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@ -973,79 +973,113 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:18 j3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יָחֵ֔ל לְ⁠הִלָּחֵ֖ם בִּ⁠בְנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן 1 The princes of Gilead are using a common expression to ask who should lead their army against the Ammonites. They are not asking which soldier will be the first to engage in combat with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?”
10:18 j498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠רֹ֔אשׁ 1 The princes of Gilead are using the word **head** to mean “ruler,” not just “military commander,” as [11:11](../11/11.md) shows, where the people make Jephthah both their “head” (ruler) and commander. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ruler”
11:intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Jephthah the leader\n\nJephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
11:1 yk6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gileadite 0 This is someone who is from the region of Gilead. It is a coincidence that his father’s name is also Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
11:2 r35b When his wife’s sons grew up 0 Alternate translation: “When the sons of Gilead’s wife became adults”
11:3 aw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the land of Tob 0 Tob is the name of a region.
11:3 f5ze they traveled with him 0 Alternate translation: “they followed him” or “they went everywhere together”
11:4 cn67 Some days later 0 Alternate translation: “Some time later”
11:4 s6ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom made war against Israel 0 The phrase “made war” is an idiom which means that they attacked Israel and were at war with them. Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “attacked the people of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:6 b37n that we may fight with 0 Alternate translation: “so that we can fight against”
11:7 f7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my father’s house 0 Here “house” refers to people living in the house. Alternate translation: “my family”
11:8 ph3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit That is why we are turning to you now 0 The word “that” refers to what Jephthah said about them being in trouble. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “We are turning to you now because we are in trouble”
11:8 uem9 fight with the people of Ammon 0 Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ammon”
11:11 hf4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet leader and commander 0 These two words basically have the same meaning repeated to emphasize how important Jephthah had became. You can combine the two words. Alternate translation: “commander”
11:11 v6uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When he was before Yahweh in Mizpah, Jephthah repeated all the promises he made 0 This is an idiom. Here the phrase “before Yahwheh” means that he repeated his promises as a vow before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “When Jephthah was in Mizpah he repeated all of these promises as a vow before Yahweh”
11:11 w6mk all the promises he made 0 This refers to the promises he made to the leaders of Gilead about becoming their leader.
11:12 ybt9 What is this conflict between us 0 “Why is there conflict between us?” Jephthah is asking the king why they are angry with Israel.
11:12 su7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Why have you come with force to take our land 0 The word “you” refers to the King of Ammon and represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Why have your soldiers come to seize our land”
11:12 hwk4 come with force to take 0 Alternate translation: “come to forcefully take”
11:13 qdz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Arnon … Jabbok 0 These are the names of two rivers.
11:13 ps71 over to the Jordan 0 Alternate translation: “on the other side of the Jordan River”
11:13 tsw4 in peace 0 Alternate translation: “peacefully” or “and do not try to defend them”
11:15 i4ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he said 0 Here the word “he” refers to the messenger who was speaking to the king. This may be written with the word “they” as in the UST, referring to the group of messengers. Alternate translation: “Jephthah told the messengers to say” or “they said”
11:16 e7sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they came up from Egypt 0 Whenever people traveled to the promised land it is referred to as going “up” to the promised land. When the Israelites left Egypt they were on their way to the promised land. Alternate translation: “they left Egypt”
11:17 je4p 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:17 tn6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche When Israel sent messengers 0 The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers”
11:17 kl4c pass through 0 Alternate translation: “go through” or “cross”
11:17 v8aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom would not listen 0 This phrase is an idiom that means to “refuse.” Alternate translation: “refused” or “denied their request”
11:17 q2mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They also sent messengers to the king of Moab 0 The reason that Israel sent messengers to the king of Moab can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They also send messengers to the king of Moab with the same request”
11:17 x2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but he refused 0 The king of Moab refused Israel’s request to pass through Moab. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “but he also refused and would not let them pass through the land of Moab”
11:18 el82 Arnon 0 This is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md).
11:19 msq6 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:19 ur8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Israel sent messengers to Sihon 0 The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers”
11:19 j2t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon 0 This is the name of a person.
11:19 pyu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heshbon 0 This is the name of a city.
11:20 mn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jahaz 0 This is the name of a city.
11:20 ew16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But Sihon did not trust Israel to pass through his territory 0 Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his land peacefully. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his territory peacefully”
11:20 d9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche there he fought 0 The word “he” refers to Sihon and represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “there they fought” or “there his army fought”
11:21 sf5x 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:21 fsk6 Sihon 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Judges 11:19](../11/19.md).
11:21 vp7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel 0 Here “hand” refers to power to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “gave Israel power over Sihon and all his people”
11:22 ce2e Arnon … Jabbok 0 See how you translated the names of these rivers in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md).
11:23 v22e 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:23 ru3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion should you now take possession of their land? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with this rhetorical question. The word “their” refers to the Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, you should not take possession of their land.”
11:24 nr59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you not take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should only take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you.”
11:24 bcm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take over 0 This is an idiom which means to take control of something. Alternate translation: “take control of” or “take possession of”
11:24 z3zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Chemosh 0 This is the name of a false god.
11:25 wln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now are you really better than Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not better than Balak son of Zippor, who was king of Moab.”
11:25 fk7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Balak … Zippor 0 These are the names of men.
11:25 giw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did he dare to have an argument with Israel? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Yet he did not dare to have an argument with Israel.”
11:25 k8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did he ever wage war against them? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Nor did he ever wage war against them.”
11:26 pty2 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:26 t5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers three hundred years 0 “300 years”
11:26 pu9w Heshbon 0 Translate the name of this city the same way that you did in [Judges 11:19](../11/19.md).
11:26 c2xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aroer 0 This is the name of a city.
11:26 h61t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion why then did you not take them back during that time? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should have taken them back during that time.” or “now it is too late; you should have taken them back long ago.”
11:27 aei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I have not done you wrong, but you are doing me wrong by attacking me 0 Jephthah is speaking to the Sihon. Here Jephthah speaks about the Israelites as though they were himself and of the Ammonites as if they were Sihon their king. Alternate translation: “The Israelites have not done wrong to your people, but your people are doing us wrong by attacking us”
11:29 p2lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the Spirit of Yahweh came on Jephthah 0 This is an idiom which means that the Spirit influenced Jephthah’s decisions. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh took control of Jephthah”
11:29 dq1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead 0 Jephthah passed through these places enlisting men for his army to go to war with the people of Ammon. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “he gathered men for his army as he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead”
11:31 kh4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will offer it up 0 This is an idiom which means to give something as an offering. Alternate translation: “I will offer it to you” or “I will sacrifice it to you”
11:32 wr1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche So Jephthah passed through … Yahweh gave him victory 0 Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself. Alternate translation: “So Jephthah and his army passed through … Yahweh gave them victory”
11:33 rt2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He attacked 0 Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself (verse 32). Alternate translation: “they attacked”
11:33 dl1t Aroer 0 Translate the name of this city the same way you did in [Judges 11:26](../11/26.md).
11:33 pfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Minnith … Abel Keramim 0 These are the names of cities.
11:33 i18j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty cities 0 “including 20 cities”
11:34 ng9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourines 0 musical instruments with heads like drums that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken
11:35 md3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he tore his clothes 0 This is an act that shows mourning or great sadness. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes from grief”
11:35 puu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You have crushed me with sorrow … you have become one who causes me pain 0 Jephthah said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that he was very sad
11:35 qi6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have crushed me with sorrow 0 Here Jephthah speaks of his great sorrow as something that crushes him. Alternate translation: “You have caused me great sorrow” or “You have filled me with sorrow”
11:35 dvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have become one who causes me pain 0 Here Jephthah talks about his great distress and trouble as if it were pain. Alternate translation: “you have become someone who troubles me” or “you cause me great distress”
11:35 gvy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I cannot turn back on my promise 0 This is an idiom. To turn back on a promise means to not do what you have promised to do. Alternate translation: “I must do what I have promised” or “I cannot break my promise”
11:36 e6gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit has taken vengeance for you against your enemies, the Ammonites 0 Yahweh has taken vengence for him by defeating his enemies. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “has taken vengeance for you against your enemies, the Ammonites, by defeating them”
11:37 hj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let this promise be kept for me 0 This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “Keep this promise for me” or “Keep this promise concerning me”
11:37 dh7s grieve over my virginity 0 Alternate translation: “weep because I am a virgin” or “cry because I will never be married”
11:39 n4my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism had never known a man 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had never had sexual relations with a man”
11:40 s739 the Gileadite 0 This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
11:01 j499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a warrior of valor, but he {was} the son of a whoring woman. Now Gilead had begotten Jephthah 1 Here and in the next two verses, the author is providing background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
11:01 j500 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a warrior of valor 1 The author is using introducing **Jephthah** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now there was a man named Jephthah, a Gileadite, who was a warrior of valor”
11:01 j501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns warrior of valor 1 See how you translated the same expression in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “valiant warrior”
11:01 yk6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gilead 1 Here the word **Gilead** is the name of a man, not the name of a region. But the word **Gileadite** does refer to someone who came from the region called Gilead.
11:02 r35b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential And the wife of Gilead bore sons to him 1 The author does not say specifically whether Gilead became the father of Jephthah before or after he was married. However, the story seems to suggest that it was before and that Jephthah was somewhat older than his half-brothers, since they had to wait until they grew up to drive him away from the family. Your language may have a connecting phrase that you can use to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Later, when Gilead had a wife, she bore sons to him”
11:02 j502 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events they drove out Jephthah and said to him, “You will not inherit in the house of our father, for you are the son of another woman” 1 Since the **sons of the wife** said this to Jephthah before they **drove** him **out**, in your translation you may wish to relate these events in the order in which they happened. Alternate translation: “they said to Jephthah, ‘You will not inherit in the house of our father, for you are the son of another woman.’ And they drove him out”
11:02 j503 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the house of our father 1 Here, **house** represents the family of Gilead. (He may have died by this point, since it appears that Jephthah was a member of the household while he was alive.) Alternate translation: “as if you were a proper member of family”
11:02 j504 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive in the house of our father 1 Gilead was the father of Jephthah and his half-brothers, so it may be natural for you to use the inclusive form of **our** if your language marks that distinction. However, since the half-brothers are describing **the house of our father** to Jephthah as something that he has no place in, some languages, considering the entire phrase, might use the exclusive form.
11:03 j505 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the face of his brothers 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “from the presence of his brothers”
11:03 j506 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship his brothers 1 These **brothers** were sons of Jephthah’s father but not of his mother. Your language may have its own term or expression for this relationship. Alternate translation: “his half-brothers”
11:03 aw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tob 1 The word **Tob** is the name of a region. It seems to have been a part of Aram (Syria) that was near Gilead.
11:03 f5ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they went out with him 1 This expression means that Jephthah led these men on raids to get plunder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they all formed a gang of bandits”
11:04 s6ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Now it happened after some days that the sons of Ammon fought with Israel 1 The author is using this phrase to return to the main story after providing background information about Jephthah. This is the same event that was described in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “It was some days after that when the sons of Ammon fought with Israel”
11:04 cn67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy after some days 1 The author is using the term **days** to mean “time.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “after some time”
11:05 j507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent And it happened 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a further development in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for this purpose.
11:06 b37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative Come, and you shall be a commander for us 1 The elders are using an imperative followed by a verb form that could make future statement in order to make a polite request of Jephthah. You can translate this with a form that is suitable for a polite request in your language. Alternate translation: “Please come and be our commander”
11:07 j508 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you not hate me, since you drove me from the house of my father? 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is clear that hate me, since you drove me from the house of my father!”
11:07 j509 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result Do you not hate me, since you drove me from the house of my father? 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “You drove me from the house of my father, and that shows that you hate me!”
11:07 j510 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you drove me from the house of my father 1 It was Jephthah’s half-brothers, not the elders of Gilead, who drove him from the house of his father. Jephthah may mean that the elders were implicated in this action because they did nothing to help him. Alternate translation: “you did nothing to help me when my brothers drove me from the house of my father”
11:07 f7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the house of my father 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [11:2](../11/02.md). Alternate translation: “from my family”
11:07 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion So why have you come to me now as that trouble {is} to you? 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. The UST models one way to do this.
11:08 ph3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result Therefore we have now returned to you 1 The elders are using the word translated as **Therefore** to acknowledge the reason why they have **returned** to Jephthah to ask for his help. They do not mean that they have come because they hate Jephthah or because they drove him out. They mean that they have come because they have trouble. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Yes, it is because we are in trouble that we have returned to you”
11:08 uem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical So you shall come with us and fight with the sons of Ammon, and you shall be for us the head of all of the dwellers of Gilead 1 The elders are actually describing a condition in which a second event will take place if a first event does. Alternate translation: “Now if you come with us and fight with the sons of Ammon, then you shall be for us the head of all of the dwellers of Gilead”
11:08 j512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the head 1 See how you translated the same term in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “the ruler”
11:09 j513 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical If you have brought me back to fight with the sons of Ammon and Yahweh gives them over to my face, I will be the head for you 1 This could mean: (1) that Jephthah is restating the condition that the elders described in order to confirm it. Your language may have an expression that you can use to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Now let me get this straight: If you have brought me back to fight with the sons of Ammon and Yahweh gives them over to my face, I will be the head for you” (2) that Jephthah is asking the elders to confirm the description they have described. Alternate translation: “If you have brought me back to fight with the sons of Ammon and Yahweh gives them over to my face, will I really be the head for you?”
11:09 j514 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and Yahweh gives them over to my face 1 Jephthah is using this expression to mean that Yahweh would enable him to defeat the Ammonites. (Gideon used a very similar expression in [8:7](../08/07.md) when he spoke of Yahweh “giving” Zebah and Zalmunna into his “hand.”) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh enables me to defeat them”
11:09 j515 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the head for you 1 See how you translated the same term in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “your ruler”
11:10 j516 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula May Yahweh be hearing {the things}between us if not, according to your word, thus we do 1 Following the custom of their culture, the elders are swearing an oath by stating the first part of a condition (“if”) but not the second part (“then”). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explicitly state the second part of this condition. (In this context, the idea of Yahweh **hearing** includes the aspect of Yahweh judging and punishing people for not doing the things he has heard them promise.) Alternate translation: “If we do not do according to your word, then may Yahweh punish us for not keeping the promises he has heard us make to you”
11:10 j517 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor {the things}between us 1 Here the term **between** is not a preposition but a substantive. The elders are speaking of the commitments that they and Jephthah have made to each other as if they were literally something that had taken on actual form in the space between them. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “the things that have passed between us” or “the commitments we have made to each other”
11:10 j518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy if not, according to your word, thus we do 1 The elders are using the term **word** to represent what Jephthah has just said by using words. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if we do not do exactly what you have said”
11:11 j519 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events and the people set him over them as head and as commander. And Jephthah spoke all of his words to the face of Yahweh at Mizpah 1 It may be that Jephthah reaffirmed the commitments that he and the elders had made to each other before he formally became the **head** and **commander** of the **people**. In your translation, you may wish to relate these events in that order. Alternate translation: “And after Jephthah spoke all of his words to the face of Yahweh at Mizpah, the people set him over them as head and as commander”
11:11 hf4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor as head and as commander 1 See how you translated the word **head** in [11:8–9](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “not only as their military commander but also as their ruler”
11:11 w6mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of his words 1 The author is using the term **words** to represent something that Jephthah said by using words. It seems that he repeated **at Mizpah** the same thing he said to the elders in [11:9](../11/09.md). Alternate translation: “the same thing he had said to the elders”
11:11 v6uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the face of Yahweh 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. This is probably a reference to a solemn assembly of **the people**, where it was understood that Yahweh would be present. Alternate translation: “in a solemn assembly of the people, where Yahweh was present”
11:12 su7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche What to me and to you, that you have come against me to fight in my land? 1 Jephthah’s messengers are speaking on his behalf, and so they use the singular pronouns **me** and **my**. They are addressing the Ammonite king, so **you** is also singular. However, Jephthah is speaking as a representative of all the Israelites, and he is addressing the Ammonite king as a representative of his own people and army. So it may be more natural in your language to use the plural pronouns “us” and “our” and plural forms of **you** if your language marks that distinction.
11:12 j520 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What to me and to you, that you have come against me to fight in my land? 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to me and to you, that you should come against me to fight in my land!”
11:12 ybt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom What to me and to you …? 1 This is a common expression that, in this context, inquires what quarrel the Ammonite king has with Jephthah, who represents the Israelites. The implication is that he really has no just cause to invade their land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What quarrel is there between us …?” or “There is no quarrel between us …!”
11:12 hwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in my land 1 This could mean: (1) that Jephthah is objecting to the presence of the Ammonite army on Israelite territory. Alternate translation: “and have invaded my land” (2) that Jephthah is using the term **land** by association to mean the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “against my people” (3) that Jephthah is saying that the Ammonite king wants to contest possession of the land. Alternate translation: “over my land”
11:13 j521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Because Israel took my land 1 The Ammonite king is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I have come against you to fight because Israel took my land”
11:13 qdz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Arnon & Jabbok 1 The words **Arnon** and **Jabbok** are the names of rivers.
11:13 ps71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns them 1 The Ammonite king is using the plural pronoun **them** to refer to the areas bounded by the rivers he names. However, since he uses the singular term **land** to describe this entire territory, it may be more natural in your language to use a singular pronoun. Alternate translation: “it”
11:13 tsw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in peace 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “peacefully”
11:14 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo Then Jephthah resumed and sent messengers again 1 It might seem that saying both **resumed** and **again** would be to state extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you represent just one of these terms. Alternate translation: “Then Jephthah sent messengers once again” or “Jephthah continued to send messengers”
11:15 i4ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and said 1 The verb **said** is singular. It refers to Jephthah, and it means that Jephthah said this to the king of Ammon through his messengers. However, since a group of messengers actually spoke these words to the king, it might be more natural in your language to use the pronoun “they” with a plural verb. Alternate translation: “and they said”
11:15 j523 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Thus says Jephthah: ‘Israel did not take the land of Moab or the land of the sons of Ammon 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Jephthah says that Israel did not take the land of Moab or the land of the sons of Ammon”
11:15 j524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Israel did not take the land of Moab or the land of the sons of Ammon 1 Jephthah recognizes that the Ammonite king is speaking of land that formerly belonged partly to Ammon and partly to Moab. It appears that at this time, the Moabites were either allies or subjects of the Ammonites, and so the Ammonite king regards the Moabites’ interests as his own. The author assumes that his readers will have this knowledge and so he does not explain it as background information. But you could indicate it in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Israel did not take any land from you Ammonites or from your allies the Moabites”
11:16 j525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns in their coming up & and he came 1 The messengers are using both plural (**their**) and singular (**he**) pronouns to refer to **Israel**, as a group of people and as a nation. It may be more natural in your language to use either plural or singular pronouns consistently. Alternate translation: “when they came up … and they came” or “when he came up … and he came”
11:17 j526 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes saying, “Please may I pass through your land.” 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “asking for permission to pass through his land”
11:17 v8aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But did not listen 1 The word translated as **listen** here is the same one that is translated as **heard** in [2:2](../02/02.md) and similar contexts. As the General Introduction to Judges discusses, in these contexts the word has the specific sense of complying with what someone has said. Alternate translation: “But … did not agree”
11:17 q2mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis And he also sent to the king of Moab 1 The messengers are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And the Israelites also sent messengers to the king of Moab requesting safe passage through his country”
11:17 x2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit So Israel dwelled in Kadesh 1 The messengers are leaving some information implicit that they assume the Ammonite king will understand. This information supports Jephthah’s claim that the Israelites did not take any territory from the Ammonites or their allies the Moabites. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “In response, the Israelites did not try to force their way through Edom or Moab. Instead, they waited in Kadesh and considered what they should do next”
11:18 el82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and he went from the rising of the sun to the land of Moab 1 The messengers do not mean that the Israelites traveled **from** the place where the sun rises, that is, somewhere in the east, **to** the land of Moab. They are using a characteristic expression to describe the location of one place relative to another place. They mean that from where the Israelites went in the wilderness, if one went **to the land of Moab** from there, one would approach it **from the rising of the sun**, that is, from the east. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. See how you translated the similar expression in [8:11](../08/11.md). Alternate translation: “and he traveled to the east of the land of Moab”
11:18 j527 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit on the other side of the Arnon 1 The messengers are speaking from a vantage point south of the Arnon River, since the Israelites approached it from the south on their journey from Egypt. So **the other side** implicitly means the north side. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated the similar expression in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “on the north side of the Arnon River”
11:19 msq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes and Israel said to him, ‘Please, may we pass through your land unto my place.’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “and Israel asked him for permission to pass through his land to its place”
11:19 ur8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and Israel said to him, ‘Please, may we pass through your land unto my place’ 1 Jephthah’s messengers are speaking of **Israel** as if it were an individual person who could speak to Sihon. They mean that the messengers whom the Israelites send to him spoke this message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the messengers said to him, ‘Please, may we Israelites pass through your land unto our place’”
11:19 j528 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns may we pass through your land unto my place 1 The Israelite messengers used both plural (**we**) and singular (**my**) pronouns to refer to themselves, as a group of people and as a nation. It may be more natural in your language to use either plural or singular pronouns consistently. Alternate translation: “may we pass through your land unto our place” or “may I pass through your land unto my place”
11:20 ew16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy passing through his border 1 Jephthah’s messengers are using the term **border** by association to refer to all of Sihon’s territory. However, it is significant that they do not say “land,” as they report the Israelite messengers saying in the previous verse. The idea is that not only did Sihon not want the Israelites to walk across his land, he did not want them even to cross the border and come into any part of his territory. Alternate translation: “coming into his territory”
11:20 mn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jahaz 1 The word **Jahaz** is the name of a town.
11:21 vp7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they struck them 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:5](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “and they beat them” or “and they defeated them”
11:22 ce2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism And they possessed 1 In this verse, Jephthah’s messengers are saying the same thing as in the last sentence of the previous verse. They are describing the same territory as “all the land of the Amorite.” However, they are naming the same specific borders that the Ammonite king did in [11:13](../11/13.md) in order to establish Israel’s claim to that land. So it would be good to include this information. However, it may be clearer in your language to introduce it with a word other than **And** in order to show that this sentence is not saying something additional to the last sentence of the previous verse. It is repeating the meaning, although with further information. Alternate translation: “Indeed, they possessed”
11:22 j529 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of the border of the Amorite 1 The messengers are using the term **border** by association to mean the territory that was enclosed within the borders they describe. Alternate translation: “the entire territory of those Amorites”
11:22 v22e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases And now 1 The phrase translated as **And now** is an expression that was used letters and messages of this time to introduce the main business that the sender wished to address. If your language has a comparable expression that it uses for this same purpose, you can use it in your translation. If not, you do not have to translate this phrase explicitly; you can indicate in other ways that this is the main point that Jephthah wanted his messengers to make. Alternate translation: “Here is my main point:”
11:23 ru3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion So will you possess it? 1 Jephthah’s messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “So do not think that you can possess it!”
11:23 j530 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular So will you possess it? 1 As in [11:19](../11/19.md), the word **you** is singular here, and it is also singular for the rest of this speech (with one exception that these notes will indicate), because the messengers are addressing the Ammonite king. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
11:24 nr59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What Chemosh, your god, causes you to possess, will you not possess it? 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should just possess what Chemosh, your god, causes you to possess”
11:24 z3zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Chemosh 1 The word **Chemosh** is the name of a false god.
11:25 k8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And now 1 See how you translated the same expression in [11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: “And here is another important point:”
11:25 giw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication being better, are you being better than Balak …? Contending, did he contend with Israel, or fighting, did he fight with them? 1 The messengers are repeating the verbs translated as **being better**, **Contending**, and **fighting** in order to intensify the ideas that they express. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “are you really better than Balak …? Did he contend at all with Israel, or did he fight with them at all?”
11:25 wln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion being better, are you being better than Balak …? Contending, did he contend with Israel, or fighting, did he fight with them? 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “you are not really better than Balak …! He did not contend at all with Israel, no, he did not fight with them at all!”
11:25 fk7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Balak & Zippor 1 The words **Balak** and **Zippor** are the names of men.
11:25 j531 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit did he fight with them? 1 The messengers are leaving some information implicit that they know the Ammonite king will understand. Most modern readers, however, will not have this information. It is that the land that the Israelites acquired when they defeated Sihon had previously belonged to the Moabites and Ammonites. Sihon had taken it from them. But Balak did not try to get it back. The implication is that unless the Ammonite king thinks that he is greater than Balak, he should not try to get it back either. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “did he fight with them to get back the part of that land that Sihon had earlier taken from the Moabites and Ammonites? No, and you should not either!”
11:26 j532 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and in its daughters & and in its daughters 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:27](../01/27.md). Alternate translation: “and in the surrounding villages … and in the surrounding villages”
11:26 c2xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aroer 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city.
11:26 h61t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion why then did you not deliver during that time? 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but you did not deliver during that time!”
11:26 pu9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular did you not deliver 1 The word **you** is plural here because the messengers are asking why none of the Ammonites tried to recapture the land during the time they are describing. If your language marks that distinction, you could use the plural form in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of indicating this. Alternate translation: “did you Ammonites not deliver”
11:27 aei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but you are doing me wrong 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wrong**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but you are doing to me what is wrong”
11:28 j533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit did not listen to 1 See how you translated the word “listen” in [11:17](../11/17.md). It has the same meaning here. Alternate translation: “did not agree not to fight after he heard”
11:28 j534 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the words of Jephthah that he sent to him 1 The author is using the term **words** to represent what Jephthah said by using words. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that Jephthah sent to him”
11:29 j535 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then the Spirit of Yahweh was upon Jephthah 1 See how you translated the similar expression about Othniel in [3:10](../03/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then the Spirit of Yahweh powerfully influenced Jephthah”
11:29 dq1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh 1 The author means implicitly that Jephthah **passed through** these areas to summon Israelite men to fight, as Barak did in [4:10](../04/10.md) and Gideon did in [6:34–35](../06/0341.md). You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh summoning troops to fight against the Ammonites”
11:30 j536 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background And Jephthah vowed a vow to Yahweh and said 1 Here the author is providing background information to help readers understand what happens in the story. Since the first sentence of [11:32](../11/32.md) describes the same thing as the last sentence of [11:29](../11/29.md), the Israelite attack against the Ammonites, this verse and the next one are describing something that happened just before that. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But before he led that attack against the Ammonites, Jephthah vowed a vow to Yahweh and said”
11:30 j537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys And Jephthah vowed a vow to Yahweh and said 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The vowing and saying were not two different actions. The word **vowed** indicates what Jephthah was doing when he **said** this. Alternate translation: “And Jephthah solemnly promised Yahweh”
11:30 j538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo And Jephthah vowed a vow 1 It might seem that the expression **vowed a vow** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “And Jephthah made a vow”
11:30 j539 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication If giving, you will give 1 Jephthah is repeating the verb **give** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “If in fact you give”
11:31 kh4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche whoever comes out of the doors of my house to greet me 1 Jephthah is using one part of his **house**, its **doors**, to mean all of the house as a place for human habitation. In other words, he is specifying a person, rather than an animal that might come from a field or a stall. (See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of how wrong Jephthah was to offer a human sacrifice and for what purpose the author includes this account in the book of Judges.) Alternate translation: “the first member of my household who comes out to greet me”
11:31 j540 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in peace 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “peacefully”
11:32 wr1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background matching text 1 Here the author is returning to the main story after providing background information in [11:30–31](../11/30.md). It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “It was after making this vow that Jephthah passed through to the sons of Ammon to fight with them”
11:33 pfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Minnith & Abel Keramim 1 The terms **Minnith** and **Abel Keramim** are the names of cities.
11:33 i18j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive So the sons of Ammon were subdued from the face of the sons of Israel 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So the sons of Israel subdued the sons of Ammon before their face”
11:33 j541 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy So the sons of Ammon were subdued from the face of the sons of Israel 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “So the sons of Ammon could not stand against the sons of Israel” or “So the sons of Ammon had to act humbly in the presence of the sons of Israel”
11:34 j542 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural with timbrels and with dances 1 Jephthah’s daughter was probably not carrying and playing several **timbrels**. The author may be using the plural forms **timbrels** and **dances** to indicate that she was leading a group of young women from the community who were together celebrating Jephthah’s victory. (This would be similar to what happens in [1 Samuel 18:6](../1sa/18/06.md).) Alternate translation: “leading a group of women who were playing timbrels and dancing”
11:34 ng9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown with timbrels 1 The term **timbrels** describes small percussion instruments. A timbrel is a hand-held drum that may also have pieces of metal around its sides that make sounds when a person shakes or hits the drum. If your readers would not be familiar with what a timbrel is, in your translation you could use the name of a similar thing that your readers would recognize, or you could use a general expression.
11:34 j543 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo And except her alone, {there was} not to him a son or daughter apart from her. 1 It might seem that this sentence contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “And except for her, he did not have a son or daughter” or “And he did not have a son or daughter apart from her”
11:35 md3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction that he tore his garments 1 When Jephthah **tore his garments**, this was a symbolic action that expressed great distress and grief. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “that he tore his garments to show his great distress”
11:35 qi6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication Causing to bow, you have caused me to bow 1 Jephthah is repeating the verb **Causing to bow** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “You have certainly caused me to bow”
11:35 puu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Causing to bow, you have caused me to bow 1 Jephthah probably does not mean that he is literally bowing down. He is speaking of his grief and distress as if those emotions were so strong that they were keeping him from standing up. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “You have brought me very low” or “You have caused me very great grief”
11:35 dvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and you are among the ones troubling me 1 Jephthah may be implicitly comparing his distress at seeing his daughter with the distress that the Ammonites caused the Israelites when they invading their land. (In [11:7](../11/07.md), Jephthah complained to the elders of Gilead that they were only seeking his help because they were in “trouble.” The author speaks similarly in [10:16](../10/16.md) of the Ammonite invasion as “the trouble of Israel.”) You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and my distress at seeing you is as great as the distress that the Ammonites caused us”
11:35 j544 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For I have opened my mouth to Yahweh 1 Jephthah is referring to what he vowed to Yahweh, by association with the way he **opened** his **mouth** in order to speak his vow. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For I have spoken a vow to Yahweh”
11:35 gvy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and I am not able to turn back 1 Jephthah is speaking as if he were literally walking somewhere and could not **turn back** to return to where he was before he started walking. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I am not able to break my vow”
11:36 j545 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have opened your mouth to Yahweh 1 See how you translated the same expression in [11:35](../11/35.md). Alternate translation: “you have spoken a vow to Yahweh”
11:36 j546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy according to what came forth from your mouth 1 Jephthah’s daughter is referring to what he said, by association with the way it **came forth from** his **mouth** when he said it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what you said”
11:36 e6gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural vengeances 1 Jephthah’s daughter is using the plural form **vengeances** in a context where the singular term “vengeance” would suffice. This suggests that she is using the plural form for emphasis. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “great vengeance”
11:37 hj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May this thing be done for me 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do this thing for me”
11:37 dh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and I will go down upon the hills 1 As the General Introduction to Judges discusses, In Hebrew, writers and speakers generally indicated whether people were going up to a higher elevation or going down to a lower elevation when they traveled. The town of Mizpah was located at a high elevation, and Jephthah’s daughter is indicating that she would like to go down from there and wander the hills in the area. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I will wander the hills in this area”
11:39 j547 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo and he did to her his vow that he had vowed 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “and he did to her what he had vowed to do”
11:39 n4my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism And she had not known a man 1 The author is using this expression to speak of a private matter in a delicate way. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “And she had never slept with a man” or “And she had never had sexual relations with a man”
11:40 s739 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom From days to days 1 This is a common expression that means “every year.” (In this context, **days** in the plural means “year.” The usual word for “year” occurs at the end of the verse.) Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “Year by year” or “Every year”
12:intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Shibboleth\n\nThis is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
12:1 mp3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns A call went out to the men of Ephraim 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **call**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers”
12:1 ubq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zaphon 0 This is the name of a city.

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