From 13217937e54909226d9ae5c03385747da1094e18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Richard Mahn Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 23:32:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Jane's edits to GEN (#3181) Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3181 --- tn_GEN.tsv | 454 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 223 insertions(+), 231 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_GEN.tsv b/tn_GEN.tsv index 36709eb566..39892d38f4 100644 --- a/tn_GEN.tsv +++ b/tn_GEN.tsv @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction:\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and Date of Writing:\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the forty years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book Outline:\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase.\n\nThese are the verses that have the Hebrew phrase “these are the generations of...”: Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam); 6:9 (Noah); 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah); 11:10 (Shem); 11:27 (Terah); 25:12 (Ishmael); 25:19 (Isaac); 36:1, 9 (Esau); 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n**Division 1:** Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n**Division 2:** The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have eleven sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s twelve sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his twelve sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special Formatting:\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. -1:intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said … God saw that it was good … This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The universe\n\nThis account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Evening and morning\n\nGenesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “In the beginning”\n\nSome languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.\n\n### “God said, ‘Let there be’”\n\nThis expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. +front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the 40 years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase.\n\nThese are the verses that have the Hebrew phrase “these are the generations of...”: Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam); 6:9 (Noah); 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah); 11:10 (Shem); 11:27 (Terah); 25:12 (Ishmael); 25:19 (Isaac); 36:1, 9 (Esau); 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have 11 sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s 12 sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting:\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. +1:intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said … God saw that it was good … This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The universe\n\nThis account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Evening and morning\n\nGenesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “In the beginning”\n\nSome languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.\n\n### “God said, ‘Let there be’”\n\nThis expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. 1:1 uiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רֵאשִׁ֖ית 1 “At the beginning {of time/everything}” or “{Everything} began when”. Many Bible scholars think that verse 1 records God’s first act in creating the universe. This is also the traditional, historically held view and fits with the narrative structure of the Hebrew text. It also fits with the wider context of Scriptures which states that God created everything out of nothing at the very beginning of the world (Psalm 33:6, 9; Hebrews 11:3). Also, some languages must use a verb (“began”) in verse 1 rather than a noun (“beginning”). Do what is best in your language. 1:1 b730 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Translate the title “God” in a way that refers to the Supreme Being who created everything, who has complete power, who knows everything and is present everywhere. He is the only true God and has always existed. 1:1 hmtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms בָּרָ֣א 1 “made”. In the Hebrew Bible, the verb “create” refers to an activity that only God does, and it often implies (as it does here) that he made something out of nothing. Also, the forms of the verbs in the Hebrew text (and the conjunctions) show that chapter 1 is a narrative that tells about true history and events in the order that things actually happened. Make sure that your translation does the same thing. 1:1 bcu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֵ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם 1 “the sky”. This phrase refers here to the region where all the stars and planets would later exist. Keep that in mind as you translate this term. 1:1 wgq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 This phrase refers to the planet earth. 1:2 qfra וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “Now {at first after that,} the earth” or “{At first after that,} the earth”. The author pauses here to describe what the earth was like after God first created it (verse 1). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce that information; other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is natural in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “the earth” in verse 1. -1:2 btmf הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ 1 It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have {its present} form, and there was nothing {living} on it {yet},” (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which is a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as in the first interpretation). +1:2 btmf הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ 1 It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have {its present} form, and there was nothing {living} on it {yet},” (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which is a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as in the first interpretation). 1:2 f7a1 וְ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם 1 “It was {totally/completely} dark, there was deep {water} {everywhere},” or “There was deep {water} {everywhere} {that was covered/surrounded} in/by {complete/total} darkness,” For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. -1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does. +1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does. 1:2 yq4r עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “over the surface of the water.” or “above the waters/water.” Throughout this chapter, the word “waters” is in the plural in the Hebrew text. For some languages it is more natural to use the singular “water”. Do what is best in your language in each context. 1:3 kxuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God commanded,” What God says in verse 3 is a command. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make that explicit in this quote margin. -1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation mark with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself. +1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation mark with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself. 1:3 nj3u וַֽ⁠יְהִי אֽוֹר 1 “And/So {immediately} there was light.” or “And {so/immediately} light started shining.” Light began to shine immediately as a result of God’s command. 1:4 ceam rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed”. Notice that Hebrew frequently uses a conjunction such as “And” or “Then” at the beginning of a sentence. Some languages do not use conjunctions as frequently as Hebrew uses conjunctions. Do what is accurate and natural in your language in each context. 1:4 bnvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֶת הָ⁠א֖וֹר כִּי ט֑וֹב 1 “that the light {was} good/excellent.” In the Bible, “good” is an important theme. Throughout chapter 1, it especially means that what God created was high quality, complete, and had no defects; in other words, it had all the characteristics and functions that God intended it to have. It also includes the idea that what God created was untainted by sin and reflected his good character (Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20). The focus here is not on how pleased or satisfied God was. 1:4 wtmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 In order to produce an accurate and natural translation, it is important in each context to make sure that nouns (such as “God”) and pronouns (such as “he”) are used properly in your language. In the Hebrew text, “God” is repeated frequently in chapter 1 to emphasize him and show that he is in focus. For some languages it is more natural to say “God” only once at the beginning of each paragraph or section, and then use pronouns to refer to him the rest of the time (or most of the time). Throughout chapter 1, do what is best in your language each time that God is referred to. 1:4 q3jo וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠א֖וֹר וּ⁠בֵ֥ין הַ⁠חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 “Then God/he separated/divided the light from the darkness {so that each had its own time}.” or “Then God/he caused the light to have its own time and the darkness to have its own time.” or “Then God/he separated the light from the darkness {so that it would be light for a number of hours, and then dark for a number of hours}.” 1:5 c9yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים 1 “Then God/he called/named” or “God/He called/named”. Some languages omit the connecting word “And” or “Then” here. Consider what is the best way in your language to connect this sentence with the previous one. -1:5 cc8r לָ⁠אוֹר֙ י֔וֹם 1 “the light Daytime.” Notice that in this context the word “Day” refers only to the time when the sun is shining, not to the 24-hour time period that makes up a complete day. Make sure that this is clear in your translation. Throughout chapter 1, some translations use quote marks around the names that God gives the different things he created. Do what is best in your language. +1:5 cc8r לָ⁠אוֹר֙ י֔וֹם 1 “the light Daytime,” Notice that in this context the word “Day” refers only to the time when the sun is shining, not to the 24-hour time period that makes up a complete day. Make sure that this is clear in your translation. Throughout chapter 1, some translations use quote marks around the names that God gives the different things he created. Do what is best in your language. 1:5 if7a וְ⁠לַ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה 1 “and the darkness he called/named Nighttime.” or “and he called/named the darkness Nighttime.” In the Hebrew text, “the darkness” is first in this clause to emphasize the contrast between the light and the darkness. Consider what is the best way to translate this clause in your language. 1:5 xxe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” The evening and the morning are the parts of a 24-hour day that separate the hours of daytime (light) from the hours of nighttime (darkness): Evening came at the end of each daytime after God finished his work of creating. Then after about 12 hours of nighttime, morning came, which began the next 12 hours of daytime when God did more work. Make sure your translation does not sound like morning came immediately after evening. Some languages have a one-word conjunction that means “and then” or “and later” and would fit well here. -1:5 xmx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד 1 “{and that was} day one.” or “{and that was} {the end of} the first day.” Here “day” refers to a full 24-hour day. Also, the Hebrew text uses a cardinal number (“one”) here, but then uses ordinal numbers (“second”, “third”, and so on) for the rest of the days of the creation week. Some languages need to use an ordinal number (“first”) here too. Other languages use cardinal numbers throughout (“day one”, “day two”, and so on). Do what is best in your language. +1:5 xmx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד 1 “{and that was} day one.” or “{and that was} {the end of} the first day.” Here “day” refers to a full 24-hour day. Also, the Hebrew text uses a cardinal number (“one”) here, but then uses ordinal numbers (“second”, “third”, and so on) for the rest of the days of the creation week. Some languages need to use an ordinal number (“first”) here too. Other languages use cardinal numbers throughout (“day one,” “day two,” and so on). Do what is best in your language. 1:6 nesq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Then God commanded,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. 1:6 gqae יְהִ֥י רָקִ֖יעַ 1 “Let there be a large/vast space” or “I command there to be a {large/vast} expanse/space” or “I command a large/vast space to form/exist”. The Hebrew word for “expanse” here describes a large space that is “spread out.” It was not solid, but rather it was open and empty and could be seen through and flown through (verse 20). It was probably also curved, following the spherical shape of the earth. See how you translated “Let there be” in verse 3. 1:6 mscz בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “in the middle of the water,” See how you translated “waters” in verse 2. @@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:7 c752 וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֗ל 1 “and divided” or “and used it to separate/divide” 1:7 pidk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בֵּ֤ין הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִ⁠תַּ֣חַת לָ⁠רָקִ֔יעַ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֖ר מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לָ⁠רָקִ֑יעַ 1 “the water that {was} below the expanse/space from the water that {was} above it.” or “the water that {was} under/below it from the water that {was} above it.” For some languages it is more natural to use a pronoun (“it”) here to refer to the expanse, since it was just mentioned earlier in the verse. Each language has its own system of when to use nouns or pronouns to refer to people, places, and things. In each context, do what is clear and natural in your language. 1:7 xfx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן 1 “That is the way it happened.” or “Everything was/happened {exactly} as he commanded {it to be/happen}.” -1:8 igd0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “and God/he called/named” or “God/He called/named”. Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here (with or without a conjunction), or to continue the sentence that began at the end of verse 7. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 5. +1:8 igd0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “and God/he called/named” or “God/He called/named”. Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here (with or without a conjunction) or to continue the sentence that began at the end of verse 7. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 5. 1:8 hh8a לָֽ⁠רָקִ֖יעַ 1 “the large/vast space”. See how you translated this phrase in verses 6 and 7. 1:8 n336 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 “Sky.” This word probably refers here to the atmosphere above the earth’s surface where clouds are and where birds fly, as well as the space where the sun, moon, and stars are now. See how you translated this term in verse 1. -1:8 su1z וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” See how you translated this sentence in verse 5, and see the note about that there. +1:8 su1z וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” See how you translated this sentence in verse 5, and see the note about that there. 1:8 adzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם שֵׁנִֽי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the second day.” or “{and} the second day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day two.” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use an ordinal number (“second”) here or a cardinal number (“two”). 1:9 yc3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים 1 “Then God commanded,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 3 and 6. 1:9 yetc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִקָּו֨וּ הַ⁠מַּ֜יִם מִ⁠תַּ֤חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ 1 “Let the water {that is} under the heavens/sky gather/come together” or “I command the water {that is} below the heavens/sky to gather/come together”. Consider whether it is better here in your language to use a passive form of the verb (“be gathered”) or an active form (“gather” or “come”). @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:11 sdob עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע 1 “{including} {every kind/type of} plant that produces/has seeds” or “{including} {all kinds/types of} plants that produce/have seeds”. This phrase refers to many different kinds of plants, not just one plant or one seed. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also, these kinds of plants have soft stems and include vegetable plants, herbs and other plants that produce edible seeds, such as rice, corn, and wheat. 1:11 cv1n עֵ֣ץ פְּרִ֞י עֹ֤שֶׂה פְּרִי֙ לְ⁠מִינ֔⁠וֹ 1 “{and} fruit trees that bear/produce fruit, {each} according to its {own} kind/type,” or “{and} {every kind/type of} fruit tree that bears/produces/has its own kind/type of fruit” or “{and} {all kinds/types of} fruit trees that bear/produce/have their own kind/type of fruit”. The phrase “according to its kind” emphasizes that each different kind of tree produces its own kind of fruit and seeds, which grow and become only that kind of tree. For example, apple trees always produce apples with apple seeds, never peaches or cherries, or any other kind of fruit or seeds. 1:11 o8kh אֲשֶׁ֥ר זַרְע⁠וֹ ב֖⁠וֹ 1 “that {has} seeds inside,” or “with seeds inside,” or “with its {own kind/type of} seeds inside it,” -1:11 k8cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “throughout the earth.” or “all over the earth.” For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Let the land sprout vegetation on/throughout the earth...” Do what is best in your language. +1:11 k8cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “throughout the earth.” or “all over the earth.” For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Let the land sprout vegetation on/throughout the earth …” Do what is best in your language. 1:11 virt וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן 1 “And that is {exactly} what happened:” or “And it/everything happened {exactly} as God commanded {it to happen}:” Either a period or a colon can be used here, but a colon more clearly shows that verse 12 gives the details of what happened. This is different from verse 7, where the details of what happened come before “And it was so”, and from verse 9, where no additional details are given. 1:12 jikr וַ⁠תּוֹצֵ֨א הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא 1 “The land sprouted/produced vegetation/plants,” or “The land started growing/producing {green} plants,” Verse 12 explains what God’s command in verse 11 caused to happen, and it repeats some of the same words and phrases. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like God created the plants twice. 1:12 rh5y עֵ֣שֶׂב מַזְרִ֤יעַ זֶ֨רַע֙ לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ 1 “{including} plants that produce/have seeds, {each} according to its {own} kind/type,” or “{including} {every kind/type of} plant that produces/has seeds that grow into the same kind/type of plant,” or “{including} {all kinds/types of} plants that produce/have their own kind/type of seeds,” @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:14 as7i לְ⁠הַבְדִּ֕יל 1 “to divide/distinguish” or “that separate/divide” 1:14 ik3v בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה 1 “the day{time} from the night{time}.” See how you translated “Day{time}” and “Night{time}” in verse 5. 1:14 iva1 וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 “Let those lights/lamps also be” or “They must/will also serve/function as” or “I also command those lights/lamps to serve/function as” -1:14 kwpn וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “signs/markers {of special/important events}, and {they must/will} mark” or “They must/will also mark/indicate when important things happen, and {they must/will} mark/show” (2) “signs/markers that mark/indicate/show”. The word “signs” means that the lights can mark certain times of the year. Following the first interpretation, the lights are to also mark special events (such as the star that signaled Jesus’ birth and the darkened sun at Jesus’ death). +1:14 kwpn וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “signs/markers {of special/important events}, and {they must/will} mark” or “They must/will also mark/indicate when important things happen, and {they must/will} mark/show” (2) “signs/markers that mark/indicate/show”. The word “signs” means that the lights can mark certain times of the year. Following the first interpretation, the lights are to also mark special events (such as the star that signaled Jesus’ birth and the darkened sun at Jesus’ death). 1:14 zf63 וּ⁠לְ⁠מ֣וֹעֲדִ֔ים וּ⁠לְ⁠יָמִ֖ים וְ⁠שָׁנִֽים 1 “seasons, days and years.” or “when seasons, days and years begin {and end}.” The sun and moon show the passing of time. For example, the 30-day month is determined by the phases of the moon, and the 365-day year is determined by the time it takes for the earth to travel around the sun. Seasons are regular times of the year, such as seed-planting and harvesting times, and the seasons of spring, summer, fall and winter (Genesis 8:22), as well as the special festivals which God appointed for his people to meet with him. You could put some of that information in a footnote. 1:15 qfvm וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לִ⁠מְאוֹרֹת֙ 1 “And they must/will be sources of light” or “They must/will serve/function as lights” or “Their purpose is to serve/function as sources of light” 1:15 szsy בִּ⁠רְקִ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 “in the expanse/space called the heavens/sky” or “in the open space of the heavens/sky” or “in the heavens/sky”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 14. @@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:21 ywwv אֶת הַ⁠תַּנִּינִ֖ם הַ⁠גְּדֹלִ֑ים 1 “the huge/gigantic sea/ocean animals”. These include whales, sharks, giant squid, crocodiles, and leviathans (Psalm 74:13-14, Isaiah 27:1), which were probably swimming reptiles that are now extinct. 1:21 uwve וְ⁠אֵ֣ת כָּל נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה הָֽ⁠רֹמֶ֡שֶׂת 1 “and every {kind/type of fish and every other} creature/animal that moves/lives” or “and all the {fish and other} {kinds/types of} creatures/animals that move/live” 1:21 cfhy אֲשֶׁר֩ שָׁרְצ֨וּ הַ⁠מַּ֜יִם 1 “throughout the water/ocean in large numbers/groups,” or “in the water and fills it,” or “all over the place in the water/ocean,” -1:21 yks1 לְ⁠מִֽינֵ⁠הֶ֗ם 1 “{each} according to its {own} kind/type,” or “{each} that produces/has its own kind/type {of offspring/young},” This phrase emphasizes that each different kind of creature has its own distinct kind of offspring/young. For example, whales always give birth to whales, and never give birth to cats or cows, or any other kind of creature. +1:21 yks1 לְ⁠מִֽינֵ⁠הֶ֗ם 1 “{each} according to its {own} kind/type,” or “{each} that produces/has its own kind/type {of offspring/young},” This phrase emphasizes that each different kind of creature has its own distinct kind of offspring/young. For example, whales always give birth to whales, and never give birth to cats or cows or any other kind of creature. 1:21 w4mh וְ⁠אֵ֣ת 2 “and {how he created/made}” or “{That is} also {how he created/made}”. For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here, so that the previous sentence is not too long. Do what is best in your language. 1:21 ug9b כָּל ע֤וֹף כָּנָף֙ 1 “every {kind/type of} bird” or “all {the different kinds/types of} birds” or “every {kind/type of} winged creature”. See how you translated “birds” in verse 20. 1:21 wumv לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ 1 “{each} according to its {own} kind/type.” or “{each} that produces/has its own kind/type {of young}.” See how you translated this phrase earlier in this verse. 1:21 c8r3 וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And He saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed” 1:21 fhzc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had created/made was} good/excellent.” or “that {the water animals and the birds were} good/excellent.” Some languages need to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. -1:22 tv0s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God caused them {all} to prosper/flourish” or “Then God blessed the water creatures/animals and the birds”. For some languages it is necessary to specify who “them” refers to. Do what is best in your language. +1:22 tv0s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God caused them {all} to prosper/flourish” or “Then God blessed the water creatures/animals and the birds”. For some languages it is necessary to specify what “them” refers to. Do what is best in your language. 1:22 yiar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “by saying {to them},” or “and said {first to the water animals},” God blesses the water animals first. If that is not clear, you could make that explicit here in the quote margin or at the beginning of what God says. 1:22 v2ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person פְּר֣וּ 1 “Reproduce” or “You water animals must/will produce/have many babies/young”. God speaks directly to the water animals using the second person (“you”), then later in the verse speaks about the birds in the third person (“the birds”). For some languages it is necessary to use either second person for both or third person for both, to prevent confusion. Do what is natural and clear in your language. 1:22 ee4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וּ⁠רְב֗וּ 1 “so that you {and your offspring/descendants} {will} multiply/increase {greatly} {in number}” or “so that you {and your offspring/descendants} {will} become {very} numerous/many” @@ -132,10 +132,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:25 j9e3 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה 1 “and every {kind/type of} creature/animal that crawls on/along the ground,” or “and all {different kinds/types of} creatures/animals that crawl on/along the ground,” See how you translated “crawling creature” in verse 24. 1:25 ifc3 לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ 1 “{each} that bears/has its own kind/type of offspring/young.” or “{each} having its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 11, 12, 21, 24 and 25. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. 1:25 ts6r וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed” -1:25 epq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had made/created was} good/excellent.” or “that {all the creatures/animals that he had made/created were} good/excellent.” Some languages need to specify what was good. Consider again how you translated “And God saw that...good” in verses 10, 12, 18, 21, 25. +1:25 epq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had made/created was} good/excellent.” or “that {all the creatures/animals that he had made/created were} good/excellent.” Some languages need to specify what was good. Consider again how you translated “And God saw that … good” in verses 10, 12, 18, 21, 25. 1:26 bpc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Then God said {to himself},” Here God is not commanding anything to happen, but is getting ready to personally create mankind himself (the details are given in Gen 2:7, 21-22). Some languages have to specify who is being spoken to. Do what is best in your language. 1:26 blpi נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה 1 “{Now} we should/will make/create”. Most Bible scholars think that the plural pronouns (“us”, “our”) in this verse refer to God and reflect the fact that he is three Persons in one God. So it is best to keep these pronouns plural in your translation. Also, many translations capitalize the first letter of all pronouns that refer to God in order to show him honor and respect. Your translation team needs to decide whether or not you will do that, too. Be consistent with your decision as you translate the Bible. -1:26 bahl אָדָ֛ם 1 “mankind/humankind” or “human beings”. The Hebrew word for “man” is used here (and in verse 27) as a collective noun that refers to human beings in general, including male and female. +1:26 bahl אָדָ֛ם 1 “mankind/humankind” or “human beings”. The Hebrew word for “man” is used here (and in verse 27) as a collective noun that refers to human beings in general, including both male and female. 1:26 ulnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠צַלְמֵ֖⁠נוּ כִּ⁠דְמוּתֵ֑⁠נוּ 1 “to be like us and act like us,” or “to be like us, so that they are similar to us in many ways,” These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that God made mankind to be like himself in many ways. 1:26 mq1c וְ⁠יִרְדּוּ֩ 1 “and let us put them in charge/control of” or “We will give them authority to rule/oversee/manage” 1:26 bgn6 בִ⁠דְגַ֨ת הַ⁠יָּ֜ם 1 “the fish of/in the sea/ocean,” @@ -163,26 +163,25 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:29 oakn אֶת כָּל עֵ֣שֶׂב זֹרֵ֣עַ זֶ֗רַע אֲשֶׁר֙ 1 “every {kind/type of} seed-bearing plant that grows” or “every {kind/type of} plant with seeds that grows” or “all the {different kinds/types of} plants that yield/produce seeds and grow”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11 and 12. 1:29 nq9g עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “anywhere on/throughout the earth,” 1:29 nn9g וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠עֵ֛ץ אֲשֶׁר 1 “as well as every {kind/type of} tree that {bears/produces}” or “and all the {different kinds/types of} trees that {bear/produce}” -1:29 zjwv בּ֥⁠וֹ פְרִי עֵ֖ץ זֹרֵ֣עַ זָ֑רַע 1 “fruit with seedoakns inside it.” or “seed-bearing fruit.” See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11 and 12. +1:29 zjwv בּ֥⁠וֹ פְרִי עֵ֖ץ זֹרֵ֣עַ זָ֑רַע 1 “fruit with seeds inside it.” or “seed-bearing fruit.” See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11 and 12. 1:29 ird8 לָ⁠כֶ֥ם יִֽהְיֶ֖ה לְ⁠אָכְלָֽה 1 “{All of} them are yours to eat from.” or “You may eat from {any/all of} those plants.” 1:30 h154 וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל חַיַּ֣ת הָ֠⁠אָרֶץ 1 “In the same way, to every {kind/type of} {wild/untamed} creature/animal {that lives} on the earth/land,” or “Similarly/Likewise, to all the {wild/untamed} creatures/animals {that live} on the earth/land,” or “In the same way, to all the wild animals,” See how you translated similar phrases in verses 24 and 25. 1:30 cxyb וּ⁠לְ⁠כָל ע֨וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֜יִם 1 “and every {kind/type of} bird {that flies} in the sky,” or “and all the birds {that fly} in the sky,” 1:30 n7vq וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹ֣ל רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁר בּ⁠וֹ֙ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֔ה 1 “and every {other} {kind/type of} {creature/animal} that moves/lives on the earth/land and has the breath of life,” or “and all the {other} creatures/animals that move/live on the earth/land and breathe {air} to live,” See how you translated “that moves on the earth” in verse 28. 1:30 hifc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶת כָּל יֶ֥רֶק עֵ֖שֶׂב לְ⁠אָכְלָ֑ה 1 “{I give} every {kind/type of} green plant for/as food.” or “{I have given/provided} all the green plants for/as food.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase near the beginning of this verse and say, “In the same way, {I give} every {type of} green plant for food to all the {wild} animals {that live} on the earth, and all the birds {that fly} in the sky, and all the {other} animals {that live} on the land and breathe {air}.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “plant” in verses 11, 12, 29. 1:30 ivkg וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן 1 “And that is how it was.” or “And it/everything was {exactly} as he/God said {it should/would be}.” Consider again how you translated this sentence in verses 7, 9, 11, 15, 24 and 30. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. For example, here in verse 30 this phrase follows a statement God made, which is different from the other contexts where it follows a command. -1:31 hhg6 וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “Then God observed/considered” or “Then God looked at”. See how you translated “God saw...” in verse 4. +1:31 hhg6 וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “Then God observed/considered” or “Then God looked at”. See how you translated “God saw …” in verse 4. 1:31 c85e אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה 1 “everything that he had made/created,” This phrase refers to everything that God made during the entire week of Creation, not just on the sixth day. Consider again how you translated “made” (or “make”) in verses 7, 16, 25, 26 and 31. Compare that to how you translated a word that has a similar meaning (“created”) in verses 1, 21 and 27. 1:31 w4pz וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 “and indeed” or “and he saw/observed that”. This word calls attention to what God is looking at and helps emphasize that what he saw was very good. 1:31 uixn ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{it was} {all} very good/excellent.” Consider again how you translated “good/excellent” in verses 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, and 31. 1:31 pjit וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23 and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5. 1:31 vsiy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the sixth day.” or “and the sixth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day six.” -2:intro nfp7 0 # Genesis 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nGen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25\n\nGen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.\n\n### Yahweh, the name of God\n\n“Yahweh,” the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term “the Lord.” Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using “the Lord” is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])\n\nTranslators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name “Yahweh,” approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.\n\nOr translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, “The Great One,” “The Ruler of All,” “The One who Never Sleeps,” etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that “the Lord” has.\n\nTranslators can also consider pairing a transliteration of “Yahweh” with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name “Yahweh” occurs in the Scriptures.\n\n### The Garden of Eden\n\nThis was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) 2:1 alnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻלּ֛וּ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֥יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “So {it was that} the heavens and the earth were completed/finished {by God},” or “That is how {God} finished {creating/making} the heavens and the earth,” Verse one is a summary statement that looks back at what God did in chapter 1. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here, and see how you translated “heavens and earth” in Gen 1:1. 2:1 eaz5 וְ⁠כָל צְבָאָֽ⁠ם 1 “including all the many things that are in them.” or “along with everything in them.” This phrase refers to everything in the heavens and on the earth that God had created, as described in chapter 1. 2:2 lmmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 “By the seventh day” or “By day seven”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that God had completed his work by the seventh day and did not work on that day. Also consider again how you translated ordinal numbers in Gen 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31; 2:2. 2:2 zkij rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God/he had completed/finished” or “God/he was finished with”. Decide whether it is better in your language to refer to God with a title (“God”) or a pronoun (“he”) in this context. 2:2 qp74 מְלַאכְתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה 1 “his/the work he had been doing,” -2:2 lqw7 וַ⁠יִּשְׁבֹּת֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִ⁠כָּל 1 “so he rested/ceased on that day from all” or “so on the seventh day he no longer did”. God “rested” in the sense that he stopped his work and did not work on that day. It does not mean he was tired or had lost his strength. Rest is an important theme in the Bible, so you should try to be consistent in how you translate this term here and in other passages such as Exodus 23:12, 31:17 and Hebrews 4:4, 10. Part of this theme includes the Hebrew word for “Sabbath” which has the same root word as the verb for “rest” and is often translated “resting day”. +2:2 lqw7 וַ⁠יִּשְׁבֹּת֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִ⁠כָּל 1 “so he rested/ceased on that day from all” or “so on the seventh day he no longer did”. God “rested” in the sense that he stopped his work and did not work on that day. It does not mean he was tired or had lost his strength. Rest is an important theme in the Bible, so you should try to be consistent in how you translate this term here and in other passages such as Exodus 23:12, 31:17 and Hebrews 4:4, 10. Part of this theme includes the Hebrew word for “Sabbath” which has the same root word as the verb for “rest” and is often translated “resting day.” 2:2 mtu9 מְלַאכְתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה 1 “the work that he had been doing.” or “that work.” 2:3 aq2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יְבָ֤רֶךְ אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת י֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 “Then God/he established/designated the seventh day {as a day} to bless {people}” or “God/He honored the seventh day”. For some languages it is more natural to begin verse 3 without a conjunction. Other languages use a conjunction here like Hebrew does. Do what is natural in your language. 2:3 frsr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠יְקַדֵּ֖שׁ אֹת֑⁠וֹ 1 “and made it a holy/sacred day,” or “and set it apart as a day especially devoted/dedicated to him,” or “by setting it apart as a special day/time {for people/them} {to rest and worship him},” @@ -192,8 +191,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:4 m6ic אֵ֣לֶּה 1 “These {are more details about}” or “This {is more about}” or “What follows {gives/tells more details about}”. This phrase refers forward to Gen 2:5-24 and begins a new section. Chapter one of Genesis gives an overview of what God did each day of creation week, including that he created human beings on day six. Chapter two gives more details about how God created Adam and Eve, who were his most important creations. Each chapter emphasizes different parts of the same history; they are not two different histories. Make sure that is clear in your translation. 2:4 ptfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תוֹלְד֧וֹת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠הִבָּֽרְאָ֑⁠ם 1 “the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created {by God},” or “what happened when {God} created the heavens and the earth.” or “the history of what {God} did when he created the heavens and the earth:” The Hebrew text uses a passive construction here to emphasize the heavens and the earth. Decide the best way to do that in your language. 2:4 i0br בְּ⁠י֗וֹם 1 “during the days/time {when}” or “During the days/time {when}”. Consider whether or not it is clearer or more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 5. -2:4 igt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Yahweh {who is} God” or “God {whose name is} Yahweh”. This phrase is a combination of God’s personal name “Yahweh” with his title “God”. Both are used together when he is especially in focus. This pattern of using a personal name and a title together is also used for people in the Old Testament when they are being emphasized, for example, “Ahab king of Israel” and “Ruth the Moabite”. Many translations have “LORD God” in place of “Yahweh God” throughout the Old Testament. This follows the Jewish custom of substituting the Hebrew title “Adonai” (which means “my Lord”) for “Yahweh” (which means “he is”) when they read the Scriptures aloud. More recently, translation teams are putting “Yahweh” back in the Bible text (especially in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament), and they include a footnote to explain the term. (Some translation teams consider using “Jehovah” instead of “Yahweh”. However that is not a name from the Bible, but is formed by taking the consonants from “Yahweh” and combining them with the vowels from “Adonai”.) -2:4 h1ao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-chiasm עֲשׂ֛וֹת & אֶ֥רֶץ וְ⁠שָׁמָֽיִם 1 “made/created the earth and the heavens”. This clause forms a chiasm with “the heavens and the earth...created” in the first part of this verse. Try to keep the same phrase order in your translation. See how you translated “the heavens” and “the earth” in Gen 1:1 and 2:1. +2:4 igt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Yahweh {who is} God” or “God {whose name is} Yahweh”. This phrase is a combination of God’s personal name “Yahweh” with his title “God.” Both are used together when he is especially in focus. This pattern of using a personal name and a title together is also used for people in the Old Testament when they are being emphasized, for example, “Ahab king of Israel” and “Ruth the Moabite.” Many translations have “LORD God” in place of “Yahweh God” throughout the Old Testament. This follows the Jewish custom of substituting the Hebrew title “Adonai” (which means “my Lord”) for “Yahweh” (which means “he is”) when they read the Scriptures aloud. More recently, translation teams are putting “Yahweh” back in the Bible text (especially in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament), and they include a footnote to explain the term. (Some translation teams consider using “Jehovah” instead of “Yahweh.” However that is not a name from the Bible, but is formed by taking the consonants from “Yahweh” and combining them with the vowels from “Adonai.”) +2:4 h1ao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-chiasm עֲשׂ֛וֹת & אֶ֥רֶץ וְ⁠שָׁמָֽיִם 1 “made/created the earth and the heavens”. This clause forms a chiasm with “the heavens and the earth … created” in the first part of this verse. Try to keep the same phrase order in your translation. See how you translated “the heavens” and “the earth” in Gen 1:1 and 2:1. 2:5 yi7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠כֹ֣ל ׀ שִׂ֣יחַ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה טֶ֚רֶם יִֽהְיֶ֣ה בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “And/Now {for a while,} there were not yet any shrubs/bushes in the fields} on the earth,” or “{For a while,} no wild shrubs/bushes had started growing on the earth yet,” Consider whether or not it is better in your translation to begin a new sentence here. Verses 5-6 give background information about what things were like before God created mankind (verse 7). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce background information, while other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. 2:5 gyov וְ⁠כָל עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה טֶ֣רֶם יִצְמָ֑ח 1 “nor had any {other} plants started growing yet,” or “and there were not any {other} plants that had sprouted yet,” See how you translated “plants” in Gen 1:11-12, 29-30. 2:5 iiqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כִּי֩ & יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “because Yahweh/he” or “{That was} because God”. The Hebrew text repeats “Yahweh God” frequently in chapter 2 (starting in verse 4) to emphasize God. For some languages, it is not natural to repeat “Yahweh God” so often in the same paragraph, and it could even give the wrong meaning that there was more than one Yahweh God. For languages like that, it may be best to use “Yahweh God” only once at the beginning of a section or paragraph, then use “Yahweh”, “God”, or “he” in the rest of the section, depending on the context. Consider what is the most accurate and natural way to refer to Yahweh God at each point in your translation. @@ -212,9 +211,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:7 xkca וַ⁠יִּפַּ֥ח 1 “and he/Yahweh blew/exhaled” or “Then he/Yahweh blew/exhaled”. For some languages, it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 2:7 qzjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠אַפָּ֖י⁠ו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים 1 “into the man’s nostrils/nose the/his breath that would make him live,” or “his breath into the man’s nostrils/nose to make him live,” This refers to God’s breath. As you translate the pronouns “he” and “his” in this verse, make sure it is clear in your language who is being referred to. 2:7 vf52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה 1 “so that he became a living person.” or “and then the man became alive” or “and he came to life.” or “so that he started to live.” Consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to the man throughout verse 7. -2:8 z5wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּטַּ֞ע יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “Now Yahweh God had {previously/already} planted” or “{Before that,} Yahweh God had planted”. This interpretation fits the context of chapter one, which says that God had made all the trees and plants on day three (Gen 1:11-12), three days before he created man (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7). Following this view, verses 8-14 give background information for what happens in verses 15-24. (2) “Then Yahweh God planted”. According to this interpretation, God made the Garden of Eden on day six after he created man. -2:8 npa8 גַּן 1 “a {large} garden” or “a {large} farm/park”. The man lived in this garden and there were animals and many trees and other plants in it too, so it was fairly large. Make sure your translation of this term does not refer to something that is too small. -2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text). +2:8 z5wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּטַּ֞ע יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Now Yahweh God had {previously/already} planted” or “{Before that,} Yahweh God had planted”. This interpretation fits the context of chapter one, which says that God had made all the trees and plants on day three (Gen 1:11-12), three days before he created man (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7). Following this view, verses 8-14 give background information for what happens in verses 15-24. (2) “Then Yahweh God planted”. According to this interpretation, God made the Garden of Eden on day six after he created man. +2:8 npa8 גַּן 1 “a {large} garden” or “a {large} farm/park”. The man lived in this garden, and there were animals and many trees and other plants in it too, so it was fairly large. Make sure your translation of this term does not refer to something that is too small. +2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text). 2:8 zpxl וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 “and that is where he put the man” or “and in that garden he put the man” or “That is where he put the man”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 2:8 uvlv אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר 1 “whom he had shaped/crafted.” or “whom he had created/made.” See how you translated “formed” in verse 7. 2:9 wihv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּצְמַ֞ח יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה כָּל־עֵ֛ץ נֶחְמָ֥ד 1 “{There} Yahweh/he had made/caused to grow from the ground every {kind/type of} tree that is pleasant/beautiful/delightful” or “Yahweh/He had made/caused all {kinds/types of} trees to grow from the ground that are pleasant/beautiful”. See how you translated “Yahweh God” in verse 5, and how you translated “every tree” in Gen 1:29. @@ -228,10 +227,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:10 rcms לְ⁠הַשְׁק֖וֹת 1 “to irrigate” or “to provide water for” or “that watered/irrigated” or “that provided water for”. See how you translated “watered” in verse 6. 2:10 wxka אֶת הַ⁠גָּ֑ן 1 “the farm/park,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 8. 2:10 gpkv וּ⁠מִ⁠שָּׁם֙ 1 “and from the garden” or “From there/Eden”. For some languages it is better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. -2:10 h8ke יִפָּרֵ֔ד וְ⁠הָיָ֖ה לְ⁠אַרְבָּעָ֥ה רָאשִֽׁים 1 Verse 10 is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean (1) “the/that river divided into four {smaller} waters/rivers.” This interpretation means that the river in Eden was the source river that watered the garden and then divided downstream into the four smaller rivers. (2) “there were four {smaller} source rivers that joined together and formed the larger river.” This interpretation means that the four rivers were source headwaters that flowed downstream and joined to form the larger river in Eden. If possible, leave your translation ambiguous here (like the Hebrew text does), so that either interpretation is possible. +2:10 h8ke יִפָּרֵ֔ד וְ⁠הָיָ֖ה לְ⁠אַרְבָּעָ֥ה רָאשִֽׁים 1 Verse 10 is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “the/that river divided into four {smaller} waters/rivers.” This interpretation means that the river in Eden was the source river that watered the garden and then divided downstream into the four smaller rivers. (2) “there were four {smaller} source rivers that joined together and formed the larger river.” This interpretation means that the four rivers were source headwaters that flowed downstream and joined to form the larger river in Eden. If possible, leave your translation ambiguous here (like the Hebrew text does), so that either interpretation is possible. 2:11 ty1t שֵׁ֥ם הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֖ד 1 “The name of the first {river} {is/was}” or “The first {river} is/was named/called” or “The first {river} is/was”. Most translations use past tense in verse 10, but then use present tense throughout verses 11-14. It may be best to use past tense throughout verses 10-14, especially since the rivers and places that are named in these verses no longer existed when Genesis was written, because the Flood completely changed the entire surface of the earth; after the Flood, the names of some of those rivers and places were given to new rivers and places. 2:11 fhgs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פִּישׁ֑וֹן 1 “the Pishon {River}.” Consider whether or not it is natural in your language to use the article (“the”) with the name of a river. -2:11 k73q ה֣וּא הַ⁠סֹּבֵ֗ב 1 “It meanders/meandered through” or “which flows/flowed around through”. The word “winds” or “meanders” means that the river changed direction from time to time. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, or to continue the previous sentence. +2:11 k73q ה֣וּא הַ⁠סֹּבֵ֗ב 1 “It meanders/meandered through” or “which flows/flowed around through”. The word “winds” or “meanders” means that the river changed direction from time to time. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. 2:11 kdfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֵ֚ת כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ הַֽ⁠חֲוִילָ֔ה 1 “the entire/whole region of/called Havilah,” Be consistent in how you translate “land of” throughout this section. 2:11 lg1b אֲשֶׁר שָׁ֖ם הַ⁠זָּהָֽב 1 “{a place} where {there is/was} {much} gold.” or “which has/had {a lot of} gold.” 2:12 v48n וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “In fact, the gold from that land/region” or “Indeed, the gold {that is found} in that land/region”. This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold, and gives more information about it. @@ -298,7 +297,6 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:24 lhdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠בָשָׂ֥ר אֶחָֽד 1 “completely one/united.” or “united in body {and spirit}.” or “united like one person.” The phrase “one flesh” is an idiom that emphasizes the close physical and spiritual unity between a husband and wife. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Consider how to best communicate this in your language. 2:25 rovf וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֤וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶם֙ עֲרוּמִּ֔ים הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Now {at/during that time} both the man and his wife were naked,” or “{At/During that time} the man and his wife did not wear any clothes,” 2:25 m37h וְ⁠לֹ֖א יִתְבֹּשָֽׁשׁוּ 1 “but {yet} they were not ashamed/embarrassed {about it}.” or “but {yet} they did not feel ashamed/embarrassed {about being naked}.” Some languages have an idiom for this clause that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. -3:intro j7i3 0 # Genesis 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, “Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made,” because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, “One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent” or “This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made.”\n\nScholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as “the fall” or “the fall of man” because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Curses\n\nIn this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God’s punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Serpent\nMost scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:1 k1xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠הַ⁠נָּחָשׁ֙ 1 “Now the snake”. The conjunction “Now” introduces background information about the serpent. See how you translated this conjunction in Gen 2:5, 8, 19. 3:1 c6pe הָיָ֣ה עָר֔וּם מִ⁠כֹּל֙ חַיַּ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה 1 “was more {deceptive and} clever/cunning than any of the {other} creatures/animals that live in the fields/wild” or “was the craftiest of all the animals”. Make sure that your translation of “crafty” means that the snake had evil intent and was clever in a way that was not good. See how you translated “living thing of the field” in Gen 2:19-20. 3:1 xal9 אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 “that Yahweh {who is} God had made/created.” or “that God {whose name is} Yahweh had made/created.” Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to the animals that God had made, not the fields. Also see how you translated “Yahweh God” in chapter 2, beginning in verse 4. @@ -329,7 +327,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:6 zi7t וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֧ן גַּם 1 “She also gave {some of the fruit}” 3:6 j06c לְ⁠אִישָׁ֛⁠הּ עִמָּ֖⁠הּ 1 “to her husband, {who was} {there} with her,” 3:6 vgh6 וַ⁠יֹּאכַֽל 1 “and he ate {it/some} {too}.” or “and he {also} ate {it/some}.” -3:7 on9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּפָּקַ֨חְנָה֙ עֵינֵ֣י שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “Immediately/Suddenly it was as if their eyes/minds were opened/enlightened,” or “Immediately/Suddenly they both gained/had new understanding,” or “Immediately/Suddenly they both understood new things,” An immediate result of their sin was that they realized they were naked, which they had not been aware of before. See how you translated the idiom “eyes...opened” in verse 5. +3:7 on9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּפָּקַ֨חְנָה֙ עֵינֵ֣י שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “Immediately/Suddenly it was as if their eyes/minds were opened/enlightened,” or “Immediately/Suddenly they both gained/had new understanding,” or “Immediately/Suddenly they both understood new things,” An immediate result of their sin was that they realized they were naked, which they had not been aware of before. See how you translated the idiom “eyes … opened” in verse 5. 3:7 d586 וַ⁠יֵּ֣דְע֔וּ 1 “so that they realized” or “so that they became aware” 3:7 qm2z כִּ֥י עֵֽירֻמִּ֖ם הֵ֑ם 1 “that their bodies {were} naked/uncovered/bare {and they felt ashamed/embarrassed}.” 3:7 pb3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וַֽ⁠יִּתְפְּרוּ֙ 1 “So they fastened/joined {together}”. The word for “sewed” implies here that some type of needle and thread were used. For example, they may have used a thin, sharpened stick for the needle, and plant fibers for the thread. If necessary, you could use a more general term such as “fastened/joined together” or “connected”. Also, some languages have dual pronouns that can be used in verses 7-8 for “they” and “themselves”. Do what is best in your language. @@ -378,7 +376,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:16 vgi1 הַרְבָּ֤ה אַרְבֶּה֙ עִצְּבוֹנֵ֣⁠ךְ 1 “I will greatly increase how much you suffer” or “I will cause you to have/experience much/severe pain” or “I will cause it to be very painful” 3:16 d5br וְ⁠הֵֽרֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 “when you bear children;” or “when you give birth;” 3:16 icn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶב תֵּֽלְדִ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 “{yes/indeed,} you will suffer much pain when you give birth.” or “{yes/indeed,} bearing children will be very painful for you.” This clause is the second part of a parallelism, which emphasizes the pain and suffering that women will experience when they bear children. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation. -3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text can mean (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and....”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10. (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but....”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote. +3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text can mean (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10. (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote. 3:16 friw וְ⁠ה֖וּא יִמְשָׁל בָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and he will control/dominate you.” or “and he will lord it over you.” See how you translated “rule over” in Gen 1:18. It may be necessary to translate this term differently here because of the negative context of the curse and the consequences of sin. 3:17 sq0d וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר 1 “Then/Next he/God said to the man,” or “Then/Next Yahweh God {turned} to Adam and said {to him},” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to the man” is emphasized. See how you translated a similar case (“to the woman”) in verse 16. For a note about when to start using Adam’s name in your translation see Gen 2:19. 3:17 dyjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְ⁠ק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּ⁠ךָ֒ 1 “Since/Because you {disobeyed me and} did what your wife said/suggested” or “Since/Because you did/followed what your wife told you to do”. This phrase means that Adam heard what his wife said to him and then did what she said. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. @@ -408,7 +406,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:22 m45e הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ 1 “the man {and his wife}” or “man{kind}” or “human beings”. Throughout verses 22-24 “the man” represents mankind, which included both the man and the woman at this point. Make sure your translation communicates that clearly in those verses and does not just refer to Adam. 3:22 jtzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive הָיָה֙ כְּ⁠אַחַ֣ד מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “have become like one of us” or “have become like us”. The pronoun “us” is inclusive because God is talking to himself. 3:22 u2uz לָ⁠דַ֖עַת ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֑ע 1 “so that they know {what is} good and {what is} evil.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 5, and a similar phrase in Gen 2:9. -3:22 z722 וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה פֶּן יִשְׁלַ֣ח יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠לָקַח֙ גַּ֚ם 1 “So now, they must not be allowed/permitted {by us} to also take/pick” or “So we must not allow/permit them to also take/pick” or “So now we must do something so that they do/can not also take/pick”. See how you translated “took/picked...fruit” in verse 6. +3:22 z722 וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה פֶּן יִשְׁלַ֣ח יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠לָקַח֙ גַּ֚ם 1 “So now, they must not be allowed/permitted {by us} to also take/pick” or “So we must not allow/permit them to also take/pick” or “So now we must do something so that they do/can not also take/pick”. See how you translated “took/picked … fruit” in verse 6. 3:22 jc4x מֵ⁠עֵ֣ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּ֔ים וְ⁠אָכַ֖ל 1 “{fruit} from the tree of {eternal} life and eat {some of} it,” or “and eat {fruit} from the tree that gives people {eternal} life,” See how you translated “the tree of life” in Gen 2:9. 3:22 ekrd וָ⁠חַ֥י לְ⁠עֹלָֽם 1 “and {then/so} live forever!” or “which will/would make them live forever!” 3:23 x97q וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then Yahweh God expelled/banished the man {and his wife}” or “So {then} Yahweh God forced them to leave”. Notice that in verses 22-24, “the man”, “him”, and “he” refer to mankind, that is, the man and the woman. Make sure it is clear in your translation here that both of them were sent out of the garden, not just the man. Consider again how you translated “Yahweh God” in Genesis 2 and 3, and see the note about this at Gen 2:4. Some languages have dual pronouns that are used for “they” and “them” in verses 22-24. @@ -423,7 +421,6 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:24 i7zi הַ⁠מִּתְהַפֶּ֔כֶת 1 “that was turning/swinging around in all directions” or “that was swinging/flashing back and forth”. It seems that the sword was swinging by itself since there is no mention of anyone holding it. 3:24 orao לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֕ר אֶת דֶּ֖רֶךְ 1 “to keep everyone away from the way/path {that leads/goes} to” or “so that no one could get/go near” 3:24 ar1o עֵ֥ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּֽים 1 “the tree of {eternal} life.” or “the tree whose fruit gives people {eternal} life.” or “the tree whose fruit makes people live {forever}.” See how you translated this phrase in Gen 2:9 and 3:22. -4:intro a2f7 0 # Genesis 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nMost of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Vengeance\n\nThe theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God’s protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\nThe theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:\n“I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much” (Gen. 4:23b-24). 4:1 cibb וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “Then Adam” or “Then the man {Adam}”. For a note about when to begin referring to the man as Adam, see Gen 2:19. 4:1 k9i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָדַ֖ע אֶת חַוָּ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “had {marital} relations with his wife Eve,” or “slept with his wife Eve,” or “was intimate with his wife Eve,” This phrase is a Hebrew idiom that means Adam had marital/sexual relations with Eve. Many languages have a similar idiom. Make sure you translate this in a way that is polite and will not offend or embarrass people, especially when read aloud. 4:1 um2r וַ⁠תַּ֨הַר֙ וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד 1 “so that she became pregnant and {later} gave birth to”. Translate this clause in a way that will not embarrass people, especially when read aloud. @@ -453,7 +450,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:5 ai77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּ֤חַר לְ⁠קַ֨יִן֙ מְאֹ֔ד 1 “So Cain was/became/felt extremely angry,” Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 4:5 m590 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ פָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 “and his face showed that he was angry/upset.” or “and he frowned/scowled.” or “and his face showed it.” 4:6 eymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל קָ֑יִן 1 “Then Yahweh asked Cain/him,” The way you translate this quote margin should fit with the way that you translated the following three rhetorical questions. -4:6 qa15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠לָ֖⁠מָּה נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 “Why are you so angry? And why are you frowning/scowling?” or “There is no need/reason for you to be angry and frowning/scowling.” God is using these rhetorical questions to correct Cain. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also see how you translated the idioms “burned with...anger” and “face fell” in verse 5. +4:6 qa15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠לָ֖⁠מָּה נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 “Why are you so angry? And why are you frowning/scowling?” or “There is no need/reason for you to be angry and frowning/scowling.” God is using these rhetorical questions to correct Cain. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also see how you translated the idioms “burned with … anger” and “face fell” in verse 5. 4:7 lltt אִם תֵּיטִיב֙ 1 “If you do {what is} right,” 4:7 ltx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא & שְׂאֵ֔ת 1 “{you know that} you will be accepted {by me}.” or “{you know that} I will be pleased with you {and your offering/gift} {too}.” or “I will accept you {and your offering/gift} {too}.” God uses this rhetorical question here to remind Cain of something that he already knew. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. 4:7 hj95 וְ⁠אִם֙ לֹ֣א תֵיטִ֔יב 1 “But if you don’t do {what is} right,” or “But if you do what is wrong,” @@ -468,13 +465,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:8 ms2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ו 1 “his {own} brother Abel” or “his {own} brother” or “him”. The Hebrew text keeps repeating the phrase “Abel his brother” to emphasize the seriousness of Cain’s crime. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. See how you translated “brother” in verse 2. 4:8 k1e4 וַ⁠יַּהַרְגֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 “and murdered him.” 4:9 ylt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל קַ֔יִן 1 “Then/Later Yahweh asked Cain,” -4:9 lg3y אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “Where {is} your brother Abel?” See how you translated “Abel...brother” in verse 8. +4:9 lg3y אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “Where {is} your brother Abel?” See how you translated “Abel … brother” in verse 8. 4:9 e118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “Then He/Cain said/replied {to him},” or “He/Cain answered {him},” or “He/Cain responded/retorted,” Cain is answering Yahweh rudely. Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language, including whether or not to use a conjunction here. 4:9 pi34 לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי 1 “I don’t know {where he is}.” or “How should I know {that}?” 4:9 d7iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠שֹׁמֵ֥ר אָחִ֖⁠י אָנֹֽכִי 1 “Am I my brother’s guardian/caretaker?” or “Am I in charge of my brother?” or “Is it my job/responsibility to take care of my brother?” or “It’s not my job/responsibility to keep track of my brother!” Cain uses this rhetorical question to support the lie that he just told. His response to God is rude and disrespectful. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question communicates that here in your language. 4:10 n5ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “Then Yahweh asked/exclaimed,” Make sure that your translation of this phrase refers to Yahweh, not Cain. 4:10 flvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 “What you have done is very horrible/terrible!” or “You have done a horrible/terrible thing!” God uses this rhetorical question to condemn what Cain had done. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question works well here in your language. -4:10 qix1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ק֚וֹל דְּמֵ֣י אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ צֹעֲקִ֥ים אֵלַ֖⁠י מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “Your brother’s blood is calling out to me from the ground {to avenge him}!” or “Your brother’s blood on the ground is like a voice/person calling out to me {for justice/revenge}!” or “I see your brother’s blood on the ground, and/so I must judge/punish you {for killing/murdering him}!” In the Hebrew text, blood is personified, as if it had a voice or could cry out like a person does. If it is not possible to do that in your language, you could say that his brother’s blood is “like a voice...”, or you could translate this sentence without personification. +4:10 qix1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ק֚וֹל דְּמֵ֣י אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ צֹעֲקִ֥ים אֵלַ֖⁠י מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “Your brother’s blood is calling out to me from the ground {to avenge him}!” or “Your brother’s blood on the ground is like a voice/person calling out to me {for justice/revenge}!” or “I see your brother’s blood on the ground, and/so I must judge/punish you {for killing/murdering him}!” In the Hebrew text, blood is personified, as if it had a voice or could cry out like a person does. If it is not possible to do that in your language, you could say that his brother’s blood is “like a voice …” or you could translate this sentence without personification. 4:11 ayem וְ⁠עַתָּ֖ה 1 “So/Therefore from now on” or “Because of what you did,” 4:11 nr1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָר֣וּר אָ֑תָּה 1 “you are cursed {by me}” or “I am cursing you”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also see how you translated this in Gen 3:14. 4:11 kzep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙ 1 “{so that you will not be able to grow food} from the ground/soil,” or “{so that you are banned/banished} from {working/farming} the ground/soil,” @@ -560,7 +557,6 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:26 zd7h וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ אֱנ֑וֹשׁ 1 “and he named him Enosh.” or “whom he named Enosh.” 4:26 tq3j אָ֣ז 1 “At/During that time” or “That is when” 4:26 o4hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הוּחַ֔ל לִ⁠קְרֹ֖א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 “people began to address God by his name Yahweh as they worshiped him.” or “people began to worship/praise Yahweh by name.” or “people first called Yahweh by name in their prayers and worship.” The phrase “call on the name of Yahweh” is an idiom that refers to prayers, worship, and praise in which people addressed God directly by his personal name Yahweh. It also implies that they were trusting in him to help and guide them. -5:intro v62r 0 # Genesis 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do. 5:1 r7au זֶ֣ה 1 “Here {is}” or “What follows {is}” 5:1 nf58 סֵ֔פֶר 1 “the written {family} record/history of/about” or “the {family} record of” 5:1 hbea תּוֹלְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם 1 “of/about Adam and his descendants:” or “of/about Adam’s family-line/genealogy:” @@ -568,14 +564,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:1 c3vh בִּ⁠דְמ֥וּת אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “in his own likeness.” or “to be like himself.” God created mankind to be like himself in certain ways, not to be exactly like him in every way (Gen 1:26-27). 5:2 sfms זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה בְּרָאָ֑⁠ם 1 “He {also} created them {to be} male and female,” See how you translated this clause in Gen 1:27. 5:2 xoeq וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָ֗⁠ם 1 “He blessed them” or “He said/promised that he would make them prosper/flourish”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated “blessed” in Gen 1:22, 28. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. -5:2 md6q וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א אֶת שְׁמָ⁠ם֙ 1 “and called/named them”. See how you translated the phrase “called...name” in Gen 4:17, 25, 26. +5:2 md6q וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א אֶת שְׁמָ⁠ם֙ 1 “and called/named them”. See how you translated the phrase “called … name” in Gen 4:17, 25, 26. 5:2 bpym אָדָ֔ם 1 “human beings”. Be consistent here with how you translated this term in verse 1. 5:2 ocap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠י֖וֹם הִבָּֽרְאָֽ⁠ם 1 “on the {same} day {that} they were created {by him}.” or “on the {same} day {that} he created them.” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “and on the {same} day {that} he created them, he blessed them and called/named them human beings.” Do what is best in your language. 5:3 mu3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אָדָ֗ם שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּ⁠מְאַת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “When Adam had lived 130 years, he fathered/had {a son}” or “When Adam was 130 years old, he fathered/had {a son}”. Each translation team needs to decide how they are going to write large numbers in the Bible. Many teams use numerals, for example, “130” here in verse 3, especially if the target language has a complicated counting system. Other teams prefer to use words, for example, “one hundred thirty” here. Be consistent in what you do throughout your translation. 5:3 i5yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בִּ⁠דְמוּת֖⁠וֹ כְּ⁠צַלְמ֑⁠וֹ 1 “who was {a human being} like himself and looked like him,” or “who was like him in many ways,” These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that Seth was similar to Adam in many ways. See how you translated similar phrases in Gen 1:26. 5:3 d878 וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ שֵֽׁת 1 “and he/Adam named him Seth.” or “Adam named his/that son Seth.” For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 5:4 m5uq וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֣וּ יְמֵי אָדָ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שֵׁ֔ת 1 “After he/Adam fathered/had Seth, Adam/he lived” or “After Seth’s birth, Adam lived” or “After Seth was born, Adam lived” -5:4 dt93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 800 years,” or “800 {more} years,” For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Adam lived 800 {more} years after Seth was born,...” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. +5:4 dt93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 800 years,” or “800 {more} years,” For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Adam lived 800 {more} years after Seth was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. 5:4 w4va וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam was {also} the father of”. This clause probably refers to all the other children that Adam had, including those who were born before and after Seth was born. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 5:4 znml בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” 5:5 exxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Adam/he lived a total of 930 years,” or “All together Adam/he lived 930 years,” Make sure that the name “Adam” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 1, 3-5. @@ -656,7 +652,6 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:32 uzva rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽ⁠יְהִי נֹ֕חַ בֶּן חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “After Noah was 500 years old,” Noah’s sons were not triplets, but were born in different years after Noah was 500 years old. The way you translate this verse should allow for that meaning. 5:32 yohb וַ⁠יּ֣וֹלֶד נֹ֔חַ 1 “he fathered/had”. Consider again how you translated “fathered” in this chapter; see verses 4, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, 15-16, 18-19, 25-26, 28, 30, 32. 5:32 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת 1 “{sons named} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “{sons he/they named} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “{sons whose names were} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” -6:intro ak78 0 # Genesis 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nBeginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression. 6:1 pmgg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 “Now it happened”. The events in Gen 6:1-2 started happening long before the events in 5:32, so the way your translation begins this verse should allow for that meaning and not begin with a sequence word like “Then”, which would have the wrong meaning here. Many translations omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Also, the phrase “it happened” introduces and emphasizes important background information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. 6:1 as12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כִּֽי 1 “{that} when/as” or “that” 6:1 mezb הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “human beings” or “people”. See how you translated this term in Gen 5:1-2. @@ -674,7 +669,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:3 u5p6 וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “So they will have 120 years {to repent}.” or “I will give them 120 years {to repent}.” (2) “{From now on,} they/people will have/live {no longer than} 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here. 6:4 ynoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠נְּפִלִ֞ים 1 “{People/Giants called} the Nephilim” or “Giants”. Most translations transliterate (borrow or copy) the Hebrew word “Nephilim” here, treating it as a name. The word means “fallen ones” and probably refers to their fallen (sinful) spiritual state. The Nephilim were the descendants of the sons of God and the daughters of mankind. The only other time in the Bible that the Nephilim are mentioned is centuries later in Numbers 13:32-33, where they are identified as evil giants. Based on that, some translations translate “the Nephilim” as “giants” here in Gen 6:4. 6:4 mfas הָי֣וּ בָ⁠אָרֶץ֮ 1 “lived on the earth” or “were living on the earth” -6:4 x5nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵם֒ וְ⁠גַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי 1 “during that time and also later on,” It may be more natural to put this time phrase first in verse 4 and say, “During that time there were Nephilim/giants living on the earth, when...” Do what is best in your language. +6:4 x5nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵם֒ וְ⁠גַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי 1 “during that time and also later on,” It may be more natural to put this time phrase first in verse 4 and say, “During that time there were Nephilim/giants living on the earth, when …” Do what is best in your language. 6:4 brcd כֵ֗ן אֲשֶׁ֨ר 1 “{That was/happened} when”. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. 6:4 dopz בְּנֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “angels” or “supernatural beings”. Be consistent here with how you translated this phrase in verse 2, and see the important note about that there. 6:4 pirs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָבֹ֜אוּ & אֶל 1 “slept with” or “had {marital/sexual} relations with”. Translate this idiom in a way that is polite and will not shame or embarrass people when this verse is read aloud in public. See how you translated a similar idiom (“knew”) in Gen 4:1, 17, 25. @@ -683,7 +678,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:4 e4oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֧מָּה 1 “The Nephilim {were}” or “Those/Their children {grew up and} {were/became} {the Nephilim who were}”. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. 6:4 yujd הַ⁠גִּבֹּרִ֛ים 1 “the powerful men/warriors” or “heroes” 6:4 ps8j אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵ⁠עוֹלָ֖ם 1 “who lived a long time ago,” or “who lived many years ago,” -6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who...” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who....” Do what is best in your language. +6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who …” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who …” Do what is best in your language. 6:5 utlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Yahweh knew” or “Yahweh was aware”. The verb “saw” is used here as an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Do what is best in your language. 6:5 ommt כִּ֥י רַבָּ֛ה רָעַ֥ת הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “how wicked/evil mankind/people had become on the earth,” or “that the people on the earth had become very wicked/evil,” 6:5 wy3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠כָל יֵ֨צֶר֙ מַחְשְׁבֹ֣ת לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and that every intention/desire they had in their hearts/minds” or “and that everything they thought about and desired/wanted”. In Hebrew culture the heart is considered the center of thoughts and desires. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom. @@ -764,13 +759,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:21 e3n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “and for {all} the animals.” 6:22 gvtb וַ⁠יַּ֖עַשׂ נֹ֑חַ 1 “So, {that is what} Noah did;” or “Noah did {all of that}”. Some translations begin verse 22 without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. 6:22 jpgk כְּ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים כֵּ֥ן עָשָֽׂה 1 “he did everything just/exactly as God had commanded/told him {to do}.” -7:intro n23k 0 # Genesis 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Clean animals and birds\n\nNoah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the “clean” animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])\n\n### Water underneath and over the earth\n\nThe flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) 7:1 k23r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠נֹ֔חַ 1 “Then {after they had finished building the ark/boat,} Yahweh told/commanded Noah,” or “{When/After the ark/boat was finished,} Yahweh told/commanded Noah,” For some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit that the boat was completed before Yahweh told Noah to enter it. Do what is best in your language. 7:1 hvzy בֹּֽא אַתָּ֥ה וְ⁠כָל בֵּיתְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “Enter/Board the ark/boat, along with your entire family,” or “You and your entire household/family must go/get into the ark/boat,” See how you translated “ark/boat” in Gen 6:14-16. 7:1 el0w כִּֽי & רָאִ֛יתִי 1 “because I have found” or “because I see/know” -7:1 cg2s אֹתְ⁠ךָ֥ & צַדִּ֥יק 1 “{that} you {alone} {are} upright” or “{that} you {are} {the only one who is} living righteously/rightly” or “...living the right way”. In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “you” is emphasized to show that Noah was the only one who was righteous. See how you translated “righteous” in Gen 6:9. +7:1 cg2s אֹתְ⁠ךָ֥ & צַדִּ֥יק 1 “{that} you {alone} {are} upright” or “{that} you {are} {the only one who is} living righteously/rightly” or “… living the right way”. In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “you” is emphasized to show that Noah was the only one who was righteous. See how you translated “righteous” in Gen 6:9. 7:1 ifig לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י 1 “in my sight/eyes/opinion” or “according to my standards/will” -7:1 jbhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠דּ֥וֹר הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 “among the people living today.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “...you {are} {the only one} among the people living today {who is} righteous in my sight.” Do what is best in your language. +7:1 jbhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠דּ֥וֹר הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 “among the people living today.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “… you {are} {the only one} among the people living today {who is} righteous in my sight.” Do what is best in your language. 7:2 plj4 מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֣ה הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֗ה 1 “From every {kind of} pure animal” or “From every {kind of} animal that is acceptable to sacrifice”. It may be necessary to include a footnote that explains the concept of clean and unclean animals: In the Bible a “clean animal” was an animal that was acceptable to be sacrificed to God or to be eaten, and an “unclean animal” was one that could not be sacrificed or eaten; it does not refer to how clean the animal was physically. Later Moses wrote down the laws about clean and unclean animals in the book of Leviticus. 7:2 f83c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular תִּֽקַּח לְ⁠ךָ֛ 1 “bring with you”. The pronoun “you” is singular in the Hebrew text, but could be translated as a plural to include Noah’s family. 7:2 mvwj שִׁבְעָ֥ה שִׁבְעָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “seven male and female pairs”. See how you translated “male and female” in Gen 6:19. @@ -778,7 +772,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:2 wv9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנַ֖יִם אִ֥ישׁ וְ⁠אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “{take} a/one male and female pair,” For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “Take with you seven male and female pairs of every {kind of} clean/pure animal, and {one} male and female pair of {every kind of} unclean/impure animal,” Do what is best in your language. 7:3 oyjz גַּ֣ם 1 “{and} also” or “In addition,” or “Also,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 7:3 jjfy מֵ⁠ע֧וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם 1 “from {every kind/type of} bird {that flies} in the sky/air” or “from {every kind/type of} bird” -7:3 yls2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שִׁבְעָ֥ה שִׁבְעָ֖ה זָכָ֣ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֑ה 1 “{take} seven male and female pairs”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 2. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “Also {take} seven male and female pairs of {every kind of} bird {that flies} in the sky/air,...” Do what is best in your language. +7:3 yls2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שִׁבְעָ֥ה שִׁבְעָ֖ה זָכָ֣ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֑ה 1 “{take} seven male and female pairs”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 2. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “Also {take} seven male and female pairs of {every kind of} bird {that flies} in the sky/air …” Do what is best in your language. 7:3 y6qa לְ⁠חַיּ֥וֹת זֶ֖רַע 1 “so that {later} their offspring will live” or “so that {later} they will have offspring that will live” 7:3 pazh עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{and spread} all over the earth,” or “and/to repopulate the whole/entire earth,” 7:4 yy52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי֩ 1 “{You must do that,} because” or “The reason {you must do that} is”. For many languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. @@ -791,7 +785,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:4 ne24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “off/from the surface of the earth.” or “off/from the earth/land.” It may be clearer to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “in order to completely destroy from/off the ground/earth every living creature/thing that I have made.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:7. 7:5 juaw וַ⁠יַּ֖עַשׂ נֹ֑חַ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר 1 “Then/So Noah did everything that” or “So Noah did everything {exactly} as” 7:5 jv8k צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה 1 “Yahweh had commanded/told him {to do}.” See how you translated Gen 6:22 which is similar to 7:5. -7:6 r7or rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ בֶּן שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל 1 “Noah/He was 600 years old”. See how you handled large numbers in Gen 5 and in Gen 6:3, and see the note about this at Gen 5:3. Also see how you translated the idiom “son of...years” in Gen 5:32. +7:6 r7or rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ בֶּן שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל 1 “Noah/He was 600 years old”. See how you handled large numbers in Gen 5 and in Gen 6:3, and see the note about this at Gen 5:3. Also see how you translated the idiom “son of … years” in Gen 5:32. 7:6 j0wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל הָיָ֔ה מַ֖יִם עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “when the flood covered the earth.” or “when the earth was covered/flooded with deep water.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “When the flood waters came on the earth, Noah was 600 years old.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated “floodwaters” in Gen 6:17. 7:7 xwa2 וַ⁠יָּ֣בֹא נֹ֗חַ וּ֠⁠בָנָי⁠ו וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “{That is when} Noah/he and his wife, and his sons and their wives, went together into the ark/boat”. Noah and his family entered the ark on the same day that the floodwaters started coming (See verses 11-13). See how you translated a similar list of people in Gen 6:18. 7:7 tiry מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י 1 “because of” or “to escape from” or “to keep them safe from” or “so that they would not die in” @@ -837,7 +831,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:17 xy2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַרְבָּעִ֥ים י֖וֹם 1 “{for} forty days {and forty nights},” For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase first in this sentence and say, “{For} forty days {and forty nights} the flood kept getting deeper and deeper {all} over the earth,” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 12. 7:17 nndw וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֣וּ הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם 1 “and as the water level rose,” or “As the water got deeper and deeper,” 7:17 xs45 וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֙ אֶת הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה וַ⁠תָּ֖רָם מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “it lifted up the ark/boat so that it floated {on the water} {high} above the earth/ground.” or “it made the ark/boat lift/rise up off the ground and float.” -7:18 dkud rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם 1 “So the floodwaters continued to rise and get much deeper/higher” or “Yes, the floodwaters/water continued...” or “The floodwaters/water continued...” Verse 18 repeats some of verse 17 to emphasize what happened. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. +7:18 dkud rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם 1 “So the floodwaters continued to rise and get much deeper/higher” or “Yes, the floodwaters/water continued …” or “The floodwaters/water continued …” Verse 18 repeats some of verse 17 to emphasize what happened. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. 7:18 tfc3 עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth/world,” 7:18 utly וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה 1 “but/while the ark/boat floated {safely}” or “so that the ark/boat moved/drifted {about/along}” 7:18 daf9 עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “on the surface of the water.” or “on top of the water.” or “on the water.” @@ -846,7 +840,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:19 jvbk אֲשֶׁר תַּ֖חַת כָּל הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “everywhere under the sky” 7:19 p6av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֗וּ 1 “were covered {with/by water}.” or “were submerged {in/under water}.” or “were under water.” For some languages it is better to use an active form of the verb here and say, “Eventually the water became so deep on the earth that it {even} covered all the highest mountains under the entire sky.” Do what is best in your language. 7:20 yd7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance חֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה אַמָּה֙ מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה גָּבְר֖וּ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “{In fact,} the water rose {at least} seven meters above {the tops of} the {highest} mountains,” or “{In fact,} the {highest} mountain tops were covered with/by {at least} twenty-two feet of water,” See how you translated “cubits” in Gen 6:15-16. -7:20 aidy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֖וּ הֶ⁠הָרִֽים 1 “so that they were {completely} covered {with/by water}.” or “...{completely} submerged {in/under water}.” or “...{completely} under water.” See how you translated “were covered” in verse 19. +7:20 aidy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֖וּ הֶ⁠הָרִֽים 1 “so that they were {completely} covered {with/by water}.” or “… {completely} submerged {in/under water}.” or “… {completely} under water.” See how you translated “were covered” in verse 19. 7:21 j1r4 וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע כָּל בָּשָׂ֣ר 1 “Then all the creatures/beings” or “Then every creature” or “Then every living thing”. This phrase refers to everything listed in verse 21, including people. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:17. 7:21 jg81 הָ⁠רֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “that moved/lived on the ground” or “that lived on land” 7:21 dnqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע 1 “breathed out {its last breath},” or “died/perished,” See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:17. @@ -856,18 +850,17 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:21 q5y5 וְ⁠כֹ֖ל הָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “in addition to all the human beings.” or “as well as all the people.” 7:22 vfi8 כֹּ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִשְׁמַת ר֨וּחַ חַיִּ֜ים בְּ⁠אַפָּ֗י⁠ו 1 “Every living creature/thing that breathed air”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 15. 7:22 impv מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֶּ⁠חָֽרָבָ֖ה מֵֽתוּ 1 “and was/lived on dry land died.” -7:23 mudq וַ⁠יִּ֜מַח 1 “That is how Yahweh washed away” or “In that way, Yahweh blotted out” or “...completely destroyed”. See how you translated this idiom in verse 4. +7:23 mudq וַ⁠יִּ֜מַח 1 “That is how Yahweh washed away” or “In that way, Yahweh blotted out” or “… completely destroyed”. See how you translated this idiom in verse 4. 7:23 k1dj אֶֽת כָּל הַ⁠יְק֣וּם 1 “every living creature” or “all living things/creatures”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. 7:23 lthw אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה 1 “that {was/lived} on the surface of the earth,” or “that {were/lived} on the earth/land,” See how you translated “the surface of the ground” in verse 4. 7:23 sgaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms מֵ⁠אָדָ֤ם 1 “including {all} mankind/people”. See how you translated “mankind” in verse 21. 7:23 fnpu עַד בְּהֵמָה֙ עַד רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ 1 “and {all} the livestock and {all the other} creatures/animals that moved/lived {on the ground/land}” or “and {all} the animals, including smaller creatures/animals that crawl/move {on/along the ground}” 7:23 qtlr וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 “and also the birds {that flew} in the sky.” or “and also the birds.” Some languages leave out the phrase “of the sky” because it is not natural. Do what is best in your language. -7:23 ugs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמָּח֖וּ מִן הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{All of} them were {completely} wiped/washed off the earth {by Yahweh/God},” or “He/God completely destroyed them all from the earth,” or “Yes, he/God completely destroyed everything {that lived} on the earth,” See how you translated “wipe...off” in verse 4. +7:23 ugs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמָּח֖וּ מִן הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{All of} them were {completely} wiped/washed off the earth {by Yahweh/God},” or “He/God completely destroyed them all from the earth,” or “Yes, he/God completely destroyed everything {that lived} on the earth,” See how you translated “wipe … off” in verse 4. 7:23 sm4h וַ⁠יִשָּׁ֧אֶר אַךְ נֹ֛חַ 1 “so that only Noah was left/still alive, along with” or “so that the only ones who were left/still alive were Noah and” or “Only Noah survived, along with”. Some translations leave out the first conjunction and begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. -7:23 qord וַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “and his family and the animals that were with him/them in the ark/boat.” or “along with his family...” +7:23 qord וַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “and his family and the animals that were with him/them in the ark/boat.” or “along with his family …” 7:24 j5a8 וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם עַל 1 “{Deep} water continued to flood/cover” or “The floodwaters stayed/remained deep/high over” 7:24 p4ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 “the {entire} earth/world {for} 150 days.” See how you handled a large number in verse 6. -8:intro z61w 0 # Genesis 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Flood waters\nThe waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.\n\n### The mountains of Ararat\nIt is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey. 8:1 vjhe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God kept in mind” or “But God did not forget” or “God never forgot”. The phrase “God remembered” is an idiom in the Bible that often means God was paying special attention to certain people and was about to do something. Make sure that the way you translate this phrase does not imply that God had forgotten about Noah. 8:1 yash rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת נֹ֔חַ 1 “Noah {and his family}”. Noah is the one that the author is focusing on here, but Noah’s family is also included. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation. 8:1 zvki וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and all the creatures/animals, including” (2) “and all the wild animals and”. See how you translated “living thing” in Gen 7:14. @@ -896,19 +889,19 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:6 cff8 וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֣ח נֹ֔חַ אֶת חַלּ֥וֹן 1 “Noah opened a window”. It is not clear when Noah made this window. It may refer to the opening around the top of the walls of the ark (Gen 6:16) or a different window that he made sometime later. 8:6 l2kv הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה 1 “that he had made in the ark/boat,” 8:7 x995 וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֖ח 1 “and he released” or “and he set free” -8:7 wdl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns אֶת הָֽ⁠עֹרֵ֑ב 1 “{a large black bird called} a raven”. A raven is a large, black scavenger bird that eats whatever it finds, including dead animals. If the people in your language area are not familiar with ravens, you could make a comparison to a similar bird that they are familiar with and say, “a large black bird {like a...}” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a raven is. +8:7 wdl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns אֶת הָֽ⁠עֹרֵ֑ב 1 “{a large black bird called} a raven”. A raven is a large, black scavenger bird that eats whatever it finds, including dead animals. If the people in your language area are not familiar with ravens, you could make a comparison to a similar bird that they are familiar with and say, “a large black bird {like a …}” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a raven is. 8:7 ncnh וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יָצוֹא֙ וָ⁠שׁ֔וֹב 1 “which kept/continued flying back and forth {outside the ark/boat}” or “but it kept flying around {outside the ark/boat}” 8:7 e1go עַד & הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם 1 “until the water/floodwaters” 8:7 r082 יְבֹ֥שֶׁת & מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “had dried up {more} from the ground/land.” This phrase refers to the ground/land (as verse 8 confirms), not the entire planet. 8:8 xr9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֥ח 1 “Then/Meanwhile he/Noah {also} sent out” or “Then/Meanwhile he/Noah {also} released”. The events in verse 8 happened while the raven was still flying back and forth (verse 7). Consider what conjunction best communicates that in your language. -8:8 ijuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה מֵ⁠אִתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “a dove that was with him” or “a dove from the ark/boat” or “a {small bird called a} dove”. A dove is a small, white or gray bird that makes a cooing sound. If doves are unknown in your language area, you could make a comparison to a similar bird they are familiar with and say, “a small white/gray bird {like a...}” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a dove is. +8:8 ijuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה מֵ⁠אִתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “a dove that was with him” or “a dove from the ark/boat” or “a {small bird called a} dove”. A dove is a small, white or gray bird that makes a cooing sound. If doves are unknown in your language area, you could make a comparison to a similar bird they are familiar with and say, “a small white/gray bird {like a …}” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a dove is. 8:8 c4yx לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ הֲ⁠קַ֣לּוּ הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם 1 “to find out if/whether the floodwaters/water had receded” 8:8 zx1c מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “from the surface of the land.” or “from the ground/land.” 8:9 mgxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠לֹֽא־מָצְאָה֩ הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֨ה 1 “But the dove could not find” or “But it was not able to find”. Consider what is the best way to refer to the dove at this point in the paragraph in your language. -8:9 fpmf מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ 1 “anywhere to land/perch and rest,” In Hebrew the word “dove” is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet...she returned...” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use “its” and “it” here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. +8:9 fpmf מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ 1 “anywhere to land/perch and rest,” In Hebrew the word “dove” is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet… she returned …” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use “its” and “it” here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. 8:9 z0lc וַ⁠תָּ֤שָׁב 1 “So/Then it returned” or “So/Then the dove flew back” 8:9 okue אֵלָי⁠ו֙ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “flew back to him/Noah in/at the ark/boat,” -8:9 g9b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּי מַ֖יִם עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “because water was {still} covering the entire earth/world.” Some languages may have to switch the clause order in this verse and say, “But water was {still} covering the entire earth/world, so the dove did/could not find a resting place for its feet. Then it returned to Noah at the boat, and he/Noah reached...” Do what is best in your language. +8:9 g9b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּי מַ֖יִם עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “because water was {still} covering the entire earth/world.” Some languages may have to switch the clause order in this verse and say, “But water was {still} covering the entire earth/world, so the dove did/could not find a resting place for its feet. Then it returned to Noah at the boat, and he/Noah reached …” Do what is best in your language. 8:9 k23d וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָד⁠וֹ֙ 1 “Then/So he/Noah reached out” or “and he/Noah reached out” 8:9 eyin וַ⁠יִּקָּחֶ֔⁠הָ וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠הּ 1 “caught it, and brought it” 8:9 hq6l אֵלָ֖י⁠ו אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “{back} to himself in the ark/boat.” or “{back} into the ark/boat.” @@ -985,13 +978,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:22 xw8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠קֹ֨ר וָ⁠חֹ֜ם 1 “cold {weather/season} and hot {weather/season},” These terms form a parallelism with “summer and winter”. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation, since each part has a different emphasis. 8:22 io1a וְ⁠קַ֧יִץ וָ⁠חֹ֛רֶף 1 “summer and winter,” The seasons of summer and winter may be described differently depending on which part of the world your language area is located in. For example, some translations might use the terms “dry season” and “rainy/wet season”, depending on what best corresponds to summer and winter in that area. 8:22 zj8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לֹ֥א יִשְׁבֹּֽתוּ 1 “will never cease/stop.” or “will always continue {to happen/occur} {each year}.” It may be more natural to change the order of this sentence and say, “As long as the earth exists, {each year} there will always be a season/time to plant seeds and a season/time to harvest {crops}, as well as cold {weather} and hot {weather}, winter and summer, and day and night.” Do what is best in your language. -9:intro at1n 0 # Genesis 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Man’s relationship to animals\nThere is a noticeable shift in man’s relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Life in the blood\nThis chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])\n\n### Covenant with Noah\nGod made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### A father’s nakedness\nIn Noah’s culture, it was unacceptable to see a father’s nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father’s nakedness. Ham’s actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth”\nThis is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him. 9:1 w3js וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת נֹ֖חַ וְ⁠אֶת בָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then God showed favor to Noah and his sons” or “Then God caused Noah and his sons to prosper/flourish”. See how you translated “blessed” in Gen 1:22, 28. 9:1 xsmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֛ם 1 “by saying to them,” or “by saying,” or “He said,” The phrase “blessed … and said” is a Hebrew expression that refers to one event and emphasizes it. It does not refer to two separate events. The words of the blessing are in verses 1-7. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 1:28. 9:1 ptxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פְּר֥וּ 1 “Bear/Have many children” or “You will bear/have many children” 9:1 ise7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וּ⁠רְב֖וּ 1 “so that you {and your descendants} {will} multiply/increase {greatly} {in number}” or “so that you {and your descendants} {will} become {very} numerous/many”. See how you translated “be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” in Gen 1:28. 9:1 wnmi וּ⁠מִלְא֥וּ אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “and fill the earth {with people}.” or “and inhabit the whole earth.” or “and live/spread all over the earth/world.” -9:2 izzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Every living thing/creature on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very/terribly afraid of you,” The phrase “the fear...and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures were. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. +9:2 izzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Every living thing/creature on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very/terribly afraid of you,” The phrase “the fear … and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures were. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. 9:2 vgnr וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל ע֣וֹף 1 “including every bird {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” or “including all the birds {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” The birds, moving creatures, and fish are all included in the general category of living creatures. Consider again how you translated “birds of the sky” in the book of Genesis; see Gen 1:26, 28, 30; 2:19-20; 6:7; 7:3, 23; 9:2. 9:2 kksa בְּ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ 1 “{along} with every creature/animal that moves/lives on land” or “as well as all creatures/animals that move/live on land,” 9:2 xi3b הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֛ה 1 “on land,” @@ -1032,7 +1024,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:10 o3v5 בָּ⁠ע֧וֹף בַּ⁠בְּהֵמָ֛ה 1 “including the birds, the livestock,” 9:10 tzzr וּֽ⁠בְ⁠כָל חַיַּ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “and all the {other} living things/creatures from/on the earth” or “and all the wild animals” 9:10 ibvg אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “{that are} with you,” -9:10 mxmq מִ⁠כֹּל֙ יֹצְאֵ֣י הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “{That includes} all {those} that came/went out of the ark”. The words “from...to...” are used to emphasize that all the animals are included in God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to express that in your language. +9:10 mxmq מִ⁠כֹּל֙ יֹצְאֵ֣י הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “{That includes} all {those} that came/went out of the ark”. The words “from … to …” are used to emphasize that all the animals are included in God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to express that in your language. 9:10 kqlk לְ⁠כֹ֖ל חַיַּ֥ת 1 “and all the living things/creatures” or “and all the creatures/animals” 9:10 gq32 הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{that live} on the earth.” or “{that will ever live} on the earth.” 9:11 lh5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֤י אֶת בְּרִיתִ⁠י֙ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “My/The covenant/agreement that I am establishing/making/instituting with you is that”. See how you translated “my covenant” and “establish” in verse 9. @@ -1051,7 +1043,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:13 nocp וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת 1 “where it will show/remind {everyone}” or “to show/remind {everyone}” or “and/where it will serve/function as the sign {which shows}”. See how you translated “the sign of the covenant” in verse 12. 9:13 ay4p בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֥ין 1 “that I have made/established my/this covenant/agreement with” or “that I promise/vow/pledge to {always} keep my/this covenant/agreement with” 9:13 n8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{every living thing on} the earth.” or “{every creature that lives on} the earth.” This phrase refers here to mankind and all the animals. See how you translated the same phrase in verse 11. -9:14 vday וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה בְּ⁠עַֽנְנִ֥⁠י עָנָ֖ן 1 “So it will be/happen {that} whenever I bring/gather clouds {together}” or “So whenever I cause clouds to form/appear” or “Whenever I...” +9:14 vday וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה בְּ⁠עַֽנְנִ֥⁠י עָנָ֖ן 1 “So it will be/happen {that} whenever I bring/gather clouds {together}” or “So whenever I cause clouds to form/appear” or “Whenever I …” 9:14 v1al עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{in the sky} over/above the earth” 9:14 kfox rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִרְאֲתָ֥ה הַ⁠קֶּ֖שֶׁת בֶּ⁠עָנָֽן 1 “and the/a rainbow appears/forms among the clouds,” or “and you see the/a rainbow in/among the clouds,” Consider whether it is better in your language to use a passive or active verb here. 9:15 jg40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠זָכַרְתִּ֣י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֗⁠י 1 “then I will remember {and keep} my/the covenant/agreement” or “then I will not forget {to keep/fulfill} my/the covenant/treaty”. See how you translated “remember” in Gen 8:1. It may need to be translated differently in different contexts. @@ -1073,7 +1065,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:17 he9r בֵּינִ֕⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֥ין 1 “with” 9:17 foms כָּל בָּשָׂ֖ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “all living creatures/things.” or “all the people and creatures/animals that {are/live} on the earth.” Consider again how you translated “all flesh” when it includes people and animals. See Gen 6:12-13, 17; 7:21; 9:11, 15-17. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways in different contexts. 9:18 glde בְנֵי נֹ֗חַ 1 “Noah’s sons” or “{The names of} Noah’s sons” -9:18 jnw4 הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “who went out of/from the ark/boat {after the flood}” or “who disembarked from...” or “who got off...” Be consistent here with how you translated “ark/boat” in chapters 6-8, and see the note about this at Gen 6:14. +9:18 jnw4 הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “who went out of/from the ark/boat {after the flood}” or “who disembarked from …” or “who got off …” Be consistent here with how you translated “ark/boat” in chapters 6-8, and see the note about this at Gen 6:14. 9:18 dhau וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֣וּ & שֵׁ֖ם וְ⁠חָ֣ם וָ⁠יָ֑פֶת 1 “were Shem, Ham, and Japheth;” Consider what is the best way to list names in your language. 9:18 h3vw וְ⁠חָ֕ם ה֖וּא 1 “it was Ham who” or “Ham was the one who”. The pronoun “he” is emphatic here, emphasizing that Ham was the father of Canaan, who is probably mentioned here because he was well known as the ancestor of the Canaanites and the one whom the land/region of Canaan was named after. 9:18 sy8w אֲבִ֥י כְנָֽעַן 1 “{was} Canaan’s father.” or “fathered Canaan.” @@ -1108,7 +1100,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:26 o8qs אֱלֹ֣הֵי שֵׁ֑ם 1 “{who is} Shem’s God!” or “{who is} the God whom Shem worships/serves!” or “{who is} the God who takes care of Shem!” 9:26 dkl7 וִ⁠יהִ֥י כְנַ֖עַן 1 “May he/God cause Canaan to be” or “May he/God make Canaan” or “I ask him/God to make Canaan” 9:26 u8da עֶ֥בֶד לָֽ⁠מוֹ 1 “a servant for him/Shem.” or “his/Shem’s slave/servant.” -9:27 qf4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַ֤פְתְּ אֱלֹהִים֙ לְ⁠יֶ֔פֶת 1 “I {also} ask God to enlarge/expand Japheth’s {territory},” or “I {also} pray that God will make Japheth{’s territory} larger,” or “...give Japheth more/much {land},” In this context, “Japheth” refers to the territory or land where he lived. +9:27 qf4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַ֤פְתְּ אֱלֹהִים֙ לְ⁠יֶ֔פֶת 1 “I {also} ask God to enlarge/expand Japheth’s {territory},” or “I {also} pray that God will make Japheth{’s territory} larger,” or “… give Japheth more/much {land},” In this context, “Japheth” refers to the territory or land where he lived. 9:27 m5k2 וְ⁠יִשְׁכֹּ֖ן 1 “and enable him {and his family/descendants} to live” 9:27 fs08 בְּ⁠אָֽהֳלֵי שֵׁ֑ם 1 “together {in harmony/peace} with Shem {and his family/descendants}.” or “peacefully among Shem {and his family/descendants}.” 9:27 u2hq וִ⁠יהִ֥י כְנַ֖עַן 1 “May God {also} cause Canaan to be” or “I {also} ask God to make Canaan” or “Canaan will {also} be”. See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 26. @@ -1272,7 +1264,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 11:10 k4zv אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת שֵׁ֔ם 1 “This/Here is the record/list of Shem’s descendants:” or “This is Shem’s genealogy/family-line:” 11:10 xsg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שֵׁ֚ם בֶּן מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֑ד שְׁנָתַ֖יִם אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל 1 “Two years after the flood {began}, when Shem was 100 years old, he had {a son named} Arpachshad/Arphaxad.” The phrase “after the flood” probably refers to two years after the flood began, not after it ended; see a similar case in Gen 9:28. Also be consistent here with how you spelled “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in Gen 10:22. 11:11 hhxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֔ד 1 “After he fathered/had Arpachshad/Arphaxad, Shem/he lived” or “After Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born, Shem lived” or “After Arpachshad/Arphaxad’s birth, Shem lived”. Throughout this section, make sure that names and pronouns (like “he”) are used in a way that is accurate and natural in your language, so that it is always clear who is being referred to. -11:11 newn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 500 years,” or “500 {more} years,” See how you translated Gen 5:7, which has the same sentence structure as 11:11. For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Shem lived 500 {more} years after Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born,...” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. +11:11 newn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 500 years,” or “500 {more} years,” See how you translated Gen 5:7, which has the same sentence structure as 11:11. For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Shem lived 500 {more} years after Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. 11:11 e9d9 וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shem {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shem was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in Gen 5:4. 11:11 lc2z בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” 11:12 cx5o וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֣ד חַ֔י חָמֵ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Arpachshad/Arphaxad had lived 35 years,” or “When Arpachshad/Arphaxad was 35 years old,” @@ -1467,7 +1459,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:3 nnuh בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֔ה 1 “before/previously,” or “the first time {he was there},” 13:3 moa2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֥ין בֵּֽית אֵ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֥ין הָ⁠עָֽי 1 “between {the towns of} Bethel and Ai,” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “Then from the Negev {Desert} Abram {and his family} continued traveling {northward} {until they came} to the place between {the towns of} Bethel and Ai where they had camped in tents before.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Bethel” and “Ai” in Gen 12:8. 13:4 jmqv אֶל מְקוֹם֙ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ אֲשֶׁר עָ֥שָׂה שָׁ֖ם בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁנָ֑ה 1 “to the {same} place/site where he had made/built an altar before/previously,” or “{That is/was} the {same} place/site where he had first/previously made/built an altar,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated “altar” in Gen 8:20 and 12:7-8. -13:4 tq1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שָׁ֛ם אַבְרָ֖ם בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 “There {again} Abram/he {sacrificed animals on the/that altar and} addressed Yahweh by {his} name as he worshiped/praised him.” or “So Abram/he {again} {used that altar} there {and} worshiped/praised Yahweh by name.” or “...worshiped/praised Yahweh.” See how you translated “called on the name of Yahweh” in Gen 12:8. +13:4 tq1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שָׁ֛ם אַבְרָ֖ם בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 “There {again} Abram/he {sacrificed animals on the/that altar and} addressed Yahweh by {his} name as he worshiped/praised him.” or “So Abram/he {again} {used that altar} there {and} worshiped/praised Yahweh by name.” or “… worshiped/praised Yahweh.” See how you translated “called on the name of Yahweh” in Gen 12:8. 13:5 mqte rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠גַם לְ⁠ל֔וֹט הַ⁠הֹלֵ֖ךְ אֶת אַבְרָ֑ם הָיָ֥ה 1 “Lot was traveling with {his uncle} Abram, and he {and his family} also had/owned”. The word “Now” introduces more background information for the new episode. For some languages it is more natural to leave “Now” implied and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. 13:5 r7v1 צֹאן וּ⁠בָקָ֖ר 1 “flocks {of sheep and goats} and herds {of cattle}” or “many sheep and cattle”. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:16. 13:5 q7sx וְ⁠אֹהָלִֽים 1 “and {many} tents.” or “as well as {many} tents.” @@ -1483,7 +1475,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:7 hvu9 וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ 1 “Besides that,” or “Adding to that {problem was the fact that}” 13:7 syk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י 1 “the Canaanite people and the Perizzite people” or “the descendants of Canaan and Perez”. See how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10, and see how you translated “the Canaanites” in Gen 12:6. 13:7 xsuz יֹשֵׁ֥ב בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “were {also} living in the/that land/area/region” -13:7 eq3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אָ֖ז 1 “at that time.” For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “...at that time the Canaanites....” Do what is best in your language. +13:7 eq3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אָ֖ז 1 “at that time.” For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “… at that time the Canaanites…” Do what is best in your language. 13:8 wne5 וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אַבְרָ֜ם אֶל ל֗וֹט 1 “Then/Finally {one day} Abram said to Lot,” 13:8 d1gl אַל נָ֨א תְהִ֤י 1 “Please, we should not have/allow” or “We need to do something so that there is not {any}” 13:8 xank מְרִיבָה֙ 1 “conflict/fighting/arguing”. See how you translated “strife” in verse 7. @@ -1517,8 +1509,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:13 ussh רָעִ֖ים & מְאֹֽד 1 “{were} extremely/very wicked/evil” 13:13 a8b1 וְ⁠חַטָּאִ֑ים לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 “were {terrible} sinners against Yahweh.” or “were {always/constantly} sinning/rebelling against Yahweh.” Some translations treat the phrase “wicked and sinful” as a hendiadys that means “wicked sinners”, but it is best to keep the two parts of this phrase separate (like the Hebrew text does) to emphasize the people’s evil character and behavior. 13:14 cxs0 וַֽ⁠יהוָ֞ה אָמַ֣ר אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם אַחֲרֵי֙ הִפָּֽרֶד ל֣וֹט מֵֽ⁠עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “After Lot had left Abram, Yahweh said to Abram,” -13:14 grqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness שָׂ֣א נָ֤א עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 “Look around please/now” or “Look {all} around you”. See how you translated the idiom “lift...eyes” in verse 10. The Hebrew word for “please” is used to show politeness when making a proposal or to soften a command. It can also be translated “now” or omitted, depending on the context. Your translation here should not sound like God is begging. -13:14 pmid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִן הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֣ה 1 “from the place where you {live},” or “from where you {are standing},” For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase first in this quote and say, “From where you are standing, look {all} around you. Look...” Do what is best in your language. +13:14 grqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness שָׂ֣א נָ֤א עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 “Look around please/now” or “Look {all} around you”. See how you translated the idiom “lift … eyes” in verse 10. The Hebrew word for “please” is used to show politeness when making a proposal or to soften a command. It can also be translated “now” or omitted, depending on the context. Your translation here should not sound like God is begging. +13:14 pmid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִן הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֣ה 1 “from the place where you {live},” or “from where you {are standing},” For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase first in this quote and say, “From where you are standing, look {all} around you. Look …” Do what is best in your language. 13:14 ipow וּ⁠רְאֵ֔ה 1 “Look”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 13:14 tlr6 צָפֹ֥נָ⁠ה וָ⁠נֶ֖גְבָּ⁠ה וָ⁠קֵ֥דְמָ⁠ה וָ⁠יָֽמָּ⁠ה 1 “to the north, south, east, and west,” or “{in all directions:} north, south, east, and west,” or “around you in every direction,” See how you translated “east” and “west” in Gen 12:8. 13:15 u6rx כִּ֧י אֶת כָּל הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה רֹאֶ֖ה 1 “All the land that you see” or “All that land, as far as you can see,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -1531,7 +1523,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:16 tjyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּֽם זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ יִמָּנֶֽה 1 “so it will be impossible to count all your offspring/descendants {because they will be so numerous}.” or “no one will be able to count how many descendants you have.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the last two clauses and say, “No one will be able to count how many offspring/descendants you have, just as no one can count how many {specks/particles of} dust/dirt there are.” Do what is best in your language. 13:17 hsbz ק֚וּם הִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ 1 “{Now} go walk” or “{So now,} start walking”. The phrase “get up” may imply that Abram was sitting down, but it probably just means that God is telling him to start walking through the land. 13:17 vbbt בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “through/throughout the land {in all directions},” -13:17 hdl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠אָרְכָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠רָחְבָּ֑⁠הּ 1 “including its length and its width, {and look it over,}” or “Walk/Go throughout the entire land {and look it over},” The phrase “its length...its width” also includes all the area of land in between. Consider what is the best way to translate this merism in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +13:17 hdl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠אָרְכָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠רָחְבָּ֑⁠הּ 1 “including its length and its width, {and look it over,}” or “Walk/Go throughout the entire land {and look it over},” The phrase “its length … its width” also includes all the area of land in between. Consider what is the best way to translate this merism in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 13:17 j72c כִּ֥י לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 “because you {are the one} I am giving it to.” or “because I am giving it {all} to you.” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to you” is before the verb to emphasize Abram. In your translation, communicate this emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. 13:18 evru וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֣ל אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Then Abram {did what Yahweh commanded} and moved his tents” or “Abram {obeyed Yahweh and} moved/relocated his tents”. Abram obeyed God, but we do not know if he did everything that God commanded in verse 17 before he moved his tents near Hebron (verse 18), or if moving his tents was the first step in obeying what God told him to do. It is best to keep this general in your translation (as the Hebrew text does). Also see how you translated the phrase “moved his tents” in verse 12. 13:18 uf3q וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א וַ⁠יֵּ֛שֶׁב 1 “and went to settle/live” or “and settled” @@ -1592,7 +1584,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 14:7 fm78 אֶל עֵ֤ין מִשְׁפָּט֙ 1 “to {the city of} En Mishpat,” 14:7 wbrw הִ֣וא קָדֵ֔שׁ 1 “which {is also/now called} Kadesh,” or “which {was later called} Kadesh,” or “that is, Kadesh,” See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 2. 14:7 v4ak וַ⁠יַּכּ֕וּ 1 “They conquered/defeated”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -14:7 wufy אֶֽת כָּל שְׂדֵ֖ה הָ⁠עֲמָלֵקִ֑י 1 “the entire/whole territory/area/land where the Amalekites lived” or “...where the Amalekite/Amalek people {group} lived” +14:7 wufy אֶֽת כָּל שְׂדֵ֖ה הָ⁠עֲמָלֵקִ֑י 1 “the entire/whole territory/area/land where the Amalekites lived” or “… where the Amalekite/Amalek people {group} lived” 14:7 p33f וְ⁠גַם֙ אֶת הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י 1 “as well as the Amorite/Amor people {group},” Be consistent here with how you translated “Amorites” in Gen 10:16. 14:7 o8wj הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֖ב בְּ⁠חַֽצְצֹ֥ן תָּמָֽר 1 “who lived in {the city of} Hazezon Tamar.” 14:8 txjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֨א 1 “That’s when”. Verse 8 is talking about the same battle that is mentioned in verse 2, except it leaves out the names of the kings. Make sure in your translation that it does not sound like a different battle. @@ -1666,14 +1658,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 14:18 ojgm וְ⁠ה֥וּא 1 “He {was also}” or “{King} Melchizedek {was also}” 14:18 vl2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms כֹהֵ֖ן 1 “a priest for” or “a priest who served”. A priest is someone who represents people to God, and who represents God to the people. He leads the people in praying, worship, making sacrifices, ceremonies, and festivals. 14:18 lwz3 לְ⁠אֵ֥ל עֶלְיֽוֹן 1 “the most high/powerful God.” or “the highest/greatest God.” or “God who is higher/greater {than all other gods}.” -14:19 z3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַֽ⁠יְבָרְכֵ֖⁠הוּ 1 “He blessed Abram” or “So he/Melchizedek blessed Abram”. Make sure your translation of “blessed...and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events. Also see how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. +14:19 z3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַֽ⁠יְבָרְכֵ֖⁠הוּ 1 “He blessed Abram” or “So he/Melchizedek blessed Abram”. Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events. Also see how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. 14:19 feqa וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 1 “by saying {to him},” 14:19 t0au בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙ 1 “I pray that {you} Abram will be blessed” 14:19 qqks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “by the most high/powerful God,” or “by the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this title in verse 18. For some languages it may be better to switch the order of phrases in this sentence and say, “May the greatest God, who owns heaven and earth, bless Abram/you.” or “I pray that the most high/powerful God, who created heaven and earth, will bless {you} Abram.” Do what is best in your language. 14:19 cnzx קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{who is} the Owner/Creator of heaven and earth.” or “who owns/created heaven and earth.” The Hebrew word for “Possessor” also means “Creator,” which is used in many translations. Whichever one you do not use in the text, you could put in a footnote. 14:20 qi3k וּ⁠בָרוּךְ֙ 1 “Praise” or “Give praise to” or “Let everyone praise”. See how you translated “Praised be” in Gen 9:26. 14:20 bnw8 אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “the most high/powerful God,” or “the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-19. -14:20 bx1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “because he gave you victory over your enemies!” or “because he enabled you to defeat your enemies!” The phrase “delivered...into your hand” is an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. +14:20 bx1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “because he gave you victory over your enemies!” or “because he enabled you to defeat your enemies!” The phrase “delivered … into your hand” is an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. 14:20 kq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֥⁠וֹ 1 “Then Abram gave {King} Melchizedek”. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. 14:20 dxmy מַעֲשֵׂ֖ר 1 “one-tenth” or “ten percent” 14:20 yh95 מִ⁠כֹּֽל 1 “of everything {that he had recovered/captured in the battle}.” or “of all {the plunder he had brought back from the battle}.” This phrase refers to the belongings of the people of Sodom that Abram had recovered from the kings who stole them. @@ -1750,7 +1742,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 15:10 lz42 וַ⁠יְבַתֵּ֤ר אֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 “Then/Next Abram cut/divided the animals’ bodies” 15:10 qlm4 בַּ⁠תָּ֔וֶךְ 1 “in half lengthwise” or “into two parts lengthwise”. Abram probably cut the animals down the middle lengthwise, which means that each half had one front leg, and one back leg. 15:10 zyln וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן אִישׁ־בִּתְר֖⁠וֹ לִ⁠קְרַ֣את רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “and placed/arranged each half a short distance/space across from the/its other half {in two rows},” or “and laid/arranged the right half of each animal opposite/across from its left half {in two rows},” -15:10 g80e וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צִפֹּ֖ר לֹ֥א בָתָֽר 1 “but he did not cut/divide {the bodies of} the birds in two/half.” or “except for the birds, which he did not cut in two/half.” See how you translated “cut...in two” earlier in verse 10. +15:10 g80e וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צִפֹּ֖ר לֹ֥א בָתָֽר 1 “but he did not cut/divide {the bodies of} the birds in two/half.” or “except for the birds, which he did not cut in two/half.” See how you translated “cut … in two” earlier in verse 10. 15:11 dhk0 וַ⁠יֵּ֥רֶד הָ⁠עַ֖יִט 1 “Then {some} birds of prey landed” or “Then {some} vultures flew/swooped down {and landed}”. Birds of prey eat dead animal meat and can include vultures, buzzards, condors, eagles, and crows. 15:11 p4wl עַל־הַ⁠פְּגָרִ֑ים 1 “the {dead} animal bodies/parts {to eat them},” or “the dead animals {to eat them},” 15:11 xeat וַ⁠יַּשֵּׁ֥ב אֹתָ֖⁠ם אַבְרָֽם 1 “but Abram chased/scared them away.” or “but Abram made them go away.” @@ -1824,7 +1816,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 16:4 kp9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תֵּקַ֥ל גְּבִרְתָּ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “she despised/disrespected her mistress/owner {Sarai}.” or “she regarded/treated her mistress/owner {Sarai} with contempt/disdain.” or “she started to look down on her mistress {Sarai}.” The phrase “despised in her eyes” is an idiom that refers here to Hagar’s attitude and disrespectful actions toward Sarai. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 16:5 cvvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֣י אֶל אַבְרָם֮ 1 “Then/So Sarai complained to Abram,” 16:5 l7q0 חֲמָסִ֣⁠י עָלֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 “I am suffering because of you!” or “I am being mistreated because of you!” or “It is your fault that I am being treated wrongly/badly!” or “It is your fault that I am suffering!” -16:5 ris2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אָנֹכִ֗י נָתַ֤תִּי שִׁפְחָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠חֵיקֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “I gave my maidservant/servant to you to be your wife,” or “I allowed my maidservant/servant to have {marital} relations with you,” The idiom “put...into your arms” refers to Abram’s relationship with Hagar. Make sure that your translation of this clause is not offensive. +16:5 ris2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אָנֹכִ֗י נָתַ֤תִּי שִׁפְחָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠חֵיקֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “I gave my maidservant/servant to you to be your wife,” or “I allowed my maidservant/servant to have {marital} relations with you,” The idiom “put … into your arms” refers to Abram’s relationship with Hagar. Make sure that your translation of this clause is not offensive. 16:5 ouxe וַ⁠תֵּ֨רֶא֙ כִּ֣י הָרָ֔תָה 1 “but {now that} she knows/realizes that she is pregnant,” 16:5 dadx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וָ⁠אֵקַ֖ל בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 “she despises/disrespects me!” or “she treats me with contempt/disdain”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also see how you translated a similar clause in verse 4. 16:5 igre rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁפֹּ֥ט בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶֽיׄ⁠ךָ 1 “I ask Yahweh to judge/decide between you and me {who is responsible for this}!” or “I ask Yahweh to judge/decide who is right/wrong, you or me!” or “May Yahweh judge whether it is you or I who is responsible {for this}!” As the head of the household, it was Abram’s responsibility to rebuke Hagar and require her to respect Sarai. You could put that information in a footnote. @@ -1844,7 +1836,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 16:8 sc3u הָגָ֞ר שִׁפְחַ֥ת שָׂרַ֛י 1 “Hagar, Sarai’s slave/servant,” or “Hagar, who serves Sarai,” 16:8 ogxo אֵֽי מִ⁠זֶּ֥ה בָ֖את וְ⁠אָ֣נָה תֵלֵ֑כִי 1 “where are you coming from, and where are you headed?” 16:8 yltk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “She/Hagar said/replied {to him},” or “She/Hagar answered {him},” -16:8 ya1g מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ שָׂרַ֣י גְּבִרְתִּ֔⁠י אָנֹכִ֖י בֹּרַֽחַת 1 “I am running away from my mistress/owner Sarai.” See how you translated “fled from...face” in verse 6 and how you translated “mistress” in verse 4. +16:8 ya1g מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ שָׂרַ֣י גְּבִרְתִּ֔⁠י אָנֹכִ֖י בֹּרַֽחַת 1 “I am running away from my mistress/owner Sarai.” See how you translated “fled from … face” in verse 6 and how you translated “mistress” in verse 4. 16:9 symc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “But/So Yahweh’s angel/messenger told her/Hagar,” or “Then/But he told her/Hagar,” Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation, after what Hagar said in verse 8. 16:9 ceyk שׁ֖וּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Go back {home} to your mistress/owner {Sarai}”. See how you translated “mistress/owner” in verses 4 and 8. 16:9 hp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִתְעַנִּ֖י תַּ֥חַת יָדֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “and {humbly} submit {yourself} to her authority.” or “obey her {as her servant}.” See how you translated a similar idiom (“in your hand”) in verse 6. @@ -1875,15 +1867,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 16:15 sf8b וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אַבְרָ֧ם שֶׁם בְּנ֛⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָ֥ה הָגָ֖ר יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל 1 “and he called/named his son whom she bore/had Ishmael.” or “and Abram/he named his/their son Ishmael.” 16:16 a7rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠אַבְרָ֕ם 1 “Abram {was}”. For some languages it is more natural to omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. 16:16 hec8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms בֶּן 1 “86 years old”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 5:32. -16:16 xkvq בְּ⁠לֶֽדֶת הָגָ֥ר אֶת יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל לְ⁠אַבְרָֽם 1 “when Hagar gave birth to Ishmael for him.” or “when Hagar had Ishmael for him.” See how you translated “bore...for Abram” in verse 15. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Hagar” in chapter 16 (verses 1, 4, 6-11, 13), and how you spelled “Ishmael” in verses 11, 12 and 15. -17:1 a4g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֣י אַבְרָ֔ם בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠תֵ֣שַׁע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “{Years} later, when Abram was 99/ninety-nine years old,” Thirteen years have passed between the last verse of chapter 16 and the first verse of chapter 17. Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section. See how you translated “was a son of...years” in Gen 5:32. +16:16 xkvq בְּ⁠לֶֽדֶת הָגָ֥ר אֶת יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל לְ⁠אַבְרָֽם 1 “when Hagar gave birth to Ishmael for him.” or “when Hagar had Ishmael for him.” See how you translated “bore … for Abram” in verse 15. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Hagar” in chapter 16 (verses 1, 4, 6-11, 13), and how you spelled “Ishmael” in verses 11, 12 and 15. +17:1 a4g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֣י אַבְרָ֔ם בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠תֵ֣שַׁע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “{Years} later, when Abram was 99/ninety-nine years old,” Thirteen years have passed between the last verse of chapter 16 and the first verse of chapter 17. Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section. See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Gen 5:32. 17:1 b3u2 וַ⁠יֵּרָ֨א יְהוָ֜ה אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Yahweh appeared/came to him” or “Yahweh visited him”. See how you translated this clause in Gen 12:7. 17:1 zcp6 וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ 1 “and told him,” 17:1 ph7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲנִי אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֔י 1 “I {am} Almighty God.” or “I {am} the all-powerful God.” or “I {am} God {who is} all-powerful.” Most translation teams translate the meaning of God’s title here and say, for example, “God Almighty.” Other teams treat this title as a name and transliterate it as “El Shaddai” and put its meaning in a footnote. Do what is best in your language. 17:1 z65o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms הִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י 1 “Walk/Live in my presence” or “Live according to my will” or “Live in a way that pleases me”. This phrase is an idiom that means to habitually live according to God’s will. 17:1 mxfa וֶ⁠הְיֵ֥ה 1 “{yes, you must} be” or “so that you will be” 17:1 bv2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָמִֽים 1 “without fault.” or “blameless/upright.” See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:9. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. -17:2 dsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י 1 “I will establish/institute my covenant/agreement”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish....covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”). +17:2 dsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י 1 “I will establish/institute my covenant/agreement”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish … covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”). 17:2 ig4c בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “with you,” 17:2 unnk וְ⁠אַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד 1 “and I will cause you to have very many descendants.” or “and I will increase {the number of} your descendants so that they are exceedingly/very numerous.” 17:3 iqyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then Abram prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” or “{When} Abram {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally; rather he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God. @@ -1926,7 +1918,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:12 pl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בֶן שְׁמֹנַ֣ת יָמִ֗ים יִמּ֥וֹל 1 “{Every} eight-day-old baby boy must be circumcised {by you},” or “So you must circumcise {every} eight-day-old baby boy,” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 17:12 c7zl כָּל זָכָ֖ר 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{and} every {other} male” or “{as well as} all {other} males” (2) “{yes,} every male {child}”. The following context suggests that this phrase includes males of all ages, not just babies, since male slaves who were bought would especially include adult males. 17:12 rvqc לָ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 “among your people” -17:12 n2rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “for all {future} generations,” It may be more natural to put this phrase at the beginning of this verse and say, “For all {future} generations you must circumcise {every} baby boy who is eight days old, {as well as} all {other} males among your people,...” Do what is best in your language. +17:12 n2rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “for all {future} generations,” It may be more natural to put this phrase at the beginning of this verse and say, “For all {future} generations you must circumcise {every} baby boy who is eight days old, {as well as} all {other} males among your people …” Do what is best in your language. 17:12 qqux יְלִ֣יד בָּ֔יִת 1 “{including} those/males {who are} born in your household/family” or “{That includes} those/males from your own household/family”. This phrase refers to Abraham’s future sons, including Isaac (Gen 21:4) and his concubines’ sons (25:6), and may also refer to the sons of Abraham’s servants. Also, for some languages it may be better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 17:12 lsxb וּ⁠מִקְנַת כֶּ֨סֶף֙ מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל בֶּן נֵכָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹ֥א מִֽ⁠זַּרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “and those whom you buy from foreigners {as slaves/servants}, who {are} not your offspring/descendants.” or “as well as those who {are} not your offspring/descendants but {are slaves/servants whom you} have bought from foreigners.” 17:13 bi24 הִמּ֧וֹל יִמּ֛וֹל 1 “{That’s right,} they must definitely be circumcised,” or “{Yes,} you must surely/definitely circumcise {all of} them,” This verse repeats and emphasizes what was just said in verse 12. Consider what is the best way to communicate this emphasis in your language. @@ -1958,7 +1950,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:19 e0ka אֲבָל֙ 1 “No, rather” or “Yes, but/however”. Consider whether it is best in your language to begin God’s response to Abraham here with a “No” or a “Yes”. Although God agrees that he will bless Ishmael (verse 20), he disagrees with Abraham’s request to allow Ishmael to be the one God establishes his covenant with. 17:19 vvis שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֗ 1 “{as I said,} your wife Sarah {is the one} {who}” or “{it is} your wife Sarah {who}”. Here God emphasizes what he said in verse 16 about Sarah. 17:19 ki58 יֹלֶ֤דֶת לְ⁠ךָ֙ בֵּ֔ן 1 “will bear you a son,” or “will give birth to a son for you,” -17:19 yo8z וְ⁠קָרָ֥אתָ אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֑ק 1 “and you must name him Isaac.” or “You must give him the name Isaac.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “call...name...” in verse 15. +17:19 yo8z וְ⁠קָרָ֥אתָ אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֑ק 1 “and you must name him Isaac.” or “You must give him the name Isaac.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “call … name …” in verse 15. 17:19 jxgr וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֨י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֥⁠י אִתּ֛⁠וֹ 1 “I will establish/make my covenant/agreement with him” or “He {is the one} I will establish my covenant/agreement with,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 7. 17:19 t5se לִ⁠בְרִ֥ית עוֹלָ֖ם 1 “as a permanent covenant/agreement” 17:19 p6c9 לְ⁠זַרְע֥⁠וֹ אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 “{that will also be} for/with {all} his offspring/descendants {who live} after him.” or “{that I will also establish/keep} with {all} his offspring/descendants {who live} after him.” @@ -1972,7 +1964,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:20 tlf0 וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ו לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּדֽוֹל 1 “and I will make him {the father/ancestor of} a great/large people/ethnic group.” or “and I will make him {and his descendants} become a great/large people/ethnic group.” 17:21 ni6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י אָקִ֣ים 1 “But I will establish/make my covenant/agreement”. In the Hebrew text, the phrase “my covenant” is put before the verb in order to change the topic to God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Also consider again how you translated “covenant” in verses 2, 4, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 19, 21. 17:21 ata9 אֶת יִצְחָ֑ק 1 “with {your son} Isaac,” -17:21 nbs6 אֲשֶׁר֩ תֵּלֵ֨ד לְ⁠ךָ֤ שָׂרָה֙ 1 “whom Sarah will give birth to for you” or “Sarah will give birth to him”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “is bearing...for you” in verse 19. +17:21 nbs6 אֲשֶׁר֩ תֵּלֵ֨ד לְ⁠ךָ֤ שָׂרָה֙ 1 “whom Sarah will give birth to for you” or “Sarah will give birth to him”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “is bearing … for you” in verse 19. 17:21 e5iw לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֣ד הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הָ⁠אַחֶֽרֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “by/at this time/season next year.” (2) “at the appointed/set time next year.” 17:22 e61u וַ⁠יְכַ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אִתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “When/After he/God had finished speaking/talking with/to Abraham,” See how you translated “spoke with him” in verse 3. 17:22 fuch rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל אֱלֹהִ֔ים מֵ⁠עַ֖ל אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “he went up from Abraham/him {to heaven}.” or “God/he left him and ascended {to heaven}.” or “God/he left him.” Consider whether to use a noun or a pronoun to refer to God and Abraham at each point in this verse. Do what is clear and natural in your language. @@ -1982,9 +1974,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:23 crat וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל מִקְנַ֣ת כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “as well as all {the/his male slaves/servants} whom he had bought,” 17:23 waa8 כָּל זָכָ֕ר בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֖י בֵּ֣ית אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “{yes,} every male in his household,” This phrase refers to everyone mentioned in the first half of this verse, including all males of all ages, not just men. 17:23 m2zy וַ⁠יָּ֜מָל אֶת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלָתָ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠עֶ֨צֶם֙ הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 “and on that same day he cut off their foreskins,” or “Then on that same day he circumcised them,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -17:23 dx5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים 1 “just/exactly as God had commanded him {to do}.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “Then that very/same day, Abraham did just/exactly as God had told/commanded him {to do}: He took/gathered...” Do what is best in your language. +17:23 dx5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים 1 “just/exactly as God had commanded him {to do}.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “Then that very/same day, Abraham did just/exactly as God had told/commanded him {to do}: He took/gathered …” Do what is best in your language. 17:24 q91v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Now Abraham” or “Abraham”. The information in verses 24 and 25 is background information. Many languages have a specific conjunction or transitional phrase that is used to introduce this kind of information. Do what is best in your language. -17:24 cjb4 בֶּן תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וָ⁠תֵ֖שַׁע שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “was ninety-nine/99 years old”. See how you translated “a son of...years” in verse 1. +17:24 cjb4 בֶּן תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וָ⁠תֵ֖שַׁע שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “was ninety-nine/99 years old”. See how you translated “a son of … years” in verse 1. 17:24 belb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠הִמֹּל֖⁠וֹ בְּשַׂ֥ר עָרְלָתֽ⁠וֹ 1 “when his foreskin was cut off,” or “when he was circumcised,” We do not know who circumcised Abraham. Some Jewish scholars think it was Shem and some others think Abraham did it himself. However, the Hebrew text does not say who did it, so in your translation it is best to also not specify who did it. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 17:25 vbof וְ⁠יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל בְּנ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and his son Ishmael” or “His son Ishmael”. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. 17:25 tj3a בֶּן שְׁלֹ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “was thirteen/13 years old” @@ -1995,7 +1987,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:27 xu47 יְלִ֣יד בָּ֔יִת 1 “{including} those {who had been} born in his household”. See how you translated this phrase in verses 12 and 23. 17:27 mrt0 וּ⁠מִקְנַת־כֶּ֖סֶף 1 “as well as those {whom he had} bought {as slaves/servants}”. See how you translated a similar clause in verses 12 and 23. 17:27 b2ph מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת בֶּן נֵכָ֑ר 1 “from foreigners,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 12. -17:27 tt49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִמֹּ֖לוּ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “were also circumcised.” For some languages it may be better to move this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “And all the {other} males in his/Abraham’s household were also circumcised, {including} those {who had been} born...” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “circumcised” in verses 10-14, 23-27. +17:27 tt49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִמֹּ֖לוּ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “were also circumcised.” For some languages it may be better to move this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “And all the {other} males in his/Abraham’s household were also circumcised, {including} those {who had been} born …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “circumcised” in verses 10-14, 23-27. 18:1 xaic וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then {one day} Yahweh appeared/came {again} to him/Abraham” or “One day Yahweh visited Abraham {again}”. See how you translated “appeared” in Gen 12:7 and 17:1. Also, consider whether it is better to refer to Abraham here with a pronoun or with his name in your language. 18:1 yyba בְּ⁠אֵלֹנֵ֖י מַמְרֵ֑א 1 “at/near Mamre’s terebinth/oak trees,” or “beside the terebinth/oak trees on Mamre’s land,” See how you translated this phrase in Gen 13:18, 14:13, and a similar phrase in Gen 12:6. 18:1 qyjw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠ה֛וּא יֹשֵׁ֥ב 1 “while/as Abraham was sitting” @@ -2021,7 +2013,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:5 qih5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֶ֜חֶם 1 “bread/food {for you} {to eat}.” Since bread was a common staple of their diet, it is often used in the Bible to refer to food in general. 18:5 e1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠סַעֲד֤וּ לִבְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 “Then you can be refreshed/strengthened” or “That way you can regain your strength”. Notice that the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this quote in the Hebrew text and refer to Abraham’s three guests. 18:5 vde1 אַחַ֣ר תַּעֲבֹ֔רוּ 1 “and then continue on your way,” or “before you continue traveling,” -18:5 gvtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן עֲבַרְתֶּ֖ם עַֽל עַבְדְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “now that you have come to me.” or “since you are here with me.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Since you are here with me, let me {also} bring some food...” Do what is best in your language. +18:5 gvtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן עֲבַרְתֶּ֖ם עַֽל עַבְדְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “now that you have come to me.” or “since you are here with me.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Since you are here with me, let me {also} bring some food …” Do what is best in your language. 18:5 hxgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “Then/So they said {to him},” or “The men replied {to him},” 18:5 wdtf כֵּ֥ן 2 “Okay,” or “Very well,” or “That is good/fine,” The word used here in the Hebrew text shows agreement or acceptance. Do what is natural in your language. 18:5 zxbs תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּֽרְתָּ 1 “do what you have proposed/suggested.” @@ -2055,7 +2047,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:10 qpv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “said/responded {to him/Abraham},” or “spoke again {to Abraham},” 18:10 aib9 שׁ֣וֹב אָשׁ֤וּב 1 “I will certainly/definitely come back” 18:10 bdy4 אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 “to you {here}” or “{here} to visit you” -18:10 s103 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת חַיָּ֔ה 1 “at/about this time/season next year,” or “next year at/around this time/season,” For some languages it may be more natural to move this time phrase to the beginning of this quote and say, “Next year at this time I will surely/definitely return...” Do what is best in your language. +18:10 s103 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת חַיָּ֔ה 1 “at/about this time/season next year,” or “next year at/around this time/season,” For some languages it may be more natural to move this time phrase to the beginning of this quote and say, “Next year at this time I will surely/definitely return …” Do what is best in your language. 18:10 usku וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 “and when I do,” or “When I do,” or “At that time,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 18:10 yh3k בֵ֖ן לְ⁠שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 “your wife Sarah will have a {baby} son/boy {with her}.” or “your wife Sarah will {already} have a {baby} son/boy.” This means that Sarah would have a son with her when Yahweh returns. It does not mean that she would give birth at that time. 18:10 kp1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה שֹׁמַ֛עַת 1 “Now Sarah was listening/eavesdropping” or “Sarah was listening/eavesdropping”. This sentence gives information about something that was happening while the man was talking. Translate this in a way that makes that clear in your language. @@ -2090,7 +2082,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:17 jgid rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַֽ⁠יהֹוָ֖ה אָמָ֑ר 1 “Then Yahweh said/thought {to himself},” The context implies that Yahweh said this to himself, without Abraham hearing him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 11:6. 18:17 h1l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠מְכַסֶּ֤ה אֲנִי֙ מֵֽ⁠אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Should I keep secret from Abraham” or “I should/will not hide/conceal from Abraham” or “I should/will tell Abraham” 18:17 gyoq אֲשֶׁ֖ר אֲנִ֥י עֹשֶֽׂה 1 “what I am going/about to do {to the city of Sodom}”. Whether you end this sentence with a question mark or a period will depend on how you choose to translate this rhetorical question. -18:18 aib0 וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הָי֧וֹ יִֽהְיֶ֛ה 1 “Abraham/he will surely/definitely be {the ancestor of}” or “After all, Abraham/he {and his descendants} will surely/definitely {multiply and} become”. Some translations begin a new sentence here. Other translations continue the rhetorical question (or statement) in verse 17 to the end of verse 18 and say, “since Abraham/he will....” or “seeing that Abraham/he will...” Do what is best in your language. +18:18 aib0 וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הָי֧וֹ יִֽהְיֶ֛ה 1 “Abraham/he will surely/definitely be {the ancestor of}” or “After all, Abraham/he {and his descendants} will surely/definitely {multiply and} become”. Some translations begin a new sentence here. Other translations continue the rhetorical question (or statement) in verse 17 to the end of verse 18 and say, “since Abraham/he will …” or “seeing that Abraham/he will …” Do what is best in your language. 18:18 k83p לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל וְ⁠עָצ֑וּם 1 “a great/important and powerful people/ethnic group,” See how you translated “great nation” in Gen 12:2. 18:18 ox5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ב֔⁠וֹ 1 “and through him/them” or “and because of him/them” or “and by means of him/them”. This phrase refers to Abraham and his descendants, including ultimately the Messiah. See the note about this at Gen 12:3. 18:18 vsqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִ֨בְרְכוּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥י הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “all the people/ethnic groups in the world will be blessed {by me}.” or “{I} will bless all the people/ethnic groups in the world.” See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 12:3. @@ -2147,7 +2139,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:27 nwih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִנֵּה נָ֤א הוֹאַ֨לְתִּי֙ לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אֶל 1 “Listen, please, since I have been bold to speak to {you,}” or “Please excuse me for speaking to you so boldly,” The idiom “taken it upon myself” means that Abraham has decided to do something and is acting boldly. Consider whether or not your language has an idiom that fits well here. 18:27 duu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֲדֹנָ֔⁠י 1 “my Master,” or “Lord/Master,” Abraham realizes by now that he is talking to Yahweh, so use a respectful term in your translation that is appropriate for him to use when he refers to Yahweh here and in the rest of this chapter. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put this phrase first in this quote and say, “My Lord/Master, please excuse me for speaking to you so boldly,” Do what is best in your language. 18:27 u0t8 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י 1 “even though” or “in spite of the fact that” -18:27 otno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י עָפָ֥ר וָ⁠אֵֽפֶר 1 “I am {as unimportant/insignificant as} dust/dirt and ashes {compared to you}.” or “I am nothing/unimportant {compared to you}.” or “I have zero/no status/importance {compared to you}.” It may be clearer to put this comparison earlier in the sentence and say, “My Lord/Master, I am {as unimportant/insignificant as} dust/dirt and ashes, so please excuse me...” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated “dust” in Gen 2:7 and 3:19. +18:27 otno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י עָפָ֥ר וָ⁠אֵֽפֶר 1 “I am {as unimportant/insignificant as} dust/dirt and ashes {compared to you}.” or “I am nothing/unimportant {compared to you}.” or “I have zero/no status/importance {compared to you}.” It may be clearer to put this comparison earlier in the sentence and say, “My Lord/Master, I am {as unimportant/insignificant as} dust/dirt and ashes, so please excuse me …” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated “dust” in Gen 2:7 and 3:19. 18:28 omjl א֠וּלַי 1 “{But} suppose {that}” or “{But} what {will you do} if”. See how you translated this term in verse 24. 18:28 z4ng יַחְסְר֞וּ⁠ן חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים הַ⁠צַּדִּיקִם֙ חֲמִשָּׁ֔ה 1 “there are five fewer than fifty/50 righteous {people} {living in the city}?” or “there are only forty-five/45 righteous {people} {in the city} instead of fifty/50?” 18:28 nmr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠תַשְׁחִ֥ית & אֶת כָּל הָ⁠עִ֑יר 1 “Will/Would you {still} destroy the whole city {and everyone in it}”. See how you translated “the whole place” in verse 26. @@ -2183,7 +2175,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:32 gv4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ֠⁠יֹּאמֶר 1 “Then/Finally he/Abraham said {to him},” or “Then/Finally he/Abraham asked {him/Yahweh},” 18:32 lk3d אַל נָ֞א יִ֤חַר לַֽ⁠אדֹנָ⁠י֙ 1 “My Lord/Master, please do not be angry {with/at me},” See how you translated this sentence in verse 30. Consider again how you translated “my Lord” in verses 27, 30-32. Contrast that to verse 3, where Abraham probably used the term before he realized that he was talking to Yahweh. 18:32 kpb0 וַ⁠אֲדַבְּרָ֣ה אַךְ הַ⁠פַּ֔עַם 1 “rather, let me say one more thing:” or “and/but let me ask {you} just one more/last thing/question:” -18:32 ly53 אוּלַ֛י 1 “Suppose {that}” or “What {will you do} if”. Consider again how you translated the term “Suppose” in verses 24 and 28 and how you translated the sentence “Suppose {only}...{righteous people} are found there?” in verses 29-32. +18:32 ly53 אוּלַ֛י 1 “Suppose {that}” or “What {will you do} if”. Consider again how you translated the term “Suppose” in verses 24 and 28 and how you translated the sentence “Suppose {only}…{righteous people} are found there?” in verses 29-32. 18:32 qkyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִמָּצְא֥וּ⁠ן & עֲשָׂרָ֑ה 1 “{only} ten {righteous people} are found” or “you find {only} ten {righteous people}” or “there are {only} ten {righteous people}”. Consider again how you translated “found” and “find” in verses 26, 28-32. 18:32 ho73 שָׁ֖ם 1 “{living} there?” or “{living} in the city? {Will you destroy it then?}” 18:32 rknm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “And/Then Yahweh replied,” or “He/Yahweh answered {him},” Consider again how you referred to Yahweh and Abraham in your translation throughout this dialogue (verses 23-32). It is a good idea to read this conversation aloud at a regular speed and listen to make sure that all quote margins are natural and clear in your language. @@ -2296,7 +2288,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:18 y4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹט אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “But Lot replied to them,” or “But Lot pleaded with them,” Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “them” that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 19:18 uauu אַל נָ֖א אֲדֹנָֽ⁠י 1 “Please, my lords/masters, do not {make us go that far}!” or “I beg you, sirs, do not {make us do that}!” See how you translated “my lords/masters” in verse 2. 19:19 tax6 הִנֵּה נָ֠א 1 “Listen {to me/this} please:” or “Please listen {to me/this}:” -19:19 brtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מָצָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ חֵן֮ בְּ⁠עֵינֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 “{I,} your servant, have been treated well/kindly by you,” or “You have treated me well/kindly even though I am unimportant,” The phrase “your servant” does not mean that Lot is actually a servant for the angels, but rather, it is a humble way for Lot to refer to himself and show respect to them; see how you translated that phrase in verse 2. Also see how you translated the idiom “found favor in...eyes” in Gen 6:8 and 18:3. +19:19 brtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מָצָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ חֵן֮ בְּ⁠עֵינֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 “{I,} your servant, have been treated well/kindly by you,” or “You have treated me well/kindly even though I am unimportant,” The phrase “your servant” does not mean that Lot is actually a servant for the angels, but rather, it is a humble way for Lot to refer to himself and show respect to them; see how you translated that phrase in verse 2. Also see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8 and 18:3. 19:19 u1nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠תַּגְדֵּ֣ל חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י 1 “and you have shown me great mercy/kindness” or “and you have been very merciful/kind to me”. This is the first occurrence in the Bible of the important Hebrew word “khesed,” which is translated as “mercy,” “kindness,” or “lovingkindness” and often implies that it was not deserved. Compare how you translated a different word that has a similar meaning (“mercy” or “compassion”) in verse 16. 19:19 r6kn לְ⁠הַחֲי֖וֹת אֶת נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 “and saved my life.” 19:19 qin5 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י לֹ֤א אוּכַל֙ לְ⁠הִמָּלֵ֣ט הָ⁠הָ֔רָ⁠ה 1 “But I am not able to flee/run {all the way} to the mountains/hills” or “But there is no way that I can make it safely {all the way} to the mountains/hills” or “But the mountains/hills are too far away for me to make it there safely”. See how you translated “the mountain{s}” in verse 17. @@ -2332,7 +2324,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:25 ao52 וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הֶ⁠עָרִ֔ים 1 “including all the people who lived in the cities {of/in that plain/valley}” or “including everyone who lived in the cities {there}”. This phrase refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and at least two other cities in the valley (Deuteronomy 29:23). 19:25 rrut וְ⁠צֶ֖מַח 1 “and {even} {all} the vegetation/plants” 19:25 g2sq וְ⁠צֶ֖מַח הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “{that were growing} on the ground/land.” or “of/in the/that area/region.” -19:26 fbf2 וַ⁠תַּבֵּ֥ט אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו 1 “But Lot’s wife, {who was} {walking} behind him, looked/glanced back {at the city},” or “...looked back {at Sodom},” +19:26 fbf2 וַ⁠תַּבֵּ֥ט אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו 1 “But Lot’s wife, {who was} {walking} behind him, looked/glanced back {at the city},” or “… looked back {at Sodom},” 19:26 q9a5 וַ⁠תְּהִ֖י 1 “and {immediately} she turned into” or “and {immediately} her body turned into” or “and {immediately} {God/Yahweh} turned her into” 19:26 trht נְצִ֥יב מֶֽלַח 1 “a column/statue of {solid} salt {rock} {and she died}.” or “salt {rock} that was in the shape of a pillar/column.” 19:27 t3yb וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֥ם אַבְרָהָ֖ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֑קֶר 1 “{Meanwhile,} Abraham got up early that {same} morning” or “Early that same morning, Abraham got up”. Some translations translate this as the next morning, but it is more likely that this was the same day when Lot arrived in Zoar and Yahweh destroyed the cities in the valley (verse 23). @@ -2343,7 +2335,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:28 wiga סְדֹם֙ וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֔ה 1 “{the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah” 19:28 qkv9 וְ⁠עַֽל כָּל פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר 1 “and all {the rest of} the plain/valley.” 19:28 ktpu וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה 1 “There in front of him, he saw that” or “And he was amazed to see that” -19:28 ptm3 עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{lots of thick} smoke was billowing up from/over the land” or “{a large amount of} smoke...” +19:28 ptm3 עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{lots of thick} smoke was billowing up from/over the land” or “{a large amount of} smoke …” 19:28 dxlc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠קִיטֹ֖ר הַ⁠כִּבְשָֽׁן 1 “like smoke {that comes from the fire} in a {large} furnace/oven.” or “like smoke from a {huge} fire.” During that time period, a furnace was heated by fire. 19:29 kybu וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠שַׁחֵ֤ת אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “So it was/happened {that} when God destroyed” or “When God destroyed”. See how you translated “destroyed” in verses 13-14, 17. 19:29 vtt3 אֶת עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠כִּכָּ֔ר 1 “the cities on the plain,” or “the cities in the plain/valley,” Consider again how you translated “plain/valley” in Gen 13:10-12; 19:17, 25, 28, 29. @@ -2384,11 +2376,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:34 st12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns מֵ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ 1 “with/by our father.” or “through/with him.” 19:35 zl9m וַ⁠תַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּ⁠לַּ֧יְלָה הַ⁠ה֛וּא אֶת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן 1 “So they got their father drunk on wine that night, also/too.” or “So that night Lot’s daughters got their father drunk on wine again.” 19:35 u2gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הַ⁠צְּעִירָה֙ וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then the/his younger {daughter} went {to him} and slept with him,” or “Then the/his younger {daughter} went {to him} and had {sexual/physical} relations with him,” -19:35 d5p3 וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע 1 “But/And {once again} {he was so drunk that} he did not {even} know/realize” or “...he was not {even} aware” or “...he was completely unaware”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated the last clause in verse 33, which is similar to the rest of verse 35. +19:35 d5p3 וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע 1 “But/And {once again} {he was so drunk that} he did not {even} know/realize” or “… he was not {even} aware” or “… he was completely unaware”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated the last clause in verse 33, which is similar to the rest of verse 35. 19:35 dkew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְּ⁠שִׁכְבָ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠בְ⁠קֻמָֽ⁠הּ 1 “that she got in bed {with him} or that she left.” or “that she had been with him.” -19:36 uid2 וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט 1 “In that way, both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant” or “As a result,...” +19:36 uid2 וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט 1 “In that way, both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant” or “As a result …” 19:36 b8pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ מֵ⁠אֲבִי⁠הֶֽן 1 “from/by {having relations with} their father.” -19:37 hz0k וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד הַ⁠בְּכִירָה֙ בֵּ֔ן 1 “Later the/his oldest/older {daughter} gave birth to a son,” or “...had a son,” Make sure that the way you translate “Later” fits with the fact that several months have gone by. +19:37 hz0k וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד הַ⁠בְּכִירָה֙ בֵּ֔ן 1 “Later the/his oldest/older {daughter} gave birth to a son,” or “… had a son,” Make sure that the way you translate “Later” fits with the fact that several months have gone by. 19:37 k0dl וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “and she called/named him” or “whom she named”. See how you translated “called his name” in Gen 5:29. 19:37 cx7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מוֹאָ֑ב 1 “Moab, {which means “from my father.”}” You can include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote. Some translations put this implied information in parentheses. Do what is best in your language. 19:37 ror5 ה֥וּא אֲבִֽי 1 “He/Moab {was/became} the forefather/ancestor of” @@ -2407,7 +2399,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:2 k17k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶל־שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֑וא 1 “{While they were there,} Abraham/he told {people} that his wife Sarah {was} his sister.” or “{While they were there,} Abraham/he told {people} that Sarah {was} his sister, not his wife.” Sarah was Abraham’s younger sister (Gen 19:19). Some languages use special words for “sister” and “brother” in Gen 12:13, 19; 20:2, 5, 12-13, 16, to distinguish when someone is younger or older than his or her sibling. Do what is best in your language. 20:2 r5oe וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֗ח אֲבִימֶ֨לֶךְ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גְּרָ֔ר וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־שָׂרָֽה 1 “So/Then {one day} Abimelech, {who was} the king of/over {the city of} Gerar, had {some of his servants} bring Sarah {to his home} {to be his wife}.”or “So/Then {one day} {King} Abimelech, who ruled {the Philistines} from {the city of} Gerar, had Sarah brought {to him} {to be his wife}.” The city of Gerar was the Philistines’ capital city where King Abimelech ruled from (Gen 21:2, 32; 26:1). 20:3 fzoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ בַּ⁠חֲל֣וֹם 1 “But God appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream”. For some languages it is necessary to use an honorific title for a king each time (or most of the time) that he is referred to by name, to show proper respect. Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. -20:3 ompr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה 1 “{during} the night” or “by/at night” or “that night”. It may be more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “But that night God came/appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream...” Do what is best in your language. +20:3 ompr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה 1 “{during} the night” or “by/at night” or “that night”. It may be more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “But that night God came/appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream …” Do what is best in your language. 20:3 votc וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗⁠וֹ 1 “and told/warned him,” 20:3 tkin הִנְּ⁠ךָ֥ מֵת֙ 1 “Listen {to me}, you are a dead man” or “Listen {to me}, you are about to die” or “Behold, {I have sentenced} you to die”. Make sure that the way you translate this clause does not make it sound like King Abimelech is already dead. God is telling King Abimelech what is about to happen to him. 20:3 couv עַל הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה אֲשֶׁר לָקַ֔חְתָּ וְ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “because the woman whom you have taken {to be your wife}”. See how you translated “took” in verse 2. @@ -2426,7 +2418,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:6 sf6e וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ אֵלָ֨י⁠ו הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֜ים בַּ⁠חֲלֹ֗ם 1 “God replied to him in the dream,” or “God answered {King} Abimelech in the dream,” 20:6 d56e גַּ֣ם אָנֹכִ֤י יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙ כִּ֤י 1 “Yes, I know/realize that {it was}” or “I am aware that {it was}” 20:6 uurf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠תָם לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֙ 1 “with a pure/blameless/clear conscience” or “with honorable/pure intentions/motives”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 5. -20:6 qte3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּ֔את 1 “{that} you did this,” or “{that} you took her/Sarah {to be your wife},” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase before the previous one and say, “Yes, I know/realize {that} you did this with honorable/pure motives,...” Do what is best in your language. +20:6 qte3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּ֔את 1 “{that} you did this,” or “{that} you took her/Sarah {to be your wife},” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase before the previous one and say, “Yes, I know/realize {that} you did this with honorable/pure motives …” Do what is best in your language. 20:6 ucn6 וָ⁠אֶחְשֹׂ֧ךְ גַּם־אָנֹכִ֛י אֽוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ מֵ⁠חֲטוֹ־לִ֑⁠י 1 “and in fact, it is I who kept/prevented you from doing this sin against me.” or “In fact, I {am the one who} kept/prevented you from sinning against me.” In the Hebrew text, “I” is an emphatic pronoun. Try to communicate that emphasis in a natural way in your translation. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 20:6 fi98 עַל כֵּ֥ן 1 “That is why” 20:6 lhkk לֹא נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “I did not permit you to” or “I did not let you” @@ -2463,7 +2455,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:12 etjp וַ⁠תְּהִי־לִ֖⁠י לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “and {after we grew up,} we got married.” or “and {when we were old enough,} I married her.” 20:13 xof7 וַ⁠יְהִ֞י 1 “It happened {that}” or “{Years} later,” 20:13 x4px כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֧ר הִתְע֣וּ אֹתִ֗⁠י אֱלֹהִים֮ 1 “when God told/commanded me to leave” or “when God led me to travel away from” -20:13 ctau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אָבִ⁠י֒ 1 “my father’s household/family,” or “the place where my father {and other relatives} were living,” See how you translated “house of...father” in Gen 12:1. +20:13 ctau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אָבִ⁠י֒ 1 “my father’s household/family,” or “the place where my father {and other relatives} were living,” See how you translated “house of … father” in Gen 12:1. 20:13 nd9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר לָ֔⁠הּ 1 “I told/asked her/Sarah” 20:13 xlc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes זֶ֣ה חַסְדֵּ֔⁠ךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשִׂ֖י עִמָּדִ֑⁠י אֶ֤ל כָּל־הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָב֣וֹא שָׁ֔מָּ⁠ה אִמְרִי־לִ֖⁠י אָחִ֥⁠י הֽוּא 1 “ ‘This {is} how you can show kindness/loyalty to me: Wherever we go, tell people that I {am} your brother.’ ” or “ ‘{Please} be kind/loyal to me and tell people wherever we go that I {am} your brother.’ ” or “to {please} do me a {special} favor and tell people everywhere we went that I {was} her brother.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate these embedded quotes as direct or indirect quotes. 20:14 kv1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ 1 “Then {King} Abimelech brought” @@ -2489,7 +2481,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:18 ok17 כִּֽי & יְהוָ֔ה 1 “because {previously} Yahweh” or “{Previously} Yahweh”. For some languages it may be more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 20:18 l10y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics עָצֹ֤ר עָצַר֙ & בְּעַ֥ד כָּל רֶ֖חֶם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 “had made every woman in {King} Abimelech’s household barren/infertile” or “had kept/prevented all the women in {King} Abimelech’s household from conceiving,” Consider again how often you need to use the honorific title “King” with Abimelech’s name in this chapter in your language. 20:18 n7dw עַל דְּבַ֥ר 1 “on account of” or “because he had taken” or “to punish him for taking” -20:18 lzt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge שָׂרָ֖ה אֵ֥שֶׁת אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “Sarah, Abraham’s wife.” or “Abraham’s wife Sarah.” For some languages, it may be more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence (which begins in verse 17) and say, “{Before this,} Yahweh had completely closed up every womb in the household of {King} Abimelech because he had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah. Then Abraham prayed...” If the order is changed, it will be necessary to combine these two verses and to put the verse numbers “17-18” in front of the sentence. Some translation teams have decided that they will never combine verses like that. Other teams have decided that occasionally it is acceptable to do that if it makes the meaning clearer. +20:18 lzt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge שָׂרָ֖ה אֵ֥שֶׁת אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “Sarah, Abraham’s wife.” or “Abraham’s wife Sarah.” For some languages, it may be more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence (which begins in verse 17) and say, “{Before this,} Yahweh had completely closed up every womb in the household of {King} Abimelech because he had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah. Then Abraham prayed …” If the order is changed, it will be necessary to combine these two verses and to put the verse numbers “17-18” in front of the sentence. Some translation teams have decided that they will never combine verses like that. Other teams have decided that occasionally it is acceptable to do that if it makes the meaning clearer. 21:1 ia7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה פָּקַ֥ד אֶת שָׂרָ֖ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמָ֑ר 1 “Then Yahweh blessed Sarah as he had said/promised {that he would},” or “Then Yahweh was gracious/kind to Sarah {just} as he had said/promised {he would be},” The word “visited” is used here as an idiom that means God blessed Sarah and was kind to her (by enabling her to have a son). The same idiom is used in 1 Samuel 2:21 and Luke 1:68. 21:1 kuv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יַּ֧עַשׂ יְהוָ֛ה לְ⁠שָׂרָ֖ה 1 “Yes, Yahweh/he did for her” or “That’s right, Yahweh/he did for her”. The two halves of verse 1 form a parallelism to emphasize what God did for Sarah. In your translation it is best, if possible, to keep both parts of the parallelism, since each part has a different emphasis. 21:1 b6xq כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר 1 “{just} as he had said {he would do}” or “{exactly} what he had promised {to do},” @@ -2537,7 +2529,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:12 rdik כִּ֣י בְ⁠יִצְחָ֔ק יִקָּרֵ֥א לְ⁠ךָ֖ זָֽרַע 1 “because it is in/through Isaac that the/your descendants {I promised you} will be reckoned/traced.” or “because Isaac is the one who will be the ancestor of the/your descendants {that I promised to give you}.” or “because the offspring/descendants {that I promised to you} will come through/from Isaac.” 21:13 x8gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠גַ֥ם אֶת־בֶּן־הָ⁠אָמָ֖ה & אֲשִׂימֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 “But I will also make the son of your slave/servant woman” or “However, I will also make your slave/servant woman’s son” 21:13 kan6 לְ⁠ג֣וֹי 1 “become {the ancestor of} an {important/large} people/ethnic group,” -21:13 zcf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֥י זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ הֽוּא 1 “because/since he {is} your son/descendant.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to put this “because...” clause earlier in this sentence and say, “And/But because/since the son of your slave/servant woman is your offspring/son, I will also make him into a {great/important/large} people/ethnic group.” Do what is best in your language. +21:13 zcf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֥י זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ הֽוּא 1 “because/since he {is} your son/descendant.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to put this “because …” clause earlier in this sentence and say, “And/But because/since the son of your slave/servant woman is your offspring/son, I will also make him into a {great/important/large} people/ethnic group.” Do what is best in your language. 21:14 oc4t וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֣ם אַבְרָהָ֣ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֡קֶר 1 “So Abraham got up early the next morning,” or “Early the next morning Abraham got up,” 21:14 mfcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח לֶחֶם֩ 1 “got/brought {some} bread/food”. This phrase may refer to bread or more generally to food. 21:14 sji3 וְ⁠חֵ֨מַת מַ֜יִם 1 “and a leather bag/container {full} of water” or “and a {full} water container/bag made of {animal} hide/leather” or “and a water bag/container {full of water}”. The word “skin” refers here to animal skin or hide. @@ -2560,7 +2552,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:17 p37b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כִּֽי שָׁמַ֧ע אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל ק֥וֹל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּא שָֽׁם 1 “Do not be afraid, because God has heard the cries/sobs of the boy/youth where he is lying {and will take care of him}.” or “Do not be afraid. God has heard the boy/youth crying over there {and will take care of him}.” or “God has heard the boy/youth crying over there, so do not be afraid {because he will take care of you both}.” The phrase “has listened to” means that God heard the boy and that he would help him. 21:18 xxt8 ק֚וּמִי שְׂאִ֣י אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר 1 “{So} go help the boy/youth to get/stand up,” or “{So now,} go to your son, help him get/stand up,” 21:18 cazv וְ⁠הַחֲזִ֥יקִי אֶת יָדֵ֖⁠ךְ בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and hold/lead him by the hand {to help him walk},” or “and take care of him,” -21:18 l3mg כִּֽי & אֲשִׂימֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 “because I {Yahweh} will make him become {the ancestor of}” or “because Yahweh will make his descendants become”. The pronoun “I” refers to Yahweh here. So either Yahweh had taken on the form of an angel, or the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking for him. See what you did for a similar case in Genesis 16:10. Also, see how you translated “make...into a great nation” in verse 13. Also see 18:18, which is similar. +21:18 l3mg כִּֽי & אֲשִׂימֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 “because I {Yahweh} will make him become {the ancestor of}” or “because Yahweh will make his descendants become”. The pronoun “I” refers to Yahweh here. So either Yahweh had taken on the form of an angel, or the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking for him. See what you did for a similar case in Genesis 16:10. Also, see how you translated “make … into a great nation” in verse 13. Also see 18:18, which is similar. 21:18 yl2m לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל 1 “an important/large people/ethnic group.” See how you translated “nation” in verse 13. 21:19 jfgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפְקַ֤ח אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת עֵינֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תֵּ֖רֶא 1 “Then God enabled/helped her/Hagar to see” 21:19 hole בְּאֵ֣ר מָ֑יִם 1 “a water well.” or “a well.” See how you translated “well” in Gen 16:14. @@ -2576,9 +2568,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:21 vi5d מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “{who was/came} from the country of Egypt.” or “who was Egyptian.” See how you translated “the land of Egypt” in Gen 13:10. 21:22 qzrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בָּ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֔וא 1 “Meanwhile, one day” or “Around that same time,” Consider what is the best way to introduce a new episode here in your language. 21:22 ajvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֗לֶךְ וּ⁠פִיכֹל֙ שַׂר צְבָא֔⁠וֹ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “{King} Abimelech {came/went} with his army commander/captain Phicol to Abraham {and} said to him,” or “{King} Abimelech and his army commander/captain Phicol {came/went} to Abraham {and} said to him,” For some languages it is necessary in your language to make explicit that King Abimelech and Phicol came (or went) to Abraham before they spoke to him. Do what is best in your language. -21:22 zrmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֱלֹהִ֣ים עִמְּ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֖ה עֹשֶֽׂה 1 “{I have noticed that} God {is} with you {and helps/blesses you} in everything that you do.” See how you translated a similar phrase (“God was with...”) in verse 20. +21:22 zrmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֱלֹהִ֣ים עִמְּ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֖ה עֹשֶֽׂה 1 “{I have noticed that} God {is} with you {and helps/blesses you} in everything that you do.” See how you translated a similar phrase (“God was with …”) in verse 20. 21:23 dapc וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 “So now, {please}” or “Now then, {please}”. King Abimelech’s words to Abraham should sound polite and respectful in your translation, not rude or demanding. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 20:7. -21:23 k01e הִשָּׁ֨בְעָ⁠ה לִּ֤⁠י בֵֽ⁠אלֹהִים֙ הֵ֔נָּה 1 “swear/vow to me here in God’s presence” or “solemnly promise me here with God as your witness”. To “swear...by God” means that Abraham would be accountable to God, asking him to be his witness and to punish him if he breaks his oath/vow/promise to King Abimelech. It does not mean that Abraham used swear words or other foul language. If this custom is not familiar to many people in your language area, you could put this information in a footnote. See how you translated a similar sentence in Gen 14:22. +21:23 k01e הִשָּׁ֨בְעָ⁠ה לִּ֤⁠י בֵֽ⁠אלֹהִים֙ הֵ֔נָּה 1 “swear/vow to me here in God’s presence” or “solemnly promise me here with God as your witness”. To “swear … by God” means that Abraham would be accountable to God, asking him to be his witness and to punish him if he breaks his oath/vow/promise to King Abimelech. It does not mean that Abraham used swear words or other foul language. If this custom is not familiar to many people in your language area, you could put this information in a footnote. See how you translated a similar sentence in Gen 14:22. 21:23 w3li אִם תִּשְׁקֹ֣ר לִ֔⁠י וּ⁠לְ⁠נִינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְ⁠נֶכְדִּ֑⁠י 1 “that you will never {again} deceive me or my children or my descendants.” 21:23 gd6n כַּ⁠חֶ֜סֶד אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂ֤יתִי עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ 1 “{Instead/Rather,} just as I have treated you kindly,” or “{But} just as I have been kind to you,” 21:23 ofrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה עִמָּדִ֔⁠י וְ⁠עִם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “{swear/vow that} you will {also} be kind to me and {the/my people in} this land/country”. In this context, the phrase “the land” refers to the people who live in the land. @@ -2614,7 +2606,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:31 py2p כִּ֛י שָׁ֥ם 1 “because it was there that” or “because that is where” 21:31 khcp שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “they both” or “he/Abraham and Abimelech both”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 27. 21:31 hkv1 נִשְׁבְּע֖וּ 1 “made a vow/oath {to each other}.” or “vowed {to live at peace with one another}.” or “solemnly promised {each other to live in peace}.” See how you translated “swear” in verses 23-24. -21:32 idhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּכְרְת֥וּ בְרִ֖ית בִּ⁠בְאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע 1 “After Abraham and {King} Abimelech made/established their {peace} treaty/agreement at Beersheba,” Consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or nouns here to refer to these men. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “they” that fits well here. Also, see how you translated the idiom “cut...covenant” in verse 27. +21:32 idhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּכְרְת֥וּ בְרִ֖ית בִּ⁠בְאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע 1 “After Abraham and {King} Abimelech made/established their {peace} treaty/agreement at Beersheba,” Consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or nouns here to refer to these men. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “they” that fits well here. Also, see how you translated the idiom “cut … covenant” in verse 27. 21:32 usgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם אֲבִימֶ֗לֶךְ וּ⁠פִיכֹל֙ שַׂר צְבָא֔⁠וֹ 1 “Abimelech and Phicol, his army commander/captain, left {from there}” or “Abimelech and his army commander/captain Phicol left {Abraham}”. See how you translated “got up” in verse 22. 21:32 ql0j וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֖בוּ 1 “and went back” 21:32 qzuk אֶל אֶ֥רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים 1 “to the land/territory where the Philistines lived.” or “to {their homes in} the Philistines’ land/territory {that Abimelech ruled over}.” Abimelech and Phicol probably returned to their homes in the city of Gerar (Gen 20:2), which at that time was the Philistines’ capital city, where Abimelech ruled from. The place in the desert where Abimelech and Abraham made their covenant (Beersheba) was probably located on the border of the Philistines’ territory. @@ -2625,7 +2617,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:33 kg6a אֵ֥ל עוֹלָֽם 1 “{who is} the Eternal/Ever-existing God.” or “{who is} the God who lives forever.” or “{who is} the God who has always existed.” This phrase means that God has no beginning and no end. In other words, he has always existed and he will continue to exist forever. 21:34 fwun וַ⁠יָּ֧גָר אַבְרָהָ֛ם 1 “After that, Abraham/he lived/stayed {there}”. See how you translated “sojourning” in verse 23. 21:34 iij4 בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים 1 “in the land/territory that was ruled/occupied by the Philistines” or “in the land/territory where the Philistines lived/ruled” or “in Philistines’ territory” -21:34 rc8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 “for many years.” Abraham lived in the Philistines’ territory for around 25 years, so keep that in mind as you translate this phrase. For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “...lived {there} for many years in the land...” Do what is best in your language. +21:34 rc8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 “for many years.” Abraham lived in the Philistines’ territory for around 25 years, so keep that in mind as you translate this phrase. For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “… lived {there} for many years in the land …” Do what is best in your language. 22:1 oi54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 “Sometime after those things happened” or “Sometime later” or “Several years later”. This is the beginning of a new episode that takes place around twelve years after Abraham and King Abimelech made their treaty (chapter 21). See how you translated “after those events” in Gen 15:1; it may be necessary to translate this phrase in a slightly different way here because of the different context. 22:1 y0sj וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים נִסָּ֖ה אֶת אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “God {wanted/decided to} test Abraham.” Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like the test was over. Rather it introduces what the following episode is about. 22:1 krqu וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “So {one day} he called to him, “Abraham!” ” or “He called to him, “Abraham!” ” or “{This is what happened:} He/God called to him, “Abraham!” ” @@ -2673,7 +2665,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:8 icf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Then Abraham said {to him},” or “Abraham answered {him},” 22:8 kpqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֱלֹהִ֞ים יִרְאֶה לּ֥⁠וֹ 1 “God himself will see {to it that there is}” or “God himself will provide”. This is an idiom that means God will provide the lamb. Make sure this meaning is clear in your translation. 22:8 qwmm הַ⁠שֶּׂ֛ה לְ⁠עֹלָ֖ה 1 “a lamb/sheep for the burnt offering,” or “a lamb/sheep for us to burn as a/our sacrifice/offering {to him},” See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. -22:8 ma9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּנִ֑⁠י 1 Consider whether it is more natural in your language to put this address first in this quote and say, “My son, God himself will...” +22:8 ma9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּנִ֑⁠י 1 Consider whether it is more natural in your language to put this address first in this quote and say, “My son, God himself will …” 22:8 rj6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “Then/So the two of them walked on together.” or “Then/So they continued walking together {toward the mountain}.”. See how you translated “the two of them” in verse 6. 22:9 r054 וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ אֶֽל 1 “When/After they got to” or “When/After they arrived at” or “When/After they reached” 22:9 ouv8 הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽמַר ל֣⁠וֹ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִים֒ 1 “the place/mountain that God had told him {to go to}”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. @@ -2705,7 +2697,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:14 scaj אֲשֶׁר֙ יֵאָמֵ֣ר הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם 1 “{Even} today/now people {still} say,” This refers to the time period when Moses was writing this book. If that is not clear, you could put that information in a footnote. 22:14 orbb בְּ⁠הַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה 1 “On Yahweh’s mountain” 22:14 v6oq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יֵרָאֶֽה 1 “it will be provided {by him}.” or “he will see to it {that we have what we need}.” or “he will provide what we/you need.” See how you translated this idiom in verse 8. -22:15 m2cz וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א מַלְאַ֥ךְ יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם שֵׁנִ֖ית מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “Then Yahweh’s angel called/spoke to Abraham from heaven again.” See how you translated “called...from heaven” in verse 11, and how you translated “angel” in verses 11-12. +22:15 m2cz וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א מַלְאַ֥ךְ יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם שֵׁנִ֖ית מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “Then Yahweh’s angel called/spoke to Abraham from heaven again.” See how you translated “called … from heaven” in verse 11, and how you translated “angel” in verses 11-12. 22:16 ouls וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “He said,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 22:16 j53n בִּ֥⁠י נִשְׁבַּ֖עְתִּי נְאֻם יְהוָ֑ה 1 “This is what Yahweh declares/says {to you}: ‘I swear by my own name” or “These are Yahweh’s own words: ‘With myself {as my own witness}, I vow/promise {to you}”. See how you translated “swear” in Gen 21:23-24. 22:16 rcpc כִּ֗י יַ֚עַן אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 “that because/since you have done what I said/commanded” or “that since you obeyed me” @@ -2715,9 +2707,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:17 d019 וְ⁠הַרְבָּ֨ה אַרְבֶּ֤ה אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֙ 1 “I will greatly multiply/increase {the number of} your offspring/descendants {so that they will be}” or “In fact, I will give you so many offspring/descendants {that they will be}”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 22:17 ufpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 “{as many/numerous} as the stars in the heavens/sky”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is comparing the number of stars and grains of sand to the number of descendants Abraham will have. There will be so many that no one can count them all (as in Gen 13:16 and 15:6). 22:17 bf0s וְ⁠כַ⁠ח֕וֹל אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל שְׂפַ֣ת הַ⁠יָּ֑ם 1 “and {as many/numerous} as the {grains of} sand on the seashore,” -22:17 v3sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִרַ֣שׁ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֵ֖ת שַׁ֥עַר אֹיְבָֽי⁠ו 1 “and they will conquer the cities of {all} their enemies.” or “They will conquer/defeat {all} their enemies and rule over them.” or “Your offspring/descendants will...” Cities often had high stone walls surrounding them to protect the people inside. The gates in the walls were the only way to go in or out of a city. The idiom “possess the gates of...enemies” refers to taking control of the cities and conquering the people living there. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. +22:17 v3sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִרַ֣שׁ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֵ֖ת שַׁ֥עַר אֹיְבָֽי⁠ו 1 “and they will conquer the cities of {all} their enemies.” or “They will conquer/defeat {all} their enemies and rule over them.” or “Your offspring/descendants will …” Cities often had high stone walls surrounding them to protect the people inside. The gates in the walls were the only way to go in or out of a city. The idiom “possess the gates of … enemies” refers to taking control of the cities and conquering the people living there. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. 22:18 ropw בְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 “In/Through your offspring/descendants” or “Because of your offspring/descendants” or “By means of your offspring/descendants”. See how you translated “offspring” in verse 17. -22:18 c2lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠הִתְבָּרֲכ֣וּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “all the nations/peoples of/on the earth will be blessed {by me},” or “{I} will bless all the people/ethnic groups {that live} on the earth,” See how you translated a similar sentence (“in/through...all the...of/on the earth will be blessed”) in Gen 12:3 and 18:18. +22:18 c2lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠הִתְבָּרֲכ֣וּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “all the nations/peoples of/on the earth will be blessed {by me},” or “{I} will bless all the people/ethnic groups {that live} on the earth,” See how you translated a similar sentence (“in/through … all the … of/on the earth will be blessed”) in Gen 12:3 and 18:18. 22:18 emd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵ֕קֶב אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ בְּ⁠קֹלִֽ⁠י 1 “because you heeded/obeyed my command.” or “{I will do that} because you obeyed me.” Make sure your translation of “my voice” refers to what God commanded Abraham. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 22:19 nybt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּ֤שָׁב אַבְרָהָם֙ 1 “After that, Abraham returned {with Isaac}” or “Afterwards/Then Abraham {and Isaac} went back”. Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham returned alone (without Isaac). 22:19 tr07 אֶל נְעָרָ֔י⁠ו 1 “to his/the {two} servants”. Be consistent here with how you translated “young men” in verses 3 and 5. @@ -2736,7 +2728,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:24 wjgn וּ⁠פִֽילַגְשׁ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֣⁠הּ רְאוּמָ֑ה וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד גַּם הִוא֙ 1 “Besides that, Nahor’s concubine Reumah also bore/had {some sons, whom they named}” or “In addition to that, Nahor and his servant wife Reumah also had {some sons, including}” 22:24 ze05 אֶת טֶ֣בַח וְ⁠אֶת גַּ֔חַם וְ⁠אֶת תַּ֖חַשׁ וְ⁠אֶֽת מַעֲכָֽה 1 “Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.” See how you connected the list of names in verse 22. 23:1 y6lm וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ חַיֵּ֣י שָׂרָ֔ה מֵאָ֥ה שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “Sarah lived 127 years” or “Sarah lived to be 127 years old” -23:1 xsnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה 1 “{Yes,} that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”. Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba...” +23:1 xsnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה 1 “{Yes,} that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”. Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba…” 23:2 gq6y וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה 1 “Then she died” or “before she died”. Decide whether or not it is best to begin a new sentence here in your language. 23:2 uigf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 “in {the city of} Kiriath Arba,” or “in {the city of} Kiriath-arba,” You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word, with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible. 23:2 zc7g הִ֥וא חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 “which {is also/now called/named} Hebron,” or “also/now known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,” The city of Kiriath Arba was later named Hebron (Joshua 14:15). @@ -2802,7 +2794,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 23:15 tka1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney אֶרֶץ֩ אַרְבַּ֨ע מֵאֹ֧ת שֶֽׁקֶל כֶּ֛סֶף 1 “The land/field {is worth} 400 shekels of silver.” or “If I were selling that land, it would cost 400 shekels of silver.” Coins did not exist at that time. Rather people paid each other with shekels of silver or gold, which was a weight measurement. Four hundred shekels of silver was about 10 pounds (4.5 kilos) of silver. Many translation teams like to keep the same numbers that are in the Hebrew text in their translation, and then in a footnote give the equivalent amount in their own currency. Other teams put the equivalent amount in the text and put the literal phrase in a footnote. See how you translated “shekels of silver” in Gen 20:16. 23:15 xoco בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “{However,} since you and I are friends,” or “{But} as far as you and I are concerned,” 23:15 efpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה הִ֑וא 1 “what {significance} {is} that?” or “that {is} not important.” or “I would not ask you to pay that.” or “there is no need for that.” Decide whether or not a rhetorical question fits here well in your language. -23:15 uilj וְ⁠אֶת מֵתְ⁠ךָ֖ קְבֹֽר 1 “So {go ahead and} bury your dead/deceased {wife} {there}.” Consider again how you translated “bury...dead” in verses 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15. +23:15 uilj וְ⁠אֶת מֵתְ⁠ךָ֖ קְבֹֽר 1 “So {go ahead and} bury your dead/deceased {wife} {there}.” Consider again how you translated “bury … dead” in verses 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15. 23:16 g94w וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע אַבְרָהָם֮ אֶל עֶפְרוֹן֒ 1 “Abraham accepted Ephron’s price/offer,” or “Abraham agreed with Ephron’s price/offer,” Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham did not just hear what Ephron said, but also acted on it. 23:16 i5n2 וַ⁠יִּשְׁקֹ֤ל אַבְרָהָם֙ לְ⁠עֶפְרֹ֔ן 1 “and/so he paid Ephron/him” 23:16 jss8 אֶת הַ⁠כֶּ֕סֶף אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֶּ֖ר 1 “the {amount of} silver that he/Ephron had stated/suggested” @@ -2815,17 +2807,17 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 23:17 r9zm הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֣ה אֲשֶׁר בּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “{including both} the field and the cave that {was} in it,” or “including the cave that {was} in the field,” 23:17 may4 וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠עֵץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר 1 “as well as all the trees that {were}” 23:17 d17x בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠כָל גְּבֻל֖⁠וֹ סָבִֽיב 1 “in the field, {whatever was} inside its borders,” or “anywhere inside the borders/boundaries of the field,” -23:17 ua4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם 1 “was {officially/legally} deeded/sold {by Ephron}” or “Ephron deeded/sold {all of that}”. For some languages it may be better to break up this long sentence, change the order of the phrases in this verse, and say, “So Ephron sold his field {to Abraham}, including the cave that was in the field, as well as all the trees that were inside its boundaries. The field was in the Machpelah {area} near {the city of} Mamre. {Ephron sold the/that field}...” Do what is best in your language. +23:17 ua4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם 1 “was {officially/legally} deeded/sold {by Ephron}” or “Ephron deeded/sold {all of that}”. For some languages it may be better to break up this long sentence, change the order of the phrases in this verse, and say, “So Ephron sold his field {to Abraham}, including the cave that was in the field, as well as all the trees that were inside its boundaries. The field was in the Machpelah {area} near {the city of} Mamre. {Ephron sold the/that field} …” Do what is best in your language. 23:18 lkdc לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֥ם לְ⁠מִקְנָ֖ה 1 “to Abraham as his property” or “to Abraham, and it became his possession/property” 23:18 y1ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בְנֵי חֵ֑ת 1 “in the sight/presence of {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites” or “while {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites watched {as witnesses}”. See how you translated the idiom “before the eyes of” in verse 11. -23:18 ym12 בְּ⁠כֹ֖ל בָּאֵ֥י שַֽׁעַר־עִירֽ⁠וֹ 1 “including everyone who had gathered at their/the city gate/gates.” or “That included everyone who had met together at their/the city gate/gates.” For some languages it may be more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this verse and say, “...to Abraham in front of {the leaders of} the Hittites who had gathered at the city gates, so that they all witnessed that the land was now Abraham’s property.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated a similar clause in verse 10. +23:18 ym12 בְּ⁠כֹ֖ל בָּאֵ֥י שַֽׁעַר־עִירֽ⁠וֹ 1 “including everyone who had gathered at their/the city gate/gates.” or “That included everyone who had met together at their/the city gate/gates.” For some languages it may be more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this verse and say, “… to Abraham in front of {the leaders of} the Hittites who had gathered at the city gates, so that they all witnessed that the land was now Abraham’s property.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated a similar clause in verse 10. 23:19 vcro וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי כֵן֩ 1 “After that,” or “After Abraham/he bought the field,” 23:19 dwvg קָבַ֨ר אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “Abraham/he put/placed {the body of} his wife Sarah” 23:19 hrzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶל מְעָרַ֞ת שְׂדֵ֧ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֛ה 1 “in the cave in the field in the Machpelah {area},” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Machpelah” in verses 9 and 17. 23:19 k7kw עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵ֖א 1 “east of {the city of} Mamre,” or “near {the city of} Mamre,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 17. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled this name in verse 17 and in Gen 14:13, 24; 18:1. 23:19 wb07 הִ֣וא חֶבְר֑וֹן 1 “which {is also called/named} Hebron,” or “also known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,” 23:19 meyv בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן 1 “in the land/region called Canaan.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. -23:20 ujmp וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֧ה אֲשֶׁר־בּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “So {that is how} that field, including the cave that {was} in the field, was/were {officially/legally} sold to Abraham” or “So {in that way,} the field {of Ephron}, including...” Verse 20 is a concluding summary of chapter 23 and repeats parts of verses 17-18. Make sure that the way you translate this does not sound like Abraham bought another property from the Hittites. +23:20 ujmp וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֧ה אֲשֶׁר־בּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “So {that is how} that field, including the cave that {was} in the field, was/were {officially/legally} sold to Abraham” or “So {in that way,} the field {of Ephron}, including …” Verse 20 is a concluding summary of chapter 23 and repeats parts of verses 17-18. Make sure that the way you translate this does not sound like Abraham bought another property from the Hittites. 23:20 z30w לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָ֑בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵי חֵֽת 1 “by the Hittites as a burial place/site.” or “by the Hittites, so that he had a place where he could bury {his wife who had died}.” Consider again how you translated “a burial place” in verses 4, 9, and 20, and how you translated “the sons of Heth” in verses 3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 18, and 20. 24:1 wzyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֣ם זָקֵ֔ן בָּ֖א בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים 1 “Abraham had lived a long time and was {now} {very} old,” or “Abraham was very old now. He had lived many years,” or “Now Abraham had become very old,” Verse one gives the setting for the new episode and begins with a doublet that emphasizes how old Abraham was. Try to preserve this emphasis in a way that is natural in your translation. 24:1 saka וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “and Yahweh had blessed him” or “and Yahweh had caused him to prosper”. See how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. @@ -3096,7 +3088,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:59 l9ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּח֛וּ אֶת רִבְקָ֥ה אֲחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “So they {agreed/decided to} send their sister Rebekah”. Notice that Rebekah does not actually leave until verse 61. If this is not clear in your translation, you could include the implied information that they agreed or decided to send her with Abraham’s servant. 24:59 st26 וְ⁠אֶת מֵנִקְתָּ֑⁠הּ 1 “and her {personal} servant {who had helped raise her},” The term “nurse” refers here to a servant woman who probably nursed Rebekah as a baby, took care of her as she was growing up, and still served her now. 24:59 qk50 וְ⁠אֶת עֶ֥בֶד אַבְרָהָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת אֲנָשָֽׁי⁠ו 1 “with Abraham's servant and his men/companions.” -24:60 itbw וַ⁠יְבָרֲכ֤וּ אֶת רִבְקָה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְרוּ לָ֔⁠הּ 1 “They blessed Rebekah by saying to her,” Make sure your translation of “blessed...and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events. +24:60 itbw וַ⁠יְבָרֲכ֤וּ אֶת רִבְקָה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְרוּ לָ֔⁠הּ 1 “They blessed Rebekah by saying to her,” Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events. 24:60 thpj אֲחֹתֵ֕⁠נוּ 1 “{Dear} {little} sister,” This is a term of endearment that family members used to refer to Rebekah even though she was not the actual sister of all of them. This practice is common in many cultures. Do what is natural in your language. 24:60 xde8 אַ֥תְּ הֲיִ֖י 1 “may you become {the mother/ancestor of}” or “we pray that you will have” or “we pray that God will give you” 24:60 njdw לְ⁠אַלְפֵ֣י רְבָבָ֑ה 1 “thousands and thousands {of descendants},” or “countless/many thousands {of descendants},” @@ -3112,7 +3104,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:62 wadh וְ⁠ה֥וּא יוֹשֵׁ֖ב 1 “{At that time} he was living” or “and/so he was {back home} where he lived” 24:62 bbo8 בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ הַ⁠נֶּֽגֶב 1 “in the Negev {Wilderness/Desert} region/area.” or “in the Negev {Wilderness/Desert}.” See how you translated “the land of the Negev” in Gen 20:1, and “the Negev” in Gen 12:9; 13:1, 3. 24:63 zzgh וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א יִצְחָ֛ק לָ⁠שׂ֥וּחַ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה 1 “{One day} Isaac/he went out in/to the field/countryside to meditate/pray” or “{After Isaac/he had returned home, one day} he was meditating/praying out in the fields/countryside”. What Isaac does in verse 63 happened sometime after he returned from Beer Lahai Roi, but the Hebrew text does not say exactly when. So introduce this new event in a general way that is not too specific. -24:63 j9u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִ⁠פְנ֣וֹת עָ֑רֶב 1 “as it was becoming evening/dusk” or “late in the afternoon”. For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “{One day} as it was becoming evening, Isaac/he went...” or “One evening, Isaac/he went...” Do what is best in your language. +24:63 j9u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִ⁠פְנ֣וֹת עָ֑רֶב 1 “as it was becoming evening/dusk” or “late in the afternoon”. For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “{One day} as it was becoming evening, Isaac/he went …” or “One evening, Isaac/he went …” Do what is best in your language. 24:63 ihv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָי⁠ו֙ 1 “{As he was praying,} he looked up”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 24:63 xzpf וַ⁠יַּ֔רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה 1 “and saw {in the distance} that there were” or “and suddenly he saw {in the distance}” 24:63 cpxq גְמַלִּ֖ים בָּאִֽים 1 “{some} camels coming/heading {toward him}.” or “{some} camels approaching {him}.” @@ -3185,7 +3177,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.” 25:19 ldvn וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֥ת יִצְחָ֖ק בֶּן אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “This/Here {is} {more of} the record/history of/about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” We have already heard about much of Isaac’s history in previous chapters; now we are told even more. See how you translated “these are the generations of” in verse 12 and Gen 6:9. 25:19 dw7d אַבְרָהָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת יִצְחָֽק 1 “{After} Abraham fathered/had {his son} Isaac,” See how you translated “fathered” in verse 3. -25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was 40 years old.” See how you translated “was a son of...years” in Genesis 21:5. +25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was 40 years old.” See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Genesis 21:5. 25:20 bvzb בַּת בְּתוּאֵל֙ הָֽ⁠אֲרַמִּ֔י מִ⁠פַּדַּ֖ן אֲרָ֑ם 1 “{She/Rebekah was} the/a daughter of Bethuel, {who was} an Aramean from {the land/region of} Paddan Aram,” 25:20 fxim אֲח֛וֹת לָבָ֥ן 1 “and {she was} a sister of Laban” or “and her brother was Laban” 25:20 zdaf הָ⁠אֲרַמִּ֖י 1 “{who was also} an Aramean.” @@ -3213,7 +3205,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 25:26 lw96 וְ⁠יָד֤⁠וֹ אֹחֶ֨זֶת֙ בַּ⁠עֲקֵ֣ב עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 “with his hand holding on {tightly} to Esau’s heel.” or “gripping Esau’s heel {tightly} with his hand.” 25:26 hoky וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “So they called/named him” or “So he was called/named”. See how you translated a similar clause in verse 25 that probably has the same meaning. 25:26 lggz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Jacob, {which means “heel-grabber.”}” If you decide to include the meaning of Jacob’s name in the text or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate “grabbing” earlier in this sentence. -25:26 uqny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִצְחָ֛ק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה 1 “Isaac {was} 60 years old”. See how you translated the idiom “was a son of...years” in verse 20. +25:26 uqny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִצְחָ֛ק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה 1 “Isaac {was} 60 years old”. See how you translated the idiom “was a son of … years” in verse 20. 25:26 d3d9 בְּ⁠לֶ֥דֶת אֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “when Rebekah gave birth to them.” or “when Esau and Jacob were born.” 25:27 kmym וַֽ⁠יִּגְדְּלוּ֙ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֔ים 1 “When/As the boys grew up/older,” 25:27 q0d8 וַ⁠יְהִ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו אִ֛ישׁ יֹדֵ֥עַ צַ֖יִד 1 “Esau became a skilled/expert hunter,” or “Esau became good at hunting animals {for food},” See how you translated a similar phrase (“mighty hunter”) in Gen 10:9. @@ -3387,7 +3379,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 26:33 ksjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֹתָ֖⁠הּ שִׁבְעָ֑ה 1 “So Isaac named the well Shibah/Shebah, {which means “oath/vow.”}” The name of this well can be spelled “Shibah” or “Shebah.” 26:33 dzcy עַל כֵּ֤ן 1 “That is why” 26:33 rlw9 שֵׁם הָ⁠עִיר֙ בְּאֵ֣ר שֶׁ֔בַע עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 “{even} today the name of that city {is} still Beersheba, {which means “well of the oath/vow.”}” See how you translated “Beersheba” and its meaning in Gen 21:31. -26:34 xghn וַ⁠יְהִ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “Now Esau was 40 years old, and” or “When Esau was forty years old,” Consider again how you translated “a son of...years” in the book of Genesis. See 5:32; 11:10; 12:4; 16:16; 17:1, 17, 24-25; 25:20-21 and 26:34. +26:34 xghn וַ⁠יְהִ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “Now Esau was 40 years old, and” or “When Esau was forty years old,” Consider again how you translated “a son of … years” in the book of Genesis. See 5:32; 11:10; 12:4; 16:16; 17:1, 17, 24-25; 25:20-21 and 26:34. 26:34 wv0p וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ אֶת יְהוּדִ֔ית בַּת בְּאֵרִ֖י הַֽ⁠חִתִּ֑י וְ⁠אֶת בָּ֣שְׂמַ֔ת בַּת אֵילֹ֖ן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי 1 “he married {a woman named} Judith, {who was} the/a daughter of a Hittite {man} named Beeri, and {he also married} {a woman named} Basemath, {who was} the/a daughter of a Hittite {man} named Elon.” or “he married {two} Hittite women: Judith, whose father was Beeri, and Basemath, whose father was Elon.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that Basemath was Esau’s second wife, not Beeri’s wife. 26:35 hack rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּהְיֶ֖יןָ מֹ֣רַת ר֑וּחַ לְ⁠יִצְחָ֖ק וּ⁠לְ⁠רִבְקָֽה 1 “Those {foreign} women caused Isaac and Rebekah to be very distressed/upset.” or “Isaac and Rebekah were very distressed/upset that their son had married foreign women {rather than a woman from their own religion and people group}.” 27:1 omqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּֽי 1 “One day when” or “Now when”. The events in chapter 27 happened about 23 years after the end of chapter 26. Make sure your translation begins this verse in a way that fits with that fact. @@ -3549,7 +3541,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 27:38 pyp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר עֵשָׂ֜ו אֶל אָבִ֗י⁠ו 1 “But Esau continued to beg his father {and say/said},” or “But again Esau begged/pleaded/asked,” 27:38 k87o הַֽ⁠בְרָכָ֨ה אַחַ֤ת הִֽוא לְ⁠ךָ֙ אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “Father, isn’t there {just/even} one way that you can bless {me}?” or “Father, don’t you have at least one blessing left to give me?” It may be more natural to put “my father” or “Father” first in this quote. See what you did in verse 34. 27:38 ezef בָּרֲכֵ֥⁠נִי גַם אָ֖נִי אָבִ֑⁠י 1 “{Please} bless me too, father!” or “Father, {please} bless me too!” See how you translated this sentence in verse 34. -27:38 wtbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ 1 “Then/And Esau started sobbing/crying loudly.” See how you translated “lifted...voice and sobbed” in Gen 21:16. +27:38 wtbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ 1 “Then/And Esau started sobbing/crying loudly.” See how you translated “lifted … voice and sobbed” in Gen 21:16. 27:39 teeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּ֛עַן יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Finally/So his father Isaac responded/said to him,” or “His father replied,” 27:39 fckf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִנֵּ֞ה & יִהְיֶ֣ה מֽוֹשָׁבֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “Listen, you {and your descendants} will live”. What Isaac says in verses 39-40 applies to Esau and his descendants. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29. 27:39 ch9s מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good {for farming} and where there is not much rain.” (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile {for farming} and where there is {plenty of} dew/rain.” See how you translated “fatness of the earth” and “dew of the heavens” in verse 28. @@ -3659,7 +3651,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 28:18 rd51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּצֹ֥ק שֶׁ֖מֶן עַל רֹאשָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 “Then he poured {some} {olive} oil on top of the stone/pillar {to dedicate the place to God}.” In Bible times people poured olive oil on a person’s head or on objects (as here) to dedicate that person or object to God. Make sure that the way you translate “oil” does not refer to motor oil. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 28:19 p2h7 וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א אֶת שֵֽׁם הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא בֵּֽית אֵ֑ל 1 “He named that place Bethel, {which means “God’s house,”}” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Bethel” in Gen 12:8 and 13:3. 28:19 a944 וְ⁠אוּלָ֛ם ל֥וּז שֵׁם הָ⁠עִ֖יר לָ⁠רִאשֹׁנָֽה 1 “even though originally/previously that town was named/called Luz.” or “Originally/Previously the name of that town {had been} Luz.” Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. -28:20 rcyf וַ⁠יִּדַּ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב נֶ֣דֶר לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Then Jacob/he made a vow/pledge/promise {to God} and said,” See how you translated a clause that has a similar meaning (“swear to...”) in Gen 21:23, 31. +28:20 rcyf וַ⁠יִּדַּ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב נֶ֣דֶר לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Then Jacob/he made a vow/pledge/promise {to God} and said,” See how you translated a clause that has a similar meaning (“swear to …”) in Gen 21:23, 31. 28:20 rony rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אִם יִהְיֶ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים עִמָּדִ֗⁠י 1 “God, if {you,} will be/stay with me”. Since Jacob is making this vow to God, for some languages it is more natural to address God directly (as “you”) throughout verses 20-22, rather than only in the last half of verse 22 (as the Hebrew text does). Do what is best in your language. 28:20 lyjc וּ⁠שְׁמָרַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 “and protect/guard me” or “and take care of me”. See how you translated “watch over” in verse 15. 28:20 dopf בַּ⁠דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָנֹכִ֣י הוֹלֵ֔ךְ 1 “on/during this {long} journey I am taking” or “as I travel on this {long} journey”. The way you translate this phrase should reflect that fact that Jacob’s journey from his home to the city of Haran was about 725 kilometers (450 miles) long. @@ -3849,7 +3841,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 30:8 l04h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַפְתָּלִֽי 1 “Naphtali, {which means “my struggle/contest.”}” As always, if you include the meaning of a name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure that it matches the text that the name is based on. 30:9 am38 וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא לֵאָ֔ה כִּ֥י עָמְדָ֖ה מִ⁠לֶּ֑דֶת 1 “When Leah saw/realized that she had stopped bearing/having children,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 1. 30:9 nb9g וַ⁠תִּקַּח֙ אֶת זִלְפָּ֣ה שִׁפְחָתָ֔⁠הּ 1 “she took/brought her servant Zilpah {to Jacob}” -30:9 gepy וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “and gave her to Jacob/him as {his} wife.” or “and gave her to Jacob/him to be {another} wife {for him}.” See how you translated “gave...as a wife” in verse 4. +30:9 gepy וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “and gave her to Jacob/him as {his} wife.” or “and gave her to Jacob/him to be {another} wife {for him}.” See how you translated “gave … as a wife” in verse 4. 30:10 izmk וַ⁠תֵּ֗לֶד זִלְפָּ֛ה שִׁפְחַ֥ת לֵאָ֖ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֥ב בֵּֽן 1 “Then Leah’s maidservant Zilpah gave birth to a son for Jacob,” or “Then Zilpah had a son for Jacob,” See how you translated verses 5-8, which are very similar in structure to verses 10-13. 30:11 venl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לֵאָ֖ה 1 “and Leah exclaimed,” 30:11 jeoa ב⁠גד 1 “What good luck!” or “I am so/very fortunate/lucky!” @@ -3861,7 +3853,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 30:13 d2t9 כִּ֥י אִשְּׁר֖וּ⁠נִי בָּנ֑וֹת 1 “Now {other} women will say that I am blessed {by God}.” or “Now {other} women will say that {God} has blessed me.” 30:13 lfbr וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “So she called/named him” or “So she named that son” or “So she gave him the name” 30:13 cadj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אָשֵֽׁר 1 “Asher, {which means “blessed.”}” If you include the meaning of Asher’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translated “blessed” earlier in this verse. -30:14 c2j2 וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ רְאוּבֵ֜ן בִּ⁠ימֵ֣י קְצִיר־חִטִּ֗ים 1 “Then {one day} during the season/time when people were harvesting wheat/grain/crops, {Leah’s son} Reuben went out” or “{One day} during...” Wheat is a type of grain that is ground into flour to make bread, which was one of the people’s main foods. The harvest time for wheat in that part of the world is in March and April. +30:14 c2j2 וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ רְאוּבֵ֜ן בִּ⁠ימֵ֣י קְצִיר־חִטִּ֗ים 1 “Then {one day} during the season/time when people were harvesting wheat/grain/crops, {Leah’s son} Reuben went out” or “{One day} during …” Wheat is a type of grain that is ground into flour to make bread, which was one of the people’s main foods. The harvest time for wheat in that part of the world is in March and April. 30:14 jiwp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֤א דֽוּדָאִים֙ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה 1 “and found {some} {fertility/love plants called} mandrakes in a field,” or “in a field and found {some} fertility/love plants {there},” The roots of mandrake plants were used to help people be more fertile. If mandrakes are not known in your language area, you could describe them as a kind of fertility plant. You could also put information about mandrakes in a footnote or glossary. 30:14 b7ad וַ⁠יָּבֵ֣א אֹתָ֔⁠ם אֶל לֵאָ֖ה אִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and he took/gave them to his mother.” or “and he took/gave the plants to his mother.” 30:14 qnic וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר רָחֵל֙ אֶל לֵאָ֔ה 1 “{When Rachel found out about the plants,} she asked/begged Leah,” @@ -4003,7 +3995,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 31:5 zcua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֗ן 1 “{When they arrived,} he said to them,” or “{There} he told them,” Consider whether in your language it is necessary to make explicit that Rachel and Leah had come to Jacob before he spoke to them. 31:5 vjha רֹאֶ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ 1 “I have noticed” 31:5 gsb5 אֶת פְּנֵ֣י אֲבִי⁠כֶ֔ן כִּֽי אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֵלַ֖⁠י כִּ⁠תְמֹ֣ל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם 1 “that your father no longer looks at me in a kind/friendly way as/like he did in the past,” or “that your father is no longer pleased/happy with me as/like he was previously/before,” or “that your father no longer acts friendly toward me the way he used to previously/before,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. -31:5 hvoc וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “but my father’s God” or “but the God whom my father serves/worships” or “but the God {who takes care} of my father”. See how you translated “the God of...” in Gen 28:13. +31:5 hvoc וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “but my father’s God” or “but the God whom my father serves/worships” or “but the God {who takes care} of my father”. See how you translated “the God of …” in Gen 28:13. 31:5 ocbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָיָ֖ה עִמָּדִֽ⁠י 1 “has stayed with me {and has helped/blessed me}.” See how you translated the idiom “be with you” in verse 3. 31:6 qxli rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וְ⁠אַתֵּ֖נָה יְדַעְתֶּ֑ן 1 “You {both} know”. In the Hebrew text, “you” is an emphatic pronoun. Also, some languages have a special dual pronoun that fits here well. Do what is best in your language. 31:6 pvt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֚י בְּ⁠כָל כֹּחִ֔⁠י עָבַ֖דְתִּי אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶֽן 1 “that I have tried as hard as I can to serve your father well,” or “how I have worked for your father as hard/faithfully as I could,” Consider where it is best in your language to position the phrase “with all my might” in this clause. @@ -4026,7 +4018,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 31:10 nw40 יַחֵ֣ם הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן 1 “that/when the female sheep and goats were in heat,” or “that/when the flock{s} {of sheep and goats} were mating/breeding,” 31:10 dbn3 וָ⁠אֶשָּׂ֥א עֵינַ֛⁠י וָ⁠אֵ֖רֶא בַּ⁠חֲל֑וֹם וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה 1 “I had a dream and {in the dream} I looked around and saw/noticed that” or “I had a dream. {In the dream} I looked around and was surprised to see that”. The word “behold” emphasizes what Jacob saw and might also express that he was surprised at what he saw. 31:10 un5t הָֽ⁠עַתֻּדִים֙ הָ⁠עֹלִ֣ים עַל הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן 1 “the {only} male goats {and sheep} that were mating with the female goats {and sheep}”. Some languages have special terms for male and female goats or sheep. For example, billy goats and nanny goats (for male and female goats) and rams and ewes (for male and female sheep). Choose terms in your language that are natural and well-known. -31:10 gcp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עֲקֻדִּ֥ים נְקֻדִּ֖ים וּ⁠בְרֻדִּֽים 1 “{were} streaked/striped, speckled, or blotched.” or “had a streaked/striped, speckled, or spotted/blotched pattern {in/on their fur/hair}.” It may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “...saw that the male goats {and sheep} that were streaked, speckled, and spotted were the {only} ones that were mating with the female goats {and sheep}.” Do what is best in your language. +31:10 gcp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עֲקֻדִּ֥ים נְקֻדִּ֖ים וּ⁠בְרֻדִּֽים 1 “{were} streaked/striped, speckled, or blotched.” or “had a streaked/striped, speckled, or spotted/blotched pattern {in/on their fur/hair}.” It may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “… saw that the male goats {and sheep} that were streaked, speckled, and spotted were the {only} ones that were mating with the female goats {and sheep}.” Do what is best in your language. 31:11 ttd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֵלַ֜⁠י מַלְאַ֧ךְ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים בַּ⁠חֲל֖וֹם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Then/And an angel from God called to me in the dream {and said}, ‘Jacob!’ ” or “Then in the dream, one of God’s angels said/called to me, ‘Jacob!’ ” In some languages it is more natural to put “in the dream” earlier in this clause. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “an angel of God” in Gen 21:17. 31:11 l29s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וָ⁠אֹמַ֖ר 1 “and I answered/responded,” 31:11 my6h הִנֵּֽנִ⁠י 1 “Here I am!” or “Yes, {Lord/sir}?” or “Yes, I am listening.” See how you translated this phrase in Gen 22:1 and 27:11. @@ -4228,7 +4220,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 32:5 noe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַֽ⁠יְהִי לִ⁠י֙ 1 “I {now} have/own” or “Also {tell him that} I have/own”. Consider whether it is more natural to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language. 32:5 n5iq שׁ֣וֹר וַ⁠חֲמ֔וֹר צֹ֖אן 1 “{many} cattle, donkeys, and flocks {of sheep and goats},” See how you translated “donkeys” and “flocks” in Gen 12:16. 32:5 axuo וְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד וְ⁠שִׁפְחָ֑ה 1 “as well as {many} male/men and female/women slaves/servants.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 12:16. -32:5 ilz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics וָֽ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ⁠ה֙ לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “I have sent this message to {you,} sir,” or “Sir, I sent these messengers to you,” If you use indirect quotes in this section, make sure each part fits with the other parts, especially in your choice of pronouns. It is helpful if you read your translation aloud to check for accuracy and naturalness. Alternate translation: “Also {tell him that} I have/own...., and that the reason I sent messengers to him is that I want to serve him and I hope I will find favor in his eyes.” +32:5 ilz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics וָֽ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ⁠ה֙ לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י 1 “I have sent this message to {you,} sir,” or “Sir, I sent these messengers to you,” If you use indirect quotes in this section, make sure each part fits with the other parts, especially in your choice of pronouns. It is helpful if you read your translation aloud to check for accuracy and naturalness. Alternate translation: “Also {tell him that} I have/own … and that the reason I sent messengers to him is that I want to serve him and I hope I will find favor in his eyes.” 32:5 fagg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠מְצֹא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 “hoping that you will be gracious/kind {to me} {when I arrive}.” or “so that {when we see/meet each other} you will be pleased with me {and welcome me}.” See how you translated the idiom “found favor in your eyes” in Gen 30:27. 32:6 k922 וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֨בוּ֙ הַ⁠מַּלְאָכִ֔ים אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 “{After the messengers delivered the/Jacob’s message,} they returned to Jacob/him” or “{Jacob’s messengers delivered his message,} then they came back to him” 32:6 dzpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “and said/reported {to him},” or “and informed {him},” @@ -4343,9 +4335,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 33:3 ges4 וְ⁠ה֖וּא עָבַ֣ר לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “Then Jacob himself went/walked ahead of them {all} {toward his brother},” or “Then he/Jacob started going/walking {toward his brother} ahead of them {all},” 33:3 d6w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֤חוּ אַ֨רְצָ⁠ה֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֔ים עַד גִּשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ עַד אָחִֽי⁠ו 1 “and he bowed {with his face} to the ground seven times {to show respect} as he went/got closer to him/Esau.” or “As he approached him/Esau, he prostrated himself {with his face} to the ground seven times {to show respect}.” See how you translated “bow down” in Gen 27:29. 33:4 unbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ עֵשָׂ֤ו לִ⁠קְרָאת⁠וֹ֙ וַֽ⁠יְחַבְּקֵ֔⁠הוּ 1 “But Esau ran to greet Jacob and hugged him”. This sentence shows a contrast between what Jacob was expecting and what actually happened. -33:4 tp65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל עַל צַוָּארָ֖⁠ו וַׄ⁠יִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄ⁠הׄוּׄ 1 “and he threw/put his arms around his neck/shoulders and kissed him,” or “He held him/Jacob tightly and kissed him {on the cheek/cheeks},” See how you translated “hugged him...and kissed him {on the cheek/cheeks}” in Gen 29:13. Make sure that the way you translate “fell on his neck” does not imply that Esau accidentally fell. Rather, this is an idiom that means he embraced Jacob warmly, with much emotion. +33:4 tp65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל עַל צַוָּארָ֖⁠ו וַׄ⁠יִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄ⁠הׄוּׄ 1 “and he threw/put his arms around his neck/shoulders and kissed him,” or “He held him/Jacob tightly and kissed him {on the cheek/cheeks},” See how you translated “hugged him … and kissed him {on the cheek/cheeks}” in Gen 29:13. Make sure that the way you translate “fell on his neck” does not imply that Esau accidentally fell. Rather, this is an idiom that means he embraced Jacob warmly, with much emotion. 33:4 nnax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וַ⁠יִּבְכּֽוּ 1 “and/as they {both} cried {for joy}.” or “Both of them cried {because they were so happy to see each other again}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, some languages have a dual pronoun for “they” that could be used here. Do what is best in your language. -33:5 xxbt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א אֶת עֵינָ֗י⁠ו 1 “Then Esau looked up/ahead”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted...eyes” in verse 1 and Gen 31:10. It may be necessary to translate this idiom in different ways, depending on the context. +33:5 xxbt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א אֶת עֵינָ֗י⁠ו 1 “Then Esau looked up/ahead”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in verse 1 and Gen 31:10. It may be necessary to translate this idiom in different ways, depending on the context. 33:5 bmzl וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא אֶת הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יְלָדִ֔ים 1 “and saw/noticed the women and children {who were there} {with/behind Jacob},” 33:5 oav9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “so he asked {him/Jacob},” 33:5 isdl מִי אֵ֣לֶּה לָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Who {are} these {people}? {Do they belong} to you?” or “How are these people related to you?” Esau wants to know if these people are Jacob’s family members or his servants or someone else; he is not asking what their names are. @@ -4363,7 +4355,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 33:8 cte9 כָּל הַ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה 1 “all those groups/herds {of livestock/animals}” 33:8 td8k אֲשֶׁ֣ר פָּגָ֑שְׁתִּי 1 “that I encountered/saw {on my way here}?” or “that came to me {on my way here}?” 33:8 gyh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 2 “Jacob said {to him},” or “Jacob answered {him},” -33:8 ag25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠מְצֹא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י 1 “{I sent them} so that you would be gracious/kind to me, sir.” or “{They are gifts for you} so that you would be pleased with me, sir.” See how you translated “my lord” and the idiom “find favor in...eyes” in Gen 32:5. +33:8 ag25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠מְצֹא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י 1 “{I sent them} so that you would be gracious/kind to me, sir.” or “{They are gifts for you} so that you would be pleased with me, sir.” See how you translated “my lord” and the idiom “find favor in … eyes” in Gen 32:5. 33:9 b7wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 “But Esau replied,” or “Esau said/replied {to him},” What Esau says is in contrast to what Jacob said, but it may not be necessary to use a conjunction here at all. Do what is best in your language. 33:9 mkk0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יֶשׁ לִ֣⁠י רָ֑ב אָחִ֕⁠י 1 “My brother, I {already} have/own enough {livestock/animals}”. For some languages it is more natural to put the address “my brother” first in this quote. Some languages also have a special term for “younger brother” that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 33:9 hmaj יְהִ֥י לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֲשֶׁר לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 “Keep what you have/own for yourself.” or “{so} keep your livestock/animals for yourself.” or “{so} keep them for yourself.” @@ -4431,7 +4423,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 34:7 celp וּ⁠בְנֵ֨י יַעֲקֹ֜ב בָּ֤אוּ מִן הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙ 1 “Then/Soon Jacob’s sons came/returned {home} from the fields.” 34:7 ydmu כְּ⁠שָׁמְעָ֔⁠ם 1 “When they heard {what had happened},” or “When they heard {that Shechem had raped their sister},” Many translations put “when they heard” with the previous sentence. However, unless someone else told Jacob’s sons the news of what happened, that interpretation contradicts verse 5, which says that Jacob kept quiet about it until his sons got home. 34:7 cnrm וַ⁠יִּֽתְעַצְּבוּ֙ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים 1 “they were {very} distressed/shocked”. See how you translated “grieved” in Gen 6:6. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. -34:7 m7g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹ֑ד 1 “and filled with anger,” or “and extremely angry”. See how you translated the idiom “it/anger burned within...” in Gen 32:36. +34:7 m7g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹ֑ד 1 “and filled with anger,” or “and extremely angry”. See how you translated the idiom “it/anger burned within …” in Gen 32:36. 34:7 csph כִּֽי נְבָלָ֞ה עָשָׂ֣ה בְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 “because/that Shechem had disgraced/dishonored {the people/family of} Israel” or “because/that Shechem had brought shame on Israel’s family”. Notice that the Hebrew text has both of Jacob’s names in verse 7, “Jacob” and “Israel”, to emphasize that Shechem had sinned against Jacob and all of his descendants (the people of Israel). You could put that information in a footnote. Make sure that your translation of “Israel” does not refer here to a place, since Israel was not yet a country or a territory. 34:7 e6q9 לִ⁠שְׁכַּב֙ אֶת בַּֽת יַעֲקֹ֔ב 1 “by having sexual relations with Jacob’s daughter.” or “by raping Jacob’s daughter.” 34:7 wf5f וְ⁠כֵ֖ן לֹ֥א יֵעָשֶֽׂה 1 “Such a {wicked/terrible} thing should never be done {by anyone}!” or “No one should ever do such a {wicked/horrible} thing/crime!” @@ -4444,7 +4436,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 34:10 x3fi וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם שְׁבוּ֙ וּ⁠סְחָר֔וּ⁠הָ 1 “The land is available for you {to choose what you want}; settle/live {in it} {wherever you want}. You can {also} trade {freely} here,” or “You can settle/live {wherever you want} in the land. You can also do business buying and selling things {wherever you want},” Normally foreigners were not allowed to own land or to move around in the land to trade freely. So that is why Hamor is offering this in exchange for Jacob allowing his family to intermarry with the Hivites. 34:10 b00z וְ⁠הֵֽאָחֲז֖וּ בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 “and you can buy/own {your own} {property/land}.” 34:11 cmfm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר שְׁכֶם֙ אֶל אָבִ֣י⁠ה וְ⁠אֶל אַחֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 “Then Shechem said to Dinah’s father and brothers,” -34:11 i9w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “{Please} be gracious/kind to me {and let me marry her/Dinah},” See how you translated the idiom “Let me find favor in the eyes of...” in Gen 33:15. +34:11 i9w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “{Please} be gracious/kind to me {and let me marry her/Dinah},” See how you translated the idiom “Let me find favor in the eyes of …” in Gen 33:15. 34:11 mqgb וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֹּאמְר֛וּ אֵלַ֖⁠י אֶתֵּֽן 1 “Then I will give/pay {you} whatever you request/require/ask from me {for her}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 34:12 l9mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַרְבּ֨וּ עָלַ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ מֹ֣הַר וּ⁠מַתָּ֔ן 1 “Set the dowry/bride-price and {marriage/wedding} gifts {that I must pay} {to marry her} as high as you want,” The “dowry” was the payment that a groom (and his family) had to give to the bride’s family, which could include things like money, land and livestock. The term “gift” probably refers to additional gifts given to the bride and her family members (as in Gen 24:53). If the custom of paying a dowry is not known in your culture, you could include an explanation in a footnote. 34:12 zoy5 וְ⁠אֶ֨תְּנָ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֹּאמְר֖וּ אֵלָ֑⁠י 1 “and I will give/pay {you} whatever you request/ask/require from me.” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 11. @@ -4458,12 +4450,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 34:15 xfgc אַךְ בְּ⁠זֹ֖את נֵא֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “The only way that we will/can agree with your proposal {is}” or “We will/can do what you want/ask only if you do this one thing:” 34:15 u2iz אִ֚ם תִּהְי֣וּ כָמֹ֔⁠נוּ 1 “if {first} you {and your people} become like us” or “You {and your people} must {first} become like us” 34:15 w4wh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms לְ⁠הִמֹּ֥ל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר 1 “by circumcising all your males.” See how you translated “circumcised” in Gen 17:10. -34:16 i0ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠נָתַ֤נּוּ אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם נִֽקַּֽח לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 “Then we will let our daughters marry your {young men}, and our {young men} will marry your daughters.” or “{If/After you do that,} then we will allow your {young men} to marry our daughters, and {we will allow} your daughters to marry our {young men}.” The pronouns “we”, “our” and “us” are exclusive in verses 14-17, except at the end of verse 16 below. Also see how you translated “give...daughters...take...daughters...” in verse 9. +34:16 i0ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠נָתַ֤נּוּ אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם נִֽקַּֽח לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 “Then we will let our daughters marry your {young men}, and our {young men} will marry your daughters.” or “{If/After you do that,} then we will allow your {young men} to marry our daughters, and {we will allow} your daughters to marry our {young men}.” The pronouns “we”, “our” and “us” are exclusive in verses 14-17, except at the end of verse 16 below. Also see how you translated “give … daughters … take … daughters …” in verse 9. 34:16 v17p וְ⁠יָשַׁ֣בְנוּ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “We will {also} settle/live among you {in this land},” See how you translated “settle with” in verse 10. 34:16 ijuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וְ⁠הָיִ֖ינוּ לְ⁠עַ֥ם אֶחָֽד 1 “so that we become one people group.” or “and as a result we will {all} be/become one people/ethnic group.” Here the “we” is inclusive because Jacob’s sons are including Shechem and Hamor’s people. If you have an inclusive form of this pronoun in your language, you could use it here. 34:17 p6xy וְ⁠אִם לֹ֧א תִשְׁמְע֛וּ אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הִמּ֑וֹל 1 “But/However if you refuse to agree with our requirement that you circumcise {your people/males},” or “But if you will/do not circumcise {your males} as we require/say,” 34:17 o476 וְ⁠לָקַ֥חְנוּ אֶת בִּתֵּ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠הָלָֽכְנוּ 1 “then we will take our {father’s/family’s} daughter {from you} and go/move {somewhere else}.” or “then we will leave and take our sister with us.” The phrase “our daughter” reflects the fact that Jacob’s sons are using their father’s perspective and authority here. If that is confusing, you could say “our sister” instead. See how you translated “our {family’s} daughter” in verse 8. -34:18 jvuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּֽיטְב֥וּ דִבְרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י חֲמ֑וֹר וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שְׁכֶ֥ם בֶּן חֲמֽוֹר 1 “What Jacob’s sons said/proposed seemed good to Hamor and his son Shechem.” or “Hamor and his son Shechem were pleased {and agreed to do} what Jacob’s sons said/proposed.” See how you translated the idiom “good in...eyes” in Gen 19:8. It may need to be translated in different ways, depending on the context. +34:18 jvuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּֽיטְב֥וּ דִבְרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י חֲמ֑וֹר וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שְׁכֶ֥ם בֶּן חֲמֽוֹר 1 “What Jacob’s sons said/proposed seemed good to Hamor and his son Shechem.” or “Hamor and his son Shechem were pleased {and agreed to do} what Jacob’s sons said/proposed.” See how you translated the idiom “good in … eyes” in Gen 19:8. It may need to be translated in different ways, depending on the context. 34:19 hx5y וְ⁠לֹֽא אֵחַ֤ר הַ⁠נַּ֨עַר֙ 1 “So Shechem immediately started” or “So right away Shechem took action” 34:19 xq4h לַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וֹת הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר 1 “to do/fulfill what they required/proposed,” or “to do/fulfill their requirement,” 34:19 dw3y כִּ֥י חָפֵ֖ץ בְּ⁠בַֽת יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “because he was thrilled with Jacob’s daughter {Dinah}.” or “because he was deeply/completely in love with Jacob’s daughter {Dinah}.” @@ -4477,7 +4469,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 34:21 p1ah אֶת בְּנֹתָ⁠ם֙ נִקַּֽח לָ֣⁠נוּ לְ⁠נָשִׁ֔ים וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ נִתֵּ֥ן לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “{That way too,} we can take/choose their daughters to be {our} wives, and we can let their {young} men marry our daughters.” or “{Besides that,} {then} our {young men} can marry their daughters, and their {young men} can marry our daughters.” See how you translated similar clauses in verses 9 and 16. It may be necessary to translate these in different ways, depending on the context. 34:22 hf95 אַךְ בְּ֠⁠זֹאת יֵאֹ֨תוּ לָ֤⁠נוּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת אִתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 “There is just one thing/condition/requirement: They will only agree to settle/live among us” or “But they will only consent/agree to settle/live among us”. See how you began verse 15, which is very similar to verse 22. 34:22 r3ez לִ⁠הְי֖וֹת לְ⁠עַ֣ם אֶחָ֑ד 1 “and become one people group {with us}”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 16. -34:22 yesq בְּ⁠הִמּ֥וֹל לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ כָּל זָכָ֔ר 1 “if all our males are circumcised” or “if we circumcise all our males”. See how you translated “every male among...circumcised” in verse 15. +34:22 yesq בְּ⁠הִמּ֥וֹל לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ כָּל זָכָ֔ר 1 “if all our males are circumcised” or “if we circumcise all our males”. See how you translated “every male among … circumcised” in verse 15. 34:22 kv8j כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר הֵ֥ם נִמֹּלִֽים 1 “as their males are.” or “so that we are like them.” 34:23 w2up מִקְנֵ⁠הֶ֤ם וְ⁠קִנְיָנָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠כָל בְּהֶמְתָּ֔⁠ם 1 “{Then} all their livestock and animals, and {all} their {other} property/possessions” or “{But if we do that,} {all} their property/possessions, {including} their livestock and all their {other} animals” 34:23 bstj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא לָ֖⁠נוּ הֵ֑ם 1 “will belong to us!” or “will be ours!” This rhetorical question emphasizes that all of Jacob’s livestock and property will belong to the people of Shechem. If a rhetorical question does not fit here in your language, you could make this a statement. @@ -4556,7 +4548,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 35:8 iar1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַלּ֥וֹן בָּכֽוּת 1 “Allon Bacuth, {which means “oak tree of weeping/mourning.”}” or “Allon Bacuth, {which means “oak tree where people mourn.”}” If you include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote, make sure it fits with how you translated “oak tree” in the previous sentence. 35:9 tchm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יֵּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֶֽל יַעֲקֹב֙ ע֔וֹד בְּ⁠בֹא֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠פַּדַּ֣ן אֲרָ֑ם 1 “Now that Jacob had come/returned from {the land/region of} Paddan Aram, God appeared to him {at Bethel} again” or “Now that Jacob had come/returned {to Bethel} from {the land/region of} Paddan Aram, God appeared to him {there} again” 35:9 w0t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠יְבָ֖רֶךְ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and blessed him” or “and showed his goodness/kindness toward him” or “God blessed him”. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. -35:10 q9rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּֽאמֶר ל֥⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “and said to him,” or “by saying to him,” What God says to Jacob in verses 10-12 is the blessing. So make sure your translation of “blessed” (verse 9) and “said” (verse 10) refers to the same event, not two separate events. See how you translated “blessed...and said” in Gen 1:28. +35:10 q9rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּֽאמֶר ל֥⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “and said to him,” or “by saying to him,” What God says to Jacob in verses 10-12 is the blessing. So make sure your translation of “blessed” (verse 9) and “said” (verse 10) refers to the same event, not two separate events. See how you translated “blessed … and said” in Gen 1:28. 35:10 bpj9 שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֣ יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “{Although} your name {has been} Jacob,” Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like God was telling Jacob something he did not know. 35:10 qyzi לֹֽא יִקָּרֵא֩ שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֨ ע֜וֹד יַעֲקֹ֗ב 1 “that will no longer be your {only} name,” or “it will no longer be Jacob/that,” Notice that Jacob is referred to by both of his names in this chapter (“Jacob” in verses 11-20, 22-29; “Israel” in verses 10 and 21). You could put that information in a footnote. Also see how you translated this clause in Gen 32:28, and see the note about Jacob’s names there. 35:10 nvm1 כִּ֤י אִם יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “Rather, your name will {also} be Israel!” or “Rather, you will {also} have the name Israel!” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -4571,7 +4563,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 35:13 jeht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל מֵ⁠עָלָ֖י⁠ו אֱלֹהִ֑ים בַּ⁠מָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “Then God left Jacob there where he had been speaking/talking to him.” or “After God finished talking to Jacob, he left him there and went up {to heaven}.” See how you translated “went up from” in Gen 17:22. 35:14 apyn וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֨ב יַעֲקֹ֜ב מַצֵּבָ֗ה 1 “Then Jacob set/stood a {large} stone up {on its end}” or “Then Jacob took/chose a {large} stone {that was there} and set/stood it up {on its end}”. See how you translated a similar passage in Gen 28:18 about Jacob setting up a memorial stone pillar. 35:14 vufy בַּ⁠מָּק֛וֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מַצֶּ֣בֶת אָ֑בֶן 1 “at the place where God had spoken/talked to him, to mark the place {as special}.” or “as a memorial stone to remember the place where God had spoken/talked to him.” -35:14 bs34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יַּסֵּ֤ךְ עָלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ נֶ֔סֶךְ וַ⁠יִּצֹ֥ק עָלֶ֖י⁠הָ שָֽׁמֶן 1 “Then he poured some wine and some {olive} oil on the stone pillar/marker {to thank God and dedicate the place to him}.” A drink offering was probably wine that Jacob poured on the stone as a sacrifice to God, to worship and thank him. See how you translated “poured oil on...” in Gen 28:18. +35:14 bs34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יַּסֵּ֤ךְ עָלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ נֶ֔סֶךְ וַ⁠יִּצֹ֥ק עָלֶ֖י⁠הָ שָֽׁמֶן 1 “Then he poured some wine and some {olive} oil on the stone pillar/marker {to thank God and dedicate the place to him}.” A drink offering was probably wine that Jacob poured on the stone as a sacrifice to God, to worship and thank him. See how you translated “poured oil on …” in Gen 28:18. 35:15 r8mu וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב אֶת שֵׁ֣ם הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבֶּ֨ר אִתּ֥⁠וֹ שָׁ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בֵּֽית אֵֽל 1 “Then Jacob called/named that place Bethel, {which means “house of God,”} because God had spoken/talked to him there.” or “Since God had spoken/talked to Jacob at that place, Jacob named it Bethel, {which means “God’s house.”}” See how you translated “called the name of that place Bethel” in Gen 28:19. 35:16 zgdt וַ⁠יִּסְעוּ֙ מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אֵ֔ל 1 “Then they left {the town of} Bethel” or “Later Jacob and his family moved on from {the town of} Bethel”. Be consistent here with how you spelled “Bethel” throughout the book of Genesis, and whether you refer to it as a town or a city. See Gen 12:8; 13:3; 28:19; 31:13; 35:1, 3, 7, 15, 16. 35:16 pluk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַֽ⁠יְהִי ע֥וֹד כִּבְרַת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לָ⁠ב֣וֹא אֶפְרָ֑תָה 1 “and started {heading} toward {the town of} Ephrath. But while they were still a distance away from there,” or “and headed for {the town of} Ephrath. While they were still some distance from there,” The phrase “a distance of land” is very general, but your translation should not make it sound like the distance was too far, because Rachel’s grave is about two kilometers (one mile) from Ephrath (Bethlehem). @@ -4619,7 +4611,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 35:29 e7q5 וַ⁠יֵּאָ֣סֶף אֶל 1 “and he was gathered/taken {by God} to be with” or “and {God} took his spirit to be with” or “and he joined”. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 25:8 and 17. 35:29 hm56 עַמָּ֔י⁠ו 1 “his ancestors/relatives {who had already died}.” or “his ancestors/relatives {who had gone/died before him}.” or “his {deceased} ancestors/relatives.” 35:29 csuc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure זָקֵ֖ן וּ⁠שְׂבַ֣ע יָמִ֑ים 1 “after living a long, full life.” or “{He was} very old and had lived a long, full life.” For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “Then, after living a long, full life, he breathed/took his {last} breath, died and joined his ancestors/relatives {who had died before him}.” Do what is best in your language. -35:29 wmi4 וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ עֵשָׂ֥ו וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב בָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 “Then his sons Esau and Jacob buried his body.” See how you translated “his sons...buried him” in Gen 25:9. +35:29 wmi4 וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ עֵשָׂ֥ו וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב בָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 “Then his sons Esau and Jacob buried his body.” See how you translated “his sons … buried him” in Gen 25:9. 36:1 mor4 וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תֹּלְד֥וֹת עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 “Now this is the genealogy/family-line of Esau,” or “These/Here are the descendants of Esau,” or “Here {is} the/a record/history about the descendants/family of Esau,” See how you translated “the generations of” in 25:12, 19. 36:1 r16h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֥וּא אֱדֽוֹם 1 “who {was also called} Edom.” or “that is, Edom.” or “whose {name} was {also} Edom.” The name Edom means “red” and is the nickname that Esau got for trading his birthright to Jacob for some reddish-colored stew (Genesis~25:29-34). The region of Edom and the Edomites were named after Esau, which is probably why this chapter repeatedly mentions that Esau is Edom. 36:2 guw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵשָׂ֛ו לָקַ֥ח אֶת נָשָׁ֖י⁠ו מִ⁠בְּנ֣וֹת כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “Esau had chosen {two of his} wives from {among} the Canaanite women:” or “Esau had married {two} Canaanite women” or “Esau had married {two} women who were descendants of Canaan”. Only the first two wives mentioned in this chapter were Canaanites; see the comment about Basemath at verse 3. The Canaanites were the descendants of Noah’s grandson Canaan (Ham’s son) and included the Hittites and Hivites (verse 2; Genesis 10:15-18) and several other people groups. You could put some of that information in a footnote. @@ -4639,11 +4631,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 36:6 dk3y וְ⁠אֶת כָּל נַפְשׁ֣וֹת בֵּית⁠וֹ֒ 1 “and all the {other} members of his household,” This phrase refers to other relatives (besides Esau’s wife and children), as well as servants or slaves who lived with him. 36:6 r7h5 וְ⁠אֶת מִקְנֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אֶת כָּל בְּהֶמְתּ֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל קִנְיָנ֔⁠וֹ 1 “as well as his livestock and all {the rest of} his animals and all the {other} possessions/belongings” 36:6 agv2 אֲשֶׁ֥ר רָכַ֖שׁ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “that he had gotten/accumulated {while they lived} in the land/region of Canaan,” See how you translated “acquired” and “land of Canaan” in Gen 12:5 and 31:18. -36:6 efkm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אֶל אֶ֔רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יַעֲקֹ֥ב אָחִֽי⁠ו 1 “and he moved to an area/region {that was} away from his brother Jacob.” or “and he moved/traveled to a {different} region {and settled there,} away from where his brother Jacob was living.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Then/Later Esau moved to a land {that was} away from his brother Jacob. He took {with him} his wives....” Do what is best in your language. +36:6 efkm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אֶל אֶ֔רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יַעֲקֹ֥ב אָחִֽי⁠ו 1 “and he moved to an area/region {that was} away from his brother Jacob.” or “and he moved/traveled to a {different} region {and settled there,} away from where his brother Jacob was living.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Then/Later Esau moved to a land {that was} away from his brother Jacob. He took {with him} his wives …” Do what is best in your language. 36:7 pq8b כִּֽי 1 “{He/Esau did that} because” or “The reason {he/Esau moved away} is that” 36:7 keey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הָיָ֧ה רְכוּשָׁ֛⁠ם רָ֖ב מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣בֶת יַחְדָּ֑ו 1 “he and Jacob {both} owned so many possessions/livestock that they could no longer live near each other.” or “they {both} owned so many livestock/animals that they could not live together {in the same area/region}.” The phrase “their possessions” is general, but here it refers primarily to livestock. Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to both Esau and Jacob’s livestock, not just Esau’s. 36:7 zea4 אֶ֤רֶץ מְגֽוּרֵי⁠הֶם֙ 1 “The land where they were staying/living”. See how you translated Gen 13:6, which is similar in content to this verse. -36:7 ul7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וְ⁠לֹ֨א יָֽכְלָ֜ה & לָ⁠שֵׂ֣את אֹתָ֔⁠ם מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י מִקְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “was {just} not big enough to support/feed them {all} because they owned/had so many livestock/animals.” or “did not have enough grazing areas {or water} to support/feed all the livestock/animals that both families owned/had.” For some languages it is necessary to switch the order of verses 6 and 7, and say, “After a while, Esau and Jacob had so many animals and other possessions that the land was not able to support both their families. So Esau took his wives...” If you do this in your translation, you should label these verses as “6-7”. +36:7 ul7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וְ⁠לֹ֨א יָֽכְלָ֜ה & לָ⁠שֵׂ֣את אֹתָ֔⁠ם מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י מִקְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “was {just} not big enough to support/feed them {all} because they owned/had so many livestock/animals.” or “did not have enough grazing areas {or water} to support/feed all the livestock/animals that both families owned/had.” For some languages it is necessary to switch the order of verses 6 and 7, and say, “After a while, Esau and Jacob had so many animals and other possessions that the land was not able to support both their families. So Esau took his wives …” If you do this in your translation, you should label these verses as “6-7”. 36:8 lcin וַ⁠יֵּ֤שֶׁב עֵשָׂו֙ 1 “That is why/how Esau {and his family}” or “That is the reason Esau {took his family and}” 36:8 hjo1 בְּ⁠הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר 1 “moved to the hill-country in {the land/region of} Seir.” or “went to live in the Seir Mountains.” or “ended up living in the Seir Mountains.” Esau had already been living in the region of Seir (Genesis 32:3, 33:16). Here he moves to the part of that region that had mountains. To make that clear, you could put that information in a footnote. 36:8 z9jc עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 “{That is the record/history about} Esau,” @@ -4665,7 +4657,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 36:13 u8u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָשְׂמַ֖ת אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו 1 “Esau’s wife Basemath.” or “{Esau and} his wife Basemath.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that Basemath’s grandsons were also Esau’s grandsons. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 12. 36:14 bjd3 וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה הָי֗וּ בְּנֵ֨י אָהֳלִיבָמָ֧ה & אֵ֣שֶׁת עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 “These/Here are the sons that Esau had with his wife Oholibamah,” 36:14 v1bu בַת עֲנָ֛ה בַּת צִבְע֖וֹן 1 “{who was} Anah’s daughter {and} Zibeon’s granddaughter:” or “whose father was Anah and whose grandfather was Zibeon:” See how you translated these phrases in verse 2. -36:14 wqql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו אֶת יעיש וְ⁠אֶת יַעְלָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת קֹֽרַח 1 “{Their sons’ names were} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” or “She/They had sons {whom they named} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Esau and his wife Oholibamah had sons {whom they named} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. {Oholibamah was} the daughter of Anah {and} the granddaughter of Zibeon.” or “The sons that Oholibamah had with Esau were Jesush, Jalam, and Korah. {She was} the daughter of...” Do what is best in your language. +36:14 wqql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו אֶת יעיש וְ⁠אֶת יַעְלָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת קֹֽרַח 1 “{Their sons’ names were} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” or “She/They had sons {whom they named} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Esau and his wife Oholibamah had sons {whom they named} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. {Oholibamah was} the daughter of Anah {and} the granddaughter of Zibeon.” or “The sons that Oholibamah had with Esau were Jesush, Jalam, and Korah. {She was} the daughter of …” Do what is best in your language. 36:15 lses אֵ֖לֶּה 1 “Here {is} {a record/list of}” or “The following {are/were}” 36:15 ii05 אַלּוּפֵ֣י בְנֵֽי עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 “Esau’s descendants/grandsons {who became} chiefs:” or “{the names of} the clan/tribal leaders of/for Esau’s descendants:” 36:15 bwdy בְּנֵ֤י אֱלִיפַז֙ בְּכ֣וֹר עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 “The sons of Esau’s/his firstborn/oldest {son} Eliphaz” @@ -4679,7 +4671,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 36:17 yke6 אֵ֕לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י 1 “They {were} {all} grandsons of” or “{All} those {sons of Reuel} {were} grandsons of”. See how you translated this phrase in verses 12, 13 and 16. 36:17 rbdd בָשְׂמַ֖ת אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו 1 “Esau’s wife Basemath.” or “{Esau and} his wife Basemath.” See how translated this phrase in verse 13 and a similar phrase in verse 12. Also be consistent with how you spelled “Basemath” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 26:34-35; 36:3-4, 10, 13, 17. 36:18 m589 וְ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה בְּנֵ֤י אָהֳלִֽיבָמָה֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת עֵשָׂ֔ו אַלּ֥וּף יְע֛וּשׁ אַלּ֥וּף יַעְלָ֖ם אַלּ֣וּף קֹ֑רַח 1 “{This/Here is a record/list of} the sons of Esau’s wife Oholibamah who became chiefs: Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” or “The sons of Esau’s wife Oholibamah who became clan/tribal leaders {were} Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.” -36:18 dt9z אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֞י אָֽהֳלִיבָמָ֛ה & אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו 1 “They {were} the chiefs {who descended} from {Esau and} his wife Oholibamah,” or “They {were} the clan/tribal leaders...” +36:18 dt9z אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֞י אָֽהֳלִיבָמָ֛ה & אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו 1 “They {were} the chiefs {who descended} from {Esau and} his wife Oholibamah,” or “They {were} the clan/tribal leaders …” 36:18 f3ek בַּת עֲנָ֖ה 1 “{who was} Anah’s daughter.” 36:19 d05s אֵ֧לֶּה בְנֵי עֵשָׂ֛ו וְ⁠אֵ֥לֶּה אַלּוּפֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “Those {were} Esau’s descendants, and they {were} the chiefs of/over the Edomites.” or “{All} those {chiefs} {were} Esau’s descendants, and they {were} the leaders of their own family groups.” 36:19 ahn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ה֥וּא אֱדֽוֹם 1 “Esau {was also known as} Edom.” or “Esau {was also called} Edom.” or “That {is the record/history about} Edom.” Some translations put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “{All} those {chiefs} were the descendants of Esau, that {is}, Edom, and each one led his own family group.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 8. @@ -4725,7 +4717,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 36:36 a8in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו שַׂמְלָ֖ה מִ⁠מַּשְׂרֵקָֽה 1 “Samlah, {who was} from {the city of} Masrekah, took his/Hadad’s place as king.” or “Samlah replaced/succeeded him/Hadad as king {and ruled} from {his hometown of} Masrekah.” 36:37 mcp5 וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת שַׂמְלָ֑ה 1 “When {King} Samlah died,” 36:37 cre0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו שָׁא֖וּל מֵ⁠רְחֹב֥וֹת הַ⁠נָּהָֽר 1 “Shaul {who was} from {the city of} Rehoboth {on/beside} the River {Euphrates} took his/Samlah’s place as king.” or “Shaul replaced/succeeded him/Samlah as king {and ruled} from {his hometown of} Rehoboth, which was {beside} the {Euphrates} River.” See how you translated similar sentences in verses 33, 34 and 36. -36:38 f6jn וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת שָׁא֑וּל וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו בַּ֥עַל חָנָ֖ן בֶּן־עַכְבּֽוֹר 1 “When {King} Shaul died, Baal-Hanan, {who was} the son of Acbor, took his place as king.” or “...replaced/succeeded him as king.” +36:38 f6jn וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת שָׁא֑וּל וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו בַּ֥עַל חָנָ֖ן בֶּן־עַכְבּֽוֹר 1 “When {King} Shaul died, Baal-Hanan, {who was} the son of Acbor, took his place as king.” or “… replaced/succeeded him as king.” 36:39 crdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יָּמָת֮ בַּ֣עַל חָנָ֣ן בֶּן עַכְבּוֹר֒ וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֤ךְ & הֲדַ֔ר 1 “When {King} Baal-Hanan died, Hadar”. Most translations follow the Hebrew text and have “Hadar” here. Some translations (and ancient versions such as SP, LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate) have “Hadad” here instead, in order to spell this name the same way it is spelled in 1 Chronicles 1:50-51. However, that could cause confusion because “Hadad” is also the name of a different king in verses 35-36 above. 36:39 aq30 וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֤ךְ תַּחְתָּי⁠ו֙ 1 “took his place as king” or “replaced/succeeded him as king”. Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 33-39. 36:39 c1u5 וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ פָּ֑עוּ 1 “and the name of his hometown {that he ruled from} {was} Pau.” or “His {capital} city {that he ruled from} {was} Pau.” Consider whether it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated a similar clause in verses 32 and 35. @@ -4733,7 +4725,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 36:39 rpz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בַּת מַטְרֵ֔ד בַּ֖ת מֵ֥י זָהָֽב 1 “{who was} the daughter of Matred {and} the granddaughter of Me-Zahab.” or “whose father was Matred {and} whose grandfather was Me-Zahab.” Notice that “Matred” and “Me-Zahab” are the names of men. See how you translated similar phrases in verses 2 and 14. 36:40 h2o5 וְ֠⁠אֵלֶּה שְׁמ֞וֹת 1 “Here {are} the names of” or “The following list of names includes” 36:40 w1jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלּוּפֵ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔⁠ם לִ⁠מְקֹמֹתָ֖⁠ם בִּ⁠שְׁמֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 “{more of} the chiefs {who descended} from Esau. {These chiefs led} their own family groups in their own regions/territories, which were named after them:” or “{more of} the descendants of Esau who were clan/tribal leaders; the clans/tribes and the regions where they lived were named after them:” Notice that the chiefs listed below are different from those listed in the verses above, except for Kenaz and Teman (verse 15). Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to break up this long sentence into two shorter sentences. -36:40 ynzj אַלּ֥וּף תִּמְנָ֛ע אַלּ֥וּף עַֽלְוָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף יְתֵֽת 1 “Timna, Alvan, Jetheth,” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. (1) Most translations treat all the names in verses 40-43 as the names of chiefs (as in the ULT and UST of these verses). (2) However, some scholars think that all the names in verses 40-43 are the names of regions or clans. Alternate translation of verses 40-43: “{These are/were} {the names of} the clans/tribes {that descended} from Esau. Each clan/tribe lived {in the land of Edom} in its own region that was named after that clan/tribe. {The names of the clans/tribes} were TImna, Alvan,...Iram. Those were {the names of} the clans/tribes of the Edomites. Each of the clans/tribes lived in their own part of the land {of Edom} that they owned...” +36:40 ynzj אַלּ֥וּף תִּמְנָ֛ע אַלּ֥וּף עַֽלְוָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף יְתֵֽת 1 “Timna, Alvan, Jetheth,” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. (1) Most translations treat all the names in verses 40-43 as the names of chiefs (as in the ULT and UST of these verses). (2) However, some scholars think that all the names in verses 40-43 are the names of regions or clans. Alternate translation of verses 40-43: “{These are/were} {the names of} the clans/tribes {that descended} from Esau. Each clan/tribe lived {in the land of Edom} in its own region that was named after that clan/tribe. {The names of the clans/tribes} were TImna, Alvan … Iram. Those were {the names of} the clans/tribes of the Edomites. Each of the clans/tribes lived in their own part of the land {of Edom} that they owned …” 36:41 mpl5 אַלּ֧וּף אָהֳלִיבָמָ֛ה אַלּ֥וּף אֵלָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף פִּינֹֽן 1 “Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon,” Make sure that the way you translate verses 41-43 fits with the interpretation you followed in verse 40. 36:42 vuqq אַלּ֥וּף קְנַ֛ז אַלּ֥וּף תֵּימָ֖ן אַלּ֥וּף מִבְצָֽר 1 “Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar,” 36:43 on4r אַלּ֥וּף מַגְדִּיאֵ֖ל אַלּ֣וּף עִירָ֑ם 1 “Magdiel, {and} Iram.” Make sure you are consistent in whether or not you use the title “Chief” in verses 40-43. @@ -4756,7 +4748,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 37:3 e4ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי בֶן זְקֻנִ֥ים ה֖וּא ל֑⁠וֹ 1 “because he/Joseph was born to him when he was old.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Now Joseph was born to Israel when he was old, so he/Israel loved him more than all {the rest} of his sons.” Do what is best in your language. 37:3 ruov rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠עָ֥שָׂה ל֖⁠וֹ כְּתֹ֥נֶת פַּסִּֽים 1 “So he/Israel/Jacob made a {special/beautiful} tunic/robe for him/Joseph that had many colors.” or “So he/Israel/Jacob made a {special} colorful tunic/robe for him/Joseph.” The meaning of the Hebrew text is not certain here. Many translations (including the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate) say that the tunic or robe was “multicolored” or “colorful”. This “tunic” was probably full-length to the ankles and had long sleeves that reached to the hands. 37:4 j9s1 וַ⁠יִּרְא֣וּ אֶחָ֗י⁠ו כִּֽי אֹת֞⁠וֹ אָהַ֤ב אֲבִי⁠הֶם֙ מִ⁠כָּל אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “Joseph’s brothers saw/realized that their father loved him/Joseph more than any of {the rest of} his sons, so” or “When Joseph’s brothers saw/realized that their father loved him/Joseph more than the rest of them,” -37:4 gxph rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂנְא֖וּ אֹת֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָכְל֖וּ דַּבְּר֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠שָׁלֹֽם 1 “they hated/despised him/Joseph so much that they could/would not speak/talk to him kindly/nicely.” or “...they refused to speak/talk to him in a friendly/kind manner/way.” or “...they always spoke unkindly/disrespectfully to him.” Make sure it is clear here in your translation that the brothers hated Joseph, not their father. +37:4 gxph rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂנְא֖וּ אֹת֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָכְל֖וּ דַּבְּר֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠שָׁלֹֽם 1 “they hated/despised him/Joseph so much that they could/would not speak/talk to him kindly/nicely.” or “… they refused to speak/talk to him in a friendly/kind manner/way.” or “… they always spoke unkindly/disrespectfully to him.” Make sure it is clear here in your translation that the brothers hated Joseph, not their father. 37:5 nqa3 וַ⁠יַּחֲלֹ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ חֲל֔וֹם 1 “Then {one night} Joseph had a dream” or “{One night} Joseph had a dream” 37:5 fwbb וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֖ד לְ⁠אֶחָ֑י⁠ו 1 “and he told his brothers about it.” or “{The next day} he told his brothers what he dreamed”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 37:5 np9k וַ⁠יּוֹסִ֥פוּ ע֖וֹד שְׂנֹ֥א אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and they became even more hateful toward him.” or “That made them hate/despise him even more {than before}.” @@ -4784,7 +4776,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 37:9 pp8q הַ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶשׁ וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֗חַ וְ⁠אַחַ֤ד עָשָׂר֙ כּֽוֹכָבִ֔ים 1 “the sun, the moon, and eleven stars” 37:9 utc0 מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִ֖ים 1 “were bowing down {to the ground}” or “bowed down {to the ground}”. See how you translated “bowed down” in verse 7. 37:9 qq77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לִֽ⁠י 1 “to/before me {to show respect}.” or “in front of me {to honor me}.” Bowing down to someone was a way of showing respect and honor to that person. If that is not clear in your culture, you could make that information explicit in your translation or in a footnote. If it is understood, you can leave it implied (as the Hebrew text does). -37:10 sa4l וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל אָבִי⁠ו֮ וְ⁠אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֒ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Verse 10 could refer to (1) a second time that Joseph told his dream. Alternate translation: “Then/Later Joseph told {the same dream} to {both} his father and his brothers, but...” (2) the same time that he told this dream to his brothers in verse 9. Alternate translation: “When Joseph related/told {the dream} to his father and his brothers,” +37:10 sa4l וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל אָבִי⁠ו֮ וְ⁠אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֒ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Verse 10 could refer to (1) a second time that Joseph told his dream. Alternate translation: “Then/Later Joseph told {the same dream} to {both} his father and his brothers, but …” (2) the same time that he told this dream to his brothers in verse 9. Alternate translation: “When Joseph related/told {the dream} to his father and his brothers,” 37:10 l2eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יִּגְעַר בּ֣⁠וֹ אָבִ֔י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “but his father rebuked/scolded him by saying,” Your translation of this quote margin should not sound like two separate events; the verbs “rebuked” and “said” refer to the same event. 37:10 epfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָ֛ה הַ⁠חֲל֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָלָ֑מְתָּ 1 “That {is} a strange dream that you had!” or “Your dream {is} ridiculous/outrageous!” Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to show that he is not happy about Joseph’s dream. Decide the best way to translate this in your language. 37:10 mxwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ב֣וֹא & אֲנִי֙ וְ⁠אִמְּ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Do you really expect your mother and me and your brothers to” or “Certainly you don’t think that your mother and I or your brothers will” or “Your mother and I and your brothers will never”. See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 8. @@ -4792,7 +4784,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 37:10 yp2m לְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “before you” or “in front of you” 37:11 qwst וַ⁠יְקַנְאוּ ב֖⁠וֹ אֶחָ֑י⁠ו 1 “So Joseph’s brothers were envious/jealous of him,” or “{Because of Joseph’s dreams} his brothers were envious/jealous of him,” See how you translated “envied” in Gen 26:14; 30:1. 37:11 b3wy וְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו שָׁמַ֥ר אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָֽר 1 “but his father continued to think/wonder about what it all could mean.” or “but his father kept thinking about the dreams and wondered what they meant.” -37:12 wp1m וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֖וּ אֶחָ֑י⁠ו לִ⁠רְע֛וֹת אֶׄתׄ־צֹ֥אן אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “Sometime after that, his/Joseph’s brothers took their father’s flock{s} {of sheep and goats} to graze {in the fields}” or “One time/day, his/Joseph’s brothers...” +37:12 wp1m וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֖וּ אֶחָ֑י⁠ו לִ⁠רְע֛וֹת אֶׄתׄ־צֹ֥אן אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “Sometime after that, his/Joseph’s brothers took their father’s flock{s} {of sheep and goats} to graze {in the fields}” or “One time/day, his/Joseph’s brothers …” 37:12 vlrw בִּ⁠שְׁכֶֽם 1 “near {the city of} Shechem.” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Shechem” in Gen 35:4. 37:13 vl3c וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶל יוֹסֵ֗ף 1 “Then/So {one day} Israel said to Joseph,” 37:13 upf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא אַחֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ רֹעִ֣ים 1 “As you know, your brothers are pasturing/tending {our flocks/animals}”. Jacob uses a rhetorical question to remind Joseph of something he already knows and to introduce what he wants Joseph to do. Decide the best way to communicate this in your language. @@ -4807,7 +4799,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 37:14 b5jc וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ 1 “So/Then Israel sent him/Joseph {on his way}” 37:14 opy9 מֵ⁠עֵ֣מֶק חֶבְר֔וֹן 1 “from {their home in} the valley near {the city of} Hebron,” Be consistent in how you spell “Hebron” throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:18; 23:2, 19; 35:27; 37:14. 37:14 jkus וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א שְׁכֶֽמָ⁠ה 1 “and he/Joseph went/traveled to {the city of} Shechem.” The trip from the city of Hebron to the city of Shechem was about 100 kilometers (60 miles). -37:15 oywm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְצָאֵ֣⁠הוּ אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה 1 “There he met a man who had seen/noticed him” or “{When he arrived there,} a man saw him”. In this context “found” means the man happened to meet Joseph as Joseph was walking around looking for his brothers; the man was not intentionally looking for him. Also, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “He started wandering around {searching} in the fields {near there}, where/and he met a man who asked...” or “As he was wandering around {searching} in the fields {near there}, he met a man who asked…” Do what is best in your language. +37:15 oywm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּמְצָאֵ֣⁠הוּ אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה 1 “There he met a man who had seen/noticed him” or “{When he arrived there,} a man saw him”. In this context “found” means the man happened to meet Joseph as Joseph was walking around looking for his brothers; the man was not intentionally looking for him. Also, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “He started wandering around {searching} in the fields {near there}, where/and he met a man who asked …” or “As he was wandering around {searching} in the fields {near there}, he met a man who asked …” Do what is best in your language. 37:15 syph תֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה וַ⁠יִּשְׁאָלֵ֧⁠הוּ הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר 1 “searching around in the {nearby} fields/countryside and asked him”. The word “fields” refers here to large, open places with no fences and few trees, where sheep and goats could easily graze. 37:15 fnn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations מַה תְּבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 “What/Who are you looking for?” or “what/who he was looking for.” Consider whether it is better to use a direct or an indirect quote here in your language. 37:16 nm7k וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר אֶת אַחַ֖⁠י אָנֹכִ֣י מְבַקֵּ֑שׁ 1 “He/Joseph responded/replied, “I am looking/searching for my brothers.” ” @@ -4848,11 +4840,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 37:24 nbwf וַ⁠יַּשְׁלִ֥כוּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠בֹּ֑רָ⁠ה 1 “and put him into the pit/well.” See how you translated “throw him” and “cistern” in verse 20. 37:24 za8r וְ⁠הַ⁠בּ֣וֹר רֵ֔ק אֵ֥ין בּ֖⁠וֹ מָֽיִם 1 “Now the pit/well {was} empty; it had no water in it.” or “The pit/well {was} empty and {completely} dry inside.” 37:25 h666 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּשְׁבוּ֮ לֶֽ⁠אֱכָל לֶחֶם֒ 1 “Then {some of} Joseph’s brothers sat down to eat a meal,” It is clear from verse 29 that Reuben was not there when his brothers made the plan to sell Joseph to the traders. -37:25 gl5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֤וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠הֶם֙ וַ⁠יִּרְא֔וּ 1 “and {while they were eating,} they looked around”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted...eyes” in Gen 22:13. +37:25 gl5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֤וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠הֶם֙ וַ⁠יִּרְא֔וּ 1 “and {while they were eating,} they looked around”. See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in Gen 22:13. 37:25 de55 וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ 1 “and saw/noticed {that}” or “and they saw/noticed {that}” 37:25 yfo8 אֹרְחַ֣ת 1 “a {large} group/company of”. A “caravan” is a large group of people who are traveling together. 37:25 ztmn יִשְׁמְעֵאלִ֔ים 1 “Ishmaelite {traders/merchants}” or “{traders/merchants} from the Ishmael/Ishmaelite people group” or “{traders/merchants who were} descendants of Ishmael”. See how you translated the names of other people groups in Gen 15:19-21. -37:25 klhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּאָ֖ה מִ⁠גִּלְעָ֑ד 1 “{who were} traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was headed their way}.” or “traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was coming toward them}.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of some of the implied information in this sentence and say, “...and saw/noticed {that headed their way was} a {large} group of Ishmaelite {traders/merchants} {who were} coming/traveling from {the region of} Gilead.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Gilead” in Gen 31:21, 23, 25. +37:25 klhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּאָ֖ה מִ⁠גִּלְעָ֑ד 1 “{who were} traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was headed their way}.” or “traveling from {the region of} Gilead {was coming toward them}.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of some of the implied information in this sentence and say, “… and saw/noticed {that headed their way was} a {large} group of Ishmaelite {traders/merchants} {who were} coming/traveling from {the region of} Gilead.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Gilead” in Gen 31:21, 23, 25. 37:25 mpjz וּ⁠גְמַלֵּי⁠הֶ֣ם נֹֽשְׂאִ֗ים 1 “Their camels were loaded with”. Consider again how you translated “camel” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16 (and note); 24:10-11, 14, 19-20, 22, 25, 30-32, 35, 44, 46, 61, 63-64; 30:43; 31:17, 18, 34; 32:7, 15; 37:25. 37:25 duc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns נְכֹאת֙ וּ⁠צְרִ֣י וָ⁠לֹ֔ט 1 “{expensive} spices, healing resin/salve and incense”. Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River that was famous as a source of balm (or balsam), which was a rare tree resin that was used for perfume and for medicine. Myrrh was another type of tree resin that was used as incense and as medicine. You could put some of that information in a footnote. 37:25 ogiz הוֹלְכִ֖ים לְ⁠הוֹרִ֥יד מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 “that they were taking/transporting down to {the country of} Egypt {to sell there}.” or “that they were taking {to sell} in {the country of} Egypt.” @@ -4944,7 +4936,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 38:12 na0r וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוּדָ֗ה 1 “After Judah finished mourning/grieving {for her}, {one day}” or “After Judah had completed the {customary} time of mourning/grieving {for her},” See how you translated “comforted” in Gen 37:35. 38:12 sdjz וַ⁠יַּ֜עַל & תִּמְנָֽתָ⁠ה 1 “he {decided to} go to {the town of} Timnah”. Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Judah had already arrived at Timnah, because he does not actually reach there until verse 19. His trip from the town of Adullam (verse 1) to the town of Timnah was about 13 kilometers (8 miles). 38:12 fh0g עַל גֹּֽזֲזֵ֤י צֹאנ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “{to work} with {the men} who were shearing his sheep {there}.” or “where {his men} were shearing his sheep {for him}.” See how you translated “shear his sheep” in Gen 31:19 and see the note about that there. -38:12 en0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ה֗וּא וְ⁠חִירָ֛ה רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ הָ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֖י 1 “He and his friend Hirah, {who was} from {the town of} Adullam, {started traveling there together}.” or “His friend Hirah the Adullamite went/traveled with him.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “...and he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite went up to {the town of} Timnah where men were shearing Judah’s sheep {for him}.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Hirah” and how you translated “Adullamite” in verse 1. +38:12 en0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ה֗וּא וְ⁠חִירָ֛ה רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ הָ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֖י 1 “He and his friend Hirah, {who was} from {the town of} Adullam, {started traveling there together}.” or “His friend Hirah the Adullamite went/traveled with him.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “… and he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite went up to {the town of} Timnah where men were shearing Judah’s sheep {for him}.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled “Hirah” and how you translated “Adullamite” in verse 1. 38:13 cja8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠תָמָ֖ר לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Then/Meanwhile someone told/informed Tamar,” 38:13 r1i3 הִנֵּ֥ה חָמִ֛י⁠ךְ 1 “Listen, your father-in-law {Judah}” 38:13 o1kb עֹלֶ֥ה תִמְנָ֖תָ⁠ה לָ⁠גֹ֥ז צֹאנֽ⁠וֹ 1 “is on his way to {the town of} Timnah to shear his sheep.” or “is on his way to shear his sheep in/at {the town of} Timnah.” See how you translated “shearing his sheep” in verse 12. @@ -4953,13 +4945,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 38:14 d0cf וַ⁠תִּתְעַלָּ֔ף 1 “and dressed/disguised herself {as/like a prostitute}.” or “to disguise herself.” 38:14 fx7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בְּ⁠פֶ֣תַח עֵינַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל דֶּ֣רֶךְ תִּמְנָ֑תָ⁠ה 1 “Then she sat near/by the entrance/gateway to {the town of} Enaim, which {was} on the road/way to/toward {the town of} Timnah,” or “Then {she went/traveled} toward {the town of} Timnah and sat down at/near the entrance/gateway of {the town of} Enaim, which {was} along the way.” Some languages need to specify that Tamar traveled to Enaim before she sat down there. Do what is best in your language. 38:14 f4by כִּ֤י רָאֲתָה֙ כִּֽי גָדַ֣ל שֵׁלָ֔ה 1 “{She did that} because she had noticed that Shelah was now old enough {to marry},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -38:14 pc3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הִ֕וא לֹֽא נִתְּנָ֥ה ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “but Judah had not given her to him/Shelah to marry {as he was supposed/required to do}.” For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Tamar had seen/noticed that Shelah was now grown up, but Judah had not given her to him to marry {as he was supposed/required to do}. So she changed from her widow’s clothes....” Do what is best in your language. +38:14 pc3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הִ֕וא לֹֽא נִתְּנָ֥ה ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “but Judah had not given her to him/Shelah to marry {as he was supposed/required to do}.” For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Tamar had seen/noticed that Shelah was now grown up, but Judah had not given her to him to marry {as he was supposed/required to do}. So she changed from her widow’s clothes …” Do what is best in your language. 38:15 fzz0 וַ⁠יִּרְאֶ֣⁠הָ יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 “{As Judah was traveling to Timnah,} he saw Tamar {beside the road},” 38:15 bpro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יַּחְשְׁבֶ֖⁠הָ לְ⁠זוֹנָ֑ה כִּ֥י כִסְּתָ֖ה פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “but since she had covered/veiled her face {with a veil/shawl}, {he could not see who she was and} he thought/assumed that she was a prostitute.” See how you translated “prostitute” in Gen 34:31 and “covered her face” in verse 14. 38:16 rkdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט אֵלֶ֜י⁠הָ אֶל הַ⁠דֶּ֗רֶךְ 1 “So he went over to where she was {sitting} beside/by the road” 38:16 p4cl וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “and said {to her},” or “and propositioned {her} by saying,” or “and requested,” 38:16 m30g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism הָֽבָ⁠ה נָּא֙ אָב֣וֹא אֵלַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 “Let me sleep/lie with you.” or “Let me have relations/sex with you.” -38:16 p7ts כִּ֚י לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּ֥י כַלָּת֖⁠וֹ הִ֑וא 1 “{He did/said that} because he did not recognize/realize that she {was} his daughter-in-law {Tamar}.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “He did not realize that she was his daughter-in-law {Tamar}, so he went over to her beside the road and said,...” +38:16 p7ts כִּ֚י לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּ֥י כַלָּת֖⁠וֹ הִ֑וא 1 “{He did/said that} because he did not recognize/realize that she {was} his daughter-in-law {Tamar}.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “He did not realize that she was his daughter-in-law {Tamar}, so he went over to her beside the road and said …” 38:16 neat rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “So she asked {him},” 38:16 q0h1 מַה תִּתֶּן לִּ֔⁠י 1 “What will you give me {in exchange}” or “What will you pay me” 38:16 e4ov כִּ֥י תָב֖וֹא 1 “if I allow you to” or “so that you can” @@ -4967,7 +4959,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 38:17 nshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “He answered {her},” 38:17 ex73 אָנֹכִ֛י אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח גְּדִֽי עִזִּ֖ים מִן הַ⁠צֹּ֑אן 1 “I will send {you} a young goat from my flock.” See how you translated “kid goat” in Gen 27:9, 16. 38:17 mtpk וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “She replied,” -38:17 g37n אִם תִּתֵּ֥ן עֵרָב֖וֹן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “{Ok,} if you will give {me} a pledge/deposit...” or “{I will agree,} if you give {me} something {valuable} {of yours} to keep...” (2) “Will you give me a pledge/deposit...?” +38:17 g37n אִם תִּתֵּ֥ן עֵרָב֖וֹן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “{Ok,} if you will give {me} a pledge/deposit …” or “{I will agree,} if you give {me} something {valuable} {of yours} to keep …” (2) “Will you give me a pledge/deposit …?” 38:17 o8kc עַ֥ד שָׁלְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 “until you send/deliver {the goat to me}.” 38:18 zusm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “So Judah asked {her},” 38:18 op2q מָ֣ה הָֽ⁠עֵרָבוֹן֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶתֶּן לָּ⁠ךְ֒ 1 “What should I give to you as a pledge/deposit?” or “What do you want me to leave with you?” @@ -4981,7 +4973,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 38:19 liio וַ⁠תָּ֣קָם וַ⁠תֵּ֔לֶךְ 1 “After that, Tamar left {Judah} and went/returned {home}” or “After Tamar left {Judah}, she went/returned {home}” 38:19 pbgh וַ⁠תָּ֥סַר צְעִיפָ֖⁠הּ מֵ⁠עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 “took off her veil/shawl” or “Then she took her veil/scarf off”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “veil” in verse 14. 38:19 a54x וַ⁠תִּלְבַּ֖שׁ בִּגְדֵ֥י אַלְמְנוּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 “and put {back} on her clothes that showed she was a widow.” or “and put {back} on the kind of clothes that widows wear.” See how you translated “widow’s clothes” in verse 14. -38:20 sd35 וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֨ח אֶת גְּדִ֣י הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֗ים בְּ⁠יַד֙ רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ הָֽ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֔י 1 “Meanwhile Judah sent a young goat with his friend {Hirah}, {who was} from {the town of} Adullam,” or “After that, Judah sent his friend {Hirah} the Adullamite with a young goat”. See how you translated “his friend...the Adullamite” in verse 12 and “kid goat” in verse 17. +38:20 sd35 וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֨ח אֶת גְּדִ֣י הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֗ים בְּ⁠יַד֙ רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ הָֽ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֔י 1 “Meanwhile Judah sent a young goat with his friend {Hirah}, {who was} from {the town of} Adullam,” or “After that, Judah sent his friend {Hirah} the Adullamite with a young goat”. See how you translated “his friend … the Adullamite” in verse 12 and “kid goat” in verse 17. 38:20 o4m5 לָ⁠קַ֥חַת הָ⁠עֵרָב֖וֹן מִ⁠יַּ֣ד הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 “to retrieve/reclaim his things from the woman/prostitute {whom he had given them to}.” or “to exchange it for the things he had left with the woman/prostitute.” or “to get back from the woman/prostitute the things he had left with her.” 38:20 i3ar וְ⁠לֹ֖א מְצָאָֽ⁠הּ 1 “but Hirah” or “But {when Hirah looked for her,} he” 38:20 wgbh וְ⁠לֹ֖א מְצָאָֽ⁠הּ 1 “was not able to find her.” or “could not find her.” @@ -5018,12 +5010,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 38:26 q7tg וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 “and confessed/admitted,” 38:26 vv8s צָֽדְקָ֣ה מִמֶּ֔⁠נִּי 1 “She/Tamar is right, and I am wrong,” 38:26 zlor כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן לֹא־נְתַתִּ֖י⁠הָ לְ⁠שֵׁלָ֣ה בְנִ֑⁠י 1 “because I refused to have my son Shelah marry her {as I was supposed/required to}!” or “because I did not let her marry my son Shelah {as I was supposed/required to}!” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Shelah” in verses 5, 11, 14. -38:26 w29m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסַ֥ף ע֖וֹד לְ⁠דַעְתָּֽ⁠ה 1 “{So they released her/Tamar,} and {after that} he/Judah never again laid/slept with her/Tamar.” or “...never had {sexual} relations with her/Tamar again.” Consider again how you translated the idiom “knew” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:1 (and note), 17, 25; 19:8; 24:16; 38:26. It may be necessary to translate 38:26 differently, since the relationship in this verse was outside of marriage. Compare how you translated a related idiom (“went to”) in verse 18. +38:26 w29m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסַ֥ף ע֖וֹד לְ⁠דַעְתָּֽ⁠ה 1 “{So they released her/Tamar,} and {after that} he/Judah never again laid/slept with her/Tamar.” or “… never had {sexual} relations with her/Tamar again.” Consider again how you translated the idiom “knew” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:1 (and note), 17, 25; 19:8; 24:16; 38:26. It may be necessary to translate 38:26 differently, since the relationship in this verse was outside of marriage. Compare how you translated a related idiom (“went to”) in verse 18. 38:27 taw4 וַ⁠יְהִ֖י בְּ⁠עֵ֣ת לִדְתָּ֑⁠הּ 1 “Months later, when Tamar {was ready} to give birth,” See how you translated “Then it happened” in verse 24. The same phrase occurs three times in verses 27-29 to draw attention to the peak of this chapter, the birth of Perez, who was the ancestor of King David and the Messiah. 38:27 krwk וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה תְאוֹמִ֖ים בְּ⁠בִטְנָֽ⁠הּ 1 “surprisingly/amazingly {there were} twins inside her!” or “they saw/realized that {there were} twins inside her!” or “it turned out that she was going to have twins!” 38:28 qivh וַ⁠יְהִ֥י בְ⁠לִדְתָּ֖⁠הּ 1 “While she was in labor,” or “As she was starting to deliver her babies,” See how you translated “giving birth” in Gen 35:16. This may need to be translated differently here because of the different context. 38:28 olds וַ⁠יִּתֶּן יָ֑ד 1 “{one of them} stuck out {his} hand” or “{one of the twins/babies} put/stuck out {his} hand” -38:28 lm3k וַ⁠תִּקַּ֣ח הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֗דֶת וַ⁠תִּקְשֹׁ֨ר עַל־יָד֤⁠וֹ שָׁנִי֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “Then/So the midwife {who was there} tied a {bright} red thread/string on/around his wrist and said,” or “Then/So the midwife {who was helping her}...” The midwife did this because it was her responsibility to identify which baby was the firstborn. See how you translated “midwife” in Gen 35:17. +38:28 lm3k וַ⁠תִּקַּ֣ח הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֗דֶת וַ⁠תִּקְשֹׁ֨ר עַל־יָד֤⁠וֹ שָׁנִי֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “Then/So the midwife {who was there} tied a {bright} red thread/string on/around his wrist and said,” or “Then/So the midwife {who was helping her} …” The midwife did this because it was her responsibility to identify which baby was the firstborn. See how you translated “midwife” in Gen 35:17. 38:28 hg4j זֶ֖ה יָצָ֥א רִאשֹׁנָֽה 1 “This {one/baby} was born first.” 38:29 t36m וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כְּ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ 1 “But then the/that baby pulled his hand back inside, and suddenly/unexpectedly” 38:29 h16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָצָ֣א אָחִ֔י⁠ו 1 “his brother came out {first} {instead}.” or “his brother was born {first} {instead}.” @@ -5044,19 +5036,19 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 39:2 au6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יְהִ֕י בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית אֲדֹנָ֖י⁠ו הַ⁠מִּצְרִֽי 1 “as he worked in his Egyptian master’s/owner’s house.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “As Joseph worked in his Egyptian master/owner’s house, Yahweh was with him/Joseph {and helped/blessed him}, so that he succeeded in everything he did.” Do what is best in your language. 39:3 eyfg וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא אֲדֹנָ֔י⁠ו כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה אִתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “His/Joseph’s master/owner realized that Yahweh {was} with/blessing him/Joseph”. In verses 2 through 20, Potiphar is referred to as Joseph’s master (verses 2-3, 7-8, 16, 19-20) and “the Egyptian” (verse 5); he is no longer mentioned by his name in the Hebrew text. Some translations continue to use Potiphar’s name occasionally in verses 2 through 20 to prevent confusion and make it clear that all of these references refer to the same person, not two or three different people. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “master” or “owner” in Gen 24:9-10. 39:3 o1le וְ⁠כֹל֙ אֲשֶׁר ה֣וּא עֹשֶׂ֔ה יְהוָ֖ה מַצְלִ֥יחַ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and was helping/enabling him/Joseph to succeed/prosper in everything that he did.” or “and was helping/enabling him/Joseph to do everything very well.” See how you translated “successful” in verse 2. -39:4 t5me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֨א יוֹסֵ֥ף חֵ֛ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יְשָׁ֣רֶת אֹת֑⁠וֹ 1 “So he/Potiphar was pleased with Joseph/him and made him his personal servant/attendant.” Make sure that your translation of “in his eyes” refers here to Joseph’s master, not Yahweh. Also, see how you translated the idiom “found favor in...eyes” in Gen 6:8. -39:4 jhry rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּפְקִדֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ עַל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠כָל־יֶשׁ־ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “He/Potiphar also put him/Joseph in charge of managing his household and taking care of everything {else} {that} he owned.” or “He/Potiphar also appointed him/Joseph as the manager/overseer of/over his {entire} household and entrusted into his care everything {that} belonged to him.” Make sure your translation of the pronouns (“he”, “him” and “his”) in verses 2 through 6 refers to the correct person at each point in the text. Also see how you translated the idiom “gave...into the hand of” in Gen 32:16. +39:4 t5me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֨א יוֹסֵ֥ף חֵ֛ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יְשָׁ֣רֶת אֹת֑⁠וֹ 1 “So he/Potiphar was pleased with Joseph/him and made him his personal servant/attendant.” Make sure that your translation of “in his eyes” refers here to Joseph’s master, not Yahweh. Also, see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8. +39:4 jhry rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּפְקִדֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ עַל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠כָל־יֶשׁ־ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “He/Potiphar also put him/Joseph in charge of managing his household and taking care of everything {else} {that} he owned.” or “He/Potiphar also appointed him/Joseph as the manager/overseer of/over his {entire} household and entrusted into his care everything {that} belonged to him.” Make sure your translation of the pronouns (“he”, “him” and “his”) in verses 2 through 6 refers to the correct person at each point in the text. Also see how you translated the idiom “gave …into the hand of” in Gen 32:16. 39:5 vi9e וַ⁠יְהִ֡י מֵ⁠אָז֩ 1 “Beginning from the time {that}” or “From the time {that}” -39:5 slwg הִפְקִ֨יד אֹת֜⁠וֹ בְּ⁠בֵית֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל֙ כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “Joseph’s Egyptian master/owner put him in charge of/over his household and everything {else} that belonged to him,” or “he/Potiphar put him/Joseph in charge of managing everything that belonged to him,” or “Joseph’s Egyptian master/owner did that,” See how you translated “put him in charge...his house and...everything {that} was his” in verse 4. It is repeated in verse 5 in the Hebrew text to emphasize the authority that Joseph was given. Do what is natural in your language. +39:5 slwg הִפְקִ֨יד אֹת֜⁠וֹ בְּ⁠בֵית֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל֙ כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “Joseph’s Egyptian master/owner put him in charge of/over his household and everything {else} that belonged to him,” or “he/Potiphar put him/Joseph in charge of managing everything that belonged to him,” or “Joseph’s Egyptian master/owner did that,” See how you translated “put him in charge … his house and … everything {that} was his” in verse 4. It is repeated in verse 5 in the Hebrew text to emphasize the authority that Joseph was given. Do what is natural in your language. 39:5 p5qi וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ יְהוָ֛ה אֶת בֵּ֥ית הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֖י 1 “Yahweh blessed the household of that Egyptian {man}” or “Yahweh caused that Egyptian’s household to prosper”. Make sure it is clear in your translation of this chapter that “Egyptian”, “master” and “Potiphar” all refer to the same person, not two or three different people. 39:5 djhx בִּ⁠גְלַ֣ל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “for Joseph’s sake/benefit.” or “because Joseph was working for him.” 39:5 nobj וַ⁠יְהִ֞י בִּרְכַּ֤ת יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “Yahweh/He blessed everything that belonged to him,” or “Yahweh/He caused everything that he owned to prosper,” 39:5 iqqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ⁠בַּ֖יִת וּ⁠בַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 “{including} {everything} in {his} household/home and in {his} fields.” or “{including} {his family and servants} in {his} household, as well as {the crops and livestock} in {his} fields.” In this context, “house” especially refers to the people in the house and “fields” refers to what is in the fields. -39:6 l7xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֣ב כָּל אֲשֶׁר ל⁠וֹ֮ בְּ⁠יַד יוֹסֵף֒ 1 “In fact, he/Potiphar gave Joseph the responsibility of managing everything that he owned/had, so that” or “In fact, after/since Joseph’s owner put him in charge of everything that he owned,” See how you translated a similar idiom (“gave...into his hand”) in verse 4. +39:6 l7xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֣ב כָּל אֲשֶׁר ל⁠וֹ֮ בְּ⁠יַד יוֹסֵף֒ 1 “In fact, he/Potiphar gave Joseph the responsibility of managing everything that he owned/had, so that” or “In fact, after/since Joseph’s owner put him in charge of everything that he owned,” See how you translated a similar idiom (“gave into his hand”) in verse 4. 39:6 ywhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions וְ⁠לֹא יָדַ֤ע אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם הַ⁠לֶּ֖חֶם אֲשֶׁר ה֣וּא אוֹכֵ֑ל 1 “he did not {need to} concern himself with anything {in his household} except for {personal things/matters like} {deciding} what {kind of} food {he wanted} to eat.” or “the only thing he {needed to} think/decide about {in his household} was {personal things/matters like} what food {he wanted} to eat.” For some languages, it is more natural to put the exception clause first in the sentence. Do what is best in your language. Also, Potiphar did more than decide what to eat; that was just one example of personal decisions which were all he had to concern himself with. 39:6 zuu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יְהִ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף יְפֵה תֹ֖אַר וִ⁠יפֵ֥ה מַרְאֶֽה 1 “Joseph was well-built/muscular and good-looking.” or “Now Joseph was a very handsome young man.” Some languages have a conjunction such as “Now” that introduces background information and a change of topic. For other languages a paragraph break is enough (without a conjunction). Do what is best in your language. 39:7 ysar וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 “So after a while,” or “After {he had been/worked there for} a while,” The phrase “And it happened” introduces and emphasizes an important event. Many English translations do not include this phrase. Do what is natural in your language. -39:7 nv2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשָּׂ֧א אֶת עֵינֶ֖י⁠הָ אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “his master’s/owner’s wife started looking at Joseph/him {with desire/lust}” or “...started lusting for Joseph/him”. Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. +39:7 nv2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשָּׂ֧א אֶת עֵינֶ֖י⁠הָ אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “his master’s/owner’s wife started looking at Joseph/him {with desire/lust}” or “… started lusting for Joseph/him”. Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 39:7 x36f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠תֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “and said {to him},” or “and told/demanded {him},” Translate this quote introduction in a way that fits well with what Potiphar’s wife says to Joseph. 39:7 g6dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism שִׁכְבָ֥⁠ה עִמִּֽ⁠י 1 “Sleep with me!” or “Come to bed with me!” See how you translated the idiom “lie with” in Gen 19:32. 39:8 ep8r וַ⁠יְמָאֵ֓ן 1 “But Joseph refused” or “But he/Joseph rejected {her request/demand}” @@ -5065,7 +5057,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 39:8 evap אִתִּ֖⁠י 1 “with me {in charge},” or “because of me,” or “since I am {working/serving} here,” 39:8 rjl4 אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י לֹא יָדַ֥ע 1 “my master/owner does not {need to} think/worry {about}” or “my owner does not {need/have to} concern himself with” 39:8 bede מַה בַּ⁠בָּ֑יִת 1 “anything that {is} in {his} house,” or “{managing} anything in {his} household,” -39:8 y97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר יֶשׁ ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדִֽ⁠י 1 “In fact, everything that he owns he has given/entrusted into/to my care” or “In fact, he has put me in charge of everything that he owns/has”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated the idiom “gave into...hand” in verse 4. +39:8 y97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר יֶשׁ ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדִֽ⁠י 1 “In fact, everything that he owns he has given/entrusted into/to my care” or “In fact, he has put me in charge of everything that he owns/has”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated the idiom “gave into … hand” in verse 4. 39:9 zepl אֵינֶ֨⁠נּוּ גָד֜וֹל בַּ⁠בַּ֣יִת הַ⁠זֶּה֮ מִמֶּ⁠נִּי֒ 1 “{so that} he has no one in his household who has more authority than I do.” or “{As a result,} {even} he does not exercise more authority in/over this/his household than I do”. As Joseph’s master, Potiphar still had more authority than Joseph. But he had given Joseph authority to act in his place over everything in his household. Try to make that clear in your translation. Also, consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin verse 9 with a new sentence, or to continue the sentence from verse 8. 39:9 vvmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠לֹֽא חָשַׂ֤ךְ מִמֶּ֨⁠נִּי֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם אוֹתָ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתְּ אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and he has given me freedom with everything {in his household}, except you, {of course,} because you {are} his wife.” or “He allows me to do anything {in his household}, except with you, his wife.” The phrase “has not withheld” is a litotes that emphasizes the freedom that Potiphar had given Joseph. Some languages must translate this in a way that does not use a negative word such as “not”. Do what is best in your language. 39:9 py3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אֵ֨יךְ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֜ה הָ⁠רָעָ֤ה הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את וְ⁠חָטָ֖אתִי לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים 1 “So I refuse to do such an evil thing, which would be a terrible sin against God!” or “So there is no way I would {ever} sin against God by doing such an evil thing!” Joseph uses this rhetorical question to emphasize why he will not do what Potiphar’s wife wants. Do what is best in your language. @@ -5112,7 +5104,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 39:20 z4kd וַֽ⁠יְהִי שָׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר 1 “So Joseph was/stayed there in the prison,” or “Joseph remained there in prison,” 39:21 ijm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֶת יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “but Yahweh was with him” 39:21 yb0v וַ⁠יֵּ֥ט אֵלָ֖י⁠ו חָ֑סֶד 1 “and was kind/gracious to him”. See how you translated “show kindness” in Gen 24:12. -39:21 wgy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן חִנּ֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שַׂ֥ר בֵּית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר 1 “and caused the prison warden to be pleased with him, {so that he treated him favorably/well}.” See how you translated a similar phrase (“favor in...eyes”) in verse 4. +39:21 wgy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן חִנּ֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שַׂ֥ר בֵּית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר 1 “and caused the prison warden to be pleased with him, {so that he treated him favorably/well}.” See how you translated a similar phrase (“favor in … eyes”) in verse 4. 39:22 kpq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֞ן בְּ⁠יַד יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “{Soon} the warden of the prison gave Joseph the responsibility for {taking care of}” or “So {before long} the warden put Joseph in charge of” 39:22 a9xb אֵ֚ת כָּל הָ֣⁠אֲסִירִ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠סֹּ֑הַר 1 “all the {other} prisoners who {were} in the/that prison,” or “all the {other} prisoners,” 39:22 uh31 וְ⁠אֵ֨ת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֤ר עֹשִׂים֙ שָׁ֔ם ה֖וּא הָיָ֥ה עֹשֶֽׂה 1 “so that he was in charge of everything that was done there.” or “so that he {was the one who} managed everything that they did there.” @@ -5134,7 +5126,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 40:3 yw2r אֶל בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠סֹּ֑הַר מְק֕וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אָס֥וּר 1 “{that is,} in the round-house {prison/jail}, the {same} place/prison where Joseph was imprisoned/confined.” or “in the same prison where Joseph was.” See how you translated “bound” in Gen 39:20. 40:4 a7gm וַ֠⁠יִּפְקֹד שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֧ים אֶת יוֹסֵ֛ף אִתָּ֖⁠ם 1 “{There} the captain of/over the guards assigned/appointed Joseph {to take care of them},” 40:4 g6hd וַ⁠יְשָׁ֣רֶת אֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 “so he served them,” or “and so he waited on them,” -40:4 gdaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ & בְּ⁠מִשְׁמָֽר 1 “and they were {kept} in custody/prison” or “and they remained in custody/prison”. Some translations begin a new paragraph and sentence here that continues into verse 5 and say, “After they had been in prison {for} a while, 5 one night the king’s head wine-server and head baker dreamed...” +40:4 gdaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ & בְּ⁠מִשְׁמָֽר 1 “and they were {kept} in custody/prison” or “and they remained in custody/prison”. Some translations begin a new paragraph and sentence here that continues into verse 5 and say, “After they had been in prison {for} a while, 5 one night the king’s head wine-server and head baker dreamed …” 40:4 zjgp יָמִ֖ים 1 “{for} some days/time,” or “{for} a while,” The phrase “{for} days” is a general expression that refers to an unspecified length of time. 40:5 uu76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יַּֽחַלְמוּ֩ חֲל֨וֹם שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֜ם אִ֤ישׁ חֲלֹמ⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠לַ֣יְלָה אֶחָ֔ד 1 “Then one night the two of them each had a dream,” or “One night they both/each had a dream,” 40:5 g1sc אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִתְר֣וֹן חֲלֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 “{and} each of the dreams had its own interpretation/meaning.” or “each with its own interpretation/meaning.” or “Each {one’s} dream had its own meaning.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -5157,7 +5149,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 40:10 yoiw וְ⁠הִ֤יא כְ⁠פֹרַ֨חַת֙ 1 “As soon as it started budding,” or “Soon buds started forming {on the vine/branches}. {Then}” 40:10 vyyj עָלְתָ֣ה נִצָּ֔⁠הּ 1 “{suddenly} there were blossoms/flowers,” or “{the buds} became blossoms/flowers,” 40:10 ckld הִבְשִׁ֥ילוּ אַשְׁכְּלֹתֶ֖י⁠הָ עֲנָבִֽים 1 “{and} its/the clusters {of flowers} became {clusters/bunches of} ripe grapes/fruit.” or “{and the blossoms/flowers} became clusters/bunches of ripe grapes/fruit.” -40:11 jtrl וְ⁠כ֥וֹס פַּרְעֹ֖ה בְּ⁠יָדִ֑⁠י 1 “Then/Next {I saw that} I was holding {King} Pharaoh’s cup,” or “...holding the king’s cup,” +40:11 jtrl וְ⁠כ֥וֹס פַּרְעֹ֖ה בְּ⁠יָדִ֑⁠י 1 “Then/Next {I saw that} I was holding {King} Pharaoh’s cup,” or “… holding the king’s cup,” 40:11 lo6m וָ⁠אֶקַּ֣ח אֶת הָֽ⁠עֲנָבִ֗ים 1 “and/so I picked {some} grapes/fruit {from the vine}” 40:11 vjbq וָֽ⁠אֶשְׂחַ֤ט אֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 “and squeezed juice from them” or “and squeezed them {so that the juice went/flowed}” 40:11 bzyw אֶל כּ֣וֹס פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 “into Pharaoh’s cup.” or “into the cup.” @@ -5200,12 +5192,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 40:20 xdmx וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּ֖ה לְ⁠כָל עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “he held a feast/banquet for all of his officials/officers {to attend}.” or “he invited all his officials/officers to attend a/his {birthday} feast/banquet.” See how you translated “feast” or “banquet” in Gen 21:8. 40:20 n9n0 וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֞א אֶת רֹ֣אשׁ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֗ים וְ⁠אֶת רֹ֛אשׁ שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים 1 “{During the feast/banquet,} he {had soldiers} bring {his} head/chief wine-server and head/chief baker {out of prison} {to the feast/banquet}”. See how you translated similar clauses in verses 3 (See: note), 13, and 19, where Pharaoh had his soldiers do something. Also see how you translated “lifted up your head” in verse 13, where it has a similar meaning. 40:20 qchm בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו 1 “in front of {all} his {other} officials/officers.” or “where all his {other} officials/officers were.” -40:21 ehc4 וַ⁠יָּ֛שֶׁב 1 “Then he reinstated/reappointed/returned”. See how you translated “restore...to...position” in verse 13. +40:21 ehc4 וַ⁠יָּ֛שֶׁב 1 “Then he reinstated/reappointed/returned”. See how you translated “restore … to … position” in verse 13. 40:21 iuza אֶת שַׂ֥ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֖ים עַל מַשְׁקֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “the chief/head wine-server to his {former/previous} position/work,” 40:21 lrle וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן הַ⁠כּ֖וֹס עַל כַּ֥ף פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “so that {once again} he served wine to him.” or “so that {once again} he had the duty of serving him his cup of wine.” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 13. -40:22 n0d9 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים תָּלָ֑ה 1 “But {as for} the chief/head baker, he/Pharaoh had him {executed and} hanged {on a tree/pole}.” or “But he/Pharaoh {had his soldiers execute} the head baker {and} impale {his body on a pole/stake}.” Notice that “the chief of the bakers” is at the beginning of this clause in the Hebrew text to emphasize him and contrast him with what happened to the chief cupbearer. Do what is natural in your language. See how you translated “hang...on a tree” in verse 19. +40:22 n0d9 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים תָּלָ֑ה 1 “But {as for} the chief/head baker, he/Pharaoh had him {executed and} hanged {on a tree/pole}.” or “But he/Pharaoh {had his soldiers execute} the head baker {and} impale {his body on a pole/stake}.” Notice that “the chief of the bakers” is at the beginning of this clause in the Hebrew text to emphasize him and contrast him with what happened to the chief cupbearer. Do what is natural in your language. See how you translated “hang … on a tree” in verse 19. 40:22 s6xh כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר פָּתַ֛ר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם יוֹסֵֽף 1 “{Everything happened} exactly the way Joseph had interpreted/explained {their dreams} to them.” or “which was exactly what Joseph had said would happen.” -40:23 z4vm וְ⁠לֹֽא־זָכַ֧ר שַֽׂר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֛ים אֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּחֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 “But the chief/head cupbearer/wine-server did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} Joseph, but {rather/instead,} he forgot {about} him.” or “...{completely} forgot about Joseph and did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} him.” +40:23 z4vm וְ⁠לֹֽא־זָכַ֧ר שַֽׂר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֛ים אֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּחֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 “But the chief/head cupbearer/wine-server did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} Joseph, but {rather/instead,} he forgot {about} him.” or “…{completely} forgot about Joseph and did not remember {to tell Pharaoh about} him.” 41:1 r8s5 וַ⁠יְהִ֕י מִ⁠קֵּ֖ץ שְׁנָתַ֣יִם יָמִ֑ים 1 “After two full years had passed,” or “Two whole/complete years later,” 41:1 ydjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֣ה חֹלֵ֔ם וְ⁠הִנֵּ֖ה עֹמֵ֥ד 1 “{King} Pharaoh had a dream. {In the dream} he saw himself standing” or “{King} Pharaoh dreamed that he was standing”. See how you translated “Pharaoh” in Gen 40:2. 41:1 a5ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “beside the {Nile} River.” This phrase usually refers to the Nile River, which was the most important river in Egypt and was so well known by everyone that it was referred to as “the River”. See how you translated a different Hebrew word for “river” in Gen 36:37. @@ -5245,21 +5237,21 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:9 qree rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics אֲנִ֖י מַזְכִּ֥יר הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 “{Sir,} today I remember” or “{Your Majesty/Honor,} I now remember”. For many languages, it is necessary to use a respectful title to address a person of high status like Pharaoh. Do what is best in your language. 41:9 lq2t אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י 1 “my sins/failures.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “{the time} when I offended/displeased/wronged {you}.” (2) “something {important} I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph. 41:10 lbfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַּרְעֹ֖ה קָצַ֣ף עַל 1 “{Some time ago,} {King} Pharaoh, {you} were very angry at/with”. The events in verses 10-13 had happened two years earlier (verse 1); chapter 40 gives the details about those events. See how you translated the idiom “broke out in anger against” in Gen 40:2. -41:10 ttw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “his/your officials/officers,” In verses 10 and 13, the cupbearer uses third person (“Pharaoh....his....he...”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you...your...you...”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. -41:10 hhkv וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתִ֜⁠י בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר בֵּ֚ית שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים אֹתִ֕⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִֽים 1 “{including} me and the chief/head baker, and he/you put us in custody/prison at the captain of the guards’ house.” or “and he/you put the head baker and me in the prison that is in the house of the captain of the guards.” See how you translated “put...in custody in the house of the chief of the guards” in Gen 40:3. Also consider again how you translated “chief of the bakers” and “baker” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 4-5, 16-17, 20, 22; 41:10, 13. +41:10 ttw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “his/your officials/officers,” In verses 10 and 13, the cupbearer uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your …you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. +41:10 hhkv וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתִ֜⁠י בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר בֵּ֚ית שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים אֹתִ֕⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִֽים 1 “{including} me and the chief/head baker, and he/you put us in custody/prison at the captain of the guards’ house.” or “and he/you put the head baker and me in the prison that is in the house of the captain of the guards.” See how you translated “put … in custody in the house of the chief of the guards” in Gen 40:3. Also consider again how you translated “chief of the bakers” and “baker” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 4-5, 16-17, 20, 22; 41:10, 13. 41:11 ntkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וַ⁠נַּֽחַלְמָ֥⁠ה חֲל֛וֹם בְּ⁠לַ֥יְלָה אֶחָ֖ד אֲנִ֣י וָ⁠ה֑וּא 1 “{One time while we were there,} we {each} dreamed/had a dream in/during the same night,” or “{While we were there,} one night we {each} had a dream,” See how you translated a similar sentence in Gen 40:5. In verses 11-13, the pronouns “we” and “us” exclude Pharaoh. 41:11 vxuz אִ֛ישׁ כְּ⁠פִתְר֥וֹן חֲלֹמ֖⁠וֹ חָלָֽמְנוּ 1 “{and} each of our dreams had a different meaning.” or “{and} each of our dreams had its own meaning.” Consider again how you translated “interpretation” in Gen 40:5, 8, 12, 18; 41:11 and the related verb “interpret” in Gen 40:16, 22. -41:12 sn9g וְ⁠שָׁ֨ם אִתָּ֜⁠נוּ נַ֣עַר עִבְרִ֗י 1 “There was a young Hebrew man with us”. Translate “young...man” in a way that fits with the fact that Joseph was 30 years old (verse 46) and was not yet married. +41:12 sn9g וְ⁠שָׁ֨ם אִתָּ֜⁠נוּ נַ֣עַר עִבְרִ֗י 1 “There was a young Hebrew man with us”. Translate “young … man” in a way that fits with the fact that Joseph was 30 years old (verse 46) and was not yet married. 41:12 lpw0 עֶ֚בֶד לְ⁠שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים 1 “{who was} a servant for the captain of/over the guards.” Consider again how you translated “chief of the guards” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 37:36; 39:1; 40:3-4; 41:10, 12. 41:12 ujnq וַ⁠נְּ֨סַפֶּר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “After we told him {our dreams},” or “After we related/described {our dreams} to him,” Consider again how you translated “told” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 24:66; 29:13; 37:9-10; 40:8-9; 41:8, 12. 41:12 s75n וַ⁠יִּפְתָּר לָ֖⁠נוּ אֶת חֲלֹמֹתֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 “he explained them to us.” or “he told us what they meant.” 41:12 aybf אִ֥ישׁ כַּ⁠חֲלֹמ֖⁠וֹ פָּתָֽר 1 “He interpreted each man’s dream.” or “He told each of us the meaning of our dreams.” or “He told us what each of our dreams meant.” 41:13 r08j וַ⁠יְהִ֛י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר פָּֽתַר לָ֖⁠נוּ כֵּ֣ן הָיָ֑ה 1 “And sure enough, everything happened exactly the way he had interpreted/explained {the dreams} to us:” -41:13 y07m אֹתִ֛⁠י הֵשִׁ֥יב עַל כַּנִּ֖⁠י 1 “you reinstated/reappointed/returned me to my {former/previous} position/work {as your cupbearer/wine-server},” See how you translated “restored to...position” in Gen 40:21. +41:13 y07m אֹתִ֛⁠י הֵשִׁ֥יב עַל כַּנִּ֖⁠י 1 “you reinstated/reappointed/returned me to my {former/previous} position/work {as your cupbearer/wine-server},” See how you translated “restored to … position” in Gen 40:21. 41:13 nv90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠אֹת֥⁠וֹ תָלָֽה 1 “and/but you {had your soldiers execute} the baker {and} hang/impale his body {on a pole/stake}.” or “but you {had your soldiers} execute the baker.” Consider again whether you referred to Pharaoh in third person (“he”) or second person (“you”) in verses 10 and 13. Also see how you translated “hanged/impaled {on a tree/pole}” in Gen 40:22. 41:14 m870 וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח פַּרְעֹה֙ וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א אֶת־יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “{Immediately} Pharaoh” or “{When Pharaoh heard that,} {immediately} he” 41:14 qrw6 וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח פַּרְעֹה֙ וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א אֶת־יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “sent {servants/messengers} to summon/get Joseph.” or “had {servants/messengers} summon Joseph.” See how you translated “sent and called for” in verse 8. -41:14 g8o0 וַ⁠יְרִיצֻ֖⁠הוּ מִן־הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר 1 “So they hurriedly brought/got him/Joseph out of the dungeon/prison.” or “So they went right away and brought/got...” See how you translated “pit” in Gen 40:15. +41:14 g8o0 וַ⁠יְרִיצֻ֖⁠הוּ מִן־הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר 1 “So they hurriedly brought/got him/Joseph out of the dungeon/prison.” or “So they went right away and brought/got …” See how you translated “pit” in Gen 40:15. 41:14 t4lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְגַלַּח֙ וַ⁠יְחַלֵּ֣ף שִׂמְלֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 “Then he shaved {his head and face}, changed into suitable/better clothes and” or “Then after he shaved {his head and face} and changed into appropriate/clean clothing, he”. Since Joseph lived in Egypt and Egyptian men kept their heads and faces clean-shaven, Joseph probably also shaved his head and his face. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make this implied information explicit in your translation. 41:14 x9jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֶל פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “came/went before Pharaoh.” or “came/went into Pharaoh’s presence.” Your choice of “came” versus “went” in this context depends on whose perspective you take: “came” reflects things from Pharaoh’s point of view, and “went” reflects things from Joseph’s point of view. Do what is most natural in your language. 41:15 b79o rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then Pharaoh said to him,” or “Then Pharaoh told Joseph/him,” @@ -5270,7 +5262,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:16 umpk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּ֨עַן יוֹסֵ֧ף אֶת פַּרְעֹ֛ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר 1 “Joseph replied to Pharaoh/him,” 41:16 k2co rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics בִּלְעָדָ֑⁠י 1 “{Sir,} I do not have that ability {on my own},” or “{Your Majesty,} I cannot do that {by myself},” Make sure your translation of Joseph’s response sounds polite. See what you did in verse 9. 41:16 z0tv אֱלֹהִ֕ים יַעֲנֶ֖ה 1 “{but/rather} God will explain/interpret {your dream}” -41:16 d4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת שְׁל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “for your well-being/good, {King} Pharaoh.” or “so that {you,} {King} Pharaoh, will have peace {in your heart/spirit}.” Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to use Pharaoh’s name at the beginning of this quote (instead of here) and say, “{King} Pharaoh, I do not have that ability...” +41:16 d4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת שְׁל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹֽה 1 “for your well-being/good, {King} Pharaoh.” or “so that {you,} {King} Pharaoh, will have peace {in your heart/spirit}.” Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to use Pharaoh’s name at the beginning of this quote (instead of here) and say, “{King} Pharaoh, I do not have that ability…” 41:17 c1wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “So Pharaoh told Joseph/him,” 41:17 ud49 בַּ⁠חֲלֹמִ֕⁠י הִנְ⁠נִ֥י עֹמֵ֖ד 1 “As I was dreaming, I saw myself standing” or “I dreamed that I was standing” 41:17 g4ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר 1 “on the bank of the {Nile} River.” or “beside the {Nile} River.” See how you translated “the {Nile} River” in verse 1. Since this is the first time that Pharaoh mentions “the River” to Joseph, consider whether this is a good place in your translation to make it explicit again that this is the Nile River. @@ -5296,12 +5288,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:23 i1u0 שֶׁ֣בַע שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים צְנֻמ֥וֹת דַּקּ֖וֹת שְׁדֻפ֣וֹת קָדִ֑ים 1 “seven heads of grain {that were} small and withered/wilted because they were dried out by the {hot} east/desert wind” or “seven small, withered/wilted heads of grain that the {hot} east/desert wind had dried out” 41:23 ksuc צֹמְח֖וֹת 1 “grew/sprang up” or “started/were growing” 41:23 nr7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “next to them {on the same stalk/plant}.” or “{on the same stalk/plant} beside the first/well-formed heads/ones.” For some languages it is more natural to change the order of phrases in this verse and say, “Then seven small heads of grain sprouted {on the same plant} next to the first heads/ones. {These had} withered/wilted because the {hot} east/desert wind had dried them out.” Do what is best in your language. -41:24 vdiv וַ⁠תִּבְלַ֨עְןָ֙ הָ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֣ים הַ⁠דַּקֹּ֔ת 1 “Then the small/shriveled heads of grain ate/gobbled up/down” or “...swallowed down” or “...devoured”. See how you translated the first half of verse 7, which is similar to the first half of verse 24. +41:24 vdiv וַ⁠תִּבְלַ֨עְןָ֙ הָ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֣ים הַ⁠דַּקֹּ֔ת 1 “Then the small/shriveled heads of grain ate/gobbled up/down” or “… swallowed down” or “… devoured”. See how you translated the first half of verse 7, which is similar to the first half of verse 24. 41:24 ae4y אֵ֛ת שֶׁ֥בַע הַֽ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֖ים הַ⁠טֹּב֑וֹת 1 “the seven beautiful/well-formed heads/ones.” See how you translated “good” in verses 5 and 22. 41:24 f5d7 וָֽ⁠אֹמַר֙ אֶל הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֔ים 1 “I told {my dreams} to {my} magicians/sorcerers,” See how you translated “magicians” in verse 8. 41:24 jbyt וְ⁠אֵ֥ין מַגִּ֖יד לִֽ⁠י 1 “but none of them could explain to me {what the dreams meant}.” or “but they could not explain/interpret {them} for me.” See how you translated a different Hebrew word that means “explain” or “interpret” in verse 8. 41:25 l70m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יוֹסֵף֙ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 “Then Joseph told {King} Pharaoh,” or “Then Joseph responded to Pharaoh,” -41:25 g0g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person חֲל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶחָ֣ד 1 “{Both} Pharaoh’s/your dreams have the same meaning.” or “Your Majesty/Honor, {both of} your dreams mean the same thing.” In verses 25, 28, 32-35, Joseph uses third person (“Pharaoh....his....he...”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you...your...you...”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. Also see what you did in verses 10 and 13. +41:25 g0g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person חֲל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶחָ֣ד 1 “{Both} Pharaoh’s/your dreams have the same meaning.” or “Your Majesty/Honor, {both of} your dreams mean the same thing.” In verses 25, 28, 32-35, Joseph uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your… you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. Also see what you did in verses 10 and 13. 41:25 lvoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ה֑וּא אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁ֧ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים עֹשֶׂ֖ה הִגִּ֥יד לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה 1 “{Through them,} God is revealing/showing to you what he will do.” or “God has revealed to {you,} {King} Pharaoh, what he is planning/about to do.” The Hebrew text emphasizes “what God is doing” by putting that phrase first in the sentence. Consider what is the most natural phrase order for this sentence in your language. 41:26 e65z שֶׁ֧בַע פָּרֹ֣ת הַ⁠טֹּבֹ֗ת שֶׁ֤בַע שָׁנִים֙ 1 “The seven healthy cows {in your dream} {represent/symbolize} seven years,” 41:26 ypp7 וְ⁠שֶׁ֤בַע הַֽ⁠שִּׁבֳּלִים֙ הַ⁠טֹּבֹ֔ת שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים 1 “and the seven beautiful/well-formed heads of grain {represent/symbolize} {the same} seven years.” @@ -5328,9 +5320,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:33 j1ph נָב֣וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֑ם 1 “{who is} intelligent/insightful and knows what to do,” or “who is wise and can make good decisions,” 41:33 wtra וִ⁠ישִׁיתֵ֖⁠הוּ עַל 1 “and put him in charge of/over” or “and give him authority over” 41:33 dg3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “the country of Egypt {and its people}.” See how you translated “the land” in verse 30. -41:34 zhau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה פַרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠יַפְקֵ֥ד פְּקִדִ֖ים 1 “{King} Pharaoh, I also recommend that you appoint/assign {regional} administrators/overseers” or “Sir, you should {also} appoint...” +41:34 zhau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה פַרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠יַפְקֵ֥ד פְּקִדִ֖ים 1 “{King} Pharaoh, I also recommend that you appoint/assign {regional} administrators/overseers” or “Sir, you should {also} appoint …” 41:34 pdqm עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “to be in charge of/over {different regions/parts of} the country,” or “to supervise/manage {different regions/parts of} the country,” -41:34 p2kn וְ⁠חִמֵּשׁ֙ 1 “and {have them} collect/gather {from the people} one-fifth” or “Then {command/order them to} collect...” Consider whether or not it is more natural to begin a new sentence here in your language. +41:34 p2kn וְ⁠חִמֵּשׁ֙ 1 “and {have them} collect/gather {from the people} one-fifth” or “Then {command/order them to} collect …” Consider whether or not it is more natural to begin a new sentence here in your language. 41:34 lx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “of {all} {the crops/grain/food that people/they harvest in/throughout} the country of Egypt” or “of {everything} the land/country of Egypt produces”. In this context, “the land/country” refers to the crops that were growing in Egypt. Make sure that is clear in your translation. 41:34 xfxu בְּ⁠שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׂבָֽע 1 “during the seven years when harvests/crops are abundant/plentiful.” or “during the seven years when there will be more than enough crops/food.” See how you translated “abundance” in verses 29-31. 41:35 wuzc וְ⁠יִקְבְּצ֗וּ 1 “Have them gather/collect” @@ -5351,10 +5343,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:38 n386 אֲשֶׁ֛ר ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “who has God’s Spirit in him” or “whom God’s Spirit guides” (2) “who has a divine spirit in him” or “who has a spirit of {the} gods in him”. Most translations follow the first interpretation, since Joseph had just talked to Pharaoh about God (verses 16, 28, 32) and Pharaoh acknowledges God in verse 39. 41:39 brta וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then he said to Joseph,” or “Then Pharaoh/he {turned} to Joseph and said,” 41:39 xxco אַחֲרֵ֨י הוֹדִ֧יעַ אֱלֹהִ֛ים אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶת כָּל זֹ֑את 1 “Since God has made all this known to you,” or “God has revealed to you what he is going to do, so” -41:39 ktfd אֵין נָב֥וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֖ם כָּמֽוֹ⁠ךָ 1 “no one {else} is {as} intelligent/insightful as you {are} or/and knows what to do {in this situation}.” or “...or knows how to manage {this situation} wisely.” See how you translated “discerning and wise” in verse 33. +41:39 ktfd אֵין נָב֥וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֖ם כָּמֽוֹ⁠ךָ 1 “no one {else} is {as} intelligent/insightful as you {are} or/and knows what to do {in this situation}.” or “… or knows how to manage {this situation} wisely.” See how you translated “discerning and wise” in verse 33. 41:40 fq25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַתָּה֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה עַל בֵּיתִ֔⁠י 1 “{So} I am putting you in charge of my household {and my kingdom/country},” or “{So} I am giving you authority over {the people in} my palace {and the rest of my kingdom/country},” The phrase “my house” refers here to Pharaoh’s household and all the other people he rules as king. 41:40 sv7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל פִּ֖י⁠ךָ יִשַּׁ֣ק כָּל־עַמִּ֑⁠י 1 “so that all the people in my country/kingdom must obey/do whatever you say/command.” or “so that all the people I reign over will/must respect and obey whatever you tell them to do.” Consider whether you have a similar idiom in your language, or if you need to say this without an idiom. -41:40 qqnv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רַ֥ק הַ⁠כִּסֵּ֖א אֶגְדַּ֥ל מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 “Only I {who sit} {on} the throne {as king} will have higher/more authority than you.” or “Only I who am king will...” In this context, “the throne” refers to Pharaoh’s position as the king. Make sure that is clear in your translation. +41:40 qqnv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רַ֥ק הַ⁠כִּסֵּ֖א אֶגְדַּ֥ל מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 “Only I {who sit} {on} the throne {as king} will have higher/more authority than you.” or “Only I who am king will …” In this context, “the throne” refers to Pharaoh’s position as the king. Make sure that is clear in your translation. 41:41 fcjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “Then Pharaoh said,” or “Pharaoh continued/added,” Some languages leave “Joseph” or even this entire quote margin implied here, since Pharaoh is still talking to the same person. Do what is best in your language. 41:41 b20a רְאֵה֙ נָתַ֣תִּי אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֔ עַ֖ל 1 “Look/Listen, I hereby/now put you in charge of” or “I am now appointing/installing you to be {the manager/supervisor} over”. The word “See” emphasizes what Pharaoh says next. 41:41 fuhl כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “the whole/entire land/country of Egypt.” @@ -5379,7 +5371,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:46 tinh בְּ⁠עָמְד֕⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י 1 “when he had that meeting/audience with” or “when he started serving”. This phrase refers to when Joseph stood before Pharaoh and was commissioned to serve as the second-highest ruler in Egypt. 41:46 iu0r פַּרְעֹ֣ה מֶֽלֶךְ מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Pharaoh, the king over Egypt.” 41:46 klkm וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יוֹסֵף֙ מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 “Then Joseph left Pharaoh’s presence” or “{After Pharaoh appointed him,} Joseph left him” -41:46 izc5 וַֽ⁠יַּעְבֹ֖ר בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “and traveled throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt {doing his work}.” or “and began traveling from place to place throughout...” +41:46 izc5 וַֽ⁠יַּעְבֹ֖ר בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 “and traveled throughout the whole/entire country of Egypt {doing his work}.” or “and began traveling from place to place throughout …” 41:47 k025 בְּ⁠שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׂבָ֑ע 1 “During the seven years when food was abundant/plentiful,” or “For seven years the crops/harvests were abundant/plentiful and”. Compare how you translated “seven years of abundance” in verse 34. 41:47 nel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תַּ֣עַשׂ הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ & לִ⁠קְמָצִֽים 1 “the land produced huge/large amounts of grain.” or “the people harvested huge/large amounts of grain from the land.” The idiom “by the handfuls” refers here to large amounts of grain. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom you could use here. 41:48 iib5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּקְבֹּ֞ץ 1 “So Joseph {told the supervisors/administrators under him} to gather/collect” or “So Joseph {had his helpers} gather/collect”. When the Bible says that a leader such as Joseph did something, it often means that he had it done by people under his authority. Decide whether you want to include this information in your translation or in a footnote. @@ -5387,7 +5379,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:48 rw03 וַ⁠יִּתֶּן אֹ֖כֶל בֶּ⁠עָרִ֑ים 1 “and he {had them} store/stockpile {that} grain in the cities.” 41:48 llbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֹ֧כֶל שְׂדֵה הָ⁠עִ֛יר אֲשֶׁ֥ר סְבִיבֹתֶ֖י⁠הָ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠הּ 1 “The food/grain {that people had harvested} from the fields, he {had his supervisors/helpers} store/stockpile in the nearby cities.” or “In each city he {had them} store/stockpile the food/grain {that people had harvested} from the surrounding/nearby fields.” Consider what phrase order is best for this sentence in your language. 41:49 e4mq וַ⁠יִּצְבֹּ֨ר יוֹסֵ֥ף 1 “In that way, Joseph stockpiled” or “Joseph {had his helpers} store up”. See how you translated “store/stockpile” in verse 35. -41:49 gdv0 בָּ֛ר כְּ⁠ח֥וֹל הַ⁠יָּ֖ם 1 “so much grain that it was/seemed/looked as {plentiful as} {grains of} sand beside the sea/ocean.” or “...as {plentiful as} the {grains of} sand on the seashore/beach.” See how you translated “as the sand of the sea” in Gen 32:12 and a similar phrase in Gen 22:17. +41:49 gdv0 בָּ֛ר כְּ⁠ח֥וֹל הַ⁠יָּ֖ם 1 “so much grain that it was/seemed/looked as {plentiful as} {grains of} sand beside the sea/ocean.” or “… as {plentiful as} the {grains of} sand on the seashore/beach.” See how you translated “as the sand of the sea” in Gen 32:12 and a similar phrase in Gen 22:17. 41:49 jotk הַרְבֵּ֣ה מְאֹ֑ד עַ֛ד כִּי 1 “{In fact,} there was so much that” or “{In fact,} it was so plentiful that {after a while}” 41:49 rt8w חָדַ֥ל לִ⁠סְפֹּ֖ר 1 “he {had them} stop keeping records/track {of it}” or “he/they had to stop writing down how much there was,” It was probably Joseph’s helpers who measured the grain and kept records of it. See how you handled this at the beginning of this verse. 41:49 t7vr כִּי אֵ֥ין מִסְפָּֽר 1 “because {there was so much that} he/they could no longer measure/record it.” or “because it was too much to keep track of.” @@ -5396,7 +5388,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:51 wsos וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת שֵׁ֥ם 1 “Joseph named”. See how you translated the idiom “called the name of” in Gen 21:3. 41:51 rcrs הַ⁠בְּכ֖וֹר 1 “{his} first/oldest {son}” 41:51 emzc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 “Manasseh, {which means “forget,”}” or “Manasseh, {which means “stop/not thinking about,”}” If you include the meaning of the name “Manasseh” in your translation or in a footnote, it should fit with the way you translate “forget” in the following clause. -41:51 lcpw כִּֽי־נַשַּׁ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{and he said/explained,} “{It is} because God has enabled/helped me to forget about” or “...to stop thinking about”. Your translation should not sound like Joseph had lost his memory of these things, rather God had blessed him so much that it helped him stop thinking about those things. +41:51 lcpw כִּֽי־נַשַּׁ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{and he said/explained,} “{It is} because God has enabled/helped me to forget about” or “… to stop thinking about”. Your translation should not sound like Joseph had lost his memory of these things, rather God had blessed him so much that it helped him stop thinking about those things. 41:51 j0ue אֶת כָּל עֲמָלִ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת 1 “all my troubles/hardships and {about}” 41:51 nllc כָּל בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽ⁠י 1 “{how much I have missed} all of my family {back home}.” or “{how much I have missed} my father and the rest of my family {back home}.” 41:52 axyh וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י קָרָ֣א 1 “And he/Joseph named {his} second son” @@ -5425,7 +5417,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 41:57 hocx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ 1 “In fact, {people from} all over the earth/world”. This phrase refers to the people living on the earth. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your language. See how you translated a similar metonymy (“all the land”) in verse 55. 41:57 s755 בָּ֣אוּ מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה לִ⁠שְׁבֹּ֖ר אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “started coming/traveling to Egypt to buy {grain/food} from Joseph,” 41:57 rlm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי חָזַ֥ק הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “because the food shortage was {so} severe/terrible throughout the entire/whole world.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause near the beginning of verse 57 and say, “In fact, the famine was/became so severe/terrible in/throughout the entire/whole world that {people} started coming/traveling to Egypt from all over the world to buy {grain} from Joseph.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “severe/terrible” in verse 56. -42:1 rkqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יַעֲקֹ֔ב כִּ֥י יֶשׁ־שֶׁ֖בֶר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Meanwhile {in the land/region of Canaan}, when Jacob heard/learned that there was grain {for sale} in {the country of} Egypt,” or “...when Jacob found out that {he/they could buy} grain in Egypt,” This verse begins a new episode which overlaps in time with some of what was happening in chapter 41. Consider what is the best way to begin this episode in your language. +42:1 rkqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יַעֲקֹ֔ב כִּ֥י יֶשׁ־שֶׁ֖בֶר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “Meanwhile {in the land/region of Canaan}, when Jacob heard/learned that there was grain {for sale} in {the country of} Egypt,” or “… when Jacob found out that {he/they could buy} grain in Egypt,” This verse begins a new episode which overlaps in time with some of what was happening in chapter 41. Consider what is the best way to begin this episode in your language. 42:1 jj1t וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ לְ⁠בָנָ֔י⁠ו 1 “he asked/told his sons,” 42:1 ok2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֖⁠מָּה תִּתְרָאֽוּ 1 “What are you waiting for?” or “Do not {just stand/sit here} looking/staring at each other!” or “Do not just {stand around/there} doing nothing!” Jacob uses this rhetorical question to get his sons to take action and do what he says next. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. 42:2 etgs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “Then he continued/added,” For some languages it is more natural to omit the quote margin here, because the same person (Jacob) is still talking to the same people (his sons). Do what is best in your language. @@ -5514,7 +5506,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 42:20 wrfx וְ⁠אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֤ם הַ⁠קָּטֹן֙ תָּבִ֣יאוּ אֵלַ֔⁠י 1 “But you must bring your youngest brother {back} {here} to me” or “After that, you must come back {here} to me with your youngest brother” 42:20 sgd0 וְ⁠יֵאָמְנ֥וּ דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 “so that what you have told me will be proven/confirmed to be true,” or “That way I will know that you are telling the truth,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 16. 42:20 dqp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠לֹ֣א תָמ֑וּתוּ 1 “and I will {spare your lives and} not execute you {for being spies}.” or “and I will let you live.” In this context, the word “die” refers to execution, not death by natural causes. -42:20 y20f וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ כֵֽן 1 “So/Then Joseph’s brothers {agreed to} do that.” or “...{agreed to} do what he said/proposed.” or “...accepted his proposal.” +42:20 y20f וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ כֵֽן 1 “So/Then Joseph’s brothers {agreed to} do that.” or “…{agreed to} do what he said/proposed.” or “… accepted his proposal.” 42:21 tzgd וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל אָחִ֗י⁠ו 1 “Then the/Joseph’s brothers said to each other,” or “{While they were still standing there,} they said to each other,” 42:21 l20t אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים אֲנַחְנוּ֮ עַל אָחִי⁠נוּ֒ 1 “{This is happening because} we sinned badly against our brother {Joseph} {long ago}.” or “Surely what we did to our brother {Joseph} {long ago} was {very} wrong.” 42:21 wifa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשׁ֛⁠וֹ 1 “We saw how distressed he was” or “We saw how {terribly} he was suffering”. The phrase “his soul” refers here to Joseph. @@ -5561,7 +5553,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 42:30 ua84 הָ⁠אִ֨ישׁ אֲדֹנֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ 1 “The man {who is} the ruler/governor over the land/country {of Egypt}” or “The man who governs/controls the land/country {of Egypt}” 42:30 z0fy דִּ֠בֶּר & אִתָּ֖⁠נוּ קָשׁ֑וֹת 1 “spoke to us sternly/roughly” or “was very harsh/stern when he spoke to us”. See how you translated “harshly” in verse 7. 42:30 tq1x וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ כִּֽ⁠מְרַגְּלִ֖ים 1 “and accused us of spying {on} {their} country!” or “He even accused us of being spies!” -42:31 h6vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠נֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנָ֑חְנוּ לֹ֥א הָיִ֖ינוּ מְרַגְּלִֽים 1 “But we told him, ‘We {are} trustworthy {men}; not spies.” or “We told him that we are not spies, but rather honest/trustworthy {men}.” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, see how you translated “...honest...not spies” in verse 11. +42:31 h6vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠נֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנָ֑חְנוּ לֹ֥א הָיִ֖ינוּ מְרַגְּלִֽים 1 “But we told him, ‘We {are} trustworthy {men}; not spies.” or “We told him that we are not spies, but rather honest/trustworthy {men}.” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, see how you translated “… honest … not spies” in verse 11. 42:32 t2n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שְׁנֵים עָשָׂ֥ר אֲנַ֛חְנוּ אַחִ֖ים 1 “There {were} twelve of us brothers,” or “{We told him that} we {are} twelve brothers,” Make sure that the way you translate verse 32 fits with whether you used a direct or indirect quote in verse 31. 42:32 tbtd בְּנֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠נוּ 1 “sons of one father.” or “{and} {we are} the sons of the same father.” 42:32 lfin הָ⁠אֶחָ֣ד 1 “One {of our brothers}” @@ -5596,14 +5588,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 42:38 lta2 לֹֽא יֵרֵ֥ד בְּנִ֖⁠י עִמָּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “My son {Benjamin} will/may not go with you {to Egypt},” or “{No,} I will not let my son {Benjamin} go down {to Egypt} with you.” Notice that the pronoun “you” is plural in this verse. Also, see how you translated “go down” in verse 2. 42:38 lyr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship כִּֽי אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת 1 “His brother is dead,” Joseph was Benjamin’s older brother from the same father and mother. Consider whether your language has a special kinship term for that. Also consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. 42:38 gth5 וְ⁠ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֣⁠וֹ נִשְׁאָ֗ר 1 “so he is the only one {of his mother’s sons} {who is} still alive.” or “and/so he is the only one/son {I have} left {from his mother}.” You could include a footnote here that explains that Joseph and Benjamin were the only two sons of Rachel, Jacob’s favorite wife who died after giving birth to Benjamin (Gen 35:16-20). -42:38 q1la rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠קְרָאָ֤⁠הוּ אָסוֹן֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ 1 “And/So if he were to be harmed/killed during your journey,” or “So if anything bad happened to him while you are traveling,” Jacob is saying what would happen if he lost Benjamin too. Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical statement in your language. Also, see how you translated “harm...meet him” in verse 4. +42:38 q1la rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠קְרָאָ֤⁠הוּ אָסוֹן֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ 1 “And/So if he were to be harmed/killed during your journey,” or “So if anything bad happened to him while you are traveling,” Jacob is saying what would happen if he lost Benjamin too. Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical statement in your language. Also, see how you translated “harm … meet him” in verse 4. 42:38 bz42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠הוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I would {die and} go down” or “you would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I would {die and} go down”. The phrase “my gray head” is a synecdoche which Jacob uses to refer to himself as their aged father. Consider whether your language has a similar phrase that is natural and works well here. 42:38 whbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁאֽוֹלָ⁠ה 1 “to the afterworld!” The Hebrew term “Sheol” is the name of the place where the spirits of people went after they died. If you transliterate the name “Sheol” in your translation, you could put its meaning in a footnote. See how you translated this term in Gen 37:35, and see the note about that there. 43:1 ddpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב 1 “The famine” or “The food shortage”. The setting changes here to focus on what is happening in Canaan. Some languages use a special conjunction (like “Now”) to indicate that, while others do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. 43:1 k8tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּבֵ֥ד 1 “{was} oppressive/severe” or “{continued to be} severe”. The word “heavy” is used here as an idiom that means the famine caused everyone much suffering. See how you translated the same idiom in Gen 12:10 and Gen 41:31. 43:1 pon5 בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “in the land/region {of Canaan}.” 43:2 ymu3 וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 “So it happened {that}” or “So”. This phrase introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit “it happened” because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. -43:2 wchl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר כִּלּוּ֙ 1 “when Jacob and his family {had} finished eating” or “...{had} used/eaten up”. Consider whether it is clearer in your language to use a pronoun or a noun phrase here. +43:2 wchl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר כִּלּוּ֙ 1 “when Jacob and his family {had} finished eating” or “…{had} used/eaten up”. Consider whether it is clearer in your language to use a pronoun or a noun phrase here. 43:2 akxh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶת הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔בֶר אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֵבִ֖יאוּ 1 “{all} the grain that his sons had {bought and} brought {home}”. The pronoun “they” refers here to Jacob’s sons, not Jacob’s family (as it did earlier in this sentence). 43:2 du9c מִ⁠מִּצְרָ֑יִם 1 “from {the country of} Egypt,” 43:2 h8vf וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙ אֲבִי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “their father {Jacob} told/commanded them,” or “he/Jacob told/commanded them,” @@ -5614,7 +5606,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:3 a6uc הָ⁠אִ֤ישׁ 1 “The man {who governs/controls the country there}” or “The governor {there}”. The brothers did not realize yet that Joseph was the governor they had spoken to in Egypt, so Judah referred to him generally here as “the man”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 42:30. 43:3 pib6 הָעֵ֣ד הֵעִד֩ בָּ֨⁠נוּ & לֵ⁠אמֹר֙ 1 “sternly warned/told us” or “was serious when he warned us” 43:3 klhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֹֽא תִרְא֣וּ פָנַ֔⁠י 1 “that we cannot see him {again}” or “that we cannot go/come to him {again} {to buy grain}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. -43:3 qdmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions בִּלְתִּ֖י אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 “unless our {youngest} brother is with us!” or “if our {youngest} brother {is} not with us.” Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous part of this sentence. For some languages it is necessary to put this clause before the previous clause and say, “...that our {youngest} brother must be with us or else we will not {be permitted to} see him {again}!” +43:3 qdmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions בִּלְתִּ֖י אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 “unless our {youngest} brother is with us!” or “if our {youngest} brother {is} not with us.” Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous part of this sentence. For some languages it is necessary to put this clause before the previous clause and say, “… that our {youngest} brother must be with us or else we will not {be permitted to} see him {again}!” 43:4 w58d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אִם יֶשְׁ⁠ךָ֛ מְשַׁלֵּ֥חַ אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠נוּ אִתָּ֑⁠נוּ 1 “{So} if you will allow/permit our {youngest} brother to go with us,” or “{So} if you will let our {youngest} brother go with us,” In verses 3-5, the pronouns “us” and “we” are exclusive since they do not include Jacob (whom Judah is talking to). 43:4 drtr נֵרְדָ֕ה 1 “{then} we will/can go/travel {to Egypt}” 43:4 hc8i וְ⁠נִשְׁבְּרָ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֹֽכֶל 1 “and buy {more} food/grain for you {and the rest of the family}.” @@ -5638,7 +5630,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:8 bflr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוּדָ֜ה אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל אָבִ֗י⁠ו 1 “Then Judah urged his father Israel {about Benjamin},” For some languages it is necessary to make “Benjamin” explicit here in the quote margin so that it is clear that “young man” refers to him in the following quote. Do what is best in your language. 43:8 daxf שִׁלְחָ֥⁠ה הַ⁠נַּ֛עַר אִתִּ֖⁠י 1 “Allow/Permit the young man to come with me/us {and I will watch over him}” or “Entrust the young man to me {to take care of}”. See how you translated “young man” in Gen 37:2; 41:12. Use a term here in your language that fits with the fact that Benjamin was probably in his 30’s. 43:8 imi8 וְ⁠נָק֣וּמָה וְ⁠נֵלֵ֑כָה 1 “and/so we can leave right away {to buy grain in Egypt}” or “so that we can go immediately {to Egypt} {to buy grain}.” -43:8 lenm וְ⁠נִֽחְיֶה֙ & גַּם אֲנַ֥חְנוּ גַם אַתָּ֖ה גַּם טַפֵּֽ⁠נוּ 1 “Then all of us, including our children, will survive” or “...will/can stay alive”. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated “will live and not die” in Gen 42:2. +43:8 lenm וְ⁠נִֽחְיֶה֙ & גַּם אֲנַ֥חְנוּ גַם אַתָּ֖ה גַּם טַפֵּֽ⁠נוּ 1 “Then all of us, including our children, will survive” or “… will/can stay alive”. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated “will live and not die” in Gen 42:2. 43:8 yhi0 וְ⁠לֹ֣א נָמ֔וּת 1 “and not die {from hunger}.” or “and not starve to death.” 43:9 jkoj אָֽנֹכִי֙ אֶֽעֶרְבֶ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “I personally guarantee/promise to keep him safe.” or “I personally guarantee his safety.” 43:9 ft8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠יָּדִ֖⁠י תְּבַקְשֶׁ֑⁠נּוּ 1 “You can hold/make me responsible/liable for him,” See how you translated a similar idiom in Gen 31:39. @@ -5662,7 +5654,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:12 z9xu בְּ⁠פִ֤י אַמְתְּחֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 “in the opening/top of your sacks.” or “in your sacks.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 42:27. 43:12 my0a אוּלַ֥י מִשְׁגֶּ֖ה הֽוּא 1 “That might have happened by mistake.” or “Maybe they/someone did that by mistake.” 43:13 g5d0 וְ⁠אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֖ם קָ֑חוּ 1 “So {then/now,} take your {youngest} brother” -43:13 rb0s וְ⁠ק֖וּמוּ שׁ֥וּבוּ אֶל הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 “and return right away to the man/governor.” or “and immediately go back to the man/governor.” See how you translated “get up and...” in verse 8. +43:13 rb0s וְ⁠ק֖וּמוּ שׁ֥וּבוּ אֶל הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 “and return right away to the man/governor.” or “and immediately go back to the man/governor.” See how you translated “get up and …” in verse 8. 43:14 ldsn וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן 1 “May Almighty God” or “I pray that God {who is} all-powerful will”. Consider again how you translated “God Almighty” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14. 43:14 p538 וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֤ם רַחֲמִים֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “be merciful/kind to you {as you go} before the man/governor,” or “cause the man/governor to be merciful/kind to you,” or “cause him to treat you mercifully/kindly,” 43:14 bcey וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח & אֶת־אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אַחֵ֖ר וְ⁠אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֑ין 1 The Hebrew text us ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “so that he will” or “and I pray that the man/governor will” (2) “and may he/God” or “and I pray that God will” @@ -5698,7 +5690,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:20 z7s9 יָרֹ֥ד יָרַ֛דְנוּ בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁבָּר אֹֽכֶל 1 “the first/previous time we came/traveled down {here} {to Egypt}, we came to buy {some} food/grain.” or “one time before this, we traveled all the way down {here} {to Egypt} and bought {some} food/grain.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 43:21 ordx וַֽ⁠יְהִ֞י 1 “But it {so} happened {that}” or “But {on our way home},” This phrase introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit “it happened” because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. 43:21 in48 כִּי בָ֣אנוּ אֶל הַ⁠מָּל֗וֹן וַֽ⁠נִּפְתְּחָ⁠ה֙ אֶת אַמְתְּחֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 “when we arrived at the place where we lodged/stayed for the night, we opened our sacks”. See how you translated “the lodging place” in Gen 42:27. -43:21 ch69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה כֶֽסֶף אִישׁ֙ בְּ⁠פִ֣י אַמְתַּחְתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and we were surprised to see that our bags/pouches of silver/money were in the opening/top of each of our sacks!” or “There in the opening/top of each of our sacks {was} the silver/money {we had paid/given to you} {for the grain}!” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.\r\nAlso, s\ree how you translated “in the mouth of...sacks” in verse 12. +43:21 ch69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה כֶֽסֶף אִישׁ֙ בְּ⁠פִ֣י אַמְתַּחְתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and we were surprised to see that our bags/pouches of silver/money were in the opening/top of each of our sacks!” or “There in the opening/top of each of our sacks {was} the silver/money {we had paid/given to you} {for the grain}!” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.\nAlso, see how you translated “in the mouth of … sacks” in verse 12. 43:21 penc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney כַּסְפֵּ֖⁠נוּ בְּ⁠מִשְׁקָל֑⁠וֹ 1 “The full/exact weight/amount of silver/money was there!” or “The silver/money was all there!” The silver was weighed in shekels (Gen 20:16; 23:15-16; 37:28) to determine how much to pay for something. See how you translated “silver” in Gen 42:25, 27, 35. 43:21 n9o8 וַ⁠נָּ֥שֶׁב אֹת֖⁠וֹ 1 “So/But we brought it {all} back” or “So/But we brought {all} that silver/money back” 43:21 lz5d בְּ⁠יָדֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 “with us {to return/give to you}.” @@ -5715,7 +5707,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:23 nnn5 וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֥א אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֖ם אֶת שִׁמְעֽוֹן 1 “Then the/Joseph’s head-servant brought Simeon out {of prison} to his brothers.” or “Then the/Joseph’s servant {got} Simeon out {of prison} {and} brought/took {him} to his brothers.” 43:24 d6ca וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ אֶת הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים בֵּ֣יתָ⁠ה יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “Soon the man/servant took/brought them {all} into Joseph’s/the house” or “Then Joseph’s servant brought/led the brothers inside Joseph’s/the house” 43:24 hz7n וַ⁠יִּתֶּן מַ֨יִם֙ 1 “and provided {them} with water” -43:24 f3c2 וַ⁠יִּרְחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “and they washed {the dust/dirt off} their feet,” or “to wash {the road dust off} their feet,” Consider again how you translated “wash....feet” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 18:4; 19:2; 24:32; 43:24. +43:24 f3c2 וַ⁠יִּרְחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “and they washed {the dust/dirt off} their feet,” or “to wash {the road dust off} their feet,” Consider again how you translated “wash … feet” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 18:4; 19:2; 24:32; 43:24. 43:24 xfcm וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן מִסְפּ֖וֹא לַ⁠חֲמֹֽרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “and he provided fodder/feed for their donkeys.” or “He also fed their donkeys.” Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated “fodder” in Gen 42:27. 43:25 j27m וַ⁠יָּכִ֨ינוּ֙ אֶת הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֔ה 1 “Then/Meanwhile Joseph’s brothers got {their} gift/gifts ready” 43:25 fyrt עַד בּ֥וֹא יוֹסֵ֖ף בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 “to give to Joseph when he came/got home at noon,” @@ -5723,7 +5715,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:25 q583 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּי שָׁ֖ם יֹ֥אכְלוּ לָֽחֶם 1 “that they were going to eat a meal {with him} there {at his house}.” For some languages it is more natural to put the last half of this verse at the beginning of the verse and say, “When Joseph’s brothers heard that they were going to eat the noon meal with Joseph {at his house}, they got their gifts ready to give him when he came/got home.” Do what is best in your language. 43:26 gxzc וַ⁠יָּבֹ֤א יוֹסֵף֙ הַ⁠בַּ֔יְתָ⁠ה 1 “When Joseph came to his house,” or “When Joseph came/got home,” 43:26 ida9 וַ⁠יָּבִ֥יאּוּ ל֛⁠וֹ אֶת הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֥ה אֲשֶׁר בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם הַ⁠בָּ֑יְתָ⁠ה 1 “his brothers {gave/presented} to him the gift/gifts that they had brought with them into the house.” -43:26 vrkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ ל֖⁠וֹ אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “Then they bowed {themselves} down before him {with their faces} to the ground {to show him respect/honor}.” or “Then they prostrated themselves on the ground {to respect/honor him}.” See how you translated “bowed down...ground” in Gen 42:6. +43:26 vrkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ ל֖⁠וֹ אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “Then they bowed {themselves} down before him {with their faces} to the ground {to show him respect/honor}.” or “Then they prostrated themselves on the ground {to respect/honor him}.” See how you translated “bowed down … ground” in Gen 42:6. 43:27 bvqp וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֤ל לָ⁠הֶם֙ לְ⁠שָׁל֔וֹם 1 “Then Joseph asked them how they were doing,” or “Then he/Joseph greeted them” 43:27 e2sa וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “and he asked {them},” or “He also asked {them},” Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. 43:27 f3lh הֲ⁠שָׁל֛וֹם אֲבִי⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠זָּקֵ֖ן 1 “Is your aged/elderly father {doing} well” or “Is your aged/elderly father in good health,” @@ -5733,13 +5725,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:28 siak rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics שָׁל֛וֹם לְ⁠עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ עוֹדֶ֣⁠נּוּ חָ֑י 1 “{Yes sir,} our father, who highly respects you, is still alive and well/blessed.” The brothers refer to their father as “your servant” here to show respect to Joseph and to acknowledge his high position. Translate this phrase in a polite way that shows respect toward Joseph. Also, the pronoun “our” is exclusive here because Joseph’s brothers did not yet know that they were talking to Joseph. 43:28 pv3h וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ 1 “Then they bowed {their heads}” or “Then they knelt”. In this verse, the terms “bowed” and “bowed down” translate two different Hebrew words that together describe and emphasize the process of bowing down to the ground. 43:28 iql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ 1 “and bowed down {to the ground} {again}.” or “and prostrated themselves {in front of him} {again}.” See how you translated “bowed down” in verse 26. -43:29 sk3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א עֵינָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּ֞רְא אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֣ין אָחִי⁠ו֮ 1 “Then Joseph looked up/around and saw his brother Benjamin,” or “When Joseph looked around {at them all}, he saw his brother Benjamin,” Benjamin was younger than Joseph. Also, consider again how you translated the idiom “lifted...eyes” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:10, 14; 18:2; 22:4, 13; 24:63-64; 31:10; 33:1, 5; 37:25; 39:7; 43:29. +43:29 sk3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א עֵינָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּ֞רְא אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֣ין אָחִי⁠ו֮ 1 “Then Joseph looked up/around and saw his brother Benjamin,” or “When Joseph looked around {at them all}, he saw his brother Benjamin,” Benjamin was younger than Joseph. Also, consider again how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:10, 14; 18:2; 22:4, 13; 24:63-64; 31:10; 33:1, 5; 37:25; 39:7; 43:29. 43:29 rxoe בֶּן אִמּ⁠וֹ֒ 1 “{who was} the {only other} son of his {own} mother,” or “who had the same mother that he had,” 43:29 tfn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “and he said {to them},” or “and he asked {them},” 43:29 kw42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠זֶה֙ אֲחִי⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠קָּטֹ֔ן 1 “So this {young man} must be your youngest brother” or “I suppose this {young man} is your youngest brother”. This question could be an actual question or a rhetorical question. The fact that Joseph does not wait for an answer suggests that this is a rhetorical question, especially since he already realized that the new brother in the group was Benjamin (verse 16). 43:29 kj9r אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֵלָ֑⁠י 1 “whom you told me about.” Make sure that your punctuation here fits with the way you translated this sentence, either as a question or a statement. 43:29 fgdx וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר 1 “Then he said {to Benjamin},” -43:29 x673 אֱלֹהִ֥ים יָחְנְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “I pray that God will be gracious/kind to you,” See how you translated “God has been gracious to...” in Gen 33:11. Also see how you translated “grace” in 24:12, 14 ,27, 49; 39:21. +43:29 x673 אֱלֹהִ֥ים יָחְנְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “I pray that God will be gracious/kind to you,” See how you translated “God has been gracious to …” in Gen 33:11. Also see how you translated “grace” in 24:12, 14 ,27, 49; 39:21. 43:29 etkj בְּנִֽ⁠י 1 “young man.” The phrase “my son” is a kind way to address a man who is younger or of lower status; it does not mean that Benjamin was Joseph’s actual son. Also, for some languages it is necessary to put this address first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language. 43:30 hmes וַ⁠יְמַהֵ֣ר יוֹסֵ֗ף 1 “Then Joseph quickly/hurriedly left {the room}” or “Then/Suddenly Joseph rushed out {of the room}” 43:30 mlcg כִּֽי נִכְמְר֤וּ רַחֲמָי⁠ו֙ אֶל אָחִ֔י⁠ו 1 “because he was feeling deeply emotional about his brother,” or “because he felt overwhelmed with emotions for/about his brother” @@ -5769,7 +5761,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:2 pli8 וְ⁠אֶת גְּבִיעִ֞⁠י גְּבִ֣יעַ הַ⁠כֶּ֗סֶף תָּשִׂים֙ 1 “And put my cup, the one that is {made of} silver,” or “Also put my silver cup”. Notice that this cup was made out of silver; it was not just silver in color. 44:2 tqum בְּ⁠פִי֙ אַמְתַּ֣חַת הַ⁠קָּטֹ֔ן 1 “in the top/opening of the youngest {one/man}’s sack/bag,” 44:2 pdhi וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כֶּ֣סֶף שִׁבְר֑⁠וֹ 1 “and/with his grain money/payment.” or “along with the silver/money that he paid for the grain.” -44:2 r9gb וַ⁠יַּ֕עַשׂ כִּ⁠דְבַ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר 1 “So the servant did exactly as/what Joseph/he had told/ordered {him to do}.” See how you translated “according to...words” in Gen 43:7. +44:2 r9gb וַ⁠יַּ֕עַשׂ כִּ⁠דְבַ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר 1 “So the servant did exactly as/what Joseph/he had told/ordered {him to do}.” See how you translated “according to … words” in Gen 43:7. 44:3 qedu הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר א֑וֹר 1 “The {next} morning {as it} was becoming light,” or “The {next} morning at dawn,” or “Early the next morning,” 44:3 l62s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים שֻׁלְּח֔וּ הֵ֖מָּה וַ⁠חֲמֹרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 “the men/brothers were sent {on their way} with their donkeys {by Joseph}.” or “{Joseph} sent the men/brothers {on their way}, along with their donkeys.” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive sentence in your language. 44:4 c0b7 הֵ֠ם יָֽצְא֣וּ אֶת הָ⁠עִיר֮ לֹ֣א הִרְחִיקוּ֒ 1 “{But} after they left the city, before they had gone very far,” or “{But} they had not gone very far out of the city when” @@ -5807,7 +5799,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:12 gwvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְחַפֵּ֕שׂ 1 “Then the/Joseph’s servant searched {their sacks/bags}.” Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph’s servant in verses 6, 10 and 12. Also see how you translated “searched” in Gen 31:35. 44:12 z3eh בַּ⁠גָּד֣וֹל הֵחֵ֔ל וּ⁠בַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן כִּלָּ֑ה 1 “beginning/starting with the oldest {brother} and ending/finishing with the youngest {brother/one},” or “He started with the oldest {brother} and continued until he came to the youngest {brother/one},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 44:12 ax9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּמָּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גָּבִ֔יעַ בְּ⁠אַמְתַּ֖חַת בִּנְיָמִֽן 1 “and the cup was found {by him} in Benjamin’s sack/bag!” or “and {there} he found the cup in Benjamin’s sack/bag!” or “and {it was there} in Benjamin’s sack/bag that he found the cup!” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. -44:13 fj96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּקְרְע֖וּ שִׂמְלֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 “In response {to that}, the brothers tore their clothes {in distress/grief}.” See how you translated “tore...clothes {in distress}” in Gen 37:29, 34. +44:13 fj96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּקְרְע֖וּ שִׂמְלֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 “In response {to that}, the brothers tore their clothes {in distress/grief}.” See how you translated “tore … clothes {in distress}” in Gen 37:29, 34. 44:13 yxdl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יַּעֲמֹס֙ אִ֣ישׁ עַל־חֲמֹר֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then each {of them} put his sack/bag {back} on his {own} donkey,” or “Then each {of the men/brothers} loaded up his {own} donkey {again},” Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the brothers in each context throughout this chapter. 44:13 tupx וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֖בוּ הָ⁠עִֽירָ⁠ה 1 “and they {all} returned to the city.” or “and/then they {all} {turned around and} went back to the city.” 44:14 onj0 וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨א יְהוּדָ֤ה וְ⁠אֶחָי⁠ו֙ בֵּ֣יתָ⁠ה יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “When Judah and his brothers arrived at Joseph’s house,” @@ -5827,7 +5819,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:16 u0e1 גַּם אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר 1 “including {the one/man}” 44:16 fi8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁר נִמְצָ֥א הַ⁠גָּבִ֖יעַ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “who was found with your cup {in his grain sack/bag}.” or “in whose {grain} sack/bag {your house-servant} found the cup.” or “whom {your house-servant} found with your cup {in his sack/bag}.” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 44:17 ezgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “But Joseph told {them},” or “But Joseph exclaimed,” -44:17 ambx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָלִ֣ילָ⁠ה לִּ֔⁠י מֵ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת זֹ֑את 1 “{No,} I would never {even} consider doing such a thing!” See how you translated “Far be it from...” in verse 7. +44:17 ambx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָלִ֣ילָ⁠ה לִּ֔⁠י מֵ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת זֹ֑את 1 “{No,} I would never {even} consider doing such a thing!” See how you translated “Far be it from …” in verse 7. 44:17 xlig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָ⁠אִ֡ישׁ אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א הַ⁠גָּבִ֜יעַ בְּ⁠יָד֗⁠וֹ ה֚וּא 1 “{Only} the one who was found with my cup {in his sack/bag}” or “{Only} the man in whose sack/bag {my servant} found the/my cup” or “{Rather} {only} the one/man whom {my servant} found with my cup {in his sack/bag}”. See how you translated “in whose hand the cup was found” in verse 16. 44:17 sa6p יִהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י עָ֔בֶד 1 “will be/become my slave.” or “will {stay and} serve me as a slave.” 44:17 n9xw וְ⁠אַתֶּ֕ם עֲל֥וּ לְ⁠שָׁל֖וֹם אֶל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “But you {others} may return to your father in peace.” or “As for {the rest of} you, you may go {back} home to your father without any trouble.” or “{The rest of} you are free to go {back} home to your father.” The phrase “go up” refers to the fact that the land of Canaan was higher in elevation than the country of Egypt. Some translations leave “up” implied. Do what is best in your language. @@ -5846,27 +5838,27 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:20 grn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וְ⁠אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֨ר ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ 1 “That son is the only one left {alive} from his mother, since his brother died.” or “And since that son’s brother is dead, he is his mother’s only living son/child.” or “That brother’s mother only had one other son, who is now dead.” In this sentence, “brother” refers to an older brother from the same father and mother. Some languages have a special kinship term for that. Do what is best in your language. 44:20 f6ig וְ⁠אָבִ֥י⁠ו אֲהֵבֽ⁠וֹ 1 “So his/our father loves him {very much}.” or “So his/our father {especially} loves our youngest brother.” 44:21 seoq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Then you told {us, who are} your {humble} servants” or “Then you told us, sir,” Judah uses the humble term “your servants” to show respect and honor to someone of higher status and authority. -44:21 qfp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הוֹרִדֻ֖⁠הוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י וְ⁠אָשִׂ֥ימָה עֵינִ֖⁠י עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 “Bring your youngest brother to me so that I can see/meet him.” or “to bring our youngest brother {here} to you so that you could/can see him for yourself.” The verb “bring...down” refers to the fact that Egypt was lower in elevation than the region of Canaan. Some translations leave “down” implied. Do what is best in your language. +44:21 qfp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הוֹרִדֻ֖⁠הוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י וְ⁠אָשִׂ֥ימָה עֵינִ֖⁠י עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 “Bring your youngest brother to me so that I can see/meet him.” or “to bring our youngest brother {here} to you so that you could/can see him for yourself.” The verb “bring … down” refers to the fact that Egypt was lower in elevation than the region of Canaan. Some translations leave “down” implied. Do what is best in your language. 44:22 g162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠נֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י לֹא יוּכַ֥ל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר לַ⁠עֲזֹ֣ב אֶת אָבִ֑י⁠ו 1 “But we told you, sir, that the young man should/must not leave his father {and come here},” 44:22 xhm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠עָזַ֥ב אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ו וָ⁠מֵֽת 1 “because if he did/does, his father would/will die {from anxiety}.” Make sure the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous clause, as either a direct or indirect quote. 44:23 kpr1 וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “But then, sir, you told us {that}” or “But you told us {that}” 44:23 x0ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אִם לֹ֥א יֵרֵ֛ד אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “if our youngest brother did not come back here with us,” or “unless our youngest brother came with us,” Consider again whether to translate the embedded quotes in verses 19-23 as direct or indirect quotes. 44:23 ud9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לִ⁠רְא֥וֹת פָּנָֽ⁠י 1 “you would not permit/allow us to see you again.” or “we could never see you again.” Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the beginning of this verse, either as a direct or indirect quote. 44:24 pdcq וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּ֣י עָלִ֔ינוּ 1 “When we returned {home}” or “So after we got/came back {home again}”. The phrase, “Then it happened” introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit “it happened” because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. -44:24 b8yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics אֶֽל עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ אָבִ֑⁠י 1 “to my/our father, {who is} your {humble} servant,” or “to my/our father, who highly respects you,” See how you translated “your servant...father” in Gen 43:28. +44:24 b8yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics אֶֽל עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ אָבִ֑⁠י 1 “to my/our father, {who is} your {humble} servant,” or “to my/our father, who highly respects you,” See how you translated “your servant … father” in Gen 43:28. 44:24 u4dl וַ⁠נַּ֨גֶּד ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “we reported to him” or “we told him” 44:24 lexn אֵ֖ת דִּבְרֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י 1 “my/our lord’s/master’s words.” or “what you told {us}.” or “what you had said {to us}.” 44:25 kcr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אָבִ֑י⁠נוּ 1 “{Months} later our father told {us},” The pronouns “our” and “{us}” are exclusive here because they do not include Joseph. 44:25 zkw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive שֻׁ֖בוּ שִׁבְרוּ לָ֥⁠נוּ מְעַט אֹֽכֶל 1 “Go back {to Egypt} {and} buy some {more} grain for {all of} us.” The pronoun “us” is inclusive here because what Judah’s father (Jacob) had said included the brothers whom he was talking to. See how you translated this same quote in Gen 43:2. 44:26 sq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠נֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “But we replied {to him},” -44:26 o2aw לֹ֥א נוּכַ֖ל לָ⁠רֶ֑דֶת אִם יֵשׁ֩ אָחִ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן אִתָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ וְ⁠יָרַ֔דְנוּ 1 “We cannot go {there} unless our youngest brother is with us. Then we can go.” or “We can only go down {there} if our youngest brother is with us.” See how you translated “...down” in verses 21 and 23. +44:26 o2aw לֹ֥א נוּכַ֖ל לָ⁠רֶ֑דֶת אִם יֵשׁ֩ אָחִ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן אִתָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ וְ⁠יָרַ֔דְנוּ 1 “We cannot go {there} unless our youngest brother is with us. Then we can go.” or “We can only go down {there} if our youngest brother is with us.” See how you translated “… down” in verses 21 and 23. 44:26 g0yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כִּי לֹ֣א נוּכַ֗ל לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “We will not be allowed/permitted to go before/to the man/governor {who sells grain there}” or “The man/governor {who sells grain there} will not allow/permit us to see him {again}”. The phrase “the man’s face” refers to the governor (Joseph) himself. Translate this in a way that is natural in your language. 44:26 ozil וְ⁠אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אִתָּֽ⁠נוּ 1 “if our youngest brother is not with us.” or “unless our youngest brother is with us.” 44:27 eii5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וַ⁠יֹּ֛אמֶר עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֖⁠י אֵלֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 “Then my/our father {who is} your {humble} servant said to us,” or “Then my/our father said to us,” See how you translated “your servant my father” in verse 24. Also notice that the pronoun “us” does not include Joseph here. Some languages use an exclusive pronoun for this. Do what is best in your language. 44:27 i4rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתֶּ֣ם יְדַעְתֶּ֔ם כִּ֥י 1 “As you {all} know,” The pronoun “you” is plural here, referring to all the brothers. 44:27 ngtg שְׁנַ֖יִם יָֽלְדָה לִּ֥⁠י אִשְׁתִּֽ⁠י 1 “my wife {Rachel} bore/had {only} two {sons} for me.” or “my wife {Rachel} and I {only} had two {sons} together.” 44:28 nu9b וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א הָֽ⁠אֶחָד֙ מֵֽ⁠אִתִּ֔⁠י 1 “One {of those/her sons} left here {one day},” or “One {of them} has disappeared,” -44:28 pk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וָ⁠אֹמַ֕ר אַ֖ךְ טָרֹ֣ף טֹרָ֑ף וְ⁠לֹ֥א רְאִיתִ֖י⁠ו עַד הֵֽנָּה 1 “I have thought that he must have been {killed and} torn to pieces {by a wild/fierce animal}. I have never seen him again.” or “and I have not seen him since then. I am sure that {a wild/fierce animal} must have {killed him and} torn him apart.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “torn...to pieces” in Gen 37:33. +44:28 pk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וָ⁠אֹמַ֕ר אַ֖ךְ טָרֹ֣ף טֹרָ֑ף וְ⁠לֹ֥א רְאִיתִ֖י⁠ו עַד הֵֽנָּה 1 “I have thought that he must have been {killed and} torn to pieces {by a wild/fierce animal}. I have never seen him again.” or “and I have not seen him since then. I am sure that {a wild/fierce animal} must have {killed him and} torn him apart.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “torn. … to pieces” in Gen 37:33. 44:29 ks4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠לְקַחְתֶּ֧ם גַּם אֶת זֶ֛ה מֵ⁠עִ֥ם פָּנַ֖⁠י 1 “So if you were to also take this {son} away from me,” or “So if you also take her other son {away} from me,” Consider what is the best way to translate the hypothetical sentence in this verse. Make sure all the parts of the sentence fit together well. 44:29 k2l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠קָרָ֣⁠הוּ אָס֑וֹן 1 “and something terrible happened/happens to him,” or “and if anything bad/terrible happened/happens to him,” or “and anything harmed/harms him,” See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 42:38. 44:29 r1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠הֽוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠רָעָ֖ה 1 “you would/will cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, to grieve so deeply/badly that I would {die and} go down” or “you will/would cause me, your gray-haired/elderly father, so much sorrow/grief that I would {die and} go down”. See how you translated “bring my gray head down” in Gen 42:38. @@ -5876,7 +5868,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:30 jm4j וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר אֵינֶ֣⁠נּוּ אִתָּ֑⁠נוּ 1 “but I/we don’t have his youngest son with me/us,” or “without his youngest son,” 44:30 mryj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נַפְשׁ֖⁠וֹ קְשׁוּרָ֥ה בְ⁠נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 “since our father’s life depends on his son’s life,” or “since our father is deeply attached to his son,” This idiom reflects how close the relationship was between Judah’s father and youngest brother. Consider what is the best way to say this in your language. 44:31 liw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּ⁠רְאוֹת֛⁠וֹ כִּי אֵ֥ין הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר וָ⁠מֵ֑ת 1 “if he sees that his son is gone/missing, he will die!” or “then he will die when he sees that his youngest son is not with us!” The phrase “then it will happen” introduces an important hypothetical event here and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit the phrase because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. -44:31 biq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הוֹרִ֨ידוּ עֲבָדֶ֜י⁠ךָ אֶת־שֵׂיבַ֨ת עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “{Yes,} we will/would bring/cause our gray-haired/elderly father so much sorrow/grief that he will/would {die and} go” or “{In that way,} we will/would be responsible for bringing/causing our gray-haired...” Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical situation in your language. Also, see how you translated “bring...gray head down in sorrow to Sheol” in Gen 42:38, and a similar phrase in 44:29. +44:31 biq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הוֹרִ֨ידוּ עֲבָדֶ֜י⁠ךָ אֶת־שֵׂיבַ֨ת עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן 1 “{Yes,} we will/would bring/cause our gray-haired/elderly father so much sorrow/grief that he will/would {die and} go” or “{In that way,} we will/would be responsible for bringing/causing our gray-haired …” Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical situation in your language. Also, see how you translated “bring … gray head down in sorrow to Sheol” in Gen 42:38, and a similar phrase in 44:29. 44:31 p2vj שְׁאֹֽלָ⁠ה 1 “to the afterworld!” Consider again how you translated “Sheol” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31. 44:32 jzbk כִּ֤י עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ עָרַ֣ב אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אָבִ֖⁠י לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “{I myself} your {humble} servant guaranteed the young man’s safety to my father. I told/assured {him} that” or “Besides that, sir, I guaranteed/promised my father that I would return his son to him safely. I told him that”. See how you translated the verb “guarantee” in Gen 43:9. 44:32 pir9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אִם לֹ֤א אֲבִיאֶ֨⁠נּוּ֙ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “if I did not bring his son {back} to him,” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. @@ -5889,7 +5881,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 44:33 t5wy הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר 1 “our youngest {brother},” 44:33 biml וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר יַ֥עַל עִם אֶחָֽי⁠ו 1 “and let him go back {home} with his {other} brothers.” 44:34 gvqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּי אֵיךְ֙ אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה 1 “There is no way I can” or “I could never”. Judah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize how difficult it would be for him to return to his father without his brother. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. -44:34 y2n4 אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה אֶל אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “go back to my father” or “return {home} to my father”. Consider again how you translated “...up” in verses 17, 24, 33-34. Contrast that to how you translated “...down” in verses 21, 23 and 26. Some translations leave “up” or “down” implied. Do what is best in your language. +44:34 y2n4 אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה אֶל אָבִ֔⁠י 1 “go back to my father” or “return {home} to my father”. Consider again how you translated “… up” in verses 17, 24, 33-34. Contrast that to how you translated “… down” in verses 21, 23 and 26. Some translations leave “up” or “down” implied. Do what is best in your language. 44:34 jjj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר אֵינֶ֣⁠נּוּ אִתִּ֑⁠י 1 “if his youngest {son} is not with me!” or “if our youngest {brother} is not with me!” 44:34 cq7p פֶּ֚ן אֶרְאֶ֣ה 1 “I could not bear to see” or “I do not want to see” 44:34 qheo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo בָ⁠רָ֔ע אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְצָ֖א אֶת אָבִֽ⁠י 1 “the terrible distress/grief that it would cause my father!” or “how much/terribly my father would suffer/grieve!” See how you translated “misery” in verse 29. @@ -5940,7 +5932,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 45:9 j5m0 מַהֲרוּ֮ וַ⁠עֲל֣וּ 1 “Hurry up/back” or “Leave quickly and go back” or “Return quickly”. In this verse, the words “up” and “down” reflect the fact that Canaan was higher in elevation than Egypt. Many languages leave those words implied. Do what is best in your language. 45:9 v12d אֶל אָבִ⁠י֒ 1 “to our father”. See how you translated “my father” in verse 3. 45:9 q5o8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֣ם אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ בִּנְ⁠ךָ֣ יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “and tell him that his son Joseph has sent him this message:” Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. -45:9 jjgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שָׂמַ֧⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֛ים לְ⁠אָד֖וֹן לְ⁠כָל מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “God has made/appointed me ruler/governor over the entire {country of} Egypt.” Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote (which continues through verse 11) as a direct or indirect quote. An example of an indirect quote would be: “God has made him the ruler over all Egypt. He urges you to come down there to live near him, without delay. He also says that you and your family may live in Goshen Province and that way you will live near him....He will provide for you there...” +45:9 jjgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שָׂמַ֧⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֛ים לְ⁠אָד֖וֹן לְ⁠כָל מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “God has made/appointed me ruler/governor over the entire {country of} Egypt.” Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote (which continues through verse 11) as a direct or indirect quote. An example of an indirect quote would be: “God has made him the ruler over all Egypt. He urges you to come down there to live near him, without delay. He also says that you and your family may live in Goshen Province and that way you will live near him … He will provide for you there …” 45:9 sku6 רְדָ֥⁠ה אֵלַ֖⁠י 1 “{So} {please} come down {here} {to live} near me,” 45:9 vcd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַֽל תַּעֲמֹֽד 1 “{and} do not delay/wait.” or “{and} do not take very long to come.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “{So} {please} do not take very long, but rather come down/here quickly {to live} near me.” Do what is best in your language. 45:10 am1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יָשַׁבְתָּ֣ 1 “You {and your family} can/may live”. The pronouns “you” and “your” in this verse are singular, but Joseph’s message to his father includes the whole family. @@ -5965,7 +5957,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 45:14 r6ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֛ל עַל צַוְּארֵ֥י בִנְיָמִֽן אָחִ֖י⁠ו 1 “Then Joseph threw/put his arms around his brother Benjamin’s neck/shoulders” or “Then Joseph hugged his brother Benjamin {tightly/strongly}”. See how you translated the idiom “fell on his neck” in Gen 33:4. 45:14 ea8j וַ⁠יֵּ֑בְךְּ 1 “and cried {for joy},” or “and started crying {because he was so happy}.” 45:14 ony8 וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֔ן בָּכָ֖ה עַל צַוָּארָֽי⁠ו 1 “and Benjamin {also} cried on his/Joseph’s neck/shoulder.” or “Benjamin {also} cried as he hugged him/Joseph {back}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -45:15 ggne וַ⁠יְנַשֵּׁ֥ק לְ⁠כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 “Then/Next Joseph kissed all his brothers {on their cheeks}” or “Then/Next Joseph greeted all his brothers with a kiss {on their cheeks}”. See how you translated “kissed...{on the cheeks}” in Gen 33:4. +45:15 ggne וַ⁠יְנַשֵּׁ֥ק לְ⁠כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 “Then/Next Joseph kissed all his brothers {on their cheeks}” or “Then/Next Joseph greeted all his brothers with a kiss {on their cheeks}”. See how you translated “kissed …{on the cheeks}” in Gen 33:4. 45:15 t2gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יֵּ֣בְךְּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “as he continued to cry {for joy}.” or “with tears {of joy}.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Then as Joseph continued to cry, he kissed all his brothers {on the/their cheeks}.” Do what is best in your language. 45:15 wxc9 וְ⁠אַ֣חֲרֵי כֵ֔ן דִּבְּר֥וּ אֶחָ֖י⁠ו אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “After {he did} that, his brothers started talking with him.” Previously Joseph’s brothers had been too afraid to speak (verse 3). Now they felt free to start talking to him. 45:16 a6pi וְ⁠הַ⁠קֹּ֣ל נִשְׁמַ֗ע בֵּ֤ית פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “When the news reached Pharaoh’s palace/household” or “When Pharaoh’s household heard the news” @@ -5978,7 +5970,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 45:18 r5zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וּ⁠קְח֧וּ אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶ֛ם וְ⁠אֶת בָּתֵּי⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בֹ֣אוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י 1 “Then bring your father and your families back {here} to me,” or “Then {tell them to} bring their father and their families back {here} to me.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 18 is still part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers. Also make sure the pronouns that you use throughout verses 17 and 18 fit with whether you translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. 45:18 b98l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 “I will give you” or “I will give them”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 45:18 soil אֶת טוּב֙ אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “the best {region/area/land} in the country of Egypt {to live in},” -45:18 xl30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אִכְל֖וּ 1 “so that you...” or “so that they...” +45:18 xl30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אִכְל֖וּ 1 “so that you …” or “so that they …” 45:18 j0oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת חֵ֥לֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “will live well/comfortably with the best/abundance of everything in the country.’ ” This idiom means that they would live comfortably with the best of everything; it does not just refer to food. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language. 45:19 rznz וְ⁠אַתָּ֥ה צֻוֵּ֖יתָה 1 “You are also directed/instructed {to tell them}” or “{Then Pharaoh said to Joseph,} “I also command/want you {to tell them}”. The pronoun “you” is singular here and refers to Joseph. This clause is not part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers (verses 17-20). Make sure that is clear in your translation. 45:19 r7b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes זֹ֣את עֲשׂ֑וּ קְחוּ לָ⁠כֶם֩ & עֲגָל֗וֹת 1 “Take {some of} {my} carts/wagons with you” or “to take {some of} {my} carts/wagons with them”. These carts or wagons had two or four wheels and were pulled by animals such as oxen or donkeys. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. See what you did for a similar case in verses 17-18. @@ -5989,7 +5981,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 45:20 n3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes עַל כְּלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “about {leaving some of} your/their belongings {behind},” or “if you/they have to leave behind {some of} your/their belongings/possessions,” 45:20 bf1n כִּי ט֛וּב כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם 1 “because the best of everything in the land/country of Egypt” or “because the most valuable {things} in all the land/country of Egypt”. This phrase refers generally to the wealth of Egypt which will be available to Jacob’s family, including fertile land and anything else that they need. 45:20 ans7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לָ⁠כֶ֥ם 1 “{will be} yours.’ ” or “{will be} theirs.” -45:21 kcbs וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then/So Israel’s sons {agreed to} do that.” or “...{agreed to} do what Pharaoh said/commanded.” Jacob is referred to by his other name Israel here (also in verse 28). If that is not clear in your translation, you could put that information in a footnote. If possible in your translation, it is best to keep the name that the author chose to use in each case so that you do not change what is being emphasized. +45:21 kcbs וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then/So Israel’s sons {agreed to} do that.” or “…{agreed to} do what Pharaoh said/commanded.” Jacob is referred to by his other name Israel here (also in verse 28). If that is not clear in your translation, you could put that information in a footnote. If possible in your translation, it is best to keep the name that the author chose to use in each case so that you do not change what is being emphasized. 45:21 dnbb וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠הֶ֥ם יוֹסֵ֛ף עֲגָל֖וֹת 1 “Then Joseph gave them carts/wagons {to use}” 45:21 zkju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל פִּ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה 1 “according to Pharaoh’s words/command,” or “as {King} Pharaoh had commanded/directed {him},” This phrase refers to what Pharaoh said. 45:21 f8wt וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן לָ⁠הֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה 1 “and he provided/supplied them with food {to eat}” or “and he gave them food” @@ -6002,7 +5994,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 45:23 i00l וְ⁠עֶ֣שֶׂר אֲתֹנֹ֡ת נֹֽ֠שְׂאֹת 1 “and ten female donkeys that were carrying” 45:23 qi3o בָּ֣ר וָ⁠לֶ֧חֶם וּ⁠מָז֛וֹן 1 “{bags of} grain, bread, and {other} provisions/food” or “{food} provisions, including grain and bread,” 45:23 ml1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו 1 “for his father {and family}” or “for him {and his family}” -45:23 kd75 לַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ 1 “to eat on his/their trip/journey {to Egypt}.” or “to eat as he/they traveled {to Egypt}.” See how you translated “provisions...for the road” in verse 21 and Gen 42:25. +45:23 kd75 לַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ 1 “to eat on his/their trip/journey {to Egypt}.” or “to eat as he/they traveled {to Egypt}.” See how you translated “provisions … for the road” in verse 21 and Gen 42:25. 45:24 nqcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 “Then Joseph sent/saw his brothers off {on their way/journey home}.” or “After that, he/Joseph got his brothers started {on their journey home}.” 45:24 qezv וַ⁠יֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 “As they were leaving,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 45:24 rty0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם אַֽל תִּרְגְּז֖וּ 1 “he told/urged them, “Do not argue {with each other}” or “he told/urged them not to argue {with one another}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here. @@ -6040,7 +6032,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 46:4 kc9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֕ף יָשִׁ֥ית יָד֖⁠וֹ עַל עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 “And {when you die}, Joseph will {be right there to} close your eyes.” or “When you die, Joseph will be with you.” This clause refers to the custom of closing a person’s eyes after he died and means that Joseph would be with Jacob when he died. 46:5 o6ve וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִ⁠בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע 1 “Then/So Jacob left {the city of} Beersheba,” or “After that, Jacob {whose other name was Israel} left {the city of} Beersheba,” Be consistent with how you spell “Beersheba” throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 21:14, 31-33; 22:19; 26:23, 33; 28:10; 46:1, 5. 46:5 d9sz וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֨וּ בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶת יַעֲקֹ֣ב אֲבִי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 “and his sons, the sons of Israel, took/transported {him} their father” or “and his sons, {that is} the sons of Israel, took/transported him” or “and his sons took/transported him”. “Israel” is the name that God gave to Jacob (Gen 32:28, 35:10). In chapters 45 and 46, the text repeatedly switches back and forth between both of Jacob’s names. Make sure it is clear in your translation that these two names refer to the same person. You could include a footnote that helps readers understand what is happening. -46:5 dh0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠אֶת טַפָּ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠אֶת נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “as well as their children and wives” or “and their wives and children”. See how you translated “little ones and...wives” in Gen 45:19. +46:5 dh0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠אֶת טַפָּ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠אֶת נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “as well as their children and wives” or “and their wives and children”. See how you translated “little ones and … wives” in Gen 45:19. 46:5 ijbh בָּ⁠עֲגָל֕וֹת 1 “in the wagons”. See how you translated “carts” in Gen 45:19, 21, 27. 46:5 swur rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲשֶׁר & פַּרְעֹ֖ה 1 “that {King} Pharaoh” or “that Pharaoh {the king of Egypt}” or “that the king {of/over Egypt}”. For a note about how “Pharaoh” is used like a name in the Bible, see Gen 12:15. 46:5 a341 שָׁלַ֥ח 1 “had sent {to Canaan}” or “had provided” @@ -6051,7 +6043,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 46:6 ll6u בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “in the region of Canaan.” or “in Canaan.” 46:6 kx4e וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה יַעֲקֹ֖ב וְ⁠כָל זַרְע֥⁠וֹ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “Then Jacob and all of his descendants arrived in Egypt,” 46:7 fpfy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship בָּנָ֞י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנֵ֤י בָנָי⁠ו֙ אִתּ֔⁠וֹ בְּנֹתָ֛י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנ֥וֹת בָּנָ֖י⁠ו 1 “{including} his sons and grandsons, {and} his daughters and granddaughters.” or “{including} his sons, daughters, grandsons, and granddaughters.” or “{including} his sons and daughters, {and} his grandsons and granddaughters.” Consider what is the best way in your language to list these descendants. -46:7 f9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠כָל זַרְע֑⁠וֹ הֵבִ֥יא אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 “{Yes,} he/Jacob brought his entire family with him to Egypt.” or “He/Jacob had all his offspring/descendants with him when he arrived in Egypt.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “He/Jacob brought his entire {extended} family with him to Egypt, {including} his sons...” Do what is best in your language. +46:7 f9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠כָל זַרְע֑⁠וֹ הֵבִ֥יא אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 “{Yes,} he/Jacob brought his entire family with him to Egypt.” or “He/Jacob had all his offspring/descendants with him when he arrived in Egypt.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “He/Jacob brought his entire {extended} family with him to Egypt, {including} his sons …” Do what is best in your language. 46:8 hwco וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה שְׁמ֧וֹת בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל הַ⁠בָּאִ֥ים מִצְרַ֖יְמָ⁠ה יַעֲקֹ֣ב וּ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Here is a list of the names of Israel’s descendants who went/came {with him} to Egypt, {that is,} Jacob’s descendants:” or “The following list gives the names of Israel’s descendants, {that is,} Jacob’s descendants, who went/came {with him} to Egypt:” 46:8 r81g בְּכֹ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב רְאוּבֵֽן 1 “Reuben, {who was} his/Jacob’s firstborn/oldest {son},” Some translations put verses 8-14, 16-17, and 19-24 in list format, beginning a new paragraph with each of Jacob’s sons. 46:9 pg60 וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י רְאוּבֵ֑ן 1 “and Reuben’s sons, {who were}” or “and Reuben’s sons:” Throughout this section (verses 9-27), some translations use a colon before each list of names instead of “{were}”. Do what is best in your language. @@ -6084,7 +6076,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 46:18 q2fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד אֶת אֵ֨לֶּה֙ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב שֵׁ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה נָֽפֶשׁ 1 “Zilpah and Jacob had those sixteen descendants.” or “{The total number of} those descendants that Zilpah and Jacob had together was sixteen.” Consider whether it is better in your language to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Those {were} sixteen descendants that Jacob had with {his concubine} Zilpah, whom Laban had given to his daughter Leah {as a maidservant/servant}.” 46:19 dl75 בְּנֵ֤י רָחֵל֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב יוֹסֵ֖ף וּ⁠בִנְיָמִֽן 1 “{Then} there were the sons of Jacob’s wife Rachel, {who were} Joseph and Benjamin.” or “The sons that Jacob had with his wife Rachel {were} Joseph and Benjamin.” This verse begins a new section in the list of Jacob’s descendants. Decide what is the best way to begin this new section in your language. 46:20 wv2h וַ⁠יִּוָּלֵ֣ד לְ⁠יוֹסֵף֮ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַיִם֒ & אֶת מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה וְ⁠אֶת אֶפְרָֽיִם 1 “Joseph’s {sons} who were born in the land/country of Egypt {were} Manasseh and Ephraim.” or “Joseph’s sons were Manasseh and Ephraim, and they were born in the land/country of Egypt.” -46:20 h1mo אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָֽלְדָה לּ⁠וֹ֙ אָֽסְנַ֔ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֖רַע כֹּהֵ֣ן אֹ֑ן 1 “{Joseph’s/His wife} Asenath bore/had those sons for him; she was the daughter of Potiphera, the priest in/at {the city of} On.” or “Their mother was {Joseph’s wife} Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, {who was} the priest in/at {the city of} On.” See how you translated “Asenath...daughter of Potiphera the priest of On” in Gen 41:45. +46:20 h1mo אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָֽלְדָה לּ⁠וֹ֙ אָֽסְנַ֔ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֖רַע כֹּהֵ֣ן אֹ֑ן 1 “{Joseph’s/His wife} Asenath bore/had those sons for him; she was the daughter of Potiphera, the priest in/at {the city of} On.” or “Their mother was {Joseph’s wife} Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, {who was} the priest in/at {the city of} On.” See how you translated “Asenath … daughter of Potiphera the priest of On” in Gen 41:45. 46:21 eani וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בִנְיָמִ֗ן 1 “{Benjamin and} Benjamin’s sons, {who were}” or “Benjamin’s sons {were}” 46:21 d32r בֶּ֤לַע וָ⁠בֶ֨כֶר֙ וְ⁠אַשְׁבֵּ֔ל גֵּרָ֥א וְ⁠נַעֲמָ֖ן 1 “Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman,” 46:21 qthw אֵחִ֣י וָ⁠רֹ֑אשׁ מֻפִּ֥ים וְ⁠חֻפִּ֖ים וָ⁠אָֽרְדְּ 1 “Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim, and Ard.” Remember to use (or not use) “and” between the names in this list in a way that is natural in your language. @@ -6112,7 +6104,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 46:29 ytwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֶּאְסֹ֤ר יוֹסֵף֙ מֶרְכַּבְתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then Joseph got his chariot/cart ready” or “Then Joseph {had his servants} get his chariot/cart ready”. Joseph may have harnessed his horses to his chariot himself, or he may have had his servants do that for him (which was usual for a powerful person like him). Consider how you translated similar situations in Gen 41:48. Also see how you translated “chariot” in Gen 41:43. 46:29 ddl6 וַ⁠יַּ֛עַל לִ⁠קְרַֽאת יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אָבִ֖י⁠ו גֹּ֑שְׁנָ⁠ה 1 “and went to Goshen to meet his father Israel.” See how you translated “went up” in Gen 13:1 and “go up” in Gen 45:9. 46:29 vrp6 וַ⁠יֵּרָ֣א אֵלָ֗י⁠ו 1 “{When he got there,} Joseph went/came up to his father” or “{There} Joseph greeted his father” -46:29 zdd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֙ עַל צַוָּארָ֔י⁠ו 1 “and threw/put his arms around his neck/shoulders” or “and hugged him {tightly/strongly}”. See how you translated “fell on...neck” in Gen 45:14. +46:29 zdd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֙ עַל צַוָּארָ֔י⁠ו 1 “and threw/put his arms around his neck/shoulders” or “and hugged him {tightly/strongly}”. See how you translated “fell on … neck” in Gen 45:14. 46:29 vp4d וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ עַל צַוָּארָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד 1 “and cried {for joy} on his shoulder {for} a long time.” 46:30 ddlj וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 “Then Israel exclaimed to Joseph/him,” 46:30 cub6 אָמ֣וּתָה הַ⁠פָּ֑עַם 1 “Now I can/will die {happy},” or “Now when I die {I will be at peace},” Jacob did not die until 17 years later (Genesis 47:28). Make sure your translation of this clause does not mean or imply that Jacob wanted to die soon or that he thought he would die soon. @@ -6143,7 +6135,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 47:1 sa29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָבִ֨⁠י וְ⁠אַחַ֜⁠י 1 “My father, my brothers {and their families},” It is implied that the brothers brought their families with them. Consider whether or not to make that explicit in your translation. 47:1 i8mx וְ⁠צֹאנָ֤⁠ם וּ⁠בְקָרָ⁠ם֙ 1 “and/with their flock{s} {of sheep and goats} and their herd{s} {of cattle}” or “{along} with their sheep, {goats,} cattle,” 47:1 kr2r וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁ֣ר לָ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “and everything {else} that they own,“ or “and all {the rest of} their belongings/possessions,” -47:1 kw8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּ֖אוּ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “have come {here} from the land/region of Canaan.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause and the rest of this verse earlier in this sentence. For example: “My father and my brothers {and their families} have come {to Egypt} from the region of Canaan and {are} now in Goshen Province. {They brought with them} their sheep...” Do what is best in your language. +47:1 kw8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּ֖אוּ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “have come {here} from the land/region of Canaan.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause and the rest of this verse earlier in this sentence. For example: “My father and my brothers {and their families} have come {to Egypt} from the region of Canaan and {are} now in Goshen Province. {They brought with them} their sheep …” Do what is best in your language. 47:1 fp70 וְ⁠הִנָּ֖⁠ם 1 “They {are staying} now” or “and they have {already} arrived”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 47:1 ckpp בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ גֹּֽשֶׁן 1 “in the region/territory of Goshen.” or “in Goshen Province/County.” 47:2 zp5f וּ⁠מִ⁠קְצֵ֣ה אֶחָ֔י⁠ו לָקַ֖ח חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וַ⁠יַּצִּגֵ֖⁠ם לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה 1 “Then he/Joseph took/brought five of his brothers before/to Pharaoh and presented/introduced them {to him}.” or “Joseph had brought five of his brothers {with him} {from Goshen}, so he took/brought them before Pharaoh and presented/introduced them {to him}.” Joseph probably brought his father and brothers with him from Goshen (46:31) to Pharaoh’s palace. It is not clear whether or not they were in the room yet when Joseph spoke to Pharaoh about them (47:1). @@ -6203,7 +6195,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 47:16 upog וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠מִקְנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “and I will give/sell you {grain/food} if/when you give me your livestock/animals {to pay for it},” or “and in exchange for them I will give you {grain/food},” 47:16 ie1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם אָפֵ֖ס כָּֽסֶף 1 “since {all} your money is gone.” or “since you have spent {all} your silver/money.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “Since your silver/money is gone, bring/give {me} your livestock to pay for the grain/food that I will give you.” Do what is best in your language. 47:17 cxp1 וַ⁠יָּבִ֣יאוּ אֶת מִקְנֵי⁠הֶם֮ אֶל יוֹסֵף֒ 1 “So the people brought/took their livestock/animals to Joseph.” -47:17 tgeh וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠הֶם֩ יוֹסֵ֨ף לֶ֜חֶם בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֗ים וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠צֹּ֛אן וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֑ים 1 “and gave Joseph/him {their} horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys to pay for the grain/food that he gave them.” or “They gave Joseph/him {their}...” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +47:17 tgeh וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠הֶם֩ יוֹסֵ֨ף לֶ֜חֶם בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֗ים וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠צֹּ֛אן וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֑ים 1 “and gave Joseph/him {their} horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys to pay for the grain/food that he gave them.” or “They gave Joseph/him {their}…” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 47:17 a6oo וַ⁠יְנַהֲלֵ֤⁠ם בַּ⁠לֶּ֨חֶם֙ & בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הַ⁠הִֽוא 1 “In that way Joseph supplied the people with grain/food that year,” 47:17 ii9v בְּ⁠כָל מִקְנֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “{and they gave him} all their livestock/animals {to pay} for it.” 47:18 fx5v וַ⁠תִּתֹּם֮ הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠הִוא֒ 1 “When/After that year was over,” @@ -6290,10 +6282,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 48:3 owhk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then Jacob recounted/related to Joseph {the following}:” or “Then Jacob told Joseph,” 48:3 yrw7 אֵ֥ל שַׁדַּ֛י 1 “Almighty/All-powerful God” or “God {who is} all-powerful”. See how you translated this title in Gen 43:14. 48:3 t30j נִרְאָֽה אֵלַ֥⁠י 1 “appeared to me {long ago}” or “came to me in a vision {long ago}”. Consider again how you translated “appear” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 8:5; 12:7; 17:1; 18:1; 26:2, 24; 35:1, 9; 46:29; 48:3. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. -48:3 epp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠ל֖וּז בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “{when I was} at {the town of} Luz in the land/region of Canaan,” or “in the land/region of Canaan at {the town of} Luz,” For some languages it is more natural to put the larger place (Canaan) first before the smaller place (Luz) that is located inside it. It may also be more natural to put the time and place phrases first in this verse and say, “{Long ago} {when I was} at {the town of} Luz in the land/region of Canaan, God Almighty....” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you spelled the name “Luz” in Gen 28:19 and 35:6. +48:3 epp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠ל֖וּז בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “{when I was} at {the town of} Luz in the land/region of Canaan,” or “in the land/region of Canaan at {the town of} Luz,” For some languages it is more natural to put the larger place (Canaan) first before the smaller place (Luz) that is located inside it. It may also be more natural to put the time and place phrases first in this verse and say, “{Long ago} {when I was} at {the town of} Luz in the land/region of Canaan, God Almighty …” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you spelled the name “Luz” in Gen 28:19 and 35:6. 48:3 ya75 וַ⁠יְבָ֖רֶךְ אֹתִֽ⁠י 1 “He blessed me {there}” or “He pronounced a blessing over me {there}”. For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. -48:4 byu6 וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 “by saying to me,” or “He said,” Make sure your translation of “blessed...and said” (verses 3-4) refers to the same event, not two separate events. -48:4 m1hy הִנְ⁠נִ֤י מַפְרְ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠הִרְבִּיתִ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “Look/Listen, I will give you many descendants who will increase {in number} and become” or “Look/Listen, I will give you {and your descendants} many children so that your descendants will become”. See how you translated “make you fruitful and multiply you” in Gen 28:3 and “make him fruitful and...multiply him” in Gen 17:20. +48:4 byu6 וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 “by saying to me,” or “He said,” Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” (verses 3-4) refers to the same event, not two separate events. +48:4 m1hy הִנְ⁠נִ֤י מַפְרְ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠הִרְבִּיתִ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “Look/Listen, I will give you many descendants who will increase {in number} and become” or “Look/Listen, I will give you {and your descendants} many children so that your descendants will become”. See how you translated “make you fruitful and multiply you” in Gen 28:3 and “make him fruitful and … multiply him” in Gen 17:20. 48:4 n300 לִ⁠קְהַ֣ל עַמִּ֑ים 1 “many people/ethnic groups.” See how you translated this phrase in Gen 28:3, and a similar phrase (“a community of nations”) in 35:11. 48:4 o9zi וְ⁠נָ֨תַתִּ֜י אֶת הָ⁠אָ֧רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֛את לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אַחֲרֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “I will {also} give this land to your descendants” 48:4 l4rw אֲחֻזַּ֥ת עוֹלָֽם 1 “{as/for} an eternal/permanent possession.” or “to own forever.” or “and it will always belong to them.” @@ -6302,7 +6294,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 48:5 jujn בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם 1 “{here} in the land/country of Egypt” 48:5 idfh עַד בֹּאִ֥⁠י אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ מִצְרַ֖יְמָ⁠ה 1 “before I joined you here,” or “before I arrived,” 48:5 qt3g לִ⁠י הֵ֑ם אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙ וּ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה 1 “Ephraim and Manasseh, they {now} belong to me,” or “Ephraim and Manasseh, {will be} my sons,” -48:5 khph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ⁠רְאוּבֵ֥ן וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וֹן יִֽהְיוּ לִֽ⁠י 1 “just as/like Reuben and Simeon are my sons.” or “just as/like my sons Reuben and Simeon.” For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put the names of these sons earlier in the verse and say, “Now then, your two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who were born to you here in the country of Egypt before I joined you here, {I will treat as} my sons, just as/like...” Do what is best in your language. +48:5 khph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ⁠רְאוּבֵ֥ן וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וֹן יִֽהְיוּ לִֽ⁠י 1 “just as/like Reuben and Simeon are my sons.” or “just as/like my sons Reuben and Simeon.” For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put the names of these sons earlier in the verse and say, “Now then, your two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who were born to you here in the country of Egypt before I joined you here, {I will treat as} my sons, just as/like …” Do what is best in your language. 48:6 vme7 וּ⁠מוֹלַדְתְּ⁠ךָ֛ אֲשֶׁר הוֹלַ֥דְתָּ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ךָ֣ יִהְי֑וּ 1 “But any {other} children that you father/have later on will be yours.” or “If you father/have any more/other children, they will belong to you.” 48:6 rqc8 עַ֣ל שֵׁ֧ם אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֛ם יִקָּרְא֖וּ בְּ⁠נַחֲלָתָֽ⁠ם 1 “So they will share in some of what their brothers inherit {from me}.” or “{so that} what they inherit {from me} will be some of what their brothers {Ephraim and Manasseh} inherit {from me}.” Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. 48:7 jw7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 “I {want it this way because}” or “I {am doing this because}”. Jacob is probably explaining in verse 7 that since his favorite wife Rachel died with only two sons, that is why he is treating her son Joseph’s two sons as his sons (verses 5-6). You could make some of that information explicit in your translation or include it in a footnote. @@ -6327,8 +6319,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 48:10 nhh8 מִ⁠זֹּ֔קֶן 1 “because of old age,” or “because he was {very} old,” 48:10 igr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠רְא֑וֹת 1 “{so that} he could not see {very clearly/well}.” For some languages it is more natural to switch the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Now Israel was {very} old, so his eyesight was failing and he was not able to see {very well}.” Do what is best in your language. 48:10 m3l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֤שׁ אֹתָ⁠ם֙ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו 1 “So Joseph brought/took his sons near/closer to his father,” or “So he/Joseph had his sons stand near/close to his father,” Make sure it is clear in your translation whom is being referred to at each point in this sentence. -48:10 xi1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּשַּׁ֥ק לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “and Israel kissed them {on the cheeks/cheek}” or “and his father kissed...” It may be helpful to read this sentence aloud in your translation to make sure the use of nouns and pronouns is natural and accurate in your language. -48:10 yxhu וַ⁠יְחַבֵּ֥ק לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and hugged them.” Consider again how you translated the word “embraced” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 29:13; 33:4; 48:10. Also compare that to how you translated an idiom (“fell on...neck”) that has a similar meaning in Gen 33:4; 45:14, 46:29. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context. +48:10 xi1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּשַּׁ֥ק לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 “and Israel kissed them {on the cheeks/cheek}” or “and his father kissed …” It may be helpful to read this sentence aloud in your translation to make sure the use of nouns and pronouns is natural and accurate in your language. +48:10 yxhu וַ⁠יְחַבֵּ֥ק לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and hugged them.” Consider again how you translated the word “embraced” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 29:13; 33:4; 48:10. Also compare that to how you translated an idiom (“fell on … neck”) that has a similar meaning in Gen 33:4; 45:14, 46:29. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context. 48:11 caor rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then Israel exclaimed to Joseph,” 48:11 joqe רְאֹ֥ה פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ לֹ֣א פִלָּ֑לְתִּי 1 “I did not think I would ever see you {again},” or “I never thought I would see you {again},” 48:11 cko4 וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 “but surprisingly/amazingly,” or “but {now} look,” @@ -6419,7 +6411,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:7 cb28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָר֤וּר אַפָּ⁠ם֙ כִּ֣י עָ֔ז וְ⁠עֶבְרָתָ֖⁠ם כִּ֣י קָשָׁ֑תָה 1 “{May God} curse {them/you for} their/your intense/terrible anger and {their/your} cruel/malicious fury!” or “{I ask God to} curse/punish them/you for being so intensely/fiercely angry and cruel/malicious!” Consider what is the best way to translate this parallelism in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “cursed” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 3:14 (and note), 17; 4:11; 5:29; 8:21; 9:25; 12:3; 27:12-13, 29; 49:7. 49:7 ykq9 אֲחַלְּקֵ֣⁠ם 1 “I {ask God to} scatter/disperse them/you {and their/your descendants}” or “May {God/he} cause them/you {and their/your descendants} to be spread out”. The last half of verse 7 specifies how Jacob is asking God to curse Simeon and Levi. 49:7 f5mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב 1 “among {the family/descendants of} Jacob.” In this context, the name “Jacob” refers to his family and especially his descendants. -49:7 b95x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠אֲפִיצֵ֖⁠ם 1 “Yes, I/God will” or “That’s right, I {ask God/him to}”. The clauses “I will divide...” and “I will scatter...” form a parallelism that emphasizes the way Jacob is asking God to curse Simeon and Levi. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of a parallelism in your translation. +49:7 b95x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠אֲפִיצֵ֖⁠ם 1 “Yes, I/God will” or “That’s right, I {ask God/him to}”. The clauses “I will divide …” and “I will scatter …” form a parallelism that emphasizes the way Jacob is asking God to curse Simeon and Levi. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of a parallelism in your translation. 49:7 e9qw וַ⁠אֲפִיצֵ֖⁠ם 1 “scatter/disperse them/you” or “cause them/you to be spread out”. Consider again how you translated “scatter” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:18, 32; 11:4, 8-9; 49:7. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. If the pronoun “you” is used here in your translation, it should be plural. 49:7 ih68 בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 “throughout {the descendants/land of} Israel.” Jacob’s prophecy in verse 7 came true many years later: the tribe of Simeon was absorbed by the tribe of Judah (Joshua 19:1), and the tribe of Levi never had its own territory, but rather lived in cities scattered throughout the other tribes of Israel (Joshua 21:1-42). You could put this information in a footnote. 49:8 mfza יְהוּדָ֗ה אַתָּה֙ יוֹד֣וּ⁠ךָ אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Judah, you {are the one whom} your brothers will praise.” or “Judah, you {and your descendants} will be {highly} praised by your brothers {and their descendants}.” or “Judah, your brothers {and their descendants} will {highly} praise you {and your descendants}.” In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “you” is emphatic, and it has an emphatic position in the sentence. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. @@ -6434,7 +6426,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:10 yr2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠מְחֹקֵ֖ק מִ⁠בֵּ֣ין רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו 1 “The {king’s/ruler’s} staff will never leave his/your descendants/family” or “In fact, your descendants will rule”. This phrase forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes the authority that Judah and his descendants will have. 49:10 f9a1 עַ֚ד כִּֽי יָבֹ֣א שִׁיל֔וֹ 1 “until the {highest} king comes/arrives” or “until the One whom the scepter/kingdom belongs to comes/arrives”. Jacob is probably prophesying here about the coming of the Messiah/Christ. This fits with the fact that Jesus was a descendant of the tribe of Judah and is now ruling as the true King over heaven and earth. You could put some of that information in a footnote. 49:10 jg91 וְ⁠ל֖⁠וֹ יִקְּהַ֥ת עַמִּֽים 1 “and the peoples/nations {of the earth} obey him.” or “and all people obey him.” or “All people/nations will obey him.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -49:11 tpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹסְרִ֤י 1 “Judah {and his descendants}” or “You {and your descendants}”. In verse 11, the pronouns “he” and “his” refer to Judah and his descendants. To make that clear, you could make that explicit here and then use plural pronouns “they” and “their” throughout the verse. Or if you are using the second person throughout this section, you could say, “You {and your descendants}...” and use plural pronouns “you” and “your” after that. +49:11 tpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹסְרִ֤י 1 “Judah {and his descendants}” or “You {and your descendants}”. In verse 11, the pronouns “he” and “his” refer to Judah and his descendants. To make that clear, you could make that explicit here and then use plural pronouns “they” and “their” throughout the verse. Or if you are using the second person throughout this section, you could say, “You {and your descendants}…” and use plural pronouns “you” and “your” after that. 49:11 nav1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֹסְרִ֤י לַ⁠גֶּ֨פֶן֙ עִיר֔וֹ 1 “will {be so wealthy that they/you will/could} tether/tie their/your donkey{s} to {their/your} {grape}vine{s} {to eat the valuable fruit}.” or “let your donkey{s} eat your choice/valuable {grape}vine{s}.” In Jacob’s culture grapevines were valuable plants, so unless a person was very rich, he would never tether a donkey to his grapevines because it would eat the fruit and the vines. If necessary, you could make some of that information explicit in your translation. 49:11 gjb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לַ⁠שֹּׂרֵקָ֖ה בְּנִ֣י אֲתֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Their/Your donkeys’ colts will/could eat the best/finest grapevines.” or “{It will not matter if} their/your donkeys’ colts eat {their/your} best/finest {grapevine} branch{es}.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous one to emphasize how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be. 49:11 s2nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּבֵּ֤ס בַּ⁠יַּ֨יִן֙ לְבֻשׁ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠דַם עֲנָבִ֖ים סוּתֽוֹ 1 “{They/You will still have so much wine from other vines/grapevines that} they/you could {even} use the wine like water to wash their/your robes and {other} clothes.” This sentence is another parallelism that emphasizes how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be. The phrase “blood of grapes” is an idiom that refers to red wine made from the juice of grapes. @@ -6460,7 +6452,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:17 olso rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns דָן֙ 1 “They/You”. Be consistent with your choice of third person or second person (singular or plural) references to Dan (and his descendants) throughout verses 16 and 17. 49:17 xrz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor יְהִי & נָחָ֣שׁ עֲלֵי דֶ֔רֶךְ שְׁפִיפֹ֖ן עֲלֵי אֹ֑רַח 1 “will be {clever/cunning} {like} a poisonous snake {lying} beside a road” 49:17 zk4a הַ⁠נֹּשֵׁךְ֙ עִקְּבֵי ס֔וּס 1 “that strikes the feet of {its enemy’s} horse,” -49:17 b9kg וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ אָחֽוֹר 1 “so that {it rears up and} the rider/enemy falls off backward {to the ground}.” or “...is thrown off the horse {and defeated}.” +49:17 b9kg וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ אָחֽוֹר 1 “so that {it rears up and} the rider/enemy falls off backward {to the ground}.” or “… is thrown off the horse {and defeated}.” 49:18 f699 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָתְ⁠ךָ֖ קִוִּ֥יתִי יְהוָֽה 1 “{Then Jacob paused and exclaimed to God,} “Yahweh, I am looking expectantly to you to save {me}!” Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is talking to God in verse 18, not Dan any more. 49:19 h8g7 גָּ֖ד 1 “{Then Jacob/he continued,} “{As for you,} Gad,” 49:19 mepm גְּד֣וּד יְגוּדֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 “a group of robbers will attack him/you {and his/your descendants},” or “you {and your descendants} will be attacked by raiders/enemies,” @@ -6476,10 +6468,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:22 g42v עֲלֵי עָ֑יִן 1 “{that is growing/planted} next to a spring/stream {of water},” 49:22 x6dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor בָּנ֕וֹת צָעֲדָ֖ה 1 “{with} branches extending/hanging” or “{with} branches {full of fruit} that extend/hang”. This phrase probably continues the metaphor of the fruitful vine that symbolizes how prosperous and numerous Joseph and his descendants will be. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language. 49:22 x7gu עֲלֵי שֽׁוּר 1 “over a/the {surrounding} wall.” or “over a {nearby} wall.” -49:23 dn95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְמָרֲרֻ֖⁠הוּ 1 “Expert/Skillful bowmen/archers will {fiercely} attack them/you {and their/your descendants}” or “Enemy warriors/soldiers will...” or “His/Their/Your enemies will...” Be consistent with your choice of third person or second person (singular or plural) references to Joseph (and his descendants) throughout verses 22-26. +49:23 dn95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְמָרֲרֻ֖⁠הוּ 1 “Expert/Skillful bowmen/archers will {fiercely} attack them/you {and their/your descendants}” or “Enemy warriors/soldiers will …” or “His/Their/Your enemies will …” Be consistent with your choice of third person or second person (singular or plural) references to Joseph (and his descendants) throughout verses 22-26. 49:23 pxtz וָ⁠רֹ֑בּוּ 1 “and shoot {arrows} {at them/you}” 49:23 i8j6 וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂטְמֻ֖⁠הוּ 1 “and treat them/you hatefully.” or “and try to destroy them/you.” -49:24 x6y3 וַ⁠תֵּ֤שֶׁב בְּ⁠אֵיתָן֙ קַשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “But {as they/you fight back,} they/you will hold/keep their/your bows/weapons steady” or “...they/you will use their/your bows/weapons well/effectively”. Make sure that the way you translate “his” in this verse fits with whether you use second or third person (singular or plural) to refer to Joseph (and his descendants) in verses 22-26. +49:24 x6y3 וַ⁠תֵּ֤שֶׁב בְּ⁠אֵיתָן֙ קַשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “But {as they/you fight back,} they/you will hold/keep their/your bows/weapons steady” or “… they/you will use their/your bows/weapons well/effectively”. Make sure that the way you translate “his” in this verse fits with whether you use second or third person (singular or plural) to refer to Joseph (and his descendants) in verses 22-26. 49:24 lyay וַ⁠יָּפֹ֖זּוּ זְרֹעֵ֣י יָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “and their/your strong/powerful arms will remain/stay agile/nimble” 49:24 uyx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠ידֵי֙ 1 “because of the power/strength”. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. 49:24 ecz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב 1 “of the Mighty/Powerful {One/God} whom I worship/serve,” or “that the Mighty/Powerful {God} of Jacob gives them/you,” For some languages, it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the phrases in this verse and say, “But the Mighty/Powerful {God} whom I worship/serve will keep you strong and help you use your bows/weapons well/effectively {as you fight back}.” Do what is best in your language. @@ -6497,7 +6489,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:26 pz62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche תִּֽהְיֶ֨ין֙ לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “May {God} {also} give those/abundant blessings to {you} Joseph, {as}” or “I pray that {God} will abundantly bless {you too,} Joseph, {since you are}”. The words “head” and “top of the head” refer to Joseph and are connected with the custom of laying hands on the head of the person being blessed. 49:26 ckgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נְזִ֥יר 1 “the one who has been set apart {by God} {as ruler/leader}” or “the one who is distinguished/honored {by God}” or “the one whom he/God chose to set apart {and honor}”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive phrase in your language. 49:26 ujeh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶחָֽי⁠ו 1 “above/over his/your brothers.” Make sure your choice of “his” or “your” here fits with how you translated the beginning of this sentence. -49:27 ox1g בִּנְיָמִין֙ 1 “{As for} Benjamin, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Benjamin, {you} {and your descendants}”. Consider again whether you make “and...descendants” explicit for each of Jacob’s sons in this chapter, or whether you leave it implied and possibly put that information in a footnote. See verses 1, 7-8, 11, 13-14, 16, 19-23, 27. +49:27 ox1g בִּנְיָמִין֙ 1 “{As for} Benjamin, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Benjamin, {you} {and your descendants}”. Consider again whether you make “and … descendants” explicit for each of Jacob’s sons in this chapter, or whether you leave it implied and possibly put that information in a footnote. See verses 1, 7-8, 11, 13-14, 16, 19-23, 27. 49:27 hwab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor זְאֵ֣ב יִטְרָ֔ף 1 “{is/are} {like} a fierce wolf.” or “{will be} {fierce warriors} {like} ravenous/hungry wolves.” Wolves are a type of large, fierce, wild dog that live and hunt together in groups. If wolves are unknown in your language area, you could say “wild dog” or “a pack of wild dogs.” Consider again how you translated the metaphors and similes that Jacob uses in verses 4, 9-11, 14, 17, 21-22, 24, 27. 49:27 tyqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person בַּ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר יֹ֣אכַל עַ֑ד וְ⁠לָ⁠עֶ֖רֶב יְחַלֵּ֥ק שָׁלָֽל 1 “They/You defeat their/your enemies in the morning and share the plunder/spoils of battle {with their/your family/warriors} in the evening.” or “You will always defeat your enemies and take their possessions and wealth.” Consider again whether to use second person or third person (singular or plural) in verses 3-27, and make sure your translation of the pronouns is clear and natural. To do that, it is helpful to read your translation of this section aloud. 49:28 zkfe כָּל אֵ֛לֶּה שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 “Those {twelve sons} {are} {the forefathers/ancestors of} the twelve tribes that descended/came from Israel,” This clause refers back to Jacob’s sons who are mentioned in verses 1-27. @@ -6506,12 +6498,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 49:28 l9sl אוֹתָ֔⁠ם אִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 “each one of them” or “each of them” or “each one/son” 49:28 lbiq כְּ⁠בִרְכָת֖⁠וֹ בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “with blessings that were right/appropriate for them {and their descendants}.” or “in a way that was fitting/appropriate for them {and their descendants}.” 49:29 f0uw וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו אוֹתָ֗⁠ם 1 “After that, he/Jacob instructed his sons” -49:29 xadv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙ 1 “by saying to them,” Make sure that your translation of “commanded...and said...” refers to a single action, not two different actions. +49:29 xadv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙ 1 “by saying to them,” Make sure that your translation of “commanded … and said …” refers to a single action, not two different actions. 49:29 a79m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲנִי֙ נֶאֱסָ֣ף אֶל 1 “I will soon {die and} be gathered/taken {by God} to be with” or “{God} will soon take my spirit to be with” or “I am about to {die and} join”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 49:29 xzx1 עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 “my ancestors/relatives {who have already died}.” or “my ancestors/relatives {who have gone/died before me}.” or “my {deceased} ancestors/relatives.” 49:29 w22x קִבְר֥וּ אֹתִ֖⁠י 1 “{Please} bury my body” or “{When that happens,} {please} bury me”. Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not mean or imply that Jacob was asking to be buried while he was still physically alive. 49:29 qb7q אֶל אֲבֹתָ֑⁠י 1 “with/beside {the bodies of} my forefathers/ancestors” or “next to their {bodies}” or “next to them” -49:29 u8z6 אֶל הַ֨⁠מְּעָרָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֖ה עֶפְר֥וֹן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי 1 “inside the cave that {is located} in the field that Ephron the Hittite used to own.” or “...the field that used to belong to Ephron the Hittite.” Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Ephron still owned that property.” +49:29 u8z6 אֶל הַ֨⁠מְּעָרָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֖ה עֶפְר֥וֹן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי 1 “inside the cave that {is located} in the field that Ephron the Hittite used to own.” or “… the field that used to belong to Ephron the Hittite.” Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Ephron still owned that property.” 49:30 ypaj בַּ⁠מְּעָרָ֞ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֧ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֛ה 1 “That cave and field are in the Machpelah {area}”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “Machpelah” in Gen 23:9. 49:30 opic אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל פְּנֵי מַמְרֵ֖א 1 “that is near {the city of} Mamre” or “that is east of {the city of} Mamre” 49:30 s53x בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “in the region of Canaan.” @@ -6570,7 +6562,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 50:11 dxf9 וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “they exclaimed {to each other},” 50:11 l36r אֵֽבֶל כָּבֵ֥ד זֶ֖ה לְ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 “{Wow!} Those people of/from Egypt are mourning {very} sorrowfully {for someone who died}!” Consider again how you translated “Egyptian” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:14; 16:1, 3; 21:9; 25:12; 39:1, 2, 5; 41:55-56; 43:32; 45:2; 46:34; 47:15, 20; 50:3, 11. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. 50:11 e3y7 עַל כֵּ֞ן 1 “That is the reason that” or “That is why” -50:11 g814 קָרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙ 1 “people call that place” or “the name of that place is” or “that place is called/named”. Consider again how you translated “For that (reason) he/they called/call...” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:9; 16:14; 19:22; 21:31; 25:26, 30; 31:48; 33:17; 35:8; 38:29-30; 50:11. +50:11 g814 קָרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙ 1 “people call that place” or “the name of that place is” or “that place is called/named”. Consider again how you translated “For that (reason) he/they called/call …” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:9; 16:14; 19:22; 21:31; 25:26, 30; 31:48; 33:17; 35:8; 38:29-30; 50:11. 50:11 df53 אָבֵ֣ל מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “Abel Mizraim, {which means “Egyptians’ mourning place,”}” 50:11 b1sc אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר 1 “which {is located}” or “The/That place {is}”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 50:11 i2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן 1 “on the other side of the Jordan {River}.” For some language it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “That is why the name of that place on the other side of the Jordan {River} is Abel Mizraim, {which means “Egyptians’ mourning place.”}” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translate this phrase in verse 10. @@ -6580,7 +6572,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 50:13 gtwk אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “to the region of Canaan”. Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Canaan” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:31; 12:5; 13:12, 14; 16:3; 17:8; 23:2, 19; 31:18; 33:18; 35:6; 36:5-6; 37:1; 42:5, 7, 13, 29, 32; 44:8; 45:17, 25; 46:6, 12, 31; 47:1, 4, 13, 15, 27; 48:3, 7; 49:30; 50:5, 13. Also be consistent with how you spelled the name of the man named Canaan in 9:18, 22, 25-27; 10:6, 15, and compare that to how you translated “the Canaanites” in 10:18-19; 12:6; 13:7; 15:21; 24:3, 37; 28:1, 6, 8; 34:30; 36:2; 38:2; 46:10; 50:11. 50:13 xe0g וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְעָרַ֖ת שְׂדֵ֣ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֑ה 1 “and buried him/it in the cave {that is} in the field in the Machpelah {area},” Consider again how you translated “cave” and “the cave of the field of Machpelah” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 19:30; 23:9 (and note), 11, 17, 19-20; 25:9; 49:29-30, 32; 50:13. 50:13 n02f אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קֶ֗בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת עֶפְרֹ֥ן הַ⁠חִתִּ֖י 1 “{It was} the field {and cave} that Abraham had bought from Ephron the Hittite as a property/place to bury his dead {relatives}”. Consider again how you translated “property for a burial place” in Gen 23:4, 9, 20, and how you translated “Hittite” or “Ephron the Hittite” in Gen 10:15; 15:20; 23:3, 5, 7, 10, 16,18; 25:9-10; 26:34; 27:46; 36:2; 49:29-30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Ephron” in those verses and in Gen 23:8, 13-14, 16-17. -50:13 imrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא 1 “near {the city of} Mamre.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence (after “Machpelah”) and say, “...the field of Machpelah near {the city of} Mamre. {It was} the field {and cave} which/that Abraham...” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “in front of Mamre” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 23:17, 19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Mamre” in those verses and in Gen 13:18; 14:13, 24; 18:1. +50:13 imrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא 1 “near {the city of} Mamre.” For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence (after “Machpelah”) and say, “… the field of Machpelah near {the city of} Mamre. {It was} the field {and cave} which/that Abraham …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “in front of Mamre” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 23:17, 19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled “Mamre” in those verses and in Gen 13:18; 14:13, 24; 18:1. 50:14 m61w אַחֲרֵ֖י קָבְר֥⁠וֹ אֶת אָבִֽי⁠ו 1 “After Joseph buried his father{’s body},” 50:14 u0lx וַ⁠יָּ֨שָׁב יוֹסֵ֤ף מִצְרַ֨יְמָ⁠ה֙ 1 “Joseph/he returned to {the country of} Egypt,” 50:14 yhun ה֣וּא וְ⁠אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “along with his brothers” @@ -6598,7 +6590,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 50:17 djc3 וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ שָׂ֣א נָ֔א לְ⁠פֶ֥שַׁע עַבְדֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “So we beg you to forgive {us}, the servants of your/our father’s God, for our crimes {against you}.” or “So then, as servants of God whom our father worshiped/served, we beg you to forgive us for sinning {against you}.” Consider again how you translated “the God of” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 9:26; 24:12, 27, 42, 48; 26:24; 28:13; 31:5, 29, 42, 53; 32:9; 43:23; 46:1, 3; 49:24-25; 50:17. 50:17 elr0 וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ יוֹסֵ֖ף בְּ⁠דַבְּרָ֥⁠ם אֵלָֽי⁠ו 1 “Joseph cried when he heard that/their message.” or “When Joseph received/heard his brothers’ message to him, he {was very sad and} cried.” 50:18 vtzz וַ⁠יֵּלְכוּ֙ גַּם אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “After that, his/Joseph’s brothers themselves came {to him},” -50:18 u7sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “and threw/bowed themselves {on the ground} in front of him and said,” or “prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}, and said {to him},” See how you translated “fell...before him” in Gen 44:14. Compare that to how you translated “bowed down to/before...” (See: 49:8). +50:18 u7sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “and threw/bowed themselves {on the ground} in front of him and said,” or “prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}, and said {to him},” See how you translated “fell … before him” in Gen 44:14. Compare that to how you translated “bowed down to/before …” (See: 49:8). 50:18 hvlx הִנֶּ֥⁠נּֽוּ 1 “Here we are,” See how you translated a similar phrase (“Behold me”) in 22:1, 7. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. 50:18 m3yn לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “we {will be} your slaves/servants!” or “we {will serve you} as slaves/servants!” If you use an exclamation mark here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry, rather they are worried and desperate. 50:19 o5mq וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 “But Joseph replied to them,”