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@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister”\n\n\nThe phrase **my sister** is used in 4:9; 4:10, 4:12, 5:1, and 5:2. The man uses this phrase as a term of endearment for the woman he loves. The woman is not actually his sister. You should translate this phrase the same way each of the five times that it occurs in this book because the author uses it with the same meaning every time. See the note at the first occurrence of this phrase in 4:9 for more information regarding this phrase.\n\n
4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 1 See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מֵ⁠הַ֥ר גִּלְעָֽד 1 Both the color and the motion of the woman’s **hair** is being compared to **a flock of goats that hop down from the slopes of Gilead**. Goats in Israel were black so the original readers would have understood this comparison to mean that the woman’s hair was black. Seen from a distance, a flock of black goats descending down from the high elevation of **Mount Gilead** would have created a majestic visual effect because the goats would have looked like one long flowing mass of black. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison. Alternate translation: “Your black hair moves in graceful waves like a flock of black goats moving down the slopes of Mount Gilead” or “Your long black hair flows in graceful waves like a flock of black goats coming down the slopes of Mount Gilead”
@ -269,22 +269,24 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:8 hwn4 תָּשׁ֣וּרִי 1 The word translated as **Descend** here could mean: (1 to come down from a height. If you choose this meaning you can follow the model of the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: “Climb down” (2) to bend down and look. Alternate translation: “Bend down and look”
4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 **Hermon** is a mountain range in northern Israel and **Amana** and **Senir** are both mountain peaks.
4:8 l03h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same general idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one as modeled by the UST.
4:9 waew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you have enchanted my heart. Yes, you have enchanted my heart”
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful. Yes, how your love is beautiful”
4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
4:10 wzb4 fragrance … perfume 0 See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
4:10 r5ni spice 0 dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your lips … drip honey 0 Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor honey and milk are under your tongue 0 Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life.
4:11 nyc9 the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon 0 “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh.
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling”
4:12 nrw6 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md).
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a garden locked up 0 “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin.
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a spring that is sealed 0 “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin.
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת תִּטֹּ֥פְנָה שִׂפְתוֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here the the woman’s **lips** refer to the kisses from her **lips** and the man says that they **drip with nectar** to indicate the pleasantness of her kisses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your kisses are so pleasant that it is as if your lips drip with nectar” or “Your kisses are delightfully sweet” or “Being kissed by you is as enjoyable as eating honey”
4:11 l8xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֹ֛פֶת 1 The word translated as **nectar** refers specifically to honey which drips or flows from honeycomb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly by translating it as “honey” as modeled by the UST.
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּבַ֤שׁ וְ⁠חָלָב֙ תַּ֣חַת לְשׁוֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **honey and milk are under your tongue** could mean: (1) that the taste of the woman’s kisses was as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your kisses are like milk and honey to me” or “your kisses are as pleasant and delightful as milk and honey” (2) that the woman’s words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your words are as pleasant as milk and honey” (3) that both the woman’s kisses and her words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses from your mouth and your words are as pleasant as milk and honey to me”
4:11 nyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ שַׂלְמֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ כְּ⁠רֵ֥יחַ לְבָנֽוֹן 1 **Lebanon** is known for its forests of cedar trees. Cedar trees have a very pleasant smell. The phrase **the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon** probably means that the woman’s clothes smelled like the smell of cedar wood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon’s pleasant smelling cedar”
4:12 ik5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you are a locked garden, a locked spring, a sealed fountain”
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה 1 The man is speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride”
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The man continues to draw an extended comparison between the woman he loves and a **garden** by speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** within a **locked garden**. The man means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** that are within a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “you are like a locked spring, you are like a sealed fountain”
4:12 z4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The phrase **a locked spring** and the phrase **a sealed fountain** mean basically the same thing. The author is saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one, as modeled by the UST, and show the emphasis in some other way.
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
@ -307,11 +309,11 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May my beloved … choice fruit 0 The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
4:16 dp46 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
4:16 mbn7 choice fruit 0 Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
5:intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
5:intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister”\n\n\nThe phrase **my sister** is used in 4:9; 4:10, 4:12, 5:1, and 5:2. The man uses this phrase as a term of endearment for the woman he loves. The woman is not actually his sister. You should translate this phrase in 5:1, and 5:2 the same way as you translated it in 4:9; 4:10, and 4:12 because the author uses it with the same meaning in this chapter. See the note at the first occurrence of this phrase in 4:9 for more information regarding this phrase.
5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:1 m575 I have come 0 It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have come into my garden 0 The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
5:1 psq4 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk 0 These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
5:1 sq9d spice 0 plants that have a strong smell or taste
@ -320,7 +322,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom but my heart was awake 0 The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
5:2 tk43 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Open to me 0 This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲחֹתִ֤⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
5:2 d52k my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
5:2 c27j my dove 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
5:2 gaj1 undefiled one 0 Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
236 3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
237 3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
238 3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
239 4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister”\n\n\nThe phrase **my sister** is used in 4:9; 4:10, 4:12, 5:1, and 5:2. The man uses this phrase as a term of endearment for the woman he loves. The woman is not actually his sister. You should translate this phrase the same way each of the five times that it occurs in this book because the author uses it with the same meaning every time. See the note at the first occurrence of this phrase in 4:9 for more information regarding this phrase.\n\n
240 4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 1 See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
241 4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
242 4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מֵ⁠הַ֥ר גִּלְעָֽד 1 Both the color and the motion of the woman’s **hair** is being compared to **a flock of goats that hop down from the slopes of Gilead**. Goats in Israel were black so the original readers would have understood this comparison to mean that the woman’s hair was black. Seen from a distance, a flock of black goats descending down from the high elevation of **Mount Gilead** would have created a majestic visual effect because the goats would have looked like one long flowing mass of black. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison. Alternate translation: “Your black hair moves in graceful waves like a flock of black goats moving down the slopes of Mount Gilead” or “Your long black hair flows in graceful waves like a flock of black goats coming down the slopes of Mount Gilead”
269 4:8 hwn4 תָּשׁ֣וּרִי 1 The word translated as **Descend** here could mean: (1 to come down from a height. If you choose this meaning you can follow the model of the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: “Climb down” (2) to bend down and look. Alternate translation: “Bend down and look”
270 4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 **Hermon** is a mountain range in northern Israel and **Amana** and **Senir** are both mountain peaks.
271 4:8 l03h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same general idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one as modeled by the UST.
272 4:9 waew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you have enchanted my heart. Yes, you have enchanted my heart”
273 4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
274 4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
275 4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
276 4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful. Yes, how your love is beautiful”
277 4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
278 4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
279 4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
280 4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
281 4:10 4:11 wzb4 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fragrance … perfume נֹ֛פֶת תִּטֹּ֥פְנָה שִׂפְתוֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md). Here the the woman’s **lips** refer to the kisses from her **lips** and the man says that they **drip with nectar** to indicate the pleasantness of her kisses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your kisses are so pleasant that it is as if your lips drip with nectar” or “Your kisses are delightfully sweet” or “Being kissed by you is as enjoyable as eating honey”
282 4:10 4:11 r5ni l8xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit spice נֹ֛פֶת 0 1 dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste The word translated as **nectar** refers specifically to honey which drips or flows from honeycomb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly by translating it as “honey” as modeled by the UST.
283 4:11 fw88 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your lips … drip honey דְּבַ֤שׁ וְ⁠חָלָב֙ תַּ֣חַת לְשׁוֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 0 1 Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. The phrase **honey and milk are under your tongue** could mean: (1) that the taste of the woman’s kisses was as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your kisses are like milk and honey to me” or “your kisses are as pleasant and delightful as milk and honey” (2) that the woman’s words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your words are as pleasant as milk and honey” (3) that both the woman’s kisses and her words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses from your mouth and your words are as pleasant as milk and honey to me”
284 4:11 vc6y nyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit honey and milk are under your tongue וְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ שַׂלְמֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ כְּ⁠רֵ֥יחַ לְבָנֽוֹן 0 1 Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life. **Lebanon** is known for its forests of cedar trees. Cedar trees have a very pleasant smell. The phrase **the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon** probably means that the woman’s clothes smelled like the smell of cedar wood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon’s pleasant smelling cedar”
285 4:11 4:12 nyc9 ik5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 0 1 “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you are a locked garden, a locked spring, a sealed fountain”
286 4:12 whp4 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My sister גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה 0 1 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling” The man is speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride”
287 4:12 nrw6 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my bride אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 0 1 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
288 4:12 j45u i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor is a garden locked up גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 0 1 “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin. The man continues to draw an extended comparison between the woman he loves and a **garden** by speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** within a **locked garden**. The man means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** that are within a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “you are like a locked spring, you are like a sealed fountain”
289 4:12 i5nb z4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism a spring that is sealed גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 0 1 “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin. The phrase **a locked spring** and the phrase **a sealed fountain** mean basically the same thing. The author is saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one, as modeled by the UST, and show the emphasis in some other way.
290 4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
291 4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
292 4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
309 4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May my beloved … choice fruit 0 The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
310 4:16 dp46 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
311 4:16 mbn7 choice fruit 0 Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
312 5:intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister”\n\n\nThe phrase **my sister** is used in 4:9; 4:10, 4:12, 5:1, and 5:2. The man uses this phrase as a term of endearment for the woman he loves. The woman is not actually his sister. You should translate this phrase in 5:1, and 5:2 the same way as you translated it in 4:9; 4:10, and 4:12 because the author uses it with the same meaning in this chapter. See the note at the first occurrence of this phrase in 4:9 for more information regarding this phrase.
313 5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
314 5:1 m575 I have come 0 It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
315 5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have come into my garden 0 The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
316 5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my sister אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 0 1 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
317 5:1 psq4 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
318 5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk 0 These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
319 5:1 sq9d spice 0 plants that have a strong smell or taste
322 5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom but my heart was awake 0 The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
323 5:2 tk43 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
324 5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Open to me 0 This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
325 5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister אֲחֹתִ֤⁠י 0 1 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
326 5:2 d52k my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
327 5:2 c27j my dove 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
328 5:2 gaj1 undefiled one 0 Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”