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@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:14 j028 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בוֹאָ֗⁠הּ 1 The author assumes that his readers will understand what he means by this phrase. This could mean: (1) that Aksah came to Kiriath Sepher in order to marry Othniel and that she made this **request** when she arrived and saw the land that Caleb had given to him. Alternate translation: “when Aksah arrived at Kiriath Sepher” (2) that the author is using this expression to describe Aksah entering Othniel’s household as his wife. Alternate translation: “once Aksah had married Othniel”
1:14 u3cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תְּסִיתֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ לִ⁠שְׁא֤וֹל & הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה\n 1 The author is leaving implicit who was to make this request. The meaning does not seem to be that Aksah persuaded Othniel that he should **request** this **field** from Caleb, since he is not the one who asks; she is. In this culture, a young man such as Othniel may not have had the standing to make this kind of request from a leader such as Caleb. So the meaning seems to be that Aksah persuaded Othniel that she should ask for the field. In this culture, a daughter may have been able to make such a request of her father. Alternate translation: “that she persuaded him to allow her to request the field”
1:14 j029 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵֽ⁠אֵת־אָבִ֨י⁠הָ֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה 1 The author has a particular **field** in view. The narrative suggests implicitly that Caleb had given some land to Othniel but that it was arid territory. It suggests further that near this land, there was some ground that was suitable for cultivation because it was watered by springs. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from her father some land that was nearby the land that he had already given to Othniel and that was watered by springs and so could be cultivated”
1:14 j030 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה־לָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Caleb is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “What would you like me to do for you?”
1:14 j030 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה־לָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Caleb is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “What can to do for you?”
1:15 j031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative הָֽבָ⁠ה 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please give”
1:15 j032 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְרָכָ֗ה 1 In this context, the word **blessing** is an abstract noun. It does not refer to something that someone would say to cause good and beneficial things to happen to a person. Instead, it refers to a good and beneficial thing itself. If your language does not use abstract nouns in this way, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something that will benefit me”
1:15 j033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֥ה לִ֖⁠י 1 Aksah is using a verb form that could either indicate what a person ought to do or what a person is going to do. This could mean: (1) that since the land Caleb gave Aksah and Othniel was dry, he also ought to give them some land with springs of water. Alternate translation: “you should also give me” (2) that Aksah is answering Caleb’s question and this is implicitly her request. Alternate translation: “my request is that you will also give me”
@ -74,8 +74,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:18 j043 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־עַזָּ֣ה & וְ⁠אֶֽת־אַשְׁקְל֖וֹן & וְ⁠אֶת־עֶקְר֖וֹן 1 The words **Gaza**, **Ashkelon**, and **Ekron** are the names of cities.
1:19 j044 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יְהִ֤י 1 The author is using this expression to introduce information about what was happening behind the scenes in this story and also to introduce an overall theme for [1:19–36](../01/19.md). In a way that was not visible, Yahweh was helping the Israelites to defeat the Canaanites. Nevertheless, the Israelite tribes did not drive the Canaanite nations completely out of their assigned territories. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
1:19 vtq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהוָה֙ אֶתּ־יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 The author is speaking as if Yahweh had literally been present **with** the army of Judah as it fought to conquer its assigned territory. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped Judah”
1:19 j045 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶתּ־יְהוּדָ֔ה וַ⁠יֹּ֖רֶשׁ 1 The author is using the name **Judah** by association to mean the army that belonged to the tribe of Judah. See how you translated the same expression in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “the army of the tribe of Judah and it possessed”
1:19 j046 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֶ֥כֶב בַּרְזֶ֖ל 1 The metal **iron** was barely used during this time period, so this is not a reference to chariots entirely made of **iron**. Those would have been too heavy for any practical use in warfare anyway. It is probably a reference by association to chariots whose wheels or floor were strengthened with iron or that had iron studs or points to make them more destructive when used in ramming. Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
1:19 j046 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֶ֥כֶב בַּרְזֶ֖ל 1 The metal **iron** was barely used during this time period, so this is not a reference to chariots entirely made of **iron**. Those would have been too heavy for any practical use in warfare anyway. It is probably a reference to chariots whose wheels or floor were strengthened with iron or that had iron studs or points to make them more destructive when used in ramming. Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
1:20 ys79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ 1 The pronoun **they** refers to the people of the tribe of Judah and most likely to their leaders. While Moses had originally promised **Hebron** to **Caleb** in [Numbers 14:24](../num/14/24.md) and Joshua had confirmed this in [Joshua 14:6–15](../jos/14/06.md), the leaders of Judah confirmed this again when they conquered their assigned territory. Alternate translation: “But the leaders of the tribe of Judah gave”
1:20 eml1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶת־שְׁלֹשָׁ֖ה בְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠עֲנָֽק 1 The author is speaking of the three clans that lived in and around the city of Hebron as if they were the literal **sons** of their ancestor Anak. (These clans are named in [1:10](../01/10.md).) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the three clans descended from Anak”
1:20 tyj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠עֲנָֽק 1 The word **Anak** is the name of a man. The author seems to be using the definite article **the** to indicate that he has a specific **Anak** in mind, the man who was the ancestor of these clans. Your language might naturally use a demonstrative pronoun for this purpose. Alternate translation: “the well-known Anak”
@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:21 j048 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י בִנְיָמִ֑ן & אֶת־בְּנֵ֤י בִנְיָמִן֙ 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” The author is describing the people of the tribe of Benjamin as descendants of their ancestor Benjamin. The reference in the first instance is specifically to the army of this tribe; it seems to be generally to the people of the tribe in the second instance. Alternate translation: “the army of the tribe of Benjamin … with the people of the tribe of Benjamin”
1:21 l6aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The author is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time, the time when he was writing this book. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “right up to this time”
1:22 da33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵית־יוֹסֵ֛ף 1 Here the term **house** means all the people descended from a particular person. It envisions them as if they were one household living together. So **the house of Joseph** means all the people descended from the patriarch Joseph. By this time, those descendants had become the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” or “the armies of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh”
1:22 j049 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה עִמָּֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:19](../01/19.md). Alternate translation: “and Yahweh helped them”
1:22 j049 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה עִמָּֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:19](../01/19.md).
1:23 j050 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵית־יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 See how you translated the expression **the house of Joseph** in the previous verse.
1:23 vx3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠שֵׁם־הָ⁠עִ֥יר לְ⁠פָנִ֖ים לֽוּז 1 Here the author is providing background information to help readers understand what is happening in the story. The author probably wrote this because his readers knew this city as **Bethel**. But at the time when Israel attacked it, it was called **Luz**. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. You may also wish to mark it in some way as background information, such as by putting it in parentheses as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “Bethel used to be called Luz”
1:23 j051 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לֽוּז 1 The word **Luz** is the name of a city.
@ -95,7 +94,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:27 va98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־בֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן & וְ⁠אֶת־תַּעְנַ֣ךְ & ד֜וֹר & יִבְלְעָם֙ & מְגִדּ֖וֹ 1 The words **Beth Shan**, **Taanach**, **Dor**, **Ibleam**, and **Megiddo** are the names of cities.
1:27 j054 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנוֹתֶי⁠הָ֮ 1 The author is speaking as if the villages surrounding the cities named in this verse were literally their **daughters**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or the people who lived in the surrounding villages”
1:28 m64k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָזַ֣ק יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י לָ⁠מַ֑ס 1 The author is using the name **Israel** by association to mean the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelites became strong and they put the Canaanites to forced labor”
1:29 ek8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the author is using the name of the tribe of **Ephraim** by association to mean the people and especially the army of that tribe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly here and in the similar instances in the rest of the chapter. Alternate translation: “And the people of Ephraim” or “And the army of Ephraim”
1:29 u8mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠גָ֑זֶר 1 The word **Gezer** is the name of a city.
1:30 j055 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִטְר֔וֹן & נַהֲלֹ֑ל 1 The words **Kitron** and **Nahalol** are the names of cities.
1:31 b612 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַכּ֔וֹ & צִיד֑וֹן וְ⁠אֶת־אַחְלָ֤ב וְ⁠אֶת־אַכְזִיב֙ וְ⁠אֶת־חֶלְבָּ֔ה וְ⁠אֶת־אֲפִ֖יק וְ⁠אֶת־רְחֹֽב 1 The words **Akko**, **Sidon**, **Ahlab**, **Akzib**, **Heblah**, **Aphek**, and **Rehob** are the names of cities.
@ -111,9 +109,9 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:35 qdbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּהְי֖וּ לָ⁠מַֽס 1 The pronoun **they** refers to **the Amorite**, that is, the people group of the Amorites. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and the Amorites were put to forced labor”
1:36 j061 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּ⁠גְבוּל֙ הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י 1 The author is introducing background information that is not part of the main story. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
1:36 g7nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate מִֽ⁠מַּעֲלֵ֖ה עַקְרַבִּ֑ים 1 **Akrabbim** is a Hebrew word that the ULT has spelled out using English letters so that readers will know how it sounds. The word means “scorpions” in Hebrew, and here it is the name of a place. In your translation you could spell this name the way it sounds in your language, or you could express its meaning as a name. Alternate translation: “was from Scorpion Pass”
1:36 qr2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠הַ⁠סֶּ֖לַע 1 The word translated as **cliff** could be the name of a place. Alternate translation: “from Sela”
1:36 qr2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠הַ⁠סֶּ֖לַע 1 The word **Sela** also means "cliff." Alternate translation: “from the cliff”
2:intro mf6a 0 # Judges 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n- Verses 1–5: The angel of Yahweh appears to the Israelites at Bokim\n- Verses 6–10: Review: the Israelites worshiped and obeyed Yahweh during the lifetimes of Joshua and the elders\n- Verses 11–23: The Israelites disobeyed Yahweh and worshiped other gods afterwards, so Yahweh let other nations conquer them\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Joshua reappears in the story after it tells how he died\n\nIn Judges 2:6–9, the author repeats Joshua 24:28-31 to remind readers how the people of Israel served Yahweh faithfully when they first arrived in the land of Canaan. This is background information. After these verses, the main story of the book of Judges begins. It is about how the Israelites then worshiped other gods, but Yahweh repeatedly brought them back to himself and delivered them from their enemies when they repented. It may seem strange for the book to speak of Joshua doing something, since it begins “after the death of Joshua.” So you can translate this in a way that shows that the author is providing background information by describing something that happened in the past. See the note at 2:6 for a specific suggestion.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nIn this chapter, the author uses the word “fathers” several times to mean “ancestors.” He is not speaking of the immediate male parents of the Israelites, but of the generations who lived before them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Symbolic action\n\nIn this chapter, the author speaks of the Israelites bowing down to idols that represented foreign gods. This was a symbolic action that constituted a public act of worship, so it represented a definitive expression of allegiance to those gods. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. When the book says that the Israelites bowed down to foreign gods, you could say, for example, that they “worshiped them by bowing down to them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-symaction]])
2:1 tt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַלְאַךְ־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The phrase **the angel of Yahweh** could mean: (1) “an angel who represented Yahweh” or “a messenger who served Yahweh.” (2) Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to the Israelites. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself were talking. In your translation, use the words you have already been using for “angel” and “Yahweh” in the phrase **the angel of Yahweh**. This will allow for different interpretations of that phrase. Alternate translation: “an angel from Yahweh” or “an angel sent by Yahweh” or “Yahweh, who looked like an angel,”
2:1 tt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַלְאַךְ־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The phrase **the angel of Yahweh** could mean: (1) “an angel who represented Yahweh” (2) Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to the Israelites. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself were talking. In your translation, use the words you have already been using for “angel” and “Yahweh” in the phrase **the angel of Yahweh**. This will allow for different interpretations of that phrase. Alternate translation: “an angel from Yahweh” or “an angel sent by Yahweh” or “Yahweh, who looked like an angel,”
2:1 x66i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠בֹּכִ֑ים 1 The word **Bokim** is the name of a place. The Israelites actually give the place this name at the end of this episode, in [2:5](../02/05.md), but the author is using it here because his readers knew the place by that name. See the UST for one way to handle this issue.
2:1 te37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ 1 The author is leaving some information implicit that he assumes readers will understand. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and said to the Israelites, who had gathered there,”
2:1 im2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense אַעֲלֶ֨ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם 1 The angel, speaking on behalf of Yahweh, is using the present tense to describe a past event. He may be doing that because delivering the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and settling them in the land of Canaan together constitute a single work on their behalf that was still ongoing at this point. However, if it would not be natural for a speaker of your language to use the present tense in such a context, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “I brought you up from Egypt”
@ -123,8 +121,8 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:2 gob6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא־שְׁמַעְתֶּ֥ם בְּ⁠קֹלִ֖⁠י 1 As the General Introduction to Judges discusses, here the word **heard** has the specific sense of “obeyed.” Alternate translation: “But you have not obeyed my voice”
2:2 syq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹֽא־שְׁמַעְתֶּ֥ם בְּ⁠קֹלִ֖⁠י 1 The angel, speaking on behalf of Yahweh, is using the word **voice** by association to mean what he said by using his voice. Alternate translation: “But you have disobeyed what I commanded”
2:2 w8ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֥את עֲשִׂיתֶֽם 1 The angel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not have done this!”
2:3 kdq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠גַ֣ם אָמַ֔רְתִּי לֹֽא־אֲגָרֵ֥שׁ אוֹתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ לְ⁠צִדִּ֔ים וֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם יִהְי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. (See the next note for another way to do this.) Alternate translation: “And I have also said that I would not expel them from before you, but they would be to you like thorns in your sides, and their gods would be a snare to you”
2:3 j064 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠גַ֣ם אָמַ֔רְתִּי 1 The angel, speaking on behalf of Yahweh, assumes that the Israelites will know when he **also said** this. In [Numbers 33:55](../num/33/55.md), Yahweh told the Israelites that if they did not drive out the Canaanites, the ones who remained would be thorns in their sides. In [Joshua 23:12–13](../jos/23/12.md), Joshua warned the Israelites that if they made treaties with the Canaanite nations and intermarried with them, then Yahweh would no longer dispossess those nations and they would be thorns and a snare to the Israelites. So the angel seems to be indicating that Joshua was speaking on behalf of Yahweh when Joshua said that Yahweh would no longer drive out the Canaanites. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And as I said through Joshua, I will not expel them from the face of you, but they will be to you in the sides, and their gods will be to you for a snare”
2:3 kdq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠גַ֣ם אָמַ֔רְתִּי לֹֽא־אֲגָרֵ֥שׁ אוֹתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ לְ⁠צִדִּ֔ים וֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם יִהְי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And I have also said that I would not expel them from before you, but they would be to you like thorns in your sides, and their gods would be a snare to you”
2:3 j064 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠גַ֣ם אָמַ֔רְתִּי 1 The angel, speaking on behalf of Yahweh, assumes that the Israelites will know when he **also said** this. In [Numbers 33:55](../num/33/55.md), Yahweh told the Israelites that if they did not drive out the Canaanites, the ones who remained would be thorns in their sides. In [Joshua 23:12–13](../jos/23/12.md), Joshua warned the Israelites that if they made treaties with the Canaanite nations and intermarried with them, then Yahweh would no longer dispossess those nations and they would be thorns and a snare to the Israelites. So the angel seems to be indicating that Joshua was speaking on behalf of Yahweh when Joshua said that Yahweh would no longer drive out the Canaanites. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And as I said through Joshua”
2:3 j065 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ לְ⁠צִדִּ֔ים 1 The angel is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but they will be thorns in your sides”
2:3 plg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ לְ⁠צִדִּ֔ים 1 Yahweh spoke as if the Canaanites would literally be thorns in the **sides** of the Israelites. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but they will continually cause trouble for you”
2:3 b6w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם יִהְי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ 1 Yahweh spoke as if the **gods** of the Canaanites would literally be a **snare** in which the Israelites would be caught. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and worshiping their gods will be the cause of your destruction”
@ -145,9 +143,8 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:8 xfn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֶּן־מֵאָ֥ה וָ⁠עֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 In certain contexts, the expression **son of** indicates that a person shares the qualities of something. In cases such as this, it specifically describes how old a person is. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he was 110 years old”
2:9 j233 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֤וּ אוֹת⁠וֹ֙ 1 If you have been translating these verses in a way that shows they are background information, you can continue to do that here. Alternate translation: “And they had buried him”
2:9 j071 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֤וּ אוֹת⁠וֹ֙ 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “And he was buried”
2:9 yk2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠תִמְנַת־חֶ֖רֶס & גָּֽעַשׁ 1 The words **Timnath Heres** are the name of an area, and the word **Gaash** is the name of a mountain.
2:9 yk2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠תִמְנַת־חֶ֖רֶס & גָּֽעַשׁ 1 The words **Timnath Heres** are the name of an area.
2:10 j072 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠גַם֙ כָּל־הַ⁠דּ֣וֹר הַ⁠ה֔וּא נֶאֶסְפ֖וּ אֶל־אֲבוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was Yahweh. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh also gathered all of that generation to its fathers”
2:10 r6cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠גַם֙ & נֶאֶסְפ֖וּ אֶל־אֲבוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the author is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And … also joined its ancestors in death”
2:10 umh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠גַם֙ & נֶאֶסְפ֖וּ אֶל־אֲבוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The author is using **gathered to its fathers** to mean that the people of that generation died. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And … also passed away”
2:10 j073 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹא־יָֽדְעוּ֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠גַם֙ אֶת־הַֽ⁠מַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “who did not know Yahweh and also did not know the deed that he had done for Israel”
2:10 j074 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַֽ⁠מַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה 1 Since the author is referring to all of the things that **Yahweh … had done for Israel**, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **deed** as in [2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “the deeds”
@ -157,11 +154,11 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:12 n4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֞וּ אַחֲרֵ֣י ׀ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֗ים 1 The author is speaking as if the Israelites literally **went after** the false gods that they worshiped, that is, as if they walked somewhere following them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they served other gods”
2:12 w9r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲו֖וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, bowing down to these gods was a symbolic action that was an act of worship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and they worshiped them by bowing down to them”
2:13 ddu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠לָ⁠עַשְׁתָּרֽוֹת 1 The word **Ashtoreths** is the plural of the name Ashtoreth. This was a false goddess who was worshiped in many different forms. If using the plural name in your translation would not be clear for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “many false goddesses”
2:14 j076 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֤ף יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 As the Introduction to Judges discusses, the author is using the term **nose** to mean anger, by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “in his anger”
2:14 j076 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֤ף יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 As the Introduction to Judges discusses, the author is using the term **nose** to mean anger, by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh became very angry with Israel”
2:14 r6xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֤ף יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The author is speaking as if Yahweh’s anger literally **burned**, as if it were a fire. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh became furious with Israel”
2:14 bjf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠יַד־שֹׁסִ֔ים 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he gave plunderers power over them”
2:14 v1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יִּמְכְּרֵ֞⁠ם בְּ⁠יַ֤ד אֽוֹיְבֵי⁠הֶם֙ מִ⁠סָּבִ֔יב 1 The author is speaking as if Yahweh had literally **sold** the Israelites as slaves to the hostile nations around them. (Here, **hand** represents possession, by association with the way that people may hold something that they own in their hands. It was as if the hostile nations owned the Israelites as their slaves.) He means that the Israelites became subject to those nations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he made them subjects of the enemies that surrounded them”
2:14 j077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹֽא־יָכְל֣וּ ע֔וֹד לַ⁠עֲמֹ֖ד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אוֹיְבֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The author is speaking as if the Israelites could literally not **stand** up in the presence of their **enemies**. (As the Introduction to Joshua discusses, here **face** represents their presence, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they were no longer able to resist their enemies”
2:14 j077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹֽא־יָכְל֣וּ ע֔וֹד לַ⁠עֲמֹ֖ד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אוֹיְבֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The author is speaking as if the Israelites could literally not **stand** up in the presence of their **enemies**. (As the Introduction to Judges discusses, here **face** represents their presence, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they were no longer able to resist their enemies”
2:15 b13p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַד־יְהוָה֙ הָיְתָה־בָּ֣⁠ם 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against them”
2:15 j078 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two expressions connected with **and**. The word **sworn** tells in what way Yahweh **spoke.** Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had said solemnly that he would do”
2:15 n59g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֵּ֥צֶר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 The author is speaking as if the Israelites were literally brought into a place where they had very little room on either side of them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they were in great distress”
@ -182,7 +179,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:19 j082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִ⁠מַּ֣עַלְלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וּ⁠מִ⁠דַּרְכָּ֖⁠ם\n 1 The terms **deeds** and **ways** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. The UST models one way to do this.
2:20 b7rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “So Yahweh became furious with Israel”
2:20 j083 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹ֥א שָׁמְע֖וּ לְ⁠קוֹלִֽ⁠י 1 Yahweh is using the word **voice** to represent what he said by using his voice, and he is using the term **listened** to mean by association “obey.” See how you translated the similar expression in [2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “and they have not obeyed what I commanded”
2:22 j084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לְמַ֛עַן נַסּ֥וֹת בָּ֖⁠ם אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל הֲ⁠שֹׁמְרִ֣ים הֵם֩ אֶת־דֶּ֨רֶךְ יְהוָ֜ה לָ⁠לֶ֣כֶת בָּ֗⁠ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר שָׁמְר֥וּ אֲבוֹתָ֖⁠ם אִם־לֹֽא 1 It may be more natural in your language to have a direct quotation here, that is, to translate this as if Yahweh were asking himself a direct question. Alternate translation: “for the testing of Israel by them. Will they be keeping the way of Yahweh, to walk in them as that their fathers kept {them}, or not?”
2:22 n194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠שֹׁמְרִ֣ים הֵם֩ אֶת־דֶּ֨רֶךְ יְהוָ֜ה לָ⁠לֶ֣כֶת בָּ֗⁠ם 1 See how you translated the similar expression with **way** and **walk** in [2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “are they living in the manner that Yahweh wishes, obeying his commandments”
2:22 j085 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת־דֶּ֨רֶךְ יְהוָ֜ה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “my way”
2:22 j086 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ⁠לֶ֣כֶת בָּ֗⁠ם 1 Since the pronoun **them** is plural, it is not a reference back to the **way** of Yahweh. It is probably a reference instead to the commandments of Yahweh, which were mentioned in the corresponding phrase in [2:17](../02/17.md). It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “to walk in his commandments” or “to obey his commandments”
@ -194,7 +190,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
3:2 j089 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֥א יְדָעֽוּ⁠ם 1 This instance of the pronoun **them** refers to the wars against the Canaanites described in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “had not experienced these wars”
3:3 j090 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠צִּ֣ידֹנִ֔י וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִוִּ֔י 1 The author is not referring to a specific **Canaanite**, **Sidonian**, or **Hivite**. He means the members of those people groups in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites and Sidonians and Hivites”
3:3 upq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠הַר֙ בַּ֣עַל חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 **Mount Baal Hermon** seems to be another name for the mountain that was also known as Mount Hermon. This is the tallest mountain in Israel. It is at the southern tip of the Lebanon mountain range.
3:4 f89f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations הֲ⁠יִשְׁמְעוּ֙ אֶת־מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 It may be more natural in your language to have a direct quotation here. Alternate translation: “'Will they hear the commandments of Yahweh, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses?'”
3:4 ybw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠יִשְׁמְעוּ֙ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “whether they would obey”
3:4 j091 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֶת־מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 For emphasis, the author is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “the commandments that Yahweh ordered their fathers to obey”
3:4 j092 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 The author is using the **hand** of Moses to represent Moses himself in the act of giving **the commandments of Yahweh** to Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through Moses”
@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
3:19 q56y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠פְּסִילִים֙ 1 See the General Notes to this chapter for a discussion of what these **carved images** might have been and for some suggestions of how to describe them in your translation.
3:19 j106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 The author is leaving some information implicit that he assumes readers will understand. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he returned to King Eglon. Ehud said to him”
3:19 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דְּבַר־סֵ֥תֶר לִ֛⁠י אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **secrecy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “I have something secret to tell you”
3:19 j108 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר הָ֔ס 1 The pronoun **he** refers to Eglon. This could mean: (1) that he wanted silence in his court, and he specifically wanted everyone except him and Ehud to leave the room so that the court would be silent. Alternate translation: “And King Eglon told his servants, ‘Leave us here alone!’” (2) that he was telling Ehud not to say anything further, since his message was secret, until everyone else left. Alternate translation: “And King Eglon told Ehud, ‘Keep quiet for a moment.’”
3:19 j108 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר הָ֔ס 1 The pronoun **he** refers to Eglon. This could mean: (1) that he wanted silence in his court, and he specifically wanted everyone except him and Ehud to leave the room so that the court would be silent. Alternate translation: “And King Eglon told his servants, ‘Leave us here alone’” (2) that he was telling Ehud not to say anything further, since his message was secret, until everyone else left. Alternate translation: “And King Eglon told Ehud, ‘Keep quiet for a moment.’”
3:20 j109 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵה֣וּד ׀ בָּ֣א אֵלָ֗י⁠ו וְ⁠הֽוּא־יֹ֠שֵׁב בַּ⁠עֲלִיַּ֨ת הַ⁠מְּקֵרָ֤ה אֲשֶׁר־ל⁠וֹ֙ 1 The author is leaving some information implicit that he assumes readers will understand. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. The word **came** could indicate: (1) that Ehud walked up close to Eglon and stood in front of him. Alternate translation: “Then Ehud approached him. Now he was sitting in his upper room of coolness” (2) that Ehud came into the **upper room** where Eglon was sitting. If so, this could mean that Ehud actually sent word to Eglon through his servants that he had a message for him, and Eglon summoned Ehud to come into his room where the two of them could speak privately once all the servants had left. Alternate translation: “Then Ehud entered the upper room of coolness in which the king was sitting”
3:20 j110 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הֽוּא־יֹ֠שֵׁב 1 The author is introducing background information that will help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
3:20 f67g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠עֲלִיַּ֨ת הַ⁠מְּקֵרָ֤ה אֲשֶׁר־ל⁠וֹ֙ 1 The phrase **upper room of coolness** describes a room in a palace that was designed to give rulers a place to go to escape the heat of summer, which was intense in this climate. Sometimes these were interior rooms on whose walls the sun did not shine, and sometimes they were rooms in a garden within the palace complex. In this case, it seems to have been a room on the roof that was exposed to currents of air, since the author describes it with the term **upper room**. Your language and culture may have an expression to describe such a room. Alternate translation: “in his summer parlor” or “in his cool roof chamber”
@ -250,14 +245,13 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
3:24 j116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲדַ֥ר הַ⁠מְּקֵרָֽה 1 See how you translated the expression “the upper room of coolness” in [3:20](../03/20.md). The word **chamber** here is different from the word “upper chamber” there, but the author is referring to the same room, so you can use the same expression here as you did there.
3:25 d7zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־בּ֔וֹשׁ 1 The author implicitly means that the servants **felt ashamed** because they were supposed to stay in the king’s presence and remain available to fulfill any request of his. (The author describes these servants in [3:19](../03/19.md) as those who were usually “standing around” him.) You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “until they felt they were neglecting their duty”
3:25 e1jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת־הַ⁠מַּפְתֵּ֨חַ֙ 1 The word translated as **opener** refers to a device that people in this culture used to release the inside bolt of a door from the outside. It was a bar of wood, hooked on one end, that people would pass through a hole in a door in order to catch and lift the bolt inside. If the word **opener** would be unclear and it would be difficult or complicated to explain what it was, you could use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “the key”
3:25 j117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ אֲדֹ֣נֵי⁠הֶ֔ם נֹפֵ֥ל אַ֖רְצָ⁠ה מֵֽת 1 While Eglon did fall **to the ground** when Ehud stabbed him, since he had stood up to receive the message from God, the phrase **fallen dead** actually means that he became dead, as the author’s use of the same phrase in 4:22 indicates. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this without using the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “and they found their lord on the floor, dead”
3:26 r2ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠אֵה֥וּד נִמְלַ֖ט עַ֣ד הִֽתְמַהְמְהָ֑⁠ם 1 Since Ehud escaping is new information, it may be more natural in your language to present it after the information that readers already have, about Eglon’s servants **delaying**. Alternate translation: “Now while they were delaying, Ehud escaped”
3:26 j118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת־הַ⁠פְּסִילִ֔ים 1 See how you translated the same expression in [3:19](../03/19.md).
3:26 x36q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠שְּׂעִירָֽתָ⁠ה 1 The word **Seirah** is the name of a city.
3:27 j119 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְקַ֥ע בַּ⁠שּׁוֹפָ֖ר 1 The author means implicitly that Ehud **blew on the shofar** to summon the Israelites to battle. The UST models one way to indicate this explicitly.
3:27 j120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠שּׁוֹפָ֖ר 1 A **shofar** is the horn of a ram (a male sheep) that has been made into a musical instrument. If your readers would not be familiar with this, in your translation, you could use the name of a similar object that your readers would recognize, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “a loud horn”
3:28 i3vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙ רִדְפ֣וּ אַחֲרַ֔⁠י כִּֽי־נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֧ה אֶת־אֹיְבֵי⁠כֶ֛ם אֶת־מוֹאָ֖ב בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The author is providing background information that will help readers understand what is happening in the story. In the previous verse, the author described how “the sons of Israel went down with” Ehud “from the hill country.” This sentence explains that they had the courage to do that because Ehud had announced that Yahweh had promised them victory. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
3:28 k9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 1 You could also create a verse bridge and combine verses 27 and 28 so that the background information comes within the flow of the narrative. It might say something like this: “Now it happened at his coming that he blew on the shofar in the hill country of Ephraim. And he said to them, ‘Follow after me, for Yahweh has given your enemies, Moab, into your hand.’ Then the sons of Israel went down with him from the hill country, and he {was} to the face of them. They captured the fords of the Jordan opposite Moab, and they did not allow anyone to cross over.”
3:28 k9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 1 You could also create a verse bridge and combine verses 27 and 28 so that the background information comes within the flow of the narrative. Alternate translation: “Now it happened at his coming that he blew on the shofar in the hill country of Ephraim. And he said to them, ‘Follow after me, for Yahweh has given your enemies, Moab, into your hand.’ Then the sons of Israel went down with him from the hill country, and he {was} to the face of them. They captured the fords of the Jordan opposite Moab, and they did not allow anyone to cross over.”
3:28 j121 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶת־אֹיְבֵי⁠כֶ֛ם & בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The word **your** is plural in these instances because Ehud is addressing the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (Because **your** is plural, it may be more natural in your language to say “hands” rather than **hand**.)
3:28 ax6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has given you the power to conquer your enemies, Moab”
3:28 uf81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־מוֹאָ֖ב 1 The author is using the name **Moab** by association to mean the people of Moab and specifically their army. Alternate translation: “the Moabite army”
@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
4:2 fk1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠חָצ֑וֹר & בַּ⁠חֲרֹ֥שֶׁת הַגּוֹיִֽם 1 The words **Hazor** and **Harosheth Haggoyim** are the names of cities.
4:2 j126 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate בַּ⁠חֲרֹ֥שֶׁת הַגּוֹיִֽם 1 The name **Harosheth Haggoyim** means “Woodcutting of the Nations.” Since there were forests in this area, many interpreters believe that Jabin kept prisoners there from the nations he had conquered and forced them to work cutting down trees. In your translation you could spell this the way it sounds in your language, as the ULT and UST do, or you could use a word or phrase from your language that expresses the meaning of all or part of this name. Alternate translation: “in Harosheth of the Nations” or “in Timberland of the Nations”
4:3 j127 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כִּ֠י תְּשַׁ֨ע מֵא֤וֹת רֶֽכֶב־בַּרְזֶל֙ ל֔⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **him** and **he** seem to refer to Sisera, since these **chariots** were under his command. Alternate translation: “because Sisera had 900 iron chariots”
4:3 ftq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֶֽכֶב־בַּרְזֶל֙ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:19](../01/19.md). Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
4:3 ftq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֶֽכֶב־בַּרְזֶל֙ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:19](../01/19.md). Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
4:3 acp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **might**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “mightily”
4:4 e7xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּ⁠דְבוֹרָה֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה נְבִיאָ֔ה אֵ֖שֶׁת לַפִּיד֑וֹת הִ֛יא שֹׁפְטָ֥ה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ⁠עֵ֥ת הַ⁠הִֽיא 1 The author is using the phrase **a woman** to introduce **Deborah** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now a certain woman named Deborah was judging Israel at that time. She was a prophetess, and her husband was named Lappidoth”
4:4 nnu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּ⁠דְבוֹרָה֙ & לַפִּיד֑וֹת 1 The word **Deborah** is the name of a woman, and the word **Lappidoth** is the name of a man.
@ -297,7 +291,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
4:7 sue6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִישׁ֗וֹן 1 The word **Kishon** is the name of a river.
4:7 j135 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠הוּ בְּ⁠יָדֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I will give you the power to conquer him”
4:8 j136 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־תֵּלְכִ֥י עִמִּ֖⁠י וְ⁠הָלָ֑כְתִּי וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א תֵלְכִ֛י עִמִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א אֵלֵֽךְ 1 Barak is describing a condition in which a second event will take place only if a first event does. Your language may have its own way of expressing such conditions. Alternate translation: “Suppose you go with me. Then I will go. But suppose you do not go with me. Then I will not go.”
4:8 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִם־תֵּלְכִ֥י עִמִּ֖⁠י וְ⁠הָלָ֑כְתִּי וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א תֵלְכִ֛י עִמִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א אֵלֵֽךְ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Barak is using repetition for emphasis, making the statement first positively and then negatively. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine the phrases. (If you keep both phrases in your translation, it may be more natural for you to put the negative phrase before the positive phrase, as in the UST.) Alternate translation: “I will only go if you go with me”
4:8 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִם־תֵּלְכִ֥י עִמִּ֖⁠י וְ⁠הָלָ֑כְתִּי וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א תֵלְכִ֛י עִמִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א אֵלֵֽךְ 1 Barak is making parallel statements of his position, first positively and then negatively. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine the phrases. Alternate translation: “I will only go if you go with me”
4:8 j138 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אִם־תֵּלְכִ֥י עִמִּ֖⁠י & וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א תֵלְכִ֛י עִמִּ֖⁠י 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **go**. Alternate translation: “If you will come with me … but if you will not come with me”
4:9 j139 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הָלֹ֧ךְ אֵלֵ֣ךְ עִמָּ֗⁠ךְ 1 Deborah is repeating the verb **go** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will indeed go with you”
4:9 j140 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לֹ֨א תִֽהְיֶ֜ה תִּֽפְאַרְתְּ⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “people will not honor you”
@ -313,12 +307,11 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
4:11 jez1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “the father of Moses’ wife”
4:11 j143 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יֵּ֣ט אָהֳל֔⁠וֹ 1 The author is using one thing that Heber did to mean everything that he did to establish his residency in Zaanannim. (The author indicates in [4:17](../04/17.md) that Heber’s wife Jael had her own tent, so at the very least Heber set up more than one tent.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he had moved to a place”
4:12 rkt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּגִּ֖דוּ לְ⁠סִֽיסְרָ֑א 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “And Sisera was told”
4:13 r3xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֶ֣כֶב בַּרְזֶ֔ל 1 See how you translated the same expression in [4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
4:13 r3xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֶ֣כֶב בַּרְזֶ֔ל 1 See how you translated the same expression in [4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “chariots fitted out with iron”
4:14 j144 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֗וּם 1 Deborah is using the expression **Arise** to tell Barak to take action and lead his army against Sisera’s army. She is not telling him to get out of bed or stand up from a seated position. Alternate translation: “Get going”
4:14 j145 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֤ה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָא֙ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given you the power to conquer Sisera”
4:14 pb3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֤ה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָא֙ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 To emphasize the certainty of Barak winning this battle, Deborah is speaking as if Yahweh has already given Barak victory over Sisera. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use the future tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is going to give Sisera into your hand” or “Yahweh is going to give you the power to conquer Sisera”
4:14 r1ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א יְהוָ֖ה יָצָ֣א לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Deborah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has already gone out ahead of you!”
4:14 fv1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠עֲשֶׂ֧רֶת אֲלָפִ֛ים אִ֖ישׁ אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “with 10,000 men under his command”
4:15 t5qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַ⁠יָּ֣הָם יְ֠הוָה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָ֨א וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠רֶ֧כֶב וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֛ה לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י בָרָ֑ק 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh panicked Sisera and all of the chariotry and all of the army, with the result that Barak and his army were able to attack them and kill large numbers of them”
4:15 e862 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 See how you translated the similar expression in in [1:8](../01/08.md) and [1:25](../01/25.md).
4:15 j146 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יָּ֥נָס בְּ⁠רַגְלָֽי⁠ו 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that your language would not naturally express. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “and ran away”

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