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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:2 qfra וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “Now {at first after that,} the earth” or “{At first after that,} the earth”. The author pauses here to describe what the earth was like after God first created it (verse 1). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce that information; other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is natural in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “the earth” in verse 1.
1:2 btmf הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ 1 It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have {its present} form, and there was nothing {living} on it {yet},” or (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which is a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as in the first interpretation).
1:2 f7a1 וְ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם 1 “It was {totally/completely} dark, there was deep {water} {everywhere},” or “There was deep {water} {everywhere} {that was covered/surrounded} in/by {complete/total} darkness,” For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language.
1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” or (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does.
1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” or (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” or (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does.
1:2 yq4r עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “over the surface of the water.” or “above the waters/water.” Throughout this chapter, the word “waters” is in the plural in the Hebrew text. For some languages it is more natural to use the singular “water”. Do what is best in your language in each context.
1:3 kxuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God commanded,” What God says in verse 3 is a command. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make that explicit in this quote margin.
1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation point with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself.
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
2:7 vf52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה 1 “so that he became a living person.” or “and then the man became alive” or “and he came to life.” or “so that he started to live.” Consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to the man throughout verse 7.
2:8 z5wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּטַּ֞ע יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Now Yahweh God had {previously/already} planted” or “{Before that,} Yahweh God had planted”. This interpretation fits the context of chapter one, which says that God had made all the trees and plants on day three (Gen 1:11-12), three days before he created man (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7). Following this view, verses 8-14 give background information for what happens in verses 15-24. (2) “Then Yahweh God planted”. According to this interpretation, God made the Garden of Eden on day six after he created man.
2:8 npa8 גַּן 1 “a {large} garden” or “a {large} farm/park”. The man lived in this garden, and there were animals and many trees and other plants in it too, so it was fairly large. Make sure your translation of this term does not refer to something that is too small.
2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden or (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text).
2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden; or (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text).
2:8 zpxl וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 “and that is where he put the man” or “and in that garden he put the man” or “That is where he put the man”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
2:8 uvlv אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר 1 “whom he had shaped/crafted.” or “whom he had created/made.” See how you translated “formed” in verse 7.
2:9 wihv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּצְמַ֞ח יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה כָּל־עֵ֛ץ נֶחְמָ֥ד 1 “{There} Yahweh/he had made/caused to grow from the ground every {kind/type of} tree that is pleasant/beautiful/delightful” or “Yahweh/He had made/caused all {kinds/types of} trees to grow from the ground that are pleasant/beautiful”. See how you translated “Yahweh God” in verse 5, and how you translated “every tree” in Gen 1:29.
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
2:11 lg1b אֲשֶׁר שָׁ֖ם הַ⁠זָּהָֽב 1 “{a place} where {there is/was} {much} gold.” or “which has/had {a lot of} gold.”
2:12 v48n וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “In fact, the gold from that land/region” or “Indeed, the gold {that is found} in that land/region”. This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold and gives more information about it.
2:12 ks18 ט֑וֹב 1 “{is/was} {very} pure.” or “{is/was} {very} high quality.”
2:12 qhx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח 1 “{A kind/type of fragrant/sweet-smelling resin called} bdellium” or “A {kind/type of} fragrant/sweet-smelling resin/perfume”. The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to: (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl.
2:12 qhx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח 1 “{A kind/type of fragrant/sweet-smelling resin called} bdellium” or “A {kind/type of} fragrant/sweet-smelling resin/perfume”. The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to: (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; or (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl.
2:12 ul5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠אֶ֥בֶן הַ⁠שֹּֽׁהַם 1 “and {valuable} onyx gemstones” or “and {valuable} stones/gemstones called onyx” or “and {valuable} gemstones”. It is not certain what kind of stone this was, but most Bible scholars think it was onyx, which is a kind of quartz that is often black, but also occurs in many other colors, and can have stripes or bands of white (or other colors) running through it.
2:12 cp1z שָׁ֥ם 1 “{are/were} {also} {found} there.” or “{are/were} {also} in that land/region.” Make sure the verb tense you choose here fits with the way you translated verse 11.
2:13 fnx5 וְ⁠שֵֽׁם הַ⁠נָּהָ֥ר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 “The name of the second river {is/was}” or “The second river is/was named/called” or “The second river is/was”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 11.
@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:5 tr2j כִּ֗י בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ 1 “that as soon as” or “that when/if”
3:5 p329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual אֲכָלְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “you eat {fruit} from that tree,” or “you eat some/any of that fruit,” The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse and refer to the man and the woman. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for this. Consider again how you translated “you” and “your” in verses 1-5.
3:5 uld2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “your mind/understanding will be opened/expanded,” or “you will gain/have new understanding,” or “you will understand/know new things,” Consider whether your language has an idiom like “your eyes will be opened” that would fit well here.
3:5 npzf וִ⁠הְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע 1 “and {as a result} you will be like God/him because you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong.” or “so that you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong just like God does.” The Hebrew word “Elohim” is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “God,” as it does everywhere else in the first 30 chapters of Genesis, or (2) “gods” or “divine beings” (3) “angels”. See how you translated “good and evil” in Gen 2:9, 17.
3:5 npzf וִ⁠הְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע 1 “and {as a result} you will be like God/him because you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong.” or “so that you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong just like God does.” The Hebrew word “Elohim” is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “God,” as it does everywhere else in the first 30 chapters of Genesis; or (2) “gods” or “divine beings” or (3) “angels”. See how you translated “good and evil” in Gen 2:9, 17.
3:6 d6rz וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֡ה כִּ֣י 1 “The woman saw/observed that”
3:6 gpz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠עֵ֨ץ 1 “the tree {produced fruit that}” or “{the fruit of} that tree” or “the tree{’s fruit}”. The word “tree” refers here to the fruit that is produced by that tree. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
3:6 b6yp טוֹב֩ & לְ⁠מַאֲכָ֜ל 1 “{was/looked} good/delicious to eat”
@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:14 aocs וְ⁠עָפָ֥ר תֹּאכַ֖ל 1 “and you will/must eat dust/dirt {with your food}”. Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that dust or dirt is all the snake will eat. Rather it could mean that dirt will get into his mouth when he eats his food, or it could be an idiom that refers to the fact that as he slithers along, his mouth will always be close to the dirt on the ground (a position of humility). Also see how you translated “dust” in Gen 2:7.
3:14 g32q כָּל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “your entire life.” or “for as long as you live.”
3:15 ivt7 וְ⁠אֵיבָ֣ה אָשִׁ֗ית בֵּֽינְ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ין זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין זַרְעָ֑⁠הּ 1 “I will also cause you and the woman to be enemies {with each other}, and your offspring/descendants and her offspring/descendants to also be enemies.” or “ Besides that, I will cause you and your descendants to be enemies with the woman and her descendants.”
3:15 yfon ה֚וּא 1 “{In fact,} her offspring/descendant” or “{In fact,} one of her descendants”. The pronoun “He” is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) the woman’s descendant (Jesus) who would one day come to earth as the Messiah/Christ. (2) the woman’s descendants who will constantly be enemies of the snake’s descendants. If you follow the first interpretation, this would be the first prophecy in the Bible about the Messiah/Christ (“the Anointed One” or “the Promised Savior King”) who would come to earth and destroy Satan’s power (Hebrews 2:14). You could include that information in a footnote.
3:15 yfon ה֚וּא 1 “{In fact,} her offspring/descendant” or “{In fact,} one of her descendants”. The pronoun “He” is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) the woman’s descendant (Jesus) who would one day come to earth as the Messiah/Christ; or (2) the woman’s descendants who will constantly be enemies of the snake’s descendants. If you follow the first interpretation, this would be the first prophecy in the Bible about the Messiah/Christ (“the Anointed One” or “the Promised Savior King”) who would come to earth and destroy Satan’s power (Hebrews 2:14). You could include that information in a footnote.
3:15 e3wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יְשׁוּפְ⁠ךָ֣ רֹ֔אשׁ וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה תְּשׁוּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ עָקֵֽב 1 “will strike/crush your head, and you will strike/bite/bruise his heel.” This is figurative language that Satan will harm the Messiah, but the Messiah will destroy him. For some languages it is better to switch the order of these clauses and say, “{In fact,} you will strike/bite/bruise the heel of one of her descendants, but he will strike/crush your head.” Do what is best in your language.
3:16 chez rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶֽל הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה אָמַ֗ר 1 “{Then} he/God said to the woman,” or “{Then} Yahweh God {turned} to the woman and said {to her},” In the Hebrew text, “to the woman” comes first in this sentence, to emphasize her. Do what is natural in your language. Also consider what is the best way to refer to God here in your language.
3:16 vgi1 הַרְבָּ֤ה אַרְבֶּה֙ עִצְּבוֹנֵ֣⁠ךְ 1 “I will greatly increase how much you suffer” or “I will cause you to have/experience much/severe pain” or “I will cause it to be very painful”
3:16 d5br וְ⁠הֵֽרֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 “when you bear children;” or “when you give birth;”
3:16 icn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶב תֵּֽלְדִ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 “{yes/indeed,} you will suffer much pain when you give birth.” or “{yes/indeed,} bearing children will be very painful for you.” This clause is the second part of a parallelism, which emphasizes the pain and suffering that women will experience when they bear children. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation.
3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text could mean: (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10. (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text could mean: (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10; or (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
3:16 friw וְ⁠ה֖וּא יִמְשָׁל בָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and he will control/dominate you.” or “and he will lord it over you.” See how you translated “rule over” in Gen 1:18. It may be necessary to translate this term differently here because of the negative context of the curse and the consequences of sin.
3:17 sq0d וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר 1 “Then/Next he/God said to the man,” or “Then/Next Yahweh God {turned} to Adam and said {to him},” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to the man” is emphasized. See how you translated a similar case (“to the woman”) in verse 16. For a note about when to start using Adam’s name in your translation, see Gen 2:19.
3:17 dyjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְ⁠ק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּ⁠ךָ֒ 1 “Since/Because you {disobeyed me and} did what your wife said/suggested” or “Since/Because you did/followed what your wife told you to do”. This phrase means that Adam heard what his wife said to him and then did what she said. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:17 wdns rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּ⁠עִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔⁠נָּה 1 “{As a result,} {only} by painful toil will you eat {any food} from it” or “{As a result,} you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat”
3:17 o4tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “every day of your life.” or “for your entire life.” or “for as long as you live.” For some languages it is better to put this phrase before the previous clause and say, “{As a result,} for as long as you live, you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat.” Do what is best in your language.
3:18 gzbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠ק֥וֹץ וְ⁠דַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ 1 “In fact, the ground will produce/grow thorn {plants} and thistle {plants} {and other weeds}” or “In fact, thorn bushes and thistle plants {and other weeds} will grow from the ground”. The thorn and thistle plants represent all types of weeds, which are useless and possibly harmful plants.
3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation stems from the fact that the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow.
3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” or (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation stems from the fact that the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow.
3:19 ewn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠זֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם 1 “{Only} by the sweat of your face/brow/forehead will you be able to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” or “You will have to {work hard and} sweat a lot in order to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” The phrase “by the sweat of your nose/brow” is an idiom that refers to hard physical labor. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also, bread was one of the main food staples for that time and culture, so the Hebrew word for “bread” is used here as an idiom that refers to all food, not just bread. Consider whether your language does something similar, using one type of food (such as bread, rice or potatoes) to refer to all food in general. Or you could use a general term like “food,” especially if bread is rare or expensive in your language area.
3:19 n8ba עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “until you {die and} again become dust/dirt,”
3:19 ek0a כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖⁠נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ 1 “which you were taken/made from {by me}.” or “which I took/created you from.” or “which I made/created you out of.”
@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
4:23 gae9 לְ⁠נָשָׁ֗י⁠ו עָדָ֤ה וְ⁠צִלָּה֙ 1 “to his {two} wives, “Adah and Zillah,” Be consistent with how you spelled these names in verses 19-20, 22-23.
4:23 lbpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁמַ֣עַן קוֹלִ֔⁠י 1 “listen to what I have to say.” or “listen to what I am going to tell you.” The phrase “my voice” refers here to the words being said. Consider what is the best way to translate this figure of speech in your language.
4:23 uqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְשֵׁ֣י לֶ֔מֶךְ הַאְזֵ֖נָּה אִמְרָתִ֑⁠י 1 “My wives, listen to this:” or “My wives, listen to me carefully.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes what Lamech says next. Also, consider whether or not your language has an idiom that is similar to “give ear to”.
4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed.
4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” or (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed.
4:24 q45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֥י שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקַּם קָ֑יִן וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ 1 “Since {God has promised} to avenge Cain seven times, then” or “Cain is avenged {by God} seven times, but” or “God will avenge Cain seven times, but”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven/77 times!” or “I {avenge myself} seventy-seven/77 times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Also, each translation team needs to decide how they will handle numbers in the Hebrew text so that readers will not confuse those numbers with verse numbers. For example, it may be best to use words for single and double-digit numbers in the text. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24.
4:25 rw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יֵּ֨דַע אָדָ֥ם עוֹד֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then Adam slept with his wife {Eve} again,” or “Again Adam had {marital} relations with his wife {Eve},” See how you translated the idiom “knew” in 4:1, 17.
@ -658,14 +658,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:1 ps4y עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 “all over the earth” or “throughout the earth/world”
6:1 r0sl וּ⁠בָנ֖וֹת יֻלְּד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and they were having {many} daughters,”
6:2 vn76 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ 1 “then/Then {when those daughters/girls grew up,}” or “{When those daughters/girls grew up,}” Verses 1 and 2 are one long sentence in the Hebrew text. For many languages it is necessary to divide it into two or more shorter sentences. For example, depending on how you began verse 1, you could begin verse 2 with a new sentence. Do what is best in your language.
6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6. (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line). (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people.
6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6; or (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line); or (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people.
6:2 znk3 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ & אֶת בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה 1 “saw that the daughters of human beings {were} beautiful,” or “saw that those young women {were} beautiful,” or “saw that they {were} {very} beautiful,”
6:2 qnty וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ 1 “so they married any {of them} that they wanted to.” or “So they chose any/all {of them} that they wanted and married them.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “took/married” in Gen 4:19.
6:3 fdyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה 1 “Then/So Yahweh said {to himself},” Only make implied information explicit in your translation if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or if your language’s grammar requires it, so that your translation is easier to read and understand.
6:3 n5w7 רוּחִ֤⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “My Spirit” or “I”, which is a way of God referring to himself (Gen 1:2 is similar). (2) “My spirit”, which could refer to God’s breath that gives life (as in Gen 2:7). If the text is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote.
6:3 n5w7 רוּחִ֤⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “My Spirit” or “I”, which is a way of God referring to himself (Gen 1:2 is similar); or (2) “My spirit”, which could refer to God’s breath that gives life (as in Gen 2:7). If the text is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote.
6:3 lxhr לֹֽא־יָד֨וֹן & בָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “will not contend with human beings forever,” or “will not put up with human beings forever,” or (2) “will not remain/live with/in human beings forever,” The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
6:3 nsna rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠שַׁ⁠גַּ֖ם ה֣וּא בָשָׂ֑ר 1 “because they {are} certainly/very sinful/corrupt.” or “because they {are} only/mere {sinful/corrupt} mortals.” The word “flesh” is used here as an idiom that means human beings are “mortal” (that is, their bodies will die) and that they are “sinful/corrupt”. The two meanings are interrelated since it is because of sin that their bodies die. In this context, the focus is on their corrupt behavior, which is the reason God will send a flood soon.
6:3 u5p6 וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “So they will have 120 years {to repent}.” or “I will give them 120 years {to repent}.” (2) “{From now on,} they/people will have/live {no longer than} 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here.
6:3 u5p6 וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “So they will have 120 years {to repent}.” or “I will give them 120 years {to repent}.” or (2) “{From now on,} they/people will have/live {no longer than} 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here.
6:4 ynoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠נְּפִלִ֞ים 1 “{People/Giants called} the Nephilim” or “Giants”. Most translations transliterate (borrow or copy) the Hebrew word “Nephilim” here, treating it as a name. The word means “fallen ones” and probably refers to their fallen (sinful) spiritual state. The Nephilim were the descendants of the sons of God and the daughters of mankind. The only other time in the Bible that the Nephilim are mentioned is centuries later in Numbers 13:32-33, where they are identified as evil giants. Based on that, some translations translate “the Nephilim” as “giants” here in Gen 6:4.
6:4 mfas הָי֣וּ בָ⁠אָרֶץ֮ 1 “lived on the earth” or “were living on the earth”
6:4 x5nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵם֒ וְ⁠גַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי 1 “during that time and also later on,” It may be more natural to put this time phrase first in verse 4 and say, “During that time there were Nephilim/giants living on the earth, when …” Do what is best in your language.
@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:9 u5k8 אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ 1 “This/Here is {more of} the account/record/history of/about Noah and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Noah and his descendants/family:” Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him.
6:9 gw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹ֗חַ 1 “He {was}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah.
6:9 zk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק 1 “an upright/good man.” or “a man who did what was right.”
6:9 w0cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּ⁠דֹֽרֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He {alone} was blameless/faultless {in God’s eyes} among his contemporaries.” or “Out of all the people living at that time, Noah/he was the only one {whom God considered} blameless.” (2) “He had a blameless/spotless reputation among his contemporaries.” or “His contemporaries considered him to be a man of integrity.” The phrase “without blemish” is often used in the Bible to describe animals that have no defects. Here it is used as an idiom that means Noah was “blameless/faultless” in an ethical or moral sense, or that he had good integrity, but it does not mean that he was sinless. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also, the word “generation” refers to people who live during the same time period.
6:9 w0cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּ⁠דֹֽרֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He {alone} was blameless/faultless {in God’s eyes} among his contemporaries.” or “Out of all the people living at that time, Noah/he was the only one {whom God considered} blameless.” or (2) “He had a blameless/spotless reputation among his contemporaries.” or “His contemporaries considered him to be a man of integrity.” The phrase “without blemish” is often used in the Bible to describe animals that have no defects. Here it is used as an idiom that means Noah was “blameless/faultless” in an ethical or moral sense, or that he had good integrity, but it does not mean that he was sinless. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also, the word “generation” refers to people who live during the same time period.
6:9 ky2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִֽתְהַלֶּךְ נֹֽחַ 1 “{and} he walked {closely/faithfully} with God.” or “{and} he lived in a close/faithful relationship with God.” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 5:22, 24.
6:10 vdjy וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד נֹ֖חַ 1 “Eventually Noah/he fathered/had” or “And {as mentioned before,} Noah/he had”. The fact that Noah fathered/had these three sons was already mentioned in Gen 5:32. Make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation does not sound like he fathered these sons a second time.
6:10 d1np שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת 1 “three sons, {namely} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “three sons, {whose names were} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.”
@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
7:14 u7hi הֵ֜מָּה וְ⁠כָל 1 “They had/took with them every”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
7:14 qs6f וְ⁠כָל הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠כָל 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “every kind of living thing/creature, including every” or (2) “every kind of wild animal, and every”. The animal groups listed in verse 14 show that every kind of animal was to be brought onto the ark. Your language may have a different way of grouping animals. Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that all the different kinds of birds and land animals are included.
7:14 nbh7 וְ⁠כָל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “every kind of livestock,” or “every kind of domestic/tame animal,”
7:14 cm34 וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 In the Hebrew text, this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on the earth/land,” which seems to fit this context best. (2) “and every kind of creature/animal that crawls on the ground,”
7:14 cm34 וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 In the Hebrew text, this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on the earth/land,” which seems to fit this context best; or (2) “and every kind of creature/animal that crawls on the ground,”
7:14 hfxm וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ כֹּ֖ל צִפּ֥וֹר כָּל כָּנָֽף 1 “and every kind of bird {and} everything {else} that has wings.” or “and every kind of bird {and} every {other} {kind of} creature that flies.” This phrase probably refers not only to birds, but also to other creatures that have wings and fly, such as bats and insects.
7:15 an75 וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ אֶל נֹ֖חַ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “They came to Noah {and went/came} into the ark,” or “They entered the ark with Noah,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 9.
7:15 ob0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׁנַ֤יִם שְׁנַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠כָּל הַ⁠בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 “pairs of every {kind of} creature/animal” or “pairs of every {kind of} living thing/creature”. The word “flesh” refers here to any kind of creature or animal.
@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
8:17 ngp1 ־אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ 1 “with you {in the ark/boat},” or “in the ark/boat,”
8:17 nn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂ֗ר 1 “all the animals,” or “all of them,” See how you translated “flesh” in Gen 7:15-16.
8:17 guxs בָּ⁠ע֧וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֛ה 1 “including the birds, domestic/tame animals,”
8:17 ii1h וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock. (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground.
8:17 ii1h וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock; or (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground.
8:17 qfw9 עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “on the ground,” or “on land,”
8:17 ubmo וְ⁠שָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Then they will/can live/spread all over the earth/world”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
8:17 vpty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠פָר֥וּ 1 “{yes,} they will have many offspring/young”. The rest of verse 17 forms a parallelism with “abound on the earth” that emphasizes filling the earth again with animals. Make sure your translation does not sound like this refers to separate events.
@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:3 n005 אַשְׁכֲּנַ֥ז וְ⁠רִיפַ֖ת וְ⁠תֹגַרְמָֽה 1 “{named} Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.”
10:4 kz0u וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י יָוָ֖ן 1 “{The names of} Javan’s sons/descendants {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Javan’s sons:” Compare how you translated a similar clause in verses 2 and 3.
10:4 lce6 אֱלִישָׁ֣ה וְ⁠תַרְשִׁ֑ישׁ 1 “{named} Elishah and Tarshish, {and he was the ancestor of}”. These are the names of Javan’s sons, but the next two names are the names of people groups that descended from him.
10:4 iwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כִּתִּ֖ים וְ⁠דֹדָנִֽים 1 “the Kittites and the Dodanites.” or “the Kitt people {group} and the Dodan people {group}.” There are different ways to translate people group names, including: (1) Transliterate the Hebrew plural suffix “-im”. (2) Use a suffix that your language has for names of people groups, such as “-ites” in English. (3) Translate “-im” as “people” or “people/ethnic group”. Try to be consistent in how you translate people group names throughout this chapter and rest of the book of Genesis.
10:4 iwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כִּתִּ֖ים וְ⁠דֹדָנִֽים 1 “the Kittites and the Dodanites.” or “the Kitt people {group} and the Dodan people {group}.” There are different ways to translate people group names, including: (1) Transliterate the Hebrew plural suffix “-im”; (2) Use a suffix that your language has for names of people groups, such as “-ites” in English; (3) Translate “-im” as “people” or “people/ethnic group”. Try to be consistent in how you translate people group names throughout this chapter and rest of the book of Genesis.
10:5 swml מֵ֠⁠אֵלֶּה 1 “From those/Japheth’s {descendants}”. This phrase probably refers to Japheth’s descendants (verses 2-4), especially since the descendants of his brothers Ham (verse 20) and Shem (verse 31) are summarized in a similar way.
10:5 ccp2 נִפְרְד֞וּ אִיֵּ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹיִם֙ 1 “came the people groups who lived {in regions} near/beside the {Mediterranean} Sea. They moved to different places {and settled}”
10:5 rjew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 “in their {own} territories/regions,”
@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:11 jcf8 יָצָ֣א אַשּׁ֑וּר 1 “he/Nimrod went/moved to {the land/region of/called} Asshur/Assyria,” See how you translated “{the land/region of/called} Asshur/Assyria” in Gen 2:14.
10:11 gcc2 וַ⁠יִּ֨בֶן֙ 1 “and {there} he built” or “where he built”
10:11 i3jv אֶת נִ֣ינְוֵ֔ה וְ⁠אֶת רְחֹבֹ֥ת עִ֖יר וְ⁠אֶת כָּֽלַח 1 “{the cities of} Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah,”
10:12 yxdv וְֽ⁠אֶת רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדֹלָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and Resen, {which is located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and the great city of Calah.” (2) “and Resen, {which is} the great city {located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and Calah.”
10:12 yxdv וְֽ⁠אֶת רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדֹלָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and Resen, {which is located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and the great city of Calah.” or (2) “and Resen, {which is} the great city {located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and Calah.”
10:13 p1bp וּ⁠מִצְרַ֡יִם יָלַ֞ד 1 “Mizraim was the father/ancestor of”
10:13 ptqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת לוּדִ֧ים וְ⁠אֶת עֲנָמִ֛ים וְ⁠אֶת לְהָבִ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת נַפְתֻּחִֽים 1 “the Ludites, Anamites, Lehabites, Naphtuhites,” Throughout verses 13-18, translate the names of people groups in a way that is clear and natural in your language. See what you did in verse 4.
10:14 ylfj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְֽ⁠אֶת פַּתְרֻסִ֞ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּסְלֻחִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצְא֥וּ מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּפְתֹּרִֽים 1 “Pathrusites, Casluhites (whom the Philistines came/descended from), and Caphtorites.” or “Pathrusites, Casluhites, and Caphtorites. The Philistines came/descended from the Casluhites.”
@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:30 h4i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י & מִ⁠מֵּשָׁ֑א 1 “extended/reached from {the city of} Mesha {in the west},” See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 19.
10:30 qhqk בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֥ה סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה 1 “all the way to” or “as far as”
10:30 buoh סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה 1 “{the city/town of} Sephar, {which is in/near}”. Sephar might refer to a city, a mountain, or a region (that was named after the city or mountain).
10:30 bl54 הַ֥ר הַ⁠קֶּֽדֶם 1 “the mountain range {that is} in the east.” or “the hill country in the east.” or “the eastern hill country.” The word “mountain{s}” is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It can be (1) a collective noun that refers to mountains or hill country near the town of Sephar or (2) a singular noun that refers to a specific mountain that was called Sephar.
10:30 bl54 הַ֥ר הַ⁠קֶּֽדֶם 1 “the mountain range {that is} in the east.” or “the hill country in the east.” or “the eastern hill country.” The word “mountain{s}” is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It can be: (1) a collective noun that refers to mountains or hill country near the town of Sephar; or (2) a singular noun that refers to a specific mountain that was called Sephar.
10:31 v7ly אֵ֣לֶּה 1 “Those {are/were} {the names of}” or “Those {men/people} {are/were}”. The word “Those” refers here to the people listed in verses 21-30. See how you translated verse 20, which is almost exactly the same as verse 31.
10:31 ffht בְנֵי שֵׁ֔ם 1 “the descendants of Shem” or “Shem’s sons/descendants”
10:31 lpn7 לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “and each one had his own clan/family.” See how you translated “clans” in verses 5 and 20.
@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
12:6 ep53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֤ר אַבְרָם֙ 1 “Abram traveled/went” or “Abram {and his family} traveled/went” or “they traveled/went”. Abram is the only one named here because he is in focus. However, your translation should not sound like he traveled alone in verse 6. Also make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation fits with the way you ended verse 5.
12:6 o804 בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “through that land/region”. See how you translated “land” in verse 5.
12:6 ai2i עַ֚ד 1 “until they arrived at” or “to”
12:6 klyk מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “the/a {sacred} place at/near {the city of} Shechem,”
12:6 klyk מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “the/a {sacred} place at/near {the city of} Shechem,”
12:6 wf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עַ֖ד אֵל֣וֹן מוֹרֶ֑ה 1 “to Moreh’s terebinth/oak tree.” or “to the terebinth/oak tree on Moreh’s land.” Moreh is probably the name of the person who owned the land where the terebinth tree was. A terebinth tree is a large, broadleaf, flowering tree in the cashew family that can grow to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 40 feet). The Hebrew words for “oak” and “terebinth” are similar, so many translations (including LXX) translate this as “oak tree” here. Notice, however, that oak trees and terebinth trees are from two different families of trees.
12:6 aje0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י אָ֥ז בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “At/During that time the Canaanites {were still living} in that land/region,” For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put the time phrase (“at that time”) first in this sentence.
12:7 nqjy וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם 1 “Then/but Yahweh came to Abram” or “but Yahweh visited Abram”. Yahweh’s promise in verse 7 to give Canaan to Abram’s descendants contrasts with the fact that the Canaanites were still occupying that region (verse 6). Also, notice that the text does not specify in what form or in what way God appeared to Abram, so your translation should not do that either.
@ -1597,8 +1597,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:9 ea8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠חֲמִשָּֽׁה 1 “the five {kings} {and started defeating them}.” It is implied in verse 10 that the four kings had started defeating the five kings. If that is not clear, you could make that explicit here.
14:10 n67g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠עֵ֣מֶק הַ⁠שִׂדִּ֗ים בֶּֽאֱרֹ֤ת בֶּאֱרֹת֙ חֵמָ֔ר 1 “The Siddim Valley was full of tar pits,” or “There were many tar pits in the Siddim Valley,” The word “Now” indicates a change of topic and introduces background information. For some languages it is more natural to omit that word and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. Also be consistent here with how you translated “the Valley of Siddim” in verses 3 and 8, and how you translated “tar” in Gen 11:3.
14:10 p8kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּנֻ֛סוּ מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹ֥ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֖ה 1 “As/When the kings of/over {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah {and their armies/soldiers} were running away {from the battle},” It is assumed here that the kings were accompanied by their armies. If that is not understood, you could make that explicit in your translation. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
14:10 wym8 וַ⁠יִּפְּלוּ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “they died there {in the tar pits}.” or “some {of their soldiers/men} were killed there {in the tar pits}.” or “they fell into the tar pits {and died}.” (2) “jumped into the tar pits {to hide}.” Notice that the king of Sodom is still alive in verse 17, so the pronoun “they” probably does not include him here, depending on how you translate “fell there”.
14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence.
14:10 wym8 וַ⁠יִּפְּלוּ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “they died there {in the tar pits}.” or “some {of their soldiers/men} were killed there {in the tar pits}.” or “they fell into the tar pits {and died}.” or (2) “jumped into the tar pits {to hide}.” Notice that the king of Sodom is still alive in verse 17, so the pronoun “they” probably does not include him here, depending on how you translate “fell there”.
14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence.
14:10 wjyr נָּֽסוּ 1 “ran away”. See how you translated “fled” earlier in this verse.
14:10 d4wa הֶ֥רָ⁠ה 1 “to the mountains/hills {to hide}.” See how you translated “hill country” in verse 6.
14:11 yt9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ֠⁠יִּקְחוּ 1 “Then the four kings took {by force}” or “Then the four kings seized”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the four kings at this point in the paragraph.
@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
18:10 kp1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה שֹׁמַ֛עַת 1 “Now Sarah was listening/eavesdropping” or “Sarah was listening/eavesdropping”. This sentence gives information about something that was happening while the man was talking. Translate this in a way that makes that clear in your language.
18:10 btll פֶּ֥תַח הָ⁠אֹ֖הֶל 1 “inside the entrance/doorway of the tent,” See how you translated “the entrance of the tent” in verse 1.
18:10 vtqh וְ⁠ה֥וּא אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 “which was {right} behind”. Notice that the pronoun “it” refers to the entrance to the tent (where Sarah was).
18:10 g6tq אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 The pronoun “him” is ambiguous here. It can refer to (1) “the man” or (2) “Abraham”
18:10 g6tq אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 The pronoun “him” is ambiguous here. It can refer to: (1) “the man” or (2) “Abraham”
18:11 oz4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֤ם וְ⁠שָׂרָה֙ 1 “Abraham and Sarah/she” or “Sarah/She and Abraham”. This verse gives background information that is important to what happens next. Some languages use a conjunction such as “Now” here to introduce this kind of information, while other languages omit the conjunction, especially if “Now” is used to begin the last sentence in verse 10. Do what is best in your language.
18:11 rsbl זְקֵנִ֔ים בָּאִ֖ים בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים 1 “were {already} very/quite old/aged” or “{were} very elderly”
18:11 pdfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חָדַל֙ לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠שָׂרָ֔ה אֹ֖רַח כַּ⁠נָּשִֽׁים 1 “so that Sarah/she was much older than the normal age for bearing children.” or “so that Sarah/she was {far} past the age/time that she could bear/have children.” The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is a polite way of saying that Sarah had reached menopause and so was not able to have children. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Make sure your translation of this clause will not offend or embarrass people when it is read aloud in public.
@ -3036,7 +3036,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
24:48 vtn2 אֲשֶׁ֤ר הִנְחַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 “because he led/guided me”
24:48 e19s בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֱמֶ֔ת 1 “the right way/direction” or “right/exactly where I should go”
24:48 xs5x לָ⁠קַ֛חַת 1 “to get/find”
24:48 gyfv אֶת בַּת אֲחִ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the granddaughter of my master’s brother”, which refers to Nahor's granddaughter. (2) “the daughter of my master’s relative”, which refers to Bethuel's daughter. Abraham’s brother Nahor was the father of Bethuel and the grandfather of Rebekah (Genesis 11:26; 22:20-23).
24:48 gyfv אֶת בַּת אֲחִ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the granddaughter of my master’s brother”, which refers to Nahor's granddaughter; or (2) “the daughter of my master’s relative”, which refers to Bethuel's daughter. Abraham’s brother Nahor was the father of Bethuel and the grandfather of Rebekah (Genesis 11:26; 22:20-23).
24:48 jwkn לִ⁠בְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 “{to be the wife} for my master’s son.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that this refers to Abraham’s son, not Nahor’s or Bethuel’s son.
24:49 n6ri וְ֠⁠עַתָּה אִם יֶשְׁ⁠כֶ֨ם 1 “So now/then, if you are willing”. Throughout this verse “you” is plural.
24:49 oour rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשִׂ֜ים חֶ֧סֶד וֶֽ⁠אֱמֶ֛ת אֶת אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 “to {let her come with me, and in that way} show {your} kindness and faithfulness to my master,” or “to be kind and faithful to my master {by sending her with me},” See how you translated “kindness” and “faithfulness” in verse 27. If necessary in your translation, you can make it explicit how they would show kindness and faithfulness to Abraham.
@ -3163,7 +3163,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
25:18 c8ld אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל פְּנֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “that {is} east of {the country/land of} Egypt”
25:18 h1df בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֖ה 1 “as you go/head {from there}” or “as one goes/travels”
25:18 bm8n אַשּׁ֑וּרָ⁠ה 1 “to {the city of} Asshur {in Assyria}.” or “in the direction of {the land/country of} Assyria.” Assyria and its capital city Asshur were far east of Shur. Consider again how you spelled “Asshur” in Gen 2:14; 10:11, 22, and 25:3, 18.
25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.”
25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” or (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.”
25:19 ldvn וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֥ת יִצְחָ֖ק בֶּן אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “This/Here {is} {more of} the record/history of/about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” We have already heard about much of Isaac’s history in previous chapters; now we are told even more. See how you translated “these are the generations of” in verse 12 and Gen 6:9.
25:19 dw7d אַבְרָהָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת יִצְחָֽק 1 “{After} Abraham fathered/had {his son} Isaac,” See how you translated “fathered” in verse 3.
25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was forty years old.” See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Gen 21:5.
@ -3531,7 +3531,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
27:38 wtbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ 1 “Then/And Esau started sobbing/crying loudly.” See how you translated “lifted … voice and sobbed” in Gen 21:16.
27:39 teeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּ֛עַן יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Finally/So his father Isaac responded/said to him,” or “His father replied,”
27:39 fckf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִנֵּ֞ה & יִהְיֶ֣ה מֽוֹשָׁבֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “Listen, you {and your descendants} will live”. What Isaac says in verses 39-40 applies to Esau and his descendants. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29.
27:39 ch9s מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good {for farming} and where there is not much rain.” (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile {for farming} and where there is {plenty of} dew/rain.” See how you translated “fatness of the earth” and “dew of the heavens” in verse 28.
27:39 ch9s מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good {for farming} and where there is not much rain.” or (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile {for farming} and where there is {plenty of} dew/rain.” See how you translated “fatness of the earth” and “dew of the heavens” in verse 28.
27:40 ky90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל חַרְבְּ⁠ךָ֣ תִֽחְיֶ֔ה 1 “You {and your descendants} will survive by using your swords {to protect yourselves},” or “You {and your descendants} will have to fight battles to stay alive,” or “You {and your descendants} will continually be fighting battles {with other peoples/nations},” The phrase “live by your sword” is an idiom that means Esau and his descendants will have violent conflict with others, often in order to survive.
27:40 j54i וְ⁠אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ תַּעֲבֹ֑ד 1 “and you {and your descendants} will serve your brother {and his descendants}.” or “and you {and your descendants} will be servants/slaves for your brother {and his descendants}.”
27:40 u6t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הָיָה֙ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּרִ֔יד 1 “But when you rebel/revolt {against him/them},” Consider again how you translated the singular “you” in verses 39-40. You could use a plural “you” here or you could say “you {and your descendants}”. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29.
@ -3717,7 +3717,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
29:15 dy56 הַגִּ֥ידָ⁠ה לִּ֖⁠י מַה מַּשְׂכֻּרְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 “{So} tell me what your wages/pay {should be}.” or “{So} tell me what you want me to pay you {for your work}.”
29:16 vbiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וּ⁠לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן שְׁתֵּ֣י בָנ֑וֹת 1 “Now {it so happened that} Laban had two daughters:” or “Laban had two daughters:” Verses 16-17 introduce background information for what happens in the verses that follow that. Translate this in a way that is natural and clear in your language.
29:16 xkig שֵׁ֤ם הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ לֵאָ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠קְּטַנָּ֖ה רָחֵֽל 1 “The name of the older {one/daughter} {was} Leah, and the younger {one/daughter} {was} Rachel.” or “The older {one/daughter} was named Leah and the younger {one/daughter} was named Rachel.”
29:17 chl6 וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י לֵאָ֖ה רַכּ֑וֹת 1 “Leah’s eyes {were} delicate/pretty/weak,” or “Leah had pretty eyes,” The Hebrew word for “delicate” is ambiguous in this context. It can have (1) a positive meaning of “pretty” or “lovely” or (2) a negative meaning of “weak”, which implies that Leah’s eyes were plain, dull, or unattractive.
29:17 chl6 וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י לֵאָ֖ה רַכּ֑וֹת 1 “Leah’s eyes {were} delicate/pretty/weak,” or “Leah had pretty eyes,” The Hebrew word for “delicate” is ambiguous in this context. It can have: (1) a positive meaning of “pretty” or “lovely” or (2) a negative meaning of “weak”, which implies that Leah’s eyes were plain, dull, or unattractive.
29:17 xcjb וְ⁠רָחֵל֙ הָֽיְתָ֔ה יְפַת תֹּ֖אַר וִ⁠יפַ֥ת מַרְאֶֽה 1 “but/whereas Rachel’s face and figure/shape were lovely/beautiful.” or “but/whereas Rachel was extremely beautiful in every way.”
29:18 ml4f וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֥ב יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶת רָחֵ֑ל 1 “Jacob was in love with Rachel,” or “Jacob had fallen in love with Rachel,”
29:18 rnsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “so he said/responded {to Laban},”
@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
31:21 els4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “that {belonged} to them.” or “that he/they had/owned.” Make sure that your choice of pronouns throughout this verse fits with how you translate the beginning of this sentence.
31:21 bsy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּ֖קָם וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֣ר אֶת הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר 1 “He/They quickly crossed the {Euphrates} River”. The Euphrates River was also called “the River” because it was large and well-known. It was about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from Haran, where Laban lived. This information could be put in a footnote.
31:21 bgnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֶת פָּנָ֖י⁠ו 1 “and headed toward” or “and went/traveled in the direction of”
31:21 ancy הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 “the mountain region of/called Gilead.” or “the hill country of/called Gilead.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can (1) refer to mountains or hill country or (2) refer to a specific mountain (“Mount Gilead”).
31:21 ancy הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 “the mountain region of/called Gilead.” or “the hill country of/called Gilead.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can refer to: (1) mountains or hill country; or (2) a specific mountain (“Mount Gilead”).
31:22 luj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 “Three days after {Jacob/they had left}, someone informed/told Laban” or “Three days later Laban found out”
31:22 pkx2 כִּ֥י בָרַ֖ח יַעֲקֹֽב 1 “that Jacob {and his family} had run away.” See how you translated “fleeing” and “fled” in verses 20-21.
31:23 xoz7 וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “So Laban took {some of} his relatives with him” or “So Laban gathered {some of} his relatives”
@ -4431,13 +4431,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
34:13 vxqs וַ⁠יַּעֲנ֨וּ בְנֵֽי יַעֲקֹ֜ב אֶת שְׁכֶ֨ם וְ⁠אֶת חֲמ֥וֹר אָבִ֛י⁠ו בְּ⁠מִרְמָ֖ה וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֑רוּ 1 “Then/But Jacob’s sons responded/replied to Shechem and his father Hamor in a deceitful/deceptive way” or “Jacob’s sons responded/replied to Shechem and his father Hamor but deceived/tricked them”
34:13 vyae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲשֶׁ֣ר טִמֵּ֔א אֵ֖ת דִּינָ֥ה אֲחֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “because he/Shechem had dishonored/disgraced their sister Dinah.” or “because he/Shechem had done a shameful thing to their sister Dinah.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “But because/since Shechem had defiled/dishonored their sister Dinah, the sons of Jacob deceived/tricked Shechem and his father Hamor 14 by saying to them,” Do what is best in your language.
34:14 qc19 וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 “and said to them,” or “They said to them,” Consider whether it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence that started in verse 13.
34:14 fyu7 לֹ֤א נוּכַל֙ לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת֙ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 “We are not able to do such a thing as” or “It would be not be acceptable/right for us to”
34:14 va2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לָ⁠תֵת֙ אֶת אֲחֹתֵ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר ל֣⁠וֹ עָרְלָ֑ה 1 “let our sister marry a man {like you} who has not had his foreskin removed,” or “allow a man {like you} who is not circumcised to marry our sister,” Translate “who has a foreskin” in a way that will not offend or embarrass people, especially when hearing your translation read aloud.
34:14 fyu7 לֹ֤א נוּכַל֙ לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת֙ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 “We are not able to do such a thing as” or “It would be not be acceptable/right for us”
34:14 va2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לָ⁠תֵת֙ אֶת אֲחֹתֵ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר ל֣⁠וֹ עָרְלָ֑ה 1 “to let our sister marry a man {like you} who has not had his foreskin removed,” or “to allow a man {like you} who is not circumcised to marry our sister,” Translate “who has a foreskin” in a way that will not offend or embarrass people, especially when hearing your translation read aloud.
34:14 guat כִּֽי חֶרְפָּ֥ה הִ֖וא לָֽ⁠נוּ 1 “because that would dishonor/humiliate our family!” or “That would cause {great} shame/humiliation to our family!” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
34:15 xfgc אַךְ בְּ⁠זֹ֖את נֵא֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “The only way that we will/can agree with your proposal {is}” or “We will/can do what you want/ask only if you do this one thing:”
34:15 u2iz אִ֚ם תִּהְי֣וּ כָמֹ֔⁠נוּ 1 “if {first} you {and your people} become like us” or “You {and your people} must {first} become like us”
34:15 w4wh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms לְ⁠הִמֹּ֥ל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר 1 “by circumcising all your males.” See how you translated “circumcised” in Gen 17:10.
34:16 i0ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠נָתַ֤נּוּ אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם נִֽקַּֽח לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 “Then we will let our daughters marry your {young men}, and our {young men} will marry your daughters.” or “{If/After you do that,} then we will allow your {young men} to marry our daughters, and {we will allow} your daughters to marry our {young men}.” The pronouns “we,” “our,” and “us” are exclusive in verses 14-17, except at the end of verse 16 below. Also see how you translated “give … daughters … take … daughters …” in verse 9.
34:16 i0ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠נָתַ֤נּוּ אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם נִֽקַּֽח לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 “Then we will let our daughters marry your {young men}, and our {young men} will marry your daughters.” or “{If/After you do that,} then we will allow your {young men} to marry our daughters, and {we will allow} your daughters to marry our {young men}.” The pronouns “we,” “our,” and “us” are exclusive in verses 14-17 except for the last “we” in verse 16. Also see how you translated “give … daughters … take … daughters …” in verse 9.
34:16 v17p וְ⁠יָשַׁ֣בְנוּ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “We will {also} settle/live among you {in this land},” See how you translated “settle with” in verse 10.
34:16 ijuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠הָיִ֖ינוּ לְ⁠עַ֥ם אֶחָֽד 1 “so that we become one people group.” or “and as a result we will {all} be/become one people/ethnic group.” Here the “we” is inclusive because Jacob’s sons are including Shechem and Hamor’s people. If you have an inclusive form of this pronoun in your language, you could use it here.
34:17 p6xy וְ⁠אִם לֹ֧א תִשְׁמְע֛וּ אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הִמּ֑וֹל 1 “But/However if you refuse to agree with our requirement that you circumcise {your people/males},” or “But if you will/do not circumcise {your males} as we require/say,”
@ -4561,7 +4561,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
35:17 infx אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י 1 “Do not worry/despair!”
35:17 uww0 כִּֽי גַם זֶ֥ה לָ֖⁠ךְ בֵּֽן 1 “You {now} have another son/boy!” or “You {just} gave birth to another son/boy!”
35:18 ob0k וַ⁠יְהִ֞י בְּ⁠צֵ֤את נַפְשָׁ⁠הּ֙ כִּ֣י מֵ֔תָה 1 “But Rachel was dying, and as her soul/spirit was leaving her body,” or “But {in fact/reality,} Rachel was about to die, and just/right before her soul/spirit left her,” Some translations use an idiom here, for example, “as she was taking her last breath” or “as her life was slipping/fading away”, but it is best to translate this in a way that preserves the biblical teaching that at death the soul or spirit leaves the body.
35:18 lpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ בֶּן אוֹנִ֑י 1 “she named her baby {boy} Benoni, {which means “son of my sorrow/trouble.”}” The meaning of this name could imply that the child caused Rachel’s death. In the Hebrew text this name is two words connected with a dash (“Ben-oni”). Many translations write it that way, or as one word (“Benoni”), and a few translations write it as “Ben Oni”. Any of these spellings is fine.
35:18 lpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ בֶּן אוֹנִ֑י 1 “she named her baby {boy} Benoni, {which means “son of my sorrow/trouble.”}” The meaning of this name could imply that the child caused Rachel’s death. In the Hebrew text this name is two words connected with a dash (“Ben-oni”). Many translations write it that way or as one word (“Benoni”), and a few translations write it as “Ben Oni.” Any of these spellings is fine.
35:18 yl7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו 1 “But {later,} his father {Jacob}”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that this phrase refers to Jacob. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
35:18 qoiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קָֽרָא ל֥⁠וֹ בִנְיָמִֽין 1 “named him Benjamin {instead}.” or “changed his name to Benjamin, {which means “son of my right hand.”}” The phrase “son of my right hand” is an idiom that means “favored son” or “son of strength.”
35:19 z9dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תָּ֖מָת רָחֵ֑ל וַ⁠תִּקָּבֵר֙ 1 “After Rachel died, her body was buried {by Jacob}” or “After Rachel died, they/Jacob buried her {body}”. See how you translated “was buried” in verse 8.
@ -4689,9 +4689,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
36:31 k12n אֲשֶׁ֥ר מָלְכ֖וּ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֑וֹם 1 “who reigned/ruled over {the people of/in} the land/region of Edom”
36:31 htsi לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מְלָךְ מֶ֖לֶךְ לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 “before there were any kings reigning/ruling over the descendants/people of Israel.” or “before the Israelites had their own king.” or “during the time {period} when the Israelites did not yet have their own king.” See how you translated “the sons of Israel” in Gen 32:3.
36:32 h5uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ בֶּ⁠אֱד֔וֹם בֶּ֖לַע בֶּן בְּע֑וֹר 1 “Bela, {who was} the son of Beor, was the {first} king to rule over {the people of} {the land/region of} Edom.” or “The {first} king to rule/reign over {the people of} {the land/region of} Edom was Bela, the son of Beor.”
36:32 q7cf וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ דִּנְהָֽבָה 1 “The name of his hometown {that he ruled from} {was} Dinhabah.” or “His {capital} city {that he ruled from} {was} Dinhabah.” Dinhabah was probably King Bela’s hometown, which he ruled the land of Edom from as his capital city.
36:32 q7cf וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ דִּנְהָֽבָה 1 “The name of his hometown {that he ruled from} {was} Dinhabah.” or “His {capital} city {that he ruled from} {was} Dinhabah.” Dinhabah was probably King Bela’s hometown and his capital city that he ruled the land of Edom from.
36:33 q9ln וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת בָּ֑לַע 1 “When {King} Bela died,”
36:33 yfl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו יוֹבָ֥ב בֶּן זֶ֖רַח מִ⁠בָּצְרָֽה 1 “Jobab, {who was} the son of Zerah from {the city of} Bozrah, took his/Bela’s place as king.” or “Jobab, {who was} the son of Zerah, replaced/succeeded him/Bela as king {and ruled} from {his hometown of} Bozrah.” The phrase “from Bozrah” probably means this was Jobab’s hometown which he ruled from, much like the meaning of “his city” in verses 32, 35 and 39.
36:33 yfl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו יוֹבָ֥ב בֶּן זֶ֖רַח מִ⁠בָּצְרָֽה 1 “Jobab, {who was} the son of Zerah from {the city of} Bozrah, took his/Bela’s place as king.” or “Jobab, {who was} the son of Zerah, replaced/succeeded him/Bela as king {and ruled} from {his hometown of} Bozrah.” The phrase “from Bozrah” probably means this was Jobab’s hometown, which he ruled from, much like the meaning of “his city” in verses 32, 35, and 39.
36:34 a7kc וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת יוֹבָ֑ב 1 “When {King} Jobab died,”
36:34 e0l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו חֻשָׁ֖ם מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ הַ⁠תֵּימָנִֽי 1 “Husham, {who was} from the land/region of the Teman/Temanite people {group}, took his/Jobab’s place as king.” or “Husham replaced/succeeded him/Jobab as king {and reigned/ruled} from {his hometown, which was in} the land/region where the Temanites lived.” King Husham may have been a descendant of Esau’s grandson Teman (verse 11). You could put that information in a footnote. Also compare how you translated verse 33.
36:35 dhzc וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת חֻשָׁ֑ם 1 “When {King} Husham died,”
@ -4727,7 +4727,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
37:2 iyds אֵ֣לֶּה תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב 1 “This/Here is {more of} the record/history about Jacob and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Jacob and his descendants/family:” Consider again how you translated “These are the generations of” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 2:4; 6:9; 11:27; 25:19; 36:1; 37:2, where what follows is a narrative or history of events. Compare that to Gen 5:1; 10:1; 11:10; 25:12; 36:9, where what follows is more of a genealogy (list of names). It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context.
37:2 hh9m יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן שְׁבַֽע עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ 1 “{One day} {his} seventeen-year-old son Joseph” or “{Jacob’s/His son} Joseph, who was seventeen years old,” This verse may be referring to a single incident or it may be referring to what happened regularly.
37:2 wtc2 הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה & בַּ⁠צֹּ֔אן 1 “was taking care of the {family’s} flock{s} {of sheep and goats}” or “had the work/job of pasturing/tending the {family’s} flock{s} {of sheep and goats}”. See how you translated “flocks” in Gen 4:2.
37:2 xjuz אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ & וְ⁠ה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת 1 “Joseph was helping his brothers {who were}” or “as an assistant/helper for his brothers {who were}”
37:2 xjuz אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ & וְ⁠ה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת 1 “as an assistant/helper for his brothers {who were}” or “Joseph was helping his brothers {who were}”. As the youngest of these brothers, Joseph was their helper as they took care of their father’s flocks.
37:2 ilb3 בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ו 1 “the sons of his father’s {servant} wives Bilhah and Zilpah,” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Bilhah” in Gen 29:29 and “Zilpah” in 29:24.
37:2 i0ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת דִּבָּתָ֥⁠ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל אֲבִי⁠הֶֽם 1 “and he told their/his father about the bad things they were doing.” or “and he gave bad/negative reports to their/his father about them.” The Hebrew text does not specify what Joseph’s brothers had done wrong, so neither should your translation. Also, make sure your translation of “their father” does not sound like the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah had a different father than Joseph had.
37:3 tws4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 “Now {Jacob, whose other name was} Israel,” or “Israel, {that is, Jacob,}” This verse introduces background information for the events that happen next. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. Make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that Jacob (verse 1) and Israel (verse 3) refer to the same person, not two separate people. For a note about this, see Gen 35:10.
@ -4827,11 +4827,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
37:24 nbwf וַ⁠יַּשְׁלִ֥כוּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠בֹּ֑רָ⁠ה 1 “and put him into the pit/well.” See how you translated “throw him” and “cistern” in verse 20.
37:24 za8r וְ⁠הַ⁠בּ֣וֹר רֵ֔ק אֵ֥ין בּ֖⁠וֹ מָֽיִם 1 “Now the pit/well {was} empty; it had no water in it.” or “The pit/well {was} empty and {completely} dry inside.”
37:25 h666 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּשְׁבוּ֮ לֶֽ⁠אֱכָל לֶחֶם֒ 1 “Then {some of} Joseph’s brothers sat down to eat a meal,” It is clear from verse 29 that Reuben was not there when his brothers made the plan to sell Joseph to the traders.
37:25 gl5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֤וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠הֶם֙ וַ⁠יִּרְא֔וּ 1 “and {while they were eating,} they looked around”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in Gen 22:13.
37:25 gl5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֤וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠הֶם֙ וַ⁠יִּרְא֔וּ 1 “and {while they were eating,} they looked around” or “{While they were eating,} they looked around”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in Gen 22:13.
37:25 de55 וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ 1 “and saw/noticed {that}” or “and they saw/noticed {that}”
37:25 yfo8 אֹרְחַ֣ת 1 “a {large} group/company of”. A “caravan” is a large group of people who are traveling together.
37:25 ztmn יִשְׁמְעֵאלִ֔ים 1 “Ishmaelite {traders/merchants}” or “{traders/merchants} from the Ishmael/Ishmaelite people group” or “{traders/merchants who were} descendants of Ishmael”. See how you translated the names of other people groups in Gen 15:19-21.
37:25 klhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּאָ֖ה מִ⁠גִּלְעָ֑ד 1 “{who were} traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was headed their way}.” or “traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was coming toward them}.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of some of the implied information in this sentence and say, “… and saw/noticed {that headed their way was} a {large} group of Ishmaelite {traders/merchants} {that was} coming/traveling from {the region of} Gilead.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Gilead” in Gen 31:21, 23, 25.
37:25 klhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּאָ֖ה מִ⁠גִּלְעָ֑ד 1 “was coming/traveling {toward them} from {the region of} Gilead.” or “was traveling from {the region of} Gilead {and was headed their way}.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of some of the implied information in this sentence and say, “… and saw/noticed {that headed their way/direction was} a {large} group of Ishmaelite {traders/merchants} {that was} coming/traveling from {the region of} Gilead.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Gilead” in Gen 31:21, 23, 25.
37:25 mpjz וּ⁠גְמַלֵּי⁠הֶ֣ם נֹֽשְׂאִ֗ים 1 “Their camels were loaded with”. Consider again how you translated “camel” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16 (and note); 24:10-11, 14, 19-20, 22, 25, 30-32, 35, 44, 46, 61, 63-64; 30:43; 31:17, 18, 34; 32:7, 15; 37:25.
37:25 duc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns נְכֹאת֙ וּ⁠צְרִ֣י וָ⁠לֹ֔ט 1 “{expensive} spices, healing resin/salve and incense”. Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River that was famous as a source of balm (or balsam), which was a rare tree resin that was used for perfume and for medicine. Myrrh was another type of tree resin that was used as incense and as medicine. You could put some of that information in a footnote.
37:25 ogiz הוֹלְכִ֖ים לְ⁠הוֹרִ֥יד מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 “that they were taking/transporting down to {the country of} Egypt {to sell there}.” or “that they were taking {to sell} in {the country of} Egypt.”
@ -4864,7 +4864,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
37:32 faw3 הַ⁠כְּתֹ֧נֶת בִּנְ⁠ךָ֛ הִ֖וא אִם לֹֽא 1 “whether/if it {is} your son’s tunic/robe.” or “whether or not it {is} your son’s.”
37:33 nule וַ⁠יַּכִּירָ֤⁠הּ וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “Jacob examined/recognized the robe and exclaimed,”
37:33 ifzw כְּתֹ֣נֶת בְּנִ֔⁠י 1 “{This is} my son {Joseph}’s tunic/robe!” or “This tunic/robe belongs to my son {Joseph}!”
37:33 mjef חַיָּ֥ה רָעָ֖ה אֲכָלָ֑תְ⁠הוּ טָרֹ֥ף טֹרַ֖ף יוֹסֵֽף 1 “Surely/Clearly a fierce/vicious/ferocious {wild} animal has torn Joseph/him to pieces/bits and eaten him up/down!” See how you translated “an evil animal devoured him” in verse 20.
37:33 mjef חַיָּ֥ה רָעָ֖ה אֲכָלָ֑תְ⁠הוּ טָרֹ֥ף טֹרַ֖ף יוֹסֵֽף 1 “Surely/Clearly a fierce/vicious/ferocious {wild} animal has torn Joseph/him to pieces/bits and eaten him up!” See how you translated “an evil animal devoured him” in verse 20.
37:34 ix46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֤ע יַעֲקֹב֙ שִׂמְלֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 “Then Jacob tore his clothes {in grief/sorrow},” or “Jacob {was so grieved that he} tore his clothes,” See how you translated “tore his clothes” in verse 29.
37:34 d98k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם שַׂ֖ק בְּ⁠מָתְנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “put on sackcloth,” or “put on mourning clothes,” It was a Hebrew custom to wear sackcloth, which was a rough/coarse garment made/woven from black goats’ hair, to show that the person was mourning for someone’s death. If this custom is not familiar in your culture, you could put that information in a footnote.
37:34 a63b וַ⁠יִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל בְּנ֖⁠וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 “and for many days he mourned/grieved that his son had died.” or “and for a {very} long time he mourned/grieved that/because his son was dead/gone.” See how you translated “mourn” in Gen 27:41.
@ -4874,7 +4874,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
37:35 re6d וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “Instead he said {to them},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
37:35 wdyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּֽי אֵרֵ֧ד אֶל בְּנִ֛⁠י אָבֵ֖ל שְׁאֹ֑לָ⁠ה 1 “{No,} I will continue to mourn until I {die and} join my son down in Sheol.” or “{No,} I will continue to mourn {for my son} until I {die and} go down to be with him in the afterworld.” Sheol is the Hebrew name for the world of the dead, that is, the place where the spirits of dead people lived. You could put that information in a footnote. Your translation of “Sheol” should not refer to hell or a place of punishment. Some translations have “the grave” here, but that leaves out the idea of an afterlife that this sentence implies.
37:35 qt95 וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ אָבִֽי⁠ו 1 “So/Then Joseph’s father continued to mourn/grieve {deeply} for him/Joseph.”
37:36 j9zi וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מְּדָנִ֔ים מָכְר֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֶל מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Meanwhile, in {the country of} Egypt, the Midianite {traders} sold Joseph” or “Meanwhile, when the Midianite {traders} got to {the country of} Egypt, they sold Joseph”. Verse 36 picks up where verse 28 left off and occurred during the time that the events in verses 29-35 happened.
37:36 j9zi וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מְּדָנִ֔ים מָכְר֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֶל מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Meanwhile, in {the country of} Egypt, the Midianite {traders} sold Joseph” or “Meanwhile, when the Midianite {traders} got to {the country of} Egypt, they sold Joseph”. The event in verse 36 occurred during the time that the events in verses 29-35 happened.
37:36 ng42 לְ⁠פֽוֹטִיפַר֙ סְרִ֣יס פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 “to Potiphar, {who was} an official/officer under Pharaoh {the king of/over Egypt};” See how you translated “Pharaoh” in Gen 12:15-20.
37:36 hd6f שַׂ֖ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִֽים 1 “{he was} the captain over the {royal/palace} guards.” or “{he was} the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king.”
38:1 vktj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בָּ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֔וא 1 “Meanwhile,” or “At/About that/this time,” The phrase “And it happened” introduces a new episode here. Some translations leave it implied. Do what is best in your language.
@ -4893,13 +4893,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
38:5 rsf9 וַ⁠תֹּ֤סֶף עוֹד֙ 1 “Then she conceived again” or “Then she became pregnant yet again”
38:5 ospi וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן 1 “and gave birth to {another} son,”
38:5 vzkw וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ שֵׁלָ֑ה 1 “and she named him Shelah.”
38:5 l4tz וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה בִ⁠כְזִ֖יב בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֥⁠הּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He/Judah was in/at {the town of} Kezib when she gave birth to Shelah.” or “When she gave birth to Shelah, Judah was in {the town of} Kezib.” (2) “It was in {the town of} Kezib that she gave birth to him/Shelah.” or “She was in Kezib when she gave birth to him/Shelah.”
38:5 l4tz וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה בִ⁠כְזִ֖יב בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֥⁠הּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He/Judah was in/at {the town of} Kezib when she gave birth to Shelah.” or “When she gave birth to Shelah, Judah was in {the town of} Kezib.” or (2) “It was in {the town of} Kezib that she gave birth to him/Shelah.” or “She was in Kezib when she gave birth to him/Shelah.”
38:6 pv6j וַ⁠יִּקַּ֧ח יְהוּדָ֛ה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְ⁠עֵ֣ר בְּכוֹר֑⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ תָּמָֽר 1 “Years later, Judah got/chose a wife named Tamar for his firstborn/oldest son Er.” or “When Judah’s firstborn/oldest son Er grew up, Judah arranged/negotiated for him to marry a woman whose name {was} Tamar.” See how you translated the phrase “took a wife for” in Gen 21:21.
38:7 roio וַ⁠יְהִ֗י עֵ֚ר בְּכ֣וֹר יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 “But Judah’s firstborn/oldest son Er” or “But Er”. Some languages leave “the firstborn of Judah” implied here since Er was already called the firstborn in verse 6. The Hebrew text repeats that information here to emphasize Er’s relationship to Judah in the following events. Do what is best in your language.
38:7 unv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֗י & רַ֖ע בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 “did things that were evil/wicked in Yahweh’s sight/opinion,” or “did something/things that Yahweh considered/judged to be evil/wicked,” The Hebrew text does not specify what Er had done wrong, so neither should your translation. See how you translated the idiom “in the eyes of Yahweh” in Gen 6:8.
38:7 gnk5 וַ⁠יְמִתֵ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה 1 “so Yahweh took his life.” or “so Yahweh caused him to die.”
38:8 k9rm וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוּדָה֙ לְ⁠אוֹנָ֔ן 1 “After that, Judah told {his son} Onan,”
38:8 id8g בֹּ֛א אֶל אֵ֥שֶׁת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “Marry your brother’s wife/widow {Tamar} {according to our custom}”. The Israelites practiced the custom of Levirate marriage, which meant that if a man died without any children, it was his oldest brother’s duty to marry his widow and have a son together who would carry on the deceased man’s family line and inherit his estate (See: [Deuteronomy 25:5-6](../deu/25/05.md)). You could put some of that information in a footnote.
38:8 id8g בֹּ֛א אֶל אֵ֥שֶׁת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “Marry your brother’s wife/widow {Tamar} {according to our custom}”. The Israelites practiced the custom of Levirate marriage, which meant that if a man died without any children, it was his oldest brother’s duty to marry his widow so that together they could have a son who would carry on the deceased man’s family line and inherit his estate (See: [Deuteronomy 25:5-6](../deu/25/05.md)). You could put some of that information in a footnote.
38:8 oq0f וְ⁠יַבֵּ֣ם אֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 “so that you fulfill your duty/obligation to her {as her brother-in-law}”
38:8 xpyj וְ⁠הָקֵ֥ם זֶ֖רַע 1 “and produce/have children {with her}”
38:8 xkri לְ⁠אָחִֽי⁠ךָ 1 “for your {deceased} brother.” or “to carry on {the name of} your brother {Er}.”
@ -5047,8 +5047,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
39:9 vvmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠לֹֽא חָשַׂ֤ךְ מִמֶּ֨⁠נִּי֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם אוֹתָ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתְּ אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and he has given me freedom with everything {in his household}, except you, {of course,} because you {are} his wife.” or “He allows me to do anything {in his household}, except with you, his wife.” The phrase “has not withheld” is a litotes that emphasizes the freedom that Potiphar had given Joseph. Some languages must translate this in a way that does not use a negative word such as “not”. Do what is best in your language.
39:9 py3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אֵ֨יךְ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֜ה הָ⁠רָעָ֤ה הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את וְ⁠חָטָ֖אתִי לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים 1 “So I refuse to do such an evil thing, which would be a terrible sin against God!” or “So there is no way I would {ever} sin against God by doing such an evil thing!” Joseph uses this rhetorical question to emphasize why he will not do what Potiphar’s wife wants. Do what is best in your language.
39:10 zye2 וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כְּ⁠דַבְּרָ֥⁠הּ אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף י֣וֹם י֑וֹם 1 “Even though Potiphar’s wife kept propositioning/pressuring Joseph every day {to lie/sleep with her},” or “Day after day, Potiphar’s wife kept pressuring/asking Joseph {to go to bed with her}, but”. The phrase “Then/And it happened” is used several times in this chapter (verses 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19) to introduce and emphasize important events and to increase suspense so that the audience wonders what the outcome will be. Many English translations have omitted this phrase, possibly for reasons of naturalness. Consider whether you have an expression like this that is natural in your language.
39:10 lu95 וְ⁠לֹא שָׁמַ֥ע אֵלֶ֛י⁠הָ 1 “he did not do what she wanted, but refused to lie/sleep with her,” or “he refused/rejected her requests/demands”
39:10 nept לִ⁠שְׁכַּ֥ב אֶצְלָ֖⁠הּ לִ⁠הְי֥וֹת עִמָּֽ⁠הּ 1 “and he stayed away from her.” or “and would not {even} go near her.”
39:10 lu95 וְ⁠לֹא שָׁמַ֥ע אֵלֶ֛י⁠הָ לִ⁠שְׁכַּ֥ב אֶצְלָ֖⁠הּ 1 “he did not do what she wanted, but refused to lie/sleep with her,” or “he refused/rejected her requests/demands”
39:10 nept לִ⁠הְי֥וֹת עִמָּֽ⁠הּ 1 “and he stayed away from her.” or “and would not {even} go near her.”
39:11 mdad וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כְּ⁠הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 “{But} then on a day like that,” or “Then/But one such day” or “Then/But one day”
39:11 okgm וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א הַ⁠בַּ֖יְתָ⁠ה לַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וֹת מְלַאכְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Joseph went to {his master’s/owner’s} house {as usual} to do his work, and/but” or “when Joseph went into the/Potiphar’s house to work,”
39:11 vnms וְ⁠אֵ֨ין אִ֜ישׁ מֵ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠בַּ֛יִת שָׁ֖ם בַּ⁠בָּֽיִת 1 “no other menservants from the household were there.” or “none of the other household menservants were there.”
@ -5180,19 +5180,19 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
40:21 ehc4 וַ⁠יָּ֛שֶׁב 1 “Then he reinstated/reappointed/returned”. See how you translated “restore … to … position” in verse 13.
40:21 iuza אֶת שַׂ֥ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֖ים עַל מַשְׁקֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “the chief/head wine-server to his {former/previous} position/work,”
40:21 lrle וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן הַ⁠כּ֖וֹס עַל כַּ֥ף פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “so that {once again} he served wine to him.” or “so that {once again} he had the duty of serving him his cup of wine.” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 13.
40:22 n0d9 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים תָּלָ֑ה 1 “But {as for} the chief/head baker, he/Pharaoh had him {executed and} hanged {on a tree/pole}.” or “But he/Pharaoh {had his soldiers execute} the head baker {and} impale {his body on a pole/stake}.” Notice that “the chief of the bakers” is at the beginning of this clause in the Hebrew text to emphasize him and contrast him with what happened to the chief cupbearer. Do what is natural in your language. See how you translated “hang … on a tree” in verse 19.
40:22 n0d9 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים תָּלָ֑ה 1 “But {as for} the chief/head baker, he/Pharaoh had him {executed/beheaded and} hanged/impaled {on a tree/pole}.” or “But he/Pharaoh {had his soldiers execute/behead} the head baker {and} impale {his body on a pole/stake}.” It is implied here that the baker was beheaded before his body was impaled on a stake (verse 19). Also, notice that “the chief of the bakers” is at the beginning of this clause in the Hebrew text to emphasize him and contrast him with what happened to the chief cupbearer. Do what is natural in your language. See how you translated “hang … on a tree” in verse 19.
40:22 s6xh כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר פָּתַ֛ר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם יוֹסֵֽף 1 “{Everything happened} exactly the way Joseph had interpreted/explained {their dreams} to them.” or “which was exactly what Joseph had said would happen.”
40:23 z4vm וְ⁠לֹֽא־זָכַ֧ר שַֽׂר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֛ים אֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּחֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 “But the chief/head cupbearer/wine-server did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} Joseph, but {rather/instead,} he forgot {about} him.” or “… {completely} forgot about Joseph and did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} him.”
41:1 r8s5 וַ⁠יְהִ֕י מִ⁠קֵּ֖ץ שְׁנָתַ֣יִם יָמִ֑ים 1 “After two full years had passed,” or “Two whole/complete years later,”
41:1 ydjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֣ה חֹלֵ֔ם וְ⁠הִנֵּ֖ה עֹמֵ֥ד 1 “{King} Pharaoh had a dream. {In the dream} he saw himself standing” or “{King} Pharaoh dreamed that he was standing”. See how you translated “Pharaoh” in Gen 40:2.
41:1 a5ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “beside the {Nile} River.” This phrase usually refers to the Nile River, which was the most important river in Egypt and was so well known by everyone that it was referred to as “the River”. See how you translated a different Hebrew word for “river” in Gen 36:37.
41:1 a5ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “beside the {Nile} River.” This phrase usually refers to the Nile River, which was the most important river in Egypt and was so well known by everyone there that it was referred to as “the river”. See how you translated a different Hebrew word for “river” in Gen 36:37.
41:2 oe0t וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 “Then suddenly,” or “Then he saw that” or “Suddenly,”
41:2 f6tt מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֗ר עֹלֹת֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פָּר֔וֹת יְפ֥וֹת מַרְאֶ֖ה וּ⁠בְרִיאֹ֣ת בָּשָׂ֑ר 1 “seven cows {that were} healthy-looking and fat/well-fed came/walked up out of the river {onto the bank/land}” or “seven healthy-looking, fat/well-fed cows came/walked up out of the river {onto the bank/land}”. Make sure your translation does not sound like the cows rose up out of the water into the air. Also see how you translated “cows” in Gen 32:15.
41:2 s1lh וַ⁠תִּרְעֶ֖ינָה בָּ⁠אָֽחוּ 1 “and started grazing/feeding on the grass {that was there}.” or “and started eating the tall/marsh grass {beside the river}.”
41:3 ud6q וְ⁠הִנֵּ֞ה 1 “Then suddenly,” or “Then/Next he saw that”
41:3 vh9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שֶׁ֧בַע פָּר֣וֹת אֲחֵר֗וֹת עֹל֤וֹת אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶן֙ מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֔ר רָע֥וֹת מַרְאֶ֖ה וְ⁠דַקּ֣וֹת בָּשָׂ֑ר 1 “seven cows {that were} sickly-looking and scrawny/skinny walked up out of the river” or “seven sickly-looking, scrawny/skinny cows came/walked up out of the river”
41:3 ndip וַֽ⁠תַּעֲמֹ֛דְנָה אֵ֥צֶל הַ⁠פָּר֖וֹת 1 “and stood next to the {first/healthy} cows”
41:3 gq8x עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “on the bank of the river.” or “on the river bank.” Consider again how you refer to “the River” in verses 1-3. If you refer to it as “the {Nile} River” in verse 1, it may be more natural to refer to it as “the river” after that. Do what is best in your language.
41:3 gq8x עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “on the bank of the river.” or “on the river bank.” Consider again how you refer to “the river” in verses 1-3. If you refer to it as “the {Nile} River” in verse 1, it may be more natural to refer to it as “the river” after that. Do what is best in your language.
41:4 vd7n וַ⁠תֹּאכַ֣לְנָה הַ⁠פָּר֗וֹת רָע֤וֹת הַ⁠מַּרְאֶה֙ וְ⁠דַקֹּ֣ת הַ⁠בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 “Then the sickly-looking, scrawny/skinny cows devoured” or “Then the cows {that were} sickly-looking and scrawny/skinny ate/swallowed {up/down}”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
41:4 efl8 אֵ֚ת שֶׁ֣בַע הַ⁠פָּר֔וֹת יְפֹ֥ת הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֖ה וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּרִיאֹ֑ת 1 “the seven healthy-looking, fat/well-fed cows.” or “the seven cows {that were} healthy-looking and fat/well-fed.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2.
41:4 gisj וַ⁠יִּיקַ֖ץ פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “{Just} then {King} Pharaoh woke up.” or “After that, the king woke up.” Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Pharaoh at each point/occurrence in this chapter.
@ -5219,7 +5219,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
41:9 sjxn שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים 1 “Then/But the head wine-server”. Consider again how you translated “chief of the cupbearers” and “cupbearer” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 5, 9, 13, 20-21, 23; 41:9.
41:9 gu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּר֙ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Then/But the head wine-server spoke {up} and said to Pharaoh,” or “Then/But the head wine-server said to Pharaoh,” Consider again how you translated “chief of the cupbearers” and “cupbearer” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 5, 9, 13, 20-21, 23; 41:9.
41:9 qree rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics אֲנִ֖י מַזְכִּ֥יר הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 “{Sir,} today I remember” or “{Your Majesty/Honor,} I now remember”. For many languages, it is necessary to use a respectful title to address a person of high status like Pharaoh. Do what is best in your language.
41:9 lq2t אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י 1 “my sins/failures.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{the time} when I offended/displeased/wronged {you}.” (2) “something {important} I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph.
41:9 lq2t אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י 1 “my sins/failures.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{the time} when I offended/displeased/wronged {you}.” or (2) “something {important} I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph.
41:10 lbfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַּרְעֹ֖ה קָצַ֣ף עַל 1 “{Some time ago,} {King} Pharaoh, {you} were very angry at/with”. The events in verses 10-13 had happened two years earlier (verse 1); chapter 40 gives the details about those events. See how you translated the idiom “broke out in anger against” in Gen 40:2.
41:10 ttw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “his/your officials/officers,” In verses 10 and 13, the cupbearer uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your …you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language.
41:10 hhkv וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתִ֜⁠י בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר בֵּ֚ית שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים אֹתִ֕⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִֽים 1 “{including} me and the chief/head baker, and he/you put us in custody/prison at the captain of the guards’ house.” or “and he/you put the head baker and me in the prison that is in the house of the captain of the guards.” See how you translated “put … in custody in the house of the chief of the guards” in Gen 40:3. Also consider again how you translated “chief of the bakers” and “baker” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 4-5, 16-17, 20, 22; 41:10, 13.
@ -5248,7 +5248,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
41:16 d4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת שְׁל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “for your well-being/good, {King} Pharaoh.” or “so that {you,} {King} Pharaoh, will have peace {in your heart/spirit}.” Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to use Pharaoh’s name at the beginning of this quote (instead of here) and say, “{King} Pharaoh, I do not have that ability…”
41:17 c1wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “So Pharaoh told Joseph/him,”
41:17 ud49 בַּ⁠חֲלֹמִ֕⁠י הִנְ⁠נִ֥י עֹמֵ֖ד 1 “As I was dreaming, I saw myself standing” or “I dreamed that I was standing”
41:17 g4ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “on the bank of the {Nile} River.” or “beside the {Nile} River.” See how you translated “the {Nile} River” in verse 1. Since this is the first time that Pharaoh mentions “the River” to Joseph, consider whether this is a good place in your translation to make it explicit again that this is the Nile River.
41:17 g4ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “on the bank of the {Nile} River.” or “beside the {Nile} River.” See how you translated “the {Nile} River” in verse 1. Since this is the first time that Pharaoh mentions “the river” to Joseph, consider whether this is a good place in your translation to make it explicit again that this is the Nile River.
41:18 teht וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 “Then suddenly,” or “Then I saw that”. Compare how you translated verse 2, which is similar but not identical to verse 18.
41:18 kz9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֗ר עֹלֹת֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פָּר֔וֹת בְּרִיא֥וֹת בָּשָׂ֖ר וִ⁠יפֹ֣ת תֹּ֑אַר 1 “seven cows {that were} fat and healthy-looking came/walked up out of the river {onto the bank/land}” or “seven fat/well-fed, healthy-looking cows came/walked up out of the river {onto the bank/land}”
41:18 savx וַ⁠תִּרְעֶ֖ינָה בָּ⁠אָֽחוּ 1 “and started grazing/feeding on” or “and started eating”
@ -5340,14 +5340,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
41:43 etvw וַ⁠יַּרְכֵּ֣ב אֹת֗⁠וֹ 1 “Then Pharaoh had Joseph ride {around}”
41:43 htid rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction בְּ⁠מִרְכֶּ֤בֶת הַ⁠מִּשְׁנֶה֙ אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “in a royal {horse-drawn} chariot/cart as his second-in-command” or “in the {horse-drawn} chariot/cart that showed he was the second highest ruler in the country.” A chariot is a cart with two or four wheels that was pulled by one or more horses. It was used as transportation and was especially used in battles. Translate this in a way that fits with this description. It may be helpful to include a picture of a chariot in your translation.
41:43 g33q וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֥וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו 1 “{As he rode,} heralds/messengers {walked} {in the road/streets} ahead of him calling out {to everyone},” Make sure the way you translate “shouted” does not sound angry. Rather they were calling out loudly enough for people to hear them.
41:43 m84b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction אַבְרֵ֑ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. (1) It could be a transliteration of an Egyptian word that means “Bow down {in reverence/respect}!” or “Make way {for the king’s appointed one}!” or “Welcome/Honor {your new leader}!” which is what people would be told to do to honor an important person. (2) It could be a combination of Hebrew words that means, “{This is} {the} father of {the} king!” which is similar to what Joseph says in Gen 45:8.
41:43 m84b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction אַבְרֵ֑ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could (1) be a transliteration of an Egyptian word that means “Bow down {in reverence/respect}!” or “Make way {for the king’s appointed one}!” or “Welcome/Honor {your new leader}!” which is what people would be told to do to honor an important person; or (2) it could be a combination of Hebrew words that means “{This is} {the} father of {the} king!”, which is similar to what Joseph says in Gen 45:8.
41:43 ry99 וְ⁠נָת֣וֹן אֹת֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל 1 “So Pharaoh put Joseph in charge of” or “In that way, Pharaoh {officially} appointed/installed Joseph to be {the manager/supervisor} over/of”. See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 41.
41:43 a2y8 כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “the whole/entire land/country of Egypt.”
41:44 yszd וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֛ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 “Pharaoh {also} told Joseph,”
41:44 h6j0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בִלְעָדֶ֗י⁠ךָ לֹֽא יָרִ֨ים אִ֧ישׁ אֶת יָד֛⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת רַגְל֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “I, Pharaoh, {hereby command/decree} that no one throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt may do anything unless you tell them to do it!” or “I, Pharaoh, {hereby command/decree} that throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt, everyone must only do what you tell them to do!” The phrase “will not lift his hand or foot” is hyperbole (exaggeration) that is used to emphasize joseph’s authority. Consider whether or not it is clear and natural to do that here in your language.
41:44 ybcw אֲנִ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה 1 “I, Pharaoh, {hereby command/decree} that”
41:44 h6j0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בִלְעָדֶ֗י⁠ךָ לֹֽא יָרִ֨ים אִ֧ישׁ אֶת יָד֛⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת רַגְל֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “no one throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt may do anything unless you tell them to do it!” or “throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt, everyone must only do what you tell them to do!” The phrase “will not lift his hand or foot” is hyperbole (exaggeration) that is used to emphasize Joseph’s authority. Consider whether or not it is clear and natural to do that here in your language.
41:45 nudt וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֣ה שֵׁם יוֹסֵף֮ 1 “Then Pharaoh called Joseph by the {Egyptian} name” or “Then Pharaoh gave Joseph the {Egyptian} name”
41:45 w29d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צָֽפְנַ֣ת פַּעְנֵחַ֒ 1 “Zaphenath-Paneah, {which means “explainer/revealer of secrets,”}” or “Zaphenath-Paneah, {which means “the one who explains/reveals secrets,”}”
41:45 c09b וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת אָֽסְנַ֗ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֛רַע כֹּהֵ֥ן אֹ֖ן לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 “and he gave him {a woman named} Asenath to be {his} wife. {She was} the daughter of Potiphera, {who was} a priest {at the temple} in/at {the city of} On.” Potiphera was a pagan priest, who led people in worshiping the Egyptians’ gods, not Yahweh. See how you translated “priest” in Gen 14:18.
41:45 c09b וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת אָֽסְנַ֗ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֛רַע כֹּהֵ֥ן אֹ֖ן לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 “and he gave him {a woman named} Asenath to be {his} wife. {She was} the daughter of Potiphera, {who was} a priest {at the temple} in/at {the city of} On.” Potiphera was a pagan priest, and he led people in worshiping the Egyptians’ gods, not Yahweh. See how you translated “priest” in Gen 14:18.
41:45 qrou וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֖ף עַל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “Then Joseph started going/traveling around all over the land/country of Egypt.” or “Then Joseph {started his duties/work and} traveled throughout the land/country of Egypt.”
41:46 l8de וְ⁠יוֹסֵף֙ בֶּן שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “Joseph {was} thirty years old”. Consider what is the best way to begin this new paragraph in your language.
41:46 tinh בְּ⁠עָמְד֕⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י 1 “when he had that meeting/audience with” or “when he started serving”. This phrase refers to when Joseph stood before Pharaoh and was commissioned to serve as the second-highest ruler in Egypt.
@ -5424,7 +5425,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
42:6 fpi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַ⁠שַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{Since} Joseph {was} the administrator over the land/country {of Egypt},”
42:6 grm0 ה֥וּא הַ⁠מַּשְׁבִּ֖יר 1 “he {was} the one selling {grain}”
42:6 ee6z לְ⁠כָל עַ֣ם 1 “to people {who came to him} from all over”
42:6 sus5 הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the country {of Egypt}” as it does earlier in verse 6; or it can mean or (2) “the earth/world.”
42:6 sus5 הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the country {of Egypt}”, as it does earlier in verse 6; or (2) “the earth/world.”
42:6 mgwx וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 So/Then Joseph’s brothers {also} came/went
42:6 mdhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ ל֥⁠וֹ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “before him {like everyone else} and bowed down {with} {their} faces/foreheads to/toward the ground {to show him respect}.” or “{to him} and prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}.” See how you translated “bow down” in Gen 37:7, 9-10.
42:7 bbex וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת אֶחָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּכִּרֵ֑⁠ם 1 “When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them,” or “Joseph immediately recognized his brothers”
@ -5569,7 +5570,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
42:38 lyr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship כִּֽי אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת 1 “His brother is dead,” Joseph was Benjamin’s older brother from the same father and mother. Consider whether your language has a special kinship term for that. Also consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language.
42:38 gth5 וְ⁠ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֣⁠וֹ נִשְׁאָ֗ר 1 “so he is the only one {of his mother’s sons} {who is} still alive.” or “and/so he is the only one/son {I have} left {from his mother}.” You could include a footnote here that explains that Joseph and Benjamin were the only two sons of Rachel, Jacob’s favorite wife who died after giving birth to Benjamin (Gen 35:16-20).
42:38 q1la rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠קְרָאָ֤⁠הוּ אָסוֹן֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ 1 “And/So if he were to be harmed/killed during your journey,” or “So if anything bad happened to him while you are traveling,” Jacob is saying what would happen if he lost Benjamin too. Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical statement in your language. Also, see how you translated “harm … meet him” in verse 4.
42:38 bz42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠הוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I would {die and} go down” or “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I would {die and} go down”. The phrase “my gray head” is a synecdoche which Jacob uses to refer to himself as their aged father. Consider whether your language has a similar phrase that is natural and works well here.
42:38 bz42 וְ⁠הוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I would {die and} go down” or “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I would {die and} go down”. Jacob uses the phrase “my gray head” to refer to himself as their aged father. Consider whether your language has a similar phrase that is natural and works well here.
42:38 whbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁאֽוֹלָ⁠ה 1 “to the afterworld!” The Hebrew term “Sheol” is the name of the place where the spirits of people went after they died. If you transliterate the name “Sheol” in your translation, you could put its meaning in a footnote. See how you translated this term in Gen 37:35, and see the note about that there.
43:1 ddpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב 1 “The famine” or “The food shortage”. The setting changes here to focus on what is happening in Canaan. Some languages use a special conjunction (like “Now”) to indicate that, while others do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language.
43:1 k8tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּבֵ֥ד 1 “{was} oppressive/severe” or “{continued to be} severe”. The word “heavy” is used here as an idiom that means the famine caused everyone much suffering. See how you translated the same idiom in Gen 12:10 and Gen 41:31.
@ -5714,7 +5715,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
43:29 etkj בְּנִֽ⁠י 1 “young man.” The phrase “my son” is a kind way to address a man who is younger or of lower status; it does not mean that Benjamin was Joseph’s actual son. Also, for some languages it is necessary to put this address first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language.
43:30 hmes וַ⁠יְמַהֵ֣ר יוֹסֵ֗ף 1 “Then Joseph quickly/hurriedly left {the room}” or “Then/Suddenly Joseph rushed out {of the room}”
43:30 mlcg כִּֽי נִכְמְר֤וּ רַחֲמָי⁠ו֙ אֶל אָחִ֔י⁠ו 1 “because he was feeling deeply emotional about his brother,” or “because he felt overwhelmed with emotions for/about his brother”
43:30 lthk וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לִ⁠בְכּ֑וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and desired/wanted to cry,” or “and felt like crying,” or “and was about to cry,” (2) “and was looking for {a place} to cry,” or “and went to find {a place} to cry,”
43:30 lthk וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לִ⁠בְכּ֑וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and desired/wanted to cry,” or “and felt like crying,” or “and was about to cry,” or (2) “and was looking for {a place} to cry,” or “and went to find {a place} to cry,”
43:30 a4rn וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א הַ⁠חַ֖דְרָ⁠ה 1 “so he went to his private room” or “So he went to his bedroom,”
43:30 kzi6 וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 “so that he could cry there.” or “where he cried {privately}.”
43:31 vi1v וַ⁠יִּרְחַ֥ץ פָּנָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֑א וַ⁠יִּ֨תְאַפַּ֔ק 1 “After a while, he stopped crying, washed {the tears off} his face and came out {of his room}” or “After he had gotten control of his emotions {and stopped crying}, he washed {the tears off} his face and came back out {of his room}.”
@ -5769,9 +5770,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:9 wzg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics וְ⁠גַם אֲנַ֕חְנוּ נִֽהְיֶ֥ה לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֖⁠י לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “and besides that, {the rest of} us will become slaves/servants for you, sir.” or “and {the rest of} us, sir, will become your slaves/servants.” See how you translated “my lord” in verse 7.
44:10 o3gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “The/Joseph’s servant replied {to them},”
44:10 dbf7 גַּם עַתָּ֥ה 1 “So/Okay then,” or “Very well then,”
44:10 uj13 כְ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כֶּן ה֑וּא 1 “based on what you have said I will do this:” or “I will do as you suggest, {but/except only}”
44:10 v6rg אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִמָּצֵ֤א אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “the one whom I find with my master’s cup” or “if I find one of you with my master’s cup, that person”
44:10 soyh יִהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י עָ֔בֶד 1 “will be/become my slave/servant.”
44:10 uj13 כְ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כֶּן ה֑וּא 1 “based on what you have said I will do this:” or “I will do as you suggest {except for this}:”
44:10 v6rg אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִמָּצֵ֤א אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “The one whom I find with my master’s cup” or “If I find one of you with my master’s cup, that person”
44:10 soyh יִהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י עָ֔בֶד 1 “{is the only one who} will be/become my slave/servant.”
44:10 dww7 וְ⁠אַתֶּ֖ם תִּהְי֥וּ נְקִיִּֽם 1 “{The rest of} you will be innocent {and free to go}.” or “but {the rest of} you will be free to go/leave.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
44:11 hime וַֽ⁠יְמַהֲר֗וּ וַ⁠יּוֹרִ֛דוּ אִ֥ישׁ אֶת אַמְתַּחְתּ֖⁠וֹ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 “So each of them quickly/immediately lowered his sack/bag {of grain} {from his donkey} to the ground,” or “Then/So each of the men/brothers quickly/immediately took his {grain} sack/bag {off his donkey} and put it on the ground,”
44:11 puw2 וַֽ⁠יִּפְתְּח֖וּ אִ֥ישׁ אַמְתַּחְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and each of them opened his {own} sack/bag.” or “and opened it.”
@ -5793,7 +5794,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:16 vuo6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה נֹּאמַר֙ לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “Sir, there is nothing {convincing} that we can say {to you}.” Judah uses a series of rhetorical questions in this verse to express how upset he is about what has happened and to emphasize that there is nothing that they can say to convince Joseph that they are innocent. Consider what is the best way to communicate those things in your language.
44:16 pt2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה נְּדַבֵּ֖ר 1 “There is no way that we can explain {this}.” or “We cannot explain {this}.”
44:16 jwxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק 1 “We do not know how to show/prove {to you} that we did not do this.” or “There is no way we can prove/show {to you} that we are innocent.”
44:16 t81j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “God has uncovered/exposed our guilt {for our past sin}.” or “God is punishing {us} your {humble} servants for our {past} sin/sins.” or “God is using this occasion to punish us for our {past} sin.” Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants” to show humility and to honor Joseph. Also, Judah is probably referring here to the sin of selling their brother Joseph into slavery years ago. You could include that information in a footnote.
44:16 t81j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “God has uncovered/exposed our guilt {for our past sin}.” or “God is punishing {us,} your {humble} servants, for our {past} sin/sins.” or “God is using this occasion to punish us for our {past} sin.” Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants” to show humility and to honor Joseph. Also, Judah is probably referring here to the sin of selling their brother Joseph into slavery years ago. You could include that information in a footnote.
44:16 llw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics הִנֶּ⁠נּ֤וּ עֲבָדִים֙ לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “Here we {all} are, {ready to be} slaves/servants for you, sir,” or “{So now,} sir, we are {all} here to be your slaves/servants,”
44:16 u0e1 גַּם אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר 1 “including {the one/man}”
44:16 fi8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁר נִמְצָ֥א הַ⁠גָּבִ֖יעַ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “who was found with your cup {in his grain sack/bag}.” or “in whose {grain} sack/bag {your house-servant} found the cup.” or “whom {your house-servant} found with your cup {in his sack/bag}.” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
@ -5804,7 +5805,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:17 n9xw וְ⁠אַתֶּ֕ם עֲל֥וּ לְ⁠שָׁל֖וֹם אֶל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “But you {others} may return to your father in peace.” or “As for {the rest of} you, you may go {back} home to your father without any trouble.” or “{The rest of} you are free to go {back} home to your father.” The phrase “go up” refers to the fact that the land of Canaan was higher in elevation than the country of Egypt. Some translations leave “up” implied. Do what is best in your language.
44:18 shso וַ⁠יִּגַּ֨שׁ אֵלָ֜י⁠ו יְהוּדָ֗ה וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮ 1 “Then Judah went/came up/closer to Joseph and said,” or “Then Judah approached Joseph and said {to him},” See how you translated “went near” in Gen 43:19.
44:18 j6zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics בִּ֣י אֲדֹנִ⁠י֒ 1 “Please, sir/master,” or “Excuse me, sir/master,” Compare how you translated this phrase in Gen 43:20.
44:18 rqfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics יְדַבֶּר נָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֤ דָבָר֙ בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “I humbly ask you to let me speak freely/plainly to you.” or “will you please allow {me} your {humble} servant to say something to you.” Make sure your translation of “your servant” refers here to Judah, not to someone else. Throughout verses 18-34, Judah uses phrases such as “my lord”, “your servant”, and “your servants” to be polite and show respect to Joseph. At each point in these verses, make sure it is clear in your translation whom he is referring to.
44:18 rqfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics יְדַבֶּר נָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֤ דָבָר֙ בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “I humbly ask you to let me speak freely/plainly to you.” or “will you please allow {me} your {humble} servant to say something to you.” Make sure your translation of “your servant” refers here to Judah, not to someone else. Throughout verses 18-34, Judah uses phrases such as “my lord,” “your servant,” and “your servants” to be polite and show respect to Joseph. At each point in these verses, make sure it is clear in your translation whom he is referring to.
44:18 hoo2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל יִ֥חַר אַפְּ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 “Please do not be angry with/at me,” Compare how you translated the idiom “his anger burned” in Gen 39:19.
44:18 g9dp כִּ֥י כָמ֖וֹ⁠ךָ 1 “{especially} since you {are} as {powerful as}” or “even though you {are} equal {in rank/authority} to”
44:18 s1ai כְּ⁠פַרְעֹֽה 1 “{King} Pharaoh {himself}.” or “the king {himself}.”
@ -5816,7 +5817,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:20 e3jx וְ⁠יֶ֥לֶד זְקֻנִ֖ים קָטָ֑ן 1 “and {also} a younger brother who was born when our father was {already} old.” or “and {with him is} his youngest son whom our father had when he was {already} old.”
44:20 grn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וְ⁠אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֨ר ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ 1 “That son is the only one left {alive} from his mother, since his brother died.” or “And since that son’s brother is dead, he is his mother’s only living son/child.” or “That brother’s mother only had one other son, who is now dead.” In this sentence, “brother” refers to an older brother from the same father and mother. Some languages have a special kinship term for that. Do what is best in your language.
44:20 f6ig וְ⁠אָבִ֥י⁠ו אֲהֵבֽ⁠וֹ 1 “So his/our father loves him {very much}.” or “So his/our father {especially} loves our youngest brother.”
44:21 seoq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Then you told {us, who are} your {humble} servants” or “Then you told us, sir,” Judah uses the humble term “your servants” to show respect and honor to someone of higher status and authority.
44:21 seoq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Then you told {us, who are} your {humble} servants,” or “Then you told us, sir,” Judah uses the humble term “your servants” to show respect and honor to someone of higher status and authority.
44:21 qfp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הוֹרִדֻ֖⁠הוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י וְ⁠אָשִׂ֥ימָה עֵינִ֖⁠י עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 “Bring your youngest brother to me so that I can see/meet him.” or “to bring our youngest brother {here} to you so that you could/can see him for yourself.” The verb “bring … down” refers to the fact that Egypt was lower in elevation than the region of Canaan. Some translations leave “down” implied. Do what is best in your language.
44:22 g162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠נֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י לֹא יוּכַ֥ל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר לַ⁠עֲזֹ֣ב אֶת אָבִ֑י⁠ו 1 “But we told you, sir, that the young man should/must not leave his father {and come here},”
44:22 xhm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠עָזַ֥ב אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ו וָ⁠מֵֽת 1 “because if he did/does, his father would/will die {from anxiety}.” Make sure the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous clause, as either a direct or indirect quote.
@ -5838,16 +5839,16 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:27 ngtg שְׁנַ֖יִם יָֽלְדָה לִּ֥⁠י אִשְׁתִּֽ⁠י 1 “my wife {Rachel} bore/had {only} two {sons} for me.” or “my wife {Rachel} and I {only} had two {sons} together.”
44:28 nu9b וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א הָֽ⁠אֶחָד֙ מֵֽ⁠אִתִּ֔⁠י 1 “One {of those/her sons} left here {one day},” or “One {of them} has disappeared,”
44:28 pk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וָ⁠אֹמַ֕ר אַ֖ךְ טָרֹ֣ף טֹרָ֑ף וְ⁠לֹ֥א רְאִיתִ֖י⁠ו עַד הֵֽנָּה 1 “I have thought that he must have been {killed and} torn to pieces {by a wild/fierce animal}. I have never seen him again.” or “and I have not seen him since then. I am sure that {a wild/fierce animal} must have {killed him and} torn him apart.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “torn. … to pieces” in Gen 37:33.
44:29 ks4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠לְקַחְתֶּ֧ם גַּם אֶת זֶ֛ה מֵ⁠עִ֥ם פָּנַ֖⁠י 1 “So if you were to also take this {son} away from me,” or “So if you also take her other son {away} from me,” Consider what is the best way to translate the hypothetical sentence in this verse. Make sure all the parts of the sentence fit together well.
44:29 k2l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠קָרָ֣⁠הוּ אָס֑וֹן 1 “and something terrible happened/happens to him,” or “and if anything bad/terrible happened/happens to him,” or “and anything harmed/harms him,” See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 42:38.
44:29 r1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠הֽוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠רָעָ֖ה 1 “you would/will cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I would {die and} go down” or “you will/would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I would {die and} go down”. See how you translated “bring my gray head down” in Gen 42:38.
44:29 ks4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠לְקַחְתֶּ֧ם גַּם אֶת זֶ֛ה מֵ⁠עִ֥ם פָּנַ֖⁠י 1 “So if you also take this {son} away from me,” or “So if you also take her other son {away} from me,” Consider what is the best way to translate the hypothetical sentence in this verse. Make sure all the parts of the sentence fit together well.
44:29 k2l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠קָרָ֣⁠הוּ אָס֑וֹן 1 “and something terrible happens to him,” or “and if anything bad/terrible happens to him,” or “and anything harms him,” See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 42:38.
44:29 r1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הֽוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠רָעָ֖ה 1 “you will cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I will {die and} go down” or “you will cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I will {die and} go down”. See how you translated “bring my gray head down” in Gen 42:38.
44:29 ozbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁאֹֽלָ⁠ה 1 “to the afterworld.” Sheol is the Hebrew name for the world of the dead, that is, the place where the spirits of all people go after they die. You could put that information in a footnote. Your translation of “Sheol” should not refer to hell or a place of punishment. Some translations have “the grave” here, but that leaves out the idea of an afterlife that this sentence implies.
44:30 wiey וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 “So now/then,” This phrase introduces the conclusion to what Judah said in verses 24-29. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language.
44:30 nbx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics כְּ⁠בֹאִ⁠י֙ אֶל עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “when I/we return {home} to my/our father, who highly respects you,” or “if I/we go {home} to my/our father, sir,” See how you translated “your servant my father” in verses 24 and 27.
44:30 jm4j וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר אֵינֶ֣⁠נּוּ אִתָּ֑⁠נוּ 1 “but I/we don’t have his youngest son with me/us,” or “without his youngest son,”
44:30 mryj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נַפְשׁ֖⁠וֹ קְשׁוּרָ֥ה בְ⁠נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 “since our father’s life depends on his son’s life,” or “since our father is deeply attached to his son,” This idiom reflects how close the relationship was between Judah’s father and youngest brother. Consider what is the best way to say this in your language.
44:31 liw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּ⁠רְאוֹת֛⁠וֹ כִּי אֵ֥ין הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר וָ⁠מֵ֑ת 1 “if he sees that his son is gone/missing, he will die!” or “then he will die when he sees that his youngest son is not with us!” The phrase “then it will happen” introduces an important hypothetical event here and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit the phrase because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language.
44:31 biq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הוֹרִ֨ידוּ עֲבָדֶ֜י⁠ךָ אֶת־שֵׂיבַ֨ת עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “{Yes,} we will/would bring/cause our gray-haired/elderly father so much sorrow/grief that he will/would {die and} go” or “{In that way,} we will/would be responsible for bringing/causing our gray-haired …” Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical situation in your language. Also, see how you translated “bring … gray head down in sorrow to Sheol” in Gen 42:38, and a similar phrase in 44:29.
44:31 biq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הוֹרִ֨ידוּ עֲבָדֶ֜י⁠ךָ אֶת־שֵׂיבַ֨ת עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “{Yes,} we will/would bring/cause our gray-haired/elderly father so much sorrow/grief that he will/would {die and} go” or “{In that way,} we will/would be responsible for bringing/causing our gray-haired/elderly father …” Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical situation in your language. Also, see how you translated “bring … gray head down in sorrow to Sheol” in Gen 42:38, and a similar phrase in 44:29.
44:31 p2vj שְׁאֹֽלָ⁠ה 1 “to the afterworld!” Consider again how you translated “Sheol” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31.
44:32 jzbk כִּ֤י עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ עָרַ֣ב אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אָבִ֖⁠י לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “{I myself} your {humble} servant guaranteed the young man’s safety to my father. I told/assured {him} that” or “Besides that, sir, I guaranteed/promised my father that I would return his son to him safely. I told him that”. See how you translated the verb “guarantee” in Gen 43:9.
44:32 pir9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אִם לֹ֤א אֲבִיאֶ֨⁠נּוּ֙ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “if I did not bring his son {back} to him,” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote.
@ -5860,7 +5861,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
44:33 t5wy הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר 1 “our youngest {brother},”
44:33 biml וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר יַ֥עַל עִם אֶחָֽי⁠ו 1 “and let him go back {home} with his {other} brothers.”
44:34 gvqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּי אֵיךְ֙ אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה 1 “There is no way I can” or “I could never”. Judah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize how difficult it would be for him to return to his father without his brother. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
44:34 y2n4 אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה אֶל אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “go back to my father” or “return {home} to my father”. Consider again how you translated “… up” in verses 17, 24, 33-34. Contrast that to how you translated “… down” in verses 21, 23 and 26. Some translations leave “up” or “down” implied. Do what is best in your language.
44:34 y2n4 אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה אֶל אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “go back to my father” or “return {home} to my father”. Consider again how you translated “… up” in verses 17, 24, 33-34. Contrast that to how you translated “… down” in verses 21, 23, and 26. Some translations leave “up” or “down” implied. Do what is best in your language.
44:34 jjj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר אֵינֶ֣⁠נּוּ אִתִּ֑⁠י 1 “if his youngest {son} is not with me!” or “if our youngest {brother} is not with me!”
44:34 cq7p פֶּ֚ן אֶרְאֶ֣ה 1 “I could not bear to see” or “I do not want to see”
44:34 qheo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo בָ⁠רָ֔ע אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְצָ֖א אֶת אָבִֽ⁠י 1 “the terrible distress/grief that it would cause my father!” or “how much/terribly my father would suffer/grieve!” See how you translated “misery” in verse 29.
@ -5897,7 +5898,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
45:7 d4nu וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “That is why God sent me {here}” or “God sent me {here}” or “God caused me to come {here}”
45:7 f5ep לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “before you came,” or “before you got here,”
45:7 oicd לָ⁠שׂ֥וּם לָ⁠כֶ֛ם שְׁאֵרִ֖ית 1 “so that you will have descendants survive/living” or “to help you survive and have descendants”
45:7 kgqc בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “on the earth” or (2) “in the/this land”
45:7 kgqc בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “on the earth” or (2) “in the/this land”
45:7 hip5 וּ⁠לְ⁠הַחֲי֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “by helping you stay live” or “by saving your lives”
45:7 vs2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִ⁠פְלֵיטָ֖ה גְּדֹלָֽה 1 “through this/his amazing/extraordinary rescue.” or “in this amazing/powerful way.” For some languages it is better to put the last two phrases earlier in this sentence and say, “But God sent me ahead of you to save your lives in this amazing way so that you will survive and have descendants on the earth.” Do what is best in your language.
45:8 x77e וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 “So then,” or “So”
@ -5945,12 +5946,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
45:17 f0rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then/So Pharaoh told/instructed Joseph,” or “Then/So Pharaoh gave these instructions to Joseph:”
45:17 nwm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֱמֹ֥ר אֶל אַחֶ֖י⁠ךָ זֹ֣את עֲשׂ֑וּ טַֽעֲנוּ֙ אֶת בְּעִ֣ירְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “Give your brothers this message {from me}: ‘Load your donkeys {with grain}” or “Tell your brothers to load their {pack} animals {with grain}”. These animals were donkeys (Gen 43:18, 44:3), not any other kind of animal. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote.
45:17 no0d וּ⁠לְכוּ בֹ֖אוּ 1 “and go quickly {back}” or “and quickly return”. The two verbs “leave” and “go” emphasize that Joseph’s brothers should go back immediately to their father in Canaan.
45:17 ekjb אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָֽעַן 1 “the region of Canaan.” or “Canaan.”
45:17 ekjb אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָֽעַן 1 “to region of Canaan.” or “to Canaan.”
45:18 r5zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וּ⁠קְח֧וּ אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶ֛ם וְ⁠אֶת בָּתֵּי⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בֹ֣אוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י 1 “Then bring your father and your families back {here} to me,” or “Then {tell them to} bring their father and their families back {here} to me.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 18 is still part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers. Also make sure the pronouns that you use throughout verses 17 and 18 fit with whether you translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote.
45:18 b98l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 “I will give you” or “I will give them”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
45:18 soil אֶת טוּב֙ אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “the best {region/area/land} in the country of Egypt {to live in},”
45:18 xl30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אִכְל֖וּ 1 “so that you …” or “so that they …”
45:18 j0oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת חֵ֥לֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “will live well/comfortably with the best/abundance of everything in the country.’ ” This idiom means that they would live comfortably with the best of everything; it does not just refer to food. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language.
45:18 j0oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִכְל֖וּ אֶת חֵ֥לֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “so that you/they will live well/comfortably with the best/abundance of everything in the country.’ ” This idiom means that they would live comfortably with the best of everything; it does not just refer to food. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language.
45:19 rznz וְ⁠אַתָּ֥ה צֻוֵּ֖יתָה 1 “You are also directed/instructed {to tell them}” or “{Then Pharaoh said to Joseph,} “I also command/want you {to tell them}”. The pronoun “you” is singular here and refers to Joseph. This clause is not part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers (verses 17-20). Make sure that is clear in your translation.
45:19 r7b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes זֹ֣את עֲשׂ֑וּ קְחוּ לָ⁠כֶם֩ & עֲגָל֗וֹת 1 “Take {some of} {my} carts/wagons with you” or “to take {some of} {my} carts/wagons with them”. These carts or wagons had two or four wheels and were pulled by animals such as oxen or donkeys. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. See what you did for a similar case in verses 17-18.
45:19 wxsr מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ מִצְרַ֜יִם 1 “from the country of Egypt”
@ -5958,7 +5958,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
45:19 zy6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וּ⁠נְשָׂאתֶ֥ם אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בָאתֶֽם 1 “then bring {them and} your father {back} {here to live}.” or “Then {tell them} to bring their father {and their families} {back} {here to live}.” Make sure the pronouns you use throughout verses 19 and 20 fit with whether you translate the embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “get your father” in verse 18.
45:20 rsjc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠עֵ֣ינְ⁠כֶ֔ם אַל תָּחֹ֖ס 1 “And do not be concerned” or “You/They should not worry”
45:20 n3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes עַל כְּלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “about {leaving some of} your/their belongings {behind},” or “if you/they have to leave behind {some of} your/their belongings/possessions,”
45:20 bf1n כִּי ט֛וּב כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם 1 “because the best of everything in the land/country of Egypt” or “because the most valuable {things} in all the land/country of Egypt”. This phrase refers generally to the wealth of Egypt which will be available to Jacob’s family, including fertile land and anything else that they need.
45:20 bf1n כִּי ט֛וּב כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם 1 “because the best of everything in the land/country of Egypt” or “because the most valuable {things} in all the land/country of Egypt”. This phrase refers generally to the wealth of Egypt that will be available to Jacob’s family, including fertile land and anything else that they need.
45:20 ans7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לָ⁠כֶ֥ם 1 “{will be} yours.’ ” or “{will be} theirs.”
45:21 kcbs וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then/So Israel’s sons {agreed to} do that.” or “… {agreed to} do what Pharaoh said/commanded.” Jacob is referred to by his other name Israel here (also in verse 28). If that is not clear in your translation, you could put that information in a footnote. If possible in your translation, it is best to keep the name that the author chose to use in each case so that you do not change what is being emphasized.
45:21 dnbb וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠הֶ֥ם יוֹסֵ֛ף עֲגָל֖וֹת 1 “Then Joseph gave them carts/wagons {to use}”
@ -5982,7 +5982,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
45:25 mbuw וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֲבִי⁠הֶֽם 1 “and went/traveled {back} {home} to their father Jacob in the land/region of Canaan.”
45:26 ektk וַ⁠יַּגִּ֨דוּ ל֜⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר 1 “They {immediately} announced to him,” or “{When they arrived,} they exclaimed/announced to him,”
45:26 l7wg ע֚וֹד יוֹסֵ֣ף חַ֔י וְ⁠כִֽי ה֥וּא מֹשֵׁ֖ל בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Joseph {is} still alive! In fact, he {is} the governor over/of the entire country of Egypt!” See how you translated “ruler” in verse 8.
45:26 tsjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣פָג לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “{When their father heard that news,} he was stunned {and silent},” or “{When Jacob heard that,} he was completely shocked,” This idiom means that Jacob was so shocked that he did not know which way to go with his emotions or what to think, say or do; it does not mean that he died. Some languages have a similar idiom. Do what is best in your language.
45:26 tsjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣פָג לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “{When their father heard that news,} he was stunned {and silent},” or “{When Jacob heard that,} he was completely shocked,” This idiom means that Jacob was so shocked that he did not know which way to go with his emotions or what to think, say, or do; it does not mean that he died. Some languages have a similar idiom. Do what is best in your language.
45:26 iaug כִּ֥י לֹא הֶאֱמִ֖ין לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “because he could not believe them.” or “because he thought it could not be true.”
45:27 gadd וַ⁠יְדַבְּר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו 1 “But then they reported to him” or “But {after} they told him”
45:27 lw6i אֵ֣ת כָּל דִּבְרֵ֤י יוֹסֵף֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּ֣ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “everything that Joseph had said to them,”
@ -6005,7 +6005,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
46:3 l2gh אַל תִּירָא֙ 1 “Don’t be afraid” or “You must not be afraid”
46:3 ss0c מֵ⁠רְדָ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה 1 “to move down to {the country of} Egypt,” or “to go/travel to {the country of} Egypt {and settle there},”
46:3 tlg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי & אֲשִֽׂימְ⁠ךָ֥ 1 “because I will make you {and your family/descendants}” or “because I will make your family/descendants” or “because I will give you {many} descendants, who will”. See how you translated “I will make you into a great nation” (and similar phrases) in Gen 12:2; 17:20; 18:18; 21:13, 18.
46:3 qaja לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל & שָֽׁם 1 “{multiply and} become an important/large ethnic/people group {while they live} there.”
46:3 qaja לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל & שָֽׁם 1 “{multiply and} become an important/large ethnic/people group there.”
46:4 yhnq אָנֹכִ֗י אֵרֵ֤ד עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה 1 “I myself/personally will go with you to Egypt,” or “I will personally go with you down to Egypt {and take care of you there}.” Consider what is the best way to translate the emphatic pronoun “I” here and in the next clause. Also see how you translated “down” and “up” in Gen 45:9.
46:4 bj4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַֽעַלְ⁠ךָ֣ גַם עָלֹ֑ה 1 “Later I will definitely bring your descendants {back} {here} {to Canaan}.” The pronoun “you” refers here to Jacob’s descendants.
46:4 kc9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֕ף יָשִׁ֥ית יָד֖⁠וֹ עַל עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 “And {when you die}, Joseph will {be right there to} close your eyes.” or “When you die, Joseph will be with you.” This clause refers to the custom of closing a person’s eyes after he died and means that Joseph would be with Jacob when he died.
@ -6025,7 +6025,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
46:7 f9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠כָל זַרְע֑⁠וֹ הֵבִ֥יא אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 “{Yes,} he/Jacob brought his entire family with him to Egypt.” or “He/Jacob had all his offspring/descendants with him when he arrived in Egypt.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “He/Jacob brought his entire {extended} family with him to Egypt, {including} his sons …” Do what is best in your language.
46:8 hwco וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה שְׁמ֧וֹת בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל הַ⁠בָּאִ֥ים מִצְרַ֖יְמָ⁠ה יַעֲקֹ֣ב וּ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Here is a list of the names of Israel’s descendants who went/came {with him} to Egypt, {that is,} Jacob’s descendants:” or “The following list gives the names of Israel’s descendants, {that is,} Jacob’s descendants, who went/came {with him} to Egypt:”
46:8 r81g בְּכֹ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב רְאוּבֵֽן 1 “Reuben, {who was} his/Jacob’s firstborn/oldest {son},” Some translations put verses 8-14, 16-17, and 19-24 in list format, beginning a new paragraph with each of Jacob’s sons.
46:9 pg60 וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י רְאוּבֵ֑ן 1 “and Reuben’s sons, {who were}” or “and Reuben’s sons:” Throughout this section (verses 9-27), some translations use a colon before each list of names instead of “{were}”. Do what is best in your language.
46:9 pg60 וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י רְאוּבֵ֑ן 1 “and Reuben’s sons, {who were}” or “and Reuben’s sons:” Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from the previous verse. Also, throughout this section (verses 9-27), some translations use a colon before each list of names instead of “{were}” or “{who were}”. Do what is best in your language.
46:9 vobo חֲנ֥וֹךְ וּ⁠פַלּ֖וּא וְ⁠חֶצְר֥וֹן וְ⁠כַרְמִֽי 1 “Hanoch, Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi.” For some languages it is more natural to include “and” between every name in a list like this. For other languages it is more natural to use commas between names and leave “and” implied, except before the last name in the list. See how you translated similar lists of names in Genesis 10.
46:10 ml5y וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י שִׁמְע֗וֹן 1 “{Simeon and} Simeon’s/his sons, {who were}”
46:10 wit7 יְמוּאֵ֧ל וְ⁠יָמִ֛ין וְ⁠אֹ֖הַד וְ⁠יָכִ֣ין וְ⁠צֹ֑חַר 1 “Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar,”
@ -6036,7 +6036,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
46:12 kmfp וַ⁠יָּ֨מָת עֵ֤ר וְ⁠אוֹנָן֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “actually, Er and Onan had {already} died in the land/region of Canaan.”
46:12 btiw וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ בְנֵי פֶ֖רֶץ חֶצְר֥וֹן וְ⁠חָמֽוּל 1 “Perez’s sons were Hezron and Hamul.” or “Perez had sons {named} Hezron and Hamul.”
46:13 ynn3 וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י יִשָׂשכָ֑ר 1 “{Issachar and} Issachar’s sons, {who were}”
46:13 gd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תּוֹלָ֥ע וּ⁠פֻוָּ֖ה וְ⁠י֥וֹב וְ⁠שִׁמְרֽוֹן 1 “Tola, Puvah/Puah, Job/Jashub, and Shimron.” Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1 have the same list of Issachar’s sons as here, but instead of “Puvah” and “Job”, they have “Puah” and “Jashub”. Some translations keep the spelling for these names the same in all three locations to avoid confusion. Do what is best in your language.
46:13 gd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תּוֹלָ֥ע וּ⁠פֻוָּ֖ה וְ⁠י֥וֹב וְ⁠שִׁמְרֽוֹן 1 “Tola, Puvah/Puah, Job/Jashub, and Shimron.” Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1 have the same list of Issachar’s sons as here, but instead of “Puvah” and “Job,” they have “Puah” and “Jashub.” Some translations keep the spelling for these names the same in all three locations to avoid confusion. Do what is best in your language.
46:14 ed1v וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י זְבוּלֻ֑ן סֶ֥רֶד 1 “{Zebulun and} Zebulun’s sons, {who were}”
46:14 o73v סֶ֥רֶד וְ⁠אֵל֖וֹן וְ⁠יַחְלְאֵֽל 1 “Sered, Elon, and Jahleel.”
46:15 s5do אֵ֣לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י 1 “Those {were} the sons {and grandsons}” or “{All} those {were} the descendants”
@ -6060,7 +6060,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
46:21 d32r בֶּ֤לַע וָ⁠בֶ֨כֶר֙ וְ⁠אַשְׁבֵּ֔ל גֵּרָ֥א וְ⁠נַעֲמָ֖ן 1 “Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman,”
46:21 qthw אֵחִ֣י וָ⁠רֹ֑אשׁ מֻפִּ֥ים וְ⁠חֻפִּ֖ים וָ⁠אָֽרְדְּ 1 “Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim, and Ard.” Remember to use (or not use) “and” between the names in this list in a way that is natural in your language.
46:22 khj5 אֵ֚לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י 1 “Those {were} the sons {and grandsons}” or “{All} those {were} the descendants”
46:22 awf7 בְּנֵ֣י רָחֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻלַּ֖ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “that Jacob’s wife Rachel had,” or “that Jacob and {his wife} Rachel had together,” or “who descended/came from Rachel and Jacob.” Your punctuation here will depend on how you translate the rest of this verse.
46:22 awf7 רָחֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻלַּ֖ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “that Jacob’s wife Rachel had,” or “that Jacob and {his wife} Rachel had together,” or “who descended/came from Rachel and Jacob.” Your punctuation here will depend on how you translate the rest of this verse.
46:22 ycq8 כָּל נֶ֖פֶשׁ אַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָֽׂר 1 “a total of fourteen descendants.” or “The total {number} of those descendants {was} fourteen.”
46:23 f9g0 וּ⁠בְנֵי דָ֖ן חֻשִֽׁים 1 “{Other descendants who came with Jacob included:} {his son Dan and} Dan’s son Hushim.” This verse begins a new section in the list of Jacob’s descendants. See how you started verse 16, which is similar.
46:24 ydx0 וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י נַפְתָּלִ֑י 1 “{Naphtali and} Naphtali’s sons, {who were}”
@ -6121,7 +6121,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:3 dma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֛ה אֶל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 “Then Pharaoh asked Joseph’s brothers,” or “Then Pharaoh asked them,” Make sure that your translation of “his brothers” refers to Joseph’s brothers, not Pharaoh’s.
47:3 n3cx מַה מַּעֲשֵׂי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “What {is} your occupation?” or “What {kind of} work do you do?” or “What do you do for a living?”
47:3 h073 וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֗ה 1 “They answered Pharaoh/him,” or “{One of} them said/replied,”
47:3 pwof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “{We} your {humble} servants” or “Your Majesty/Highness, we” or “Sir, we”. See how you translated “your servants” in Gen 46:34.
47:3 pwof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “{We,} your {humble} servants,” or “Your Majesty/Highness, we” or “Sir, we”. See how you translated “your servants” in Gen 46:34.
47:3 i6ya רֹעֵ֥ה צֹאן֙ 1 “{are} shepherds/herdsmen,” or “raise sheep {for a living},”
47:3 o3np גַּם אֲנַ֖חְנוּ גַּם אֲבוֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 “just like/as our forefathers/ancestors were/did.” or “{which is} the same {kind of} work/occupation that our forefathers/ancestors did/had.”
47:4 bami rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֗ה 1 “They {also} said to him,” or “Then they added,” For some languages it is more natural here to omit this quote margin, because the same people (Joseph’s brothers) are still talking to the same person (Pharaoh). However, the words emphasize what Joseph’s five brothers say next and may indicate that there was a pause between what they said in verse 3 and verse 4. Do what is best in your language.
@ -6144,7 +6144,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:8 f29q וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Then Pharaoh asked Jacob,”
47:8 rcjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness כַּ⁠מָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “{Sir,} how old are you now?” Make sure your translation of Pharaoh’s question about Jacob’s age sounds polite. Also, for some languages, a title of respect (such as “Sir”) is necessary whenever someone addresses a distinguished old man such as Jacob.
47:9 iixc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 “Jacob answered him,” or “Jacob replied,”
47:9 n2qw יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵ֣י מְגוּרַ֔⁠י שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “I have been living {in this world} for 130 years.” or “The length of my life {so far} has been 130 years.” Consider again how you translated “sojournings”, “sojourn” and “sojourner” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 15:13; 17:8; 19:9; 20:1; 21:23, 34; 23:4; 26:3; 28:4; 32:4; 35:27; 37:1; 47:4, 9. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context.
47:9 n2qw יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵ֣י מְגוּרַ֔⁠י שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “I have been living {in this world} for 130 years.” or “The length of my life {so far} has been 130 years.” Consider again how you translated “sojournings,” “sojourn,” and “sojourner” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 15:13; 17:8; 19:9; 20:1; 21:23, 34; 23:4; 26:3; 28:4; 32:4; 35:27; 37:1; 47:4, 9. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context.
47:9 wijz מְעַ֣ט וְ⁠רָעִ֗ים הָיוּ֙ יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵ֣י חַיַּ֔⁠י 1 “I have not lived very long, and I have faced/had many difficulties/hardships.” or “My life has been short, with many difficulties/hardships.”
47:9 j6hg וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִשִּׂ֗יגוּ אֶת יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵי֙ חַיֵּ֣י אֲבֹתַ֔⁠י 1 “In fact, I have lived less years than my forefathers/ancestors did” or “In fact, I have not lived {nearly} as long as my forefathers/ancestors did”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
47:9 cvtb בִּ⁠ימֵ֖י מְגוּרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “during the days/years/time that they lived {on earth}.” or “during their years/time {on earth}.”
@ -6155,7 +6155,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:12 dxx1 וַ⁠יְכַלְכֵּ֤ל יוֹסֵף֙ אֶת אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת אֶחָ֔י⁠ו וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כָּל בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י⁠ו 1 “Joseph {also} provided/supported his father and brothers and all {the rest of} his father’s household/family {with}”
47:12 fz8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֖חֶם לְ⁠פִ֥י הַ⁠טָּֽף 1 “food, based on how many children/people were in each family.” or “as much food as {each family} needed to feed {all} the children/people in their family.” The children are mentioned to emphasize that all the members of the families were well-provided for, including the youngest ones. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph was providing food for everyone in each family, not just the children.
47:13 e2kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠לֶ֤חֶם אֵין֙ 1 “Now {meanwhile,} there was no {more} food” or “{Meanwhile,} there was {almost} no food” or “{After a while,} there was very little food {available}”. This clause is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that there was so little food that the people were starving. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section that returns to the famine and how it was progressing.
47:13 wyew בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “in all the earth,” or “in the entire {known} world,” or “anywhere,” which might be an exaggeration (like the previous phrase); (2) “in all the land,” or “in the/that entire area/region {of the earth/world},” which includes Egypt and Canaan (mentioned later in the verse) and other nearby regions and countries. See how you translated “all the earth” in Gen 41:57.
47:13 wyew בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “in all the earth,” or “in the entire {known} world,” or “anywhere,” which might be an exaggeration (like the previous phrase); or (2) “in all the land,” or “in the/that entire area/region {of the earth/world},” which includes Egypt and Canaan (mentioned later in the verse) and other nearby regions and countries. See how you translated “all the earth” in Gen 41:57.
47:13 k3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “because the famine {was} very/so severe/oppressive/terrible.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, for example: “Now {after a while,} the famine was/became so severe/terrible in the entire world that there was very little food {available} {anywhere}.” Do what is best in your language.
47:13 njjj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ וְ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “As a result, {the people of/in} the country of Egypt and the region of Canaan” or “In fact, {the people living in} the lands of Egypt and Canaan”. Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to the people who live in Egypt and Canaan, not just the lands.
47:13 jo5e וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ 1 “were fainting/weak” or “were suffering badly/terribly” or “were wasting away”. The verb “languishing” refers in general to the suffering that the famine was causing, including things such as weakness, fainting and other distress. Some languages have an idiom (like “were wasting away”) that fits well here. Do what is best in your language.
@ -6174,7 +6174,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:16 upog וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠מִקְנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “and I will give/sell you {grain/food} if/when you give me your livestock/animals {to pay for it},” or “and in exchange for them I will give you {grain/food},”
47:16 ie1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם אָפֵ֖ס כָּֽסֶף 1 “since {all} your money is gone.” or “since you have spent {all} your silver/money.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “Since your silver/money is gone, bring/give {me} your livestock to pay for the grain/food that I will give you.” Do what is best in your language.
47:17 cxp1 וַ⁠יָּבִ֣יאוּ אֶת מִקְנֵי⁠הֶם֮ אֶל יוֹסֵף֒ 1 “So the people brought/took their livestock/animals to Joseph.”
47:17 tgeh וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠הֶם֩ יוֹסֵ֨ף לֶ֜חֶם בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֗ים וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠צֹּ֛אן וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֑ים 1 “and gave Joseph/him {their} horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys to pay for the grain/food that he gave them.” or “They gave Joseph/him {their}…” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
47:17 tgeh וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠הֶם֩ יוֹסֵ֨ף לֶ֜חֶם בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֗ים וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠צֹּ֛אן וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֑ים 1 “and gave Joseph/him {their} horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys to pay for the grain/food that he gave them.” or “They gave Joseph/him {their} horses, …” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
47:17 a6oo וַ⁠יְנַהֲלֵ֤⁠ם בַּ⁠לֶּ֨חֶם֙ & בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הַ⁠הִֽוא 1 “In that way Joseph supplied the people with grain/food that year,”
47:17 ii9v בְּ⁠כָל מִקְנֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “{and they gave him} all their livestock/animals {to pay} for it.”
47:18 fx5v וַ⁠תִּתֹּם֮ הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠הִוא֒ 1 “When/After that year was over,”
@ -6184,7 +6184,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:18 ejez תַּ֣ם הַ⁠כֶּ֔סֶף וּ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֖ה 1 “{our} silver/money is gone and our livestock/animals” or “not only is {our} silver/money {all} gone, but {all} {our} livestock/animals {also}”. Consider again how you translated “silver” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:2; 20:16; 23:15-16; 24:35, 53; 31:15; 37:28; 42:25, 27-28, 35; 43:12, 15, 18, 21-23; 44:1-2, 8; 45:22; 47:14-16, 18. It may be necessary to translate this word in different ways, depending on the context.
47:18 qh1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶל אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י 1 “{belong} to {you,} our lord/master.” or “are yours, sir.” or “{belong} to you.” In this verse, the people use the third person (“my/our lord”) to address Joseph in a respectful manner. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language.
47:18 hips לֹ֤א נִשְׁאַר֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י בִּלְתִּ֥י אִם גְּוִיָּתֵ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠אַדְמָתֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 “We have nothing left to pay/give you, sir, {for grain/food}, except ourselves and our land/fields.” or “The only way we can pay you {for grain/food} is to give you our land/farmland and work for you, sir.” Consider what is the best way to translate the Hebrew word for “land” here (and In verses 19-26), which refers to cultivated land (such as farmland or fields), not to the planet earth or to a country. It is different from the word for “land” in the rest of this chapter (in verses 1, 4, 6, 11, 13-15, 27-28).
47:19 fbay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֧⁠מָּה נָמ֣וּת לְ⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ גַּם אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ גַּ֣ם אַדְמָתֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 “What good would it do for us to die and our farmland/fields {to become ruined/empty}?” or “Please do not {just} watch us die or let our land/fields {become wasteland/desolate/empty}.” For many languages, the verb “die” does not fit with both people and land, so a different verb must be used for each one. The end of verse 19 specifies how the land would “die”. See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 15.
47:19 fbay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֧⁠מָּה נָמ֣וּת לְ⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ גַּם אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ גַּ֣ם אַדְמָתֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 “What good would it do for us to die and our farmland/fields {to become ruined/empty}?” or “Please do not {just} watch us die or let our land/fields {become wasteland/desolate/empty}.” For many languages, the verb “die” does not fit with both people and land, so a different verb must be used for each one. The end of verse 19 specifies how the land would “die.” See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 15.
47:19 i3r0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche קְנֵֽה אֹתָ֥⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת אַדְמָתֵ֖⁠נוּ בַּ⁠לָּ֑חֶם 1 “{Instead,} {please} take us and our farmland/fields {in exchange} for food.” or “{Instead} {please} give us food and we will give you our farmland/fields and ourselves {to pay} for it.” Consider again how you translated the synecdoche “bread” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 3:19 (and note); 14:18; 21:14; 28:20; 37:25; 38:6; 41:54-55; 43:31; 47:12, 15, 17, 19. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context.
47:19 b1i6 וְ⁠נִֽהְיֶ֞ה אֲנַ֤חְנוּ וְ⁠אַדְמָתֵ֨⁠נוּ֙ עֲבָדִ֣ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 “Then we will be {King} Pharaoh’s slaves/servants, and our land/fields {will also be his}.” or “Then our land/fields will belong to {King} Pharaoh and we will work for him as his slaves/servants.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
47:19 f7nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠תֶן זֶ֗רַע 1 “{Please} give {us} seeds {to sow/plant}”
@ -6194,10 +6194,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:20 fxi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּ֨קֶן יוֹסֵ֜ף 1 “So Joseph {agreed and} bought/acquired/obtained” or “Joseph {did what they asked and} bought/acquired”. For some languages it may be necessary to make explicit that Joseph agreed to do what the people suggested. Do what is best in your language.
47:20 aon4 אֶת כָּל אַדְמַ֤ת מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 “all the land/farmland in {the country of} Egypt for Pharaoh.”
47:20 b8rh כִּֽי מָכְר֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ אִ֣ישׁ שָׂדֵ֔⁠הוּ 1 “All the Egyptians sold/gave their fields {to him} {in exchange for grain/food},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
47:20 s34v כִּֽי & הָ⁠רָעָ֑ב 2 “because the food shortage/scarcity”. Consider again how you translated “famine” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 26:1; 41:27, 30-31, 36, 50, 54-57; 42:5; 43:1; 45:6, 11; 47:4, 13, 20. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context.
47:20 ddcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חָזַ֥ק עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֖ם הָ⁠רָעָ֑ב 1 “was {so/very} severe/oppressive.” or “was so severe/terrible that they did not have enough to eat.” See how you translated “heavy” in verses 4 and 13. For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “The famine was {very} severe for all the Egyptian people, so Joseph {agreed with their request/suggestion and} let them sell their fields {to him} {in exchange for grain/food}. In that way, Joseph/he bought/acquired all the land/farmland in {the country of} Egypt for {King} Pharaoh, so that {all} the land became Pharaoh’s {property}.” Do what is best in your language.
47:20 s34v כִּֽי־ & הָ⁠רָעָ֑ב 2 “because the food shortage/scarcity”. Consider again how you translated “famine” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 26:1; 41:27, 30-31, 36, 50, 54-57; 42:5; 43:1; 45:6, 11; 47:4, 13, 20. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context.
47:20 ddcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חָזַ֥ק עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “was {so/very} severe/oppressive.” or “was so severe/terrible that they did not have enough to eat.” See how you translated “heavy” in verses 4 and 13. For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “The famine was {very} severe for all the Egyptian people, so Joseph {agreed with their request/suggestion and} let them sell their fields {to him} {in exchange for grain/food}. In that way, Joseph/he bought/acquired all the land/farmland in {the country of} Egypt for {King} Pharaoh, so that {all} the land became Pharaoh’s {property}.” Do what is best in your language.
47:20 dnbd וַ⁠תְּהִ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה 1 “In that way, {all} the farmland became Pharaoh’s {property}.” or “That is how {all} the farmland {eventually} belonged to {King} Pharaoh.”
47:21 ioj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְ⁠אֶ֨ת הָ⁠עָ֔ם הֶעֱבִ֥יר אֹת֖⁠וֹ לֶ⁠עָרִ֑ים 1 “Joseph {also} moved/relocated {all} the people {from their farmlands} to the {nearby} cities”. The Masoretic Hebrew text has “moved them to the cities” here, which Joseph may have done in order to make the grain more readily accessible to them. The Samaritan Pentateuch (a different Hebrew version) and the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew text) have “made the people slaves” instead, which may refer to the fact that all the people would now be working for Pharaoh since all the fields belonged to him. The textual variant that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
47:21 ioj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְ⁠אֶ֨ת הָ⁠עָ֔ם הֶעֱבִ֥יר אֹת֖⁠וֹ לֶ⁠עָרִ֑ים 1 “Joseph {also} moved/relocated {all} the people {from their farmlands} to the {nearby} cities”. The Masoretic Hebrew text has “moved them to the cities” here, which Joseph may have done in order to make the grain more readily accessible to them. The Samaritan Pentateuch (a different Hebrew version) and the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew text) have “made the people slaves” instead, which may refer to the fact that all the people would now be working for Pharaoh, since all the fields belonged to him. The textual variant that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
47:21 obja מִ⁠קְצֵ֥ה גְבוּל מִצְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠עַד קָצֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 “in every part of {the country of} Egypt.” or “throughout the entire {country of} Egypt.”
47:22 uurs רַ֛ק אַדְמַ֥ת הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֖ים לֹ֣א קָנָ֑ה 1 “The only land/farmland that he/Joseph did not buy was the priests’ {land},” or “The priests’ land/farmland was the only land he/Joseph did not buy,”
47:22 i61e כִּי֩ חֹ֨ק לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֜ים מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת פַּרְעֹ֗ה 1 “because they regularly received a certain amount {of food} from Pharaoh,” or “because Pharaoh gave them a regular {food} allotment/allowance,”
@ -6253,10 +6253,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:31 y3zf עַל רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠מִּטָּֽה 1 “{as he sat} at the head/top of {his} bed.” or “{as he was sitting/lying} on {his} bed.” The Hebrew text has “at the head of the bed” here, while the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament) has “on the top of his staff” instead, which is quoted in Hebrews 11:21. You could include some of that information in a footnote. The difference between versions may be due to the fact that the Hebrew words for “bed” and “staff” are very similar in spelling. Or it could be that Jacob did both; for example, he may have been sitting at the head of his bed and leaning on his staff when he bowed his head and worshiped God.
48:1 krun rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחֲרֵי֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 “{Some time} after those things happened,” Consider again how you translated these two phrases in the book of Genesis. See Gen 22:1, 20; 39:7; 40:1; 48:1.
48:1 hqwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֔ף הִנֵּ֥ה אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ חֹלֶ֑ה 1 “{someone} told Joseph, “Look/Listen, your father is sick.” or “Joseph was told/informed {by someone} that his father was sick.” For some languages it may be more natural to use an indirect quote here. Do what is best in your language.
48:1 qteq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח 1 “So/Then he/Joseph took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him {to visit his father}.” or “So/Then he/Joseph {went to visit his father and} took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him.” Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph in this sentence in your language.
48:2 ppae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֣ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר הִנֵּ֛ה בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ יוֹסֵ֖ף בָּ֣א אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “{When they got there,} {someone/they} informed/told Jacob, “Look, your son Joseph has come to see/visit you.” ” or “{When they arrived,} Jacob was informed/told {by someone} that his son Joseph had come to see/visit him.”
48:2 m5pi וַ⁠יִּתְחַזֵּק֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then Israel” or “{Immediately} Israel{, who was lying down,}” Make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that “Israel” (verses 2, 8, 11, 13-14, 21) and “Jacob” (verses 2-3) refer to the same person, not two different people.
48:2 k2py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתְחַזֵּק֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “rallied/mustered his strength” or “used all his strength” or “exerted himself”. Consider whether you language has a similar idiom that fits well here.
48:1 qteq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח אֶת־שְׁנֵ֤י בָנָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה וְ⁠אֶת־אֶפְרָֽיִם 1 “So/Then he/Joseph took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him {to visit his father}.” or “So/Then he/Joseph {went to visit his father and} took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him.” Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph in this sentence in your language.
48:2 ppae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֣ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר הִנֵּ֛ה בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ יוֹסֵ֖ף בָּ֣א אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “{When they got there,} {someone/they} informed/told Jacob, “Look, your son Joseph has come to see/visit you.” ” or “{When they arrived,} Jacob was informed/told {by someone} that his son Joseph had come to see/visit him.” Consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here.
48:2 k2py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתְחַזֵּק֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then Israel rallied/mustered his strength” or “{Immediately} Israel{, who was lying down,} used all his strength” or “{Immediately} Israel exerted himself”. Consider whether you language has a similar idiom that fits well here. Also, make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that “Israel” (verses 2, 8, 11, 13-14, 21) and “Jacob” (verses 2-3) refer to the same person, not two different people.
48:2 d201 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל הַ⁠מִּטָּֽה 1 “and sat up on/at {the edge/head of} {his} bed {and they greeted each other}.” The context (verse 12) shows that Jacob sat on the edge of his bed with his feet resting on the floor and his knees facing Joseph’s sons. Also, for some languages it may be necessary (for politeness) to make it explicit that they greeted each other first before continuing their conversation. Do what is best in your language.
48:3 owhk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then Jacob recounted/related to Joseph {the following}:” or “Then Jacob told Joseph,”
48:3 yrw7 אֵ֥ל שַׁדַּ֛י 1 “Almighty/All-powerful God” or “God {who is} all-powerful”. See how you translated this title in Gen 43:14.
@ -6284,7 +6283,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:7 xolh בְּ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ כְּנַ֨עַן֙ 1 “in the region of Canaan”
48:7 oocn בַּ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ בְּ⁠ע֥וֹד כִּבְרַת אֶ֖רֶץ לָ⁠בֹ֣א אֶפְרָ֑תָה 1 “while we were still traveling and some distance away from {the town of} Ephrath.” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Ephrath” in Gen 35:16, 19, and how you spelled “Bethlehem” in 35:19.
48:7 tp7m וָ⁠אֶקְבְּרֶ֤⁠הָ שָּׁם֙ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֶפְרָ֔ת 1 “{As you know,} I buried her body there by the road that goes to Ephrath,”
48:7 p9yz הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 “which {now has the name} Bethlehem.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. This phrase might be (1) Jacob’s words or (2) the author’s words. If you follow the second interpretation, you could put this phrase within parentheses, outside of the quote marks.
48:7 p9yz הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 “which {now has the name} Bethlehem.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. This phrase might be: (1) Jacob’s words; or (2) the author’s words. If you follow the second interpretation, you could put this phrase within parentheses, outside of the quote marks.
48:8 bal2 וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת בְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “Then Israel saw/noticed Joseph’s {two} sons”
48:8 yv08 וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “and asked {him/Joseph},”
48:8 wri5 מִי אֵֽלֶּה 1 “Who {are} these {young men}?” or “Whose {sons} {are} these?” Joseph’s two sons were in their 20s at this time, so refer to them here with a term that fits with that fact. They were born before the famine started (Gen 41:50-52), and Jacob had now been in Egypt for 17 years (47:28).
@ -6305,9 +6304,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:11 cko4 וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 “but surprisingly/amazingly,” or “but {now} look,”
48:11 w75i הֶרְאָ֥ה אֹתִ֛⁠י אֱלֹהִ֖ים גַּ֥ם אֶת זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 “God has allowed me to see/meet also/even your offspring/children!” or “God has also/even allowed me to see/meet your offspring/children!”
48:12 wvkp וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “Then Joseph moved/took his sons away” or “Then Joseph had his sons move/step away/back”
48:12 agib rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵ⁠עִ֣ם בִּרְכָּ֑י⁠ו 1 “from beside his father’s knees,” or “from beside/near his father,” Joseph’s sons (who were in their 20s) were near Jacob’s knees, so that he could hug them; they were not sitting on his knees or lap. Also make sure it is clear that your translation of “his” refers to Jacob, not Joseph.
48:12 kz74 וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ 1 “and he bowed {before him}” or “and he prostrated himself {before him}”
48:12 jfto rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לְ⁠אַפָּ֖י⁠ו אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “with his nose/face toward the ground {in thankfulness and respect}.” or “and touched the ground with his forehead {to show respect}.” Joseph bowed to the ground to show thankfulness and respect to his father and possibly also to God. If necessary, you could make that information explicit in your translation or put it in a footnote.
48:12 agib rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵ⁠עִ֣ם בִּרְכָּ֑י⁠ו 1 “from beside his father’s knees,” or “from beside/near his father,” Joseph’s sons (who were in their 20s) were near Israel's knees, so that he could hug them; they were not sitting on his knees or lap. Also make sure your translation of “his” refers to Joseph's father (Israel/Jacob), not Joseph.
48:12 kz74 וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ 1 “and he bowed {before his father}” or “and he prostrated himself {before him}”
48:12 jfto rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לְ⁠אַפָּ֖י⁠ו אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “with his nose/face toward the ground {in thankfulness and respect}.” or “and touched the ground with his forehead {to show him respect}.” Joseph bowed to the ground to show thankfulness and respect to his father and possibly also to God. If necessary, you could make that information explicit in your translation or put it in a footnote.
48:13 ixv8 וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח יוֹסֵף֮ 1 “Then Joseph/he took/positioned”
48:13 wvf8 אֶת שְׁנֵי⁠הֶם֒ 1 “both of his sons,” or “his sons”
48:13 nzul אֶת אֶפְרַ֤יִם בִּֽ⁠ימִינ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “{with} Ephraim on/at his right {hand/side}”
@ -6322,13 +6321,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:14 jxo4 כִּ֥י 1 “{even} though” or “in spite of the fact that”. Make sure that the way you translate “because” fits with the fact that Israel wanted to place his right hand on Ephraim (to give him the greater blessing), even though Manasseh was the firstborn (who would normally receive the greater blessing in that culture).
48:14 u8qz מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה הַ⁠בְּכֽוֹר 1 “Manasseh {was} the/{Joseph’s} firstborn/oldest {son}.”
48:15 llyx וַ⁠יְבָ֥רֶךְ אֶת יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 1 “Then Israel blessed Joseph {and his sons} by saying,” or “Then Israel blessed Joseph by {blessing his sons and} saying,” Israel blessed Joseph by blessing Joseph’s sons (verses 15-16, 19-20).
48:15 gsdn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֡ים 1 “May {God bless your sons,} the God” or “I pray that {God will bless your sons,} the God” or “I ask God {to bless your sons}. He is the God”. For some languages it is better to break up the long sentence in verses 15-16 and to also make it explicit here that Israel is asking God to bless Joseph’s sons, rather than wait until verse 16. Do what is best in your language.
48:15 gsdn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֡ים 1 “May {God bless your sons,} the God” or “I pray that {God will bless your sons,} the God” or “I ask God {to bless your sons}. He is the God”. For some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit here that this prayer is a blessing for Joseph’s sons (rather than waiting until that is made clear in verse 16). Do what is best in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to break up the long sentence in verses 15-16 into shorter sentences.
48:15 iwxf אֲשֶׁר֩ & אֲבֹתַ֤⁠י & אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְחָ֔ק 1 “whom my forefathers/ancestors Abraham and Isaac”
48:15 r8jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ & לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 “walked/lived before/with {according to his will},” or “walked/lived {obediently} in the presence of,” or “served/obeyed,” See how you translated the idiom “walk/live before” in Gen 17:1 and 24:40. You may need to translate it differently in different contexts.
48:15 bi81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ הָ⁠רֹעֶ֣ה אֹתִ֔⁠י 1 “the {same} God who has watched over me” or “He is the {same} God who has taken care of me”. The word “shepherded” includes guiding, protecting, and providing food and water, such as a shepherd would do for his sheep. Here it is used as a metaphor that refers to God’s complete care of Israel throughout his life. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to use a similar metaphor here. For example, you could say, “He is the {same} God who, for my entire life, has taken care of all my needs, just as a {good} shepherd takes care of his sheep.”
48:15 dt5m מֵ⁠עוֹדִ֖⁠י עַד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 “from {the beginning of} my {life} until the present day/time,” or “my entire life,”
48:16 wzng rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הַ⁠מַּלְאָךְ֩ הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֨ל אֹתִ֜⁠י מִ⁠כָּל רָ֗ע 1 “{He is also} the Angel who saved/rescued me {continually} from all/every harm/trouble.” Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider again how you translated “angel” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 16:7, 9-11; 19:1, 15; 21:17; 22:11, 15; 24:7, 40; 28:12; 31:11; 32:3, 6; 48:16.
48:16 hkqg יְבָרֵךְ֮ אֶת הַ⁠נְּעָרִים֒ 1 “I pray/ask that he will cause {these} young men to prosper {greatly},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, since Joseph’s sons were probably in their 20s, make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like they were little boys. The Hebrew word for “boy” here can also be translated as “lad, servant,” or “young man,” depending on the context and who is speaking to whom. With that in mind, consider again how you translated this word in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:24; 18:7; 19:4; 21:12, 17-20; 22:3, 5, 12, 19; 25:27; 34:19; 37:2; 41:12; 43:8; 44:22, 30-34; 48:16.
48:16 hkqg יְבָרֵךְ֮ אֶת הַ⁠נְּעָרִים֒ 1 “I pray/ask that he will cause {these} young men to prosper {greatly},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here; your decision will depend on how you translated verse 15. Also, since Joseph’s sons were probably in their 20s, make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like they were little boys. The Hebrew word for “boy” here can also be translated as “lad,” “servant,” or “young man,” depending on the context and who is speaking to whom. With that in mind, consider again how you translated this word in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:24; 18:7; 19:4; 21:12, 17-20; 22:3, 5, 12, 19; 25:27; 34:19; 37:2; 41:12; 43:8; 44:22, 30-34; 48:16.
48:16 b0ar וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֤א בָ⁠הֶם֙ שְׁמִ֔⁠י וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם אֲבֹתַ֖⁠י אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְחָ֑ק וְ⁠יִדְגּ֥וּ לָ⁠רֹ֖ב בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “so that my family name/line and the family name/line of my ancestors Abraham and Isaac will continue through them and so that they will have many descendants on the earth.” or “I pray that they will have many descendants on the earth who will carry on the family name/line for me and for my forefathers/ancestors Abraham and Isaac.”
48:17 guyi וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יוֹסֵ֗ף כִּי יָשִׁ֨ית אָבִ֧י⁠ו יַד יְמִינ֛⁠וֹ עַל רֹ֥אשׁ אֶפְרַ֖יִם 1 “{When} Joseph saw/noticed that his father had put/rested/laid his right hand on Ephraim’s head,” See how you translated “placed” in verse 14.
48:17 krcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֵּ֣רַע בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 “it displeased him,” or “he was displeased/unhappy {about it},” or “he thought it was a mistake,”
@ -6359,7 +6358,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:21 ydkc וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֣יב אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “He will also bring/take you back”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
48:21 orx3 אֶל אֶ֖רֶץ אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “to the land that {he gave} to your forefathers/ancestors.”
48:22 xrzo וַ⁠אֲנִ֞י נָתַ֧תִּֽי לְ⁠ךָ֛ 1 “And I give/bequeath to you {as part of your inheritance}” or “Besides that, {as part of your inheritance from me,} I {hereby} give you”. The pronouns “you” and “your” shift to singular in verse 22.
48:22 cazk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁכֶ֥ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to (1) “{the city of} Shechem,” or (2) “a mountain slope/ridge,” This second interpretation comes from the meaning of the Hebrew word “shekem” (“shoulder”), which can be used as a metaphor to refer to a mountain slope or ridge.
48:22 cazk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁכֶ֥ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) “{the city of} Shechem,” or (2) “a mountain slope/ridge,” This second interpretation comes from the meaning of the Hebrew word “shekem” (“shoulder”), which can be used as a metaphor to refer to a mountain slope or ridge.
48:22 peu5 אַחַ֖ד עַל אַחֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “which is more {land} than I am giving to your brothers and”
48:22 bfda אֲשֶׁ֤ר לָקַ֨חְתִּי֙ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד 1 “which I took control of from” or “which I took/captured from” or “I took/captured that land from”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
48:22 q9pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י בְּ⁠חַרְבִּ֖⁠י וּ⁠בְ⁠קַשְׁתִּֽ⁠י 1 “the Amorite{s} {in battle} using my sword and my bow.” or “the Amorite{s} when I defeated them in battle.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Besides that, I {hereby} give you {the city of} Shechem, {which} I took/captured from the Amorite{s} when I defeated them in battle. This is more {land} than I am giving to your brothers.” Do what is best in your language. Also consider again how you translated “Amorite{s}” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:16; 14:7, 13; 15:16, 21; 48:22.
@ -6369,8 +6368,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:1 upew וְ⁠אַגִּ֣ידָה לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “and I will declare to you” or “so that I can tell/inform you”
49:1 gmu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר יִקְרָ֥א אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 “what will happen to you {and your descendants}”. Much of what Jacob prophesies in this chapter about his sons also applies to their descendants. Some translation teams may prefer to put that information in a footnote rather than make it explicit in the text. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “meet” in Gen 42:4, 38.
49:1 xg3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠אַחֲרִ֥ית הַ⁠יָּמִֽים 1 “in the days/years ahead.” or “in future days/years.” In this context, this phrase refers to a period of years in the future. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
49:2 j5co rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הִקָּבְצ֥וּ וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ בְּנֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “{Yes/Indeed,} Jacob’s/my sons, come/gather {here} and hear {what I have to say},” or “My sons, gather around {me,} {your father} Jacob, and listen {to me}.” Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that Jacob is talking to his own sons and is referring to himself as Jacob and Israel. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put the address “sons of Jacob” first in verse 2, or even first in the quote (which begins in verse 1). Do what is best in your language.
49:2 xh8b וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “Pay attention to {me} your father Israel.” or “{I} your father Israel have something {important} to tell you.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize that Jacob wants his sons to listen to him carefully. Try to keep both halves of this parallelism in your translation, since each half has a slightly different focus. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:2 j5co rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הִקָּבְצ֥וּ וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ בְּנֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “{Yes/Indeed,} Jacob’s/my sons, come/gather {here} and hear {what I have to say},” or “My sons, gather around {me,} {your father} Jacob, and listen {to me}.” Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that Jacob is talking to his own sons and is referring to himself as both Jacob and as Israel. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put the address “sons of Jacob” first in verse 2, or even first in the quote (which begins in verse 1). Do what is best in your language.
49:2 xh8b וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “Pay attention to {me,} your father Israel.” or “{I,} your father Israel, have something {important} to tell you.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize that Jacob wants his sons to listen to him carefully. Try to keep both halves of this parallelism in your translation, since each half has a slightly different focus. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:3 tmwk רְאוּבֵן֙ בְּכֹ֣רִ⁠י אַ֔תָּה 1 “Reuben, you {are} my oldest {son},” Consider again how you translated “firstborn” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:4; 10:15; 19:31, 33-34, 37; 22:21; 25:13, 27; 27:19, 32; 29:26; 35:23; 36:15; 38:6-7; 41:51; 43:33; 46:8, 14; 48:18; 49:3. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context.
49:3 wp60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism כֹּחִ֖⁠י וְ⁠רֵאשִׁ֣ית אוֹנִ֑⁠י 1 “{the result of} my strength/fertility, and the first child I had as a young man.” or “{You are} the first {evidence/sign} of my manhood and strength/virility.” This phrase is used here as a euphemistic idiom that refers to Jacob’s ability to have children. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Translate this in a way that will not embarrass or offend listeners.
49:3 zu3n יֶ֥תֶר שְׂאֵ֖ת וְ⁠יֶ֥תֶר עָֽז 1 “{You had} higher/more honor and authority {than all your brothers}.” or “{You had} high status and great authority {in our family}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
@ -6405,13 +6404,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:10 yr2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠מְחֹקֵ֖ק מִ⁠בֵּ֣ין רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו 1 “The {king’s/ruler’s} staff will never leave his/your descendants/family” or “In fact, your descendants will rule”. This phrase forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes the authority that Judah and his descendants will have.
49:10 f9a1 עַ֚ד כִּֽי יָבֹ֣א שִׁיל֔וֹ 1 “until the {highest} king comes/arrives” or “until the One whom the scepter/kingdom belongs to comes/arrives”. Jacob is probably prophesying here about the coming of the Messiah/Christ. This fits with the fact that Jesus was a descendant of the tribe of Judah and is now ruling as the true King over heaven and earth. You could put some of that information in a footnote.
49:10 jg91 וְ⁠ל֖⁠וֹ יִקְּהַ֥ת עַמִּֽים 1 “and the peoples/nations {of the earth} obey him.” or “and all people obey him.” or “All people/nations will obey him.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:11 tpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹסְרִ֤י 1 “Judah {and his descendants}” or “You {and your descendants}”. In verse 11, the pronouns “he” and “his” refer to Judah and his descendants. To make that clear, you could make that explicit here and then use plural pronouns “they” and “their” throughout the verse. Or if you are using the second person throughout this section, you could say, “You {and your descendants}…” and use plural pronouns “you” and “your” after that.
49:11 tpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹסְרִ֤י 1 “Judah {and his descendants}” or “You {and your descendants}”. In verse 11, the pronouns “he” and “his” refer to Judah and his descendants. To make that clear, you could make that explicit here and then use plural pronouns “they” and “their” throughout the verse. Or if you are using the second person throughout this section, you could say, “You {and your descendants} …” and use plural pronouns “you” and “your” after that.
49:11 nav1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֹסְרִ֤י לַ⁠גֶּ֨פֶן֙ עִיר֔וֹ 1 “will {be so wealthy that they/you will/could} tether/tie their/your donkey{s} to {their/your} {grape}vine{s} {to eat the valuable fruit}.” or “let your donkey{s} eat your choice/valuable {grape}vine{s}.” In Jacob’s culture grapevines were valuable plants, so unless a person was very rich, he would never tether a donkey to his grapevines because it would eat the fruit and the vines. If necessary, you could make some of that information explicit in your translation.
49:11 gjb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לַ⁠שֹּׂרֵקָ֖ה בְּנִ֣י אֲתֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Their/Your donkeys’ colts will/could eat the best/finest grapevines.” or “{It will not matter if} their/your donkeys’ colts eat {their/your} best/finest {grapevine} branch{es}.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous one to emphasize how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be.
49:11 s2nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּבֵּ֤ס בַּ⁠יַּ֨יִן֙ לְבֻשׁ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠דַם עֲנָבִ֖ים סוּתֽוֹ 1 “{They/You will still have so much wine from other vines/grapevines that} they/you could {even} use the wine like water to wash their/your robes and {other} clothes.” This sentence is another parallelism that emphasizes how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be. The phrase “blood of grapes” is an idiom that refers to red wine made from the juice of grapes.
49:12 s3uy עֵינַ֖יִם 1 “{Their/Your} eyes” or “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} {their/your} eyes”
49:12 cm3s חַכְלִילִ֥י & מִ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{will be} bright from {drinking} {abundant} wine,” or (2) “{will be} darker than wine,” In both interpretations the emphasis is that Judah’s descendants will be blessed with an abundance of the best foods, including wine and milk, which are examples of the most valuable foods that were produced in the land.
49:12 rmn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠לְבֶן־שִׁנַּ֖יִם מֵ⁠חָלָֽב 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} white from {drinking} {abundant} milk.” (2) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} whiter than milk.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits with the interpretation you used for the first part of this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of these phrases and say, “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} they/you will have plenty of the best foods, including {abundant} wine and milk.” Do what is best in your language.
49:12 rmn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠לְבֶן־שִׁנַּ֖יִם מֵ⁠חָלָֽב 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} white from {drinking} {abundant} milk.” or (2) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} whiter than milk.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits with the interpretation you used for the first part of this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of these phrases and say, “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} they/you will have plenty of the best foods, including {abundant} wine and milk.” Do what is best in your language.
49:13 xffh זְבוּלֻ֕ן 1 “{As for} Zebulun, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Zebulun, {you} {and your descendants}”. Throughout this chapter, decide whether it is best in your language to use third person or second person when Jacob refers to each of his sons (and their descendants).
49:13 wtx1 לְ⁠ח֥וֹף יַמִּ֖ים יִשְׁכֹּ֑ן 1 “will settle/live at/near the seashore/coast,”
49:13 vumy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠הוּא֙ לְ⁠ח֣וֹף אֳנִיּ֔וֹת 1 “yes, they/you {will settle/live} at/near a harbor for ships,” or “where there will be a {safe} harbor/place for ships {to load and unload their cargo},” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize where Zebulun and his descendants will live.
@ -6420,7 +6419,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:14 jcdq יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר 1 “{As for} Issachar, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Issachar, {you} {and your descendants}”
49:14 x4v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor חֲמֹ֣ר גָּ֑רֶם 1 “{will be} {like} a strong/sturdy donkey”. Consider again how you translated “donkey” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16; 16:12; 22:3, 5, 6; 24:35; 30:43; 32:5, 15; 34:28; 36:24; 42:26-27; 43:18, 24; 44:3, 13; 45:23; 47:17; 49:14.
49:14 h1kf רֹבֵ֖ץ 1 “crouching/lying down {resting}” or “{that is} resting {on the ground}”
49:14 e90c בֵּ֥ין הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “between two saddlebags/loads.” (2) “between the two parts of a sheep pen.” Both interpretations imply that the donkey is lying down to rest after it worked hard.
49:14 e90c בֵּ֥ין הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “between two saddlebags/loads.” or (2) “between the two parts of a sheep pen.” Both interpretations imply that the donkey is lying down to rest after it worked hard.
49:15 tdds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא מְנֻחָה֙ כִּ֣י ט֔וֹב וְ⁠אֶת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ כִּ֣י נָעֵ֑מָה 1 “They/You will have a good place to rest/live, in a pleasant/enjoyable land.”
49:15 zdv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט שִׁכְמ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “However, they/you will {also} have to exert themselves/yourselves” or “But they/you will labor/work hard”. Consider what is the best way to translate this Hebrew idiom in your language.
49:15 qtbd לִ⁠סְבֹּ֔ל 1 “to/and carry {heavy loads},”
@ -6452,7 +6451,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:23 i8j6 וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂטְמֻ֖⁠הוּ 1 “and treat them/you hatefully.” or “and try to destroy them/you.”
49:24 x6y3 וַ⁠תֵּ֤שֶׁב בְּ⁠אֵיתָן֙ קַשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “But {as they/you fight back,} they/you will hold/keep their/your bows/weapons steady” or “… they/you will use their/your bows/weapons well/effectively”. Make sure that the way you translate “his” in this verse fits with whether you use second or third person (singular or plural) to refer to Joseph (and his descendants) in verses 22-26.
49:24 lyay וַ⁠יָּפֹ֖זּוּ זְרֹעֵ֣י יָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “and their/your strong/powerful arms will remain/stay agile/nimble”
49:24 uyx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠ידֵי֙ 1 “because of the power/strength”. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language.
49:24 uyx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠ידֵי֙ אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב 1 “because of the power/strength”. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language.
49:24 ecz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב 1 “of the Mighty/Powerful {One/God} whom I worship/serve,” or “that the Mighty/Powerful {God} of Jacob gives them/you,” For some languages, it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the phrases in this verse and say, “But the Mighty/Powerful {God} whom I worship/serve will keep you strong and help you use your bows/weapons well/effectively {as you fight back}.” Do what is best in your language.
49:24 tb3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠שָּׁ֥ם רֹעֶ֖ה 1 “{that’s right,} by the name/power of the/our Shepherd.” or “He takes care of {his people} the way that a shepherd takes care of his sheep.” A shepherd takes care of his sheep and provides for all of their needs. In the same way God takes care of his people and provides for all of their needs. See Psalm 23 which also talks about God as our Shepherd. You could put some of that information in a footnote.
49:24 bwhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶ֥בֶן יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 “{He is} Israel’s/my Rock/Fortress.” or “{He is} {like} a rock {fortress} who protects Israel {and his descendants}.” In verses 24 and 25, several different titles are used to refer to Yahweh, the only true God. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like there is more than one God. Also make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that Jacob is referring to himself in this verse as Jacob and Israel.
@ -6462,14 +6461,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:25 u2xi בִּרְכֹ֤ת שָׁמַ֨יִם֙ מֵ⁠עָ֔ל 1 “{with} rain from above” or “{He will} bless/provide {you} with rain from the heavens/sky”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:25 a4di בִּרְכֹ֥ת תְּה֖וֹם רֹבֶ֣צֶת תָּ֑חַת 1 “and water from deep in the ground.” or “and bless/provide {you} with water from under the ground.” This phrase refers to water that comes from under the ground and supplies springs, wells, and rivers.
49:25 fxtf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּרְכֹ֥ת שָׁדַ֖יִם וָ⁠רָֽחַם 1 “He will {also} bless {you} with many children {and much livestock}.” or “May your women/wives bear/have many children {and your animals bear/have many offspring/young}.” Consider what is the best way to translate this metonymy in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26 lpt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בִּרְכֹ֣ת אָבִ֗י⁠ךָ גָּֽבְרוּ֙ עַל בִּרְכֹ֣ת הוֹרַ֔⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{God} has blessed {me} your father more than he blessed my ancestors,” or (2) “The blessings your father is blessing {you} {with} are greater than the blessings my ancestors blessed me with,” or (3) “The blessings of your father have surpassed the blessings/riches of the ancient mountains,” The third interpretation is based on the Greek Septuagint which interprets the Hebrew word for “ancestors” as “mountains” (which has a similar spelling in Hebrew).
49:26 lpt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בִּרְכֹ֣ת אָבִ֗י⁠ךָ גָּֽבְרוּ֙ עַל בִּרְכֹ֣ת הוֹרַ֔⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{God} has blessed {me} your father more than he blessed my ancestors,” or (2) “The blessings your father is blessing {you} {with} are greater than the blessings my ancestors blessed me with,” or (3) “The blessings of your father have surpassed the blessings/riches of the ancient mountains,” The third interpretation is based on the Greek Septuagint, which interprets the Hebrew word for “ancestors” as “mountains” (which has a similar spelling in Hebrew).
49:26 n6h1 עַֽד תַּאֲוַ֖ת 1 The meaning of the Hebrew text is uncertain here. It could mean: (1) “{He has blessed me with bounties/riches that are} greater than the bounties/riches {that come} from” or (2) “{My blessings are} {so great that they extend} to the utmost/farthest boundaries/limits of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26 fzcy גִּבְעֹ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם 1 “the everlasting/ancient mountains.”
49:26 pz62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche תִּֽהְיֶ֨ין֙ לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “May {God} {also} give those/abundant blessings to {you} Joseph, {as}” or “I pray that {God} will abundantly bless {you too,} Joseph, {since you are}”. The words “head” and “top of the head” refer to Joseph and are connected with the custom of laying hands on the head of the person being blessed.
49:26 ckgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נְזִ֥יר 1 “the one who has been set apart {by God} {as ruler/leader}” or “the one who is distinguished/honored {by God}” or “the one whom he/God chose to set apart {and honor}”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive phrase in your language.
49:26 ujeh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶחָֽי⁠ו 1 “above/over his/your brothers.” Make sure your choice of “his” or “your” here fits with how you translated the beginning of this sentence.
49:27 ox1g בִּנְיָמִין֙ 1 “{As for} Benjamin, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Benjamin, {you} {and your descendants}”. Consider again whether you make “and … descendants” explicit for each of Jacob’s sons in this chapter, or whether you leave it implied and possibly put that information in a footnote. See verses 1, 7-8, 11, 13-14, 16, 19-23, 27.
49:27 hwab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor זְאֵ֣ב יִטְרָ֔ף 1 “{is/are} {like} a fierce wolf.” or “{will be} {fierce warriors} {like} ravenous/hungry wolves.” Wolves are a type of large, fierce, wild dog that live and hunt together in groups. If wolves are unknown in your language area, you could say “wild dog” or “a pack of wild dogs.” Consider again how you translated the metaphors and similes that Jacob uses in verses 4, 9-11, 14, 17, 21-22, 24, 27.
49:27 ox1g בִּנְיָמִין֙ 1 “{As for} Benjamin, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Benjamin, {you} {and your descendants}”. Consider again whether you make “and … descendants” explicit for each of Jacob’s sons in this chapter or whether you leave it implied and possibly put that information in a footnote. See verses 1, 7-8, 11, 13-14, 16, 19-23, 27.
49:27 hwab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor זְאֵ֣ב יִטְרָ֔ף 1 “{is/are} {like} a fierce wolf.” or “{will be} {fierce warriors} {like} ravenous/hungry wolves.” Wolves are a type of large, fierce, wild dog that lives and hunts together in groups. If wolves are unknown in your language area, you could say “wild dog” or “a pack of wild dogs.” Consider again how you translated the metaphors and similes that Jacob uses in verses 4, 9-11, 14, 17, 21-22, 24, 27.
49:27 tyqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person בַּ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר יֹ֣אכַל עַ֑ד וְ⁠לָ⁠עֶ֖רֶב יְחַלֵּ֥ק שָׁלָֽל 1 “They/You defeat their/your enemies in the morning and share the plunder/spoils of battle {with their/your family/warriors} in the evening.” or “You will always defeat your enemies and take their possessions and wealth.” Consider again whether to use second person or third person (singular or plural) in verses 3-27, and make sure your translation of the pronouns is clear and natural. To do that, it is helpful to read your translation of this section aloud.
49:28 zkfe כָּל אֵ֛לֶּה שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 “Those {twelve sons} {are} {the forefathers/ancestors of} the twelve tribes that descended/came from Israel,” This clause refers back to Jacob’s sons who are mentioned in verses 1-27.
49:28 der9 וְ֠⁠זֹאת אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֨ר לָ⁠הֶ֤ם אֲבִי⁠הֶם֙ 1 “and those {were} the words/blessings that their father spoke to them.”
@ -6486,7 +6485,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:30 ypaj בַּ⁠מְּעָרָ֞ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֧ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֛ה 1 “That cave and field are in the Machpelah {area}”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “Machpelah” in Gen 23:9.
49:30 opic אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל פְּנֵי מַמְרֵ֖א 1 “that is near {the city of} Mamre” or “that is east of {the city of} Mamre”
49:30 s53x בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “in the region of Canaan.”
49:30 sjun אֲשֶׁר֩ קָנָ֨ה אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת עֶפְרֹ֥ן הַ⁠חִתִּ֖י 1 “{That is the cave} that {my grandfather} Abraham bought, along with the field from Ephron the Hittite,”
49:30 sjun אֲשֶׁר֩ קָנָ֨ה אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת עֶפְרֹ֥ן הַ⁠חִתִּ֖י 1 “{That is the cave} that {my grandfather} Abraham bought, along with the field, from Ephron the Hittite,”
49:30 e2wi לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָֽבֶר 1 “to possess/use for a {family} burial place/site.” or “in order to possess/have a place to bury {his dead relatives}.”
49:31 t64r שָׁ֣מָּ⁠ה קָֽבְר֞וּ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֗ם וְ⁠אֵת֙ שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “That is where {the bodies of} Abraham and his wife Sarah are buried,” The pronoun “they” is general in this verse and does not specify who buried these people. Many languages have a similar general word. Other languages make this a passive clause without specifying the subject. Do what is best in your language.
49:31 y1hf שָׁ֚מָּ⁠ה קָבְר֣וּ אֶת יִצְחָ֔ק וְ⁠אֵ֖ת רִבְקָ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “{and} where {the bodies of} Isaac and his wife Rebekah are buried,”
@ -6544,14 +6543,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
50:11 g814 קָרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙ 1 “people call that place” or “the name of that place is” or “that place is called/named”. Consider again how you translated “For that (reason) he/they called/call …” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:9; 16:14; 19:22; 21:31; 25:26, 30; 31:48; 33:17; 35:8; 38:29-30; 50:11.
50:11 df53 אָבֵ֣ל מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “Abel Mizraim, {which means “Egyptians’ mourning place,”}”
50:11 b1sc אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר 1 “which {is located}” or “The/That place {is}”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
50:11 i2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן 1 “on the other side of the Jordan {River}.” For some language it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “That is why the name of that place on the other side of the Jordan {River} is Abel Mizraim, {which means “Egyptians’ mourning place.”}” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translate this phrase in verse 10.
50:11 i2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן 1 “on the other side of the Jordan {River}.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “That is why the name of that place on the other side of the Jordan {River} is Abel Mizraim, {which means “Egyptians’ mourning place.”}” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translate this phrase in verse 10.
50:12 elcm וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂ֥וּ בָנָ֖י⁠ו ל֑⁠וֹ כֵּ֖ן כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 “So his/Jacob’s sons did for him exactly what” or “Jacob’s sons did {everything} for him just as”
50:12 je5d צִוָּֽ⁠ם 1 “he had instructed/told them {to do}:”
50:13 kyl5 וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֨וּ אֹת֤⁠וֹ בָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 “They took/brought his body”
50:13 gtwk אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “to the region of Canaan”. Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Canaan” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:31; 12:5; 13:12, 14; 16:3; 17:8; 23:2, 19; 31:18; 33:18; 35:6; 36:5-6; 37:1; 42:5, 7, 13, 29, 32; 44:8; 45:17, 25; 46:6, 12, 31; 47:1, 4, 13, 15, 27; 48:3, 7; 49:30; 50:5, 13. Also be consistent with how you spelled the name of the man named Canaan in 9:18, 22, 25-27; 10:6, 15, and compare that to how you translated “the Canaanites” in 10:18-19; 12:6; 13:7; 15:21; 24:3, 37; 28:1, 6, 8; 34:30; 36:2; 38:2; 46:10; 50:11.
50:13 xe0g וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְעָרַ֖ת שְׂדֵ֣ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֑ה 1 “and buried him/it in the cave {that is} in the field in the Machpelah {area},” Consider again how you translated “cave” and “the cave of the field of Machpelah” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 19:30; 23:9 (and note), 11, 17, 19-20; 25:9; 49:29-30, 32; 50:13.
50:13 n02f אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קֶ֗בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת עֶפְרֹ֥ן הַ⁠חִתִּ֖י 1 “{It was} the field {and cave} that Abraham had bought from Ephron the Hittite as a property/place to bury his dead {relatives}”. Consider again how you translated “property for a burial place” in Gen 23:4, 9, 20, and how you translated “Hittite” or “Ephron the Hittite” in Gen 10:15; 15:20; 23:3, 5, 7, 10, 16,18; 25:9-10; 26:34; 27:46; 36:2; 49:29-30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Ephron” in those verses and in Gen 23:8, 13-14, 16-17.
50:13 imrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא 1 “near {the city of} Mamre.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence (after “Machpelah”) and say, “… the field of Machpelah near {the city of} Mamre. {It was} the field {and cave} which/that Abraham …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “in front of Mamre” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 23:17, 19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Mamre” in those verses and in Gen 13:18; 14:13, 24; 18:1.
50:13 imrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא 1 “near {the city of} Mamre.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence (after “Machpelah”) and say, “… the field of Machpelah near {the city of} Mamre. {It was} the field {and cave} that Abraham …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “in front of Mamre” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 23:17, 19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Mamre” in those verses and in Gen 13:18; 14:13, 24; 18:1.
50:14 m61w אַחֲרֵ֖י קָבְר֥⁠וֹ אֶת אָבִֽי⁠ו 1 “After Joseph buried his father{’s body},”
50:14 u0lx וַ⁠יָּ֨שָׁב יוֹסֵ֤ף מִצְרַ֨יְמָ⁠ה֙ 1 “Joseph/he returned to {the country of} Egypt,”
50:14 yhun ה֣וּא וְ⁠אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “along with his brothers”
@ -6571,7 +6570,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
50:18 vtzz וַ⁠יֵּלְכוּ֙ גַּם אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “After that, his/Joseph’s brothers themselves came {to him},”
50:18 u7sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “and threw/bowed themselves {on the ground} in front of him and said,” or “prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}, and said {to him},” See how you translated “fell … before him” in Gen 44:14. Compare that to how you translated “bowed down to/before …” (See: 49:8).
50:18 hvlx הִנֶּ֥⁠נּֽוּ 1 “Here we are,” See how you translated a similar phrase (“Behold me”) in 22:1, 7. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context.
50:18 m3yn לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “we {will be} your slaves/servants!” or “we {will serve you} as slaves/servants!” If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry, rather they are worried and desperate.
50:18 m3yn לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “we {will be} your slaves/servants!” or “we {will serve you} as slaves/servants!” If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry. Rather, they were worried and desperate.
50:19 o5mq וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 “But Joseph replied to them,”
50:19 dsla אַל תִּירָ֑אוּ 1 “You do not need to be afraid.” or “You have nothing to fear.”
50:19 qvm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֛י הֲ⁠תַ֥חַת אֱלֹהִ֖ים אָֽנִי 1 “I would never take God’s place {and judge/punish you}!” or “After all, I am not God! {So I have no right to judge/punish you.}” Joseph uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that he will not take God’s place and punish his brothers. Some languages must use a statement or exclamation here instead. Do what is best in your language.

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