From 215d3a5612e38667ff6c79dda994205e51a41247 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stephenwunrow Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 22:54:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Updates to 2 Timothy 3 Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3635 Co-authored-by: stephenwunrow Co-committed-by: stephenwunrow --- tn_2TI.tsv | 120 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_2TI.tsv b/tn_2TI.tsv index 0730a0415c..8583918986 100644 --- a/tn_2TI.tsv +++ b/tn_2TI.tsv @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ front:intro s7fk 0 # Introduction to 2 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:18 r54t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εὑρεῖν ἔλεος παρὰ Κυρίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to be treated mercifully by the Lord” 1:18 f3ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 Here Paul is referring to the exact moment when Jesus will return to this world, which will also be when he judges everyone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “on that day when Jesus will return” or “at the final judgment”\n 1:18 p025 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσα & διηκόνησεν 1 Here Paul could be implying that Onesiphorus **served**: (1) Paul specifically. Alternate translation: “as much as he served me” (2) believers in general. Alternate translation: “as much as he served believers” -2:intro k3zn 0 # 2 Timothy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Paul greets Timothy and encourages him to endure hardship as he serves God (1:1–2:13)\n * Paul instructs Timothy in how to serve Jesus (2:1–7)\n * Paul and the gospel he preaches (2:8–10)\n * A trustworthy saying (2:11–13)\n2. Paul gives general instructions to Timothy (2:14–26)\n * Paul instructs Timothy to teach what is right and avoid false teaching (2:14–19)\n * God’s people as a house (2:20–21)\n * Paul explains the traits that should characterize Timothy (2:22–26)\n\nIn [2:11–13](../02/11.md), Paul either quotes a poetic hymn or composes his own poetry. Because these verses are poetry, the ULT sets each line farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. Consider how you might express these verses as poetry in your language.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### False teaching\n\nIn [2:16–18](../02/16.md), Paul refers to false teaching. He describes the teaching as “profane empty sayings” that lead to ungodliness. He further indicates that the false teaching can spread like an infectious disease and destroy people’s faith in Jesus. Finally, in [2:23](../02/23.md), Paul refers to “foolish and uneducated controversies” that cause debates and divisions within the church. However, Paul writes very little about the content of this false teaching. The only information he gives is that two men who are false teachers say that the resurrection has already happened (see [2:18](../02/18.md)). This could mean that everyone already has their resurrected bodies, that there is only a spiritual resurrection, or that people who are on earth have somehow missed the resurrection. Paul does not give enough information to know which of these options is what the false teachers were saying. So, it is best to refer to the false teaching in very general terms, as Paul does, without including any information that might be implied.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### The three illustrations in [2:4–6](../02/04.md)\n\nIn these three verses, Paul describes a soldier, an athlete, and a farmer. He describes these people as illustrations for how Timothy should behave as a leader and teacher in the church. Since Paul tells Timothy to think carefully about these illustrations so that he can understand them (see [2:7](../02/07.md)), it is best not to explain the illustrations in your translation. However, if it would be helpful in your language, you could include footnotes that explain what the illustrations might mean. Here are likely interpretations:\n1. The soldier avoids becoming involved in matters of regular life. That way, he can please his commander. In the same way, Timothy should focus on pleasing Jesus. To do so, he will need to avoid becoming involved in many things that most people care about.\n2. The athlete can only be declared the winner if he or she competes according to the rules. In the same way, Timothy must do what God has required. Only then will he successfully lead and teach other believers.\n3. The farmer who works hard should receive a share of the crop before anyone else does. In the same way, if Timothy works hard to serve Jesus, he deserves to receive a reward. This reward could be payment and support from the believers he leads, or it could be the rewards that God will give him at the final judgment.\n\n### A house and the containers in it\n\nIn [2:19–21](../02/19.md), Paul speaks about a house and the containers within it in order to teach Timothy about the church. In [2:19](../02/19.md), Paul indicates that “the firm foundation of God” stands, despite the false teachers. The firm foundation could represent the gospel, which is the basis for the church, or it could represent the church itself. In [2:20](../02/20.md), Paul refers to “containers” that are found within “a great house.” The implication is that this “great house” is built on the “firm foundation” and so represents God’s people, the church. Paul then speaks about the “containers,” some of which are valuable and durable and some of which are cheap and breakable. The valuable and durable containers are used for honorable tasks, while the cheap and breakable containers are used for dishonorable tasks. The valuable and durable containers probably represent people who serve God well, while the cheap and breakable containers probably represent people who are failing to serve God well, including the false teachers. Then, in [2:21](../02/21.md) Paul urges people to cleanse themselves so that they can be like the valuable and durable containers. Since this is an extended metaphor that Paul partly explains in [2:21](../02/21.md), you should preserve the figure of speech in some form. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The poetry in [2:11–13](../02/11.md)\n\nIn these verses, Paul either quotes or composes a short work of poetry. Some scholars think that Paul is quoting part of an early hymn. These verses describe the union of believers with Jesus and how Jesus responds when Christians deny and are unfaithful to him. Consider what form your language uses for poetry and for hymns. If possible, express these verses using that form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) +2:intro k3zn 0 # 2 Timothy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Paul greets Timothy and encourages him to endure hardship as he serves God (1:1–2:13)\n * Paul instructs Timothy in how to serve Jesus (2:1–7)\n * Paul and the gospel he preaches (2:8–10)\n * A trustworthy saying (2:11–13)\n2. Paul gives general instructions to Timothy (2:14–26)\n * Paul instructs Timothy to teach what is right and avoid false teaching (2:14–19)\n * God’s people as a house (2:20–21)\n * Paul explains the traits that should characterize Timothy (2:22–26)\n\nIn [2:11–13](../02/11.md), Paul either quotes a poetic hymn or composes his own poetry. Because these verses are poetry, the ULT sets each line farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. Consider how you might express these verses as poetry in your language.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### False teaching\n\nIn [2:16–18](../02/16.md), Paul refers to false teaching. He describes the teaching as “profane empty sayings” that lead to ungodliness. He further indicates that the false teaching can spread like an infectious disease and destroy people’s faith in Jesus. Finally, in [2:23](../02/23.md), Paul refers to “foolish and uneducated controversies” that cause debates and divisions within the church. However, Paul writes very little about the content of this false teaching. The only information he gives is that two men who are false teachers say that the resurrection has already happened (see [2:18](../02/18.md)). This could mean that everyone already has their resurrected bodies, that there is only a spiritual resurrection, or that people who are on earth have somehow missed the resurrection. Paul does not give enough information to know which of these options is what the false teachers were saying. So, it is best to refer to the false teaching in very general terms, as Paul does, without including any information that might be implied.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### The three illustrations in [2:4–6](../02/04.md)\n\nIn these three verses, Paul describes a soldier, an athlete, and a farmer. He describes these people as illustrations for how Timothy should behave as a leader and teacher in the church. Since Paul tells Timothy to think carefully about these illustrations so that he can understand them (see [2:7](../02/07.md)), it is best not to explain the illustrations in your translation. However, if it would be helpful in your language, you could include footnotes that explain what the illustrations might mean. Here are likely interpretations:\n1. The soldier avoids becoming involved in matters of regular life. That way, he can please his commander. In the same way, Timothy should focus on pleasing Jesus. To do so, he will need to avoid becoming involved in many things that most people care about.\n2. The athlete can only be declared the winner if he or she competes according to the rules. In the same way, Timothy must do what God has required. Only then will he successfully lead and teach other believers.\n3. The farmer who works hard should receive a share of the crop before anyone else does. In the same way, if Timothy works hard to serve Jesus, he deserves to receive a reward. This reward could be payment and support from the believers he leads, or it could be the rewards that God will give him at the final judgment.\n\n### A house and the containers in it\n\nIn [2:19–21](../02/19.md), Paul speaks about a house and the containers within it in order to teach Timothy about the church. In [2:19](../02/19.md), Paul indicates that “the firm foundation of God” stands, despite the false teachers. The firm foundation could represent the gospel, which is the basis for the church, or it could represent the church itself. In [2:20](../02/20.md), Paul refers to “containers” that are found within “a great house.” The implication is that this “great house” is built on the “firm foundation” and so represents God’s people, the church. Paul then speaks about the “containers,” some of which are valuable and durable and some of which are cheap and breakable. The valuable and durable containers are used for honorable tasks, while the cheap and breakable containers are used for dishonorable tasks. The valuable and durable containers probably represent people who serve God well, while the cheap and breakable containers probably represent people who are failing to serve God well, including the false teachers. Then, in [2:21](../02/21.md) Paul urges people to cleanse themselves so that they can be like the valuable and durable containers. Since this is an extended metaphor that Paul partly explains in [2:21](../02/21.md), you should preserve the figure of speech in some form. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The poetry in [2:11–13](../02/11.md)\n\nIn these verses, Paul either quotes or composes a short work of poetry. Some scholars think that Paul is quoting part of an early hymn. These verses describe the union of believers with Jesus and how Jesus responds when Christians deny and are unfaithful to him. Consider what form your language uses for poetry and for hymns. If possible, express these verses using that form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) 2:1 tajf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result σὺ οὖν 1 Here, the word **therefore** could introduce: (1) an inference from [1:15–18](../01/15.md). In this case, Paul wants Timothy to act like Onesiphorus and not like Phygelus and Hermogenes. Alternate translation: “Like those who have not abandoned me, you too” or “In contrast to Phygelus and Hermogenes, you” (2) an inference from most or all of chapter 1. Alternate translation: “Given all that, you” (3) further exhortation to Timothy that is not based on anything specific. Alternate translation: “Now you” 2:1 bll5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνον μου 1 Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though Timothy were his **child**. Paul means that he is Timothy’s spiritual father, and Paul loves Timothy in the way a father loves his child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who are like a child to me” or “my spiritual son”\n 2:1 p026 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐνδυναμοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, you could indicate that it is: (1) God. Alternate translation: “let God strengthen you” (2) Timothy himself. Alternate translation: “strengthen yourself” @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ front:intro s7fk 0 # Introduction to 2 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:26 p074 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐζωγρημένοι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he having captured them” 2:26 sawl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ, εἰς τὸ ἐκείνου θέλημα 1 Here Paul uses the pronoun **him** and the phrase **that one**. He could be: (1) using both terms to refer to the devil. Alternate translation: “the devil for the devil’s own will” (2) be using the word **him** to refer to the devil and the phrase **that one** to refer to God. In this case, the phrase **for the will of that one** gives the result of these people becoming sober again. Alternate translation: “the devil, but now they can do the will of God” 2:26 dj4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὸ ἐκείνου θέλημα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for what that one desires” -3:intro k2cr 0 # 2 Timothy 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nMany scholars understand the **last days** to mean the entire time from when Jesus first came to when he will return, which includes Paul’s time. If so, then what Paul teaches in this chapter about being persecuted applies to all believers. But some scholars understand the **last days** to mean a time in the future just before Jesus returns. If that is the meaning, then Paul is prophesying in verses 1–9 and 13 about those days. If possible, translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate these verses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) +3:intro k2cr 0 # 2 Timothy 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. Paul warns Timothy about future events and instructs him about how to carry out his service to God (3:1–4:8)\n * False teachers in the last days (3:1–9)\n * Instructions to Timothy to remain faithful (3:10–15)\n * The nature of Scripture (3:16–17)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The last days\n\nMany Christians understand the phrase “last days” ([3:1](../03/01.md)) to refer to the entire time from when Jesus first came to when he will return, which includes Paul’s time. If so, then what Paul says about false teachers and evil people applies to his time, the present time, and the future. In contrast, some Christians understand the phrase “last days” to refer to a time in the future just before Jesus returns. If that is the meaning, then what Paul says about false teachers and evil people applies primarily to the future. Since Christians disagree about what time period the phrase “last days” refers to, if possible use a phrase that is general enough to allow for several interpretations. See the notes on [3:1](../03/01.md) for translation options.\n\n### Jannes and Jambres\n\nIn [3:8–9](../03/08.md), Paul refers to two men named Jannes and Jambres. These were the traditional names in Paul’s culture for two of the sorcerers or magicians who served Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. When God told Moses to tell Pharaoh to release the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses by doing the same kind of miracle that he did (see [Exodus 7:8–13](../exo/07/08.md)). However, later on they were not able to imitate the miracles that Moses did (see [Exodus 8:18–19](../exo/08/18.md)), and they were even affected directly by one of the miracles that Moses did (see [Exodus 9:11](../exo/09/11.md)). Paul compares the false teachers he is speaking about to these two men. Just like Jannes and Jambres, they oppose what is true but will eventually be proven foolish. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include some of this information in a footnote.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### “God-breathed”\n\nIn [3:16](../03/16.md), Paul states that all Scripture is “God-breathed.” This is an important metaphor that indicates that God is the origin of Scripture as surely as if it were a breath that he had exhaled. This means that Scripture contains God’s words and is as true and reliable as God himself is. Paul does not mean that Scripture was not written by humans. Rather, Paul means that God enabled and guided humans as they wrote Scripture so that it truly is God’s words. If possible, preserve this important metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on this verse for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:1 dtw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that Paul wants to write about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next idea, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” 3:1 k9xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo τοῦτο & γίνωσκε, ὅτι 1 The expression **know this, that** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “know that”\n 3:1 g65r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις 1 Here, the phrase **last days** refers to the period of time before Jesus comes back. Christians have different understandings about whether Paul believed that this time period had already begun or would begin sometime in the future. If possible, your translation should refer to this time period without indicating whether it had already begun. Alternate translation: “during the time before Jesus’ second coming” or “in the final time period” @@ -263,63 +263,71 @@ front:intro s7fk 0 # Introduction to 2 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:5 p077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces an inference based on what Paul has said about these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference, or you could leave **And** untranslated. Alternate translation: “So” 3:5 xm1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τούτους ἀποτρέπου 1 Here Paul speaks of avoiding people as if it were turning **away from** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “turn your back on these” or “avoid these” 3:5 p078 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τούτους 1 Paul is using the adjective **these** as a noun to mean the people he has been describing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “these people” or “the kind of people I have described” -3:6 edvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Timothy should “turn away from these” people (see 3:5](../03/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a command, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Turn away from them because” or “I say that because” -3:6 yvp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐκ τούτων 1 Paul is using the adjective **these** as a noun to mean the people he has described in the previous verses. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. See how you translated the word “these’ in [3:5](../03/05.md). Alternate translation: “from these people” or “from the kind of people I have described” -3:6 la4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐνδύνοντες εἰς τὰς οἰκίας 1 visit people’s homes under false pretenses? +3:6 edvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Timothy should “turn away from these” people (see [3:5](../03/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a command, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Turn away from them because” or “I say that because” +3:6 yvp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐκ τούτων 1 Paul is using the adjective **these** as a noun to mean the people he has described in the previous verses. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. See how you translated the word “these” in [3:5](../03/05.md). Alternate translation: “from these people” or “from the kind of people I have described” +3:6 la4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐνδύνοντες εἰς τὰς οἰκίας 1 Here Paul is referring to how these people visit other people’s homes. The word translated **entering** implies that these people used false pretenses and deception to visit these homes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the ones using deceit to enter into households” or “the ones sneaking into other people’s households” 3:6 gu4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αἰχμαλωτίζοντες 1 Here Paul speaks about how these people influence **little women** as if they were **taking** these women **captive**. He means that they gain control and power over these women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “gaining influence over” or “manipulating” -3:6 u9m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γυναικάρια 1 !!!(1) silly or foolish (2) gullible or easy to influence\n\nThe phrase **little women** refers to women who are spiritually weak and immature. They allow these men into their homes and listen to them because they are weak, idle, and have many sins. Alternate translation: “women who are spiritually weak” -3:6 e9ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις 1 !!!Paul speaks of these **sins** as if they were heaped up on the backs of these women. \n\n: (1) these women sin often or even continually. Alternate translation: “who sin often” (2) these women feel terrible guilt because they sin. Alternate translation: “who feel terrible guilt for their sins” +3:6 u9m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γυναικάρια 1 Here, Paul refers to the **women** who are deceived by the false teachers as if they were physically **little**. He could mean that: (1) these women are spiritually weak and immature. Alternate translation: “women who are spiritually weak” (2) gullible or easily deceived. Alternate translation: “gullible women” or “silly women”\n +3:6 e9ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις 1 Paul speaks of these women’s **sins** as if they were **heaped** on their backs. He could mean that: (1) these women sin often or even continually. Alternate translation: “who sin frequently” (2) these women feel terrible guilt because of their sins. Alternate translation: “who feel very guilty for their sins” 3:6 p079 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could indicate that they themselves did. Alternate translation: “who carry many sins” “having heaped themselves with sins” -3:6 izz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις 1 !!!Paul speaks about these **various desires** as if they could physically lead a person away. He means that the women decide to do evil things in order to satisfy their desires. Alternate translation: “they decide to sin in various ways” -3:6 p080 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις 1 !!!If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “various desires lead them away” -3:7 qxz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 -3:7 p082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μηδέποτε εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενα 1 !!!Paul speaks of the **knowledge of the truth** as if it were a destination at which people could arrive. Alternate translation: “never able to understand the truth” +3:6 izz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις 1 Paul speaks about these **various desires** as if they could physically lead the women away. He means that these women do whatever they desire without trying to control themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “following various desires” or “always doing the various things that they desire” +3:6 p080 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “various desires leading them away” +3:7 qxz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **and** introduces something that contrasts with how these women are **always learning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet” +3:7 p082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μηδέποτε εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενα 1 Here Paul speaks of the **knowledge of the truth** as if it were a destination at which people could arrive. He is indicating that these women cannot gain the **knowledge of the truth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “never able to grasp knowledge of the truth” or “never able to gain knowledge of the truth” 3:7 akxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **knowledge** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to know the true teaching” -3:8 p083 ὃν τρόπον δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “Just as” -3:8 b8el rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς 1 **Jannes** and **Jambres** are names of men. -3:8 p084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς 1 Paul assumes that Timothy will know that he is referring here to the magicians in Pharaoh’s court who tried to duplicate the miracles that Moses was doing. The Bible does not record their names, but according to Jewish tradition their names were Jannes and Jambres. These men wanted to show that Pharaoh did not have to listen to Moses or obey Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could identify them more explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jannes and Jambres, Pharaoh’s magicians,” -3:8 p085 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οὗτοι 1 As in [3:5](../03/05.md), the term **these** is a demonstrative adjective that refers to the people who show the ungodly qualities that Paul has described. Paul is using the term as a noun. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can add the word “people” in your translation. Alternate translation: “these people” -3:8 p086 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “what is true” -3:8 g4kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄνθρωποι κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν 1 Paul uses the word **mind** to refer to the way these evil men think. Alternate translation: “men who cannot think rightly” -3:8 p087 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἄνθρωποι κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν 1 If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “men who cannot think rightly” -3:8 pfh1 ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 Paul uses the adjective **unapproved** to convey the idea that these men have been tested regarding how well they trust in Christ and obey him, and they have failed the test because their faith is not real. Alternate translation: “without sincere faith” or “whose faith is not genuine” -3:8 sppy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could start a new sentence here and say who does not approve of these men. Alternate translation: “God does approve of these men because they do not have a genuine faith in Jesus” -3:9 x9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλ’ 1 The word **But** indicates a contrast between this verse and the previous idea from [3:6](../03/06.md) that these men were able to sneak into homes and persuade people to believe wrong things. If you need to make this contrast clear, you could remind your readers of the previous idea here. Alternate translation: “But even though they have persuaded some people to believe wrong things” -3:9 c6xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ πλεῖον 1 Paul uses an expression about physical movement to mean that the false teachers will not continue to have much success among the believers. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to continue teaching falsely” -3:9 mv4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἡ & ἄνοια αὐτῶν ἔκδηλος ἔσται πᾶσιν 1 The word **all** is a generalization. Paul has just said that these men will have a little success in deceiving some people. But ultimately their foolishness will become widely apparent, as happened to Jannes and Jambres, who were publicly discredited when they were not able to equal the powerful miracles of Moses. Alternate translation: “their foolishness will become widely apparent” -3:9 z4fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐκείνων 1 The term **those** is a demonstrative adjective that refers to Jannes and Jambres. Paul is using the term as a noun. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can supply the names of the two men. Alternate translation: “of Jannes and Jambres” -3:10 vw42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ & παρηκολούθησάς 1 Paul speaks of giving close attention to the things he lists in this verse as if one were physically following them as they moved. The idea is that Timothy is giving close attention to these things and imitating them. Alternate translation: “you have observed” or “you have paid close attention to” -3:10 wma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μου τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **teaching** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what I have taught others to do” -3:10 lq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγωγῇ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **conduct** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I live my life” -3:10 p088 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ προθέσει 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **purpose** with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “what I try to do with my life” -3:10 p089 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **faith** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what I believe” -3:10 p091 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ μακροθυμίᾳ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **patience** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I am patient with others” -3:10 p090 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I love others” -3:10 l4pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **endurance** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I endure when I suffer” -3:11 p093 οἵους διωγμοὺς ὑπήνεγκα 1 Paul is reminding Timothy that he knows of the various ways in which Paul suffered and how he endured until God rescued him. Alternate translation: “how I endured various persecutions” -3:11 r9vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκ πάντων, με ἐρρύσατο ὁ Κύριος 1 Paul speaks as if God had physically removed him from a situation of danger. Alternate translation: “the Lord preserved me through them all” -3:12 ke7f ζῆν εὐσεβῶς 1 The term **piously** means in an obedient way that honors God. Alternate translation: “to live in a godly way” -3:12 xm9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διωχθήσονται 1 If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “people will persecute” -3:13 p094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωποι 1 Here Paul is using the term **men** in a generic sense that can include both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” -3:13 xo4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys πονηροὶ & ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες 1 This is probably a hendiadys, and the **evil men and impostors** are not two groups of people, but one group of people. Alternate translation: “evil people who only pretend to follow Jesus” -3:13 s7f2 γόητες 1 The term **impostors** refers here to a person who wants other people to think he is a true Christian when he is not. Alternate translation: “people who are pretending to be believers” -3:13 imc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον 1 Paul speaks of evil people and their character as something that moves forward physically, making gradual progress in a direction. Alternate translation: “will become worse and worse” or “will become even more evil” -3:13 p095 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον 1 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “worse and worse” -3:13 eyx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι 1 The expression **leading astray** uses the image of physically taking a person to a place that he didn’t think he was going to. This is a figurative reference to persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: “teaching lies and believing lies” -3:13 p096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι 1 If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “teaching lies and believing lies” -3:14 ytg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες 1 Paul speaks of biblical instruction as if it were a place in which Timothy could stay. Alternate translation: “continue doing what you have learned” or “continue believing what you have learned” -3:14 p097 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιστώθης 1 If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “are confident about” -3:15 w9l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὰ δυνάμενά σε σοφίσαι 1 Paul speaks of the Scriptures as if they were a teacher who could instruct people and help them become **wise**. It may be convenient in your translation to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “By studying them you can become wise” -3:15 p098 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς σωτηρίαν διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** with a verb such as “save.” Alternate translation: “so that you will know enough to trust Christ Jesus to save you” -3:16 s274 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ 1 The term **God-breathed** uses the image of breathing to indicate that the Scriptures come directly from God through his Spirit. Characteristically in the Bible, the breath of God represents the Spirit of God. Alternate translation: “God produced all Scripture as his Spirit directed people what to write, and it” -3:16 hvr1 πᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος 1 By **All Scripture**, Paul is referring to every part of Scripture, which, at that time, was what we know as the Old Testament. If it is confusing to refer to all of the books of the Old Testament with the singular word **Scripture**, you could change it to a plural word as in the UST and make the verbs plural. Alternate translation: “All of the Holy Writings are God-breathed” -3:16 uv35 ὠφέλιμος 1 Paul refers to the Scripture as **profitable** to convey the idea that Timothy and all believers will benefit when they use the Scripture to teach, reprove, correct, and train. Alternate translation: “you will benefit from it as you use it” or “it benefits everyone when we use it” -3:16 vl2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς ἐλεγμόν 1 Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for knowing what is right and wrong and showing people that they are wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **reproof** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for showing people that they are wrong” or “for helping us to know when we are wrong” -3:16 e5h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν 1 Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for showing people how to make something right. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **correction** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for showing people how to make things right” or “for showing us how to fix errors” -3:16 y1hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ 1 Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for training people how to live lives that are right with God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “and for training people how to do what is right” or “and for training us to do what is right” -3:17 nb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος 1 Paul is using the word **man** here in a generic sense that includes all believers in God, whether male or female. Of course, Paul also intends for Timothy to apply this to himself. Alternate translation: “the person who serves God” -3:17 uu7i ἄρτιος 1 Alternate translation: “fully capable” -3:17 p099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐξηρτισμένος 1 If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “and have everything he needs” +3:8 p084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς ἀντέστησαν Μωϋσεῖ 1 Here Paul refers to something that happened when God sent **Moses** to tell Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, to set the Israelites free. When Moses performed a miracle, some of the magicians and sorcerers who served Pharaoh also performed that miracle. In this way, they tried to prevent **Moses** from doing what God had told him to do. You can read this story in [Exodus 7:8–13](../exo/07/08.md). While the names of these magicians are not mentioned in the story in Exodus, their traditional names are **Jannes** and **Jambres**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make some of this information more explicit, or you could include a footnote that gives this information. Alternate translation: “Jannes and Jambres, who were two of Pharaoh’s sorcerers, opposed Moses when he spoke to Pharaoh” +3:8 b8el rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς 1 The words **Jannes** and **Jambres** are names of men. +3:8 p085 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οὗτοι 1 Here, as in [3:5](../03/05.md), Paul is using the adjective **these** as a noun to refer to the false teachers that he has described. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “these people” or “the kind of people I have described”\n +3:8 p086 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the true teaching” +3:8 p083 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωποι 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “men and women”\n +3:8 p087 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was they themselves. Alternate translation: “whose mind is corrupt” or “who have corrupted their mind”\n +3:8 g4kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τὸν νοῦν 1 If it would not be natural in your language to speak as if a group of people had only one **mind**, you could use the plural form of that word in your translation. Alternate translation: “in their minds”\n +3:8 sppy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 Here Paul implies that, when God tests the **faith** of these people, he will not approve of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “whose faith is not approved by God” +3:8 qtij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 Here, the word **faith** could refer to: (1) the act of having **faith** in Jesus. Alternate translation: “concerning the faith that they claim to have” (2) what people believe about Jesus when they have **faith** in him. Alternate translation: “concerning what Christians believe”\n +3:8 pfh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “in how they claim to believe in Jesus”\n +3:9 x9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces what will happen to these false teachers in contrast to what they are trying to do, which is to oppose the truth (see [3:8](../03/08.md)) If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “Despite that,” or “Although they try to oppose the truth” +3:9 c6xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ πλεῖον 1 Here Paul speaks of people having success in teaching as if they advancing **further** in a direction. He means that these people will cease to have success in teaching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will not able to teach even more people” or “they will not succeed in continuing to teach”\n +3:9 funz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ἄνοια αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how foolish they are” +3:9 ffy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πᾶσιν 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean all people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to all people” +3:9 mv4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πᾶσιν 1 Paul says **all** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “to most” +3:9 z4fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ ἐκείνων 1 Paul is using the adjective **that** as a noun to mean foolishness. He is using the adjective **those** to refer to Jannes and Jambres, Pharaoh’s magicians. Your language may use adjectives in these same ways. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “the foolishness of Jannes and Jambres” +3:9 yfep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐγένετο 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “became obvious” +3:9 v6wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐγένετο 1 Here Paul is referring to how Pharaoh’s magicians failed to oppose Moses. They could not copy some of the miracles that Moses did (see [Exodus 8:18–19](../exo/08/18.md)), and they were affected by other miracles that Moses did (see [Exodus 9:11](../exo/09/11.md)). In that way, everyone realized that they were foolish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make some of that information more explicit or include the information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “became when they failed to stop Moses” +3:10 ioph rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast σὺ δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces how Timothy behaves in contrast to how the false teachers behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “You, however,” or “As for you, though, you” +3:10 vw42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ & παρηκολούθησάς 1 Here Paul speaks as if Timothy **followed** the things that Paul has done and experienced. He means that Timothy has paid attention to these things and imitates how Paul does and experiences them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have observed and emulated” or “you have modeled your behavior on”\n +3:10-11 wma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μου τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ, τῇ ἀγωγῇ, τῇ προθέσει, τῇ πίστει, τῇ μακροθυμίᾳ, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ & τοῖς διωγμοῖς, τοῖς παθήμασιν, οἷά 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what I teach, how I conduct myself, what I have chosen to do, how I have believed, how patient I am, how I love others, how I endure everything, how I am persecuted, and how I suffer. Things such as those” +3:11 lk0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἷά 1 Here, the phrase **such as** could refer back to: (1) just the **sufferings**. Alternate translation: “sufferings such as those that” (2) both the **sufferings** and the **persecutions**. Alternate translation: “sufferings and persecutions such as those that” +3:11 p093 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἵους διωγμοὺς ὑπήνεγκα 1 Here, the phrase **what kind of persecutions I endured** could be: (1) a further definition of what Paul experienced in the three cities to which he has referred. Alternate translation: “how I endured various persecutions” (2) an explanation that indicates how much Paul experienced. Alternate translation: “what persecutions I endured!” or “I endured so many persecutions!” +3:11 q4j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἵους διωγμοὺς ὑπήνεγκα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **persecutions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how I was persecuted and had to endure it” +3:11 a0bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces what **the Lord** did in contrast to what Paul was experiencing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “And yet” or “But” +3:12 ke7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ & δὲ 1 Here, the phrase **But also** introduces the idea that what has been true for Paul will be true for all true believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an expansion or further application of an idea. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “Beyond that,” +3:12 xm9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πάντες & οἱ θέλοντες ζῆν εὐσεβῶς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “people will persecute all the ones wanting to live godly in Christ Jesus” +3:12 nhwa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ Jesus** to describe the union of believers with **Christ Jesus**. In this case, being **in Christ Jesus**, or united to **Christ Jesus**, is how believers **live piously**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that believers can **live** in this way because of their union with **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ Jesus” or “as those who are united to Christ Jesus”\n +3:13 hsq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces what happens to **evil men and impostors** in contrast with what happens to people who want to live in godly ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “However,” or “In contrast,” +3:13 p094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωποι 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Jesus is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “men and women” +3:13 xo4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys πονηροὶ & ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες 1 Here, the phrase **evil men and impostors** could: (1) refer to two different groups of people. Alternate translation: “men who are evil and men who are impostors” (2) describe one group of people using two terms connected with **and**. Alternate translation: “evil people who are impostors” or “evil impostors” +3:13 imc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον 1 Here Paul speaks of these people as if they could physically **advance** or progress in a certain direction, and he speaks of **the worse** as that direction. He means that these people become **worse** and **worse**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will grow worse and worse” or “will be characterized by being increasingly worse”\n +3:13 p095 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον 1 Paul is using the adjective **worse** as a noun to mean behavior and character that is worse. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to worse behavior” or “to worse character” +3:13 eyx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **evil men and impostors** could literally lead people **astray** and be **led astray**. He means that they will deceive others and be deceived themselves. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing people to believe what is wrong and themselves believing what is wrong”\n +3:13 p096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πλανώμενοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “others leading them astray” +3:14 r7hw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast σὺ δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces how Timothy should behave in contrast to how the false teachers behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces that kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “You, however” or “As for you, though” +3:14 rob2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες καὶ ἐπιστώθης, εἰδὼς παρὰ τίνων ἔμαθες 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “you know from whom you learned what you learned and were convinced of. So, remain in those things, knowing that truth” +3:14 ytg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μένε ἐν 1 Here Paul speaks as if what Timothy **learned** and was **convinced of** were place in which Timothy could **remain**. He means that Timothy should continue to believe and trust those things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “continue to trust” or “maintain” +3:14 p097 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιστώθης 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “were confident about” +3:14 aajp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδὼς παρὰ τίνων ἔμαθες 1 Here Paul implies that Timothy knows that these people are trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “knowing that the people from whom you learned are trustworthy” +3:15 y8su rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀπὸ βρέφους 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **childhood**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “since you were an infant” +3:15 p098 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς σωτηρίαν διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **salvation** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “so that you are saved through believing in Christ Jesus” +3:16 dz99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ ὠφέλιμος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has breathed out all Scripture, and it is profitable” +3:16 s274 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ 1 Here Paul speaks as if God had **breathed** all **Scripture**. He means that God is the one who spoke or gave **Scripture** through his Spirit. In other words, **All Scripture** has its origin in God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All Scripture comes from God, as if he had breathed it out, and it” or “All Scripture is produced by God and” or “All Scripture originates in God and”\n +3:16 hvr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶσα Γραφὴ 1 Here, the phrase translated as **All Scripture** refers to what we call the Old Testament. Paul could be referring to: (1) the entirety of **Scripture**. Alternate translation: “The whole of Scripture” (2) each of the individual scriptures. Alternate translation: “Every scripture”\n +3:16 uv35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὠφέλιμος 1 Here Paul could be implying that Scripture is **profitable**: (1) for someone to use in the following ways. Alternate translation: “is profitable for people to use for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness” (2) as it functions in the following ways for those who read or hear it. Alternate translation: “is profitable for our teaching, for our reproof, for our correction, for our training in righteousness”\n +3:16 vl2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς διδασκαλίαν, πρὸς ἐλεγμόν, πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν, πρὸς παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “for instructing, for reproving, for correcting, for training to be righteous”\n +3:17 v9w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) a result that comes from how Scripture is God-breathed and profitable in the ways that Paul has described. Alternate translation: “and so” (2) a purpose for which Scripture is God-breathed and profitable in the ways that Paul has described. Alternate translation: “in order that” +3:17 h675 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who serves and obeys **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translations: “the man who obeys God” or “the man who worships God”\n +3:17 nstf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος 1 The word **man** represents men in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “men of God” +3:17 nb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the person of God” +3:17 uu7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄρτιος & πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἐξηρτισμένος 1 The terms **complete** and **equipped for every good work** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “fully equipped for every good work” or “fully capable for every good work” +3:17 p099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐξηρτισμένος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “having everything he needs” or “one whom God has equipped”\n 4:intro k2xa 0 # 2 Timothy 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Paul gives a solemn charge to Timothy (4:1–8)\n2. Paul tells Timothy how he is doing (4:9–18)\n3. Paul sends personal greetings (4:19–22)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “I adjure you”\n\nWith these words Paul challenges Timothy in the most serious way possible to do what he is telling him to do. It is a way of commanding Timothy, not by Paul’s own authority, but by the authority that he then refers to, that of God and Jesus Christ. In other words, Paul is saying that God and Jesus Christ are commanding Timothy through Paul.\n\n### Crown\n\nScripture uses the image of a crown to represent different things. In this chapter, Paul describes Christ as awarding a crown to believers as a metaphor for the reward that Christ will give them for having lived rightly on this earth. 4:1 eh3x διαμαρτύρομαι 1 The word translated **adjure** is used to place someone under a serious and binding obligation. Think about the words that you use to do this in your language. This could refer to: (1) placing someone under an oath to do something. Alternate translation: “I place you under an oath” or “I hereby obligate you” (2) solemnly commanding someone with great authority. Alternate translation: “I solemnly urge you” 4:1 cb15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here the word **before** means “in front of,” that is, “in the presence of.” The implication is that God and Christ Jesus will witness and approve this command or oath. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God and Christ Jesus” or “with God and Christ Jesus as the witnesses”