diff --git a/tn_JOB.tsv b/tn_JOB.tsv index e5ee31bd9c..39aa12298d 100644 --- a/tn_JOB.tsv +++ b/tn_JOB.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### What title should translators give to this book?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut the ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with “and”. The word “answered” tells for what purpose a person “said” something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term “behold” to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation in these instances.\n\n### “nose”\n\nIn several places in the book, various characters use the term “nose” to mean anger. They do this by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language and say “anger.” +front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### What title should translators give to this book?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n### The "sea monster"\n\nAncient peoples seem to have been aware of a large, fierce creature that lived in the ocean, which they called the "sea monster." People in Job's culture regarded the sea as the realm of watery chaos, and they associated the sea monster with that chaos. There are references to this creature in the book of Job under the names Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md), the “sea monster” in [7:12](../07/12.md), Rahab in [9:13](../09/13.md) and [26:12](../26/12.md), and the “fleeing serpent” in [26:13](../26/13.md). The description of Leviathan in chapter 41 may also be, in part, a description of the sea monster. Notes at these various places suggest how you might represent these references in your translation.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut the ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with “and”. The word “answered” tells for what purpose a person “said” something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term “behold” to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation in these instances.\n\n### “nose”\n\nIn several places in the book, various characters use the term “nose” to mean anger. They do this by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language and say “anger.” 1:intro lym1 0 # Job 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lived during a time long before the author.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Wealth\n\nIn the time and place in which the book of Job is set, a person’s wealth was measured by the number of animals he owned. The book describes how Job owned thousands of animals in order to indicate that he was very rich. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Sacrifices\n\nJob was a man who obeyed Yahweh carefully. We might therefore wonder why he offered sacrifices on behalf of his children, as 1:5 describes, since he was not one of the descendants of Aaron, who were the only ones whom the law of Moses allowed to offer sacrifices. It must be remembered that Job lived prior to the time when God gave Moses the law, so his religious practices were different from those of the Hebrew people after Moses. In Job’s culture, it was normal and acceptable for the father to act as a priest for his family and to offer sacrifices on their behalf. The events that this book relates took place about the same time as the life of Abraham. Therefore, this book corresponds more with Genesis 12–50 than with the rest of the Old Testament. (See:[[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### “the adversary”\n\nThe Hebrew word satan means “adversary.” The Old Testament uses the word in that sense in several places, for example, 1 Kings 11:14, “Yahweh raised up an adversary against Solomon, Hadad the Edomite.” In chapters 1 and 2 of the book of Job, there is a character called “the satan” or “the adversary.” This seems to be a created angelic being who opposes righteous people and accuses them before God of having wrong motives. Many interpreters of the book of Job identify this character with Satan, the devil. The UST follows that interpretation, but the ULT translates the term more basically as “adversary.” You can decide how to translate this term in your own translation. 1:1 j000 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֛ישׁ הָיָ֥ה בְ⁠אֶֽרֶץ־ע֖וּץ 1 The author is introducing **Job** as the main participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “There once was a man who lived in the land of Uz” 1:1 k5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֖וּץ & אִיּ֣וֹב 1 The word **Uz** is the name of a place, and the word **Job** is the name of a man. @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 1:4 i4lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) Alternate translation: “on an assigned day of the week” (2) Alternate translation: “on his birthday” 1:4 ey91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠שָׁלְח֗וּ וְ⁠קָרְאוּ֙ 1 The terms **sent** and **called** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and they invited” 1:5 s2c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֣י הִקִּיפֽוּ֩ יְמֵ֨י הַ⁠מִּשְׁתֶּ֜ה 1 The author is speaking as if the **days of the feast** had literally **gone around** or traveled a certain distance and then returned to their starting point. He means that each son had taken his turn hosting a feast. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “after the days of the feast had made a full circuit” or “after each son had taken his turn hosting a feast” -1:5 x3v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנַ֔⁠י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is likely using the word in a generic sense to refer to all of his sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women, as the UST does, or you could mention both sons and daughters. Alternate translation: “my sons and daughters” +1:5 x3v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנַ֔⁠י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is likely using the word in a generic sense to refer to all of his sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, as the UST does, or you could mention both sons and daughters. Alternate translation: “my sons and daughters” 1:5 k14m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וּ⁠בֵרֲכ֥וּ 1 It is possible that the original reading here was “cursed” and that scribes changed it to **blessed** in order to avoid the uncomfortable language of a person cursing God. Traditional manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible do not have a marginal notation about this as they do in the case of [7:20](../07/20.md), but many translations read “cursed” since this is the kind of change that scribes are known to have made in similar cases. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “and cursed” 1:5 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys חָטְא֣וּ & וּ⁠בֵרֲכ֥וּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **sinned** tells in what way one of Job’s children might have **blessed**, that is, “cursed” God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “have sinfully cursed” 1:5 du2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, the **heart** represents the thoughts. Alternate translation: “in their thoughts” @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 3:8 i4gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹרְרֵי־י֑וֹם 1 Job assumes that his listeners will understand that by **the ones cursing a day** he is referring to sorcerers. People in this culture employed sorcerers in the belief that they could cause bad things to happen on a particular day to their enemies. For example, people might employ a sorcerer to try to ruin the day on which a person began an important journey or celebrated an important family occasion such as a wedding. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “professional sorcerers” 3:8 j056 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הָ֝⁠עֲתִידִ֗ים 1 Job is using the adjective **skillful** as a noun to mean certain people. The word is plural, and the ULT adds the word **ones** to show that. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who have the skill” 3:8 j057 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹרֵ֥ר לִוְיָתָֽן 1 The implication is that if sorcerers created chaos by awakening the chaos monster, there would no longer be any distinction between days, and so the day of Job’s birth would no longer have a distinct identity. You could say that explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to cause chaos among days” or “to destroy the distinct identity of the day on which I was born” -3:8 j342 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִוְיָתָֽן 1 People in this culture believed in a monster called **Leviathan**, associated with the sea, who caused chaos. You could retain the name Leviathan in your translation. Alternatively, you could use a general expression in order to give your readers some idea of the beliefs of this culture. Alternate translation: “the sea monster who causes chaos” +3:8 j342 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִוְיָתָֽן 1 As the General Introduction to Job explains, ancient peoples seem to have been aware of a large, fierce creature that lived in the ocean, which they called the "sea monster." People in Job's culture regarded the sea as the realm of watery chaos, and they associated the sea monster with that chaos. That is the association that Job is making here, calling the sea monster by the name Leviathan. You could retain the name Leviathan in your translation. Alternatively, you could use a general expression to convey the idea here. Alternate translation: “the sea monster that is associated with chaos” 3:9 fcl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְקַו־לְ⁠א֥וֹר וָ⁠אַ֑יִן וְ⁠אַל־יִ֝רְאֶ֗ה בְּ⁠עַפְעַפֵּי־שָֽׁחַר 1 Job is speaking of the day of his birth as if it were a living thing that could **wait** for **light** to appear in the sky and **see** the **dawn**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may light never appear on that day, yes, may dawn never break on that day” 3:9 j058 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠עַפְעַפֵּי־שָֽׁחַר 1 Job is referring to light flashing from eyes by association with the **eyelids** that open to reveal that flashing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the light flashing from the eyes of the dawn” 3:9 max2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠עַפְעַפֵּי־שָֽׁחַר 1 Job is speaking of **the dawn** as if it were a living thing that had **eyelids** that could open to reveal light flashing from its eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. By **dawn**, Job means the sunrise itself, not the first faint light that appears on the horizon to indicate that a new day is beginning. Alternate translation: “the first flashes of light from the sunrise” @@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 4:12 j099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠תִּקַּ֥ח אָ֝זְנִ֗⁠י 1 Eliphaz is using one part of himself, his **ear**, to mean all of him in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I heard” 4:13 h37a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ⁠חֶזְיֹנ֣וֹת לָ֑יְלָה 1 By **visions of the night**, Eliphaz means dreams. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from a dream that I had” 4:13 er9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּ⁠נְפֹ֥ל תַּ֝רְדֵּמָ֗ה עַל־אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **deep sleep** as if it were a living thing that could be actively **falling** on people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as happens when people are deeply asleep” -4:13 j100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” +4:13 j100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” 4:14 pp18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּ֣חַד קְ֭רָאַ⁠נִי וּ⁠רְעָדָ֑ה 1 The terms **Fear** and **trembling** mean similar things. Eliphaz is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Great fear came upon me” 4:14 j101 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry פַּ֣חַד & הִפְחִֽיד 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is using a construction in which a subject and its verb come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may another way of showing the emphasis. 4:14 j102 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠רֹ֖ב עַצְמוֹתַ֣⁠י הִפְחִֽיד 1 Eliphaz is using one part of himself, his **bones**, to mean all of him in the act of becoming afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I became completely afraid” or “yes, I became completely afraid” @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 4:17 qqw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ מֵ⁠אֱל֣וֹהַ יִצְדָּ֑ק אִ֥ם מֵ֝⁠עֹשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ יִטְהַר־גָּֽבֶר 1 In both of these sentences, Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be more righteous than God! A man cannot be more pure than his Maker!” 4:17 j105 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ 1 The term that Eliphaz is using for **man** here implicitly means a “mortal.” You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a mortal” 4:17 j106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֥ם מֵ֝⁠עֹשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ יִטְהַר־גָּֽבֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be more pure than his Maker, can he?” -4:17 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ & גָּֽבֶר 1 In each instance, the masculine term **man** has generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person … a person” +4:17 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ & גָּֽבֶר 1 In each instance, the masculine term **man** has generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person … a person” 4:18 j108 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֑ין & יָשִׂ֥ים 1 The pronouns **he** and **his** refer back to the previous verse to God, not to “a man.” It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God does not trust … God charges” 4:18 j109 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֭⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠מַלְאָכָ֗י⁠ו 1 By **his servants**, Eliphaz implicitly means the **angels** he mentions later in the verse. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the angels who serve him and … those angels” 4:19 j110 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֤ף ׀ שֹׁכְנֵ֬י בָֽתֵּי־חֹ֗מֶר 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “How much less will God be confident that dwellers in houses of clay are doing the right thing” @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:6 j132 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יֵצֵ֣א מֵ⁠עָפָ֣ר אָ֑וֶן וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה לֹא־יִצְמַ֥ח עָמָֽל׃ 1 The implication, if trouble and misery do not just happen, is that their cause is the indignation and resentment that Eliphaz warned Job against in verse 2. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation, as a poetic parallel: “it is truly indignation that causes trouble, yes, it is resentment that causes misery” 5:7 j133 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he says that trouble does not just happen. Its cause is known: People create trouble for themselves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I say this because” 5:7 kz2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ־אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד וּ⁠בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף יַגְבִּ֥יהוּ עֽוּף׃ 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by naming two things that he holds to be true, he means that the first is just as true as the second. You could indicate that explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “man is born to trouble, just as surely as sons of the flame soar to fly” -5:7 j134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are born to trouble” +5:7 j134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are born to trouble” 5:7 j135 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people have an innate tendency to cause trouble for themselves” 5:7 j136 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף 1 Eliphaz is describing sparks as if they were **sons of the flame**, that is, as if fire gave birth to sparks and sent them out. Your language may have a poetic expression of its own that you could use in your translation to describe sparks. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and sparks” 5:7 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַגְבִּ֥יהוּ עֽוּף 1 This expression means that sparks fly upwards, carried by currents of air. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fly upwards” @@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:16 j157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ⁠דַּ֣ל 1 This phrase does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who has the quality that it names. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to those who are poor” 5:16 exr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠עֹלָ֗תָ⁠ה קָ֣פְצָה פִּֽי⁠הָ 1 Job is speaking of **injustice** as if it were a living thing that could **shut** its own **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and people no longer make unjust claims against them” 5:16 j158 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠עֹלָ֗תָ⁠ה 1 Eliphaz may be using the word translated **and** to indicate that poor people have hope because others no longer make unjust claims against them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “because injustice” -5:17 j159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱ֭נוֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “is anyone” or “is any person” +5:17 j159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱ֭נוֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “is anyone” or “is any person” 5:17 j160 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠מוּסַ֥ר שַׁ֝דַּ֗י אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 Eliphaz is using the word translated **and** to indicate that Job should not despise God’s chastening because he is blessed as someone whom God is correcting. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “so do not despise the chastening of Shaddai” 5:17 g1br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **despise**. Alternate translation: “appreciate” 5:18 fx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֤י ה֣וּא יַכְאִ֣יב וְ⁠יֶחְבָּ֑שׁ יִ֝מְחַ֗ץ וְיָדָיו תִּרְפֶּֽינָה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if God literally **injures** and **wounds** people and then gives them medical treatment. He means that God uses setbacks and sufferings (which could include physical ailments) to correct people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The UST models one way to do this. @@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 7:intro y5ka 0 # Job 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job finishes responding to Eliphaz’s first speech, and he also addresses God directly in light of his exchange with Eliphaz.\n- Verses 1–6: Job continues to respond to Elilphaz\n- Verses 7–21: Job addresses God directly\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJob uses many different images in this chapter to describe what the things are like that he is feeling and experiencing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob often uses the question form in this chapter to emphasize the points he is making to Eliphaz and to God. Notes suggest how these questions may be translated as statements or exclamations if that would be more natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 7:1 nz5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־ צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־ אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Man has hardship on earth! Yes, his days are like the days of a hireling!” 7:1 j228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הֲ⁠לֹא־צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hardship**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Life on earth is hard for a man!” -7:1 j229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to a person” +7:1 j229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to a person” 7:1 m3yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using this comparison to say that just as **the days of a hireling** (that is, someone hired by the day for manual labor) are long and difficult, so his days are long and difficult. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation, as an exclamation: “Yes, his days are long and difficult, like those of a hireling!” 7:2 g9ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠עֶ֥בֶד יִשְׁאַף־ צֵ֑ל וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שָׂכִ֗יר יְקַוֶּ֥ה פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 The point of this comparison, as Job makes clear in the next verse, is that just as a **slave** and a **hireling** have to endure long periods of wishing for relief, so Job has gone a long time without relief. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a slave wishes all through a long, hot day that evening would come, and as a hireling must wait until the end of the day to be paid” 7:2 f1pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צֵ֑ל 1 Job is using the term **shade** to mean by association the evening, when the sun becomes low in the sky and shadows cover the earth. Specifically, he means the end of the work day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the evening” or “the end of the work day” @@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 7:11 j243 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֲֽ֭דַבְּרָה בְּ⁠צַ֣ר רוּחִ֑⁠י אָ֝שִׂ֗יחָה בְּ⁠מַ֣ר נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י 1 Job is using parts of himself, his **spirit** and his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of speaking and complaining. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will speak in my distress; yes, I will complain in my bitterness” 7:11 v8zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֲֽ֭דַבְּרָה בְּ⁠צַ֣ר רוּחִ֑⁠י אָ֝שִׂ֗יחָה בְּ⁠מַ֣ר נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **distress** and **bitterness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “I will speak, since I am distressed; yes, I will complain, since I am bitter” 7:12 qy6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽ⁠יָם־אָ֭נִי אִם־תַּנִּ֑ין כִּֽי־תָשִׂ֖ים עָלַ֣⁠י מִשְׁמָֽר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am not the sea or the sea monster, so you do not need to set a guard over me!” -7:12 j244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲֽ⁠יָם & אִם־תַּנִּ֑ין 1 In this culture, the **sea** was considered to be the realm of chaos. The **sea monster** is the same creature whom Job calls “Leviathan” in [3:8](../03/08.md). See the note to that verse that explains how this monster was also associated with chaos in this culture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this cultural background in your translation. Alternate translation: “a dreadful cause of chaos” +7:12 j244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲֽ⁠יָם & אִם־תַּנִּ֑ין 1 See the General Introduction to Job for a discussion of the **sea monster**, and see how you translated the name Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "the sea monster that is associated with chaos" 7:12 j245 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative כִּֽי־תָשִׂ֖ים 1 Job is using the future tense to indicate something that God would do out of necessity. Your language may have its own way of expressing such a meaning. Alternate translation: “that you would have to set” 7:13 j246 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations כִּֽי־אָ֭מַרְתִּי תְּנַחֲמֵ֣⁠נִי עַרְשִׂ֑⁠י יִשָּׂ֥א בְ֝⁠שִׂיחִ֗⁠י מִשְׁכָּבִֽ⁠י 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. Alternate translation: “When I say that my couch will comfort me and that my bed will take away my complaint” 7:13 v7e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תְּנַחֲמֵ֣⁠נִי עַרְשִׂ֑⁠י יִשָּׂ֥א בְ֝⁠שִׂיחִ֗⁠י מִשְׁכָּבִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using the terms **couch** and **bed** to mean sleep by association with the way people sleep on a couch or a bed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My sleep will comfort me, yes, my sleep will take away my complaint” @@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 8:22 j279 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֵינֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 If you decided to punctuate verses 11–22 as a second-level quotation, indicate the end of this quotation here with a closing second-level quotation mark or whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a second-level quotation. 9:intro n51u 0 # Job 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s first speech. In [8:5](../08/05.md), Bildad told Job that he should appeal to God. In response, Job protests in this chapter that a human being cannot appeal to God.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 5–10, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nGod is wise in heart and mighty in strength (Who has hardened himself against him and been whole?),\n> the one removing mountains and they do not know, who overturns them in his anger,\n> the one shaking the earth from its place and causing its pillars to tremble,\n> the one speaking to the sun and it does not rise, and upon the stars he seals,\n> stretching out the heavens by himself and treading on the waves of the sea,\n> making the Bear, Orion, the Pleiades, and the chambers of the south,\n> doing great {things} until there is no searching and distinguished {things} until there is no number. 9:2 r4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה־יִּצְדַּ֖ק אֱנ֣וֹשׁ עִם־אֵֽל 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “But a man cannot be righteous with God!” -9:2 a9ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +9:2 a9ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” 9:3 t9fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־יַ֭חְפֹּץ לָ⁠רִ֣יב עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 In this part of the verse, the pronoun **he** refers to “a man” and the pronoun **him** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “If a person desires to contend with God” 9:3 a6um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠רִ֣יב עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job assumes that Bildad will understand that he is using the word **contend** to mean making a formal legal complaint against God. In this culture, people made such complaints to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party would question the other in the presence of the leaders, who would then discuss the case and decide how to resolve it. Job is probably describing how he participated as a leader in such cases in [29:21–23](../29/21.md). Your language may have an expression for this process that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “to take God to court” or “to file charges against God” 9:3 j280 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹֽא־יַ֝עֲנֶ֗⁠נּוּ 1 In this part of the verse, (1) the pronoun **he** could refer to a human being and the pronoun **him** could refer to God. This seems likely, since after describing God’s knowledge and power, Job asks in [9:14](../09/14.md) how he could possibly answer God and in [9:32](../09/32.md) he says that God is “not a man, as I am, that I could answer him.” Alternate translation: “a human will not answer God” (2) the pronoun **he** could refer to God and the pronoun **him** could refer to a human being. This is also a possibility, since Job protests in [30:20](../30/20.md) that God does not answer him. Alternate translation: “God will not answer a human” @@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:13 j345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱ֭לוֹהַּ לֹא־יָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the word **nose** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “God will not turn aside his anger” 9:13 j291 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱ֭לוֹהַּ לֹא־יָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking as if God might literally make his anger **turn aside** and go in a different direction. Job is actually describing how God might stop being angry (although in this case he would not). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will not stop being angry” 9:13 j292 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אֱ֭לוֹהַּ לֹא־יָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “God will still have anger” -9:13 nzr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֹ֣זְרֵי רָֽהַב 1 As a note to [3:8](../03/08.md) explains, people in this culture believed in a monster associated with the sea who caused chaos. One name for this monster was Leviathan. The word **Rahab** is another name for that monster, that is, for the sea personified as a force of chaos. For example, Job says in [26:12](../26/12.md), in a poetic parallel, “He calmed the sea with his power, and by his understanding he shattered Rahab.” See what you did in [3:8](../03/08.md). Here as well, you could either retain the name in your translation or you could use a general expression in order to give your readers some idea of the beliefs of this culture. Alternate translation: “the helpers of the chaos monster” +9:13 nzr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רָֽהַב 1 The word **Rahab** is another name for the sea monster. See the General Introduction to Job for a discussion of the **sea monster**, and see how you translated the name Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "the sea monster that is associated with chaos" 9:13 j340 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹ֣זְרֵי רָֽהַב 1 When Job speaks of **the helpers of Rahab**, he likely means ocean waves, since he says in [9:8](../09/08.md), in a context of overcoming chaos, that God treads on the waves of the sea. Alternate translation: “the chaotic ocean waves” 9:13 e9gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תחת⁠ו שָׁ֝חֲח֗וּ 1 Job is speaking of **the helpers of Rahab**, most likely meaning the waves of the sea, as if they were a living thing that could **bow** to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are under his control” 9:14 z61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 **Indeed that** is an expression that indicates that what follows is greater in degree than what a person has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How much less would I be able to answer him” @@ -725,11 +725,11 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 10:4 e9t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בָשָׂ֣ר לָ֑⁠ךְ אִם־כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ תִּרְאֶֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You do not have eyes of flesh! You do not see according to the seeing of a man!” 10:4 d65r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בָשָׂ֣ר לָ֑⁠ךְ 1 Job is using the expression **of flesh** to mean “human,” by association with the way that humans have flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have human eyes?” or “You do not have human eyes!” 10:4 s8ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ תִּרְאֶֽה 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “You do not see as people see, do you?” -10:4 j318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “as people do” +10:4 j318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “as people do” 10:5 st4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is asking implicitly whether God has the same number of **days** and **years** as a human being, not whether God experiences the kind of **days** and **years** that people do. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is the number of your days the same as the number of the days that a man has, or is the number of your years the same as the number of days that a person has” 10:5 awt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations, not continuing this sentence into the following two verses. Alternate translation: “Your days are not like the days of a man! No, your years are not like the days of a person!” 10:5 j319 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the terms **days** and **years** to mean by association the lifetime of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the two phrases and state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have as short a lifetime as people do” or “You do not have as short a lifetime as people do!” -10:5 j320 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & גָֽבֶר 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. Both of these masculine terms have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a mortal … a human being” +10:5 j320 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & גָֽבֶר 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. Both of these masculine terms have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a mortal … a human being” 10:5 j321 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֣⁠ימֵי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could say “years” instead of **days** here. This would maintain a parallel between the two parts of this verse without making any significant change in meaning. (The original reading may have been “years”; many translations say that.) Alternate translation: “like the years of” 10:5 e5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Your years are not like the days of a man, are they?” 10:6 zdk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּֽי־תְבַקֵּ֥שׁ לַ⁠עֲוֺנִ֑⁠י וּ֭⁠לְ⁠חַטָּאתִ֥⁠י תִדְרֽוֹשׁ 1 In this verse and the previous one, Job seems to be asking implicitly whether God is seeking urgently to discover whether he has sinned because God has only a short time to live and God wants to discover this before he dies. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Is that why you seek for my iniquity and search for my sin” @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:10 j391 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to emphasize something that is included in the previous phrase, not to introduce something additional. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation, preceded by a comma: “including the breath of all flesh of man” 12:10 s1sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using the term **breath** by association to mean “life.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of all flesh of man” 12:10 j392 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using one part of **man**, his **flesh**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of every man” -12:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the life of every woman and man” or “and the life of every person” +12:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the life of every woman and man” or “and the life of every person” 12:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Does not the ear test words, just as the palate tastes its food?” 12:11 d5vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly the ear tests words just as the palate tastes its food!” 12:11 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of the **ear** as if it could **test words** by itself. He is using the ear to represent hearing, and he means that people themselves test or consider the words of others when they hear them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do people not consider others’ words when they hear them, just as people discern with their mouths the taste of their food” @@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:14 j402 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases יַ֭הֲרוֹס וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִבָּנֶ֑ה יִסְגֹּ֥ר עַל־אִ֝֗ישׁ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 In both of these instances, Job is using the word **and** to introduce what happens under the condition he is describing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “if he breaks down, then it is not rebuilt; if he closes upon a man, then it is not opened” 12:14 v1pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִבָּנֶ֑ה & וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one rebuilds … and no one opens” 12:14 j403 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִסְגֹּ֥ר עַל־אִ֝֗ישׁ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 In this context, the expressions **closes upon** and **opened** refer to imprisonment and release. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he imprisons a man, and that man is not released” or “if he imprisons a man, then no one releases that man” -12:14 j495 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or woman” or “a person” +12:14 j495 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or woman” or “a person” 12:15 pl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֵ֤ן יַעְצֹ֣ר בַּ⁠מַּ֣יִם וְ⁠יִבָ֑שׁוּ וִֽ֝⁠ישַׁלְּחֵ֗⁠ם וְ⁠יַ֖הַפְכוּ אָֽרֶץ 1 In both of these instances, Job is using the word **and** to introduce what happens under the condition he is describing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “if he withholds the waters, then they dry up; if he sends them out, then they overthrow the land” 12:15 rel2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יַ֖הַפְכוּ אָֽרֶץ 1 Job is speaking as if the **waters** would literally **overthrow** the **land** or turn it upside down. He means that the waters would completely cover the land so that there would be no land any more. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they completely flood the land” 12:16 gqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ עֹ֣ז וְ⁠תֽוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **strength** and **prudence**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God is strong and prudent” @@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:8 i61h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠אֵ֥ל תְּרִיבֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is using the word **plead** to mean "argue a court case." He is suggesting that his friends are not counseling him impartially but, rather, taking God’s side against him even though, as he sees it, he has a valid case against God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will you take God’s side against me?” or “you are taking God’s side against me!” 13:9 l9wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־כְּ⁠הָתֵ֥ל בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ תְּהָתֵ֥לּוּ בֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not good that he will examine you! You will not deceive him as you might deceive a man” 13:9 j412 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Job means implicitly that it would not be **good** for his friends if God were to **examine** them because God would discover that they had not been telling the truth about him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If God were to examine you, he would discover that you have not been telling the truth about him, and that would not be good for you” -13:9 gk9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or a woman” or “a human” +13:9 gk9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or a woman” or “a human” 13:10 j413 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־בַּ֝⁠סֵּ֗תֶר פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “If in secret you were lifting faces, reproving, he would reprove you” 13:10 ecs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ 1 Job is repeating the verb **reprove** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “He would certainly reprove” 13:10 g5lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: “you were showing favoritism” @@ -993,11 +993,11 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:27 x3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־שָׁרְשֵׁ֥י רַ֝גְלַ֗⁠י תִּתְחַקֶּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally taking some action regarding his **feet**. Interpreters are unsure of the exact meaning of this image. Job could be speaking as if: (1) God had drawn lines in the ground to mark foot-shaped areas where Job would have to step. Alternate translation: “you only allow me to step in a few small places” or “you only permit me to do a limited number of things without being punished” (2) God had put some kind of mark on his feet so that he would leave a distinctive footprint that God could easily track. Alternate translation: “you closely watch all of my actions” 13:28 mlj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ֭⁠הוּא & יִבְלֶ֑ה 1 Job is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “and I decay” 13:28 fq5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֭⁠הוּא & יִבְלֶ֑ה 1 Job is using the word **and** to introduce the result of the sufferings he is experiencing, which he considers to be punishments from God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “so that he decays” or “so that I decay” -14:intro t321 0 # Job 14 General Notes\n\n##Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech.\n- Verses 1–12: Job says that God should not pay so much attention to humans, since they have short and troubled lives.\n- Verses 13–17: Job speculates about what it would be like if God could bring him back to life and be friendly towards him again.\n- Verses 18–22: Job concludes pessimistically that he will likely just die and be separated forever from human community.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Resurrection\n\nJob lived at a time when people did not know for certain whether there would be a resurrection of the dead, so Job speculates about this in his speeches. Sometimes he is more hopeful about it, and at other times he is less hopeful about it. In your translation, reflect what he is feeling and saying. It is not necessary to adjust his words in order to make them a confident proclamation about the resurrection.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### singular and plural “you”\n\nThe words “you” and “your” and the implied “you” in imperative verbs are singular throughout this chapter because Job is addressing God. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” use the singular form in your translation.\n\n### “man” in a generic sense\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Job uses the word “man” in a generic sense that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women, such as “people,” “mortals,” or “humans.” +14:intro t321 0 # Job 14 General Notes\n\n##Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech.\n- Verses 1–12: Job says that God should not pay so much attention to humans, since they have short and troubled lives.\n- Verses 13–17: Job speculates about what it would be like if God could bring him back to life and be friendly towards him again.\n- Verses 18–22: Job concludes pessimistically that he will likely just die and be separated forever from human community.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Resurrection\n\nJob lived at a time when people did not know for certain whether there would be a resurrection of the dead, so Job speculates about this in his speeches. Sometimes he is more hopeful about it, and at other times he is less hopeful about it. In your translation, reflect what he is feeling and saying. It is not necessary to adjust his words in order to make them a confident proclamation about the resurrection.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### singular and plural “you”\n\nThe words “you” and “your” and the implied “you” in imperative verbs are singular throughout this chapter because Job is addressing God. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” use the singular form in your translation.\n\n### “man” in a generic sense\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Job uses the word “man” in a generic sense that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, such as “people,” “mortals,” or “humans.” 14:1 j425 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. However, Job is being deliberately terse in order to describe the human condition as pitiful, so you may wish to translate this statement with fewer words than your language would ordinarly use. Alternate translation: “Man, who is born of woman, is few of days and full of trouble” 14:1 j426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Every child of a human mother” 14:1 j427 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 Job is using the phrase **born of woman** by association to mean that people are mortal. In other words, just as they are naturally born, they will naturally die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Mortal man” -14:1 d6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and throughout the chapter the masculine term “man” has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, in all such instances you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Mortal humans” +14:1 d6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and throughout the chapter the masculine term “man” has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, in all such instances you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Mortal humans” 14:1 u162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job does not mean that in general people live for only a few **days**. He is using the term **days** to mean time in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His life is short and it is full of trouble” 14:1 pfe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is speaking of **Man** as if he were a container that **trouble** fills. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and continually troubled” 14:2 bgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּ⁠צִ֣יץ יָ֭צָא וַ⁠יִּמָּ֑ל וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. Since Job is using two different images together, it may be helpful to connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is conveying the same idea as the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He comes forth and withers like a flower; yes, he flees like a shadow and does not stand” @@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 14:9 f92c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֵ⁠רֵ֣יחַ מַ֣יִם 1 Job is speaking of the tree he is describing as if it could actually smell the **scent** of **waters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as soon as the ground becomes moist,” 14:9 dav4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עָשָׂ֖ה קָצִ֣יר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **branch**. He actually means that the stump of the tree will send forth many branches or shoots. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and send forth many shoots” 14:9 bx2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּמוֹ־נָֽטַע 1 Job is referring implicitly to a young **plant**, which would grow rapidly. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as young plants do” or “as if it were a young plant” -14:10 j433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. These masculine terms have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “but a mortal … a human being” +14:10 j433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. These masculine terms have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “but a mortal … a human being” 14:10 j434 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֖ע 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “and passes away” 14:10 wz2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אַיּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and he is gone completely” 14:11 f32z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 This verse is the beginning of a sentence that Job completes at the start of the next verse. The entire sentence draws a comparison. To show this, you could create a verse bridge for verses 11–12. Within it, this sentence might say something like this: “Just as waters disappear from a lake and a river dwindles and dries up, so a man lies down and does not arise.” @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 14:20 p3dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁנֶּ֥ה פָ֝נָ֗י⁠ו 1 The expression **changing his face** describes a person’s face becoming wrinkled as that person ages. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “making his face wrinkled” 14:20 j444 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מְשַׁנֶּ֥ה פָ֝נָ֗י⁠ו 1 Job may be using one part of the aging process, the **changing** of the **face** to become wrinkled, to mean the entire process. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing him to age” 14:20 lq7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠תְּשַׁלְּחֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is implicitly describing how God will **send** a person **away** from the community of living people to the abode of the dead. Job will describe this isolation in more detail in the next two verses. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you send him away from the community of living people to the abode of the dead” -14:21 m7cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נָי⁠ו 1 Here the masculine term **sons** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “His children” +14:21 m7cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נָי⁠ו 1 Here the masculine term **sons** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “His children” 14:22 j445 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אַךְ־בְּ֭שָׂר⁠וֹ עָלָ֣י⁠ו יִכְאָ֑ב וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ עָלָ֥י⁠ו תֶּאֱבָֽל 1 Job is using parts of a person, his **flesh** and his **soul**, to mean all of a person in the act of grieving and mourning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He alone grieves for himself, yes, he alone mourns for himself” 15:intro p4sy 0 # Job 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Eliphaz speaks to him once again. This time he speaks more strongly than he spoke before.\n- Verses 1–10: Eliphaz argues that the insights of traditional wisdom are on his side.\n- Verses 11–16: Eliphaz argues that Job should not defiantly insist that he is righteous.\n- Verses 17­–19: Eliphaz invites Job to consider the insights of traditional wisdom.\n- Verses 20–35: Eliphaz quotes the insights of traditional wisdom.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. 15:2 mw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה דַֽעַת־ר֑וּחַ וִֽ⁠ימַלֵּ֖א קָדִ֣ים בִּטְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. This verse is the beginning of a question that continues into the next verse, but if you translate it as a statement or as an exclamation, it may be helpful to make it a separate sentence in your translation. Alternate translation: “A wise person does not answer with knowledge of wind or fill his belly with the east wind!” @@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:7 a7jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Eliphaz is implicitly challenging Job not to consider himself wiser than everyone else because, after all, he is not older than everyone else. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You should not think that you are wiser than everyone else, because you were not born the first man! No, you were not formed to the face of the hills!” 15:7 j449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Eliphaz is overstating his point for emphasis as he challenges Job not to consider himself wiser than others. If a speaker of your language would not make this kind of overstatement, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “You should not think that you are wiser than everyone else, because you are not older than the other wise people in our community” 15:7 v4jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Are you the first person who ever lived” -15:7 j450 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the first human” +15:7 j450 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the first human” 15:7 j451 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of something by association with the way people can see the face of a person who is present. By asking whether Job was **formed** in the presence of **the hills**, Eliphaz is asking whether Job was formed at the same time as the hills, that is, long ago. Alternate translation: “and were you formed when the hills were formed” 15:7 j452 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and did God form you when he formed the hills” 15:7 j453 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche גְבָע֣וֹת 1 Eliphaz is using one part of the earth, its **hills**, to mean all of it as God created it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the earth” @@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:13 q3sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כִּֽי־תָשִׁ֣יב אֶל־אֵ֣ל רוּחֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using one part of Job, his **spirit**, to mean all of him in the act of turning against God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that you turn yourself against God” 15:13 v2f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הֹצֵ֖אתָ מִ⁠פִּ֣י⁠ךָ מִלִּֽין 1 Eliphaz is using the term **words** to mean what Job has been saying by using words and the term **mouth** to mean speaking. He is suggesting that the things Job has been saying are inappropriate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and say such inappropriate things” 15:14 n6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָֽה־אֱנ֥וֹשׁ כִּֽי־יִזְכֶּ֑ה וְ⁠כִֽי־יִ֝צְדַּ֗ק יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Man cannot be clean! No, one born of a woman cannot be righteous!” -15:14 z1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֥וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human being” +15:14 z1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֥וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human being” 15:14 u6tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִזְכֶּ֑ה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if people who are innocent of wrongdoing are literally **clean**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he should be innocent” 15:14 j464 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone to whom a woman has given birth” 15:14 j465 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of human mortality by association with the way that people are **born** physically and, by implication, will also die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a mortal” @@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:16 we5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִישׁ־שֹׁתֶ֖ה כַ⁠מַּ֣יִם עַוְלָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were literally **drinking** iniquity the way he would drink **water**. He means that Job eagerly and willingly does wrong things, the way thirsty people eagerly and willingly drink water. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a man who freely commits iniquity” or “such as a man like you who freely commits iniquity” 15:18 q3uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲשֶׁר־חֲכָמִ֥ים יַגִּ֑ידוּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א כִֽ֝חֲד֗וּ מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Eliphaz is not suggesting that **the wise** might have **hidden** something from **their fathers**. He means that they have declared what they learned from their fathers and not hidden any of it from the people of their own generation. It may be helpful to move the information that the wise have **not hidden** what they learned to the end of the sentence. Alternate translation: “what the wise have declared from their fathers and not hidden” 15:18 j471 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חֲכָמִ֥ים 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wise people” -15:18 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although the term **fathers** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “from their ancestors” +15:18 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although the term **fathers** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “from their ancestors” 15:19 psj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠הֶ֣ם לְ֭⁠בַדָּ⁠ם נִתְּנָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠לֹא־עָ֖בַר זָ֣ר בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠ם 1 By **them**, Eliphaz means the “fathers” or ancestors whom he described in the previous verse, and by **the land** he probably means Edom and specifically his home city of Teman, which was renowned for its wisdom (see [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md)). By saying that only those ancestors lived there and **no stranger** passed among them, he means that their wisdom was not diluted by outside influences. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “My wise ancestors lived by themselves in Teman, where there were no outside influences to dilute their wisdom” 15:19 yjj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִתְּנָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave the land” 15:20 j473 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־יְמֵ֣י רָ֭שָׁע 1 Eliphaz is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For the whole lifetime of the wicked” @@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 16:21 izh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person לְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר 1 When he refers to a **man** in the first part of this verse, Job seems to be speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “for me” 16:21 kk12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a son of man argues for his neighbor” 16:21 j510 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “just as a son of man argues for his neighbor” -16:21 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **son** and **man** are masculine, the phrase **a son of man** has a generic sense and means “a human being.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “just as one human being argues on behalf of another human being” +16:21 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **son** and **man** are masculine, the phrase **a son of man** has a generic sense and means “a human being.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “just as one human being argues on behalf of another human being” 16:22 j512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת מִסְפָּ֣ר יֶאֱתָ֑יוּ 1 Job is using the expression **years of number** to mean “a few years.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a few years will go by” 16:22 z81v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח לֹא־אָשׁ֣וּב אֶהֱלֹֽךְ 1 When Job says that he will **go** on a **path** and **not return**, he means that he will die. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will pass away” or “and then I will die” 17:intro rs6g 0 # Job 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. Job expresses his disappointment with his friends’ advice, he asks Yahweh to help him, and he wishes that he had good things to hope for.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. @@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 17:4 y4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א תְרֹמֵֽם 1 Job means implicitly that since God has kept his friends from understanding that he is innocent, God will not **exalt** or honor his friends by giving a guilty verdict against him, thereby vindicating what the friends have been saying. That would be allowing error to triumph. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you will not vindicate what they have been erroneously saying by giving a guilty verdict against me” 17:5 kb8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ֭⁠חֵלֶק יַגִּ֣יד רֵעִ֑ים וְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בָנָ֣י⁠ו תִּכְלֶֽנָה 1 Job is using one thing that God does to maintain justice, punish those who commit perjury for a bribe, to represent all that God does to maintain justice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “After all, you maintain justice by punishing people who corrupt court proceedings” 17:5 i5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בָנָ֣י⁠ו תִּכְלֶֽנָה 1 Job is speaking of how the **eyes** of people who are dying **fail** (no longer see) in order to describe those people dying. This is a poetic way of speaking about death. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “his sons will certainly die” -17:5 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here the masculine term **sons** has a generic sense that includes both sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “his children” +17:5 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here the masculine term **sons** has a generic sense that includes both sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “his children” 17:6 j523 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְֽ֭⁠הִצִּגַ⁠נִי 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God. After briefly speaking directly to God in verses 3 and 4, Job now speaks of God once again in the third person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But God has made me” 17:6 kzr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠מְשֹׁ֣ל עַמִּ֑ים 1 Job is using the word **saying** to mean that the **peoples** are citing him by name as an outstanding example of someone who seemed to be prospering because he was righteous but who came to ruin because he was actually wicked. Your language may have an expression for this practice of citing people by name as examples that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “a byword for the peoples” 17:6 me7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠תֹ֖פֶת לְ⁠פָנִ֣ים אֶֽהְיֶֽה 1 People were **spitting** in Job’s **face** as a symbolic action to show their contempt for him as a wicked person, which he appeared to them to be. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and people have even been spitting in my face to show their contempt for me because they think I am a wicked person” @@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 20:4 um5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠זֹ֣את יָ֭דַעְתָּ מִנִּי־עַ֑ד מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is using the question form for emphasis. (The question continues into the next verse.) If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this from long ago, from the placing of man upon the earth” 20:4 j584 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הֲ⁠זֹ֣את יָ֭דַעְתָּ מִנִּי־עַ֑ד מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is speaking as if Job himself should have known **from long ago** what he is about to say. He means that Job is one member of the human community that has known this for as long as it has existed. As a member of that community, Job should know it because it has been passed down to him through traditional wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this traditional wisdom that we have received from our earliest ancestors” 20:4 j585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is using one thing that God did when he created people, **placing** them on the **earth**, to mean all that God did in creating people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ever since God created man” -20:4 j586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “ever since God created people” +20:4 j586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “ever since God created people” 20:5 nhc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י רִנְנַ֣ת רְ֭שָׁעִים מִ⁠קָּר֑וֹב וְ⁠שִׂמְחַ֖ת חָנֵ֣ף עֲדֵי־רָֽגַע 1 In this verse, Zophar completes the question that he began in the previous verse, using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that the triumph of the wicked {is} from near, and the joy of the godless {is} for a moment!” 20:5 ubq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 Zophar is using the adjective **wicked**, which is plural, as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” 20:5 j587 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠קָּר֑וֹב 1 Zophar is using this expression to mean that the **triumph** of the **wicked** does not extend very far. He means that it does not extend very far in time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not last very long” @@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 20:28 j618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝גָּר֗וֹת 1 Zophar is speaking as if the wicked person’s **wealth** were a liquid that could literally be **flowing away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “vanishing” or “being destroyed” 20:28 j620 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 While God would punish the wicked person on a specific **day**, Zophar is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when God angrily punishes him” 20:29 j621 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֤ה ׀ חֵֽלֶק־אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע מֵ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים וְ⁠נַחֲלַ֖ת אִמְר֣⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אֵֽל 1 Zophar is speaking as if God were literally giving a **wicked man** a **portion**, probably meaning a portion of family property, and a **heritage**, similarly meaning an inheritance. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the punishment that the wicked man deserves, and God will punish him in that way” -20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” +20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” 20:29 j623 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **wicked man** or person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “wicked people” 20:29 j624 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠נַחֲלַ֖ת אִמְר֣⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אֵֽל 1 Zophar is using this possessive form to describe a symbolic **heritage** or inheritance that God has appointed to a wicked person. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and his appointed heritage from God” or “and the heritage that God has appointed to him” 21:intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Zophar’s second speech.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Punishment for the sins of one’s parents or ancestors\nIn the culture in which the book of Job was composed, people commonly believed that God might punish someone for the sins of their parents or ancestors. Job says in verse 19 of this chapter that this is what his three friends believe. However, while people’s sins may have consequences for their children and descendants, God does not punish people directly for their parents’ or ancestors’ sins. Be sure that this is clear in your translation.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### The adjective “wicked” as a noun\n\nIn verses 7, 16, 17, and 28, Job uses the adjective “wicked” as a noun to mean wicked people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase such as “wicked people.” @@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 21:34 j684 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠תְשֽׁוּבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם נִשְׁאַר־מָֽעַל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **falsehood**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And what you are saying in answer to me is entirely false” 22:intro m13v 0 # Job 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and last speech of Job’s friend Eliphaz. What he says in this speech is stronger than what he says in his previous two speeches. He insists that Job must have done wrong, and he suggests several specific evil things that Job may have done.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Eliphaz answering Job with his own words\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Eliphaz answers Job with his own words. That is, Eliphaz uses the same expressions that Job did earlier, but with different meaning and implications. To help your readers appreciate this, you may wish to translate Eliphaz’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this. 22:2 r9kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְ⁠אֵ֥ל יִסְכָּן־גָּ֑בֶר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be useful to God!” -22:2 j685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּ֑בֶר 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +22:2 j685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּ֑בֶר 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” 22:3 h3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠חֵ֣פֶץ לְ֭⁠שַׁדַּי כִּ֣י תִצְדָּ֑ק וְ⁠אִם־בֶּ֝֗צַע כִּֽי־תַתֵּ֥ם דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not pleasure to Shaddai that you are righteous! It is not gain to him that you perfect your ways!” 22:3 j686 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִם־בֶּ֝֗צַע כִּֽי־תַתֵּ֥ם דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the word **if** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “it is not gain to him that you perfect your ways, is it” 22:3 j687 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a series of **ways** or paths that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your manner of life” @@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 24:11 fp3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בֵּין־שׁוּרֹתָ֥⁠ם יַצְהִ֑ירוּ יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people and the pronoun **their** refers to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Within the walls of wicked people, poor people press oil; poor people tread the winepresses of wicked people, but those poor people suffer thirst” 24:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַצְהִ֑ירוּ 1 Job is referring to the way that workers would **press oil** from olives, which were a staple food in this culture. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. You could also use a general expression if your readers might not be familiar with olives. Alternate translation: “they press oil from olives” or “they work hard to produce oil from plants” 24:11 a1m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 Job is commenting here on the injustice of wicked people having poor people **tread their winepresses** but then not giving them any of the wine to drink. (In this culture, the water was often unsafe to drink. People drank wine to quench their thirst, and, because the wine had a low alcohol content, they could do that without getting drunk. Job is not saying that the wicked people should have given the poor people wine so that they could get drunk, only that they should have given them wine to quench their thirst.) See how you expressed the implicit meaning in the previous verse, where Job described how poor people carried grain but went hungry. Alternate translation: “they are thirsty, even though they work treading winepresses, because the wicked people who own the presses do not give them any of the wine to quench their thirst” -24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתִ֨ים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women” +24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתִ֨ים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women” 24:12 j760 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using the adjective **wounded** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the souls of wounded people cry out” 24:12 j761 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using one part of a **wounded** person, his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of crying out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out” 24:12 j762 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job implicitly means that these people are crying out to God for justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out to God for justice” @@ -1930,13 +1930,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 25:3 tb5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭סְפָּר לִ⁠גְדוּדָ֑י⁠ו 1 In this verse, Bildad is describing God’s greatness by saying that at night, there are too many stars in the sky to count, and by day, the sun shines all over the world. So in this context, the word **troops** implicitly refers to the stars as if they were soldiers. Alternate translation: “Is there a number to the stars?” or “There are too many stars in the sky to count!” 25:3 j793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־מִ֝֗י לֹא־יָק֥וּם אוֹרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Bildad is using the term **light** by association to mean the sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And upon whom does the sun not rise?” or “And the sun shines on everyone!” 25:4 w2pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה־יִּצְדַּ֣ק אֱנ֣וֹשׁ עִם־אֵ֑ל וּ⁠מַה־יִּ֝זְכֶּ֗ה יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be righteous with God! One born of a woman cannot be clean!” -25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” 25:4 kx6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 See how you translated this expression in [15:14](../15/14.md). Alternate translation: “a mortal” 25:5 un12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֭רֵחַ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַאֲהִ֑יל 1 Bildad implicitly means that compared with God’s holiness, the **moon** does not **shine** with the brightness of a pure, holy thing. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the moon has no holy brightness” 25:5 kt4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו 1 Bildad is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his perspective” 25:6 c7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 **Indeed that** is an expression that indicates that what follows is greater in degree than what a person has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How much less a man, a worm” 25:6 j794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “How much less could a man, a worm, be pure” -25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Although the terms **man** and **son** are masculine, here both words have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human … or a human child” +25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Although the terms **man** and **son** are masculine, here both words have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human … or a human child” 25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is speaking as if a human were literally a **worm**. He probably means that humans are lowly, just as worms are lowly, living in the dirt. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that lowly creature” 25:6 j795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם תּוֹלֵעָֽה 1 Bildad is similarly speaking as if a human were literally a **grub**. Once again the basis of the comparison seems to be that just as grubs live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a parallel poetic reference to human mortality. Rather than repeat the image, it may be more natural in your language to translate this as an explanatory phrase. Alternate translation, not preceded by a comma: “whom God formed from the earth” 26:intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a long response by Job first to Bildad’s last speech and then to the friends in general. Bildad had spoken briefly of the greatness of God. Job shows that he is a truly godly man who appreciates God’s greatness by describing it in this chapter at greater length and in more eloquent language. Job told the friends in 12:3 that he had just as much wisdom as they did, and he demonstrates that in this chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 7–9, Job makes a series of statements about God that have a similar form. A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could help them appreciate it by putting each sentence of the litany on a separate line. See what you did with the similar litany in chapter 12. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make each verse in the litany a separate sentence. For example, you could begin verse 7, “God stretches out.” Notes to verses 7–9 offer further suggestions.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” all refer to God throughout this chapter. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify the referent and say “God” or “God’s” at regular intervals for clarity. @@ -1971,9 +1971,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 26:10 j813 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַד־תַּכְלִ֖ית א֣וֹר עִם־חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Job implicitly means that the **limit** that God has placed on the extent of the oceans coincides with the bottom of the dome of the sky, which people in this culture considered to be a solid object. Beneath the dome, in which the sun, moon, and stars shone, there was light. Beyond the dome was darkness. So Job is using **the boundary of light with darkness** to refer by association to the sky. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “at the bottom of the dome of the sky” 26:11 n3vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַמּוּדֵ֣י שָׁמַ֣יִם יְרוֹפָ֑פוּ וְ֝⁠יִתְמְה֗וּ מִ⁠גַּעֲרָתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Many interpreters believe that here Job is speaking of high mountains as if they were the **pillars of the heavens**, since they appear to hold up the sky. Job would also be speaking as if God were literally issuing a **rebuke** to the mountains and that in response, they **tremble and marvel**. The reference may be to an earthquake, which causes the mountains to shake, or to appear to shake from the perspective of someone in a lowland earthquake. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God sends earthquakes that make even the high mountains shake” 26:11 f7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys יְרוֹפָ֑פוּ וְ֝⁠יִתְמְה֗וּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **marvel**, a reference to being astonished by the power of God, tells why the pillars of the heavens **tremble**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “shake with fear” -26:12 x7ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָ֣חַץ רָֽהַב 1 See how you translated the name Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md) and the previous occurrence of the name Rahab in [9:13](../09/13.md). Here as well, you could either retain the name in your translation or you could use a general expression in order to give your readers some idea of the beliefs of this culture. Job is depicting God’s work in making an orderly creation as defeating the forces of watery chaos. Alternate translation: “he defeated the chaos monster” +26:12 x7ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָ֣חַץ רָֽהַב 1 See how you translated the name Rahab in [9:13](../09/13.md). Alternate translation: "he defeated the sea monster that is associated with chaos" 26:13 c72v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֭⁠רוּח⁠וֹ שָׁמַ֣יִם שִׁפְרָ֑ה 1 Job is probably speaking as if strong winds, which clear the clouds from the sky after a storm, are the **breath** of God. Even though word translated **breath** can also mean “wind” or “Spirit,” Job is probably using a poetic image rather than a literal statement to describe the power of God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God sends strong winds to clear the sky of clouds after a storm” -26:13 c2jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹֽלֲלָ֥ה יָ֝ד֗⁠וֹ נָחָ֥שׁ בָּרִֽיחַ 1 By **the fleeing serpent**, Job implicitly means the chaos monster. In [Isaiah 27:1](../27/01.md), that monster is identified by that phrase. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his hand pierced the chaos monster” +26:13 c2jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָחָ֥שׁ בָּרִֽיחַ 1 The expression **the fleeing serpent** is another name for the sea monster. (In [Isaiah 27:1](../27/01.md), that creature is identified by that same phrase.) See how you translated the name Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md) and the name Rahab in the previous verse. Alternate translation: "the sea monster that is associated with chaos" 26:13 r5le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חֹֽלֲלָ֥ה יָ֝ד֗⁠וֹ נָחָ֥שׁ בָּרִֽיחַ 1 Job is using one part of God, his **hand**, to mean all of him in the act of doing combat with the chaos monster. He means that with a weapon such as a sword, God **pierced** the monster, that is, stabbed it to death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in combat, he killed the chaos monster” 26:14 j814 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְצ֬וֹת דְּרָכָ֗יו 1 Job is speaking of the things that God does as if they were **ways** or paths that God was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a small part of his actions” 26:14 k819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מַה־שֵּׁ֣מֶץ דָּ֭בָר נִשְׁמַע־בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job may be using the term **word** in the sense of the sound of a word, in which case the term **small** would indicate a faint sound or whisper. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and how faint a whisper we hear of him” @@ -2019,7 +2019,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 27:12 pnx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֝֗ה הֶ֣בֶל תֶּהְבָּֽלוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “you should therefore not vainly speak this vanity” 27:12 j831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וְ⁠לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֝֗ה הֶ֣בֶל תֶּהְבָּֽלוּ 1 For emphasis, Job is using a construction in which a subject and its verb come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “why then do you speak this utter vanity” or, as a statement, “you should therefore not speak this utter vanity” 27:13 g6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֤ה ׀ חֵֽלֶק־אָדָ֖ם רָשָׁ֥ע ׀ עִם־אֵ֑ל 1 Job is speaking as if the punishment that God assigns to a **wicked man** were literally a **portion** or share of goods that God allotted to that person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the punishment that God assigns to a wicked man” -27:13 j832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֖ם רָשָׁ֥ע 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” +27:13 j832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֖ם רָשָׁ֥ע 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” 27:13 djh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽ⁠נַחֲלַ֥ת עָ֝רִיצִ֗ים מִ⁠שַּׁדַּ֥י יִקָּֽחוּ 1 Job is speaking as if the punishment that Shaddai assigns to a **oppressors** were literally a **heritage** or inheritance that he leaves to them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and this is the punishment that oppressors receive from Shaddai” 27:14 f7mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִם־יִרְבּ֣וּ בָנָ֣י⁠ו לְמוֹ־חָ֑רֶב 1 Job is using the term **sword** by association to mean death, since in this culture people killed others with swords. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Even if a wicked person has many children, they will all die” 27:14 j833 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food” @@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 28:4 j843 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵֽ⁠עִם־גָּ֗ר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **habitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “far from where people live” 28:4 j844 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁכָּחִ֥ים מִנִּי־רָ֑גֶל 1 Job is not referring to a specific **foot**. He means feet in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the ones forgotten by feet” 28:4 hz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁכָּחִ֥ים מִנִּי־רָ֑גֶל 1 Job is speaking of a **foot** as if it were a living thing that could forget something. Here the term **forgotten** has the sense of being oblivious to something, not the sense of once having known something but no longer remembering it. This could be describing: (1) the way that people walk on the ground above mines without realizing that miners are at work deep below them. In that case the word **foot**, meaning the feet of these people, would represent them walking. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “The people walking on the ground high above miners do not realize that they are there” (2) the location of the mines that Job is describing. He would be saying that they are in remote places where people do not go. In that case the word **foot**, meaning the feet of these people, would represent them traveling. Alternate translation: “in places where people do not go” -28:4 j845 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Away from other people” +28:4 j845 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Away from other people” 28:4 yed2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּ֖לּוּ & נָֽעוּ 1 Job means implicitly that these miners **dangle and swing** from ropes in order to get down into the mines. He is emphasizing the risks that people will take in order to find precious metals. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “they dangle and swing dangerously from ropes in order to get down into their mines” 28:5 j846 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֶ֗רֶץ מִמֶּ֥⁠נָּה יֵֽצֵא־לָ֑חֶם וְ֝⁠תַחְתֶּ֗י⁠הָ נֶהְפַּ֥ךְ כְּמוֹ־אֵֽשׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. In this verse, Job is drawing a contrast between the ordinary activities that take place on the surface of the earth and the extraordinary, dangerous activities that take place in mines below the earth. Alternate translation: “People grow food on the surface of the earth, but below the surface, they transform the earth by means such as fire” 28:5 r3d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food” @@ -2093,7 +2093,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 28:12 k2hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 Job is drawing an implicit comparison between the difficulty of finding gemstones and precious metals and the even greater difficulty of finding **wisdom** and **understanding**. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “But wisdom is even harder to find than gemstones and precious metals. It is harder to know where the place of understanding is than it is to find those things. So I want you to consider how one can obtain wisdom.” 28:12 j853 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “But wisdom is even harder to find than gemstones and precious metals. So I want you to consider how one can obtain wisdom.” 28:12 bcr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But where does one find wisdom” -28:13 j854 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹא־יָדַ֣ע אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “People do not know” +28:13 j854 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹא־יָדַ֣ע אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “People do not know” 28:13 drv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֶרְכָּ֑⁠הּ 1 The word translated **disposition** could mean implicitly: (1) where God has put wisdom. Alternate translation: “its location” (2) the value of wisdom. Alternate translation: “its price” 28:13 j855 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עֶרְכָּ֑⁠הּ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom here and through the rest of the chapter. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers at various points in your translation. Alternate translation: “the disposition of wisdom” 28:13 z9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִ֝מָּצֵ֗א 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor can anyone find it” @@ -2132,7 +2132,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 28:26 qy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַ⁠חֲזִ֥יז קֹלֽוֹת 1 Job is using the expression **the flash of the thunders** by association to mean the bolts of lightning that accompany thunder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the lightning bolts” 28:27 j870 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אָ֣ז רָ֭אָ⁠הּ וַֽ⁠יְסַפְּרָ֑⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God, and the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “then God recognized what wisdom would be, and he described it” 28:28 j871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר ׀ לָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם הֵ֤ן יִרְאַ֣ת אֲ֭דֹנָ⁠י הִ֣יא חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠ס֖וּר מֵ⁠רָ֣ע בִּינָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And he told man that the fear of the Lord was indeed wisdom and that to turn from evil was understanding” -28:28 j872 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to humankind” +28:28 j872 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to humankind” 28:28 l4bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יִרְאַ֣ת אֲ֭דֹנָ⁠י 1 The Lord is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “to fear me” or “to reverence me” 28:28 m7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ס֖וּר מֵ⁠רָ֣ע בִּינָֽה 1 The Lord is speaking as if people should physically **turn** away from evil. He means that if people want to have **understanding**, they should not live in an evil way but instead live in a good way. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and people will obtain understanding if they reject what is evil” 29:intro eli2 0 # Job 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s final response to his three friends. In this chapter, Job recalls the honor he enjoyed and the influence he exercised within his community before he suffered so many misfortunes.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 2–6, Job makes a series of statements about what his life was like before his present troubles. He expresses a wish in verse 2 that his life could be like this again, and in verses 3–6 he offers a series of descriptions that each begin with “when” or “as that.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could help them appreciate it by putting each sentence of the litany on a separate line. See what you did with the similar litany in chapter 12. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make each verse in the litany a separate sentence. For example, you could begin verse 3, “At that time.”\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “they” in verses 21–25\n\nJob uses “they” in verses 21–25 as an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify a general referent such as “people” at regular intervals for clarity. Notes suggest how you might do that at various places. @@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 31:31 j973 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformulas אִם־לֹ֣א אָ֭מְרוּ מְתֵ֣י אָהֳלִ֑⁠י מִֽי־יִתֵּ֥ן מִ֝⁠בְּשָׂר֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א נִשְׂבָּֽע 1 As in [31:25](../31/25.md) and [31:29](../31/29.md), here Job does not state the second part of the condition in an oath that he is swearing. See what you did in those verses. Alternate translation: “If the men of my tent have not said, ‘Who will give one who has not been satisfied from his flesh?’ then judges would certainly punish such iniquity” or “If the men of my tent have not said, ‘Who will give one {who} has not been satisfied from his flesh?’ then I would certainly deserve punishment” 31:31 j974 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אִם־לֹ֣א אָ֭מְרוּ מְתֵ֣י אָהֳלִ֑⁠י מִֽי־יִתֵּ֥ן מִ֝⁠בְּשָׂר֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א נִשְׂבָּֽע 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “If the men of my tent have not asked who could show one who has not been satisfied from my flesh!” 31:31 ng3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מְתֵ֣י אָהֳלִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the term **tent** by association to mean his household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the men of my household” -31:31 j975 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתֵ֣י אָהֳלִ֑⁠י 1 Although Job refers to his male and female servants separately in [31:13](../31/13.md), Job is likely using the masculine term **men** here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the men and women of my household” or “my servants” +31:31 j975 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתֵ֣י אָהֳלִ֑⁠י 1 Although Job refers to his male and female servants separately in [31:13](../31/13.md), Job is likely using the masculine term **men** here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the men and women of my household” or “my servants” 31:31 hwl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יִתֵּ֥ן מִ֝⁠בְּשָׂר֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א נִשְׂבָּֽע 1 Job’s servants would be using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. (In this context, unlike elsewhere in the book, the expression **Who will give** does not express a wish. The servants are not saying, “We wish there was one who has not been satisfied.”) Alternate translation: “No one can show anyone who has not been satisfied from his flesh!” or, positively, “Everyone has been satisfied from his flesh!” 31:31 j976 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א נִשְׂבָּֽע 1 As the next verse shows, Job’s servants would be speaking implicitly of hungry people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a hungry person who has not been satisfied” 31:31 j977 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ֝⁠בְּשָׂר֗⁠וֹ 1 Job’s servants would be using the term **flesh** by association to mean meat and, by further association, food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from his food” @@ -2445,7 +2445,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 32:7 z9d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָמִ֣ים יְדַבֵּ֑רוּ וְ⁠רֹ֥ב שָׁ֝נִ֗ים יֹדִ֥יעוּ חָכְמָֽה 1 Elihu is speaking of **days** and **years** as if they were living things that could **speak** and **teach wisdom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. He means that people who have lived for many days and years should do those things. Alternate translation: “Let people who have lived for many days speak; yes, let those who have lived for a multitude of years teach wisdom” 32:7 j993 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is wise” 32:8 j994 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֽוּחַ־הִ֣יא בֶ⁠אֱנ֑וֹשׁ 1 Elihu means implicitly that God created humans with a **spirit** as well as a body. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “man has a spirit, not just a body” -32:8 le8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶ⁠אֱנ֑וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Elihu is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “in humans” +32:8 le8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶ⁠אֱנ֑וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Elihu is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “in humans” 32:8 tg64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִשְׁמַ֖ת שַׁדַּ֣י תְּבִינֵֽ⁠ם 1 Elihu means implicitly that because Shaddai breathed life into humans, divinely bestowing on them the gift of life (the Bible presents this concept in [Genesis 2:7](../02/07.md)), humans have **understanding**, not just instinct as animals do. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and it is because Shaddai has breathed life into them that they have understanding” 32:9 j995 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־רַבִּ֥ים יֶחְכָּ֑מוּ וּ֝⁠זְקֵנִ֗ים יָבִ֥ינוּ מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Elihu means implicitly that it is not the **great** or the **aged** alone who are wise and understand justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is not only the great who are wise, and it is not the aged alone who understand justice” 32:9 j996 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רַבִּ֥ים & וּ֝⁠זְקֵנִ֗ים 1 Elihu is using the adjectives **great** and **aged** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Great people … and aged people” @@ -2455,7 +2455,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 32:11 vq5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְֽ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֗ם & מִלִּֽין 1 Elihu is using the term **words** to mean what Job’s friends said and tried to say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you to speak … for something to say” 32:12 cem5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲמָרָ֣י⁠ו 1 Elihu is using the term **words** to mean what Job said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he said” or “his arguments” 32:13 ys9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes פֶּן־תֹּ֣֭אמְרוּ מָצָ֣אנוּ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So do not say that you have found wisdom” -32:13 pwq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹא־אִֽישׁ 1 Elihu is using the masculine term **man** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “not a mere human being” +32:13 pwq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹא־אִֽישׁ 1 Elihu is using the masculine term **man** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “not a mere human being” 32:14 q8fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹא־עָרַ֣ךְ אֵלַ֣⁠י מִלִּ֑ין 1 Elihu is using the term **words** to mean what Job and his friends have been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Now Job has said nothing to provoke me, so I can speak reasonably to him, unlike you” 32:15 j999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside חַ֭תּוּ לֹא־עָ֣נוּ ע֑וֹד הֶעְתִּ֖יקוּ מֵ⁠הֶ֣ם מִלִּֽים 1 Elihu has been speaking directly to Job’s friends in the second person, but in this verse he starts speaking about them in the third person. This could mean: (1) that Elihu is now speaking to himself, but out loud, about the people to whom he had been speaking. He would be doing that to indicate in a strong way how he feels about those people. Alternate translation: “I am indignant that Job’s friends are dismayed and are no longer answering him and have nothing further to say to him” (2) that Elihu is now speaking about Job’s friends to others who are present. (It is unlikely that Elihu is turning to address Job himself here; Elihu begins addressing Job directly by name in [33:1](../33/01.md).) Alternate translation: “Look, all the rest of you, at how Job’s friends are dismayed and are no longer answering him and have nothing further to say to him!” Since Job’s friends can hear what Elihu is saying, and since he is saying it partly for their benefit, you could also continue to use the second person in your translation, as the UST does. 32:15 gi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֶעְתִּ֖יקוּ מֵ⁠הֶ֣ם מִלִּֽים 1 Elihu is speaking of **words** as if they were living things that could have **gone** away from Job’s friends. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they have nothing further to say” @@ -2471,12 +2471,12 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 32:19 a7cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כְּ⁠אֹב֥וֹת חֲ֝דָשִׁ֗ים יִבָּקֵֽעַ 1 Elihu is speaking as if his **belly** were literally **bursting open** the way **new wineskins** do if they are not able to stretch enough to accommodate the gases that form as the wine inside them ferments. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I feel as if I can barely contain all the things I want to say, as if I were a new wineskin that could hardly stretch enough to contain all the gases that were forming as the wine inside it fermented” 32:20 m29y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יִֽרְוַֽח־לִ֑⁠י 1 The idea of being able to breathe freely once again is implicit in the word translated **refresh**. Your language may have an equivalent expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “so that I can breathe a sign of relief” 32:20 w6zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֶפְתַּ֖ח שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will talk” -32:21 k004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 In both instances, the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “anyone … anyone” +32:21 k004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 In both instances, the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “anyone … anyone” 32:21 k005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַל & אֶשָּׂ֣א פְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: “let me not show favoritism to anyone” 32:21 mi73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אֶל־אָ֝דָ֗ם לֹ֣א אֲכַנֶּֽה 1 Elihu may be using one thing that he might do to flatter someone, address him by an honorary **title**, to mean all the ways in which he might flatter someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let me not flatter anyone” 32:22 nb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֣א יָדַ֣עְתִּי אֲכַנֶּ֑ה 1 This could mean: (1) that Elihu is using the word **know** in the sense of being acquainted with something. He may mean that this is not his custom. Alternate translation: “it is not my custom to address people by honorary titles” (2) that Elihu is saying that he is not skilled at **giving titles**. Alternate translation: “I am not very good at giving titles” or “I am not very good at flattery” 32:22 i4r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism כִּ֝⁠מְעַ֗ט יִשָּׂאֵ֥⁠נִי עֹשֵֽׂ⁠נִי 1 When Elihu says that his **Maker** (God) would **take** him **away** if he flattered people, he is referring to death in a poetic way. He means that God would punish him by killing him. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “my Maker would do away with me” -33:intro t7rx 0 # Job 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Elihu’s speech. In this chapter, Elihu addresses Job directly. He invites Job to listen to him, summarizes what Job has said, and tells Job that he is wrong that God does not respond to people. Elihu says that God speaks to people in dreams to warn them not to keep sinning. He says that God also uses sickness to correct people. The implications are that Job’s sufferings are a warning from God not to sin; they are not a punishment from God for sins that Job has committed. In that sense, as Elihu says at the end of the chapter, Job has been right and his friends have been wrong about what has been happening to Job.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### ransom\n\nIn verse 24, Elihu describes how God may say of a person who is suffering because of his sin, “I have found a ransom.” The term “ransom” can describe a payment that is made in exchange for someone’s freedom. The term “redeem,” which Elihu uses earlier in that verse, can similarly mean to make a payment in order to have someone set free. However, in this context, the term “ransom” seems to describe instead a valuable consideration, not necessarily a monetary one, that provides the grounds for sparing someone from punishment. Be sure that it is clear in your translation of this verse that God is not saying that he is going to make a payment to someone else on behalf of the suffering person.\n\nA further implication seems to be that the person whom Elihu is describing has repented because of his sufferings after an interpreting angel has explained to him the change needed in his actions. This repentance shows that the person has responded positively to God’s initiatives to get him to stop living in the wrong way and to start living in the right way once again. Be sure that it is also clear in your translation of verse 24 that there is nothing that the person has done to redeem or ransom himself. As Elihu says, God “is gracious to him.” It is God who brings the sickness into the person’s life to “chasten” him, and it is God who sends the angel to warn and admonish the person, and so the person is spared from punishment through the actions of God.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### “words” meaning speaking or what a person says\n\nAs in chapter 32, many times in this chapter Elihu uses the term “words” to mean speaking or what a person says by using words. Notes suggest ways to translate the term “words” in these various individual contexts.### reference of “you” and “your”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Elihu uses the pronouns “you” and “your” to address Job individually, so use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “man” and “men” with generic meaning\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu uses the words “man” and “men” in a generic sense that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Notes suggest translation possibilities at various places (see: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations).\n\n### “seals their correction” or “terrifies them with warnings” (verse 16)\n\nIn verse 16, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “seals their correction.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “terrifies them with warnings,” and some translations say that. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +33:intro t7rx 0 # Job 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Elihu’s speech. In this chapter, Elihu addresses Job directly. He invites Job to listen to him, summarizes what Job has said, and tells Job that he is wrong that God does not respond to people. Elihu says that God speaks to people in dreams to warn them not to keep sinning. He says that God also uses sickness to correct people. The implications are that Job’s sufferings are a warning from God not to sin; they are not a punishment from God for sins that Job has committed. In that sense, as Elihu says at the end of the chapter, Job has been right and his friends have been wrong about what has been happening to Job.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### ransom\n\nIn verse 24, Elihu describes how God may say of a person who is suffering because of his sin, “I have found a ransom.” The term “ransom” can describe a payment that is made in exchange for someone’s freedom. The term “redeem,” which Elihu uses earlier in that verse, can similarly mean to make a payment in order to have someone set free. However, in this context, the term “ransom” seems to describe instead a valuable consideration, not necessarily a monetary one, that provides the grounds for sparing someone from punishment. Be sure that it is clear in your translation of this verse that God is not saying that he is going to make a payment to someone else on behalf of the suffering person.\n\nA further implication seems to be that the person whom Elihu is describing has repented because of his sufferings after an interpreting angel has explained to him the change needed in his actions. This repentance shows that the person has responded positively to God’s initiatives to get him to stop living in the wrong way and to start living in the right way once again. Be sure that it is also clear in your translation of verse 24 that there is nothing that the person has done to redeem or ransom himself. As Elihu says, God “is gracious to him.” It is God who brings the sickness into the person’s life to “chasten” him, and it is God who sends the angel to warn and admonish the person, and so the person is spared from punishment through the actions of God.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### “words” meaning speaking or what a person says\n\nAs in chapter 32, many times in this chapter Elihu uses the term “words” to mean speaking or what a person says by using words. Notes suggest ways to translate the term “words” in these various individual contexts.### reference of “you” and “your”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Elihu uses the pronouns “you” and “your” to address Job individually, so use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “man” and “men” with generic meaning\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu uses the words “man” and “men” in a generic sense that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Notes suggest translation possibilities at various places (see: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations).\n\n### “seals their correction” or “terrifies them with warnings” (verse 16)\n\nIn verse 16, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “seals their correction.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “terrifies them with warnings,” and some translations say that. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 33:1 m7lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלָּ֑⁠י וְֽ⁠כָל־דְּבָרַ֥⁠י 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, Elihu is using the term **words** to mean what he wants to say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I have to say … all that I tell you” 33:2 j572 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָ֭א פָּתַ֣חְתִּי פִ֑⁠י דִּבְּרָ֖ה לְשׁוֹנִ֣⁠י בְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Elihu is using the past tense to describe something that he intends to do in the immediate future. He is doing that in order to indicate his resolve to do what he describes. Alternate translation: “I am now about to open my mouth; my tongue is about to speak on my palate” 33:2 k006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נָ֭א פָּתַ֣חְתִּי פִ֑⁠י 1 Elihu is using the first part of the speaking process, opening one’s **mouth**, to mean the entire process of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am now about to speak” @@ -2502,7 +2502,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 33:11 ra4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשֵׂ֣ם בַּ⁠סַּ֣ד רַגְלָ֑⁠י יִ֝שְׁמֹ֗ר כָּל־אָרְחֹתָֽ⁠י 1 Job spoke as if God had literally put his **feet** in **shackles** and as if his courses of action were literally **paths** that he was walking along. If you chose to express the ideas behind these images rather than the images themselves in [13:27](../13/27.md), you can do the same thing here so that it will be clear that Elihu is quoting what Job said there. 33:12 bbu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֣את 1 By **this**, Elihu seems to mean Job’s belief that God was not treating him fairly, which Elihu has just summarized. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in thinking that God is not treating you fairly,” 33:12 k011 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result זֹ֣את לֹא־צָדַ֣קְתָּ & כִּֽי־יִרְבֶּ֥ה אֱ֝ל֗וֹהַ מֵ⁠אֱנֽוֹשׁ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could move this phrase to the start of the verse (after **Behold**), since it gives the reason why Elihu says that Job is **not right**. Alternate translation: “since God is greater than man, you have misunderstood how he is treating you” -33:12 k012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֱנֽוֹשׁ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “than humans” +33:12 k012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֱנֽוֹשׁ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “than humans” 33:13 z74q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַ֭דּוּעַ אֵלָ֣י⁠ו רִיב֑וֹתָ כִּ֥י כָל־דְּ֝בָרָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א־יַעֲנֶֽה 1 Elihu is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not contend against him, that does not answer any of one’s words” 33:13 m749 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּ֥י כָל־דְּ֝בָרָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א־יַעֲנֶֽה 1 Elihu could be saying: (1) that Job’s complaint is that God has not responded to his questions and protests. In that case, Elihu would be using the term translated **words** to mean what Job has been saying. Alternate translation: “that he does not respond when one speaks to him” (2) that God does not given an account for his own actions. The term translated **words** can also describe the matters with which someone is concerned or the things that someone does. Alternate translation: “that he does not account to anyone for how he treats that person” 33:13 k013 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person כִּ֥י כָל־דְּ֝בָרָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א־יַעֲנֶֽה 1 Since Elihu is speaking to Job and he probably means that Job is complaining that God is not answering him, you could translate this in the second person if that would be more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that does not answer any of your words” or “that he does not respond when you speak to him” @@ -2566,7 +2566,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 33:33 k037 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אִם 1 Elihu is implicitly drawing a contrast, suggesting that, on the other hand, Job may not have anything to say once he has listened to him further. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the contrast explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “But if” 33:33 k038 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּ֥ה שְֽׁמַֽע־לִ֑⁠י 1 For emphasis, Elihu is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **listen**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “you be the one who listens while I speak” 33:33 k039 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is wise” -34:intro b9ku 0 # Job 34 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Elihu’s speech. In this chapter, Elihu speaks first to Job’s friends and others who may be listening, then from verse 16 onward he addresses Job directly, and then he speaks again to the others about Job starting in verse 34.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Elihu speaking harshly about Job\n\nIt may be puzzling to your readers that while Elihu promises Job in 33:7 that he will be gentle with him, in this chapter, in verses 7–8 and 35, Elihu speaks very harshly about Job. However, this is really a matter of interpretation rather than translation, so it is not necessary to offer an explanation within the text of your translation.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Elihu quoting Job and his friends\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu directly quotes Job or his friends. He does this to affirm what the friends said and to challenge what Job said. To help your readers appreciate that Elihu is doing this, you may wish to translate his expressions the same way you translated them when Job or his friends used them.\nIn 34:3, Elihu quotes what Job said in 12:11.\nIn 34:5, Elihu quotes what Job said in 27:2.\nIn 34:6, Elihu quotes what Job said in 6:4, 16:13, and 27:4.\nIn 34:7, Elihu quotes what Eliphaz said in 15:16.\nIn 34:12, Elihu quotes what Bildad said in 8:3.\n\n### “man” and “men” with generic meaning\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu uses the words “man” and “men” in a generic sense that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Notes suggest ways in which you might do this. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations.)\n\n### “For” at the start of a verse introducing a reason\n\nSeveral times in this chapter, Elihu says “For” at the beginning of a verse to introduce the reason for something he said in the previous verse. Elihu does this in verses 3, 5, 9, 11, 21, and 37. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could refer back more explicitly to the previous verse in order to show what Elihu is doing. The UST models ways to do this in each case. (“For” at the beginning of verse 23 introduces a new consideration, as the UST also illustrates.) (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases.) +34:intro b9ku 0 # Job 34 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Elihu’s speech. In this chapter, Elihu speaks first to Job’s friends and others who may be listening, then from verse 16 onward he addresses Job directly, and then he speaks again to the others about Job starting in verse 34.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Elihu speaking harshly about Job\n\nIt may be puzzling to your readers that while Elihu promises Job in 33:7 that he will be gentle with him, in this chapter, in verses 7–8 and 35, Elihu speaks very harshly about Job. However, this is really a matter of interpretation rather than translation, so it is not necessary to offer an explanation within the text of your translation.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Elihu quoting Job and his friends\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu directly quotes Job or his friends. He does this to affirm what the friends said and to challenge what Job said. To help your readers appreciate that Elihu is doing this, you may wish to translate his expressions the same way you translated them when Job or his friends used them.\nIn 34:3, Elihu quotes what Job said in 12:11.\nIn 34:5, Elihu quotes what Job said in 27:2.\nIn 34:6, Elihu quotes what Job said in 6:4, 16:13, and 27:4.\nIn 34:7, Elihu quotes what Eliphaz said in 15:16.\nIn 34:12, Elihu quotes what Bildad said in 8:3.\n\n### “man” and “men” with generic meaning\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Elihu uses the words “man” and “men” in a generic sense that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Notes suggest ways in which you might do this. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations.)\n\n### “For” at the start of a verse introducing a reason\n\nSeveral times in this chapter, Elihu says “For” at the beginning of a verse to introduce the reason for something he said in the previous verse. Elihu does this in verses 3, 5, 9, 11, 21, and 37. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could refer back more explicitly to the previous verse in order to show what Elihu is doing. The UST models ways to do this in each case. (“For” at the beginning of verse 23 introduces a new consideration, as the UST also illustrates.) (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases.) 34:1 h9vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַ⁠יַּ֥עַן אֱלִיה֗וּא וַ⁠יֹּאמַֽר 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **answered** tells for what purpose a person **said** something. In this case, Elihu said more things in light of what he had already said and thus, in a sense, in answer to them. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “And Elihu said further, in light of what he had already said” 34:2 k8a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלָּ֑⁠י 1 Elihu is using the term **words** to mean what he is about to say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I have to say” 34:2 zux7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חֲכָמִ֣ים 1 Elihu is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. (The ULT adds the word **ones** to show this.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “you who are wise” @@ -2731,11 +2731,11 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 36:5 z14c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִמְאָ֑ס 1 Elihu is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. He is probably responding to what Job said to God in [10:3](../10/03.md), “you … despise the work of your hands.” If that would be clearer in your language, you can supply these words from the context, specifically from verse 2, where Elihu speaks of God as his “Maker.” Alternate translation: “and he does not despise any of the people whom he has made” 36:5 j9ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כַּ֝בִּ֗יר כֹּ֣חַֽ לֵֽב 1 Elihu is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “he is also mighty in that he is strong in heart” 36:5 k113 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּ֝בִּ֗יר כֹּ֣חַֽ לֵֽב 1 Here the **heart** represents the mind or understanding. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is also mighty in that he has great understanding” -36:6 k114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יְחַיֶּ֥ה רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked by killing them” +36:6 k114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יְחַיֶּ֥ה רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of his intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked by killing them” 36:6 k115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָשָׁ֑ע & עֲנִיִּ֣ים 1 Elihu is using the adjectives **wicked** and **lowly** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … lowly people” 36:6 k117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מִשְׁפַּ֖ט עֲנִיִּ֣ים יִתֵּֽן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **justice**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but he makes sure that others treat lowly people fairly” 36:6 k116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עֲנִיִּ֣ים 1 See how you translated the term **lowly** in [29:12](../29/12.md). -36:7 k118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־יִגְרַ֥ע מִ⁠צַּדִּ֗יק עֵ֫ינָ֥י⁠ו 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He keeps his eyes on the righteous” +36:7 k118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־יִגְרַ֥ע מִ⁠צַּדִּ֗יק עֵ֫ינָ֥י⁠ו 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of his intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He keeps his eyes on the righteous” 36:7 q9mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֹֽא־יִגְרַ֥ע מִ⁠צַּדִּ֗יק עֵ֫ינָ֥י⁠ו 1 Elihu is using one part of God, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of watching over the righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He continually watches over the righteous” 36:7 k119 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מִ⁠צַּדִּ֗יק 1 Elihu is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “from the person who is righteous” 36:7 k120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ⁠צַּדִּ֗יק 1 Elihu is not referring to a specific **righteous** person. He means righteous people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form, particularly since Elihu uses plural forms in the rest of this verse. Alternate translation: “from righteous people” @@ -2802,9 +2802,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 36:23 tz9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וּ⁠מִֽי־אָ֝מַ֗ר פָּעַ֥לְתָּ עַוְלָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Or who has told him that he has committed unrighteousness” or “And no one has told him that he has committed unrighteousness!” 36:23 k153 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מִֽי־אָ֝מַ֗ר פָּעַ֥לְתָּ עַוְלָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **unrighteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Or who has told him that he has done what is not right” or “And no one has told him that he has done what is not right!” 36:24 k154 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זְ֭כֹר 1 Elihu is using the term **Remember** in a particular sense to mean “ensure.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Ensure” -36:24 k155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” +36:24 k155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” 36:25 k156 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־אָדָ֥ם חָֽזוּ־ב֑⁠וֹ אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ יַבִּ֥יט מֵ⁠רָחֽוֹק 1 Elihu could possibly be indicating the storm that is gathering. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see the storm clouds that God is forming in the sky, even though they are so high up and far away” -36:25 k157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אָדָ֥ם & אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ יַבִּ֥יט 1 Here again the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Each person … people have regarded” +36:25 k157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אָדָ֥ם & אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ יַבִּ֥יט 1 Here again the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Each person … people have regarded” 36:25 c8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ יַבִּ֥יט מֵ⁠רָחֽוֹק 1 Elihu is speaking as if people have literally seen God’s work **from afar**, that is, from a distance. He probably means that people only see and understand God’s work indistinctly and without recognizing many specific details. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “however, people only understand God’s work indistinctly” 36:25 k158 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ יַבִּ֥יט 1 Elihu is implying a slight contrast: While people can see God’s work, they can only see it **from afar**. In your translation, you may wish to indicate this contrast, in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “however, man has only regarded” 36:26 zd6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִסְפַּ֖ר שָׁנָ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠לֹא־חֵֽקֶר 1 Elihu may be using the term **years**, indicating age, by association to mean wisdom. The book makes this association in various other places, such as [12:12](../12/12.md) and [32:7](../32/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he is extremely wise, since he is older than anyone can determine” @@ -2812,7 +2812,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 36:27 z98g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְגָרַ֣ע נִטְפֵי־מָ֑יִם 1 Elihu is referring implicitly to the way God **draws up** water from the earth and sea as mist into the air. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he makes drops of water rise into the air as mist” 36:27 k160 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠אֵדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Elihu is speaking as if the water that evaporates from the earth and sea literally forms a **stream** in the sky that supplies clouds with rainwater. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into God’s supply” or “into the clouds” 36:28 k161 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲשֶֽׁר־יִזְּל֥וּ שְׁחָקִ֑ים 1 The pronoun **which** refers to the “drops of water” that Elihu described in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “The clouds pour down these drops of water” -36:28 k162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֬ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “humans” +36:28 k162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֬ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “humans” 36:29 q3k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־יָ֭בִין מִפְרְשֵׂי־עָ֑ב תְּ֝שֻׁא֗וֹת סֻכָּתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Elihu is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “no one can understand how God makes clouds spread or how he makes thunder come from his hut!” 36:29 wh4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סֻכָּתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Elihu is speaking as if God literally lived in a **hut** in the sky. (He is using the same term that Job used in [27:18](../27/18.md) to describe a guard booth.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from his dwelling place in the sky” 36:30 k163 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֵן 1 In this instance, Elihu seems to be using the term **Behold** literally. Alternate translation: “Look!” @@ -2860,7 +2860,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 37:7 k191 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יַד־כָּל־אָדָ֥ם יַחְתּ֑וֹם 1 Elihu is speaking as if God literally put a seal on every person’s **hand** to restrict it from being used. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He restrains the hand of every man” 37:7 y45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠יַד־כָּל־אָדָ֥ם יַחְתּ֑וֹם 1 Elihu is using one part of a person, his **hand**, to mean all of him in the act of working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He restrains every person from working” 37:7 k192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠יַד־כָּל־אָדָ֥ם יַחְתּ֑וֹם 1 Elihu is referring implicitly to the way that a heavy downpour of rain prevents people from working in their fields. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He sends heavy downpours that keep people from working in their fields” -37:7 k193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֥ם & לָ֝⁠דַ֗עַת כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֥י מַעֲשֵֽׂ⁠הוּ 1 Here the masculine terms **man** and **men** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “person so that all the people whom he has made will know” +37:7 k193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֥ם & לָ֝⁠דַ֗עַת כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֥י מַעֲשֵֽׂ⁠הוּ 1 Here the masculine terms **man** and **men** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “person so that all the people whom he has made will know” 37:7 k194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ֝⁠דַ֗עַת כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֥י מַעֲשֵֽׂ⁠הוּ 1 Elihu is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you can indicate from the context what God wants people to be **knowing**. Alternate translation: “so that all the people whom he has made will appreciate the great things that he does” 37:8 k195 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א חַיָּ֣ה בְמוֹ־אָ֑רֶב וּ⁠בִ⁠מְע֖וֹנֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִשְׁכֹּֽן 1 Elihu is not referring to a specific **beast**. He means beasts in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “And the beasts go into their dens and remain in their lairs” 37:8 k196 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural וּ⁠בִ⁠מְע֖וֹנֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִשְׁכֹּֽן 1 Elihu could be envisioning that a single **beast** would have several **lairs**, but he may be using the plural form for emphasis. Your language may also use plural forms for emphasis. If not, you could express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “and remains safely in its lair” @@ -2906,7 +2906,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 37:20 z1tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠יְסֻפַּר־ל֭⁠וֹ כִּ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 Elihu is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It should not be recounted to him that I would speak!” 37:20 fp7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַֽ⁠יְסֻפַּר־ל֭⁠וֹ כִּ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Should someone recount to him that I would speak?” or “No one should recount to him that I would speak!” 37:20 b2q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִֽם־אָ֥מַר אִ֝֗ישׁ כִּ֣י יְבֻלָּֽ 1 Elihu is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If a man spoke, surely he would be swallowed up!” -37:20 k217 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +37:20 k217 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” 37:20 k218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְבֻלָּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God would swallow him up” 37:20 x2hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְבֻלָּֽע 1 Elihu is speaking as if God would literally **swallow** an insolent person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he would be destroyed” or “God would destroy him” 37:21 k219 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֤ה 1 Elihu is using the phrase **And now** to introduce an important point, the conclusion of his speech, that Job should not be asking to speak with God. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “So then” @@ -2918,13 +2918,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 37:22 l64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast עַל־אֱ֝ל֗וֹהַּ נ֣וֹרָא הֽוֹד 1 Elihu is drawing an implicit contrast between the brightness of the sun, which people cannot look at directly, and the infinitely greater brightness of God’s glory. You may wish to make this contrast explicit in your translation. The UST models one way to do that. 37:23 c4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שַׁדַּ֣י לֹֽא־מְ֭צָאנֻ⁠הוּ 1 Job said in [23:3](../23/03.md) that he wished he knew where to find God so that he could go to where God was. Here Elihu is implicitly responding to Job in his own words. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “So, Job, none of us are able to find God and go where he is” 37:23 k225 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive שַׁדַּ֣י לֹֽא־מְ֭צָאנֻ⁠הוּ 1 Elihu is using the pronoun **we** to refer to himself and to Job, to whom he is speaking, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. -37:23 k226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֥ט וְ⁠רֹב־צְ֝דָקָ֗ה לֹ֣א יְעַנֶּֽה 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he ensures that there is justice and an abundance of righteousness” +37:23 k226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֥ט וְ⁠רֹב־צְ֝דָקָ֗ה לֹ֣א יְעַנֶּֽה 1 Elihu is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of his intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he ensures that there is justice and an abundance of righteousness” 37:23 k227 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֥ט וְ⁠רֹב־צְ֝דָקָ֗ה לֹ֣א יְעַנֶּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **justice** and **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “and he is careful to treat people justly and to ensure that people everywhere do what is right” -37:24 k228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִׁ֑ים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “all people” +37:24 k228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִׁ֑ים 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “all people” 37:24 k229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יִ֝רְאֶ֗ה כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵֽב 1 Elihu does not mean that God is not pleased when people become **wise**. He means that God would not show favoritism to a person who was particularly wise compared with other people, because compared with God’s infinite wisdom, all people have only a little wisdom You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He does not respect any person more than he respects other people, no matter how wise that person might be by human standards” 37:24 n2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חַכְמֵי־לֵֽב 1 As in [34:10](../34/10.md), here the **heart** represents the understanding. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the wise in understanding” 37:24 k230 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חַכְמֵי־לֵֽב 1 Elihu is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are wise of heart” or “people who are able to understand things wisely” -38:intro bs8p 0 # Job 38 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Yahweh’s response to Job. His response continues through chapter 41.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\nIn this chapter, Yahweh begins asking Job a series of questions in order to show that Job does not understand the workings of the created world. Yahweh asks questions about the earth in verses 4–20, with a summary challenge to Job in verse 21. Yahweh then asks questions about the sky in verses 22–38. He starts asking questions about animals and birds in verse 39; this part of his speech continues into the next chapter.\n\nThe implication is that if Job does not understand and cannot explain how God makes things work in the visible creation, he certainly does not understand and cannot explain what God is doing as he works in unseen, mysterious ways to accomplish his purposes in the lives of people and over the course of human history.\n\nWhen God comes to Job in the storm and responds to his questions, it becomes obvious that Elihu was wrong to say that God would not meet with Job. This shows God’s generosity to Job in granting him an interview as he requested, even though in the interview, God has to humble Job by demonstrating how little he actually knows.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s description of the creation\n\nIn this chapter, Yahweh describes the earth, sea, and sky according to the way the people of Job’s culture understood them. For example, in verse 16 Yahweh speaks of “springs” at the bottom of the sea that provide it with water. In verse 22, he speaks of “storehouses” in the sky where snow and hail are kept. In some parts of the chapter, these references occur within poetic images, such as the image in verses 4–6 of the earth as a building with “foundations” or the image in verses 12–13 of the dawn grasping the “edges” of the earth and shaking it. But in other places, the references do not occur within poetic images. In such places, Yahweh’s questions to Job, which demonstrate of the limits of Job’s knowledge, depend for their force on these features being real, even though they do not correspond to the creation as we know it today. We may consider that Yahweh is speaking into the cultural beliefs of Job and the others who are listening in order to communicate a moral and spiritual insight to Job in terms that he will understand. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could translate these descriptions of the natural world from an ancient perspective with equivalent expressions that use terms that reflect your own culture’s understanding. Notes suggest how you might do this in various places. For example, a note to verse 16 suggests speaking of the “bottom of the sea” rather than of the “springs of the sea.”\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### The nature of the questions in verses 4–41\n\nYawheh asks Job a series of questions in verses 4–41. He may want Job to try to answer these questions so that Job will have to admit that he does not know the answers. So these could be actual questions that Yahweh is using to get information, specifically, the information from Job that he does not know the answers. Alternatively, Yahweh may be using the question form for emphasis. A note to verse 4 suggests two possible ways in which you could translate the question there. Consider the most appropriate way to translate each of the questions in this chapter. +38:intro bs8p 0 # Job 38 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Yahweh’s response to Job. His response continues through chapter 41.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\nIn this chapter, Yahweh begins asking Job a series of questions in order to show that Job does not understand the workings of the created world. Yahweh asks questions about the earth in verses 4–20, with a summary challenge to Job in verse 21. Yahweh then asks questions about the sky in verses 22–38. He starts asking questions about animals and birds in verse 39; this part of his speech continues into the next chapter.\n\nThe implication is that if Job does not understand and cannot explain how God makes things work in the visible creation, he certainly does not understand and cannot explain what God is doing as he works in unseen, mysterious ways to accomplish his purposes in the lives of people and over the course of human history.\n\nWhen God comes to Job in the storm and responds to his questions, it becomes obvious that Elihu was wrong to say that God would not meet with Job. This shows God’s generosity to Job in granting him an interview as he requested, even though in the interview, God has to humble Job by demonstrating how little he actually knows.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s description of the creation\n\nIn this chapter, Yahweh describes the earth, sea, and sky according to the way the people of Job’s culture understood them. For example, in verse 16 Yahweh speaks of “springs” at the bottom of the sea that provide it with water. In verse 22, he speaks of “storehouses” in the sky where snow and hail are kept. In some parts of the chapter, these references occur within poetic images, such as the image in verses 4–6 of the earth as a building with “foundations” or the image in verses 12–13 of the dawn grasping the “edges” of the earth and shaking it. But in other places, the references do not occur within poetic images. In such places, Yahweh’s questions to Job, which demonstrate of the limits of Job’s knowledge, depend for their force on these features being real, even though they do not correspond to the creation as we would describe it today. We may consider that Yahweh is using terminology that Job and the others who are listening would understand in order to communicate moral and spiritual insights to them. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could translate these descriptions of the natural world from an ancient perspective with equivalent expressions that use terms that reflect your own culture’s perspective. Notes suggest how you might do this in various places. For example, a note to verse 16 suggests speaking of the “bottom of the sea” rather than of the “springs of the sea.”\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### The nature of the questions in verses 4–41\n\nYawheh asks Job a series of questions in verses 4–41. He may want Job to try to answer these questions so that Job will have to admit that he does not know the answers. So these could be actual questions that Yahweh is using to get information, specifically, the information from Job that he does not know the answers. Alternatively, Yahweh may be using the question form for emphasis. A note to verse 4 suggests two possible ways in which you could translate the question there. Consider the most appropriate way to translate each of the questions in this chapter. 38:1 b53y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יַּֽעַן־יְהוָ֣ה אֶת־אִ֭יּוֹב מנ ה⁠סערה וַ⁠יֹּאמַֽר 1 The narrator is using the word translated **And** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for making a transition from what has already been happening in a story and introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “And when the storm that Elihu had been watching and describing finally arrived where he and the others were, Yahweh answered Job from the storm and said” 38:1 zh2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַ⁠יַּֽעַן־יְהוָ֣ה אֶת־אִ֭יּוֹב מנ ה⁠סערה וַ⁠יֹּאמַֽר 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **answered** tells for what purpose a person **said** something. Specifically, the person said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “And from the storm Yahweh responded to Job” 38:2 ln5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֤י זֶ֨ה ׀ מַחְשִׁ֖יךְ עֵצָ֥ה בְ⁠מִלִּ֗ין בְּֽלִי־דָֽעַת 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis as he begins his reply to Job. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have been darkening counsel by words without knowledge!” @@ -3005,7 +3005,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 38:25 ve3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פִלַּ֣ג לַ⁠שֶּׁ֣טֶף תְּעָלָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is speaking as if a **channel** had literally been **cut** in the sky in order to direct the **downpour** of rain to certain locations (such as the next two verses describe). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “made sure that rain would fall in certain places” 38:25 cd75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠דֶ֗רֶךְ לַ⁠חֲזִ֥יז קֹלֽוֹת 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “or who made a way for the lightning of the thunder” 38:25 k253 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ֝⁠דֶ֗רֶךְ לַ⁠חֲזִ֥יז קֹלֽוֹת 1 Yahweh seems to be using this possessive form to mean both **lightning** and **thunder**, and he seems to be using both of them to mean the thunderstorm in which they would occur. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “or who made a way for the thunderstorm” or “or who directed the thunderstorm to the right place” -38:26 na1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֥ם 1 In both instances here, the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is explicitly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are … people” +38:26 na1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֥ם 1 In both instances here, the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are … people” 38:27 d9vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠הַשְׂבִּ֣יעַ 1 Yahweh is speaking of an arid region as if it were a living thing that was thirsty and that rain could **satisfy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to water” 38:27 q9sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שֹׁ֭אָה וּ⁠מְשֹׁאָ֑ה 1 The terms **waste** and **desolation** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the arid desert” 38:28 geg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠יֵשׁ־לַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר אָ֑ב א֥וֹ מִי־ה֝וֹלִ֗יד אֶגְלֵי־טָֽל 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the **rain** and the **dew** had an actual **father**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How does rain form? And how does dew form?” @@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 40:24 uyb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion בְּ⁠עֵינָ֥י⁠ו יִקָּחֶ֑⁠נּוּ בְּ֝⁠מֽוֹקְשִׁ֗ים יִנְקָב־אָֽף 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “No one can capture it with its eyes! No one can pierce its nose with a cord!” 40:24 k319 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠עֵינָ֥י⁠ו יִקָּחֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Yahweh is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. This could mean: (1) that no one can capture Behemoth while it still has the use of its eyes. Alternate translation: “No one can capture it while it is watching!” or “No one can capture it without first blinding it!” (2) that no one can capture Behemoth by using something that it would see. Alternate translation: “No one can capture it by putting attractive bait in front of it!” 40:24 k320 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ֝⁠מֽוֹקְשִׁ֗ים יִנְקָב־אָֽף 1 In this culture, people would control the movements of a large animal by passing a thin but strong cord or rope through a puncture in its nose. Yahweh is saying that no one could do this with Behemoth. Alternate translation: “No one would be able to control its movements by passing a cord through a hole in its nose!” -41:intro et13 0 # Job 41 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Yahweh’s response to Job.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Leviathan\n\nIn the previous chapter, to help Job recognize what a small and insignificant place he occupied within creation, Yahweh told him to consider a great creature named Behemoth. In this chapter, for the same purpose, Yahweh tells Job to consider another great creature named Leviathan.\n\nBased on the description in verses 1–9, the name **Leviathan** most likely refers to the crocodile, a great, predatory reptile that has large jaws, a long tail, short legs, and scaly skin and that lives both in the water and on land. The description would be specifically of the type of crocodile that lives in the Nile River. However, the identification of this animal is not entirely certain. Some translations do use the term “crocodile,” but others retain the name Leviathan and spell it the way it sounds in their language. You may wish to do that in your own translation, particularly if you would not expect your readers to be familiar with what a crocodile is. If you do use the name Leviathan, translate it the same way you did in [3:8](../03/08.md).\n\nHowever, there is a significant change in the description of Leviathan after verse 9. Some of the details no longer seem to fit a crocodile, for example, the description in verses 18–21 of how it breathes out fire and the description in verses 31–32 of how it swims in the deep sea. One possibility is that Yahweh is using the name Leviathan to mean the crocodile in verses 1–9 but to refer to the chaos monster in the rest of the chapter. As the notes about Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md), the “sea monster” in [7:12](../07/12.md), Rahab in [9:13](../09/13.md), and the “fleeing serpent” in [26:13](../26/13.md) indicate, people in this culture regarded the sea as the realm of watery chaos, and they envisioned a monster living in the sea that embodied that chaos. As Yahweh appears to have done in chapter 38 at the beginning of his speech, here at the end of the speech he may once again be speaking into the cultural beliefs of Job and the others who are listening in order to communicate a moral and spiritual insight to Job in terms that he will understand.\n\nThe structure of the chapter supports this interpretation. There is a break in the description of Leviathan in verse 10, when Yahweh says that no one would be brave enough to awaken it. This seems to recall Job’s wish in [3:8](../03/08.md) that someone would awaken the chaos monster, which Job calls Leviathan there. In the rest of verse 10 and in verse 11, Yahweh then asserts that no one should challenge him as Job has done, and in verse 12 he returns to speak further about Leviathan. Yahweh introduces the resumption of his discourse with the phrase “I will not keep silent.” This break in the description may help signal a transition in the meaning of the term Leviathan.\n\nSome translations nevertheless treat the rest of the chapter as a poetic description of the crocodile. They understand the references to the “sea” and the “deep” as references to the Nile River. For the descriptions of Leviathan breathing fire, such as the one in verse 18, “Light flashes from its snortings,” they say things such as, “When crocodiles sneeze, the tiny drops of water that come out of their noses sparkle in the sunlight.” However, this interpretation is difficult to sustain throughout the chapter. Verse 21 says of Leviathan, “Its breath kindles coals,” in other words, “When it breathes on wood, the wood catches fire.” That does not sound like water droplets. So the UST follows the interpretation that in verse 12 Yahweh changes from speaking about crocodiles to speaking about the chaos monster that the people of this culture believed in. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation that it expresses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation of the UST.\n\n### Yahweh answering Job with his own words\n\nIn a couple of places in this chapter, Yahweh alludes to Job’s opening speech, in which Job cursed the day of his birth, by using the same language that Job did. In verse 10, Yahweh speaks of awakening Leviathan, as Job did in [3:8](../03/08.md). In verse 18, Yahweh speaks of “the eyelids of the dawn,” meaning the first rays of the rising sun, as Job did in [3:9](../03/09.md). In verse 30, Yahweh speaks of a “shard,” a piece of broken pottery, such as Job took to scrape his skin, as [2:8](../02/08.md) describes. In each case, these are the only two occurrences of these words or phrases in the book. As Yahweh concludes his own speech, he is going all the way back to the beginnings of Job’s troubles and to the first concerns that he expressed in order to address everything that Job has said throughout the book. To help your readers appreciate what Yahweh is doing, you may wish to translate his expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. +41:intro et13 0 # Job 41 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Yahweh’s response to Job.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Leviathan\n\nIn the previous chapter, to help Job recognize what a small and insignificant place he occupied within creation, Yahweh told him to consider a great creature named Behemoth. In this chapter, for the same purpose, Yahweh tells Job to consider another great creature named Leviathan.\n\nBased on the description in verses 1–9, the name Leviathan most likely refers to the crocodile, a great, predatory reptile that has large jaws, a long tail, short legs, and scaly skin and that lives both in the water and on land. The description would be specifically of the type of crocodile that lives in the Nile River. However, the identification of this animal is not entirely certain. Some translations do use the term “crocodile,” but others retain the name Leviathan and spell it the way it sounds in their language. You may wish to do that in your own translation, particularly if you would not expect your readers to be familiar with what a crocodile is. If you do use the name Leviathan, translate it the same way you did in [3:8](../03/08.md).\n\nHowever, there is a significant change in the description of Leviathan after verse 9. Some of the details no longer seem to fit a crocodile, for example, the description in verses 31–32 of how it swims in the deep sea and the description in verses 18–21 of how it breathes out fire. One possibility is that Yahweh is speaking of the crocodile in verses 1–9 but of a different creature in the rest of the chapter. As the General Introduction to Job explains, ancient peoples seem to have been aware of a large, fierce creature that lived in the ocean, which they called the "sea monster." People in Job's culture regarded the sea as the realm of watery chaos, and they associated the sea monster with that chaos. As Yahweh appears to have done in chapter 38 at the beginning of his speech, here at the end of the speech he may once again be using terminology that Job and the others who are listening would understand in order to communicate moral and spiritual insights to them.\n\nThe structure of the chapter supports this interpretation. There is a break in the description of Leviathan in verse 10, when Yahweh says that no one would be brave enough to awaken it. This seems to recall Job’s wish in [3:8](../03/08.md) that someone would awaken the monster associated with chaos, which Job calls Leviathan there. In the rest of verse 10 and in verse 11, Yahweh then asserts that no one should challenge him as Job has been doing, and in verse 12 he returns to speak further about Leviathan. Yahweh introduces the resumption of his discourse with the phrase “I will not keep silent.” This break in the description may help signal a transition in what kind of creature Yahweh is describing as he speaks about Leviathan.\n\nSome translations nevertheless treat the rest of the chapter as a poetic description of the crocodile. They understand the references to the “sea” and the “deep” as references to the Nile River. For the descriptions of Leviathan breathing fire, such as the one in verse 18, “Light flashes from its snortings,” they say things such as, “When crocodiles sneeze, the tiny drops of water that come out of their noses sparkle in the sunlight.” However, this interpretation is difficult to sustain throughout the chapter. Verse 21 says of Leviathan, “Its breath kindles coals,” in other words, “When it breathes on wood, the wood catches fire.” That does not sound like water droplets. So the UST follows the interpretation that in verse 12 Yahweh changes from speaking about crocodiles to speaking about the sea monster. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation that it expresses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation of the UST.\n\n### Yahweh answering Job with his own words\n\nIn a couple of places in this chapter, Yahweh alludes to Job’s opening speech, in which Job cursed the day of his birth, by using the same language that Job did. In verse 10, Yahweh speaks of awakening Leviathan, as Job did in [3:8](../03/08.md). In verse 18, Yahweh speaks of “the eyelids of the dawn,” meaning the first rays of the rising sun, as Job did in [3:9](../03/09.md). In verse 30, Yahweh speaks of a “shard,” a piece of broken pottery, such as Job took to scrape his skin, as [2:8](../02/08.md) describes. In each case, these are the only two occurrences of these words or phrases in the book. As Yahweh concludes his own speech, he is going all the way back to the beginnings of Job’s troubles and to the first concerns that he expressed in order to address everything that Job has said throughout the book. To help your readers appreciate what Yahweh is doing, you may wish to translate his expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. 41:1 tg8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion תִּמְשֹׁ֣ךְ לִוְיָתָ֣ן בְּ⁠חַכָּ֑ה וּ֝⁠בְ⁠חֶ֗בֶל תַּשְׁקִ֥יעַ לְשֹׁנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You cannot draw out Leviathan with a hook! No, you cannot tie its tongue with a rope!” 41:1 k321 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants תִּמְשֹׁ֣ךְ לִוְיָתָ֣ן 1 Yahweh now wants Job to consider another one of his great creatures, Leviathan. But he does not indicate this by saying, as he did for Behemoth in [40:15](../40/15.md), “Now behold Leviathan.” Instead, he describes how difficult it would be to capture Leviathan, following upon his description of how difficult it would be to capture Behemoth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a natural way in your language to show that here Yahweh is introducing another creature that he wants Job to consider. Alternate translation: “Now I want you to consider another of my great creatures. Will you draw out Leviathan” 41:1 f9dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תִּמְשֹׁ֣ךְ לִוְיָתָ֣ן 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Will you draw Leviathan out of the water”