From 5b783185f119ed12213aeac1f76bed9fa4b5a963 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Larry Sallee Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:21:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Corrected spacing and punctuation in Gal and 1 Pe (#2261) Co-authored-by: lrsallee Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2261 Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee Co-committed-by: Larry Sallee --- en_tn_49-GAL.tsv | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ en_tn_61-1PE.tsv | 24 +++++++++--------- 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv b/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv index f4a2b8dcf5..4af6605b51 100644 --- a/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote GAL front intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Galatians

1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).
1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).
1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).
1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).
1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).

### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?

Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.

### What is the Book of Galatians about?

Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?

To “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called “Judaizers.”

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?

These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?

This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ” (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.

Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?

* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -GAL 1 intro f3n5 0 # Galatians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Heresy
God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

### Paul’s qualifications

Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”

The Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 1 intro f3n5 0 # Galatians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Heresy

God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

### Paul’s qualifications

Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”

The Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 1 1 m4ss figs-you 0 General Information: Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) GAL 1 1 uhhp Παῦλος 1 Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Use that here. Alternate translations: “From me, Paul” or “I, Paul” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) GAL 1 1 d1kd τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν 1 who raised him Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again” GAL 1 2 d737 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Here, **brothers** means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -GAL 1 4 yk9g figs-metonymy περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν 1 for our sins Here, **sins** is a metonym for the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” or “to take the punishment for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GAL 1 3 nxtz translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, 1 After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Paul gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) GAL 1 3 psjz figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -GAL 1 4 f6d5 figs-metonymy ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ 1 that he might deliver us from this present evil age Here, **this present evil age** does not refer to a time period, but to the present attitudes and activities of mankind in contrast to God. Alternate translation: “that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today” or “that he might free us from the evil powers at work in the world today”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 1 4 yk9g figs-metonymy περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν 1 for our sins Here, **sins** is a metonym for the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” or “to take the punishment for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 1 4 f6d5 figs-metonymy ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ 1 that he might deliver us from this present evil age Here, **this present evil age** does not refer to a time period, but to the present attitudes and activities of mankind in contrast to God. Alternate translation: “that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today” or “that he might free us from the evil powers at work in the world today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GAL 1 6 f74p θαυμάζω 1 I am amazed Paul was very saddened that the people in Galatia were not living a life that showed they were trusting in the Messiah. Alternate translation: “I am surprised” or “I am shocked” GAL 1 6 v438 figs-metaphor οὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος 1 you are turning away so quickly from him Here, **you are turning away** is a metaphor for doubting or no longer trusting in God. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly starting to doubt him” or “you are so quickly turning your backs on God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 1 7 gy1i οἱ ταράσσοντες 1 some men Alternate translation: “stiring up” “causing great distress” or “confusing you” @@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ GAL 2 1 zt61 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to give the history of how GAL 2 1 zth5 ἀνέβην 1 went up Here, **went up** is used because Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem. GAL 2 2 msv4 τοῖς δοκοῦσιν 1 those who seemed to be important Alternate translation: “to those who were recognized as the important overseers of the believers” or “with those who were considered leaders of the church” GAL 2 2 ejb8 figs-doublenegatives τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 I was not running—or had not run—in vain Paul uses running as a metaphor to compare his work of preaching the gospel to a person running a race. Paul worked hard to preach the gospel. He wanted the gospel that he preached to have lasting effects. Alternate translation: “I did not want to work hard for God uselessly” or “I did not want my hard work to be wasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -GAL 2 2 t6we figs-doublenegatives μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 in vain Paul feared that if he did not explain the gospel privately to the leaders, they could misunderstand the gospel, or others would misrepresent him. The double negative can be represented positively. Alternate translation: to be) sure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] +GAL 2 2 t6we figs-doublenegatives μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 in vain Paul feared that if he did not explain the gospel privately to the leaders, they could misunderstand the gospel, or others would misrepresent him. The double negative can be represented positively. Alternate translation: “to be sure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] GAL 2 3 xs8k figs-activepassive περιτμηθῆναι 1 to be circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 2 4 j5ka τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους 1 The false brothers came in secretly Alternate translation: “People who pretended to be Christians came into the church” or “People who said they were Christians but were not came into our group” +GAL 2 4 j5ka τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους 1 The false brothers came in secretly Alternate translation: “People who pretended to be Christians came into the church” or “People who said they were Christians but were not came into our group” GAL 2 4 mzx0 διὰ δὲ 1 **But is was because of** could be: (1) connected to v. 1, which gives the reason for why Paul explained the gospel privately to the leaders in Jerusalem (2) connected to v. 3, which explains why people wanted to circumcise Titus (3) unconnected and begins an unfinished sentence. GAL 2 4 l7n7 figs-explicit ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν 1 to make us slaves Paul is speaking about how these people wanted to force the Galatian believers to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 2 4 s652 figs-metaphor ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν 1 Paul is speaking about following the law as if it were slavery. Alternate translation: “in order to make us slaves to the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 2 5 bba7 εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ 1 yield in submission Alternate translation: “submit” or “listen” or “accept what they were saying” or “agreed with that they wanted to do” GAL 2 6 afy6 figs-metonymy ἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο 1 added nothing to me Here, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 2 9 he6q figs-metaphor δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι 1 built up the church Here, **pillars** refers to men who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem and taught people the word of God. Alternate translation: “who were like pillars of the church” or “who were recognized as important leaders” or “who were considered to have authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 2 9 ie72 figs-abstractnouns γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι 1 understood the grace that had been given to me The abstract noun *grace** refers to how God gave Paul the task to proclaim the gospel to the non-Jews. Alternate translation: “understood that God had been kind to me and gave me this work” or “understood the work God was kind to give me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +GAL 2 9 he6q figs-metaphor δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι 1 built up the church Here, **pillars** refers to men who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem and taught people the word of God. Alternate translation: “who were like pillars of the church” or “who were recognized as important leaders” or “who were considered to have authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 2 9 ie72 figs-abstractnouns γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι 1 understood the grace that had been given to me The abstract noun **grace** refers to how God gave Paul the task to proclaim the gospel to the non-Jews. Alternate translation: “understood that God had been kind to me and gave me this work” or “understood the work God was kind to give me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) GAL 2 9 e5rm translate-symaction δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν ἐμοὶ καὶ Βαρναβᾷ κοινωνίας 1 gave…the right hand of fellowship Here, **gave the right hand of fellowship** is an action that symbolizes a pledge of friendship or agreement. Alternate translation: “welcomed Barnabas and me as fellow workers” or “welcomed Barnabas and me with honor” or “shook hands with Barnabas and me as a sign that they agreed with us” or “agreed that Barnabas and me were partners in this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) GAL 2 10 kqq6 figs-explicit τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν 1 remember the poor You may need to make explicit how they were to **remember the poor**. Alternate translation: “remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 2 11 c9h4 figs-metonymy κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην 1 I opposed him to his face The phrase **to his face** is a metonym. Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” or “I opposed him in front of everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 2 12 z1kg figs-explicit φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 2 12 z1kg figs-explicit φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 2 12 fy79 τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 those who were demanding circumcision Here, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision. GAL 2 12 a6gv ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν 1 kept away from Alternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided” GAL 2 14 sg53 οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 not following the truth of the gospel Alternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel” @@ -62,16 +62,16 @@ GAL 2 17 yy9s figs-rquestion μὴ γένοιτο 1 Absolutely not! Alternate tr GAL 2 18 r52x παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω 1 **I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean: (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it. GAL 2 18 p6he figs-metaphor εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ 1 **For if I again rebuild those things which I destroyed** is a metaphor for someone who returns to trying to obey the law after they trusted in the Messiah. He compares trying to follow the law with someone trying to build a building. He compares someone who trusts in the Messiah with someone who destroys the building they are trying to build. He compares someone who returns to trying to follow the law after trusting the Messiah with someone who wants to rebuild the building they destroyed. Alternate translation: “If I believe believe in Christ to be justified before God instead of following the law, and then I change my mind and start following the law again for justification” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 2 19 xe23 διὰ νόμου 1 The phrase **through the law** could refer to: (1) Paul’s experience in trying to obey the law (2) how Christ paid the requirements of the law. Alternate translation: “when the Messiah completed the law” -GAL 2 19 r55d ἐγὼ…νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 The phrase, **I...died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I … am separated from the law” +GAL 2 19 r55d ἐγὼ…νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 The phrase, **I…died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I … am separated from the law” GAL 2 19 xg5q Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι; 1 **I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) by the Messiah’s death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law. GAL 2 20 bb2x guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) GAL 2 21 tj6l figs-litotes οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 I do not set aside Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Paul is defending a charge others made against him. He does not reject God’s grace when he rejects following the law. This phrase can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” or “I do not reject God’s kindness” or “I do not ignore God’s kindness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) GAL 2 21 yl3c figs-hypo εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) GAL 2 21 k6bg εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη 1 if righteousness could be gained through the law Alternate translation: “if people could become righteous by obeying the law” or “if it were possible for a person to become righteous in God’s sight by obeying the law” GAL 2 21 rku5 ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 then Christ died for nothing Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die” -GAL 3 intro xd92 0 # Galatians 3 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Equality in Christ

All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions

Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh
This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”
Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 3 intro xd92 0 # Galatians 3 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Equality in Christ

All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions

Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”

Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 1 p7uw 0 General Information: Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions. -GAL 3 1 ryu7 figs-rquestion ίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος? 1 Who has put a spell on you? Paul is using a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you, even though you know for a fact that Jesus Christ was crucified!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 3 1 ryu7 figs-rquestion τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος? 1 Who has put a spell on you? Paul is using a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you, even though you know for a fact that Jesus Christ was crucified!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 3 1 iwq5 figs-irony τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν 1 Paul does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) GAL 3 1 xvji ἀνόητοι 1 Alternate translation: “without understanding” or “stupid” GAL 3 1 dc2j ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν 1 put a spell on you Alternate translation: “done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you” @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ GAL 3 1 gwv2 figs-metaphor οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς GAL 3 2 m1zd figs-irony τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν 1 This is the only thing I want to learn from you This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) GAL 3 2 wq9g figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως? 1 Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard? Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 3 3 f96u figs-rquestion οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε 1 Are you so foolish? Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Don’t be so foolish!” or “Are you crazy!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GAL 3 3 xu4d figs-metonymy σαρκὶ 1 by the flesh The word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on one’s own effort through outward deeds . Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 3 3 xu4d figs-metonymy σαρκὶ 1 by the flesh The word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on one’s own effort through outward deeds. Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GAL 3 4 iyj1 figs-rquestion τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ 1 Have you suffered so many things for nothing…? Paul uses this rhetorical question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing…!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things…!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 3 4 xujz ἐπάθετε 1 This could refer to: (1) suffering from persecution (2) the spiritual benefits they have experienced. GAL 3 4 qn1a figs-explicit τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ 1 Have you suffered so many things for nothing It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ GAL 3 10 opch figs-metonymy ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰ GAL 3 10 jhr2 figs-metaphor ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν 1 All who rely on…the law are under a curse Here, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God. Alternate translation: “are cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 11 sn9h δῆλον 1 Now it is clear Alternate translation: “it is obvious that” or “it is evident that” GAL 3 11 k6k5 ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 no one is justified before God by the law Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” -GAL 3 11 i537 figs-nominaladj ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 the righteous will live by faith The nominal adjective **righteous**” refers to people who righteous. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will live by faith” or “The person who is righteous because he believes will live” or “It is through believing that a person becomes righteous and obtains eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -GAL 3 12 rep5 ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 must live by them Alternate translation: “will live because of them”or “will because he obeyed them” -GAL 3 13 ml63 figs-metonymy ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου 1 from the curse of the law The word **curse** is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from God condemn us because we broke the law” or “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +GAL 3 11 i537 figs-nominaladj ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 the righteous will live by faith The nominal adjective **righteous** refers to people who righteous. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will live by faith” or “The person who is righteous because he believes will live” or “It is through believing that a person becomes righteous and obtains eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +GAL 3 12 rep5 ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 must live by them Alternate translation: “will live because of them” or “will because he obeyed them” +GAL 3 13 ml63 figs-metonymy ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου 1 from the curse of the law The word **curse** is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from God condemn us because we broke the law” or “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GAL 3 13 mt6z ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 hangs on a tree Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross. GAL 3 14 brf7 ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται 1 so that the blessing of Abraham might come Alternate translation: “Because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come” GAL 3 14 h46q figs-exclusive λάβωμεν 1 we The word **we** includes the people who would read the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ GAL 3 15 al9b ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galati GAL 3 15 c3gs κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 in human terms Alternate translation: “from a human standpoint” or “with a human analogy” GAL 3 16 f1xu δὲ 1 Now This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case. GAL 3 16 w3wl ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν 1 referring to many Alternate translation: “referring to many descendants” -GAL 3 16 t25e figs-you τῷ σπέρματί σου 1 to your descendant The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +GAL 3 16 t25e figs-you τῷ σπέρματί σου 1 to your descendant The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) GAL 3 17 h36m translate-numbers ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη 1 430 years Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) GAL 3 18 ujg2 figs-hypo εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας 1 For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) GAL 3 18 c8fu figs-metaphor κληρονομία 1 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ GAL 3 22 jbn7 figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 scripture This could refer to: (1) GAL 3 23 su16 figs-metaphor ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 we were held captive under the law, imprisoned The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 23 mwte figs-activepassive ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 3 23 t32j figs-activepassive εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 until faith should be revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 3 24 ln1s figs-personification παιδαγωγὸς 1 guardian A **guardian** was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 3 24 ln1s figs-personification παιδαγωγὸς 1 guardian A **guardian** was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) GAL 3 24 s8g5 figs-activepassive ἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν 1 so that we might be justified Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 3 27 v6n1 ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 For as many of you who were baptized into Christ Alternate translation: “For all of you who were baptized into Christ” GAL 3 27 di9v figs-metaphor Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε 1 have clothed yourselves with Christ This is a metaphor that means they have been united to Christ and have put on his character of righteousness and virtue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 3 29 qp4z figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι 1 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 4 intro h6gw 0 # Galatians 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sonship

Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Abba, Father
“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +GAL 4 intro h6gw 0 # Galatians 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sonship

Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Abba, Father

“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) GAL 4 1 fr5u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he rescued them from their enslavement to the law and to sin and has made them God’s children. GAL 4 2 bd5a ἐπιτρόπους 1 guardians The word **guardians** refers to people with legal responsibility for the personal life of a child. Alternate translation: “people supervise the child” GAL 4 2 v5g9 οἰκονόμους 1 trustees The word **stewards** refers to people who watch over the property and finances of the child. Alternate translation: “people manage the child’s possessions” @@ -156,12 +156,12 @@ GAL 4 8 cj5i τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς 1 those who are T GAL 4 9 b8ue figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν 1 how is it that you are turning back to…principles? Here, **turning again** is a metaphor for starting to follow and obey their former false religion practices. Alternate translation: “are you beginning to obey again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 4 9 vo16 figs-rquestion πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα, οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε? 1 This is the first of two rhetorical questions Paul gives. Alternate translation: “you should not turn again to the weak and worthless elemental principles, which once more will enslave you!” or “you should not follow again the weak and elemental principles that will enslave you again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 4 9 n5ie τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα 1 elemental principles See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). -GAL 4 9 w28k figs-rquestion οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε 1 Do you want to be enslaved all over again? Paul uses this rhetorical question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +GAL 4 9 w28k figs-rquestion οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε 1 Do you want to be enslaved all over again? Paul uses this rhetorical question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GAL 4 9 s77e figs-metaphor οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε 1 Do you want to be enslaved all over again? Here, **to be enslaved again** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave must obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled by these rules all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 4 10 w7d5 ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς 1 You observe days and new moons and seasons and years Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years” GAL 4 11 bsv1 εἰκῇ 1 may have been for nothing Alternate translation: “may have been useless” or “has not had any effect” GAL 4 12 ql14 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them. -GAL 4 12 p9gn ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md) and [3:15] (../03/15.md). +GAL 4 12 p9gn ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md) and [3:15](../03/15.md). GAL 4 12 n3wf οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε 1 You did me no wrong This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have” GAL 4 14 tk1l καὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου 1 Though my physical condition put you to the test This could mean: (1) they endured the difficulty of welcoming Paul when he was sick (2) they resisted the temptation to reject Paul when he was sick. GAL 4 14 v9xa οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε 1 despise Alternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate” @@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ GAL 4 28 ct63 ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 children of promise Here, **ch GAL 4 29 c9lf figs-metaphor κατὰ σάρκα 1 according to the flesh This refers to how Abraham became Ishmael’s father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “the natural way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 4 29 gt1e κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 according to the Spirit Here, **according to Spirit** means Isaac was born in a supernatural way, through the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “because of the Spirit” or “because of the work of the Spirit” GAL 4 31 sy8u ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 5 intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fruit of the Spirit
The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Illustrations
Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”
Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) +GAL 5 intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fruit of the Spirit

The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Illustrations

Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”

Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) GAL 5 1 up16 0 Connecting Statement: Paul applies the allegory of the two women to remind believers that the are free from having to obey the law. GAL 5 1 kuu9 figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 For freedom Christ has set us free **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ sets believers free from the law and that they are not obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free from the law so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GAL 5 1 j679 figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 Stand firm **Stand firm** figuratively refers to staying strongly resolute for a certain task. Alternate translation: “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +GAL 5 1 j679 figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 Stand firm **Stand firm** figuratively refers to staying strongly resolute for a certain task. Alternate translation: “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 1 l7p4 figs-explicit στήκετε 1 **Stand firm** implies that the Galatian believers are continue to be determined to live a life free from the law. Alternate translation: “Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 5 1 ovu1 figs-metaphor μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε 1 Here, **do not again be subjected to a yoke of slavery** figuratively refers to being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is controlled like being under a yoke of slavery to the law” or “do not go back again to being a slave of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 2 lrsx ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε 1 Alternate translation: “if you let someone circumcise you” or “if you receive circumcision” @@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ GAL 5 6 y2ww figs-metonymy οὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυ GAL 5 6 qp6b τι ἰσχύει 1 means anything Alternate translation: “makes no difference” or “is meaningless” GAL 5 7 jj48 figs-metaphor ἐτρέχετε 1 You were running Paul uses the metaphor of **running** to describe the spiritual progress the Galatian believers were making. Alternate translation: “You were making excellent progress” or “you were doing so well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 8 sx6u πεισμονὴ 1 persuasion Here, **persuasion** refers to the idea of getting a person to change what they believe and act differently. Alternate translation: “This teaching which persuaded you to stop trusting in the Messiah” or “This way of thinking” -GAL 5 9 q926 μικρὰ ζύμη 1 **A little leaven** describes the teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers. +GAL 5 9 q926 μικρὰ ζύμη 1 **A little leaven** describes the teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers. GAL 5 10 enp1 οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε 1 you will take no other view Alternate translation: “you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you” or “you will not think differently than what I believe” GAL 5 10 jc72 ταράσσων ὑμᾶς 1 is troubling you Alternate translation: “is causing you to be uncertain about the truth” or “stirs up trouble among you” GAL 5 10 llh5 ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ 1 whoever he is This could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether they are important or influential. @@ -211,25 +211,26 @@ GAL 5 11 btrv figs-activepassive τί ἔτι διώκομαι 1 This can be st GAL 5 11 nv5x ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [3:15](../03/15.md), and [4:12](../04/12.md). GAL 5 11 y3ug figs-activepassive κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GAL 5 11 arj5 figs-metaphor κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 the stumbling block of the cross has been removed Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 11 ru4d figs-explicit κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 In this case the **stumbling block causes people to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 11 ru4d figs-explicit κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 In this case the **stumbling block** causes people to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 5 12 sfl2 figs-metaphor ἀποκόψονται 1 castrate themselves This could be: (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 13 y1g7 γὰρ 1 For Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md). GAL 5 13 ekb2 figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε 1 you were called to freedom It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” or “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 13 yp6r ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). -GAL 5 13 viv6 figs-explicit ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί 1 an opportunity for the sinful nature The word *flesh** refers to the part of human nature that does not submit to God. This word sums up the impelling motive of the natural man, and is the moral bias of the man who is not ruled by the Holy Spirit. The relationship between **opportunity** and **the flesh** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” or “an opportunity to follow the evil desires of your hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +GAL 5 13 viv6 figs-explicit ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί 1 an opportunity for the sinful nature The word **flesh** refers to the part of human nature that does not submit to God. This word sums up the impelling motive of the natural man, and is the moral bias of the man who is not ruled by the Holy Spirit. The relationship between **opportunity** and **the flesh** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” or “an opportunity to follow the evil desires of your hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GAL 5 14 ct8i ὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται 1 the whole law is fulfilled in one command This could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment” (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments” GAL 5 14 qt9c figs-yousingular ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 1 You must love your neighbor as yourself The words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) GAL 5 16 yb58 figs-metaphor Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε 1 walk by the Spirit Here, **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 5 16 dyj7 figs-idiom ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε 1 you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature The phrase **you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh**” is an idiom that means “to do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “You will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +GAL 5 16 dyj7 figs-idiom ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε 1 you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature The phrase **you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh** is an idiom that means “to do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “You will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GAL 5 16 rl5s figs-personification ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 the desires of the sinful nature The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). See how you translated this **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13]. GAL 5 18 san8 οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον 1 not under the law Alternate translation: “you are not obligated to obey the law of Moses” -GAL 5 19 yf2a figs-personification τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 the works of the sinful nature The word **flesh** is used as if it were a person. The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does” or “the deeds if we follow the sinful desires of our hearts” or “what people do because of their sinful nature.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13](../05/13.md) and [5:16](../05/16.md). +GAL 5 19 yf2a figs-personification τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 the works of the sinful nature The word **flesh** is used as if it were a person. See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13](../05/13.md) and [5:16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +GAL 5 19 gquu figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does” or “the deeds if we follow the sinful desires of our hearts” or “what people do because of their sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) GAL 5 21 rs9b figs-metaphor κληρονομήσουσιν 1 inherit The word **inherit** is used as a metaphor to refer to how believers will receive what God has promised believers like someone who inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 22 hez3 figs-metaphor ὁ δὲ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός 1 the fruit of the Spirit is love…faith Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “But what the Spirit produces” or “But the Spirit makes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 24 l6ux figs-metaphor τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις 1 have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13](../05/13.md), [5:16](../05/16.md), and [5:19](../05/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GAL 5 25 h9hd εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι 1 If we live by the Spirit Alternate translation: “Since God’s Spirit has caused us to be alive” GAL 5 25 sq7b figs-metaphor Πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν 1 walk by the Spirit Here, **walk** is a metaphor for how a person lives. Alternate translation: “then we should allow the Holy Spirit to guide how we live” or “let us follow the Holy Spirit in every part of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GAL 6 intro bv8h 0 # Galatians 6 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.

### Brothers
Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### New Creation

People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) +GAL 6 intro bv8h 0 # Galatians 6 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.

### Brothers

Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### New Creation

People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) GAL 6 1 x8zg 0 Connecting Statement: Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards someone who is faithful. GAL 6 1 ss7l ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated **brothers** in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [3:15](../03/15.md), [4:12](../04/12.md), and [5:11](../05/11.md). GAL 6 1 vm8f ἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος 1 if someone Alternate translation: “if anyone among you” or “if one of you” @@ -238,9 +239,9 @@ GAL 6 1 t4rm ὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ 1 you who are spiritua GAL 6 1 hdj8 καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον 1 restore him Alternate translation: “exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God” or “you should humbly help bring that person to the right path” GAL 6 1 tr5r ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος 1 in a spirit of gentleness This could refer to: (1) the person’s attitude and disposition. Alternate translation: “with an attitude of gentleness” or “in a kind way” (2) the Holy Spirit who is characterized by gentleness is directing the one offering correction. Alternate translation: “through the Holy Spirit of gentleness” or “by following the Holy Spirit who is gentle” GAL 6 1 rrg9 figs-yousingular σκοπῶν σεαυτόν 1 Be concerned about yourself These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “Be concerned about yourselves” or “I say to each one of you, ‘Be careful for yourself’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) -GAL 6 1 ljx6 figs-activepassive μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς 1 so you also may not be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GAL 6 2 m6jz ἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiah’s command to love one another in [John 13:34](1jn/13/34). It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Paul’s statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14](../05/14.md). -GAL 6 3 v6ts εἰ γὰρ 1 For if **For** could be connected to: (1) **carry one another’s burdens** ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) (2) **lest you also might be tempted** ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) (3) *Let us not become conceited** ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)). +GAL 6 1 ljx6 figs-activepassive μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς 1 so you also may not be tempted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +GAL 6 2 m6jz ἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiah’s command to love one another in [John 13:34](../jhn/13/34.md). It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Paul’s statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14](../05/14.md). +GAL 6 3 v6ts εἰ γὰρ 1 For if **For** could be connected to: (1) “carry one another’s burdens” ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) (2) “lest you also might be tempted” ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) (3) “Let us not become conceited” ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)). GAL 6 3 m4wk εἶναί τι 1 he is something Alternate translation: “he is better than others” GAL 6 3 zz1g μηδὲν ὤν 1 he is nothing Alternate translation: “he is not better than others” GAL 6 5 ee8v τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει 1 each one will carry his own load The could mean: (1) each person has their own responsibilities and tasks. Alternate translation: “each person must do the work that God has given him” or “each person is responsible for only his work” (2) each person is responsible for their own weaknesses and sins. Alternate translation: “each person is responsible for their own weaknesses” @@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ GAL 6 11 d6rk τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί 1 with my own hand This could mean: (1) GAL 6 12 kmd7 εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί 1 make a good impression Alternate translation: “others will think well of them” or “others will think that they are good people” GAL 6 12 r5p1 ἐν σαρκί 1 in the flesh Here, **in the flesh** refers to their desire to circumcise the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “outwardly” or “by the way their bodies appear” GAL 6 12 jd4x figs-metonymy τῷ σταυρῷ 1 the cross Here, **for the cross** represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “the work Jesus did on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GAL 6 14 v2qs figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 I to the world The words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +GAL 6 14 v2qs figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 I to the world The words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) GAL 6 15 n6n7 καινὴ κτίσις 1 a new creation Here, **a new creation** refers to the whole process of conversion when someone trusts in the Messiah and the Holy Spirit gives that person new life. GAL 6 16 b4al τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God This could refer to: (1) believers in general are the Israel of God (2) Jewish believers are the Israel of God (3) the Jews in general are the Israel of God GAL 6 17 cz8a κόπους μοι 1 trouble me This means Paul does not want the Galatian believers to doubt his authority or continue to cause him trouble by following teachers who demand them to become circumcised. diff --git a/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv b/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv index a87e643298..b264f16e57 100644 --- a/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv +++ b/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv @@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 1 intro ql4i 0 # 1 Peter 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### What God reveals

When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.

### Holiness

God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Eternity

Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)) 1PE 1 1 g6b4 0 General Information: Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing. 1PE 1 1 u3zc figs-metaphor ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς 1 to the elect foreigners of the dispersion Peter speaks of his readers as people who live as **exiles**since they are far from their homes in many different countries because of **the dispersion**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 1 cf7b ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις 1 to the elect foreigners Peter wrote this letter **to the elect exiles**. God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. Alternate translation: “to the chosen foreigners” or “the ones whom God the Father has chosen” +1PE 1 1 cf7b ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις 1 to the elect foreigners Peter wrote this letter **to the elect exiles**. God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. Alternate translation: “to the chosen foreigners” or “the ones whom God the Father has chosen.” 1PE 1 1 qkl8 Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας 1 Cappadocia … Bithynia Peter mentions, **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia**, which were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey. 1PE 1 2 ba1h figs-abstractnouns πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός 1 the foreknowledge of God the Father You can translate the abstract noun **foreknowledge** with a verbal phrase. This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father decided previously” or (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1PE 1 2 i9kf figs-metonymy αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 of the blood of Jesus Christ Here the **blood** refers to the death of Jesus. This phrase could mean (1) they are members of God’s people by the blood of Jesus Christ or (2) Jesus Christ’s blood helps them become more holy through how they obey him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 1 2 i9kf figs-metonymy αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 of the blood of Jesus Christ Here the **blood** refers to the death of Jesus. This phrase could mean (1) they are members of God's people by the blood of Jesus Christ or (2) Jesus Christ's blood helps them become more holy through how they obey him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 1 2 rwkk figs-metaphor ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ Just as Moses sprinkled **blood** on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus’ death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 1 2 en3g translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Peter gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) +1PE 1 2 en3g translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Peter gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) 1PE 1 2 rcmt figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 If the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea behind them with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 1 2 z7df figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 May grace be to you, and may your peace increase This passage speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of **peace** as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 1 3 y6aq 0 General Information: Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith. @@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 3 1 wp5p figs-metonymy τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ 1 some are disobedient to the word Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 3 1 bs56 figs-idiom κερδηθήσονται 1 they will be won This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1PE 3 1 kbis figs-activepassive κερδηθήσονται 1 they will be won You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 1 qp4q figs-ellipsis ἄνευ λόγου 1 without a word Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. Alternate translation: “without the wife saying a word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1PE 3 1 qp4q figs-ellipsis ἄνευ λόγου 1 without a word “without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1PE 3 2 zft4 figs-abstractnouns ἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν 1 having seen your pure behavior with respect The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1PE 3 2 ng3s τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν 1 your pure behavior with respect This could mean: (1) This refers to their sincere behavior toward them and the way that they honor them. (2) This refers to their pure behavior toward them and the way that they honor God. 1PE 3 3 p1bg 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues speaking to women who are wives. 1PE 3 4 l2yq figs-metonymy ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος 1 the inner person of the heart Here the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 3 4 x6us figs-doublet ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος 1 the inner man of the heart Here the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1PE 3 4 gbw9 τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος 1 of a gentle and quiet spirit Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” Alternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful attitude” The word **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. +1PE 3 4 gbw9 τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος 1 of a gentle and quiet spirit “of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. 1PE 3 4 j5bu figs-metaphor ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές 1 which is precious before God Peter speaks of God’s opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 3 6 j1tp κύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα 1 called him lord saying that he was her lord, that is, her master 1PE 3 6 t3xl figs-metaphor ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα 1 whose children you have become Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -214,14 +214,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 3 20 s7qm figs-metonymy ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the patience of God The word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 3 20 qxah figs-personification ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία 1 when the patience of God was waiting Peter writes of God’s patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1PE 3 20 c6mi figs-activepassive ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ 1 in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1PE 3 21 jti3 δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through the resurrection of Jesus Christ This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.” Alternate translation: “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ” +1PE 3 21 jti3 δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 through the resurrection of Jesus Christ “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.” 1PE 3 22 g4qh figs-metonymy ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ 1 who is at the right hand of God To be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 3 22 f6jq ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ 1 after … had been subjected to him “when … had submitted to Jesus Christ” 1PE 4 intro zh5n 0 # 1 Peter 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ungodly Gentiles

This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### Martyrdom

It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”

Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. 1PE 4 1 b8d4 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ’s sufferings. 1PE 4 1 ess6 σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh “in his body” 1PE 4 1 p2rv figs-metaphor ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε 1 arm yourselves with the same intention The phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 1 vjw2 σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh Here **flesh** refers to the “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth” +1PE 4 1 vjw2 σαρκὶ 1 in the flesh Here “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth” 1PE 4 1 d66g πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας 1 has ceased from sin “has stopped sinning” 1PE 4 2 gbb6 ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις 1 for the desires of men for the things that sinful people normally desire 1PE 4 3 rp5p κώμοις, πότοις 1 carousing, drunken parties These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. @@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 4 14 i1kq figs-parallelism τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα 1 the Spirit of glory and of God Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1PE 4 14 nx6p ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται 1 is resting on you is staying with you 1PE 4 15 nr6n ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος 1 a meddler This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. -1PE 4 16 xm8z ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ 1 in this name The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian.” Alternate translation: “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian” +1PE 4 16 xm8z ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ 1 in this name “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian.” 1PE 4 17 x9np figs-metaphor τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the household of God This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 4 17 c8ke figs-rquestion εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? 1 but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1PE 4 17 c8ke figs-rquestion εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? 1 but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1PE 4 17 z9zc τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων 1 what will be the end of those disobeying “what will happen to those who disobey” -1PE 4 17 l3db τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 of those disobeying the gospel of God Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe. Alternate translation: “of those who do not believe God’s gospel” +1PE 4 17 l3db τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 of those disobeying the gospel of God “of those who do not believe God’s gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe. 1PE 4 18 t762 figs-activepassive εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται 1 If with difficulty the righteous are being saved Here the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1PE 4 18 w8ke figs-rquestion ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? 1 the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear? Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1PE 4 18 ms54 ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται 1 where will the ungodly and the sinner appear “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner” @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 5 5 x6c2 ὁμοίως 1 In the same way This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). 1PE 5 5 uh4n πάντες 1 all of you This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. 1PE 5 5 r6s6 figs-metaphor τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε 1 clothe yourselves with humility Peter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1PE 5 6 bie6 figs-metonymy ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 under the mighty hand of God Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 6 bie6 figs-metonymy ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 under the mighty hand of God Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 5 7 c1uu figs-metaphor πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 having cast all your anxiety on him Peter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 5 8 k9nt figs-idiom νήψατε 1 Be sober Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1PE 5 8 tl7i figs-simile διάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν 1 the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour Peter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1PE 5 10 qf2h καταρτίσει 1 will perfect “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again” 1PE 5 10 j2nt figs-metaphor σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει 1 strengthen, and establish you These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 5 12 an6q διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα 1 Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. -1PE 5 12 g1t6 figs-metonymy ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 this is the true grace of God This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God’s grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1PE 5 12 g1t6 figs-metonymy ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 this is the true grace of God This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God's grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1PE 5 12 nm72 figs-metaphor εἰς ἣν στῆτε 1 Stand in it The word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1PE 5 13 muq7 writing-symlanguage ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι 1 She who is in Babylon Here, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 1PE 5 13 rpf5 figs-activepassive συνεκλεκτὴ 1 chosen together with you You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])