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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating that something is the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title of the book.
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other **songs** and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:2-4 fna4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ כִּֽי־טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן׃ לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ עַל־כֵּ֖ן עֲלָמ֥וֹת אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ׃ 1 These lines of poetry most likely indicate thoughts or words that the woman is speaking or thinking to herself while she is alone. Your language may have a way of indicating speech that is expressed toward a person who is not present to hear what is being said.
1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
@ -232,16 +232,14 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your eyes are doves 0 One possibility is that the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes, the shape of a dove. Another possibility is that the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “You are very gentle”
4:1 z6f7 my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your hair is like a flock of goats going down from Mount Gilead 0 Goats in Israel were usually dark in color. The woman’s hair was probably dark. You may need to specify that the goats were dark or even use another simile that the reader will understand that refers to something dark and beautiful. People thought of Mount Gilead as beautiful and fertile. The speaker considered the woman beautiful and ready to become the mother of his children. If you remove the simile of the goats, you may have to remove the simile of the mountain as well. Alternate translation: “Your hair is as dark as storm clouds above a fertile land”
4:2 bdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes 0 After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white.
4:2 cj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a flock of newly shorn ewes 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a flock of ewes whose wool people have cut off”
4:2 wc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit coming up from the washing place 0 The ewes are coming up out of the water. Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
4:2 jw1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each one has a twin 0 Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lambs usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth.
4:2 vl9d none among them is bereaved 0 Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth.
4:2 sb14 bereaved 0 lost a loved one who has died
4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 1 See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מֵ⁠הַ֥ר גִּלְעָֽד 1 Both the color and the motion of the woman’s **hair** is being compared to **a flock of goats that hop down from the slopes of Gilead**. Goats in Israel were black so the original readers would have understood this comparison to mean that the woman’s hair was black. Seen from a distance, a flock of black goats descending down from the high elevation of **Mount Gilead** would have created a majestic visual effect because the goats would have looked like one long flowing mass of black. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison. Alternate translation: “Your black hair moves in graceful waves like a flock of black goats moving down the slopes of Mount Gilead” or “Your long black hair flows in graceful waves like a flock of black goats coming down the slopes of Mount Gilead”
4:2 bdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הַ⁠קְּצוּב֔וֹת שֶׁ⁠עָל֖וּ מִן־ הָ⁠רַחְצָ֑ה 1 The color (whiteness) of the woman’s teeth is being compared to the color (whiteness) of sheep after they have had their wool cut off and then washed in the water of a stream. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison as modeled by the UST.
4:2 cj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַ⁠קְּצוּב֔וֹת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, it is implied that “shepherds” did it. Alternate translation: “sheep whose wool shepherds have cut off” or “sheep whose wool people have cut off”
4:2 cqgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַתְאִימ֔וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “give birth to twins”
4:2 jw1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Here the woman’s teeth are being compared to a flock of female sheep which all have birthed twin lambs. The author is saying that in a similar way to how twin lambs have a matching sibling that resembles it so each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. If it would help your readers you could also start a new sentence as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “As a flock of female sheep that has born twin lambs without losing any, so your mouth has its teeth, each with a match, and none of them are missing”
4:2 sb14 וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Alternate translation: “and there is not one among them which has died”
4:3 t9kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like a thread of scarlet 0 Scarlet is a beautiful red color, and scarlet thread was very expensive. The woman’s lips were red. Alternate translation: “are a deep red like scarlet thread” or “are red and very beautiful”
4:3 v1ae scarlet 0 a dark red color that is very similar to the color of blood
4:3 q1mk is lovely 0 Alternate translation: “is beautiful”
@ -409,8 +407,8 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem 0 These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
6:4 nj8w my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
6:4 rjr5 lovely 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
6:5 lbz1 Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead 0 Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your teeth are like a flock of ewes 0 After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:5 lbz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 See how you translated the sentence **Your hair is like a flock of goats\nthat hop down from Gilead** in [4:1](../04/01.md).
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠רְחֵלִ֔ים שֶׁ⁠עָל֖וּ מִן־הָ⁠רַחְצָ֑ה שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 See how you translated the almost identical verse in [4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit coming up from the washing place 0 The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each one has a twin 0 Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 s4qj none among them is bereaved 0 Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3 1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
4 1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating that something is the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title of the book.
5 1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song” The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other **songs** and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
6 1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
7 1:2-4 fna4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ כִּֽי־טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן׃ לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ עַל־כֵּ֖ן עֲלָמ֥וֹת אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ׃ 1 These lines of poetry most likely indicate thoughts or words that the woman is speaking or thinking to herself while she is alone. Your language may have a way of indicating speech that is expressed toward a person who is not present to hear what is being said.
8 1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
232 3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
233 3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
234 4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
235 4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 0 1 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
236 4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your eyes are doves עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 0 1 One possibility is that the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes, the shape of a dove. Another possibility is that the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “You are very gentle” See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
237 4:1 z6f7 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my love שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מֵ⁠הַ֥ר גִּלְעָֽד 0 1 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). Both the color and the motion of the woman’s **hair** is being compared to **a flock of goats that hop down from the slopes of Gilead**. Goats in Israel were black so the original readers would have understood this comparison to mean that the woman’s hair was black. Seen from a distance, a flock of black goats descending down from the high elevation of **Mount Gilead** would have created a majestic visual effect because the goats would have looked like one long flowing mass of black. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison. Alternate translation: “Your black hair moves in graceful waves like a flock of black goats moving down the slopes of Mount Gilead” or “Your long black hair flows in graceful waves like a flock of black goats coming down the slopes of Mount Gilead”
238 4:1 4:2 pnn4 bdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your hair is like a flock of goats going down from Mount Gilead שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הַ⁠קְּצוּב֔וֹת שֶׁ⁠עָל֖וּ מִן־ הָ⁠רַחְצָ֑ה 0 1 Goats in Israel were usually dark in color. The woman’s hair was probably dark. You may need to specify that the goats were dark or even use another simile that the reader will understand that refers to something dark and beautiful. People thought of Mount Gilead as beautiful and fertile. The speaker considered the woman beautiful and ready to become the mother of his children. If you remove the simile of the goats, you may have to remove the simile of the mountain as well. Alternate translation: “Your hair is as dark as storm clouds above a fertile land” The color (whiteness) of the woman’s teeth is being compared to the color (whiteness) of sheep after they have had their wool cut off and then washed in the water of a stream. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly these two points of comparison as modeled by the UST.
239 4:2 bdg1 cj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes הַ⁠קְּצוּב֔וֹת 0 1 After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, it is implied that “shepherds” did it. Alternate translation: “sheep whose wool shepherds have cut off” or “sheep whose wool people have cut off”
240 4:2 cj59 cqgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a flock of newly shorn ewes מַתְאִימ֔וֹת 0 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a flock of ewes whose wool people have cut off” Alternate translation: “give birth to twins”
241 4:2 wc12 jw1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile coming up from the washing place שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 0 1 The ewes are coming up out of the water. Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them” Here the woman’s teeth are being compared to a flock of female sheep which all have birthed twin lambs. The author is saying that in a similar way to how twin lambs have a matching sibling that resembles it so each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. If it would help your readers you could also start a new sentence as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “As a flock of female sheep that has born twin lambs without losing any, so your mouth has its teeth, each with a match, and none of them are missing”
242 4:2 jw1w sb14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each one has a twin וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 0 1 Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lambs usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. Alternate translation: “and there is not one among them which has died”
4:2 vl9d none among them is bereaved 0 Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth.
4:2 sb14 bereaved 0 lost a loved one who has died
243 4:3 t9kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like a thread of scarlet 0 Scarlet is a beautiful red color, and scarlet thread was very expensive. The woman’s lips were red. Alternate translation: “are a deep red like scarlet thread” or “are red and very beautiful”
244 4:3 v1ae scarlet 0 a dark red color that is very similar to the color of blood
245 4:3 q1mk is lovely 0 Alternate translation: “is beautiful”
407 6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem 0 These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
408 6:4 nj8w my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
409 6:4 rjr5 lovely 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
410 6:5 lbz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead שַׂעְרֵ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים שֶׁ⁠גָּלְשׁ֖וּ מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 0 1 Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). See how you translated the sentence **Your hair is like a flock of goats\nthat hop down from Gilead** in [4:1](../04/01.md).
411 6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your teeth are like a flock of ewes שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כְּ⁠עֵ֣דֶר הָֽ⁠רְחֵלִ֔ים שֶׁ⁠עָל֖וּ מִן־הָ⁠רַחְצָ֑ה שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 0 1 After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). See how you translated the almost identical verse in [4:2](../04/02.md).
412 6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit coming up from the washing place 0 The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
413 6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each one has a twin 0 Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
414 6:6 s4qj none among them is bereaved 0 Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).