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@ -554,20 +554,20 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
4:13 ytex rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background δὲ 1 Paul is using the word **Now** to introduce background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
4:13 a22l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo δι’ ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς, εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν 1 Here, Paul states that it was a physical sickness that previously caused him to proclaim the gospel to Galatians. This could mean that (1) Paul was already in Galatia and a physical sickness caused Paul to stay in Galatia longer so that he could recover from his sickness and because of this delay he had time and opportunity to proclaim the gospel to the Galatians (2) because of a physical sickness Paul went to Galatia to recover from his sickness and while there he proclaimed the gospel to the Galatians. Because Paul does not explicitly state which of these two scenarios provided the opportunity for him to preach the gospel, but rather simply focuses on the sickness, you should not further explain what Paul says here about his sickness but rather should use a general expression as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:13 ho2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ 1 Here, Paul is using the phrase **because** to introduce the reason that he **proclaimed the gospel** to the Galatians **previously**, which was **because** he had to stay in Galatia because of a physical sickness. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason-result clause. (Here, the reason is **a weakness of the flesh** and the result is that Paul **proclaimed the gospel to** the Galatians). Alternate translation: “on account of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:13 qstf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “weak”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:13 qstf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “weak,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:13 iuz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [2:20](../02/20.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “of the body” or “of my body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:14 tk1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου 1 The phrase **your trial in my flesh** means that Paul had some physical problem or malady that either itself caused difficulty (a **trial**) for the Galatians or caused difficulty (a **trial**) for them because they had to care for or help him as a result of his difficulty. Because Paul does not specify the specifics of how his physical malady created a **trial** for the Galatians, it is best to translate this phrase with a general phrase which leaves room for either possibility as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:14 tk1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου 1 The phrase **your trial in my flesh** means that Paul had some physical problem or malady that either itself caused difficulty (a **trial**) for the Galatians or caused difficulty (a **trial**) for them because they had to care for or help him as a result of his physical problem. Because Paul does not specify the specifics of how his physical malady created a **trial** for the Galatians, it is best to translate this phrase with a general phrase which leaves room for either possibility as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:14 v9xa οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε 1 Alternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate”
4:14 h3vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν πειρασμὸν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trial**, you could express the same idea some other way that would be natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:14 qz18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [2:20](../02/20.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:14 l244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **as an angel of God** means “as if I were an angel of God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as if I were an angel of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 gbhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 The phrase **as Christ Jesus** means “as you would welcome Christ Jesus.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would welcome Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 ard2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to show the Galatian believers his disappointment and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:15 ard2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to express his disappointment to the Galatian believers and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:15 kcer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μακαρισμὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:15 paah rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces information which proves how the Galatians had previously felt about Paul. Use a natural form in your language for introducing this material. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:15 ogmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers remember the way that they formerly felt and thought about Paul. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were possible that you could have torn out your eyes and then given the to me, you would have done so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
4:15 ogmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers remember the way that they formerly felt and thought about Paul. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were possible that you could have torn out your eyes and then given them to me, you would have done so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
4:15 o5tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ δυνατὸν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if it were possible for you to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:15 wyyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person this would be a sign of extreme devotion and love towards the person to whom they were given. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possessions to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of disease and by Paul saying this here he is indicating the great concern which the Galatians had formerly shown for him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:15 wyyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person this would be a sign of extreme devotion and love towards the person to whom they were given. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possession to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of eye disease and by Paul saying this here he is indicating the great concern which the Galatians had formerly shown for him in relation to the eye disease. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:16 i73s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Paul is using the phrase **So then** to introduce a reason-result clause in which **speaking truth** to the Galatians is the reason, and them acting as if Paul were their **enemy** is the result. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason-result clause. Alternate translation: “Therefore” or “Therefore, as a result of” or “So then, as a result of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:16 zznv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα, ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **speaking truth to you, have I become your enemy** could be: (1) a rhetorical question in which Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to show the Galatian believers his disappointment with them and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (2) a statement in which Paul is telling the Galatians that based on the way they are acting it seems as if he has now become their enemy by telling them the truth. Alternate translation: “as a result of my speaking the truth to you, you are acting as if I have become your enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:16 mhkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by telling you things that are true” or Alternate translation: “because I have told you what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
554 4:13 ytex rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background δὲ 1 Paul is using the word **Now** to introduce background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
555 4:13 a22l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo δι’ ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς, εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν 1 Here, Paul states that it was a physical sickness that previously caused him to proclaim the gospel to Galatians. This could mean that (1) Paul was already in Galatia and a physical sickness caused Paul to stay in Galatia longer so that he could recover from his sickness and because of this delay he had time and opportunity to proclaim the gospel to the Galatians (2) because of a physical sickness Paul went to Galatia to recover from his sickness and while there he proclaimed the gospel to the Galatians. Because Paul does not explicitly state which of these two scenarios provided the opportunity for him to preach the gospel, but rather simply focuses on the sickness, you should not further explain what Paul says here about his sickness but rather should use a general expression as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
556 4:13 ho2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ 1 Here, Paul is using the phrase **because** to introduce the reason that he **proclaimed the gospel** to the Galatians **previously**, which was **because** he had to stay in Galatia because of a physical sickness. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason-result clause. (Here, the reason is **a weakness of the flesh** and the result is that Paul **proclaimed the gospel to** the Galatians). Alternate translation: “on account of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
557 4:13 qstf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “weak”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “weak,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
558 4:13 iuz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [2:20](../02/20.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “of the body” or “of my body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
559 4:14 tk1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου 1 The phrase **your trial in my flesh** means that Paul had some physical problem or malady that either itself caused difficulty (a **trial**) for the Galatians or caused difficulty (a **trial**) for them because they had to care for or help him as a result of his difficulty. Because Paul does not specify the specifics of how his physical malady created a **trial** for the Galatians, it is best to translate this phrase with a general phrase which leaves room for either possibility as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) The phrase **your trial in my flesh** means that Paul had some physical problem or malady that either itself caused difficulty (a **trial**) for the Galatians or caused difficulty (a **trial**) for them because they had to care for or help him as a result of his physical problem. Because Paul does not specify the specifics of how his physical malady created a **trial** for the Galatians, it is best to translate this phrase with a general phrase which leaves room for either possibility as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
560 4:14 v9xa οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε 1 Alternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate”
561 4:14 h3vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν πειρασμὸν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trial**, you could express the same idea some other way that would be natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
562 4:14 qz18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [2:20](../02/20.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
563 4:14 l244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **as an angel of God** means “as if I were an angel of God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as if I were an angel of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
564 4:14 gbhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 The phrase **as Christ Jesus** means “as you would welcome Christ Jesus.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would welcome Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
565 4:15 ard2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to show the Galatian believers his disappointment and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to express his disappointment to the Galatian believers and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
566 4:15 kcer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μακαρισμὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
567 4:15 paah rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces information which proves how the Galatians had previously felt about Paul. Use a natural form in your language for introducing this material. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
568 4:15 ogmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers remember the way that they formerly felt and thought about Paul. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were possible that you could have torn out your eyes and then given the to me, you would have done so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers remember the way that they formerly felt and thought about Paul. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were possible that you could have torn out your eyes and then given them to me, you would have done so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
569 4:15 o5tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ δυνατὸν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if it were possible for you to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
570 4:15 wyyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person this would be a sign of extreme devotion and love towards the person to whom they were given. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possessions to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of disease and by Paul saying this here he is indicating the great concern which the Galatians had formerly shown for him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person this would be a sign of extreme devotion and love towards the person to whom they were given. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possession to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of eye disease and by Paul saying this here he is indicating the great concern which the Galatians had formerly shown for him in relation to the eye disease. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
571 4:16 i73s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Paul is using the phrase **So then** to introduce a reason-result clause in which **speaking truth** to the Galatians is the reason, and them acting as if Paul were their **enemy** is the result. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason-result clause. Alternate translation: “Therefore” or “Therefore, as a result of” or “So then, as a result of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
572 4:16 zznv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα, ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **speaking truth to you, have I become your enemy** could be: (1) a rhetorical question in which Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to show the Galatian believers his disappointment with them and in order to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (2) a statement in which Paul is telling the Galatians that based on the way they are acting it seems as if he has now become their enemy by telling them the truth. Alternate translation: “as a result of my speaking the truth to you, you are acting as if I have become your enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
573 4:16 mhkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by telling you things that are true” or Alternate translation: “because I have told you what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])