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Edits to correct format of Revelation notes (#2229) 

Co-authored-by: lrsallee <lrsallee@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2229
Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee <lrsallee@noreply.door43.org>
Co-committed-by: Larry Sallee <lrsallee@noreply.door43.org>
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@ -964,93 +964,97 @@ REV 20 15 wq31 figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τ
REV 21 intro pai8 0 # Revelation 21 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Second death<br><br>Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### New heaven and new earth<br><br>It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
REV 21 1 tj16 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
REV 21 1 vks1 εἶδον 1 I saw Here, **I** refers to John.
REV 21 2 er4u figs-simile ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς 1 like a bride adorned for her husband This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 3 i8za figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης 1 a great voice from the throne saying The word **voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 3 gk3m ἰδοὺ 1 Look! The word **Look** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
REV 21 2 er4u figs-simile ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς 1 like a bride adorned for her husband John compares the new Jerusalem to **a bride** who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 3 i8za figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης 1 a great voice from the throne saying The **great voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 3 gk3m ἰδοὺ 1 Look! The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
REV 21 3 hpt1 figs-parallelism ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 4 w39g figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes **Tears** here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 5 rq2q figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν 1 these words are trustworthy and true Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 6 dq8n figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 21 6 li7s figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 21 4 w39g figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes Here, tears represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 5 rq2q figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν 1 these words are trustworthy and true Here, **these words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 6 dq8n figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 6 mfc7 figs-merism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 These two phrases mean that God exists from the beginning of everything to the end of it, including everything in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 21 6 li7s figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega The **alpha** and the **omega** are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 6 bf1p ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.
REV 21 6 wk2c figs-metaphor τῷ διψῶντι…τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς 1 To the one who thirsts … water of life God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 6 wk2c figs-metaphor τῷ διψῶντι δώσω ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς δωρεάν 1 To the one who thirsts … water of life God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 7 vms6 0 Connecting Statement: The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.
REV 21 8 hma7 τοῖς…δειλοῖς 1 the cowards “those who are too afraid to do what is right”
REV 21 8 k8yp ἐβδελυγμένοις 1 the detestable “those who do terrible things”
REV 21 8 zu27 τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ 1 the fiery lake of burning sulfur “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
REV 21 8 k1hl writing-symlanguage ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος 1 the second death “dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 9 cf2m figs-personification τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 9 bil2 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι 1 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV 21 8 k1hl writing-symlanguage ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος 1 the second death The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 9 cf2m figs-metaphor τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, **the Lamb**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 9 fq8f figs-metonymy τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 9 bil2 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb A **lamb** is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι 1 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as **the Spirit** takes John to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV 21 11 g44j ἔχουσαν 1 It had This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the **brilliance** of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 11 n51z κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 crystal-clear “extremely clear”
REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown ἰάσπιδι 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 12 j9eb translate-numbers πυλῶνας δώδεκα 1 twelve gates “12 gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown ἰάσπιδι 1 jasper Jasper is a valuable stone. This **jasper** may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 12 qgh3 figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένα 1 were written You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 14 mm12 τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
REV 21 16 fs8z translate-numbers σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων 1 twelve thousand stadia “12,000 stadia.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 17 eut1 translate-numbers ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν 1 144 cubits “one hundred forty-four cubits.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 18 g7w8 figs-activepassive ἡ ἐνδώμησις τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς ἴασπις; καὶ ἡ πόλις χρυσίον καθαρὸν 1 Its wall was built of jasper and the city of pure gold You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 14 mm12 τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb Here, **the Lamb** refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
REV 21 16 fs8z translate-bdistance σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων 1 twelve thousand stadia You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 17 eut1 translate-bdistance ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν 1 144 cubits You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 18 n3hu figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ 1 pure gold, like clear glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 18 h239 translate-unknown ἴασπις 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους…κεκοσμημένοι 1 The foundations of the wall were adorned You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους τῆς πόλεως…κεκοσμημένοι 1 The foundations of the wall were adorned You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 19 ke4b translate-unknown ἴασπις…σάπφειρος…χαλκηδών…σμάραγδος 1 jasper … sapphire … agate … emerald These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 20 a2tm translate-unknown σαρδόνυξ…σάρδιον…χρυσόλιθος…βήρυλλος…τοπάζιον…χρυσόπρασος…ὑάκινθος…ἀμέθυστος 1 onyx … chrysolite … beryl … topaz … chrysoprase … jacinth … amethyst These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown μαργαρῖται 1 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown μαργαρῖται 1 pearls Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 21 g75r figs-activepassive ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου 1 each of the gates was made from a single pearl You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής 1 pure gold, like transparent glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 22 m2ew figs-metaphor ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός…ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple The temple represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 23 v2m9 figs-metaphor ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 its lamp is the Lamb Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 The nations will walk The words **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. **Walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “The people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 25 lq1z figs-activepassive οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν 1 Its gates will not be shut You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 26 ps25 οἴσουσιν 1 They will bring “The kings of the earth will bring”
REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής 1 pure gold, like transparent glass The **gold** was so **pure** that it is spoken of as if it was clear glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 22 m2ew figs-metaphor ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple The **temple** represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because **God** and **the Lamb** will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 23 v2m9 figs-metaphor ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 its lamp is the Lamb Here the glory of Jesus, **the Lamb**, is spoken of as if it were a **lamp** that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 The nations will walk Here, **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 24 ma5n figs-metaphor περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 Here, **walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 25 lq1z figs-activepassive οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν 1 Its gates will not be shut You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 26 ps25 οἴσουσιν 1 They will bring “the kings of the earth will bring”
REV 21 27 n3nh figs-doublenegatives οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ 1 nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his book of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 22 intro e1ya 0 # Revelation 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tree of life<br><br>There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Alpha and omega<br><br>These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.
REV 22 1 b1ad 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.
REV 22 1 uu7b ἔδειξέν μοι 1 showed me Here, **me** refers to John.
REV 22 1 vl23 ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the river of the water of life “the river flowing with life-giving water”
REV 22 1 yn2p figs-metaphor ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 1 mxp4 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 22 2 l2aq figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations Here, **nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 3 d5fq πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι 1 There will no longer be any curse This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will curse. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s curse.
REV 22 1 yn2p figs-metaphor ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 1 mxp4 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb A lamb is a young sheep. Here, *the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 22 2 l2aq figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations Here, **the nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 3 d5fq πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι 1 There will no longer be any curse This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will **curse**. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s **curse**.
REV 22 3 by36 οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ 1 his servants will serve him Here, **his** and **him** could refer to: (1) God the Father. (2) both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
REV 22 4 zy4x figs-idiom ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “They will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 22 4 zy4x figs-idiom ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “they will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 22 6 j51i figs-explicit 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 6 xaw8 figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί 1 These words are trustworthy and true Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 6 cr31 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the God of the spirits of the prophets The word **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 7 p72h ἰδοὺ 1 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **Look** adds emphasis to what follows.
REV 22 7 afr9 figs-explicit ἔρχομαι ταχύ 1 I am coming quickly! It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 6 cr31 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the God of the spirits of the prophets Here, **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the **prophets** and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the **prophets**. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 7 p72h ἰδοὺ 1 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **behold** adds emphasis to what follows.
REV 22 7 afr9 figs-explicit ἔρχομαι ταχύ 1 I am coming quickly! It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 8 xr17 0 General Information: John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
REV 22 8 uvk3 ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν 1 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
REV 22 8 uvk3 ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν 1 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of **worship**, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
REV 22 10 gqa8 0 Connecting Statement: The angel finishes speaking to John.
REV 22 10 ct48 figs-explicit μὴ σφραγίσῃς…τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 Do not seal up … this book To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 10 ct48 figs-explicit μὴ σφραγίσῃς τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 Do not seal up … this book To **seal** a **book** was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 10 xc15 figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 12 idc6 writing-endofstory 0 General Information: As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 uup6 figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 cpl9 figs-merism ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 nnm2 ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md).
REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has existed and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 22 13 uup6 figs-merism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega These three phrases are merisms. They each represent everything included between the two ends. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. They represent all the letters in between. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z, the first and the last, the beginning and the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 c9e8 figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 13 cpl9 figs-metaphor ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 13 nnm2 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 14 r16s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues giving his closing greeting.
REV 22 14 i54w figs-metaphor οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν 1 those who wash their robes Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 15 aw1h ἔξω 1 Outside This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
REV 22 15 tkd7 figs-metaphor οἱ κύνες 1 are the dogs In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 15 tkd7 figs-explicit οἱ κύνες 1 are the dogs In that culture, **dogs** were considered to be unclean, despised animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 15 h0ih figs-metaphor οἱ κύνες 1 Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 16 pu85 figs-you μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν 1 to testify to you Here the word **you** is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 the root and the descendant of David The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός 1 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-doublet ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 the root and the descendant of David The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 22 16 afw1 figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός 1 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the **bright** **star** that sometimes appears early in the **morning** and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 gig5 0 Connecting Statement: This verse is a response to what Jesus said.
REV 22 17 lt8j figs-metaphor ἡ νύμφη 1 the Bride Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit ἔρχου 1 Come! This could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 17 e2m5 figs-metaphor ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω…ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 the one who is thirsty … the water of life A person’s desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit ἔρχου 1 Come! Here, **Come** could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 17 e2m5 figs-metaphor ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω; ὁ θέλων λαβέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν 1 the one who is thirsty … the water of life A person’s desire for eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving *water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 18 fd5l 0 General Information: John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
REV 22 18 d95j μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ 1 I testify Here, **I** refers to John.
REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 18 jzu8 ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς 1 If anyone adds to them … God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here, **the words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “this prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 18 jzu8 ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς πληγὰς τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 If anyone adds to them … God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 18 d4sc figs-activepassive τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 that are written about in this book You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 22 19 ss3y ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ…ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς 1 If anyone takes away … God will take away This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 19 ss3y ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης, ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς καὶ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας, τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 If anyone takes away … God will take away This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 20 u6mb 0 General Information: In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.
REV 22 20 y9p2 ὁ μαρτυρῶν 1 The one who testifies “Jesus, who testifies”
REV 22 21 xr3d μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων 1 with the saints “with every one of you”

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
964 REV 21 intro pai8 0 # Revelation 21 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Second death<br><br>Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### New heaven and new earth<br><br>It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
965 REV 21 1 tj16 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
966 REV 21 1 vks1 εἶδον 1 I saw Here, **I** refers to John.
967 REV 21 2 er4u figs-simile ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς 1 like a bride adorned for her husband This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) John compares the new Jerusalem to **a bride** who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
968 REV 21 3 i8za figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης 1 a great voice from the throne saying The word **voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The **great voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
969 REV 21 3 gk3m ἰδοὺ 1 Look! The word **Look** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
970 REV 21 3 hpt1 figs-parallelism ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
971 REV 21 4 w39g figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes **Tears** here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, tears represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
972 REV 21 5 rq2q figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν 1 these words are trustworthy and true Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, **these words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
973 REV 21 6 dq8n figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
974 REV 21 6 li7s mfc7 figs-metaphor figs-merism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) These two phrases mean that God exists from the beginning of everything to the end of it, including everything in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
975 REV 21 6 li7s figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the alpha and the omega The **alpha** and the **omega** are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
976 REV 21 6 bf1p ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.
977 REV 21 6 wk2c figs-metaphor τῷ διψῶντι…τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς τῷ διψῶντι δώσω ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς δωρεάν 1 To the one who thirsts … water of life God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
978 REV 21 7 vms6 0 Connecting Statement: The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.
979 REV 21 8 hma7 τοῖς…δειλοῖς 1 the cowards “those who are too afraid to do what is right”
980 REV 21 8 k8yp ἐβδελυγμένοις 1 the detestable “those who do terrible things”
981 REV 21 8 zu27 τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ 1 the fiery lake of burning sulfur “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
982 REV 21 8 k1hl writing-symlanguage ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος 1 the second death “dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
983 REV 21 9 cf2m figs-personification figs-metaphor τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, **the Lamb**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
984 REV 21 9 bil2 fq8f writing-symlanguage figs-metonymy τοῦ Ἀρνίου τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
985 REV 21 10 9 czp2 bil2 writing-background writing-symlanguage ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 carried me away in the Spirit the Lamb The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) A **lamb** is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
986 REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι 1 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as **the Spirit** takes John to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
987 REV 21 11 g44j ἔχουσαν 1 It had This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
988 REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the **brilliance** of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
989 REV 21 11 n51z κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 crystal-clear “extremely clear”
990 REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown ἰάσπιδι 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) Jasper is a valuable stone. This **jasper** may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 12 j9eb translate-numbers πυλῶνας δώδεκα 1 twelve gates “12 gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
991 REV 21 12 qgh3 figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένα 1 were written You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
992 REV 21 14 mm12 τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). Here, **the Lamb** refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
993 REV 21 16 fs8z translate-numbers translate-bdistance σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων 1 twelve thousand stadia “12,000 stadia.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
994 REV 21 17 eut1 translate-numbers translate-bdistance ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν 1 144 cubits “one hundred forty-four cubits.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 18 g7w8 figs-activepassive ἡ ἐνδώμησις τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς ἴασπις; καὶ ἡ πόλις χρυσίον καθαρὸν 1 Its wall was built of jasper and the city of pure gold You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
995 REV 21 18 n3hu figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ 1 pure gold, like clear glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
996 REV 21 18 h239 translate-unknown ἴασπις 1 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
997 REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους…κεκοσμημένοι οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους τῆς πόλεως…κεκοσμημένοι 1 The foundations of the wall were adorned You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
998 REV 21 19 ke4b translate-unknown ἴασπις…σάπφειρος…χαλκηδών…σμάραγδος 1 jasper … sapphire … agate … emerald These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
999 REV 21 20 a2tm translate-unknown σαρδόνυξ…σάρδιον…χρυσόλιθος…βήρυλλος…τοπάζιον…χρυσόπρασος…ὑάκινθος…ἀμέθυστος 1 onyx … chrysolite … beryl … topaz … chrysoprase … jacinth … amethyst These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1000 REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown μαργαρῖται 1 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1001 REV 21 21 g75r figs-activepassive ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου 1 each of the gates was made from a single pearl You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1002 REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής 1 pure gold, like transparent glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) The **gold** was so **pure** that it is spoken of as if it was clear glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1003 REV 21 22 m2ew figs-metaphor ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός…ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple The temple represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) The **temple** represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because **God** and **the Lamb** will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1004 REV 21 23 v2m9 figs-metaphor ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 its lamp is the Lamb Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here the glory of Jesus, **the Lamb**, is spoken of as if it were a **lamp** that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1005 REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 The nations will walk The words **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. **Walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “The people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here, **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1006 REV 21 25 24 lq1z ma5n figs-activepassive figs-metaphor οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 Its gates will not be shut You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Here, **walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1007 REV 21 26 25 ps25 lq1z figs-activepassive οἴσουσιν οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν 1 They will bring Its gates will not be shut “The kings of the earth will bring” You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1008 REV 21 26 ps25 οἴσουσιν 1 They will bring “the kings of the earth will bring”
1009 REV 21 27 n3nh figs-doublenegatives οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ 1 nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1010 REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his book of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1011 REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
1012 REV 22 intro e1ya 0 # Revelation 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tree of life<br><br>There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Alpha and omega<br><br>These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.
1013 REV 22 1 b1ad 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.
1014 REV 22 1 uu7b ἔδειξέν μοι 1 showed me Here, **me** refers to John.
1015 REV 22 1 vl23 ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the river of the water of life “the river flowing with life-giving water”
1016 REV 22 1 yn2p figs-metaphor ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1017 REV 22 1 mxp4 writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) A lamb is a young sheep. Here, *the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
1018 REV 22 2 l2aq figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations Here, **nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, **the nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1019 REV 22 3 d5fq πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι 1 There will no longer be any curse This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will curse. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s curse. This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will **curse**. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s **curse**.
1020 REV 22 3 by36 οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ 1 his servants will serve him Here, **his** and **him** could refer to: (1) God the Father. (2) both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
1021 REV 22 4 zy4x figs-idiom ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “They will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “they will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1022 REV 22 6 j51i figs-explicit 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1023 REV 22 6 xaw8 figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί 1 These words are trustworthy and true Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1024 REV 22 6 cr31 figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the God of the spirits of the prophets The word **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the **prophets** and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the **prophets**. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1025 REV 22 7 p72h ἰδοὺ 1 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **Look** adds emphasis to what follows. Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **behold** adds emphasis to what follows.
1026 REV 22 7 afr9 figs-explicit ἔρχομαι ταχύ 1 I am coming quickly! It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1027 REV 22 8 xr17 0 General Information: John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
1028 REV 22 8 uvk3 ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν 1 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md). This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of **worship**, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
1029 REV 22 10 gqa8 0 Connecting Statement: The angel finishes speaking to John.
1030 REV 22 10 ct48 figs-explicit μὴ σφραγίσῃς…τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου μὴ σφραγίσῃς τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 Do not seal up … this book To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) To **seal** a **book** was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1031 REV 22 10 xc15 figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1032 REV 22 12 idc6 writing-endofstory 0 General Information: As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
1033 REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has existed and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1034 REV 22 13 uup6 figs-metaphor figs-merism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) These three phrases are merisms. They each represent everything included between the two ends. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. They represent all the letters in between. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z, the first and the last, the beginning and the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1035 REV 22 13 cpl9 c9e8 figs-merism figs-metaphor ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1036 REV 22 13 nnm2 cpl9 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 the beginning and the end the first and the last This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1037 REV 22 13 nnm2 figs-metaphor ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 the beginning and the end This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1038 REV 22 14 r16s 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus continues giving his closing greeting.
1039 REV 22 14 i54w figs-metaphor οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν 1 those who wash their robes Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1040 REV 22 15 aw1h ἔξω 1 Outside This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
1041 REV 22 15 tkd7 figs-metaphor figs-explicit οἱ κύνες 1 are the dogs In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) In that culture, **dogs** were considered to be unclean, despised animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1042 REV 22 15 h0ih figs-metaphor οἱ κύνες 1 Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1043 REV 22 16 pu85 figs-you μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν 1 to testify to you Here the word **you** is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1044 REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-metaphor figs-doublet ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 the root and the descendant of David The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1045 REV 22 16 g9uj afw1 figs-metaphor ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1046 REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός 1 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the **bright** **star** that sometimes appears early in the **morning** and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1047 REV 22 17 gig5 0 Connecting Statement: This verse is a response to what Jesus said.
1048 REV 22 17 lt8j figs-metaphor ἡ νύμφη 1 the Bride Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1049 REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit ἔρχου 1 Come! This could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here, **Come** could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1050 REV 22 17 e2m5 figs-metaphor ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω…ὕδωρ ζωῆς ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω; ὁ θέλων λαβέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν 1 the one who is thirsty … the water of life A person’s desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) A person’s desire for eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving *water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1051 REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1052 REV 22 18 fd5l 0 General Information: John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
1053 REV 22 18 d95j μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ 1 I testify Here, **I** refers to John.
1054 REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 the words of the prophecy of this book Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, **the words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “this prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1055 REV 22 18 jzu8 ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς πληγὰς τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 If anyone adds to them … God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
1056 REV 22 18 d4sc figs-activepassive τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 that are written about in this book You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1057 REV 22 19 ss3y ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ…ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης, ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς καὶ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας, τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 If anyone takes away … God will take away This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
1058 REV 22 20 u6mb 0 General Information: In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.
1059 REV 22 20 y9p2 ὁ μαρτυρῶν 1 The one who testifies “Jesus, who testifies”
1060 REV 22 21 xr3d μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων 1 with the saints “with every one of you”