diff --git a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv index 2df16371b0..e47b985e0a 100644 --- a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv @@ -1,206 +1,219 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Ruth

1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)

### What is the Book of Ruth about?

This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title “Ruth” because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as “The Book about Ruth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?

The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were “judges” in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?

In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?

Israelites practiced what is called “levirate marriage.” This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.

### What was a “kinsman-redeemer”?

A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as “kinsmen-redeemers” (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice “levirate marriage.” In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.

### What was “gleaning” in the Book of Ruth?

Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These “gleaners” picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.

### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?

A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.

The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?

City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.

Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting “at” the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat “in” the city gateway.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?

The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as “so,” “then,” and “now.” Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
-RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### “It happened in the days when the judges ruled”
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Women without a husband or children
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Contrast
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
-RUT 1 1 sb2j וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened “It was” or “This is what happened.” This is a common way of beginning a historical story. -RUT 1 1 m9nl בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled “during the time when judges led and governed Israel” -RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 1 mmb4 אִ֜ישׁ 1 a certain man “a man.” This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. -RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judea. -RUT 1 3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 she was left with her two sons “Naomi had only her two sons with her” -RUT 1 4 pk7g figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂ…נָשִׁים֙ 1 took wives “married women.” This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Ruth

1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)

### What is the Book of Ruth about?

This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as ***The Book about Ruth***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?

The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?

In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?

Israelites practiced what is called ***levirate marriage***. This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.

### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?

A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as ***kinsmen-redeemers*** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice ***levirate marriage***. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.

### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?

Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.

### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?

A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.

The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?

City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.

Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting ***at*** the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat ***in*** the city gateway.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?

The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as ***so,*** ***then,*** and ***now***. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
+RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**

The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Women without a husband or children

In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Contrast

The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+RUT 1 1 sb2j וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. +RUT 1 1 m9nl בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled ***during the time when judges led and governed Israel*** +RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: ***in the land of Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 1 mmb4 writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 a certain man ***a man***. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) +RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judah. +RUT 1 3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 she was left with her two sons ***Naomi had only her two sons with her*** +RUT 1 4 pk7g figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 They took wives for themselves ***married women***. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 4 k7y9 מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 from the women of Moab Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods. -RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙…וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of one…the name of the other “the name of one woman…the name of the other woman” -RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 ten years Ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. -RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 leaving the woman without Naomi was widowed. -RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 she had heard in the country of Moab “while Naomi was living in Moab she heard.” It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד…אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 had helped his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. +RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙…וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of one was…and the name of the other was ***the name of one woman was…the name of the other woman was*** +RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 for about ten years About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. +RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 leaving the woman without her two children or her husband Naomi was widowed and both her sons died. RUT 1 6 u9q2 וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi’s sons -RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 they walked down the road “they walked along the road.” To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 8 fu39 כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her daughters-in-law “sons’ wives” or “sons’ widows” -RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of “you” would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -RUT 1 8 hsf7 לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ 1 to your mother’s house “to the home of each of your mothers” -RUT 1 8 i262 חֶ֔סֶד 1 in loving kindness “kindness” includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness. -RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead “to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן…לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 May grant you “give you” or “allow you to have” -RUT 1 9 c74v וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 that you find rest “Rest” here includes security in marriage. -RUT 1 9 v2vx figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 in the house of her husband with their new husbands, not someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 she had heard in the country of Moab **she had heard in the country of Moab**. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: ***she heard from Israel while she was in the region of Moab*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. +RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד…אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 had visited his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: ***had helped the Israelites*** +RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 and they walked down the road ***and they walked along the road***. To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 1 8 fu39 לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her two daughters-in-law ***her two sons’ wives*** or ***the widows of her two sons +RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of **you** would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +RUT 1 8 hsf7 לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ 1 to the house of your mother ***to the home of each of your mothers*** +RUT 1 8 i262 חֶ֔סֶד 1 in loving kindness **loving kindness** includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness. +RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead ***to your husbands, who died***. Naomi was referring to her two sons that had died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 1 8 acb4 figs-nominaladj הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 the dead ***your husbands, who died*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +RUT 1 9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 May Yahweh grant to you ***May Yahweh give you*** or ***May Yahweh allow you to have*** +RUT 1 9 c74v וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 that you find rest **Rest** here includes security in marriage. +RUT 1 9 v2vx figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 in the house of her husband This means with their new husbands, not with someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 1 9 t69w figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּֽינָה 1 and they lifted up their voices and cried To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 10 mag8 figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 we will return When Orpah and Ruth said “we,” they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive “we” would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you אִתָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 with you Here “you” is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י 1 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 I am too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 would give birth to sons “bear children” or “deliver baby boys” -RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband? These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 10 mag8 figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 we will return When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive **we** would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you אִתָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 with you Here **you** is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י 1 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: ***It does not make sense for you to go with me.*** or ***You should not go with me.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: ***Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 I am too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: ***I am too old to marry again and bear more children*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 12 abc1 figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־ לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 If I said I have hope, if I also had a husband tonight, and also would give birth to sons, This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: ***Even if it was possible that I would expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons,…*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 1 12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 would give birth to sons ***bear children*** or ***deliver baby boys*** +RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband? Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: ***…you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband before then.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: ***It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: ***Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 1 14 n47v figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Then they lifted up their voices and cried This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 14 t4sl figs-explicit וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 but Ruth held on to her “Ruth clung to her.” Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙…יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 Listen, your sister-in-law “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law” -RUT 1 15 nqm3 יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 your sister-in-law “the wife of your husband’s brother” or “Orpah” -RUT 1 15 man4 אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 her gods Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Naomi’s God. -RUT 1 16 z5ug וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 where you stay “where you live” -RUT 1 16 b518 figs-explicit עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 your people will be my people Ruth is referring to Naomi’s people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 14 t4sl figs-explicit וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 but Ruth held on to her ***Ruth clung to her***. Alternate translation: ***Ruth refused to leave her*** or ***Ruth would not leave her*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ 1 Listen ***Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important*** +RUT 1 15 nqm3 יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 your sister-in-law ***the wife of your husband’s brother*** or ***Orpah*** +RUT 1 15 man4 אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 her gods Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again. +RUT 1 16 z5ug וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 where you stay ***where you live*** +RUT 1 16 b518 figs-explicit עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 your people will be my people Ruth is referring to Naomi’s people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: ***I will consider the people of your country as being my own people*** or ***I will consider your relatives as my own relatives*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 1 17 lql7 figs-idiom בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת 1 Where you die, I will die This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom “God forbid, if.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 she stopped arguing with her “Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth” -RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that “It came about.” This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the English idiom ***God forbid, if***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 1 17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 except death separates between me and between you ***If anything other than death separates us from each other*** or ***if I leave you while you and I are both still alive*** +RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 she stopped arguing with her ***Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth*** +RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It came about***. This marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The ***town*** refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: ***everyone in the town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 19 abc3 figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town Here ***entire*** is as generalization. Some of the residents of the town may not have been excited by this news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) RUT 1 19 xnb3 הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical. -RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name. -RUT 1 20 swe9 translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as “Mara.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -RUT 1 21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. -RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 has testified against me “judged me guilty” -RUT 1 21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 has afflicted me “has brought calamity on me” or “has brought tragedy to me” -RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת 1 So Naomi returned, with Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word “so.” Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) -RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the barley harvest The phrase “the barley harvest” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Do not go and glean in another field”
Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person’s field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name ***Naomi*** means ***my delight***. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name. +RUT 1 20 swe9 translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as ***Mara***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +RUT 1 21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 I went out full, but Yahweh has caused me to return empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. +RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 has testified against me ***has judged me guilty*** +RUT 1 21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 has afflicted me ***has brought calamity on me*** or ***has brought tragedy to me*** +RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת 1 So Naomi returned, with Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word **So**. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) +RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the harvest of barley ***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: ***when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### **Do not go to glean in another field**

Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person’s field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מידע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great wealth “a prominent, wealthy man.” This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. +RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great wealth ***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break. RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab. -RUT 2 2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 glean heads of grain “gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” or “pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” -RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 2 2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 and glean heads of grain ***and gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters*** +RUT 2 2 abc5 figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֥ר…בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: ***who will decide*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ן 1 I will find favor The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: ***to be kind to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter. RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz. -RUT 2 4 vys2 וְ⁠הִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. +RUT 2 4 vys2 writing-participants וְ⁠הִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word ***behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) RUT 2 4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem. -RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you “give you good things” or “make you happy” +RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you ***May Yahweh give you good things*** or ***May Yahweh make you happy*** RUT 2 5 a5ht לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת 1 Whose is this young woman? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians. -RUT 2 5 sdf9 הַ⁠נִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 was supervising “was in charge of” or “was managing” -RUT 2 7 kj7a הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת 1 the house “the hut” or “the shelter.” This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun. -RUT 2 8 ltk3 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Will you not listen to me, my daughter? This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 2 5 sdf9 הַ⁠נִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 who was set over ***who was in charge of*** or ***who was managing*** +RUT 2 7 kj7a הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת 1 the house ***the hut*** or ***the shelter***. This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun. +RUT 2 8 ltk3 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Will you not listen to me, my daughter? This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: ***Listen to me, my daughter!*** or ***Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 2 8 ke9b figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 my daughter This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִ⁠ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Keep your eyes on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions…you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men “young male workers…young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers. +RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִ⁠ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Keep your eyes on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: ***Watch only the field*** or ***Pay attention only to the field*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: ***I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men ***young male workers*** or ***servants***. The words ***young men*** are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. RUT 2 9 v5e4 לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 not to touch you Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. RUT 2 9 ahr7 מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּ⁠ן הַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 from what the young men have drawn To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel. RUT 2 10 az6y וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) RUT 2 10 ug7p מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner? Ruth is asking a real question. -RUT 2 10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as “the Moabitess.” -RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 It has surely been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have reported to me” or “People have told me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם…פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 reward your deed “repay you” or “pay you back” -RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi’s God. -RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may full payment be given to you by Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 Let me find favor in your eyes Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 10 abc7 figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן 1 have I found favor The phrase **found favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: ***been kind to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) + 2 10 abc8 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: ***that you decided*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as ***the Moabitess***. +RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 It has surely been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***People have reported to me*** or ***People have told me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +RUT 2 11 abc9 figs-idiom הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 It has surely been reported Here two specific forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 and have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 May Yahweh reward your deed ***May Yahweh repay you*** or ***May Yahweh pay you back*** +RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to leave her family and country and instead to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trust Naomi’s God. +RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may full payment be given to you by Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: ***May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: ***in whose safe care you have placed yourself*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֨ן 1 Let me find favor Here ***find favor*** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: ***Please be kind to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-metonym בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 in your eyes Here ***eyes*** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: ***and accept me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 13 abc4 אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ 1 my master Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **master**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: ***Sir*** or ***my lord*** RUT 2 13 zc5n וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 though I am not like one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem. -RUT 2 14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 At mealtime This refers to the noontime meal. +RUT 2 14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 At the time of the meal This refers to the noontime meal. RUT 2 14 p256 וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it. -RUT 2 14 xr6s בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 the wine vinegar a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar. -RUT 2 15 v6wr וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men” -RUT 2 15 rct9 וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם 1 When she got up “As she stood up” -RUT 2 15 a5z9 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 even among the bundles Here “even” denotes “above and beyond what one normally does.” Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain. -RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles “take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect” -RUT 2 16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 do not rebuke her “do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her” -RUT 2 17 h3ap וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 she beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away. -RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +RUT 2 14 xr6s בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 the wine vinegar The **wine vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar. +RUT 2 15 v6wr figs-explicit וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: ***And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 2 15 rct9 וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם 1 When she got up ***After she stood up*** +RUT 2 15 a5z9 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 even among the bundles Here ***even*** denotes ***above and beyond what one normally does***. Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain. +RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles ***take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her*** or ***leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect*** +RUT 2 16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 do not rebuke her ***do not cause her shame*** or ***do not dishonor her*** +RUT 2 17 h3ap וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 Then she beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away. +RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: ***about 22 liters of barley*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 2 18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw “Naomi saw” -RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work? Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +RUT 2 18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw ***Then Naomi saw*** +RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work? Naomi asked almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) RUT 2 20 p8km בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 May he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself. -RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness “who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -RUT 2 20 ljz3 אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living “to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.” -RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness ***who has continued to be loyal***. Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +RUT 2 20 ljz3 figs-nominaladj אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living Naomi and Ruth were the ***living***. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective ***the living***. Alternate translation: ***to the people who are still living***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the ***dead***. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective ***the dead***. Alternate translation: ***the people who have already died*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) RUT 2 20 cyy2 figs-parallelism קָר֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 That man is our relative, one of our kinsman-redeemers The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) RUT 2 20 zu5f מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 kinsman-redeemers A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. -RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me “He even said to me.” This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth. -RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן 1 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her. -RUT 2 22 f2tw תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם 1 go out with “work with” +RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me ***He even said to me***. This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth. +RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן 1 You should keep close to the young men who are mine Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her. +RUT 2 22 f2tw תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם 1 you go out with ***you work with*** RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 so that they do not harm you Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest. -RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. +RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 So she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night. -RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Boaz’s integrity
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “So that things may go well for you”
Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Boaz’s integrity

Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### **So that it may be well with you**

Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband. RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. -RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ…־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you…with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest…for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you…for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: ***I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.*** or ***I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 is he not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “he is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: ***female workers you have been with in the fields*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 is Boaz not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: ***Boaz is our relative.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 3 2 nd8v הִנֵּה 1 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important. -RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. -RUT 3 3 ru6z וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ 1 anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today. -RUT 3 3 e92h figs-idiom ו⁠ירדתי הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן 1 go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 3 4 ln1m translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -RUT 3 4 l4we ו⁠שכבתי 1 lie down “lie down at his feet” +RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 is winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. +RUT 3 3 ru6z וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ 1 and anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today. +RUT 3 3 e92h figs-idiom ו⁠ירדתי הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן 1 and go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 4 ln1m translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold air. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +RUT 3 4 l4we ו⁠שכבתי 1 and lie down ***and lie down at his feet*** RUT 3 4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 Then he will tell you what you should do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer. -RUT 3 4 nn4g וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Then he will tell “When he wakes up, he will” -RUT 3 7 fz7e figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 his heart was merry Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: “he was satisfied” or “he was in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 she came quietly “she sneaked in” or “she came in quietly so no one would hear her” -RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 uncovered his feet “removed his blanket from his feet” -RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 lay down “lay down at his feet” +RUT 3 4 nn4g וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Then he will tell ***When he wakes up, he will tell*** +RUT 3 7 fz7e figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 and his heart was merry Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: ***and he was satisfied*** or ***and he was in a good mood*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so no one would hear her*** +RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet ***and removed his blanket from his feet*** +RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down ***and lay down at his feet*** RUT 3 8 pz92 וַ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -RUT 3 8 qsm2 בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 at midnight “in the middle of the night” -RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet. +RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet. RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness. -RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz. -RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 near kinsman a close relative with special responsibilities toward their extended family -RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end than at the beginning “even more kindness now than before” +RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz. +RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: ***Marry me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 a kinsman-redeemer See how you translated this term in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md). +RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 for you have showed more kindness at the end than from the beginning ***even more kindness now than before*** RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi. -RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 at the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them. -RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after “you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 from the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them. +RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after ***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. -RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. +RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md). RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow. -RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו 1 she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex. -RUT 3 14 dwx1 ב⁠טרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark” -RUT 3 15 hj1e הַ⁠מִּטְפַּ֧חַת 1 shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders +RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives ***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow. +RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו 1 So she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex. +RUT 3 14 dwx1 ב⁠טרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: ***while it was still dark*** +RUT 3 15 hj1e הַ⁠מִּטְפַּ֧חַת 1 the shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders for warmth RUT 3 15 f5zg שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 six ephahs of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms. RUT 3 15 gdn8 וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 put it on her The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it. -RUT 3 15 aj7u וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א הָ⁠עִֽיר 1 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have “he went,” but some have “she went.” There are English versions with both. The better choice is “he went.” -RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י 1 How did it go, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her “all that Boaz had done” -RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed “Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something” -RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth. -RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### King David
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You must also take Ruth the Moabitess”
Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.

### “This was the custom in former times”
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. -RUT 4 1 m4by הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 the gate “the gate of the city” or “the gate of Bethlehem.” This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters. -RUT 4 1 kz1g הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. -RUT 4 2 bf74 מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 elders of the city “leaders of the city” +RUT 3 15 aj7u וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א הָ⁠עִֽיר 1 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have **he went**, but some have **she went**. There are English versions with both. The better choice is **he went**. +RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-idiom מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י 1 How did it go, my daughter? The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her ***all that Boaz had done for her*** +RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed ***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something*** +RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־ הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [Ruth 3:15](../03/15.md). +RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 he has finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth. +RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### King David

Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**

Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.

### **This was the custom in former times**

This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. +RUT 4 1 m4by הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 to the gate ***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters. +RUT 4 1 kz1g הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md). +RUT 4 2 bf74 מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 from the elders of the city ***from the leaders of the city*** RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi…is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi. -RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in the presence This would make the transaction legal and binding. +RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in front of ***in the presence of***. This would make the transaction legal and binding. RUT 4 4 lgq1 גְּאָ֔ל 1 redeem it This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family. -RUT 4 4 u548 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land. +RUT 4 4 u548 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 and I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land. RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּ⁠יוֹם־קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥…וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת…קניתי 1 On the day that you buy…you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. -RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word “hand” represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ר֣וּת…קניתי 1 you must also acquire Ruth “you must also marry Ruth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 4 5 b3ps ר֣וּת…אֵֽשֶׁת־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ 1 Ruth…the widow of a dead man “Ruth…the widow of Elimelek’s son” -RUT 4 5 b3sy לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead “that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband” -RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear. -RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption “You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me” -RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now this was the custom The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times “in earlier times.” This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -RUT 4 7 xdr7 נַעֲל֖⁠וֹ 1 his sandal “his sandal” -RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe. -RUT 4 9 zz42 לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. +RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: ***from Naomi*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ר֣וּת…קניתי 1 you must also acquire Ruth ***you must also marry Ruth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 4 5 b3ps אֵֽשֶׁת־ הַ⁠מֵּת֙ 1 the wife of the dead man ***the widow of Elimelek’s son who died*** +RUT 4 5 b3sy לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead ***that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband*** +RUT 4 5 figs-nominaladj הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 the dead Ruth's husband was the ***dead***. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective ***the dead***. Alternate translation: ***the man who died*** of ***her husband who died*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear. +RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption ***You yourself redeem it instead of me*** +RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now it was thus ***Now this was the custom ***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. +RUT 4 9 zz42 figs-hyperbole לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons. -RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property” -RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. -RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate “people who were meeting together near the gate” -RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: ***from Naomi*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: ***so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property*** +RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: ***so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. +RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate ***people who were meeting together near the gate*** +RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 who is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 4 11 q47m כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. -RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel “bore many children who became the nation of Israel” -RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem. -RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית 1 May your house be like the house God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name. -RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth. -RUT 4 13 u21g וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth “Boaz married Ruth” or “Boaz took Ruth as a wife” -RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman=redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a near kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel ***bore many children who became the nation of Israel*** +RUT 4 11 abcb figs-parallelism וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־ חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־ שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah was the name of the wife of Caleb, from whom the inhabitants of Bethlehem descended. It is another name for the town of Bethehem. +RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־ יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, which continued the family name. +RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 through the offspring whom Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth. +RUT 4 12 abcc figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־ רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +RUT 4 13 u21g וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth ***So Boaz married Ruth*** or ***So Boaz took Ruth as a wife*** +RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: ***He had sexual relations with her*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: ***who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) RUT 4 14 p8p3 וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson. -RUT 4 15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 a restorer of life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young again” -RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 a nourisher of your old age “he will take care of you when you become old” -RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons “Seven” was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 4 15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 one who restores life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: ***one who brings joy to you again*** or ***one who will make you feel young again*** +RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 ane a nourisher of your old age ***and he will take care of you when you become old*** +RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons ***Seven*** was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: ***better to you than any son*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth. -RUT 4 16 jn29 וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ 1 laid him in her bosom “held him close against her chest.” This is a statement of love and affection for the child. -RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi “The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son. -RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David “father of King David.” Though “king” is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the descendants of Perez “the successive descendants.” Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. +RUT 4 16 jn29 וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ 1 laid him in her bosom ***held him close against her chest***. This is a statement of love and affection for the child. +RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi ***The child is like a son to Naomi***. It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son. +RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David ***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the generations of Perez ***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. RUT 4 19 rl3k translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙…רָ֔ם 1 Hezron…Ram (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit אֶת־ דָּוִֽד 1 David ***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [Ruth 4:17](../04/17.md). diff --git a/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv b/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv index c6f1342d27..1f498a9151 100644 --- a/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ TIT 1 1 fyf8 τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 that agrees with godliness TIT 1 2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 before all the ages of time ***before time began*** TIT 1 3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 at the right time ***at the proper time*** TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: ***He caused me to understand his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 3 abc9 ἐν κηρύγματι 1 by the proclamation ***through the proclamation of the message*** TIT 1 3 m41u figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 that I was entrusted with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***he entrusted to me*** or ***he gave me the responsibility to preach*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) TIT 1 3 dpn4 τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 of God our Savior ***of God, who saves us*** TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 a true son Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Thus, in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. Alternate translation: ***you are like a son to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -18,11 +19,11 @@ TIT 1 5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 that you TIT 1 5 b52u καταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους 1 ordain elders ***appoint elders*** or ***designate elders*** TIT 1 5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 elders In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. TIT 1 6 wja4 0 Connecting Statement: Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders. -TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be without blame To be **without blame** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: ***An elder must not have a bad reputation*** +TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be blameless To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: ***An elder must be without blame*** or ***An elder must not have a bad reputation*** TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 the husband of one wife This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. It may also imply that he does not commit adultery and that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: ***a man who has only one woman*** or ***a man who is faithful to his wife*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) TIT 1 6 wd6q τέκνα…πιστά 1 faithful children Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy. TIT 1 7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 the overseer This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:6. -TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 God’s household manager Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 the household manager of God Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) TIT 1 7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 not addicted to wine ***not an alcoholic*** or ***not one who drinks much wine*** TIT 1 7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 not a brawler ***not one who is violent*** or ***not one who likes to fight*** TIT 1 8 i549 ἀλλὰ 1 Instead Paul changes his argument from describing what an elder is not to be, to describing what an elder is to be. @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ TIT 1 10 w9kk ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι 1 rebellious, emp TIT 1 10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 deceivers This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: ***people who persuade others to believe things that are not true*** TIT 1 10 pu74 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 those of the circumcision This refers to the Christian Jews who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) TIT 1 11 f4iy οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 It is necessary to stop them ***Someone must prevent them from spreading their teachings*** or ***Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words*** -TIT 1 11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 They are upsetting whole families **are ruining whole families.** The issue was that they were upsetting families by destroying their faith. This may have caused the members of the families to argue with one another. +TIT 1 11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 They are upsetting whole households **are ruining whole families.** The issue was that they were upsetting families by destroying their faith. This may have caused the members of the families to argue with one another. TIT 1 11 tw4e διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ 1 teaching what they should not These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true. TIT 1 11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 for the sake of shameful profit This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable. TIT 1 12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 One of their own prophets ***A prophet from Crete itself*** or ***A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet*** TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 Cretans are always liars ***Cretans lie all the time.*** This is an exaggeration that means many Cretans lie a lot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) TIT 1 12 h3jb figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 evil beasts This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Therefore, correct them severely ***You must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them*** +TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Therefore, rebuke them severely ***You must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them*** TIT 1 13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 so that they may be sound in the faith See note on **sound** in on [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: ***so they will have a healthy faith*** or ***so their faith may be true*** TIT 1 14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 Jewish myths This refers to the false teaching of the Jews. TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: ***reject the truth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -64,12 +65,15 @@ TIT 2 3 v9cp διαβόλους 1 slanderers This word refers to people who say TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine A person who cannot control themselves and drinks too much wine is spoken of as if the person were a slave to the wine. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***and not drinking too much wine*** or ***and not addicted to wine*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) TIT 2 3 abc4 καλοδιδασκάλους 1 but to be teachers of what is good The Greek word used here means ***a teacher of what is good***. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. TIT 2 4 abc5 φιλοτέκνους 1 lovers of their husbands ***lovers of their own husbands*** +TIT 2 4 abca φιλοτέκνου 1 and lovers of their children ***lovers of their own children*** +TIT 2 5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 and subject to their own husbands ***and to obey their own husbands*** TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 so that the word of God may not be insulted **Word** here is a metonym for ***message,*** which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***so that no one insults the word of God*** or ***so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) TIT 2 6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 In the same way Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people. TIT 2 7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 present yourself as ***show yourself to be*** TIT 2 7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 as an example of good works ***as an example of one who does right and proper things*** TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 so that the opponent may be ashamed This presents an imaginary situation where someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: ***so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed*** or ***so that if people oppose you, they may be ashamed*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) TIT 2 9 ntp7 ἰδίοις δεσπόταις 1 their masters ***their own masters*** +TIT 3 10 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 are to be subject ***must obey*** TIT 2 9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in everything ***in every situation*** or ***always*** TIT 2 9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 to be pleasing ***to please their masters*** or ***to satisfy their masters*** TIT 2 10 abc6 μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 not to steal ***not to steal from their masters*** @@ -89,14 +93,14 @@ TIT 2 14 niu4 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 TIT 2 14 gxe7 figs-metaphor λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας 1 to redeem us from all lawlessness Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) TIT 2 14 fjy1 λαὸν περιούσιον 1 a special people A group of people that he treasures. TIT 2 14 ii18 ζηλωτὴν 1 zealous for ***who -TIT 3 15 abc7 παρακάλει 1 encourage ***encourage them to do these things*** -TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 give correction with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +TIT 2 15 abc7 παρακάλει 1 exhort ***encourage them to do these things*** +TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 rebuke with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) TIT 2 15 h15y μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you ***Do not allow anyone to*** TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit σου περιφρονείτω 1 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***refuse to listen to your words*** or ***refuse to respect you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) TIT 3 intro zh6x 0 # Titus 03 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.

Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Genealogies

Genealogies are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. TIT 3 1 y9tr 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete. TIT 3 1 j2sa ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Remind them to submit ***Tell our people again what they already know, to submit*** or ***Keep reminding them to submit*** -TIT 3 1 w3fy ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them ***do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them*** +TIT 3 1 w3fy ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them ***do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them*** TIT 3 1 wa9x ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις 1 rulers and authorities These words have similar meanings and are used together to include everyone who holds authority in the government. TIT 3 1 in7u πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι 1 be ready for every good work ***be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity*** TIT 3 2 lug7 βλασφημεῖν 1 to revile ***to speak evil of***