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@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:5 rgh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because of the sins of the house of Israel 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “because the people of Israel have sinned against me”
1:5 a7g1 All this is 0 Alternate translation: “The Lord will come and judge”
1:5 efa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy What is Jacob’s transgression? 0 The name “Jacob” is a metonym for those of his descendants who live in the northern kingdom of Israel.
1:5 t7bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Samaria? 0 Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:5 rj3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche What is Judah’s high place? 0 Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. “Judah” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:5 rjt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Jerusalem? 0 Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:5 t7bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Samaria? 0 Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.”
1:5 rj3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche What is Judah’s high place? 0 Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?”
1:5 rjt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Jerusalem? 0 Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.”
1:6 m3rh I will make 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
1:6 wu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Samaria … her stones … her foundations 0 Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “Samaria … its stones … the foundations of the buildings in the city”
1:6 mrm3 I will pour her stones 0 Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria.
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:7 n921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive All her carved figures will be broken to pieces 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break all her carved figures to pieces”
1:7 a2ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all her gifts … will be burned with fire 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received”
1:7 nci4 she received 0 Alternate translation: “people gave her”
1:7 syr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again 0 Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes. When the Assyrians destroy Samaria, they will take to Assyria the gifts the people of Samaria gave to their idols and give them as gifts to their own idols. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:7 syr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again 0 Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes.
1:8 y14v 0 # General Information:\n\nMicah 1:8–16 is about God’s judgment on Judah.
1:8 agj7 I will lament 0 Here “I” refers to Micah.
1:8 evd3 I will lament and wail 0 “Lament” refers to the inner feeling of sadness, and “wail” refers to the activity of making a loud, sad sound.
@ -44,14 +44,12 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:11 m77i Beth Ezel 0 The name of this city means “house of taking away.”
1:11 ad97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for their protection is taken away 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I have taken away everything that might protect them”
1:12 c45f Maroth 0 The name of this city means “bitterness.”
1:12 wuv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disaster has come down from Yahweh 0 The abstract noun **disaster** is spoken of here as a solid object rolling down a hill. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused bad things to happen” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:13 qn9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lachish 0 The name “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots” in Hebrew. The people are hitching their chariots to flee, not fight. Lachish was the most important city after Jerusalem in Judah. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1:12 wuv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disaster has come down from Yahweh 0 The abstract noun **disaster** is spoken of here as a solid object rolling down a hill. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused bad things to happen”
1:13 qn9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lachish 0 The name “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots” in Hebrew. The people are hitching their chariots to flee, not fight. Lachish was the most important city after Jerusalem in Judah.
1:13 t76u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the daughter of Zion 0 The word “daughter” is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion”
1:13 b2dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for the transgressions of Israel were found in you 0 This idiom can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you disobeyed like the people of Israel did” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:14 yl23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Moresheth Gath 0 You may want to add a footnote saying “The name ‘Moresheth’ means ‘to depart.’ It is also similar in sound to the word for ‘fiancée.’” In this metaphor, Moresheth is the bride that Assyria takes, and the “parting gift” is the dowry, the gift her family gives for her to take into the marriage. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:13 b2dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for the transgressions of Israel were found in you 0 This idiom can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you disobeyed like the people of Israel did”
1:14 k4w1 Akzib 0 You may want to add a footnote saying “The name of this town sounds almost the same as the Hebrew expression for ‘deceitful thing.’”
1:15 xs9b I will again bring 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
1:15 vu14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mareshah 0 You may want to make a footnote saying, “The name of this village sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘conqueror.’”
1:15 wh3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adullam 0 This is the name of a royal city in Philistia.
1:16 i5ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Shave your head and cut off your hair 0 Israelites who were mourning would shave bald spots on their heads. This could mean: (1) “Shave larger spots than usual on your heads” or (2) “Cut off all your hair and shave your heads,” stating the events in the order in which they were to occur.
1:16 nb8x eagles 0 This word can also be translated “vultures.”
@ -65,13 +63,13 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:4 t7xt sing a song about you 0 Alternate translation: “sing a song to make fun of you”
2:4 ymz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony lament with a wailing lamentation 0 “they will cry loudly.” They are pretending to mourn, as if those they love have died.
2:4 frk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony We Israelites … to traitors 0 This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer.
2:4 hz57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can he remove it from me? 0 The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2:4 hz57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can he remove it from me? 0 The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!”
2:5 rnf9 Therefore, you rich people will have no descendants to divide up the territory by lot in the assembly of Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) Micah looks forward to a time after the exile when those who return will divide up the land or (2) he is speaking of a custom of his time when the tribe or clan would divide up their land and give it to individuals.
2:6 eli9 0 # General Information:\n\nMicah speaks to false prophets, as well as to the rich who have abused their power.
2:6 a888 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Do not prophesy 0 The speakers are speaking to Micah and to others, so this is plural.
2:6 iph5 they say 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel say”
2:6 nl1s They must not prophesy 0 Alternate translation: “The prophets must not prophesy”
2:6 dqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reproaches must not come 0 Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. It can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:6 dqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reproaches must not come 0 Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us”
2:7 d2pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should it really be said & “Is the Spirit … his deeds?” 0 Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask … ‘Is the Spirit … his deeds?’”
2:7 cd55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Jacob 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob”
2:7 hr6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion said & “Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?” 0 This could mean: (1) the people really do not know if they are seeing Yahweh act. Alternate translation: “asked … ‘Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?’” or (2) the people do not believe that Yahweh is really punishing them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “said … ‘The Spirit of Yahweh is not really angry. These are not really his deeds.’”
@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:11 mwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you he would be considered 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people would consider him” or “you would consider him”
2:12 l2ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you all of you, Jacob 0 Micah is speaking to some of the descendants of Jacob, so the word “you” is plural.
2:13 wz2q Someone who breaks open their way … Yahweh will be at their head. 0 This is a picture of a king leading his people out of an enclosed city.
3:intro wy5w 0 # Micah 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nAn unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:intro wy5w 0 # Micah 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nAn unjust society was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:1 lg8w 0 # General Information:\n\nChapter 3 focuses on the corrupt leaders in Israel.
3:1 bi75 I said 0 Here “I” refers to Micah.
3:1 cd9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it not right for you to understand justice? 0 Micah is scolding the leaders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You act as though you think it is wrong for you to understand justice.”
@ -96,10 +94,10 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:3 vs7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor just like meat in a cauldron 0 A butcher cutting up animals into meat is a metaphor for the leaders being cruel to the poor.
3:4 pu9j cry out to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help”
3:4 uuv7 he will not answer you 0 Alternate translation: “he will not do what you ask him to do”
3:4 ru8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will hide his face from you 0 Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it” or “You will see that he has no desire to help you”
3:4 ru8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will hide his face from you 0 Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it”
3:5 wvm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who lead my people astray 0 Walking on a good path is a metaphor for obeying God. Going astray from the path is a metaphor for disobeying God, in this case perhaps without knowing it. Alternate translation: “who lead my people to disobey me”
3:5 uud3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’ 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “something to eat” is an ironic way of speaking of a small payment. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3:5 jn8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “puts nothing in their mouths” is an ironic exaggeration for not giving what they want. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3:5 uud3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’ 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.”
3:5 jn8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little”
3:6 v4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will be night for you … the day will be dark on them 0 Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets.
3:6 r42r no vision for you 0 Alternate translation: “you will no longer see visions”
3:7 xh15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The seers will be put to shame, and the diviners will be confused 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause the seers to be ashamed, and I will confuse the diviners”
@ -107,11 +105,11 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:7 s6nk there is no answer from me 0 Alternate translation: “I will be silent”
3:8 ku3z But as for me 0 Here “me” refers to Micah, a true prophet, setting himself apart from the false prophets.
3:8 qw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am full of power by the Spirit of Yahweh, and am full of justice and might 0 Micah speaks of himself as if he were a container into which Yahweh were pouring a liquid. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh has given me power, justice, and might” or “the Spirit of Yahweh has enabled me to be strong, to declare what justice is, and to be mighty”
3:8 h3w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to declare to Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin 0 Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Micah uses both names to emphasize that all of his descendants are guilty of sin. The abstract nouns “transgression” and “sin” can be translated using verbs. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:8 h3w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to declare to Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin 0 Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned”
3:9 ral1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Jacob 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob”
3:9 rm8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Israel 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “descendants of Israel” or “you Israelites”
3:9 rm8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Israel 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “descendants of Israel”
3:9 ujn2 detest 0 strongly dislike
3:10 ca1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with iniquity 0 “Blood” here is a metonym for murder, and “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are spoken of as if they were buildings. Micah speaks of the rich murdering people and sinning in other ways as if those activities were the bricks and wood with which people use to build houses. Alternate translation: “You commit murder and other horrible sins as you work to make Zion and Jerusalem great” or “You commit murder as you worship in Zion, and you commit other sins as you get rich in Jerusalem” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:10 ca1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with iniquity 0 “Blood” here is a metonym for murder, and “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are spoken of as if they were buildings. Alternate translation: “You commit murder and other horrible sins as you work to make Zion and Jerusalem great”
3:11 yn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not Yahweh with us? 0 The leaders strongly believe that Yahweh is with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We know that Yahweh is with us!” or “We know that Yahweh will help us do what we want to do!”
3:11 aeh5 evil 0 See how you translated “disaster” in [Micah 1:12](../01/12.md).
3:12 r9xr because of you 0 Here “you” refers to the priests, prophets, and leaders ([Micah 3:11](../03/11.md)).
@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:12 m86y a thicket 0 a place where many small woody plants grow
4:intro pzv8 0 # Micah 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Remanant\n\nMicah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1–8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
4:1 rn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountain … other mountains 0 Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth.
4:1 a15l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” or “Yahweh will make the mountain on which his temple is built great”
4:1 a15l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built”
4:1 pbd3 over the other mountains 0 Mount Zion will be the most important of all the mountains. It might also mean that this mountain will become the highest in the world, and not only in the region where it is located.
4:1 ttd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It will be exalted above the hills 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt it above the hills” or “Yahweh will make it higher than the hills”
4:1 w891 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor peoples will stream to it 0 A stream flows continually to one place from many directions. Many people come to the temple mount from different directions. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will flow like a stream to it” or “the people of the nations will go to it”
@ -137,30 +135,28 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
4:5 iek8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the peoples walk … in the name of their god … we will walk in the name of Yahweh 0 Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples … worship and obey their god … we will worship and obey Yahweh”
4:6 c9uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the lame 0 This refers to those who cannot walk well. Being lame is a synecdoche for having any form of disability.
4:6 ri25 gather the outcast 0 Alternate translation: “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem”
4:7 b2he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the ones driven away into a strong nation 0 The words “I will turn” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation” or “I will make the ones I forcefully sent away into a strong nation” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:7 b2he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the ones driven away into a strong nation 0 The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation”
4:8 c64g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe As for you, watchtower for the flock, hill of the daughter of Zion—to you it will come, your former dominion 0 Micah speaks to the people of Jerusalem by speaking to the temple mount as if it could hear him. You may need to make explicit that Micah is giving his message to the people. Alternate translation: “As for the temple mount, the place from which Yahweh watches over you, his sheep, the place that Jerusalem’s people are most proud of—its former dominion will return”
4:8 y9gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor watchtower for the flock 0 The people of Jerusalem protecting the other people in surrounding areas is spoken of as if they were a shepherd in a watchtower watching over his flock.
4:8 p2dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem 0 The people who live in a place are spoken of as if the place is a mother and they are the daughter. Alternate translation: “people who live in Zion … people who live in Jerusalem”
4:8 tc2d hill 0 Some modern versions understand this Hebrew word to mean “fortress” or “stronghold” here.
4:8 ccs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to you it will come, your former dominion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dominion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over the nations as you did before” or “I will make you rule over the nations as you did before”
4:9 g6px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now, why do you shout so loudly? 0 Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.” or “Think carefully about why you are shouting loudly.”
4:9 b1zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there no king among you? Has your counselor died? Is this why pain grips you like that of a woman in labor? 0 Micah continues to mock the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind these questions as statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4:9 g6px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now, why do you shout so loudly? 0 Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.”
4:9 b1zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there no king among you? Has your counselor died? Is this why pain grips you like that of a woman in labor? 0 Micah continues to mock the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind these questions as statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.”
4:10 qn9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Be in pain … like a woman in labor 0 Micah compares the suffering the people will experience when enemies force them away from their cities to the pain a woman experiences when giving birth to a baby.
4:10 rci7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you 0 Yahweh says the same thing in both active and passive forms to emphasize that he will do what he has said he will do. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “There Yahweh will rescue you. There he will rescue you”
4:10 nv5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of your enemies 0 Here, the word **hand** could mean: (1) it could be a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, Alternate translation: “the power of your enemies” or (2) it could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “your enemies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:11 b5e1 0 # General Information:\n\nJerusalem will defeat her enemies.
4:11 xj2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let her be defiled 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us defile her”
4:11 l329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let our eyes gloat over Zion 0 The eye is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “let us gloat over Zion” or “let us enjoy watching the invaders destroy Zion”
4:12 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile for he has gathered them like bundles of grain prepared for the threshing floor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh being ready to destroy the nations as if Yahweh were a farmer who has put his bundles of grain on his threshing floor and is now ready to thresh them.
4:13 bj1p 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh presents the imagery of the threshing floor ([Micah 4:12](../04/12.md)).
4:13 mm6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion … your horn … your hooves … You will crush 0 All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine.
4:13 m3uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze 0 Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
4:13 tq8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze 0 If your reader is not familiar with oxen or iron or bronze, you could remove the metaphor. Alternate translation: “for I will make you able to defeat and destroy every enemy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
4:13 m3uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze 0 Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat.
4:13 igd2 their unjust wealth 0 Alternate translation: “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people”
4:13 c3rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns their wealth 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wealth**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the things that they own”
5:intro y1t7 0 # Micah 5 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nThis chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Change in Personal Pronouns\n\nExtra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes “I” is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as “you” and begins speaking about them as “we” or “us.”
5:1 f536 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor daughter of soldiers 0 The people of a city are spoken of as if they were a woman. The soldiers are attacking the city. Alternate translation: “people of the city, whom soldiers are attacking”
5:1 yp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With a rod they strike the judge of Israel on the cheek 0 The rod is a metonym for a greater man punishing a lesser man with a rod. To strike a man on the cheek was to insult him more than to harm him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the judge of Israel by having the invaders insult the judge of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:1 yp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With a rod they strike the judge of Israel on the cheek 0 The rod is a metonym for a greater man punishing a lesser man with a rod. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the judge of Israel by having the invaders insult the judge of Israel”
5:1 hz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony the judge of Israel 0 This irony describes the king as having lost so much of his power and authority that he is really only a judge.
5:2 e2u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah 0 Yahweh speaks to the people of Judah, and especially to the people of Bethlehem, as if he were speaking to the town of Bethlehem itself.
5:2 kc5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephrathah 0 This is either the name of the area in which Bethlehem was situated or it is just another name for Bethlehem or it distinguishes this Bethlehem from another. Bethlehem is about six miles south of Jerusalem. It was the hometown of King David. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Ephrathah’ means ‘to be fruitful.’”
@ -177,8 +173,8 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
5:4 kkz1 They will remain 0 the people of Israel will remain
5:4 yry5 remain 0 Alternate translation: “live in safety”
5:4 jkd7 he will be great to the ends of the earth 0 All people from every nation will give honor to Israel’s ruler.
5:5 m8sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor seven shepherds and eight leaders over men 0 Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven … and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:6 t2fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances 0 The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Here the Israelites ruling over the Assyrians is spoken of ironically as if they were killing sheep instead of herding them. The land of Assyria is a metonym for the people who live there. The entrances to cities were where official business took place. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:5 m8sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor seven shepherds and eight leaders over men 0 Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers”
5:6 t2fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances 0 The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod”
5:6 upk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and the land of Nimrod 0 The words “they will shepherd” are understood from the beginning of the sentence. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “and they will shepherd the land of Nimrod”
5:6 p1ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names land of Nimrod 0 This is another name for the land of Assyria. Nimrod was a hunter and early ruler. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Nimrod’ means ‘rebellion.’”
5:6 cj7q He will rescue 0 The ruler will rescue
@ -191,7 +187,7 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
5:8 fsg4 When he goes through them 0 when the young lion goes through the flocks of sheep
5:8 l3ju will trample over them and tear 0 Alternate translation: “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear”
5:9 qjw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Your hand … your enemies 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular.
5:9 g937 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your hand will be lifted against your enemies 0 The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the whole person. To lift the hand is to exercise power. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
5:9 g937 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your hand will be lifted against your enemies 0 The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies”
5:9 a5bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche it will destroy them 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will destroy them”
5:10 yvv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will destroy your horses from among you and will demolish your chariots 0 The people of Israel used horses and chariots only in battle, and they may have traded for them with the godless nations around them. God did not want the people to trust in their weapons of war to protect them more than they trusted in him.
5:10 t7yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your horses … among you … your chariots 0 Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man.
@ -224,13 +220,13 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
6:8 y8pq He has told you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh has told you”
6:8 xd8t good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act … God 0 Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act … God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act … God?”
6:8 qii1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns love kindness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “kind.” Alternate translation: “love being kind to people”
6:9 jf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy even now wisdom acknowledges your name 0 Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word “name” here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you” or “and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:9 jf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy even now wisdom acknowledges your name 0 Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you”
6:9 mll1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pay attention to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place 0 Here “rod” refers to the enemy army with which Yahweh, who “has put it in place,” will discipline his people.
6:10 va73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is wealth in the houses of the wicked that is dishonest 0 Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. The words “the wicked” refer to wicked people. Houses are a synecdoche for everything a person possesses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
6:10 va73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is wealth in the houses of the wicked that is dishonest 0 Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth”
6:10 s6dk false measures 0 incorrect weights that people use with scales to increase their wealth by deceiving those with whom they trade
6:11 j82a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I consider a person to be innocent … weights? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not consider a person innocent … weights.”
6:11 h4pk deceptive weights 0 weights with which sellers deceive buyers
6:12 ig8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The rich men are full of violence 0 Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone” or “The rich men act violently all the time”
6:12 ig8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The rich men are full of violence 0 Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone”
6:12 j5fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their tongue in their mouth is deceitful 0 The tongue is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Everything they say is a lie”
6:13 c1sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will strike you with a terrible blow 0 Yahweh striking his people with blows is a metaphor for him punishing them. Alternate translation: “I have punished you severely”
6:14 f2m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your emptiness will remain inside you 0 A person or thing being hungry is spoken of as if it were something that could be put in a container, and the people are spoken of as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “You will be hungry, and you will not be able to eat enough to satisfy yourself”
@ -238,23 +234,23 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
6:16 tc63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Omri … Ahab 0 Both of these men were kings over the northern kingdom of Israel. God considered both of them to be very wicked.
6:16 n2j5 house of Ahab 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab”
6:16 em7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You walk by their advice 0 Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “You do what Omri and Ahab told the people to do”
6:16 s6wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing 0 Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing” or “I will make you, city, a ruin, and I will cause everyone who sees you, inhabitants of the city, to hiss at you” or “I will make the city a ruin, and I will make people hiss at the inhabitants”
6:16 s6wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing 0 Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing”
6:16 q68q you will bear the reproach of my people 0 Alternate translation: “you will suffer because my people will reproach you”
7:intro kf61 0 # Micah 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Last days\n\nThis chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])\n\n### Prophet\n\nThe prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel’s place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
7:1 wf5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned 0 Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. The idea of a person wanting to gather fruit can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:1 wf5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned 0 Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned”
7:1 jz29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor no grape cluster … no ripe early fig 0 Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat.
7:2 x5ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole The faithful ones have disappeared … land; there is no upright person … They all lie in wait … blood; each one hunts 0 These are exaggerations. Alternate translation: “I feel as though faithful people have disappeared … land and there is no upright person … I feel as though they all lie in wait … blood, and each one hunts”
7:2 qea8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to shed blood 0 Blood is a metaphor for the death of innocent people. Alternate translation: “to kill innocent people”
7:3 m27f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their hands are very good 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “The people are very good”
7:4 nz3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The best of them is like a brier, the most upright is worse than a thorn hedge 0 Briers and thorns are good for nothing and harm those who touch them. The Israelite rulers and judges did nothing good and harmed people.
7:4 kin3 the most upright 0 Alternate translation: “those of them who try hardest to do what is good”
7:4 qfc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is the day foretold by your watchmen, the day of your punishment 0 Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. The word “watchmen” is a metaphor for prophets. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 qfc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is the day foretold by your watchmen, the day of your punishment 0 Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them”
7:4 i385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Now is the time of their confusion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confusion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Now is when they do not understand what is happening”
7:5 cvb4 Do not trust any neighbor 0 Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
7:6 y6bb people of his own house 0 Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
7:6 by7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law 0 The words “rises up” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “a daughter-in-law rises up against her mother-in-law”
7:6 z99g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own house 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “his own family”
7:7 pvd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verse 8 Micah begins speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. All commands and instances of “you” are feminine singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
7:7 pvd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verse 8 Micah begins speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel.
7:7 z1eq But as for me 0 Here “me” refers to Micah.
7:7 p8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will wait for the God of my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will wait for the God who saves me” or “I will wait for God, who saves me”
7:7 wd6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will hear me 0 The word “hear” represents hearing and acting. Alternate translation: “will act to help me”
@ -288,7 +284,6 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
7:16 mhq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The nations 0 The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in many nations. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations nearby”
7:16 mzy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction They will put their hands on their mouths 0 They do this to show that they are ashamed of what they have done.
7:16 n9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom their ears will be deaf 0 This is an idiom. Nothing anyone says will have any effect on them.
7:17 e21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole They will lick the dust like a snake 0 Snakes slither on the ground where dust gets on them, and here the people are being compared to snakes, though it is probably an exaggeration that they will lick the dust. This could mean: (1) will literally lie on the ground in shame or (2) will be so ashamed and humbled that it will be as if they were lying on the ground. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
7:17 zg31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their dens 0 The people are spoken of as if they were animals, because animals live in “dens.” Alternate translation: “their homes” or “their hiding places”
7:18 g3i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is a God like you—who takes … inheritance? 0 Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes … inheritance.”
7:18 kr7v the remnant of his inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment”
@ -299,4 +294,4 @@ front:intro hp4d 0 # Introduction to Micah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
7:19 i7z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You will 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh.
7:19 i1u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive on us 0 Here “us” refers to Micah and the people, but not to Yahweh.
7:19 rqi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will trample our iniquities under your feet. You will throw all our sins into the depths of the sea 0 Iniquity and sin are spoken of as if they were solid objects. Alternate translation: “You will treat our iniquities and sins as if they were not important”
7:20 q32m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will give truth to Jacob and covenant faithfulness to Abraham 0 Here the names of Jacob and Abraham are metonyms for their descendants, the people of Israel to whom Micah was speaking. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “trustworthy” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “You will show the descendants of Jacob and Abraham that your are trustworthy and faithful to your covenant” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:20 q32m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will give truth to Jacob and covenant faithfulness to Abraham 0 Here the names of Jacob and Abraham are metonyms for their descendants, the people of Israel to whom Micah was speaking. Alternate translation: “You will show the descendants of Jacob and Abraham that your are trustworthy and faithful to your covenant”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
16 1:5 rgh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because of the sins of the house of Israel 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “because the people of Israel have sinned against me”
17 1:5 a7g1 All this is 0 Alternate translation: “The Lord will come and judge”
18 1:5 efa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy What is Jacob’s transgression? 0 The name “Jacob” is a metonym for those of his descendants who live in the northern kingdom of Israel.
19 1:5 t7bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Samaria? 0 Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.”
20 1:5 rj3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche What is Judah’s high place? 0 Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. “Judah” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?”
21 1:5 rjt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Is it not Jerusalem? 0 Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.”
22 1:6 m3rh I will make 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
23 1:6 wu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Samaria … her stones … her foundations 0 Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “Samaria … its stones … the foundations of the buildings in the city”
24 1:6 mrm3 I will pour her stones 0 Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria.
26 1:7 n921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive All her carved figures will be broken to pieces 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break all her carved figures to pieces”
27 1:7 a2ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all her gifts … will be burned with fire 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received”
28 1:7 nci4 she received 0 Alternate translation: “people gave her”
29 1:7 syr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again 0 Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes. When the Assyrians destroy Samaria, they will take to Assyria the gifts the people of Samaria gave to their idols and give them as gifts to their own idols. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes.
30 1:8 y14v 0 # General Information:\n\nMicah 1:8–16 is about God’s judgment on Judah.
31 1:8 agj7 I will lament 0 Here “I” refers to Micah.
32 1:8 evd3 I will lament and wail 0 “Lament” refers to the inner feeling of sadness, and “wail” refers to the activity of making a loud, sad sound.
44 1:11 m77i Beth Ezel 0 The name of this city means “house of taking away.”
45 1:11 ad97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for their protection is taken away 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I have taken away everything that might protect them”
46 1:12 c45f Maroth 0 The name of this city means “bitterness.”
47 1:12 wuv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disaster has come down from Yahweh 0 The abstract noun **disaster** is spoken of here as a solid object rolling down a hill. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused bad things to happen” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) The abstract noun **disaster** is spoken of here as a solid object rolling down a hill. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused bad things to happen”
48 1:13 qn9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lachish 0 The name “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots” in Hebrew. The people are hitching their chariots to flee, not fight. Lachish was the most important city after Jerusalem in Judah. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) The name “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots” in Hebrew. The people are hitching their chariots to flee, not fight. Lachish was the most important city after Jerusalem in Judah.
49 1:13 t76u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the daughter of Zion 0 The word “daughter” is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion”
50 1:13 b2dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for the transgressions of Israel were found in you 0 This idiom can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you disobeyed like the people of Israel did” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) This idiom can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you disobeyed like the people of Israel did”
1:14 yl23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Moresheth Gath 0 You may want to add a footnote saying “The name ‘Moresheth’ means ‘to depart.’ It is also similar in sound to the word for ‘fiancée.’” In this metaphor, Moresheth is the bride that Assyria takes, and the “parting gift” is the dowry, the gift her family gives for her to take into the marriage. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
51 1:14 k4w1 Akzib 0 You may want to add a footnote saying “The name of this town sounds almost the same as the Hebrew expression for ‘deceitful thing.’”
52 1:15 xs9b I will again bring 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
1:15 vu14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mareshah 0 You may want to make a footnote saying, “The name of this village sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘conqueror.’”
53 1:15 wh3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adullam 0 This is the name of a royal city in Philistia.
54 1:16 i5ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Shave your head and cut off your hair 0 Israelites who were mourning would shave bald spots on their heads. This could mean: (1) “Shave larger spots than usual on your heads” or (2) “Cut off all your hair and shave your heads,” stating the events in the order in which they were to occur.
55 1:16 nb8x eagles 0 This word can also be translated “vultures.”
63 2:4 t7xt sing a song about you 0 Alternate translation: “sing a song to make fun of you”
64 2:4 ymz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony lament with a wailing lamentation 0 “they will cry loudly.” They are pretending to mourn, as if those they love have died.
65 2:4 frk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony We Israelites … to traitors 0 This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer.
66 2:4 hz57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can he remove it from me? 0 The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!”
67 2:5 rnf9 Therefore, you rich people will have no descendants to divide up the territory by lot in the assembly of Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) Micah looks forward to a time after the exile when those who return will divide up the land or (2) he is speaking of a custom of his time when the tribe or clan would divide up their land and give it to individuals.
68 2:6 eli9 0 # General Information:\n\nMicah speaks to false prophets, as well as to the rich who have abused their power.
69 2:6 a888 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Do not prophesy 0 The speakers are speaking to Micah and to others, so this is plural.
70 2:6 iph5 they say 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel say”
71 2:6 nl1s They must not prophesy 0 Alternate translation: “The prophets must not prophesy”
72 2:6 dqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reproaches must not come 0 Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. It can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us”
73 2:7 d2pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should it really be said & “Is the Spirit … his deeds?” 0 Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask … ‘Is the Spirit … his deeds?’”
74 2:7 cd55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Jacob 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob”
75 2:7 hr6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion said & “Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?” 0 This could mean: (1) the people really do not know if they are seeing Yahweh act. Alternate translation: “asked … ‘Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?’” or (2) the people do not believe that Yahweh is really punishing them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “said … ‘The Spirit of Yahweh is not really angry. These are not really his deeds.’”
83 2:11 mwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you he would be considered 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people would consider him” or “you would consider him”
84 2:12 l2ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you all of you, Jacob 0 Micah is speaking to some of the descendants of Jacob, so the word “you” is plural.
85 2:13 wz2q Someone who breaks open their way … Yahweh will be at their head. 0 This is a picture of a king leading his people out of an enclosed city.
86 3:intro wy5w 0 # Micah 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nAn unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) # Micah 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nAn unjust society was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
87 3:1 lg8w 0 # General Information:\n\nChapter 3 focuses on the corrupt leaders in Israel.
88 3:1 bi75 I said 0 Here “I” refers to Micah.
89 3:1 cd9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it not right for you to understand justice? 0 Micah is scolding the leaders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You act as though you think it is wrong for you to understand justice.”
94 3:3 vs7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor just like meat in a cauldron 0 A butcher cutting up animals into meat is a metaphor for the leaders being cruel to the poor.
95 3:4 pu9j cry out to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help”
96 3:4 uuv7 he will not answer you 0 Alternate translation: “he will not do what you ask him to do”
97 3:4 ru8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will hide his face from you 0 Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it” or “You will see that he has no desire to help you” Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it”
98 3:5 wvm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who lead my people astray 0 Walking on a good path is a metaphor for obeying God. Going astray from the path is a metaphor for disobeying God, in this case perhaps without knowing it. Alternate translation: “who lead my people to disobey me”
99 3:5 uud3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’ 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “something to eat” is an ironic way of speaking of a small payment. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.”
100 3:5 jn8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him 0 Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “puts nothing in their mouths” is an ironic exaggeration for not giving what they want. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little”
101 3:6 v4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will be night for you … the day will be dark on them 0 Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets.
102 3:6 r42r no vision for you 0 Alternate translation: “you will no longer see visions”
103 3:7 xh15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The seers will be put to shame, and the diviners will be confused 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause the seers to be ashamed, and I will confuse the diviners”
105 3:7 s6nk there is no answer from me 0 Alternate translation: “I will be silent”
106 3:8 ku3z But as for me 0 Here “me” refers to Micah, a true prophet, setting himself apart from the false prophets.
107 3:8 qw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am full of power by the Spirit of Yahweh, and am full of justice and might 0 Micah speaks of himself as if he were a container into which Yahweh were pouring a liquid. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh has given me power, justice, and might” or “the Spirit of Yahweh has enabled me to be strong, to declare what justice is, and to be mighty”
108 3:8 h3w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to declare to Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin 0 Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Micah uses both names to emphasize that all of his descendants are guilty of sin. The abstract nouns “transgression” and “sin” can be translated using verbs. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned”
109 3:9 ral1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Jacob 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob”
110 3:9 rm8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Israel 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “descendants of Israel” or “you Israelites” The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “descendants of Israel”
111 3:9 ujn2 detest 0 strongly dislike
112 3:10 ca1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with iniquity 0 “Blood” here is a metonym for murder, and “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are spoken of as if they were buildings. Micah speaks of the rich murdering people and sinning in other ways as if those activities were the bricks and wood with which people use to build houses. Alternate translation: “You commit murder and other horrible sins as you work to make Zion and Jerusalem great” or “You commit murder as you worship in Zion, and you commit other sins as you get rich in Jerusalem” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) “Blood” here is a metonym for murder, and “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are spoken of as if they were buildings. Alternate translation: “You commit murder and other horrible sins as you work to make Zion and Jerusalem great”
113 3:11 yn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not Yahweh with us? 0 The leaders strongly believe that Yahweh is with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We know that Yahweh is with us!” or “We know that Yahweh will help us do what we want to do!”
114 3:11 aeh5 evil 0 See how you translated “disaster” in [Micah 1:12](../01/12.md).
115 3:12 r9xr because of you 0 Here “you” refers to the priests, prophets, and leaders ([Micah 3:11](../03/11.md)).
118 3:12 m86y a thicket 0 a place where many small woody plants grow
119 4:intro pzv8 0 # Micah 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Remanant\n\nMicah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1–8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
120 4:1 rn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountain … other mountains 0 Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth.
121 4:1 a15l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” or “Yahweh will make the mountain on which his temple is built great” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built”
122 4:1 pbd3 over the other mountains 0 Mount Zion will be the most important of all the mountains. It might also mean that this mountain will become the highest in the world, and not only in the region where it is located.
123 4:1 ttd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It will be exalted above the hills 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt it above the hills” or “Yahweh will make it higher than the hills”
124 4:1 w891 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor peoples will stream to it 0 A stream flows continually to one place from many directions. Many people come to the temple mount from different directions. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will flow like a stream to it” or “the people of the nations will go to it”
135 4:5 iek8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the peoples walk … in the name of their god … we will walk in the name of Yahweh 0 Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples … worship and obey their god … we will worship and obey Yahweh”
136 4:6 c9uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the lame 0 This refers to those who cannot walk well. Being lame is a synecdoche for having any form of disability.
137 4:6 ri25 gather the outcast 0 Alternate translation: “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem”
138 4:7 b2he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the ones driven away into a strong nation 0 The words “I will turn” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation” or “I will make the ones I forcefully sent away into a strong nation” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation”
139 4:8 c64g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe As for you, watchtower for the flock, hill of the daughter of Zion—to you it will come, your former dominion 0 Micah speaks to the people of Jerusalem by speaking to the temple mount as if it could hear him. You may need to make explicit that Micah is giving his message to the people. Alternate translation: “As for the temple mount, the place from which Yahweh watches over you, his sheep, the place that Jerusalem’s people are most proud of—its former dominion will return”
140 4:8 y9gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor watchtower for the flock 0 The people of Jerusalem protecting the other people in surrounding areas is spoken of as if they were a shepherd in a watchtower watching over his flock.
141 4:8 p2dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem 0 The people who live in a place are spoken of as if the place is a mother and they are the daughter. Alternate translation: “people who live in Zion … people who live in Jerusalem”
142 4:8 tc2d hill 0 Some modern versions understand this Hebrew word to mean “fortress” or “stronghold” here.
143 4:8 ccs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to you it will come, your former dominion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dominion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over the nations as you did before” or “I will make you rule over the nations as you did before”
144 4:9 g6px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now, why do you shout so loudly? 0 Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.” or “Think carefully about why you are shouting loudly.” Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.”
145 4:9 b1zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there no king among you? Has your counselor died? Is this why pain grips you like that of a woman in labor? 0 Micah continues to mock the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind these questions as statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) Micah continues to mock the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind these questions as statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.”
146 4:10 qn9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Be in pain … like a woman in labor 0 Micah compares the suffering the people will experience when enemies force them away from their cities to the pain a woman experiences when giving birth to a baby.
147 4:10 rci7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you 0 Yahweh says the same thing in both active and passive forms to emphasize that he will do what he has said he will do. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “There Yahweh will rescue you. There he will rescue you”
4:10 nv5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of your enemies 0 Here, the word **hand** could mean: (1) it could be a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, Alternate translation: “the power of your enemies” or (2) it could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “your enemies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
148 4:11 b5e1 0 # General Information:\n\nJerusalem will defeat her enemies.
149 4:11 xj2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let her be defiled 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us defile her”
150 4:11 l329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let our eyes gloat over Zion 0 The eye is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “let us gloat over Zion” or “let us enjoy watching the invaders destroy Zion”
151 4:12 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile for he has gathered them like bundles of grain prepared for the threshing floor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh being ready to destroy the nations as if Yahweh were a farmer who has put his bundles of grain on his threshing floor and is now ready to thresh them.
152 4:13 bj1p 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh presents the imagery of the threshing floor ([Micah 4:12](../04/12.md)).
153 4:13 mm6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion … your horn … your hooves … You will crush 0 All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine.
154 4:13 m3uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze 0 Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat.
4:13 tq8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze 0 If your reader is not familiar with oxen or iron or bronze, you could remove the metaphor. Alternate translation: “for I will make you able to defeat and destroy every enemy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
155 4:13 igd2 their unjust wealth 0 Alternate translation: “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people”
156 4:13 c3rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns their wealth 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wealth**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the things that they own”
157 5:intro y1t7 0 # Micah 5 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nThis chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Change in Personal Pronouns\n\nExtra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes “I” is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as “you” and begins speaking about them as “we” or “us.”
158 5:1 f536 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor daughter of soldiers 0 The people of a city are spoken of as if they were a woman. The soldiers are attacking the city. Alternate translation: “people of the city, whom soldiers are attacking”
159 5:1 yp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With a rod they strike the judge of Israel on the cheek 0 The rod is a metonym for a greater man punishing a lesser man with a rod. To strike a man on the cheek was to insult him more than to harm him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the judge of Israel by having the invaders insult the judge of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) The rod is a metonym for a greater man punishing a lesser man with a rod. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the judge of Israel by having the invaders insult the judge of Israel”
160 5:1 hz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony the judge of Israel 0 This irony describes the king as having lost so much of his power and authority that he is really only a judge.
161 5:2 e2u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah 0 Yahweh speaks to the people of Judah, and especially to the people of Bethlehem, as if he were speaking to the town of Bethlehem itself.
162 5:2 kc5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephrathah 0 This is either the name of the area in which Bethlehem was situated or it is just another name for Bethlehem or it distinguishes this Bethlehem from another. Bethlehem is about six miles south of Jerusalem. It was the hometown of King David. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Ephrathah’ means ‘to be fruitful.’”
173 5:4 kkz1 They will remain 0 the people of Israel will remain
174 5:4 yry5 remain 0 Alternate translation: “live in safety”
175 5:4 jkd7 he will be great to the ends of the earth 0 All people from every nation will give honor to Israel’s ruler.
176 5:5 m8sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor seven shepherds and eight leaders over men 0 Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven … and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers”
177 5:6 t2fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances 0 The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Here the Israelites ruling over the Assyrians is spoken of ironically as if they were killing sheep instead of herding them. The land of Assyria is a metonym for the people who live there. The entrances to cities were where official business took place. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod”
178 5:6 upk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and the land of Nimrod 0 The words “they will shepherd” are understood from the beginning of the sentence. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “and they will shepherd the land of Nimrod”
179 5:6 p1ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names land of Nimrod 0 This is another name for the land of Assyria. Nimrod was a hunter and early ruler. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Nimrod’ means ‘rebellion.’”
180 5:6 cj7q He will rescue 0 The ruler will rescue
187 5:8 fsg4 When he goes through them 0 when the young lion goes through the flocks of sheep
188 5:8 l3ju will trample over them and tear 0 Alternate translation: “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear”
189 5:9 qjw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Your hand … your enemies 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular.
190 5:9 g937 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your hand will be lifted against your enemies 0 The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the whole person. To lift the hand is to exercise power. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies”
191 5:9 a5bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche it will destroy them 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will destroy them”
192 5:10 yvv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will destroy your horses from among you and will demolish your chariots 0 The people of Israel used horses and chariots only in battle, and they may have traded for them with the godless nations around them. God did not want the people to trust in their weapons of war to protect them more than they trusted in him.
193 5:10 t7yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your horses … among you … your chariots 0 Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man.
220 6:8 y8pq He has told you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh has told you”
221 6:8 xd8t good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act … God 0 Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act … God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act … God?”
222 6:8 qii1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns love kindness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “kind.” Alternate translation: “love being kind to people”
223 6:9 jf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy even now wisdom acknowledges your name 0 Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word “name” here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you” or “and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you”
224 6:9 mll1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pay attention to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place 0 Here “rod” refers to the enemy army with which Yahweh, who “has put it in place,” will discipline his people.
225 6:10 va73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is wealth in the houses of the wicked that is dishonest 0 Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. The words “the wicked” refer to wicked people. Houses are a synecdoche for everything a person possesses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth”
226 6:10 s6dk false measures 0 incorrect weights that people use with scales to increase their wealth by deceiving those with whom they trade
227 6:11 j82a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I consider a person to be innocent … weights? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not consider a person innocent … weights.”
228 6:11 h4pk deceptive weights 0 weights with which sellers deceive buyers
229 6:12 ig8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The rich men are full of violence 0 Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone” or “The rich men act violently all the time” Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone”
230 6:12 j5fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their tongue in their mouth is deceitful 0 The tongue is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Everything they say is a lie”
231 6:13 c1sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will strike you with a terrible blow 0 Yahweh striking his people with blows is a metaphor for him punishing them. Alternate translation: “I have punished you severely”
232 6:14 f2m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your emptiness will remain inside you 0 A person or thing being hungry is spoken of as if it were something that could be put in a container, and the people are spoken of as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “You will be hungry, and you will not be able to eat enough to satisfy yourself”
234 6:16 tc63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Omri … Ahab 0 Both of these men were kings over the northern kingdom of Israel. God considered both of them to be very wicked.
235 6:16 n2j5 house of Ahab 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab”
236 6:16 em7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You walk by their advice 0 Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “You do what Omri and Ahab told the people to do”
237 6:16 s6wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing 0 Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing” or “I will make you, city, a ruin, and I will cause everyone who sees you, inhabitants of the city, to hiss at you” or “I will make the city a ruin, and I will make people hiss at the inhabitants” Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing”
238 6:16 q68q you will bear the reproach of my people 0 Alternate translation: “you will suffer because my people will reproach you”
239 7:intro kf61 0 # Micah 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Last days\n\nThis chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])\n\n### Prophet\n\nThe prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel’s place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
240 7:1 wf5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned 0 Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. The idea of a person wanting to gather fruit can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned”
241 7:1 jz29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor no grape cluster … no ripe early fig 0 Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat.
242 7:2 x5ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole The faithful ones have disappeared … land; there is no upright person … They all lie in wait … blood; each one hunts 0 These are exaggerations. Alternate translation: “I feel as though faithful people have disappeared … land and there is no upright person … I feel as though they all lie in wait … blood, and each one hunts”
243 7:2 qea8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to shed blood 0 Blood is a metaphor for the death of innocent people. Alternate translation: “to kill innocent people”
244 7:3 m27f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their hands are very good 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “The people are very good”
245 7:4 nz3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The best of them is like a brier, the most upright is worse than a thorn hedge 0 Briers and thorns are good for nothing and harm those who touch them. The Israelite rulers and judges did nothing good and harmed people.
246 7:4 kin3 the most upright 0 Alternate translation: “those of them who try hardest to do what is good”
247 7:4 qfc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is the day foretold by your watchmen, the day of your punishment 0 Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. The word “watchmen” is a metaphor for prophets. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them”
248 7:4 i385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Now is the time of their confusion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confusion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Now is when they do not understand what is happening”
249 7:5 cvb4 Do not trust any neighbor 0 Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
250 7:6 y6bb people of his own house 0 Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
251 7:6 by7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law 0 The words “rises up” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “a daughter-in-law rises up against her mother-in-law”
252 7:6 z99g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own house 0 The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “his own family”
253 7:7 pvd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verse 8 Micah begins speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. All commands and instances of “you” are feminine singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) # General Information:\n\nIn verse 8 Micah begins speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel.
254 7:7 z1eq But as for me 0 Here “me” refers to Micah.
255 7:7 p8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will wait for the God of my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will wait for the God who saves me” or “I will wait for God, who saves me”
256 7:7 wd6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will hear me 0 The word “hear” represents hearing and acting. Alternate translation: “will act to help me”
284 7:16 mhq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The nations 0 The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in many nations. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations nearby”
285 7:16 mzy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction They will put their hands on their mouths 0 They do this to show that they are ashamed of what they have done.
286 7:16 n9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom their ears will be deaf 0 This is an idiom. Nothing anyone says will have any effect on them.
7:17 e21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole They will lick the dust like a snake 0 Snakes slither on the ground where dust gets on them, and here the people are being compared to snakes, though it is probably an exaggeration that they will lick the dust. This could mean: (1) will literally lie on the ground in shame or (2) will be so ashamed and humbled that it will be as if they were lying on the ground. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
287 7:17 zg31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their dens 0 The people are spoken of as if they were animals, because animals live in “dens.” Alternate translation: “their homes” or “their hiding places”
288 7:18 g3i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is a God like you—who takes … inheritance? 0 Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes … inheritance.”
289 7:18 kr7v the remnant of his inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment”
294 7:19 i7z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You will 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh.
295 7:19 i1u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive on us 0 Here “us” refers to Micah and the people, but not to Yahweh.
296 7:19 rqi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will trample our iniquities under your feet. You will throw all our sins into the depths of the sea 0 Iniquity and sin are spoken of as if they were solid objects. Alternate translation: “You will treat our iniquities and sins as if they were not important”
297 7:20 q32m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will give truth to Jacob and covenant faithfulness to Abraham 0 Here the names of Jacob and Abraham are metonyms for their descendants, the people of Israel to whom Micah was speaking. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “trustworthy” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “You will show the descendants of Jacob and Abraham that your are trustworthy and faithful to your covenant” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Here the names of Jacob and Abraham are metonyms for their descendants, the people of Israel to whom Micah was speaking. Alternate translation: “You will show the descendants of Jacob and Abraham that your are trustworthy and faithful to your covenant”