is called the Word of God You can state this in active form. "Word of God" here is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "his name is called the Message of God" or "his name is also the Word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 19 15 m9yn ἐκ αὐτοῦ τοῦ στόματος ἐκπορεύεται ῥομφαία ὀξεῖα ῥομφαία 1 Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). +REV 19 15 a88t πατάξῃ τὰ ἔθνη 1 strikes down the nations "destroys the nations" or "brings the nations under his control" +REV 19 15 uq4z figs-metaphor ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ ῥάβδῳ 1 rule them with an iron rod John speaks of the rider's power as if he were ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 19 15 nb4y figs-metaphor αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος 1 He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty John speaks of the rider's destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Here "wrath" refers to God's punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: "He crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 19 16 a61a figs-activepassive ἔχει ὄνομα γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ τὸν μηρὸν:" 1 He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 17 m6dt figs-metonymy εἶδον ἕνα ἄγγελον ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ 1 I saw an angel standing in the sun Here "the sun" is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: "Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 19 18 khs9 figs-merism τε ἐλευθέρων καὶ δούλων, μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων 1 both free and slave, the unimportant and the powerful The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to mean all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 19 20 q83v figs-activepassive τὸ θηρίον ἐπιάσθη καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης 1 The beast was captured and with him the false prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 20 gs37 τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου 1 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md). +REV 19 20 ht8g figs-activepassive οἱ δύο ἐβλήθησαν ζῶντες 1 The two of them were thrown alive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the beast and the false prophet alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 19 20 blr1 0 the fiery lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur" -REV 19 21 h6ea figs-activepassive 0 The rest of them were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one who rode on the horse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast's armies with the sword that extended from his mouth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 19 21 qk9t 0 the sword that came out of the mouth The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). +REV 19 21 h6ea figs-activepassive οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου 1 The rest of them were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one who rode on the horse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast's armies with the sword that extended from his mouth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 19 21 qk9t τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος 1 the sword that came out of the mouth The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). REV 20 intro c7eh 0 # Revelation 20 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### The thousand-year reign of Christ

In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

##### Final rebellion

This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

##### Great white throne

This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Book of Life

This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Hades and the lake of fire
These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
REV 20 1 rkv7 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit. -REV 20 1 n8b8 0 Then I saw Here "I" refers to John. -REV 20 1 c18c 0 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). -REV 20 2 r6es writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 20 3 xj22 figs-explicit 0 sealed it over him The angel sealed the pit to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: "sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 20 3 el4f figs-metonymy 0 deceive the nations Here "nations" is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "deceive the people-groups" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 20 3 ns5x translate-numbers 0 the thousand years "1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 20 3 y9xd figs-activepassive 0 he must be set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will command the angel to free him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 1 n8b8 καὶ εἶδον 1 Then I saw Here "I" refers to John. +REV 20 1 c18c Ἀβύσσου 1 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md). +REV 20 2 r6es writing-symlanguage δράκοντα 1 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 20 3 xj22 figs-explicit ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ 1 sealed it over him The angel sealed the pit to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: "sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 20 3 el4f figs-metonymy πλανήσῃ τὰ ἔθνη 1 deceive the nations Here "nations" is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "deceive the people-groups" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 20 3 ns5x translate-numbers τὰ χίλια ἔτη 1 the thousand years "1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 20 3 y9xd figs-activepassive αὐτὸν δεῖ λυθῆναι 1 he must be set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will command the angel to free him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 20 4 lw2r 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers. -REV 20 4 qzt1 figs-activepassive 0 who had been given authority to judge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God had given authority to judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 4 u3u8 figs-activepassive 0 who had been beheaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose heads others had cut off" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 4 tut2 0 for the testimony about Jesus and for the word of God "because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God" -REV 20 4 xz5l figs-metonymy 0 for the word of God These words are a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "for what they taught about the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 20 4 cc1v 0 They came to life "They came back to life" or "They became alive again" -REV 20 5 cw4j 0 The rest of the dead "All of the other dead people" -REV 20 5 e1pm translate-numbers 0 the thousand years were ended "the end of the 1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 20 6 f3gz figs-personification 0 Over these the second death has no power Here John describes "death" as a person with power. Alternate translation: "These people will not experience the second death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 20 6 v4z3 writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 20 7 y1vw figs-activepassive 0 Satan will be released from his prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will release Satan from his prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 4 qzt1 figs-activepassive αὐτοῖς ἐδόθη κρίμα 1 who had been given authority to judge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God had given authority to judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 4 u3u8 figs-activepassive τῶν πεπελεκισμένων 1 who had been beheaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose heads others had cut off" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 4 tut2 διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 for the testimony about Jesus and for the word of God "because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God" +REV 20 4 xz5l figs-metonymy διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 for the word of God These words are a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "for what they taught about the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 20 4 cc1v ἔζησαν 1 They came to life "They came back to life" or "They became alive again" +REV 20 5 cw4j οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 The rest of the dead "All of the other dead people" +REV 20 5 e1pm translate-numbers τὰ χίλια ἔτη τελεσθῇ 1 the thousand years were ended "the end of the 1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 20 6 f3gz figs-personification ἐπὶ τούτων ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος ἔχει οὐκ ἐξουσίαν 1 Over these the second death has no power Here John describes "death" as a person with power. Alternate translation: "These people will not experience the second death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 20 6 v4z3 writing-symlanguage ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος 1 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 20 7 y1vw figs-activepassive ὁ Σατανᾶς λυθήσεται ἐκ αὐτοῦ τῆς φυλακῆς 1 Satan will be released from his prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will release Satan from his prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 20 8 g429 figs-simile 0 They will be as many as the sand of the sea This emphasizes the extremely large number of soldiers in Satan's army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 20 9 jlc6 0 They went "Satan's army went" -REV 20 9 f4t7 0 the beloved city This refers to Jerusalem. -REV 20 9 jhq8 figs-personification 0 fire came down from heaven and devoured them Here John speaks of fire as if it were alive. Alternate translation: "God sent fire from heaven to burn them up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 20 10 pif3 figs-activepassive 0 The devil, who deceived them, was thrown into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" or "God's angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 9 jlc6 ἀνέβησαν 1 They went "Satan's army went" +REV 20 9 f4t7 τὴν ἠγαπημένην τὴν πόλιν 1 the beloved city This refers to Jerusalem. +REV 20 9 jhq8 figs-personification πῦρ κατέβη ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς 1 fire came down from heaven and devoured them Here John speaks of fire as if it were alive. Alternate translation: "God sent fire from heaven to burn them up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +REV 20 10 pif3 figs-activepassive ὁ διάβολος, ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς, ἐβλήθη εἰς 1 The devil, who deceived them, was thrown into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" or "God's angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 20 10 rjv1 0 lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md). REV 20 10 faa3 figs-activepassive 0 where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where he had also thrown the beast and the false prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 10 t5h2 figs-activepassive 0 They will be tormented This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will torment them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 10 t5h2 figs-activepassive βασανισθήσονται 1 They will be tormented This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will torment them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 20 11 n8h9 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged. REV 20 11 pm1z figs-personification 0 The earth and the heaven fled away from his presence, but there was no place for them to go John describes heaven and earth as if they were people who were trying to escape God's judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 20 12 gap2 figs-activepassive 0 the books were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone opened the books" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 12 lt7k figs-activepassive 0 The dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the people who had died and now lived again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 12 vvc4 figs-activepassive 0 by what was recorded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by what he had recorded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 12 gap2 figs-activepassive βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν 1 the books were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone opened the books" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 12 lt7k figs-activepassive οἱ νεκροὶ ἐκρίθησαν 1 The dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the people who had died and now lived again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 12 vvc4 figs-activepassive ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων 1 by what was recorded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by what he had recorded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 20 13 ea2h figs-personification 0 The sea gave up the dead ... Death and Hades gave up the dead Here John speaks of the sea, death, and Hades as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -REV 20 13 bg4u figs-activepassive 0 the dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 13 pk3k figs-metonymy 0 Hades Here "Hades" is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 20 14 lw6b figs-activepassive 0 Death and Hades were thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw Death and Hades" or "God's angel threw Death and Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 14 qv55 writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 20 15 c9pb figs-activepassive 0 If anyone's name was not found written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If God's angel did not find a person's name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 20 15 wq31 figs-activepassive 0 he was thrown into the lake of fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw him into the lake of fire" or "the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 13 bg4u figs-activepassive ἐκρίθησαν 1 the dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 13 pk3k figs-metonymy ὁ ᾍδης 1 Hades Here "Hades" is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 20 14 lw6b figs-activepassive ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἐβλήθησαν 1 Death and Hades were thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw Death and Hades" or "God's angel threw Death and Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 14 qv55 writing-symlanguage ὁ ὁ δεύτερός θάνατος 1 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 20 15 c9pb figs-activepassive εἴ τις' τις εὑρέθη οὐχ εὑρέθη γεγραμμένος 1 If anyone's name was not found written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If God's angel did not find a person's name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 20 15 wq31 figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός 1 he was thrown into the lake of fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw him into the lake of fire" or "the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 21 intro pai8 0 # Revelation 21 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Second death

Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

#### Important figures of speech in this chapter

##### Book of Life

This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### New heaven and new earth

It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
REV 21 1 tj16 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem. -REV 21 1 vks1 0 I saw Here "I" refers to John. -REV 21 2 er4u figs-simile 0 like a bride adorned for her husband This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 21 3 i8za figs-metonymy 0 a great voice from the throne saying The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly from the throne saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 21 3 gk3m 0 Look! The word "Look" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. +REV 21 1 vks1 εἶδον 1 I saw Here "I" refers to John. +REV 21 2 er4u figs-simile ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς τῷ ἀνδρὶ 1 like a bride adorned for her husband This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 21 3 i8za figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης φωνῆς ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης 1 a great voice from the throne saying The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly from the throne saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 21 3 gk3m ἰδοὺ! 1 Look! The word "Look" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. REV 21 3 hpt1 figs-parallelism 0 The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -REV 21 4 w39g figs-metonymy 0 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 21 5 rq2q figs-metonymy 0 these words are trustworthy and true Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: "this message is trustworthy and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 21 6 dq8n figs-parallelism 0 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God's eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 21 6 li7s figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 21 6 bf1p 0 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things." +REV 21 4 w39g figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ αὐτῶν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 21 5 rq2q figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι εἰσιν πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί 1 these words are trustworthy and true Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: "this message is trustworthy and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 21 6 dq8n figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God's eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 21 6 li7s figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 21 6 bf1p ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things." REV 21 6 wk2c figs-metaphor 0 To the one who thirsts ... water of life God speaks of a person's desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 21 7 vms6 0 Connecting Statement: The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John. -REV 21 8 hma7 0 the cowards "those who are too afraid to do what is right" -REV 21 8 k8yp 0 the detestable "those who do terrible things" +REV 21 8 hma7 τοῖς δειλοῖς 1 the cowards "those who are too afraid to do what is right" +REV 21 8 k8yp ἀπίστοις ἐβδελυγμένοις 1 the detestable "those who do terrible things" REV 21 8 zu27 0 the fiery lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md). -REV 21 8 k1hl writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](./08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 21 9 cf2m figs-personification 0 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 21 9 bil2 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background 0 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -REV 21 11 g44j 0 Jerusalem This refers to the "Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven" that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem. -REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism 0 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -REV 21 11 n51z 0 crystal-clear "extremely clear" -REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown 0 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 21 12 j9eb translate-numbers 0 twelve gates "12 gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -REV 21 12 qgh3 figs-activepassive 0 were written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 21 14 mm12 0 Lamb This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). -REV 21 16 fs8z translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand stadia "12,000 stadia." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "2,200 kilometers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -REV 21 17 eut1 translate-numbers 0 144 cubits "one hundred forty-four cubits." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "66 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -REV 21 18 g7w8 figs-activepassive 0 The wall was built of jasper and the city of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 21 18 n3hu figs-simile 0 pure gold, like clear glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -REV 21 18 h239 translate-unknown 0 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive 0 The foundations of the wall were adorned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone adorned the foundations of the wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 8 k1hl writing-symlanguage ὁ ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος 1 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](./08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 21 9 cf2m figs-personification τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 21 9 bil2 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἀπήνεγκέν ἐν Πνεύματι 1 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +REV 21 11 g44j ἔχουσαν 1 Jerusalem This refers to the "Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven" that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem. +REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ λίθῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι- κρυσταλλίζοντι ἰάσπιδι 1 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +REV 21 11 n51z κρυσταλλίζοντι- κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 crystal-clear "extremely clear" +REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown ἰάσπιδι 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 21 12 j9eb translate-numbers δώδεκα πυλῶνας 1 twelve gates "12 gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +REV 21 12 qgh3 figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένα 1 were written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 14 mm12 Ἀρνίου 1 Lamb This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). +REV 21 16 fs8z translate-numbers δώδεκα χιλιάδων σταδίων 1 twelve thousand stadia "12,000 stadia." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "2,200 kilometers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +REV 21 17 eut1 translate-numbers πηχῶν 1 144 cubits "one hundred forty-four cubits." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "66 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +REV 21 18 g7w8 figs-activepassive τοῦ τείχους ἡ ἐνδώμησις ἴασπις καὶ ἡ πόλις καθαρὸν χρυσίον καθαρὸν 1 The wall was built of jasper and the city of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 18 n3hu figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον καθαρῷ ὑάλῳ 1 pure gold, like clear glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 21 18 h239 translate-unknown ἴασπις 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους κεκοσμημένοι 1 The foundations of the wall were adorned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone adorned the foundations of the wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 21 19 ke4b translate-unknown 0 jasper ... sapphire ... agate ... emerald These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) REV 21 20 a2tm translate-unknown 0 onyx ... chrysolite ... beryl ... topaz ... chrysoprase ... jacinth ... amethyst These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -REV 21 21 g75r figs-activepassive 0 each of the gates was made from a single pearl This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile 0 pure gold, like transparent glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown μαργαρῖται 1 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +REV 21 21 g75r figs-activepassive ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου 1 each of the gates was made from a single pearl This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile καθαρὸν χρυσίον, ὡς διαυγής ὕαλος 1 pure gold, like transparent glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) REV 21 22 m2ew figs-metaphor 0 Lord God ... and the Lamb are its temple The temple represented God's presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 21 23 v2m9 figs-metaphor 0 its lamp is the Lamb Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy 0 The nations will walk The words "the nations" are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. "Walk" here is a metaphor for "live." Alternate translation: "The people from all the different nations will live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 21 25 lq1z figs-activepassive 0 Its gates will not be shut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will shut the gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 21 26 ps25 0 They will bring "The kings of the earth will bring" +REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy τὰ ἔθνη περιπατήσουσιν 1 The nations will walk The words "the nations" are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. "Walk" here is a metaphor for "live." Alternate translation: "The people from all the different nations will live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 21 25 lq1z figs-activepassive αὐτῆς οἱ πυλῶνες κλεισθῶσιν οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν 1 Its gates will not be shut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will shut the gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 26 ps25 οἴσουσιν 1 They will bring "The kings of the earth will bring" REV 21 27 n3nh figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive 0 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's Book of Life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ τοῦ Ἀρνίου' τοῦ Ἀρνίου βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς 1 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's Book of Life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage τῷ τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) REV 22 intro e1ya 0 # Revelation 22 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting

This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

##### Tree of life

There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

##### Alpha and omega

These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English.
## Links:

* __[Revelation 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__

__[<<](../21/intro.md) | __
REV 22 1 b1ad 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him. -REV 22 1 uu7b 0 showed me Here "me" refers to John. -REV 22 1 vl23 0 the river of the water of life "the river flowing with life-giving water" -REV 22 1 yn2p figs-metaphor 0 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 22 1 mxp4 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -REV 22 2 l2aq figs-metonymy 0 the nations Here "nations" refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: "the people of all nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 22 3 d5fq 0 There will no longer be any curse Possible meanings are 1) "There will never be anyone there that God will curse" or 2) "There will not be anyone there who is under God's curse" -REV 22 3 by36 0 his servants will serve him Possible meanings of "his" and "him" are 1) both words refer to God the Father, or 2) both words refer to both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one. -REV 22 4 zy4x figs-idiom 0 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God's presence. Alternate translation: "They will be in God's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +REV 22 1 uu7b ἔδειξέν μοι 1 showed me Here "me" refers to John. +REV 22 1 vl23 ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the river of the water of life "the river flowing with life-giving water" +REV 22 1 yn2p figs-metaphor ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 22 1 mxp4 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +REV 22 2 l2aq figs-metonymy θεραπείαν τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations Here "nations" refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: "the people of all nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 22 3 d5fq ἔσται οὐκ ἔτι ἔσται πᾶν κατάθεμα 1 There will no longer be any curse Possible meanings are 1) "There will never be anyone there that God will curse" or 2) "There will not be anyone there who is under God's curse" +REV 22 3 by36 αὐτοῦ οἱ δοῦλοι λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ 1 his servants will serve him Possible meanings of "his" and "him" are 1) both words refer to God the Father, or 2) both words refer to both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one. +REV 22 4 zy4x figs-idiom ὄψονται αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον 1 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God's presence. Alternate translation: "They will be in God's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) REV 22 6 j51i figs-explicit 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the end of John's vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 22 6 xaw8 figs-metonymy 0 These words are trustworthy and true Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: "This message is trustworthy and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 22 6 cr31 figs-metonymy 0 the God of the spirits of the prophets Possible meanings are 1) the word "spirits" refers to the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: "God who inspires the prophets" or 2) the word "spirits" refers to the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: "God who gives his Spirit to the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 22 7 p72h 0 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word "Look" adds emphasis to what follows. +REV 22 6 cr31 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the God of the spirits of the prophets Possible meanings are 1) the word "spirits" refers to the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: "God who inspires the prophets" or 2) the word "spirits" refers to the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: "God who gives his Spirit to the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 22 7 p72h ἰδοὺ! 1 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word "Look" adds emphasis to what follows. REV 22 7 afr9 figs-explicit 0 I am coming soon! It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: "I am coming to judge soon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 22 8 xr17 0 General Information: John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel. -REV 22 8 uvk3 0 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md). +REV 22 8 uvk3 ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν 1 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md). REV 22 10 gqa8 0 Connecting Statement: The angel finishes speaking to John. REV 22 10 ct48 figs-explicit 0 Do not seal up ... this book To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: "Do not keep secret ... this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 22 10 xc15 figs-metonymy 0 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 22 10 xc15 figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου τοῦ βιβλίου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) REV 22 12 idc6 writing-endofstory 0 General Information: As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism 0 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 22 13 uup6 figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 22 13 cpl9 figs-merism 0 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -REV 22 13 nnm2 0 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). +REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 22 13 uup6 figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 22 13 cpl9 figs-merism ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +REV 22 13 nnm2 ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). REV 22 14 r16s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues giving his closing greeting. -REV 22 14 i54w figs-metaphor 0 those who wash their robes Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one's clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: "those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 22 15 aw1h 0 Outside This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter. +REV 22 14 i54w figs-metaphor οἱ πλύνοντες αὐτῶν τὰς στολὰς 1 those who wash their robes Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one's clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: "those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 22 15 aw1h ἔξω 1 Outside This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter. REV 22 15 tkd7 figs-metaphor 0 are the dogs In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word "dogs" is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -REV 22 16 pu85 figs-you 0 to testify to you Here the word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-metaphor 0 the root and the descendant of David The words "root" and "descendant" mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a "descendant" as if he were a "root" that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor 0 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated "morning star" in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 22 16 pu85 figs-you μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν 1 to testify to you Here the word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 the root and the descendant of David The words "root" and "descendant" mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a "descendant" as if he were a "root" that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor ὁ ὁ λαμπρός ὁ πρωϊνός ἀστὴρ 1 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated "morning star" in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 22 17 gig5 0 Connecting Statement: This verse is a response to what Jesus said. -REV 22 17 lt8j figs-metaphor 0 the Bride Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit 0 Come! Possible meanings are 1) that this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: "Come and drink!" or 2) that this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: "Please come!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +REV 22 17 lt8j figs-metaphor ἡ νύμφη 1 the Bride Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit ," ἔρχου!" 1 Come! Possible meanings are 1) that this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: "Come and drink!" or 2) that this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: "Please come!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) REV 22 17 e2m5 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever is thirsty ... the water of life A person's desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor 0 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) REV 22 18 fd5l 0 General Information: John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation. -REV 22 18 d95j 0 I testify Here "I" refers to John. -REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy 0 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -REV 22 18 jzu8 0 If anyone adds to them ... God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy. -REV 22 18 d4sc figs-activepassive 0 that are written about in this book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which I have written about in this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +REV 22 18 d95j ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ 1 I testify Here "I" refers to John. +REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ τούτου βιβλίου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +REV 22 18 jzu8 : ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ὁ Θεὸς ἐπιθήσει 1 If anyone adds to them ... God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy. +REV 22 18 d4sc figs-activepassive τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τούτῳ τῷ βιβλίῳ 1 that are written about in this book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which I have written about in this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) REV 22 19 ss3y 0 If anyone takes away ... God will take away This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy. REV 22 20 u6mb 0 General Information: In these verses John gives his and Jesus' closing greetings. -REV 22 20 y9p2 0 The one who testifies "Jesus, who testifies" -REV 22 21 xr3d 0 with everyone "with every one of you" +REV 22 20 y9p2 ὁ μαρτυρῶν 1 The one who testifies "Jesus, who testifies" +REV 22 21 xr3d 0 with everyone "with every one of you" \ No newline at end of file