See in Reader
Jane's edits to RUTH (#3145)
Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3145
This commit is contained in:
Richard Mahn
parent
e4b4c8f695
commit
3501542299
190
tn_RUT.tsv
190
tn_RUT.tsv
|
|
@ -1,104 +1,102 @@
|
|||
Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
|
||||
front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Ruth\n\n1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)\n1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)\n1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)\n1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)\n1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)\n\n### What is the Book of Ruth about?\n\nThis book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as **The Book about Ruth**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?\n\nThe story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. This was after the people of Israel had entered into the land of Canaan, but before they had a king. The “judges” were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?\n\nIn a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?\n\nIsraelites practiced what is called **levirate marriage**. In this custom, the closest male relative of a man who died without any children was obligated to provide for his widow by marrying her. Usually this would be one of the man’s brothers. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could fulfil this obligation.\n\n### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?\n\nA person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as **kinsmen-redeemers** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need, fulfil obligations of **levirate marriage**, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.\n\n### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?\n\nIn Israel, poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up stalks of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.\n\n### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?\n\nA covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to the covenant that they had made. God made a covenant with Israel, in which he promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.\n\nThe Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives is part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi gives examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?\n\nCity gates in the time of Boaz were meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were thick, especially at the entryways, and the gates had guard towers beside and above them. Therefore the gateway opening provided a large shady area for public meetings, and there were places for important people to sit. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.\n\nSome English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting **at** the city gate, but it may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat **in** the city gateway.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?\n\nThe Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as **so,** **then,** and **now**. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
|
||||
1:intro irf4 0 # Ruth 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**\n\nThe events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Women without a husband or children\n\nIn the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Contrast\n\nThe actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s God, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
|
||||
1:1 sb2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 **It was** or **This is what happened**. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
|
||||
1:1 m9nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 **during the time when judges led and governed Israel** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
|
||||
1:1 nm13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּאָ֑רֶץ 1 This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:1 mmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 **a man**. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
1:2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִבֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah.”
|
||||
1:3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ 1 **Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her**
|
||||
1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 **married women**. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:4 k7y9 מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
|
||||
1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ & וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית 1 **the name of one woman was … the name of the other woman was**
|
||||
front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Ruth\n\n1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)\n1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)\n1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)\n1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)\n1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)\n\n### What is the book of Ruth about?\n\nThis book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as **The Book About Ruth**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When did the events in the book of Ruth occur?\n\nThe story of Ruth is set during the time when there were judges in Israel. This was after the people of Israel had entered into the land of Canaan, but before they had a king. The judges were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped the people make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?\n\nIn a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab showed great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### What important marriage custom is found in the book of Ruth?\n\nIsraelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." In this custom, the closest male relative of a man who died without any children was obligated to provide for his widow by marrying her. Usually this would be one of the man’s brothers. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could fulfil this obligation.\n\n### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?\n\nA person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need, fulfill obligations of levirate marriage, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. In the book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.\n\n### What was "gleaning" in the book of Ruth?\n\nIn Israel, poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These gleaners picked up stalks of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.\n\n### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?\n\nA covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do according to the covenant that they had made. God made a covenant with Israel in which he promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.\n\nThe book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives is part of Israel’s duties according to God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi gives examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?\n\nCity gates in the time of Boaz were meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were thick, especially at the entryways, and the gates had guard towers beside and above them. Therefore, the gateway opening provided a large shady area for public meetings and there were places for important people to sit. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.\n\nSome English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting at the city gate, but it may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat in the city gateway.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How does the book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?\n\nThe book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
|
||||
1:intro irf4 0 # Ruth 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**\n\nThe events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Women without a husband or children\n\nIn the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Contrast\n\nThe actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s God, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
|
||||
1:1 sb2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 This is a common way of beginning a historical story. Alternative translation: "It was" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
|
||||
1:1 m9nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 The phrase **in the days of** indicates the time period during which the famine happened. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the time during which another event happened. Alternate translation: “in the time when the judges ruled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
|
||||
1:1 nm13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּאָ֑רֶץ 1 This phrase, **in the land**, refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:1 mmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
1:2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִבֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, people who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah.”
|
||||
1:3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ 1 **so that Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her**
|
||||
1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:4 k7y9 figs-extrainfo מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods and descendants of Moabites were forbidden from becoming part of Israel. If it would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in a footnote or introduction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
|
||||
1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ & וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית 1 Alternate translation: "the name of one woman was … and the name of the other woman was"
|
||||
1:4 rt4c כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
|
||||
1:5 dbr3 וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ 1 Naomi was widowed and both her sons died.
|
||||
1:6 u9q2 וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 the women who married Naomi’s sons
|
||||
1:6 sa4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 **she had heard while still in the country of Moab**. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she had heard from someone who came from Israel while she was in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
|
||||
1:6 v86z פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ 1 God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
|
||||
1:6 ab01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 **Bread** here refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
1:7 w7ti וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 **and they walked along the road**. To walk down a road means to travel along it by foot.
|
||||
1:8 fu39 לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 **her two sons’ wives** or **the widows of her two sons**
|
||||
1:8 lxs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of **you** would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
1:8 hsf7 לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ 1 **to the home of each of your mothers**
|
||||
1:8 i262 חֶ֔סֶד 1 **covenant faithfulness** is what someone does who is fulfilling all of his obligations and loyalties to another person. See the discussion in the introduction.
|
||||
1:8 g4r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 **to your husbands, who died**. Naomi was referring to her two sons that had died. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:8 acb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 **your husbands, who died** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
1:9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָכֶ֔ם וּמְצֶ֣אןָ 1 **May Yahweh give you** or **May Yahweh allow you to have**
|
||||
1:9 c74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 **Rest** here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
1:9 v2vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ 1 This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands who died or with someone else’s husband. **House** refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:9 t69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה 1 To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:10 mag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive **we** would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
1:10 bq4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אִתָּ֥ךְ 1 Here **you** is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
1:11 ggi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י 1 This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:11 q2hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים 1 This is a rhetorical question. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:12 dyc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:12 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 **bear children** or **deliver baby boys**
|
||||
1:13 gmc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “ … you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:5 dbr3 וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ 1 Alternate translation: "and Naomi was left widowed and childless"
|
||||
1:6 u9q2 וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 Alternate translation: "and the women who had married Naomi’s sons"
|
||||
1:6 sa4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “while she was in the region of Moab, she had heard from someone who came from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 The word **Yahweh** is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
|
||||
1:6 v86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ 1 The implication is that God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:6 ab01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 Here, **bread** refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
1:7 w7ti וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: "And they walked along the road"
|
||||
1:8 fu39 לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 Alternate translation: "to her two sons’ wives" or "to the widows of her two sons"
|
||||
1:8 lxs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 Since Naomi is speaking to two people, the form of "you" would be dual here, if your language uses that form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
|
||||
1:8 hsf7 לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ 1 Alternate translation: "to the home of your mother"\n
|
||||
1:8 g4r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 Here, **with the dead** is referring to Naomi's two sons, who had died. Alternate translation: "toward your husbands, who died," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:8 acb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 The writer is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: "your husbands, who died" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
1:9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָכֶ֔ם וּמְצֶ֣אןָ 1 Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give you" or "May Yahweh allow you to have"
|
||||
1:9 c74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 The word **rest** here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
1:9 v2vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ 1 This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands, who died, or with someone else’s husband. The word **house** refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:9 t69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה 1 To lift up the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried loudly or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:10 mag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of **we** would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
1:10 bq4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אִתָּ֥ךְ 1 The word **you** is singular here because it refers to Naomi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
1:11 ggi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י 1 The author is using the question form here to convince the young women of her own conviction. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate \ntranslation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:11 q2hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים 1 The writer is using the question form to cause the young women to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is certainly not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:12 dyc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 The implication is that Naomi cannot again marry and provide them with husbands. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:12 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot provide other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "I were to bear sons" or "I were to deliver baby boys"
|
||||
1:13 gmc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and asks a second rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
1:13 ab04 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that, if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation.
|
||||
1:13 gh99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ 1 Bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
1:13 z9u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:13 ab02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 What Yahweh has done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:14 n47v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:14 t4sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ 1 **Ruth clung to her**. Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ 1 **Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important**
|
||||
1:15 nqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְבִמְתֵּ֔ךְ 1 **the wife of your husband’s brother** or **Orpah**. Use the most natural way in your language to refer to this person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
1:15 man4 אֱלֹהֶ֑יהָ 1 Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again.
|
||||
1:16 z5ug וּבַאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 **where you live**
|
||||
1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י 1 Ruth is referring to Naomi’s people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:17 lql7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת 1 This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:13 gh99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ 1 Here, bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “it is a great grief for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
1:13 z9u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:13 ab02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Yahweh caused the deaths of Naomi's family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:14 n47v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Here, **they lifted up their voices** is an idiom meaning that they expressed themselves loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "they wailed and wept loudly" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:14 t4sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ 1 The implication is that Ruth would not let go of her. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ 1 Alternate translation, punctuated as a separate sentence: "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important."
|
||||
1:15 nqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְבִמְתֵּ֔ךְ 1 The author is using the phrase **your sister-in-law** to refer to Orpha, a participant in the story. If your language has its own way of referring to participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: "the wife of your husband’s brother" or "Orpah" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
1:15 man4 אֱלֹהֶ֑יהָ 1 Here, **her gods** is using the possessive form to describe a the gods of the Moabites. Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again. Alternate translation: "the gods that she used to worship"
|
||||
1:16 z5ug וּבַאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 Alternate translation: "where you live"
|
||||
1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י 1 Here the implication of the phrase **Your people are my people** is that Ruth wants to be adopted into the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:17 lql7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת 1 The phrase **in the place where you die, I will die** is an idiom that refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 This is an idiom that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Use the form that your language uses to do this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַמָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ 1 **If anything other than death separates us from each other** or **if I leave you while you and I are both still alive**
|
||||
1:17 ab05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ 1 This is an idiom that refers to the space between two people. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:18 rsq2 וַתֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽיהָ 1 **Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth**
|
||||
1:19 j9wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
|
||||
1:19 jdr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background כְּבֹאָ֨נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
|
||||
1:19 y3us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 The **town** refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:19 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 Here **entire** is hyperbole. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but some of the residents may not have been excited by this news. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
1:19 xnb3 הֲזֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Since it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely that the women were expressing doubt that this woman was actually Naomi. Treat this as a real question, not a rhetorical one.
|
||||
1:20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 The name **Naomi** means **my delight**. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name.
|
||||
1:20 swe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 This is a literal rendering of a Hebrew name meaning “bitter.” Since it is a name, you may choose to use the English form, which is **Bitter**, and use a footnote to explain that the English term gives the meaning of the Hebrew name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
1:21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְרֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 When Naomi left Bethlehem, she had her husband and her two sons, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
|
||||
1:21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔י 1 **has judged me guilty**
|
||||
1:21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽי 1 **has brought calamity on me** or **has brought tragedy to me**
|
||||
1:22 cx7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory וַתָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְר֨וּת 1 This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word **So**. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and follow that way here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
|
||||
1:22 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
1:22 bgy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 **the barley harvest**. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
2:intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 2 General Notes\n\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### **Do not go to glean in another field**\n\nBoaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz was. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
1:17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַמָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ 1 Alternate translation: "if anything other than death separates us from each other" or "if I leave you while you and I are both still alive"
|
||||
1:17 ab05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “separates you and me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
1:18 rsq2 וַתֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽיהָ 1 Alternate translation: "Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth"
|
||||
1:19 j9wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 **And it happened** introduces a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: "And it came about" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
|
||||
1:19 jdr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background כְּבֹאָ֨נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 This phrase provides background information about their arrival to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. Alternate translation: "after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
|
||||
1:19 y3us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 Here, **town** represents the people who live there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone who lived there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
1:19 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 The word **entire** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but not all of the residents may have been excited by this news. Alternate translation: "most of the residents" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
1:19 xnb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲזֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 The writer is using a rhetorical question to emphasize the reaction of the people to Naomi's condition upon her return. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Because it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely that the women were expressing shock that this woman was actually Naomi. Treat this as a rhetorical question functioning as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "This must be Naomi!"
|
||||
1:20 stw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 The name **Naomi** means **my delight**. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name. Alternate translation: "I no longer am called Naomi."
|
||||
1:20 swe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 **Mara** is a literal rendering of a Hebrew name meaning “bitter.” Since it is a name, you may choose to use the English form, which is **Bitter**, and use a footnote to explain that the English term gives the meaning of the Hebrew name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
1:21 n9zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְרֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, Naomi is speaking of herself as a container that can be **full** or **empty**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As for me, I went out with a complete family, but Yahweh has brought me back with no one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
1:21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔י 1 Alternate translation: "he has judged me guilty"
|
||||
1:21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽי 1 Alternate translation: "has brought calamity on me" or "has brought tragedy to me"
|
||||
1:22 cx7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory וַתָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְר֨וּת 1 The word **So** introduces information about what happened at the end of the story so far. Your language may have its own way of presenting such information. Follow that way here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
|
||||
1:22 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 This sentence provides background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. It explains that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem as the Israelites were beginning to harvest their barley. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
1:22 bgy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” or "when the farmers started harvesting the barley" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
2:intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 2 General Notes\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### "Do not go to glean in another field"\n\nBoaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as was Boaz. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
2:1 ab10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ 1 Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
2:1 t2sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ 1 This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
2:1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 **a prominent, wealthy man**. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
|
||||
2:1 ab09 מִמִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
|
||||
2:2 am6a ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Here the story resumes. Indicate this in the way that your language restarts telling the events of a story after giving background information.
|
||||
2:2 c7rk הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 This is another way of saying that the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
|
||||
2:2 qt4q וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 **and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters** or **and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters**
|
||||
2:2 j59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** is an idiom which means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:1 t2sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ 1 This phrase introduces **Boaz** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
2:1 b4q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 The expression **a man of great worth** describes Boaz as a person who was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state this plainly. Alternate translation: "a prominent, wealthy man" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:1 ab09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship מִמִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
|
||||
2:2 am6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Here the writer reintroduces Ruth after giving background information about someone else. If your language has its own way of reintroducing old participants when it resumes a story, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “the same Moabite woman, Ruth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
2:2 c7rk הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Alternate translation: "from the country of Moab"
|
||||
2:2 qt4q וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: "and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters" or "and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters"
|
||||
2:2 j59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 The idiom **in whose eyes I find favor** means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:2 abc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
2:2 ed93 בִתִּֽי 1 Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If this is confusing in your language, use the term that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women in your language.
|
||||
2:3 ht73 וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ 1 This means that Ruth was not aware that the field that she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
|
||||
2:3 ab11 מִמִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
|
||||
2:4 vys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וְהִנֵּה 1 The word **behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
|
||||
2:4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
|
||||
2:4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 **May Yahweh do good things for you**. This is a general blessing.
|
||||
2:5 a5ht לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת 1 In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking who Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave.
|
||||
2:5 ab16 לְנַעֲר֔וֹ 1 This **servant** was a young man who worked for Boaz and who told the rest of Boaz’s workers what to do.
|
||||
2:5 sdf9 הַנִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 **who was in charge of** or **who was managing**
|
||||
2:7 ab17 אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ 1 To **glean** meant to pick up grain or other produce that the workers dropped or missed as they were harvesting. This was part of the law that God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce, so that it would be left in the field for the poor or for foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21.
|
||||
2:7 kj7a הַבַּ֖יִת 1 **the hut** or **the shelter**. This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun where the workers could rest.
|
||||
2:8 ltk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י 1 This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
2:8 ke9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗י 1 This was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates this in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:9 jq6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
2:9 xc6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
2:9 ub62 אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים 1 **young male workers** or **servants**. The words **young men** are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field.
|
||||
2:9 v5e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 This was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
2:9 ahr7 מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים 1 To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
|
||||
2:10 az6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
2:10 ab12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 These are two descriptions of a single action. If this is confusing in your language, use only one description, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
2:10 ab13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ 1 This is an idiom that means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:10 ug7p מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ לְהַכִּירֵ֔נִי וְאָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Ruth is asking a real question.
|
||||
2:10 abc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom which means “you have approved of” someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:10 abc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
2:2 ed93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship בִתִּֽי 1 Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If it would be helpful in your language, use the term in your language that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
|
||||
2:3 ht73 וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ 1 Alternate translation: "Being unaware of who owned the field, Ruth came to"\n
|
||||
2:3 ab11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship מִמִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
|
||||
2:4 vys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהִנֵּה 1 The writer is using the term **behold** to alert us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
|
||||
2:4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 Alternate translation: "arriving from the town of Bethlehem"
|
||||
2:4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 Alternate translation: "May Yahweh do good things for you"
|
||||
2:5 a5ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת 1 In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking whom Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
|
||||
2:5 sdf9 הַנִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 Alternate translation: "who was in charge of" or "who was managing"
|
||||
2:7 ab17 translate-unknown אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ 1 To **glean** meant to pick up grain or other produce that the workers dropped or missed as they were harvesting. This was part of the law that God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce, so that it would be left in the field for the poor or for foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
2:7 kj7a translate-unknown הַבַּ֖יִת 1 Here, **the house** was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun where the workers could rest. Alternate translation: "in the hut" or "in the shed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
2:8 ltk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י 1 The writer is using the question form to draw Ruth's attention to what Boaz says to her. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
2:8 ke9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗י 1 Boaz' use of the term, **my daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates this in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:9 jq6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Here, **eyes* represents the capability of a person to see, watch or observe. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
2:9 xc6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 Boaz is using the question form to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
2:9 ub62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand the implications of a woman toiling in a field near young male workers. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the workers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n
|
||||
2:9 v5e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 The writer is referring to harm or sexual assault in a polite way by using the phrase **touch you**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “not to harm her or assault her sexually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
2:9 ahr7 מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "from water pulled up from the well by the workers"
|
||||
2:10 az6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 Falling **on her face** and bowing **down to the ground** were symbolic acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. \nIf this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
2:10 ab12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 These are two descriptions of a single action. The writer may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternative translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
2:10 ab13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ 1 The idiom **fell on her face** means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:10 ug7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ לְהַכִּירֵ֔נִי וְאָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Using a question form, here Ruth explicitly states the reason why she is surprised by Boaz’s kindness. It is a contrast from her expectations. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. In some languages you may need to make part of her question a statement. Alternate translation: “Why have I found favor in your eyes? Israelites never show Moabites this sort of kindness.” or "People never show foreigners this sort of kindness."\n\n
|
||||
2:10 abc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom which means that you have approved of someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n
|
||||
2:10 abc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 Naomi uses the phrase **in your eyes** to mean "in the judgment of Boaz." Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 A **foreigner** is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, everyone knew that she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God.
|
||||
2:11 ab14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַיַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Both **answered** and **said** describe the same action. If this is confusing in your language, you may want to use only one verb for this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
2:11 app6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: **People have reported to me** or **People have told me** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
|
|||
2:12 eh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו 1 This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
2:13 abc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
2:13 v2q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ 1 The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
2:13 abc4 אֲדֹנִי֙ 1 Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “master”
|
||||
2:13 abc4 אֲדֹנִי֙ 1 Ruth speaks to Boaz using a respectful title, **my lord**. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “sir” or “master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness]])
|
||||
2:13 zc5n וְאָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּאַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, when she does not.
|
||||
2:14 yht2 לְעֵ֣ת הָאֹ֗כֶל 1 This refers to the midday meal.
|
||||
2:14 p256 וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ 1 This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
Can't render this file because it contains an unexpected character in line 2 and column 1922.
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue