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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
1:4 i4lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) Alternate translation: “on an assigned day of the week” (2) Alternate translation: “on his birthday”
1:4 ey91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠שָׁלְח֗וּ וְ⁠קָרְאוּ֙ 1 The terms **sent** and **called** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and they invited”
1:5 s2c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֣י הִקִּיפֽוּ֩ יְמֵ֨י הַ⁠מִּשְׁתֶּ֜ה 1 The author is speaking as if the **days of the feast** had literally **gone around** or traveled a certain distance and then returned to their starting point. He means that each son had taken his turn hosting a feast. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “after the days of the feast had made a full circuit” or “after each son had taken his turn hosting a feast”
1:5 x3v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנַ֔⁠י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is likely using the word in a generic sense to refer to all of his sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, as UST does, or you could mention both sons and daughters. Alternate translation: “my sons and daughters”
1:5 x3v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנַ֔⁠י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is likely using the word in a generic sense to refer to all of his sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, as UST does, or you could mention both sons and daughters. Alternate translation: “my sons and daughters”
1:5 k14m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וּ⁠בֵרֲכ֥וּ 1 It is possible that the original reading here was “cursed” and that scribes changed it to **blessed** in order to avoid the uncomfortable language of a person cursing God. Traditional manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible do not have a marginal notation about this as they do in the case of [7:20](../07/20.md), but many translations read “cursed” since this is the kind of change that scribes are known to have made in similar cases. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT. Alternate translation: “and cursed”
1:5 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys חָטְא֣וּ & וּ⁠בֵרֲכ֥וּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **sinned** tells in what way one of Job’s children might have **blessed**, that is, “cursed” God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “have sinfully cursed”
1:5 du2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the thoughts. Alternate translation: “in their thoughts”
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
2:12 j041 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֥וּ קוֹלָ֖⁠ם 1 Since the author is speaking of three people, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **voice**. Alternate translation: “they raised their voices”
2:12 ira1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּקְרְעוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ מְעִל֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יִּזְרְק֥וּ עָפָ֛ר עַל־רָאשֵׁי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 Job’s friends tore their robes and threw dust into the air so that it would land on their heads as symbolic actions to show that they were deeply distressed about what had happened to Job. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “to show how distressed they were about what had happened to Job, each tore his robe, and they threw dust heavenward upon their heads”
2:13 zzf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֤וּ אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ לָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Job’s friends **sat with him on the ground** as a symbolic action to express their sincere sympathy with him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And to express their sincere sympathy, they sat with him on the ground”
3:intro jci9 0 # Job 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Job uses the question form in order to express strong feelings. Your language might not use the question form for this purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Birth meaning life by association\n\nThroughout this chapter, Job is saying that does not feel that his life is worth living any longer. He communicates this by cursing the day he was born, which is a way of saying by association that he wishes he had never lived. This is a powerful poetic device that would be good to show to your readers, so it would be preferable to translate the device itself, rather than express only its meaning or implications in your translation. In other words, for example, it would be appropriate to translate Job’s actual words in 3:3, “May the day on which I was born perish,” rather than have him say something like, “I do not feel that my life is worth living any more, and so I wish I had never been born.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
3:intro jci9 0 # Job 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Job uses the question form in order to express strong feelings. Your language might not use the question form for this purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Birth meaning life by association\n\nThroughout this chapter, Job is saying that does not feel that his life is worth living any longer. He communicates this by cursing the day he was born, which is a way of saying by association that he wishes he had never lived. This is a powerful poetic device that would be good to show to your readers, so it would be preferable to translate the device itself, rather than express only its meaning or implications in your translation. In other words, for example, it would be appropriate to translate Job’s actual words in 3:3, “May the day on which I was born perish,” rather than have him say something like, “I do not feel that my life is worth living any more, and so I wish I had never been born.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
3:1 hmv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָּתַ֤ח אִיּוֹב֙ אֶת־פִּ֔י⁠הוּ 1 The author is referring to Job speaking by association with the way **Job opened his mouth** in order to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Job spoke up”
3:1 j043 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יְקַלֵּ֖ל אֶת־יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this context, the expression **his day** means the day on which Job was born. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and cursed his birthday”
3:1 j044 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְקַלֵּ֖ל אֶת־יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that Job **cursed** his birthday because he was suffering so greatly that he wished he had never been born. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and cursed his birthday because he was suffering so greatly that he wished he had never been born”
@ -197,10 +197,10 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
3:23 j079 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ֭⁠גֶבֶר אֲשֶׁר־דַּרְכּ֣⁠וֹ נִסְתָּ֑רָה וַ⁠יָּ֖סֶךְ אֱל֣וֹהַּ בַּעֲדֽ⁠וֹ 1 The phrases **whose way is hidden** and **God has hedged around him** mean similar things. Job is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to a man whom God is keeping from seeing where he is going”
3:23 xgh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־דַּרְכּ֣⁠וֹ נִסְתָּ֑רָה וַ⁠יָּ֖סֶךְ אֱל֣וֹהַּ בַּעֲדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of how a person ought to live, or of a hopeful future that lies ahead of a person, as if that were literally a **way** or path that the person should walk along but which is **hidden** so that the person cannot find it. He speaks as if God had literally put a hedge around the person to keep him from seeing out. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has no hope for the future”
3:23 j080 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁר־דַּרְכּ֣⁠וֹ נִסְתָּ֑רָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who has done the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “whose way God has hidden”
3:24 j081 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he asked in the preceding verses why God would give life to a person who is as miserable as he is. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I have asked all this because”
3:24 j081 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he asked in the preceding verses why God would give life to a person who is as miserable as he is. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I have asked all this because”
3:24 ya6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י לַ֭חְמִ⁠י אַנְחָתִ֣⁠י תָבֹ֑א 1 The word **before** could mean implicitly: (1) that Job’s sighing comes in place of his food. Alternate translation: “I am too sad to eat” (2) that Job’s sighing comes first and his food comes afterwards. Alternate translation: “I cannot eat without sighing first”
3:24 jp2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וַֽ⁠יִּתְּכ֥וּ כַ֝⁠מַּ֗יִם שַׁאֲגֹתָֽ⁠י 1 The point of this comparison is that just as **waters** (those of a river, for example) flow greatly and powerfully, so Job is groaning greatly and powerfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and I am groaning very greatly”
3:25 j082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he is so upset that he cannot eat and he is groaning loudly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I cannot eat and I am groaning because”
3:25 j082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he is so upset that he cannot eat and he is groaning loudly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I cannot eat and I am groaning because”
3:25 pvp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification פַ֣חַד פָּ֭חַדְתִּי וַ⁠יֶּאֱתָיֵ֑⁠נִי וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָ֝גֹ֗רְתִּי יָ֣בֹא לִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking of what he **feared** and **dreaded** as if it were a living thing that had **arrived** or **come** to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to combine these two clauses in your translation. Alternate translation: “the thing that I was most afraid of has happened”
3:25 j083 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry פַ֣חַד פָּ֭חַדְתִּי 1 Job is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here.Alternatively, your language may have its own way of expressing such a meaning. Alternate translation: “I was very afraid of something”
3:26 j084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹ֤א שָׁלַ֨וְתִּי ׀ וְ⁠לֹ֖א שָׁקַ֥טְתִּי וְֽ⁠לֹא־נָ֗חְתִּי וַ⁠יָּ֥בֹא רֹֽגֶז 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (The word translated **but** introduces a reason.) Alternate translation: “Because trouble comes, I have not relaxed, and I have not reposed, and I have not rested”
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
4:12 j099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠תִּקַּ֥ח אָ֝זְנִ֗⁠י 1 Eliphaz is using one part of himself, his **ear**, to mean all of him in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I heard”
4:13 h37a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ⁠חֶזְיֹנ֣וֹת לָ֑יְלָה 1 By **visions of the night**, Eliphaz means dreams. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from a dream that I had”
4:13 er9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּ⁠נְפֹ֥ל תַּ֝רְדֵּמָ֗ה עַל־אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **deep sleep** as if it were a living thing that could be actively **falling** on people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as happens when people are deeply asleep”
4:13 j100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
4:13 j100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
4:14 pp18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּ֣חַד קְ֭רָאַ⁠נִי וּ⁠רְעָדָ֑ה 1 The terms **Fear** and **trembling** mean similar things. Eliphaz is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Great fear came upon me”
4:14 j101 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry פַּ֣חַד & הִפְחִֽיד 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is using a construction in which a subject and its verb come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may another way of showing the emphasis.
4:14 j102 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠רֹ֖ב עַצְמוֹתַ֣⁠י הִפְחִֽיד 1 Eliphaz is using one part of himself, his **bones**, to mean all of him in the act of becoming afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I became completely afraid” or “yes, I became completely afraid”
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
4:17 qqw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ מֵ⁠אֱל֣וֹהַ יִצְדָּ֑ק אִ֥ם מֵ֝⁠עֹשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ יִטְהַר־גָּֽבֶר 1 In both of these sentences, Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be more righteous than God! A man cannot be more pure than his Maker!”
4:17 j105 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַֽ֭⁠אֱנוֹשׁ 1 The term that Eliphaz is using for **man** here implicitly means a “mortal.” You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a mortal”
4:17 j106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֥ם מֵ֝⁠עֹשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ יִטְהַר־גָּֽבֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be more pure than his Maker, can he?”
4:17 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּֽבֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the word **man** here (a synonym for the word translated **man** earlier in the verse) in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
4:17 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּֽבֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the word **man** here (a synonym for the word translated **man** earlier in the verse) in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
4:18 j108 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֑ין & יָשִׂ֥ים 1 The pronouns **he** and **his** refer back to the previous verse to God, not to “a man.” It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God does not trust … God charges”
4:18 j109 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֭⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠מַלְאָכָ֗י⁠ו 1 By **his servants**, Eliphaz implicitly means the **angels** he mentions later in the verse. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the angels who serve him and … those angels”
4:19 j110 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֤ף ׀ שֹׁכְנֵ֬י בָֽתֵּי־חֹ֗מֶר 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “How much less will God be confident that dwellers in houses of clay are doing the right thing”
@ -267,14 +267,14 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
4:21 j112 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠לֹא־נִסַּ֣ע יִתְרָ֣⁠ם בָּ֑⁠ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “Does not God pull up their tent cord away from them”
4:21 ugp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠לֹא־נִסַּ֣ע יִתְרָ֣⁠ם בָּ֑⁠ם 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if people were literally a **tent** whose **cord** had been **pulled up** so that it was in danger of imminent collapse. He means that mortals have only a brief and uncertain life. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not people have only a brief and uncertain life?” or, as an exclamation, “People have only a brief and uncertain life!”
4:21 j113 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠חָכְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “after having lived wisely”
5:intro kq38 0 # Job 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job’s friend Eliphaz.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### long sentence\nEliphaz describes God in a long sentence in verses 8–13. As the notes suggest at several places, it may be helpful to break up this long sentence into several shorter sentences.
5:intro kq38 0 # Job 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job’s friend Eliphaz.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### long sentence\nEliphaz describes God in a long sentence in verses 8–13. As the notes suggest at several places, it may be helpful to break up this long sentence into several shorter sentences.
5:1 j114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness קְֽרָא־נָ֭א 1 Eliphaz is using the word translated **now** to offer polite encouragement. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Go ahead, call out”
5:1 j115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְֽרָא־נָ֭א 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by **Call out**, he is telling Job to ask someone to listen to his complaint against God. In this culture, someone who had a case against someone else would go to a public area and ask established members of the community to hear and judge the case. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Go ahead, call for someone to listen to and judge your case against God”
5:1 j116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony קְֽרָא־נָ֭א 1 Eliphaz does not really want Job to **Call out** and ask someone to hear his complaint against God, even though he is telling Job to do that. Eliphaz actually intends to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. He wants Job to realize that there is no being who has the wisdom or authority to hear a human being’s complaint against God. Alternate translation: “There is really no point in calling for someone to listen to and judge your case against God”
5:1 gaw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ עוֹנֶ֑⁠ךָּ וְ⁠אֶל־מִ֖י מִ⁠קְּדֹשִׁ֣ים תִּפְנֶֽה 1 In both of these instances, Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “there is no one who will answer you. You cannot turn to any of the holy ones.”
5:1 n2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קְּדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 In this context, the phrase **the holy ones** likely refers to angelic beings rather than to people who live righteously. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “of the angelic beings”
5:1 j117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּפְנֶֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job would literally **turn** to face someone whom he wanted to hear his case against God. Eliphaz means that Job would appeal to such a person, although he is arguing that there actually is no such person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will you appeal”
5:2 j118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he does not really think that Job should look for someone to judge his complaint against God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “You should not look for someone to judge your complaint against God, because”
5:2 j118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he does not really think that Job should look for someone to judge his complaint against God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “You should not look for someone to judge your complaint against God, because”
5:2 v7ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֶֽ֭⁠אֱוִיל יַהֲרָג־כָּ֑עַשׂ וּ֝⁠פֹתֶ֗ה תָּמִ֥ית קִנְאָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **indignation** and **resentment** as if they were a living things that could kill a person. He means that people who become indignant and resentful when God corrects them, rather than admitting their sins and repenting, put themselves in a position where God has to punish them, even by killing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when people foolishly become indignant or naïvely become resentful when God corrects them, God must punish or even kill them”
5:2 j119 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּ֑עַשׂ & קִנְאָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **indignation** and **resentment**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being indignant … being resentful”
5:2 bn1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶֽ֭⁠אֱוִיל & וּ֝⁠פֹתֶ֗ה 1 These phrases does not refer to specific people. They refer to anyone who has the qualities that they name. Express their meaning in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone who is foolish … and … everyone who is simple”
@ -302,9 +302,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
5:6 j131 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to connect what he has just said with his larger argument that Job should consider why God would be punishing him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Do not be like a person who does not respect and obey God, because”
5:6 kx25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ׀ לֹא־יֵצֵ֣א מֵ⁠עָפָ֣ר אָ֑וֶן וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה לֹא־יִצְמַ֥ח עָמָֽל׃ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if **misery** and **trouble** might literally come from the **dust** or the **ground**. He is comparing them to plants such as weeds that might unexpectedly appear in the soil even though a farmer did not sow their seeds. The point of the comparison is that weeds seem to come out of nowhere, while trouble and misery have an identifiable source. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, combining the two parallel lines: “trouble certainly does not just happen”
5:6 j132 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יֵצֵ֣א מֵ⁠עָפָ֣ר אָ֑וֶן וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה לֹא־יִצְמַ֥ח עָמָֽל׃ 1 The implication, if trouble and misery do not just happen, is that their cause is the indignation and resentment that Eliphaz warned Job against in verse 2. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation, as a poetic parallel: “it is truly indignation that causes trouble, yes, it is resentment that causes misery”
5:7 j133 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he says that trouble does not just happen. Its cause is known: People create trouble for themselves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I say this because”
5:7 j133 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he says that trouble does not just happen. Its cause is known: People create trouble for themselves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I say this because”
5:7 kz2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ־אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד וּ⁠בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף יַגְבִּ֥יהוּ עֽוּף׃ 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by naming two things that he holds to be true, he means that the first is just as true as the second. You could indicate that explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “man is born to trouble, just as surely as sons of the flame soar to fly”
5:7 j134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are born to trouble”
5:7 j134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people are born to trouble”
5:7 j135 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people have an innate tendency to cause trouble for themselves”
5:7 j136 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף 1 Eliphaz is describing sparks as if they were **sons of the flame**, that is, as if fire gave birth to sparks and sent them out. Your language may have a poetic expression of its own that you can use in your translation to describe sparks. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and sparks”
5:7 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַגְבִּ֥יהוּ עֽוּף 1 This expression means that sparks fly upwards, carried by currents of air. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fly upwards”
@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
5:16 j157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ⁠דַּ֣ל 1 This phrase does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who has the quality that it names. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to those who are poor”
5:16 exr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠עֹלָ֗תָ⁠ה קָ֣פְצָה פִּֽי⁠הָ 1 Job is speaking of **injustice** as if it were a living thing that could **shut** its own **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and people no longer make unjust claims against them”
5:16 j158 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠עֹלָ֗תָ⁠ה 1 Eliphaz may be using the word translated **and** to indicate that poor people have hope because others no longer make unjust claims against them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “because injustice”
5:17 j159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱ֭נוֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “is anyone” or “is any person”
5:17 j159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱ֭נוֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “is anyone” or “is any person”
5:17 j160 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠מוּסַ֥ר שַׁ֝דַּ֗י אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 Eliphaz is using the word translated **and** to indicate that Job should not despise God’s chastening because he is blessed as someone whom God is correcting. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “so do not despise the chastening of Shaddai”
5:17 g1br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **despise**. Alternate translation: “appreciate”
5:18 fx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֤י ה֣וּא יַכְאִ֣יב וְ⁠יֶחְבָּ֑שׁ יִ֝מְחַ֗ץ וְיָדָיו תִּרְפֶּֽינָה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if God literally **injures** and **wounds** people and then gives them medical treatment. He means that God uses setbacks and sufferings (which could include physical ailments) to correct people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The UST models one way to do this.
@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
7:intro y5ka 0 # Job 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job finishes responding to Eliphaz’s first speech, and he also addresses God directly in light of his exchange with Eliphaz.\n- Verses 1–6: Job continues to respond to Elilphaz\n- Verses 7–21: Job addresses God directly\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJob uses many different images in this chapter to describe what the things are like that he is feeling and experiencing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob often uses the question form in this chapter to emphasize the points he is making to Eliphaz and to God. Notes suggest how these questions may be translated as statements or exclamations if that would be more natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:1 nz5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־ צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־ אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Man has hardship on earth! Yes, his days are like the days of a hireling!”
7:1 j228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הֲ⁠לֹא־צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hardship**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Life on earth is hard for a man!”
7:1 j229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to a person”
7:1 j229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to a person”
7:1 m3yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using this comparison to say that just as **the days of a hireling** (that is, someone hired by the day for manual labor) are long and difficult, so his days are long and difficult. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation, as an exclamation: “Yes, his days are long and difficult, like those of a hireling!”
7:2 g9ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠עֶ֥בֶד יִשְׁאַף־ צֵ֑ל וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שָׂכִ֗יר יְקַוֶּ֥ה פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 The point of this comparison, as Job makes clear in the next verse, is that just as a **slave** and a **hireling** have to endure long periods of wishing for relief, so Job has gone a long time without relief. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a slave wishes all through a long, hot day that evening would come, and as a hireling must wait until the end of the day to be paid”
7:2 f1pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צֵ֑ל 1 Job is using the term **shade** to mean by association the evening, when the sun becomes low in the sky and shadows cover the earth. Specifically, he means the end of the work day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the evening” or “the end of the work day”
@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
7:21 ek8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מֶ֤ה ׀ לֹא־תִשָּׂ֣א פִשְׁעִ⁠י֮ וְ⁠תַעֲבִ֪יר אֶת־עֲוֺ֫נִ֥⁠י 1 Job is suggesting implicitly that God should **pardon** him so that they can have a good relationship during the short time that he will still be alive on earth. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Why will you not pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity so that we can have a good relationship?”
7:21 j258 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מֶ֤ה ׀ לֹא־תִשָּׂ֣א פִשְׁעִ⁠י֮ וְ⁠תַעֲבִ֪יר אֶת־עֲוֺ֫נִ֥⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You ought to pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity!”
7:21 yf7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַ֭תָּה לֶ⁠עָפָ֣ר אֶשְׁכָּ֑ב 1 Job is using the expression **lie down in the dust** to mean that he will die, by association with the way that in this culture, people who died were laid in a grave and buried in the ground or **dust**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will soon die”
8:intro md4v 0 # Job 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Bildad responds to what Job said in chapters 6 and 7.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Bildad answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:21](../07/21.md), at the end of his speech, Job suggested that God might **seek** for him **diligently**. Bildad says in his response in [8:5](../08/05.md) that it is actually Job who should be seeking God diligently. To help your readers appreciate how Bildad is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Bildad’s expression **seek diligently** the same way that you translated it when Job used it in [7:21](../07/21.md).\n\n### Quotation within a quotation\n\nIn his speech, Bildad encourages Job to consider the wisdom of their ancestors. In verses 11–22, he may be quoting from traditional teachings. Notes suggest the possibility of punctuating these verses as a secondary quotation if your language might naturally put one direct quotation inside another.
8:intro md4v 0 # Job 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Bildad responds to what Job said in chapters 6 and 7.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Bildad answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:21](../07/21.md), at the end of his speech, Job suggested that God might **seek** for him **diligently**. Bildad says in his response in [8:5](../08/05.md) that it is actually Job who should be seeking God diligently. To help your readers appreciate how Bildad is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Bildad’s expression **seek diligently** the same way that you translated it when Job used it in [7:21](../07/21.md).\n\n### Quotation within a quotation\n\nIn his speech, Bildad encourages Job to consider the wisdom of their ancestors. In verses 11–22, he may be quoting from traditional teachings. Notes suggest the possibility of punctuating these verses as a secondary quotation if your language might naturally put one direct quotation inside another.
8:2 j259 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ כַּ֝בִּיר אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Until when will you say these things, and until when will the words of your mouth be a mighty wind”
8:2 j260 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ כַּ֝בִּיר אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not keep saying these things, and the words of your mouth should not keep being a mighty wind!”
8:2 j261 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is using the term **mouth** to mean speaking, by association with the way people use their mouths to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words that you speak” or see next note for another possibility.
@ -613,9 +613,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
8:22 k5y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל רְשָׁעִ֣ים אֵינֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Bildad is using one possession of **the wicked**, the **tent** in which they live, to mean all of their possessions and their standing in the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the wicked will be without status or means”
8:22 uz63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 Bildad is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people”
8:22 j279 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֵינֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 If you decided to punctuate verses 11–22 as a second-level quotation, indicate the end of this quotation here with a closing second-level quotation mark or whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a second-level quotation.
9:intro n51u 0 # Job 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s first speech. In [8:5](../08/05.md), Bildad told Job that he should appeal to God. In response, Job protests in this chapter that a human being cannot appeal to God.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 5–10, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nGod is wise in heart and mighty in strength (Who has hardened himself against him and been whole?),\n> the one removing mountains and they do not know, who overturns them in his anger,\n> the one shaking the earth from its place and causing its pillars to tremble,\n> the one speaking to the sun and it does not rise, and upon the stars he seals,\n> stretching out the heavens by himself and treading on the waves of the sea,\n> making the Bear, Orion, the Pleiades, and the chambers of the south,\n> doing great {things} until there is no searching and distinguished {things} until there is no number.
9:intro n51u 0 # Job 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s first speech. In [8:5](../08/05.md), Bildad told Job that he should appeal to God. In response, Job protests in this chapter that a human being cannot appeal to God.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 5–10, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nGod is wise in heart and mighty in strength (Who has hardened himself against him and been whole?),\n> the one removing mountains and they do not know, who overturns them in his anger,\n> the one shaking the earth from its place and causing its pillars to tremble,\n> the one speaking to the sun and it does not rise, and upon the stars he seals,\n> stretching out the heavens by himself and treading on the waves of the sea,\n> making the Bear, Orion, the Pleiades, and the chambers of the south,\n> doing great {things} until there is no searching and distinguished {things} until there is no number.
9:2 r4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה־יִּצְדַּ֖ק אֱנ֣וֹשׁ עִם־אֵֽל 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “But a man cannot be righteous with God!”
9:2 a9ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
9:2 a9ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
9:3 t9fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־יַ֭חְפֹּץ לָ⁠רִ֣יב עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 In this part of the verse, the pronoun **he** refers to “a man” and the pronoun “him” refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “If a person desires to contend with God”
9:3 a6um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠רִ֣יב עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job assumes that Bildad will understand that he is using the word **contend** to mean making a formal legal complaint against God. In this culture, people made such complaints to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party would question the other in the presence of the leaders, who would then discuss the case and decide how to resolve it. Job is probably describing how he participated as a leader in such cases in [29:21–23](../29/21.md). Your language may have an expression for this process that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “to take God to court” or “to file charges against God”
9:3 j280 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹֽא־יַ֝עֲנֶ֗⁠נּוּ 1 In this part of the verse, (1) the pronoun **he** could refer to a human being and the pronoun **him** could refer to God. This seems likely, since after describing God’s knowledge and power, Job asks in [9:14](../09/14.md) how he could possibly answer God and in [9:32](../09/32.md) he says that God is “not a man, as I am, that I could answer him.” Alternate translation: “a human will not answer God” (2) the pronoun **he** could refer to God and the pronoun **him** could refer to a human being. This is also a possibility, since Job protests in [30:20](../30/20.md) that God does not answer him. Alternate translation: “God will not answer a human”
@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
10:4 e9t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בָשָׂ֣ר לָ֑⁠ךְ אִם־כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ תִּרְאֶֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You do not have eyes of flesh! You do not see according to the seeing of a man!”
10:4 d65r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בָשָׂ֣ר לָ֑⁠ךְ 1 Job is using the expression **of flesh** to mean “human,” by association with the way that humans have flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have human eyes?” or “You do not have human eyes!”
10:4 s8ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ תִּרְאֶֽה 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “You do not see as people see, do you?”
10:4 j318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “as people do”
10:4 j318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “as people do”
10:5 st4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is asking implicitly whether God has the same number of **days** and **years** as a human being, not whether God experiences the kind of **days** and **years** that people do. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is the number of your days the same as the number of the days that a man has, or is the number of your years the same as the number of days that a person has”
10:5 awt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations, not continuing this sentence into the following two verses. Alternate translation: “Your days are not like the days of a man! No, your years are not like the days of a person!”
10:5 j319 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the terms **days** and **years** to mean by association the lifetime of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the two phrases and state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have as short a lifetime as people do” or “You do not have as short a lifetime as people do!”
@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
10:21 f7d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־אֶ֖רֶץ חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is using the terms **darkness** and **deep shadow** to mean by association the abode of the dead, which people in this culture believed to be a very dark place, since it was away from any sunlight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the abode of the dead”
10:22 xkq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תֹּ֥פַע כְּמוֹ־אֹֽפֶל 1 The pronoun **it** could refer to: (1) whatever faint light there might be in the abode of the dead. Alternate translation: “and where the light shines like gloom” or “and where the only light is very faint” (2) the **land** that Job has been describing, that is, the abode of the dead itself. In order to draw a contrast with the darkness in the abode of the dead, Job would be speaking as if a place that is well-lit **shines**. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “There is no light in that land”
10:22 a8nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַ⁠תֹּ֥פַע כְּמוֹ־אֹֽפֶל 1 If you decided to translate verses 2–22 as a second-level direct quotation, indicate the end of that quotation here at the end of this sentence with a closing second-level quotation mark or whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a second-level quotation.
11:intro m1vt 0 # Job 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Zophar responds to what Job said in chapters 9 and 10.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\n- In [9:12](../09/12.md), Job asked about God, when suggesting that God might act cruelly, “Who will turn him back?” Zophar says in his response in [11:10](../11/10.md), answering Job in his own words to insist that God actually acts justly, ”Who will turn him back?”\n\n- In [10:15](../10/15.md), Job says that he will not lift his head, he will continue to act ashamed, because God is punishing him even though he is innocent. Zophar says in response in [11:15](../11/15.md) that if Job repents and prays for forgiveness, he will be able to lift up his face without any shame.\n\n- In [10:22](../10/2.md), Job says that he will die and go to a place of complete darkness. Zophar says in response in [11:17](../11/17.md) that Job’s life may seem like darkness now, but it will become bright and happy if he turns to God.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Zophar’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Zophar uses the question form in order to challenge Job. Your language might not use the question form for that purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:intro m1vt 0 # Job 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Zophar responds to what Job said in chapters 9 and 10.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\n- In [9:12](../09/12.md), Job asked about God, when suggesting that God might act cruelly, “Who will turn him back?” Zophar says in his response in [11:10](../11/10.md), answering Job in his own words to insist that God actually acts justly, ”Who will turn him back?”\n\n- In [10:15](../10/15.md), Job says that he will not lift his head, he will continue to act ashamed, because God is punishing him even though he is innocent. Zophar says in response in [11:15](../11/15.md) that if Job repents and prays for forgiveness, he will be able to lift up his face without any shame.\n\n- In [10:22](../10/2.md), Job says that he will die and go to a place of complete darkness. Zophar says in response in [11:17](../11/17.md) that Job’s life may seem like darkness now, but it will become bright and happy if he turns to God.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Zophar’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Zophar uses the question form in order to challenge Job. Your language might not use the question form for that purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:2 ua2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפָתַ֣יִם יִצְדָּֽק 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Will no one answer the multitude of words? Or will anyone justify a man of lips?”
11:2 cq18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפָתַ֣יִם יִצְדָּֽק 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “The multitude of words must be answered! A man of lips will not be justified!”
11:2 j348 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה 1 Zophar is using the term **words** by association to mean what Job has just said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I must respond to the many things that you have just said”
@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
11:20 s359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י רְשָׁעִ֗ים תִּ֫כְלֶ֥ינָה 1 Zophar is referring to death by association with the way people’s eyes **fail** when they are about to die (either in the sense of becoming visibly dim or in the sense of no longer seeing well). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But the wicked will die”
11:20 j376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֭⁠מָנוֹס אָבַ֣ד מִנְ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Zophar is speaking of **escape** as if it were a living thing that could **perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, they will not be able to escape dying”
11:20 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתָ֗⁠ם מַֽפַּח־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Zophar is using the phrase **expiration of breath**, which means “breathing out,” to mean dying. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will have no hope other than to pass away” or “they will have no hope other than to die”
12:intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the start of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech. (Job’s response to him continues in chapters 13 and 14.)\n- Verses 1–6: Job speaks to all three of his friends and protests that they have not been telling him anything that he does not already know\n- Verses 7–12: Job speaks specifically to Zophar and insists that what Zophar has just said in his speech is common knowledge in the world and something that he himself knows.\n- Verses 13–25: Job describes how God is so powerful that no one can resist what he does.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Plural and singular “you”\n\nThe pronoun “you” is plural in verses 1–3 because Job is addressing all three of his friends. The pronoun “you” is singular in verses 7–8 because Job is addressing Zophar. Use the plural and singular forms in these places if your language marks that distinction.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 13–24, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n> With him {are} wisdom and might; to him {are} counsel and understanding.\n> Behold, he breaks down, and it is not rebuilt; he closes upon a man, and it is not opened.\n> Behold, he withholds the waters and they dry up, and he sends them out and they overthrow the land.\n> With him {are} strength and prudence; to him {are} the one straying and the one causing to stray;\n> the one leading counselors away naked, and he makes judges foolish.\n> He removes the bond of kings and he wraps a cloth around their loins;\n> the one leading priests away naked, and the incumbent ones he overthrows,\n> the one removing the lip {that is} to the ones being trusted, and he takes away the discernment of the elders,\n> the one pouring contempt on nobles, and the belt of the mighty ones he loosens,\n> the one revealing deep things out of darkness, and he brings dark shadow into the light,\n> the one magnifying nations, and he destroys them; the one enlarging nations, and he exiles them,\n> the one removing a heart from the leaders of the people of the earth; he causes them to wander in a wasteland {with} no path.\n> They grope in darkness and not in light; he makes them wander like a drunkard.
12:intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the start of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech. (Job’s response to him continues in chapters 13 and 14.)\n- Verses 1–6: Job speaks to all three of his friends and protests that they have not been telling him anything that he does not already know\n- Verses 7–12: Job speaks specifically to Zophar and insists that what Zophar has just said in his speech is common knowledge in the world and something that he himself knows.\n- Verses 13–25: Job describes how God is so powerful that no one can resist what he does.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Plural and singular “you”\n\nThe pronoun “you” is plural in verses 1–3 because Job is addressing all three of his friends. The pronoun “you” is singular in verses 7–8 because Job is addressing Zophar. Use the plural and singular forms in these places if your language marks that distinction.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 13–24, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n> With him {are} wisdom and might; to him {are} counsel and understanding.\n> Behold, he breaks down, and it is not rebuilt; he closes upon a man, and it is not opened.\n> Behold, he withholds the waters and they dry up, and he sends them out and they overthrow the land.\n> With him {are} strength and prudence; to him {are} the one straying and the one causing to stray;\n> the one leading counselors away naked, and he makes judges foolish.\n> He removes the bond of kings and he wraps a cloth around their loins;\n> the one leading priests away naked, and the incumbent ones he overthrows,\n> the one removing the lip {that is} to the ones being trusted, and he takes away the discernment of the elders,\n> the one pouring contempt on nobles, and the belt of the mighty ones he loosens,\n> the one revealing deep things out of darkness, and he brings dark shadow into the light,\n> the one magnifying nations, and he destroys them; the one enlarging nations, and he exiles them,\n> the one removing a heart from the leaders of the people of the earth; he causes them to wander in a wasteland {with} no path.\n> They grope in darkness and not in light; he makes them wander like a drunkard.
12:2 dpz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony אָ֭מְנָם כִּ֣י אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם וְ֝⁠עִמָּ⁠כֶ֗ם תָּמ֥וּת חָכְמָֽה 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You are speaking as if you were the people and as if wisdom would with you, but that is not true”
12:2 dk3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the word **you** is plural here and in the next two verses because Job is referring to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Other languages may have other ways to indicate the plural reference. Alternate translation: “the three of you are the people”
12:2 xl1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם 1 Job could be saying (while meaning the opposite): (1) that his three friends are so wise that their opinion is the one that really matters. Alternate translation: “you are the people whose opinion matters” (2) that in their counsel, his three friends are embodying the collective wisdom of their people. Alternate translation: “you have expressed the wisdom of our whole people”
@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
12:10 j391 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to emphasize something that is included in the previous phrase, not to introduce something additional. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation, preceded by a comma: “including the breath of all flesh of man”
12:10 s1sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using the term **breath** by association to mean “life.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of all flesh of man”
12:10 j392 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using one part of **man**, his **flesh**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of every man”
12:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the life of every woman and man” or “and the life of every person”
12:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the life of every woman and man” or “and the life of every person”
12:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Does not the ear test words, just as the palate tastes its food?”
12:11 d5vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly the ear tests words just as the palate tastes its food!”
12:11 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of the **ear** as if it could **test words** by itself. He is using the ear to represent hearing, and he means that people themselves test or consider the words of others when they hear them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do people not consider others’ words when they hear them, just as people discern with their mouths the taste of their food”
@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
12:14 j402 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases יַ֭הֲרוֹס וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִבָּנֶ֑ה יִסְגֹּ֥ר עַל־אִ֝֗ישׁ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 In both of these instances, Job is using the word **and** to introduce what happens under the condition he is describing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “if he breaks down, then it is not rebuilt; if he closes upon a man, then it is not opened”
12:14 v1pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִבָּנֶ֑ה & וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one rebuilds … and no one opens”
12:14 j403 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִסְגֹּ֥ר עַל־אִ֝֗ישׁ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 In this context, the expressions **closes upon** and **opened** refer to imprisonment and release. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he imprisons a man, and that man is not released” or “if he imprisons a man, then no one releases that man”
12:14 j495 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or woman” or “a person”
12:14 j495 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or woman” or “a person”
12:15 pl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֵ֤ן יַעְצֹ֣ר בַּ⁠מַּ֣יִם וְ⁠יִבָ֑שׁוּ וִֽ֝⁠ישַׁלְּחֵ֗⁠ם וְ⁠יַ֖הַפְכוּ אָֽרֶץ 1 In both of these instances, Job is using the word **and** to introduce what happens under the condition he is describing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “if he withholds the waters, then they dry up; if he sends them out, then they overthrow the land”
12:15 rel2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יַ֖הַפְכוּ אָֽרֶץ 1 Job is speaking as if the **waters** would literally **overthrow** the **land** or turn it upside down. He means that the waters would completely cover the land so that there would be no land any more. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they completely flood the land”
12:16 gqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ עֹ֣ז וְ⁠תֽוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **strength** and **prudence**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God is strong and prudent”
@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
13:8 i61h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠אֵ֥ל תְּרִיבֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is using the word **plead** to mean "argue a court case." He is suggesting that his friends are not counseling him impartially but, rather, taking God’s side against him even though, as he sees it, he has a valid case against God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will you take God’s side against me?” or “you are taking God’s side against me!”
13:9 l9wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־כְּ⁠הָתֵ֥ל בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ תְּהָתֵ֥לּוּ בֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not good that he will examine you! You will not deceive him as you might deceive a man”
13:9 j412 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Job means implicitly that it would not be **good** for his friends if God were to **examine** them because God would discover that they had not been telling the truth about him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If God were to examine you, he would discover that you have not been telling the truth about him, and that would not be good for you”
13:9 gk9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or a woman” or “a human”
13:9 gk9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a man or a woman” or “a human”
13:10 j413 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־בַּ֝⁠סֵּ֗תֶר פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “If in secret you were lifting faces, reproving, he would reprove you”
13:10 ecs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ 1 Job is repeating the verb **reprove** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “He would certainly reprove”
13:10 g5lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: “you were showing favoritism”
@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
13:14 j414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־מָ֤ה ׀ אֶשָּׂ֣א בְשָׂרִ֣⁠י בְ⁠שִׁנָּ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally taking (that is, carrying) his own **flesh** in his **teeth**. The image seems to be that of an animal carrying in its mouth prey that it has caught and killed. Until the animal is able to bring the prey safely into its den, the prey is vulnerable and there is a risk that another animal will come and take it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why do I put my flesh at risk”
13:14 j415 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַל־מָ֤ה ׀ אֶשָּׂ֣א בְשָׂרִ֣⁠י בְ⁠שִׁנָּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **flesh**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why am I putting myself at risk”
13:14 j416 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י אָשִׂ֥ים בְּ⁠כַפִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he is literally holding his **life** in his **hands**, where once again it would be vulnerable, as in the preceding image in this verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and jeopardize my life”
13:15 j417 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical יִ֭קְטְלֵ⁠נִי ל֣וֹ אֲיַחֵ֑ל\n 1 Job is using the statement form to describe a conditional relationship, that is, to say what he would do if God did a specific thing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “even if he kills me, I will still hope in him”
13:15 j417 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical יִ֭קְטְלֵ⁠נִי ל֣וֹ אֲיַחֵ֑ל 1 Job is using the statement form to describe a conditional relationship, that is, to say what he would do if God did a specific thing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “even if he kills me, I will still hope in him”
13:15 j418 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכַ֗⁠י 1 Job is speaking of how he has been living as if he had been walking along certain **ways** or paths. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my conduct”
13:15 j419 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־פָּנָ֥י⁠ו 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in his presence”
13:16 e8gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גַּם־הוּא־לִ֥⁠י לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “This is what will actually save me”
@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
14:1 j425 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. However, Job is being deliberately terse in order to describe the human condition as pitiful, so you may wish to translate this statement with fewer words than your language would ordinarly use. Alternate translation: “Man, who is born of woman, is few of days and full of trouble”
14:1 j426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Every child of a human mother”
14:1 j427 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 Job is using the phrase **born of woman** by association to mean that people are mortal. In other words, just as they are naturally born, they will naturally die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Mortal man”
14:1 d6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, although the term **Man** is masculine, Job is using the word here and throughout the chapter in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, in all such instances you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Mortal humans”
14:1 d6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, although the term **Man** is masculine, Job is using the word here and throughout the chapter in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, in all such instances you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Mortal humans”
14:1 u162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job does not mean that in general people live for only a few **days**. He is using the term **days** to mean time in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His life is short and it is full of trouble”
14:1 pfe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is speaking of **Man** as if he were a container that **trouble** fills. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and continually troubled”
14:2 bgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּ⁠צִ֣יץ יָ֭צָא וַ⁠יִּמָּ֑ל וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. Since Job is using two different images together, it may be helpful to connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is conveying the same idea as the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He comes forth and withers like a flower; yes, he flees like a shadow and does not stand”
@ -1059,9 +1059,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
14:20 p3dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁנֶּ֥ה פָ֝נָ֗י⁠ו 1 The expression **changing his face** describes a person’s face becoming wrinkled as that person ages. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “making his face wrinkled”
14:20 j444 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מְשַׁנֶּ֥ה פָ֝נָ֗י⁠ו 1 Job may be using one part of the aging process, the **changing** of the **face** to become wrinkled, to mean the entire process. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing him to age”
14:20 lq7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠תְּשַׁלְּחֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is implicitly describing how God will **send** a person **away** from the community of living people to the abode of the dead. Job will describe this isolation in more detail in the next two verses. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you send him away from the community of living people to the abode of the dead”
14:21 m7cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נָי⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “His children”
14:21 m7cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נָי⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “His children”
14:22 j445 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אַךְ־בְּ֭שָׂר⁠וֹ עָלָ֣י⁠ו יִכְאָ֑ב וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ עָלָ֥י⁠ו תֶּאֱבָֽל 1 Job is using parts of a person, his **flesh** and his **soul**, to mean all of a person in the act of grieving and mourning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He alone grieves for himself, yes, he alone mourns for himself”
15:intro p4sy 0 # Job 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n In this chapter, Job’s friend Eliphaz speaks to him once again. This time he speaks more strongly than he spoke before.\n- Verses 1–10: Eliphaz argues that the insights of traditional wisdom are on his side.\n- Verses 11–16: Eliphaz argues that Job should not defiantly insist that he is righteous.\n- Verses 17­–19: Eliphaz invites Job to consider the insights of traditional wisdom.\n- Verses 20–35: Eliphaz quotes the insights of traditional wisdom.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.
15:intro p4sy 0 # Job 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Eliphaz speaks to him once again. This time he speaks more strongly than he spoke before.\n- Verses 1–10: Eliphaz argues that the insights of traditional wisdom are on his side.\n- Verses 11–16: Eliphaz argues that Job should not defiantly insist that he is righteous.\n- Verses 17­–19: Eliphaz invites Job to consider the insights of traditional wisdom.\n- Verses 20–35: Eliphaz quotes the insights of traditional wisdom.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.
15:2 mw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה דַֽעַת־ר֑וּחַ וִֽ⁠ימַלֵּ֖א קָדִ֣ים בִּטְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. This verse is the beginning of a question that continues into the next verse, but if you translate it as a statement or as an exclamation, it may be helpful to make it a separate sentence in your translation. Alternate translation: “A wise person does not answer with knowledge of wind or fill his belly with the east wind!”
15:2 j446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה דַֽעַת־ר֑וּחַ וִֽ⁠ימַלֵּ֖א קָדִ֣ים בִּטְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Eliphaz is talking about Job in the third person, even though he is speaking to him directly. He is saying that Job himself must not be a wise person, since he has been talking in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “I can tell that you are not a wise person, because you have answered with knowledge of wind, yes, you have filled your belly with the east wind!”
15:2 j447 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Will the wise person answer”
@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
15:7 a7jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Eliphaz is implicitly challenging Job not to consider himself wiser than everyone else because, after all, he is not older than everyone else. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You should not think that you are wiser than everyone else, because you were not born the first man! No, you were not formed to the face of the hills!”
15:7 j449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Eliphaz is overstating his point for emphasis as he challenges Job not to consider himself wiser than others. If a speaker of your language would not make this kind of overstatement, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “You should not think that you are wiser than everyone else, because you are not older than the other wise people in our community”
15:7 v4jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם תִּוָּלֵ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Are you the first person who ever lived”
15:7 j450 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the first human”
15:7 j450 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הֲ⁠רִאישׁ֣וֹן אָ֭דָם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the first human”
15:7 j451 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of something by association with the way people can see the face of a person who is present. By asking whether Job was **formed** in the presence of **the hills**, Eliphaz is asking whether Job was formed at the same time as the hills, that is, long ago. Alternate translation: “and were you formed when the hills were formed”
15:7 j452 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and did God form you when he formed the hills”
15:7 j453 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche גְבָע֣וֹת 1 Eliphaz is using one part of the earth, its **hills**, to mean all of it as God created it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the earth”
@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
15:13 q3sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כִּֽי־תָשִׁ֣יב אֶל־אֵ֣ל רוּחֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using one part of Job, his **spirit**, to mean all of him in the act of turning against God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that you turn yourself against God”
15:13 v2f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הֹצֵ֖אתָ מִ⁠פִּ֣י⁠ךָ מִלִּֽין 1 Eliphaz is using the term **words** to mean what Job has been saying by using words and the term **mouth** to mean speaking. He is suggesting that the things Job has been saying are inappropriate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and say such inappropriate things”
15:14 n6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָֽה־אֱנ֥וֹשׁ כִּֽי־יִזְכֶּ֑ה וְ⁠כִֽי־יִ֝צְדַּ֗ק יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Man cannot be clean! No, one born of a woman cannot be righteous!”
15:14 z1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֥וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human being”
15:14 z1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֥וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human being”
15:14 u6tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִזְכֶּ֑ה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if people who are innocent of wrongdoing are literally **clean**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he should be innocent”
15:14 j464 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone to whom a woman has given birth”
15:14 j465 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of human mortality by association with the way that people are **born** physically and, by implication, will also die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a mortal”
@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
15:16 we5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִישׁ־שֹׁתֶ֖ה כַ⁠מַּ֣יִם עַוְלָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were literally **drinking** iniquity the way he would drink **water**. He means that Job eagerly and willingly does wrong things, the way thirsty people eagerly and willingly drink water. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a man who freely commits iniquity” or “such as a man like you who freely commits iniquity”
15:18 q3uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲשֶׁר־חֲכָמִ֥ים יַגִּ֑ידוּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א כִֽ֝חֲד֗וּ מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Eliphaz is not suggesting that **the wise** might have **hidden** something from **their fathers**. He means that they have declared what they learned from their fathers and not hidden any of it from the people of their own generation. It may be helpful to move the information that the wise have **not hidden** what they learned to the end of the sentence. Alternate translation: “what the wise have declared from their fathers and not hidden”
15:18 j471 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חֲכָמִ֥ים 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wise people”
15:18 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although the term **fathers** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “from their ancestors”
15:18 j472 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although the term **fathers** is masculine, Eliphaz is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “from their ancestors”
15:19 psj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠הֶ֣ם לְ֭⁠בַדָּ⁠ם נִתְּנָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠לֹא־עָ֖בַר זָ֣ר בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠ם 1 By **them**, Eliphaz means the “fathers” or ancestors whom he described in the previous verse, and by **the land** he probably means Edom and specifically his home city of Teman, which was renowned for its wisdom (see [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md)). By saying that only those ancestors lived there and **no stranger** passed among them, he means that their wisdom was not diluted by outside influences. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “My wise ancestors lived by themselves in Teman, where there were no outside influences to dilute their wisdom”
15:19 yjj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִתְּנָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave the land”
15:20 j473 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־יְמֵ֣י רָ֭שָׁע 1 Eliphaz is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For the whole lifetime of the wicked”
@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
15:22 i3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ין שׁ֭וּב מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if this wicked person has literally gone to a place where there is **darkness** and as if that wicked person does not believe that he can **return** from there. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He does not believe that his troubles will ever end”
15:22 j477 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ין שׁ֭וּב מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this with a positive expression. Alternate translation: “He believes that he will always have troubles”
15:22 j478 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְצָפ֖וּי ה֣וּא אֱלֵי־חָֽרֶב\n \n\n 1 It is possible that this second part of the verse also describes what wicked people **believe**. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he is afraid that he is selected for the sword”
15:22 j479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְצָפ֖וּי ה֣וּא אֱלֵי־חָֽרֶב\n \n 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God has selected him for the sword” or “and God has determined that someone will kill him with a sword”
15:22 j479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְצָפ֖וּי ה֣וּא אֱלֵי־חָֽרֶב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God has selected him for the sword” or “and God has determined that someone will kill him with a sword”
15:22 lh1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָֽרֶב 1 Eliphaz is using one kind of deadly weapon, the **sword**, by association to mean violent death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “violent death”
15:23 j480 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes נֹ֘דֵ֤ד ה֣וּא לַ⁠לֶּ֣חֶם אַיֵּ֑ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “He is wandering for bread, asking where it is” or “He is wandering for bread, wondering where he will find it”
15:23 k4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לַ⁠לֶּ֣חֶם 1 Eliphaz is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for food”
@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
15:34 j493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if the **tents** of people who engage in **bribery** will literally burn up in a **fire**. He means that they will be destroyed by one means or another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the tents of people who engage in bribery will be destroyed”
15:34 j494 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is using one possession of wicked people, the **tents** in which they live, to mean all of their possessions and their standing in the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in [8:22](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “and those who practice bribery will be without status or means”
15:35 u7sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרֹ֣ה עָ֭מָל וְ⁠יָ֣לֹד אָ֑וֶן וּ֝⁠בִטְנָ֗⁠ם תָּכִ֥ין מִרְמָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if wicked people were literally women who had **trouble**, **iniquity**, and **deceit** as their children. He means that wicked people produce these things in their lives. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They think of bad things to do and they do wicked things, yes, they intentionally deceive others”
16:intro j3zc 0 # Job 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. In verses 1–6, Job complains that his friends have not helped him with their advice. In verses 7–22, Job describes how he feels God has made him suffer. Job briefly addresses God directly in verses 7 and 8.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### “witness,” “advocate,” and “intercessor”\n\n In verses 19–21, Job describes the need for someone to plead his case to God in heaven. This is likely the same figure whom Job calls his “redeemer” in [19:25](../19/25.md). Although Job does not seem to be giving a prophecy knowingly about the Messiah, the role that he describes closely parallels the way that Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. He says that such a person would testify that he had not done wrong (be his “witness”), take his side (be his “advocate”), and plead with God not to punish him (be his “intercessor”). In your translation, use words that describe someone in your culture who does these things for another person. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n Variation between singular and plural “you”\n\nIn verses 1–8, Job sometimes uses the singular form of “you” to address either Eliphaz or God and he sometimes uses the plural form of “you” to address all three of his friends together. Notes identify which form he is using in each instance so that you can use the appropriate form in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you.”
16:intro j3zc 0 # Job 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. In verses 1–6, Job complains that his friends have not helped him with their advice. In verses 7–22, Job describes how he feels God has made him suffer. Job briefly addresses God directly in verses 7 and 8.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### “witness,” “advocate,” and “intercessor”\n\nIn verses 19–21, Job describes the need for someone to plead his case to God in heaven. This is likely the same figure whom Job calls his “redeemer” in [19:25](../19/25.md). Although Job does not seem to be giving a prophecy knowingly about the Messiah, the role that he describes closely parallels the way that Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. He says that such a person would testify that he had not done wrong (be his “witness”), take his side (be his “advocate”), and plead with God not to punish him (be his “intercessor”). In your translation, use words that describe someone in your culture who does these things for another person. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nVariation between singular and plural “you”\n\nIn verses 1–8, Job sometimes uses the singular form of “you” to address either Eliphaz or God and he sometimes uses the plural form of “you” to address all three of his friends together. Notes identify which form he is using in each instance so that you can use the appropriate form in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you.”
16:2 j497 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular כֻּלְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 As the context suggests, the word **you** is plural here because Job is using it to refer to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
16:2 t7wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְנַחֲמֵ֖י עָמָ֣ל 1 Job is not using this possessive form to say that his friends are providing comfort to **trouble**. He is using the form to say that in their attempts to be his **comforters**, they are causing him further trouble. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “troublesome counselors”
16:3 p7ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠קֵ֥ץ לְ⁠דִבְרֵי־ר֑וּחַ א֥וֹ מַה־יַּ֝מְרִֽיצְ⁠ךָ֗ כִּ֣י תַעֲנֶֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “I wish that you would stop speaking these words of wind! I do not think anything compels you to answer.”
@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
16:21 izh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person לְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר 1 When he refers to a **man** in the first part of this verse, Job seems to be speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “for me”
16:21 kk12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a son of man argues for his neighbor”
16:21 j510 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “just as a son of man argues for his neighbor”
16:21 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **son** and **man** are masculine, Job is using the phrase **a son of man** in a generic sense to mean “a human being.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “just as one human being argues on behalf of another human being”
16:21 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּֽ⁠בֶן־אָדָ֥ם לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **son** and **man** are masculine, Job is using the phrase **a son of man** in a generic sense to mean “a human being.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “just as one human being argues on behalf of another human being”
16:22 j512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת מִסְפָּ֣ר יֶאֱתָ֑יוּ 1 Job is using the expression **years of number** to mean “a few years.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a few years will go by”
16:22 z81v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח לֹא־אָשׁ֣וּב אֶהֱלֹֽךְ 1 When Job says that he will **go** on a **path** and **not return**, he means that he will die. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will pass away” or “and then I will die”
17:intro rs6g 0 # Job 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. Job expresses his disappointment with his friends’ advice, he asks Yahweh to help him, and he wishes that he had good things to hope for.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.
@ -1254,13 +1254,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
17:3 fwk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִֽׂימָ⁠ה־נָּ֭א עָרְבֵ֣⁠נִי עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 Job is speaking as if God would literally **set down**, that is, surrender to a court, something of value in order to guarantee Job’s appearance in court and good conduct. Job is similarly speaking as if God would literally **be surety** for him, that is, personally guarantee his appearance and conduct. Job speaks this way even though he says at the same time that God himself would be trying his case (that is the meaning of **with you**). Your culture may have a similar custom that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “Please put up a bond for me even as you try my case”
17:3 l8dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠יָדִ֥⁠י יִתָּקֵֽעַ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No one else will strike himself to my hand”
17:3 j520 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction מִֽי ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠יָדִ֥⁠י יִתָּקֵֽעַ 1 Job is speaking of one person striking his hand against a second person’s hand as a symbolic action in order to show that he was committing himself to serve as a guarantor for that second person. Your culture may have a similar practice that you can use in your translation, and you can also explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “No one else will shake hands with me to pledge that he will be my guarantor”
17:4 j521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he said in the previous verse that he believed no one else would be a guarantor for him. Alternate translation: “My friends will not be my guarantors because”
17:4 j521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he said in the previous verse that he believed no one else would be a guarantor for him. Alternate translation: “My friends will not be my guarantors because”
17:4 fbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ֭בָּ⁠ם צָפַ֣נְתָּ מִּ⁠שָּׂ֑כֶל 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally **hidden** the **hearts** of his friends in a place where their hearts would not come in contact with **understanding**. Within the context of this image, Job is using the heart to represent the mind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have kept their minds from understanding”
17:4 wj87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תְרֹמֵֽם 1 Job is speaking as if God would literally **exalt** his friends or lift them up to a height. He means that God would honor them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will not honor them”
17:4 y4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א תְרֹמֵֽם 1 Job means implicitly that since God has kept his friends from understanding that he is innocent, God will not **exalt** or honor his friends by giving a guilty verdict against him, thereby vindicating what the friends have been saying. That would be allowing error to triumph. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you will not vindicate what they have been erroneously saying by giving a guilty verdict against me”
17:5 kb8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ֭⁠חֵלֶק יַגִּ֣יד רֵעִ֑ים וְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בָנָ֣י⁠ו תִּכְלֶֽנָה 1 Job is using one thing that God does to maintain justice, punish those who commit perjury for a bribe, to represent all that God does to maintain justice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “After all, you maintain justice by punishing people who corrupt court proceedings”
17:5 i5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בָנָ֣י⁠ו תִּכְלֶֽנָה 1 Job is speaking of how the **eyes** of people who are dying **fail** (no longer see) in order to describe those people dying. This is a poetic way of speaking about death. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “his sons will certainly die”
17:5 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “his children”
17:5 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “his children”
17:6 j523 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְֽ֭⁠הִצִּגַ⁠נִי 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God. After briefly speaking directly to God in verses 3 and 4, Job now speaks of God once again in the third person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But God has made me”
17:6 kzr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠מְשֹׁ֣ל עַמִּ֑ים 1 Job is using the word **saying** to mean that the **peoples** are citing him by name as an outstanding example of someone who seemed to be prospering because he was righteous but who came to ruin because he was actually wicked. Your language may have an expression for this practice of citing people by name as examples that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “a byword for the peoples”
17:6 me7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠תֹ֖פֶת לְ⁠פָנִ֣ים אֶֽהְיֶֽה 1 People were **spitting** in Job’s **face** as a symbolic action to show their contempt for him as a wicked person, which he appeared to them to be. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and people have even been spitting in my face to show their contempt for me because they think I am a wicked person”
@ -1363,7 +1363,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
18:20 j554 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר 1 Bildad is speaking as if **horror** were literally an object that people could **seize**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become horrified”
18:21 da3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַךְ־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁכְּנ֣וֹת עַוָּ֑ל וְ֝⁠זֶ֗ה מְק֣וֹם לֹא־יָדַֽע־אֵֽל 1 Bildad is speaking as if all the misfortunes he has described were literally the **dwellings** of wicked people, the **place** where they live. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “this is what will happen to the wicked, yes, this is the fate of one who does not know God”
18:21 j555 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עַוָּ֑ל 1 Bildad is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people”
19:intro vq57 0 # Job 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s second speech. It is structured as a chiasm. (See the discussion of that poetic form in the General Introduction to Job.)\n- Verses 1–7: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 8–1: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verses 13–19: Job describes how his family and friends have abandoned him.\n- Verses 20–21: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verse 22: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 23–24: Job wishes that people would hear his defense and he foresees that God will vindicate him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Job’s Faith\n\nIn verses 25–27, Job shows the great depth of his faith in God even after suffering so much. Job believes that even if God is treating him unfairly now, God will ultimately do the right thing. Job does not understand that God is actually not treating him unfairly. But the faith and confidence that he nevertheless has in God are remarkable. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
19:intro vq57 0 # Job 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s second speech. It is structured as a chiasm. (See the discussion of that poetic form in the General Introduction to Job.)\n- Verses 1–7: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 8–1: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verses 13–19: Job describes how his family and friends have abandoned him.\n- Verses 20–21: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verse 22: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 23–24: Job wishes that people would hear his defense and he foresees that God will vindicate him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Job’s Faith\n\nIn verses 25–27, Job shows the great depth of his faith in God even after suffering so much. Job believes that even if God is treating him unfairly now, God will ultimately do the right thing. Job does not understand that God is actually not treating him unfairly. But the faith and confidence that he nevertheless has in God are remarkable. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
19:2 xxa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֭נָה תּוֹגְי֣וּ⁠ן נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י וּֽ⁠תְדַכְּאוּ⁠נַ֥נִי בְ⁠מִלִּֽים 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have afflicted my soul and crushed me with words for long enough!”
19:2 j556 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular תּוֹגְי֣וּ⁠ן & וּֽ⁠תְדַכְּאוּ⁠נַ֥נִי 1 The word **you** is plural here and through verse 5 because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
19:2 j557 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **soul**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “me”
@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
19:29 tw35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠פְּנֵי־חֶ֗רֶב 1 Job is using one kind of severe punishment, execution by a **sword**, to mean severe punishment in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that God may punish you severely”
19:29 t8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֭מָה עֲוֺנ֣וֹת חָ֑רֶב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wrath**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when God becomes angry at people for being wicked, God punishes them severely”
19:29 n1i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ש⁠דין 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that God punishes wickedness justly”
20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n This chapter is the second speech of Job’s friend Zophar. In this chapter, Zophar speaks more strongly to Job than he did the first time spoke to him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:8](../07/08.md), as Job was appealing to God, he said, “The eye of the one seeing me will not regard me; your eyes will be on me, but I will not exist.” Zophar says in [20:9](../20/09.md) about the wicked person, “The eye that saw him will not continue.” Job said in [7:10](../01/01.md) of himself as a mortal person, “He will not return again to his house, and his place will not know him again.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:9](../01/01.md), “his place will no longer observe him.” In both instances Zophar is suggesting that Job himself is a wicked person, using Job’s own words.\n\nSimilarly, Zophar says in [20:27](../20/27.md) of the wicked person that “the heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him” as a witness. In [16:18](../16/18.md), Job called upon the earth to see that he received justice, and in [16:19](../16/19.md), Job said that he had an advocate in the heavens. So Zophar is likely answering Job once again in his own words, implying that Job himself is a wicked person of the type that he has been describing in his speech.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate what Zophar says in these instances similarly to the way you translated what Job said earlier.\n\n### Indelicate images that Zophar uses\n\nAs noted above, Zophar speaks strongly to Job in this speech. He uses a couple of images drawn from bodily functions that people in your culture might consider indelicate to include in a Bible translation. If so, you could use comparable images. Zophar says in [20:7](../20/07.md) of the wicked person, “he will perish forever like his dung.” You could refer to something else that disappears completely, saying, for example, “he will perish forever like the dust that the wind blows away.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:15](../20/15.md), “He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it.” You might say instead something such as, “Though he may become rich, he will lose all his money.”
20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the second speech of Job’s friend Zophar. In this chapter, Zophar speaks more strongly to Job than he did the first time spoke to him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:8](../07/08.md), as Job was appealing to God, he said, “The eye of the one seeing me will not regard me; your eyes will be on me, but I will not exist.” Zophar says in [20:9](../20/09.md) about the wicked person, “The eye that saw him will not continue.” Job said in [7:10](../01/01.md) of himself as a mortal person, “He will not return again to his house, and his place will not know him again.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:9](../01/01.md), “his place will no longer observe him.” In both instances Zophar is suggesting that Job himself is a wicked person, using Job’s own words.\n\nSimilarly, Zophar says in [20:27](../20/27.md) of the wicked person that “the heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him” as a witness. In [16:18](../16/18.md), Job called upon the earth to see that he received justice, and in [16:19](../16/19.md), Job said that he had an advocate in the heavens. So Zophar is likely answering Job once again in his own words, implying that Job himself is a wicked person of the type that he has been describing in his speech.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate what Zophar says in these instances similarly to the way you translated what Job said earlier.\n\n### Indelicate images that Zophar uses\n\nAs noted above, Zophar speaks strongly to Job in this speech. He uses a couple of images drawn from bodily functions that people in your culture might consider indelicate to include in a Bible translation. If so, you could use comparable images. Zophar says in [20:7](../20/07.md) of the wicked person, “he will perish forever like his dung.” You could refer to something else that disappears completely, saying, for example, “he will perish forever like the dust that the wind blows away.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:15](../20/15.md), “He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it.” You might say instead something such as, “Though he may become rich, he will lose all his money.”
20:2 j583 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases לָ֭⁠כֵן 1 Zophar is using the word **Therefore** to introduce the reason he is about to give for why he is speaking to Job again. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “This is why”
20:2 eef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שְׂעִפַּ֣⁠י יְשִׁיב֑וּ⁠נִי 1 Zophar is speaking of his **thoughts** as if they were a living thing that could **turn** him **back**, that is, make him turn around and return to Job as if he had left him. He means that he wants to speak to Job again and share what he is thinking in response to what Job has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I need to speak to you again and tell you what I am thinking”
20:2 wy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וּ֝⁠בַ⁠עֲב֗וּר ח֣וּשִׁ⁠י בִֽ⁠י׃\n\n 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “because I feel such urgency”
@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
20:4 um5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠זֹ֣את יָ֭דַעְתָּ מִנִּי־עַ֑ד מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is using the question form for emphasis. (The question continues into the next verse.) If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this from long ago, from the placing of man upon the earth”
20:4 j584 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הֲ⁠זֹ֣את יָ֭דַעְתָּ מִנִּי־עַ֑ד מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is speaking as if Job himself should have known **from long ago** what he is about to say. He means that Job is one member of the human community that has known this for as long as it has existed. As a member of that community, Job should know it because it has been passed down to him through traditional wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this traditional wisdom that we have received from our earliest ancestors”
20:4 j585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Zophar is using one thing that God did when he created people, **placing** them on the **earth**, to mean all that God did in creating people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ever since God created man”
20:4 j586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “ever since God created people”
20:4 j586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִנִּ֤י שִׂ֖ים אָדָ֣ם עֲלֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “ever since God created people”
20:5 nhc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י רִנְנַ֣ת רְ֭שָׁעִים מִ⁠קָּר֑וֹב וְ⁠שִׂמְחַ֖ת חָנֵ֣ף עֲדֵי־רָֽגַע 1 In this verse, Zophar completes the question that he began in the previous verse, using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that the triumph of the wicked {is} from near, and the joy of the godless {is} for a moment!”
20:5 ubq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 Zophar is using the adjective **wicked**, which is plural, as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people”
20:5 j587 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠קָּר֑וֹב 1 Zophar is using this expression to mean that the **triumph** of the **wicked** does not extend very far. He means that it does not extend very far in time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not last very long”
@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
20:28 j618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝גָּר֗וֹת 1 Zophar is speaking as if the wicked person’s **wealth** were a liquid that could literally be **flowing away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “vanishing” or “being destroyed”
20:28 j620 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 While God would punish the wicked person on a specific **day**, Zophar is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when God angrily punishes him”
20:29 j621 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֤ה ׀ חֵֽלֶק־אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע מֵ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים וְ⁠נַחֲלַ֖ת אִמְר֣⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אֵֽל 1 Zophar is speaking as if God were literally giving a **wicked man** a **portion**, probably meaning a portion of family property, and a **heritage**, similarly meaning an inheritance. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the punishment that the wicked man deserves, and God will punish him in that way”
20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person”
20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person”
20:29 j623 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **wicked man** or person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “wicked people”
20:29 j624 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠נַחֲלַ֖ת אִמְר֣⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אֵֽל 1 Zophar is using this possessive form to describe a symbolic **heritage** or inheritance that God has appointed to a wicked person. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and his appointed heritage from God” or “and the heritage that God has appointed to him”
21:intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Zophar’s second speech.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Punishment for the sins of one’s parents or ancestors\nIn the culture in which the book of Job was composed, people commonly believed that God might punish someone for the sins of their parents or ancestors. Job says in verse 19 of this chapter that this is what his three friends believe. However, while people’s sins may have consequences for their children and descendants, God does not punish people directly for their parents’ or ancestors’ sins. Be sure that this is clear in your translation.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### The adjective “wicked” as a noun\n\nIn verses 7, 16, 17, and 28, Job uses the adjective “wicked” as a noun to mean wicked people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase such as “wicked people.”
@ -1600,7 +1600,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
21:19 iyl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יֵדָֽע 1 Job means implicitly that if God would **repay** or punish the wicked person, then that person would **know** that he was guilty of sinning. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will know that he is guilty of sinning”
21:20 j2ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יִרְא֣וּ עֵינָ֣יו כִּיד֑⁠וֹ\n \n\n 1 Job is using one part of the wicked person, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let him see his own destruction”
21:20 wq4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֲמַ֖ת שַׁדַּ֣י יִשְׁתֶּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if **the wrath of Shaddai** were a liquid that a wicked person could literally **drink**. He means that he wishes that wicked people would experience that wrath. Alternate translation: “and let him experience the wrath of Shaddai” or “and let Shaddai punish him in his wrath”
21:21 j656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he said in the previous two verses that God should punish wicked people themselves rather than their children. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked person himself suffer, for”
21:21 j656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he said in the previous two verses that God should punish wicked people themselves rather than their children. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked person himself suffer, for”
21:21 vtu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־חֶפְצ֣⁠וֹ בְּ⁠בֵית֣⁠וֹ אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו וּ⁠מִסְפַּ֖ר חֳדָשָׁ֣י⁠ו חֻצָּֽצוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he has no interest in his house after him when the number of his months is cut off!”
21:21 j657 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֵית֣⁠וֹ 1 Job is most likely using the term **house** by association to mean the household or family of a wicked person. The popular saying that he quoted in verse 19 suggested that God would punish a wicked person by making his children suffer, but Job is saying here that after a wicked person dies, he will not care about that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his family” or “in his children”
21:21 rky2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִסְפַּ֖ר חֳדָשָׁ֣י⁠ו חֻצָּֽצוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when God cuts off the number of his months”
@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
21:34 j684 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠תְשֽׁוּבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם נִשְׁאַר־מָֽעַל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **falsehood**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And what you are saying in answer to me is entirely false”
22:intro m13v 0 # Job 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and last speech of Job’s friend Eliphaz. What he says in this speech is stronger than what he says in his previous two speeches. He insists that Job must have done wrong, and he suggests several specific evil things that Job may have done.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Eliphaz answering Job with his own words\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Eliphaz answers Job with his own words. That is, Eliphaz uses the same expressions that Job did earlier, but with different meaning and implications. To help your readers appreciate this, you may wish to translate Eliphaz’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this.
22:2 r9kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְ⁠אֵ֥ל יִסְכָּן־גָּ֑בֶר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be useful to God!”
22:2 j685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּ֑בֶר 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
22:2 j685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּ֑בֶר 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
22:3 h3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠חֵ֣פֶץ לְ֭⁠שַׁדַּי כִּ֣י תִצְדָּ֑ק וְ⁠אִם־בֶּ֝֗צַע כִּֽי־תַתֵּ֥ם דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not pleasure to Shaddai that you are righteous! It is not gain to him that you perfect your ways!”
22:3 j686 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִם־בֶּ֝֗צַע כִּֽי־תַתֵּ֥ם דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the word **if** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “it is not gain to him that you perfect your ways, is it”
22:3 j687 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a series of **ways** or paths that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your manner of life”
@ -1805,7 +1805,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
23:15 n27i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנָ֣י⁠ו אֶבָּהֵ֑ל 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “I am too terrified to be in his presence”
23:15 sw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֝תְבּוֹנֵ֗ן 1 Job is implicitly referring to when he might **consider** all that God might still do to him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I consider all that he might still do to me”
23:16 d4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֭⁠אֵל הֵרַ֣ךְ לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the emotions and specifically the emotion of courage. Job is speaking as if God had literally made his heart **soft**. He means that God has caused him to lose courage. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For God has caused me to lose courage”
23:17 j744 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he is terrified of God, as he described in the previous two verses. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am terrified of God because”
23:17 j744 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he is terrified of God, as he described in the previous two verses. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am terrified of God because”
23:17 j745 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א נִ֭צְמַתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God did not cut me off”
23:17 dng4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א נִ֭צְמַתִּי 1 Job is speaking as if he might literally have been **cut off**, as if he were a branch on a tree, for example. He is talking about dying. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I did not die” or “God did not let me die”
23:17 j746 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 In this instance, the phrase **from the face of** means “in front of” or “before.” It refers to time rather than to place. Alternate translation: “before the time of darkness” or “before the darkness came”
@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:11 fp3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בֵּין־שׁוּרֹתָ֥⁠ם יַצְהִ֑ירוּ יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people and the pronoun **their** refers to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Within the walls of wicked people, poor people press oil; poor people tread the winepresses of wicked people, but those poor people suffer thirst”
24:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַצְהִ֑ירוּ 1 Job is referring to the way that workers would **press oil** from olives, which were a staple food in this culture. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. You could also use a general expression if your readers might not be familiar with olives. Alternate translation: “they press oil from olives” or “they work hard to produce oil from plants”
24:11 a1m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 Job is commenting here on the injustice of wicked people having poor people **tread their winepresses** but then not giving them any of the wine to drink. (In this culture, the water was often unsafe to drink. People drank wine to quench their thirst, and, because the wine had a low alcohol content, they could do that without getting drunk. Job is not saying that the wicked people should have given the poor people wine so that they could get drunk, only that they should have given them wine to quench their thirst.) See how you expressed the implicit meaning in the previous verse, where Job described how poor people carried grain but went hungry. Alternate translation: “they are thirsty, even though they work treading winepresses, because the wicked people who own the presses do not give them any of the wine to quench their thirst”
24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתִ֨ים 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women”
24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתִ֨ים 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women”
24:12 j760 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using the adjective **wounded** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the souls of wounded people cry out”
24:12 j761 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using one part of a **wounded** person, his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of crying out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out”
24:12 j762 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job implicitly means that these people are crying out to God for justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out to God for justice”
@ -1876,7 +1876,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִתְּמוּ־לָ֗⁠מוֹ 1 This expression means "they stay indoors." If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors”
24:16 j771 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 This expression means that wicked people are not familiar with **light**, and the reason is that they do not leave their homes when it is light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not go out when it is light”
24:16 j772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 While the word **light** here is literal, since Job is using it to mean **day**, there is also a moral overtone, as in verse 13, where Job said that wicked people rebel against the light, meaning God’s revelation. If your language has a term for “light” that also has these moral connotations, it would be appropriate to use it here in your translation.
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They do not go out because for all of them, morning”
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They do not go out because for all of them, morning”
24:17 g55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ צַלְמָ֑וֶת 1 Job is speaking as if **morning** were literally **deep darkness** for wicked people. He means that they dread and avoid morning just as honest people dread and avoid the night. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they dread the morning as if it were deep darkness”
24:17 j774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֣⁠מוֹ & יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people, and the pronoun **one** refers to a representative or characteristic wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “for wicked people … each one of them regards”
24:17 y5ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 As in [24:13](../24/13.md), here the word **regards** means “looks at” with the implication of looking with approval. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “each one of them admires”
@ -1930,7 +1930,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
25:3 tb5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭סְפָּר לִ⁠גְדוּדָ֑י⁠ו 1 In this verse, Bildad is describing God’s greatness by saying that at night, there are too many stars in the sky to count, and by day, the sun shines all over the world. So in this context, the word **troops** implicitly refers to the stars as if they were soldiers. Alternate translation: “Is there a number to the stars?” or “There are too many stars in the sky to count!”
25:3 j793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־מִ֝֗י לֹא־יָק֥וּם אוֹרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Bildad is using the term **light** by association to mean the sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And upon whom does the sun not rise?” or “And the sun shines on everyone!”
25:4 w2pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה־יִּצְדַּ֣ק אֱנ֣וֹשׁ עִם־אֵ֑ל וּ⁠מַה־יִּ֝זְכֶּ֗ה יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be righteous with God! One born of a woman cannot be clean!”
25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Bildad is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Bildad is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person”
25:4 kx6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְל֣וּד אִשָּֽׁה 1 See how you translated this expression in [15:14](../15/14.md). Alternate translation: “a mortal”
25:5 un12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֭רֵחַ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַאֲהִ֑יל 1 Bildad implicitly means that compared with God’s holiness, the **moon** does not **shine** with the brightness of a pure, holy thing. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the moon has no holy brightness”
25:5 kt4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו 1 Bildad is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his perspective”
@ -1939,271 +1939,374 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Although the terms **man** and **son** are masculine, Bildad is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human … or a human child”
25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is speaking as if a human were literally a **worm**. He probably means that humans are lowly, just as worms are lowly, living in the dirt. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that lowly creature”
25:6 j795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם תּוֹלֵעָֽה 1 Bildad is similarly speaking as if a human were literally a **grub**. Once again the basis of the comparison seems to be that just as grubs live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a parallel poetic reference to human mortality. Rather than repeat the image, it may be more natural in your language to translate this as an explanatory phrase. Alternate translation, not preceded by a comma: “whom God formed from the earth”
26:intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Bildad.\n\nThis chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nWhile Bildad describes Yahweh’s power as being so much greater than Job’s, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh’s power. It is not just over Job’s life, but over all of creation.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nJob uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1–4](./01.md) and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
26:2 lud4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony How you have helped one … the arm that has no strength 0 In these statements, Job is accusing Bildad. The word “one” refers to Job. And, the word “arm” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am powerless and have no strength, but you act like you have helped me; but really, you have not helped me at all” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
26:3 s1r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony How you have advised one who has no wisdom and announced to him sound knowledge 0 Job is saying that Bildad has not provided him with good advice and knowledge. Alternate translation: “You act like I have no wisdom and that you have advised me, that you have given me good advice”
26:3 y2kk announced to him sound knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “given him good advice”
26:4 n9vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion With whose help have you spoken these words? Whose spirit was it … you? 0 In these questions Job continues to mock Bildad. They are both rhetorical questions and have basically the same meaning. They are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “You must have had help speaking these words. Perhaps some spirit helped you speak them!”
26:5 c81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The dead 0 This refers to dead people. Alternate translation: “Those who are dead” or “The spirits of the dead”
26:5 xqx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit tremble 0 They tremble because they are afraid of God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tremble in fear” or “tremble in fear of God”
26:5 hs8h those who are beneath the waters 0 This refers to the dead people who tremble.
26:5 th6n all who dwell in them 0 This refers to the dead people who dwell in the waters.
26:6 c8rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Sheol is naked before God; destruction itself has no covering 0 Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person. These two phrases have the same meaning. To be “naked” or have “no covering” is to be completely exposed and not able to hide anything. Alternate translation: “It is like sheol is naked before God, for nothing in sheol, the place of destruction, is hidden from God” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
26:6 v85x destruction 0 This is another name for sheol. Alternate translation: “the place of destruction”
26:7 ts32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He stretches out the northern skies over the empty space 0 The northern skies represent heaven, the place where God dwells with the beings he created to dwell there.
26:8 q4f6 He binds up the waters in his thick clouds 0 The clouds are compared to a large blanket in which God wraps the rainwater. Alternate translation: “He wraps up the water in his thick clouds”
26:8 sxg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but the clouds are not torn under them 0 This can be stated actively. The word “them” refers to the waters. Alternate translation: “but the weight of the waters does not tear the clouds”
26:9 r35v and spreads his clouds on it 0 This phrase tells how he covers the surface of the moon. Alternate translation: “by spreading his clouds in front of it”
26:10 l8k5 He has engraved a circular boundary on the surface of the waters 0 This speaks of the horizon, where the earth appears to meet the sky, as if God has marked a boundary on the ocean.
26:11 n3vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his rebuke 0 People thought of heaven or the sky as resting on pillars. Job speaks as though the pillars are humans that shake in fear when God is angry. Alternate translation: “The pillars that hold up heaven shake in fear when God rebukes them” or “The pillars that hold up the sky shake like people who are afraid when God rebukes them”
26:12 f7hn he shattered Rahab 0 Alternate translation: “he destroyed Rahab”
26:12 x7ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Rahab 0 This is the name of a frightening monster that lived in the sea. See how you translated this in [Job 9:13](../09/13.md).
26:13 c72v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor By his breath he made the skies clear 0 The noun “breath” can be translated with the verb “breathe” or “blow.” This image represents God causing the wind to blow away the clouds. Alternate translation: “God blew away the clouds so that the skies were clear”
26:13 r5le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his hand pierced the fleeing serpent 0 It is implied that God his holding a sword, and here “his hand” represents that sword. Also, “pierced” represents killing. Alternate translation: “With his sword he pierced the fleeing serpent” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
26:13 c2jc the fleeing serpent 0 “the serpent as it was trying to escape from him.” This refers to Rahab, the monster in the sea. See [Job 26:12](../26/12.md).
26:14 qb3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor See, these are but the fringes of his ways 0 Here “fringes” represents a small part that we can see of something that is much bigger. Alternate translation: “See, these things that God has done show only a small part of his great power”
26:14 k819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations how small a whisper do we hear of him! 0 This is an exclamation that expresses Job’s amazement of all the great things that God does that we do not even know about. Seeing what God does is spoken of as hearing God’s voice. Alternate translation: “it is as if we heard only his quiet whisper!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
26:14 b468 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can understand the thunder of his power? 0 The “thunder of his power” represents God’s greatness. Job uses this question to emphasize that God’s power is so great that no one can understand it. Alternate translation: “The thunder displays the greatness of his power which no one can understand!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
27:intro mkb5 0 # Job 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Bildad.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Job’s righteousness\nDespite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh’s authority. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
27:2 vm9g As surely as God lives 0 This phrase shows that Job is taking an oath. Job compares the certainty that God is alive to the certainty of what he is saying. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I swear by God”
27:2 zm2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has taken away my justice 0 Justice is spoken of as if it were an object that could be taken away or given. Taking it away represents refusing to treat Job with justice. Alternate translation: “has refused to treat me justly”
27:2 tp23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy made my life bitter 0 Job’s “life” being bitter represents Job feeling resentful toward God. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become resentful” or “has made me feel angry because of the unfair way he has treated me”
27:3 m4bm while my life is yet in me 0 This refers to the duration of the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “during the whole time that my life is yet in me” or “as long as my life is yet in me”
27:3 ny28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns while my life is yet in me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “alive” or the verb “live.” Alternate translation: “as long as I am still alive” or “while I still live”
27:3 xg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the breath from God is in my nostrils 0 “Breath … in my nostrils” represents being able to breathe. “Breath from God” represents God making him able to breathe. Alternate translation: “God enables me to breathe”
27:3 krx8 nostrils 0 Alternate translation: “nose”
27:4 xct5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism My lips will not speak wickedness, neither will my tongue speak deceit 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that he will not speak in such ways. The phrases “My lips” and “my tongue” represent Job himself. Alternate translation: “I will not speak wickedness or deceit” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
27:4 vg54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns speak wickedness … speak deceit 0 The abstract nouns “wickedness” and “deceit” can be expressed with “wickedly” and “deceitfully.” Alternate translation: “speak wickedly … speak deceitfully”
27:5 tp64 I will never admit that you three are right 0 Alternate translation: “I will never agree with you and say that you three are right”
27:5 n6mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you that you three are right 0 The word “you” here is plural. It refers to Job’s friends.
27:5 uy2n I will never deny my integrity 0 Alternate translation: “I will never say that I am not innocent” or “I will always say that I am innocent”
27:6 rv4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I hold fast to my righteousness 0 Here “hold fast” is a metaphor that represents being determined to continue to say something. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with “righteous.” Alternate translation: “I am determined to continue saying that I am righteous” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
27:6 ccm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will not let it go 0 Here “will not let it go” is a metaphor that represents not stopping saying something. Alternate translation: “will not stop saying that I am righteous” or “will not stop saying so”
27:6 ttu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my thoughts will not reproach me 0 Here the phrase “my thoughts” represents Job. Alternate translation: “even in my thoughts, I will not reproach myself”
27:7 x6mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Let my enemy be … let him who rises up against me be 0 The two clauses that start with these words share the same meaning. They are used together to emphasize Job’s strong desire that this should happen.
27:7 qkh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Let my enemy be like a wicked man 0 How he wants his enemy to be like a wicked person can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Let my enemy be punished like a wicked man” or “Let God punish my enemy as he punishes wicked people”
27:7 yjq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit let him who rises up against me be like an unrighteous man 0 How he wants this person to be like an unrighteous man can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “let him who rises up against me be punished like an unrighteous man”
27:7 cin4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor him who rises up against me 0 Here “rises up against me” is a metaphor meaning “opposes me.” The whole phrase refers to Job’s adversary. Alternate translation: “him who opposes me” or “my adversary”
27:8 m193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what is the hope of a godless man when … when God takes away his life? 0 Job uses this question to say that such a man has no hope. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “There is no hope for the godless when God … takes away his soul.”
27:8 ucr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism when God cuts him off, when God takes away his life 0 These two phrases have the same meaning. Alternate translation: “when God cuts him off and takes away his life” or “when God causes him to die”
27:8 d94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cuts him off 0 This is a metaphor meaning “kills him” or “causes him to die”
27:8 twt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor takes away his life 0 This is a metaphor meaning “kills him” or “makes him stop living”
27:9 jh1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will God hear his cry when trouble comes upon him? 0 Job uses this question to say that God will not help that person. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “God will not hear his cry when trouble comes upon him.” or “When trouble comes upon him and he cries out for help, God will not hear him.”
27:9 a8tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Will God hear his cry 0 Here “hear his cry” represents responding to the godless man’s cry and helping him. Alternate translation: “Will God respond to his cry”
27:10 kq3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will he delight himself in the Almighty and call upon God at all times? 0 Job uses this question to say that the godless man will not do these things. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “He will not delight himself in the Almighty and call upon God at all times.” or “He will not be happy about what the Almighty does and he will not pray to God often.”
27:11 s3uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you I will teach you 0 Each occurrence of “you” in these verses is plural and refers to Job’s three friends.
27:11 fyx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of God 0 God’s “hand” represents his power. Alternate translation: “the power of God”
27:11 re4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will not conceal the thoughts of the Almighty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **thoughts**, you can express the same idea with the verb “think.” Alternate translation: I will not hide from you what the Almighty thinks”
27:12 pnx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion why then have you spoken all this nonsense? 0 Job uses this question to rebuke his friends for saying such foolish things. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “you should not have spoken so foolishly!”
27:13 g6qh This is the portion of a wicked man with God 0 Alternate translation: “This is what God has planned for the wicked man”
27:13 djh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the heritage of the oppressor that he receives from the Almighty 0 Here “the heritage of the oppressor” is a metaphor representing what will happen to the oppressor. What God will do to him is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that God will give him. Alternate translation: “what the Almighty will do to the oppressor”
27:14 f7mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is for the sword 0 Here “the sword” represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle”
27:15 mbb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those who survive him 0 This refers to the wicked man’s children. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who continue to live after their wicked father dies”
27:15 dic8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will be buried by plague 0 Here “be buried” represents dying. Alternate translation: “will die by plague”
27:15 p4u3 their widows … them 0 The words “their” and “them” refer to “Those who survive him,” that is, the children of the wicked man.
27:16 nm9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile heaps up silver like the dust 0 Here “heaps up” is a metonym meaning “gathers much.” Job speaks as if the silver were as easy to get as dust. Alternate translation: “gathers large piles of silver” or “gathers silver as easily as he could gather dust”
27:16 bh15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile heaps up clothing like clay 0 Here “heaps up” is a metonym meaning “gathers much.” Job speaks as if the clothing were as easy to get as clay. Alternate translation: “gathers large piles of clothing” or “gathers clothing as easily as he could gather clay”
27:18 l6yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis He builds his house like a spider 0 After “spider,” the phrase “builds its web” is understood information. It can be made clear. Alternate translation: “He builds his house as a spider builds its web”
27:18 q8ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He builds his house like a spider 0 A spider web is fragile and easily destroyed. Alternate translation: “He builds his house as fragile as a spider builds its web” or “He builds his house as fragile as a spider’s web”
27:18 inb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a hut 0 A hut is a temporary house that is also not very strong. Alternate translation: “like a temporary hut”
27:19 la2p He lies down in bed rich 0 “He is wealthy when he lies down in bed.” This refers to his lying down in bed at night and sleeping.
27:19 i6ex but he will not keep doing so 0 Alternate translation: “but he will not keep lying down in bed rich” or “but he will not continue to be wealthy when he lies down in bed”
27:19 b9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he opens his eyes 0 Opening his eyes represents waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “he wakes up”
27:19 x5lq everything is gone 0 Alternate translation: “all of his riches are gone” or “everything has vanished”
27:20 ul69 Terrors overtake him 0 Here “overtake him” represents suddenly happening to him. Possible meanings are that **terrors** is a metonym for:: (1) things that cause people to be afraid. Alternate translation: “Terrifying things suddenly happen to him” or (2) fear. Alternate translation: “He suddenly becomes terrified”
27:20 zw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like waters 0 The word “waters” refers to a flood. Floods can happen very suddenly when people do not expect them, and they are dangerous and frightening. Alternate translation: “like a flood” or “like waters that rise up suddenly”
27:20 l3kn a storm takes him away 0 Alternate translation: “a violent wind blows him away”
27:21 l4at rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification it sweeps him out of his place 0 Job speaks of the wind blowing the wicked man out of his house as if the wind were a person sweeping dust out of a house with a broom. Alternate translation: “the wind sweeps him out of his place like a woman who sweeps dirt out of a house” or “the wind easily blows him out of his place”
27:21 i9ce his place 0 Alternate translation: “his home”
27:22 wmn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verses 22–23 Job speaks of the wind as if it were a person attacking the wicked person.
27:22 xs2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification It throws itself at him 0 Here the phrase “throws itself at him” represents the wind blowing strong against him like an attacker. Alternate translation: “It blows strong against him like someone attacking him”
27:22 fa8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification he tries to flee out of its hand 0 Here “hand” represents the power or control that the wind has over the wicked man. Alternate translation: “he tries to flee out of its control” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
27:23 kvs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction It claps its hands at him 0 Clapping the hands is a way of mocking someone. Here it represents the wind making loud noises. Alternate translation: “It makes loud noises like someone clapping his hands to mock him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
27:23 r28v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction hisses him from his place 0 The wind makes a noise as it blows him out of his place, and the noise is like the hissing sound that people make to mock someone. Alternate translation: “it makes a hissing noise as it causes him to leave his home” or “it blows him out of his place and makes a hissing noise like someone who hisses at him to mock him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
28:intro i55c 0 # Job 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Bildad.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s wisdom\n\nDespite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh’s wisdom and authority. This chapter especially focuses on Yahweh’s wisdom as he controls the circumstances of Job’s life. Men cannot understand because they do not have Yahweh’s wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
28:1 fb4g mine 0 This is a place where people dig rocks out of the earth. These rocks have metal in them.
28:1 zr9q refine 0 This is the process of heating a metal to remove all of the impurities that are in it.
28:2 a9j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Iron is taken out of the earth 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People take iron out of the earth”
28:2 b12i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive copper is smelted out of the stone 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people smelt copper out of the stone” or “people heat stone to melt copper out of it”
28:2 rb24 copper 0 an important red-brown colored metal
28:2 uui9 smelted 0 This is a process of heating rocks to melt the metal in them in order to get the metal out of the rocks.
28:3 fm47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A man sets an end to darkness 0 Here “sets an end to darkness” represents shining a light in the darkness. People used a lantern or a torch for light. Alternate translation: “A man carries light into dark places”
28:3 l74r to the farthest limit 0 Alternate translation: “to the farthest parts of the mine”
28:3 sce6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet obscurity … thick darkness 0 These two phrases are used together to emphasize that the mine is extremely dark.
28:4 kp1m shaft 0 a deep narrow hole dug into the ground or rock. People go down into the hole to mine it.
28:4 hz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification places that are forgotten by anyone’s foot 0 The foot is spoken of as if it is a person who can remember. Alternate translation: “places where people no longer walk” or “where no one ever walks”
28:4 yed2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He hangs far away from people 0 How and where he hangs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Far away from people, he hangs from a rope in the shaft”
28:5 r3d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the earth, out of which comes bread 0 Here “bread” represents food in general. Food coming out of the ground is a metaphor for food growing out of the ground. Alternate translation: “the earth, where food grows” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28:5 p8vk it is turned up below as if by fire 0 This could mean: (1) people made fires under the ground to break apart the rock. Alternate translation: “it is broken up below by the fires that the miners make” or (2) “turned” is a metaphor for changed. Alternate translation: “it is broken up below so much that it appears that it was destroyed by fire”
28:5 mha5 it is turned 0 The word “it” refers to the earth.
28:6 c4dw Its stones … its dust 0 The word “its” refers to the earth.
28:6 lw93 sapphires 0 a rare and valuable blue gemstone
28:7 c71r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism No bird of prey knows the path to it … nor has the falcon’s eye seen it 0 These clauses express a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “No bird of prey or falcon knows or has ever seen the path that goes to the mine”
28:7 u8np bird of prey 0 a bird that eats other animals
28:7 ft9l falcon 0 This may also be translated “hawk.” Both are birds that hunt and eat other animals. You may translate this with a similar bird from your culture.
28:8 ad94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The proud animals have not walked such a path … nor has the fierce lion passed there 0 These clauses also express similar meaning.
28:8 zce2 The proud animals 0 This refers to very strong, wild animals.
28:9 nh4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lays his hand on the flinty rock 0 This represents breaking up the rock. Alternate translation: “digs into the flinty rock”
28:9 d3ss flinty rock 0 Alternate translation: “hard rock”
28:9 ng34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole he overturns mountains by their roots 0 Digging up the mountains and the ground underneath them is a metaphor from digging out weeds or trees, an exaggeration that represents digging minerals out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he turns the mountains upside down by pulling out their roots” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28:10 h31b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his eye sees 0 Here “his eye” represents him. Alternate translation: “he sees”
28:11 ar22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He ties up the streams so they do not run 0 Here “ties up the streams” means damming or blocking the streams. Alternate translation: “He blocks the streams so they do not flow”
28:11 c3wt what is hidden there 0 This refers to things that people normally do not see because they are in the ground or underwater.
28:12 n9fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn 28:12–28, wisdom and understanding are spoken of as if they were precious objects that are in some place and people want to find them. Finding wisdom and understanding represents becoming wise and learning to understand things well.
28:12 k2hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Where will wisdom be found? Where is the place of understanding? 0 These questions mean the same thing and are used to show that it is very difficult to find wisdom and understanding. Alternate translation: “It is very difficult to find wisdom and understanding.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
28:12 bcr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Where will wisdom be found? Where is the place of understanding 0 Becoming wise and understanding is spoken of as finding wisdom and understanding. Alternate translation: “How do people become wise? How do people learn to understand things well”
28:13 drv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Man does not know its price 0 This could mean: (1) wisdom is spoken of as if it were something that people can buy. Alternate translation: “People do not know what it is worth” or (2) the word translated as “price” means “place.” Alternate translation: “People do not know where it is”
28:13 z9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive neither is it found in the land of the living 0 “and it is not found in the land of the living.” The “land of the living” refers to this world where people live. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one can find wisdom in this world”
28:14 xi4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The deep waters … say, ‘It is not in me’; the sea says, ‘It is not with me.’ 0 The deep waters and the sea are presented as if they are people that can speak. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is not in the deep waters under the earth, nor is it in the sea”
28:15 h4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It cannot be gotten for gold 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This implies that wisdom is worth much more than gold. Alternate translation: “People cannot pay for wisdom with gold”
28:15 nff6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit neither can silver be weighed as its price 0 This implies that wisdom is worth much more than silver. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and people cannot weigh out enough silver to pay for wisdom”
28:16 hg4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It cannot be valued with … sapphire 0 This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than the gold of Ophir, precious onyx and sapphire.
28:16 t2r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ophir 0 This is the name of a land where there was fine gold.
28:16 ui38 onyx 0 a valuable black gemstone
28:16 na32 sapphire 0 a valuable blue gemstone
28:17 qp37 Gold and crystal cannot equal it in worth 0 This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than gold and crystal.
28:17 z7jx crystal 0 a valuable gemstone that is clear or lightly colored
28:17 v4um neither can it be exchanged for jewels of fine gold 0 “and it cannot be exchanged for jewels of fine gold.” This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than jewels of fine gold.
28:17 nid2 exchanged 0 Alternate translation: “traded”
28:18 hgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit No mention is worth making of coral or jasper 0 “It is not worth making mention of coral and jasper.” This implies that wisdom is worth so much more than coral and jasper that there is no need for Job to say anything about them. Alternate translation: “I will not bother to mention coral or jasper” or “Coral and jasper are worthless compared to wisdom”
28:18 vgj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown coral 0 This is a beautiful, hard substance that grows on ocean reefs.
28:18 sqn7 jasper … rubies 0 These are valuable gemstones.
28:19 mwy7 The topaz of Cush does not equal it 0 This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than the finest topaz.
28:19 nxz5 topaz 0 This is a valuable gemstone.
28:19 ycn8 neither can it be valued in terms of pure gold 0 “and wisdom cannot be valued in terms of pure gold.” This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than pure gold.
28:20 jiu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion From where, then, comes wisdom? Where is the place of understanding? 0 Job uses these questions to introduce how people get wisdom and understanding. Alternate translation: “I will tell you where wisdom comes from and where understanding is.” or “I will tell you how to become wise and how to learn to understand things.”
28:20 z82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor From where, then, comes wisdom 0 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were in a place and comes to people. Its coming represents people becoming wise.
28:20 ghy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Where is the place of understanding 0 Understanding is spoken of as if it were in a place.
28:21 bj7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Wisdom is hidden from the eyes of all living things 0 This means that living things are unable to see wisdom. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “No living thing can see wisdom” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28:21 j3u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is kept hidden from the birds of the heavens 0 This means that the birds are unable to see wisdom. This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “even the birds that fly in the skies cannot see wisdom”
28:22 y7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Destruction and Death say 0 Here “Destruction” and “Death” are spoken of as if they are living things who can speak.
28:23 qlj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God understands the way to it; he knows its place 0 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were in a certain place. Alternate translation: “God knows how to find wisdom. He knows where it is”
28:24 q6zd the very ends of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “the farthest places on the earth”
28:25 l7lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor parceled out the waters by measure 0 This describes God deciding how much water should be in each place. Possible meanings are that this refers to deciding: (1) how much rain should be in each cloud or (2) how much water should be in each sea. Alternate translation: “decided how much water should be in each place”
28:26 qy1s a path for the thunder 0 Alternate translation: “he decided how the thunder can be heard” or “he decided the path of the thunderstorm”
28:28 l4bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns See, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “fear” or “respect.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with another word such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “Listen, if you fear the Lord, you will be wise”
28:28 m7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to depart from evil is understanding 0 Here “depart from evil” means refusing to do evil things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “if you refuse to do evil, then you will understand many things”
29:intro eli2 0 # Job 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh.\n\nIn this chapter, Job recalls the days before Yahweh’s blessings were taken from him. This is only one part of Job’s argument that continues for the next 3 chapters.
29:2 h8k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that I were as I was in the past months 0 Job uses this exclamation to express a wish. Alternate translation: “I wish that I were as I was in past months”
29:3 n6gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor when his lamp shined on my head 0 God’s lamp shining on Job represents God blessing Job. Alternate translation: “when God’s blessing was like a lamp shining its light on my head”
29:3 z42n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor when I walked through darkness by his light 0 Walking through darkness represents experiencing difficult situations.
29:4 bk56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the ripeness of my days 0 Job speaks of when he was young and strong as if his days were the time when the harvest is ripe. Alternate translation: “when I was young and strong”
29:4 d6y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns when the friendship of God was on my tent 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **friendship**, you can express the same idea with the noun “friend.” The word “tent” represents Job’s home. Alternate translation: “when God was my friend and protected my home” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
29:6 xbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole when my way was covered with cream 0 “when my path was flowing with cream.” Job uses this exaggeration to express that he had many cows and they produced much more cream than he and his family needed. Alternate translation: “when my cows provided an abundance of cream”
29:6 bt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole and the rock poured out for me streams of oil 0 “and the rock poured out streams of oil for me.” Job uses this exaggeration to express that he had many olive vines and great amounts of olive oil. The rock is where his servants pressed the oil out of the olives. Alternate translation: “when my servants pressed out a great amount of olive oil” or “when oil flowed like streams from the pressing rock” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
29:7 tvt7 city square 0 This is an open area in a village or city where two or more streets meet.
29:8 e835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction rose and stood for me 0 This is a symbol of respect. It can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rose and stood respectfully for me”
29:9 c8d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction The princes used to refrain from talking when I came 0 This was a sign of respect.
29:9 v8ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction they would lay their hand on their mouths 0 They did this to show that they would not speak. This was a sign of their respect for Job.
29:10 u1bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The voices of the noblemen were hushed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The noblemen hushed their voices” or “The noblemen stopped speaking”
29:10 nm6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their tongue clung to the roof of their mouths 0 This represents them having so much respect for Job that they had nothing to say. Alternate translation: “they felt that they were unable to speak” or “they had nothing to say”
29:11 n94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche after their ears heard me … after their eyes saw me 0 The ears represent those who heard him, and the eyes represent those who saw him. Alternate translation: “after they heard what I told them … after they saw me”
29:11 t3tu they would then give witness to me and approve of me 0 Alternate translation: “they would witness approvingly of me”
29:12 ui1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun I rescued the one who was poor when he cried out 0 Here “the one who was poor” refers to any poor person. Alternate translation: “I used to rescue poor people who cried out”
29:13 qs27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The blessing of him who was about to perish came on me 0 Someone’s blessing coming on another represents that person blessing another. Alternate translation: “He who was about to perish would bless me”
29:13 ii9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun him who was about to perish 0 This represents anyone who was about to die. Alternate translation: “those who were about to die”
29:13 v84a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I caused the widow’s heart to sing for joy 0 Here “the widow’s heart” represents any widow. Alternate translation: “I caused widows to sing joyfully” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
29:14 r9i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I put on righteousness, and it clothed me 0 People often spoke of righteousness as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “I did what was righteous, and it was like clothing that I put on”
29:14 rc4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my justice was like a robe and a turban 0 People often spoke of justice as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “I did what was just, and it was like a robe and a turban on me”
29:14 qe3s turban 0 a long cloth that men wrap around their heads and wear as a hat
29:15 z9qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was eyes to blind people 0 This represents helping blind people. Alternate translation: “I was like eyes for blind people” or “I guided blind people”
29:15 qwg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was feet to lame people 0 This represents helping blind people. Alternate translation: “I was like feet for lame people” or “I supported lame people”
29:16 dv24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was a father to needy people 0 Here “I was a father” represents providing for people. Alternate translation: “I provided for needy people as a father provides for his children”
29:17 h48z 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verses 18–20 Job tells about the things he used to say before bad things happened to him.
29:17 rxh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I broke the jaws of … I plucked the victim 0 Job speaks of unrighteous people who persecute others as if they were wild animals that attack their victims by picking them up between their teeth. Alternate translation: “I made unrighteous people stop persecuting people, like someone who breaks the jaw of a wild animal and rescues its victim from between its teeth”
29:18 mx7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will die in my nest 0 Here “nest” represents Job’s home and family. Job used to speak as if he were a bird that lived in a nest with his baby birds. Alternate translation: “I will die at home with my family” or “I will die in the safety of my home”
29:18 ree7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole I will multiply my days like the grains of sand 0 There are more grains of sand on the shore than anyone can count. To say that he would live more days than anyone could count is an exaggeration to express that he would live a very long time. Alternate translation: “I will live a very long time” or “I will live many years” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
29:19 f52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My roots … my branches 0 Job used to speak of his strength as if he were strong like a well-watered tree.
29:20 r1t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The honor in me is always fresh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **honor**, you can express the same idea with the verb “honor.” Here “fresh” represents the honor being constantly given. Alternate translation: “People constantly give me honor” or “People always honor me”
29:20 bz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the bow of my strength is always new in my hand 0 A new bow is very strong. Job’s bow of strength in his hand represents his physical strength. Alternate translation: “I am always strong like a new bow”
29:22 l3t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my speech dropped like water on them 0 Here “dropped like water on them” represents refreshing the people who heard him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **speech**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “speak” or “say.” Alternate translation: “my speech refreshed their hearts as drops of water refresh people’s bodies” or “what I said to them refreshed them like drops of water” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
29:23 g4bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They always waited for me as they waited for rain 0 People waited for Job patiently and expected to hear good things.
29:23 dye5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they opened their mouth wide to drink in my words 0 This represents waiting eagerly for Job to speak in order to benefit from what said. Alternate translation: “they eagerly waited for me to speak in order to benefit from what I said”
29:23 wd9h as they would do for the latter rain 0 Alternate translation: “as farmers wait eagerly for the latter rain”
29:23 v5kv the latter rain 0 This refers to the large amount of rain that falls just before the dry season.
29:24 vxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I smiled on them 0 It can be stated clearly that the purpose of smiling was to encourage them. Alternate translation: “I smiled on them to encourage them”
29:24 b3dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the light of my face 0 This represents the kindness they saw in Job’s face.
29:25 nhm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I selected their way 0 Here “selected their way” represents deciding what they should do.
29:25 gh9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy sat as their chief 0 Here “sat” represents ruling or leading. Chiefs sat down when they made important decisions. Alternate translation: “led them as their chief”
29:25 azd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy sat as their chief 0 Job was their chief. Alternate translation: “led them because I was their chief”
29:25 dv86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I lived like a king in his army 0 Job speaks of how he led the people and how they obeyed him as if he were a king and they were his army.
29:25 nmq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit like one who comforts mourners 0 This phrase means that Job actually was one who comforted people. Alternate translation: “I comforted them when they mourned”
30:intro u96h 0 # Job 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh.\n\nIn this chapter, Job laments his current condition as others insult him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])
30:1 ghr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit whose fathers I would have refused to allow to work beside the dogs of my flock 0 This shows how much he despised those fathers. They were not even good enough to be with his dogs. Alternate translation: “whose fathers I despised and would not have allowed to work beside the dogs of my flock”
30:1 bw8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the dogs of my flock 0 The dogs’ relationship to the flock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the dogs that guarded my flock”
30:2 dkd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Indeed, the strength of their fathers’ hands, how could it have helped me … perished? 0 Job uses this question to mock the weakness of those men. Alternate translation: “The strength of their fathers’ hands could not have helped me … perished.”
30:2 n58x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor men in whom the strength of their mature age had perished 0 Their strength perishing is a metaphor that represents no longer being strong but weak. The phrase “mature age” refers to them being old. Alternate translation: “men who had become old and had no strength” or “men who had become old and weak”
30:3 b5gi They were thin from poverty and hunger 0 The word “They” refers to the fathers of the young mockers.
30:3 i6mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns They were thin from poverty and hunger 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you can express the same idea with another word such as “poor.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you can express the same idea with the words “hungry” or “starving.” Alternate translation: “They were very thin because they were poor and starving”
30:3 j6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they gnawed at the dry ground 0 This could mean: (1) “dry ground” is a metonym for the dry roots that grow in the ground. Alternate translation: “they chewed on the dry roots they found in the ground” or (2) “gnawed at the dried ground” is a metonym for eating whatever they could find in the dry ground.
30:4 dz4r Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues to talk about the fathers of the mockers.
30:4 lbt6 saltwort … bushes’ leaves … the roots of the broom tree 0 These are plants that people would eat only if they could find nothing better.
30:4 c9mn the roots of the broom tree were their food 0 This could mean: (1) the people ate the roots of the broom tree or (2) the people warmed themselves by burning the roots of broom trees.
30:5 k9yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They were driven out from among people who shouted after them as … a thief 0 The phrase “were driven out” means “were forced to leave.” These phrases can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people shouted after them as … a thief and forced them to leave”
30:5 lwr2 shouted after them as one would shout after a thief 0 Alternate translation: “shouted at them as though they were thieves”
30:7 f7j8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues to talk about the fathers of the mockers.
30:7 kkv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile brayed like donkeys 0 Job speaks of the men crying out in hunger as if they were wild donkeys making a loud noise. Alternate translation: “cried out like wild donkeys because they were hungry”
30:7 dmg5 they gathered together under the nettles 0 “Nettles” are bushes with sharp thorns. This implies that they did not have a home.
30:8 i8tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They were the sons of fools 0 Here “were the sons of fools” represents having the characteristics fools. Alternate translation: “They were like fools” or “they were fools”
30:8 h66q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor indeed, sons of nameless people 0 The word “indeed” shows that what follows strengthens the previous thought. Here “sons of nameless people” represents having the characteristics of nameless people. Alternate translation: “indeed, they were nameless people” or “indeed, they were worthless”
30:8 juk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nameless people 0 Here being “nameless” represents having no honor or respect. It means that they are worthless. Alternate translation: “worthless people”
30:8 wl4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They were driven out of the land with whips 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) the idea of whips implies that they were being treated like criminals. Alternate translation: “People treated them like criminals and forced them to leave the land” or (2) people actually used whips to force them out. Alternate translation: “People whipped them and forced them to leave the land”
30:8 r31i They were driven out of the land 0 Here “the land” refers to the land where they lived before they were forced to go out to the wilderness.
30:9 krm8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob speaks again about the people who were mocking him.
30:9 v6wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns But now I have become the subject of their taunting song 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **song**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sing.” Alternate translation: “But now they sing songs about me to taunt me”
30:9 u5hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I have become a byword for them 0 Here “byword” is a metonym for the person about whom people make cruel jokes. Alternate translation: “I am now one whom they make cruel jokes about” or “They joke and say cruel things about me”
30:10 sx1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes they do not refrain from spitting in my face 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “they even spit in my face”
30:11 r95h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has unstrung the string to my bow 0 A bow that is unstrung is not useful. The phrase “has unstrung the string of my bow” is a metaphor for making Job powerless. Alternate translation: “God has taken away my power to defend myself”
30:11 pll3 those who taunt me 0 Alternate translation: “those who mock me”
30:11 sq6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cast off restraint before my face 0 A restraint keeps a person from moving freely and doing what he wants. Here “restraint” represents refraining from doing something, and “cast off restraint” represents not refraining from doing something. In this case the mockers did not refrain from being cruel to Job. Alternate translation: “do not refrain from being cruel to me” or “do whatever cruel things they want to do to me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
30:12 u9wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nJob speaks about the mockers treating him cruelly as if they were a mob and an army attacking him.
30:12 l5wg Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues to speak about the people who were mocking him.
30:12 z8g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Upon my right hand rise the rabble 0 “the rabble rise upon my right hand.” This could mean: (1) rising upon Job’s right hand represents attacking his strength. Alternate translation: “Gangs of young people attack my strength” or (2) rising upon Job’s right hand represents attacking his honor. Alternate translation: “Mobs attack my honor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30:12 bxs3 they drive me away 0 Alternate translation: “they force me to run away”
30:12 tdu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pile up against me their siege mounds 0 Armies would pile up mounds of dirt along a city’s wall in order to climb over the wall and attack the city. Job speaks of the mockers preparing to attack him as if they were doing that. Alternate translation: “prepare to attack me like an army that prepares to attack a city”
30:13 sv3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They destroy my path 0 This represents keeping Job from escaping their attack. Alternate translation: “They prevent me from escaping from them”
30:13 x9pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they push forward disaster for me 0 Here “push forward disaster” represents trying to make disaster happen. Alternate translation: “they try to make disaster happen to me” or “they try to destroy me”
30:13 ayx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor men who have no one to hold them back 0 Here “hold them back” represents stopping them from doing something. Alternate translation: “men who have no one to stop them from attacking me”
30:14 su1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nJob speaks about the mockers treating him cruelly as if they were an army attacking him.
30:14 p4jw Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues to speak about the people who were mocking him.
30:14 b1fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They come against me like an army through a wide hole in a city wall 0 This represents attacking Job forcefully.
30:14 g1ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they roll themselves in on me 0 This represents many coming to attack him at once, like giant ocean waves rolling in on him.
30:15 su3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Terrors are turned upon me 0 This could mean: (1) Job has become terrified or (2) things are happening to Job that make him afraid.
30:15 y58l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my honor is driven away as if by the wind 0 Job speaks of suddenly having no honor as if the wind had blown it from him. Alternate translation: “Nobody honors me” or “I am now a person that people do not honor”
30:15 qzd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my prosperity passes away as a cloud 0 Job speaks of his prosperity ending as if it were a cloud that was blown away. Here “prosperity” may refer to well-being or safety. Alternate translation: “I no longer prosper at all” or “I am no longer safe”
30:16 vq4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Now my life is pouring out from within me 0 Job speaks as if his life were a liquid and his body were a container. He feels he is about to die. Alternate translation: “Now I am dying”
30:16 yd79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification many days of suffering have laid hold on me 0 Job speaks of his continuous suffering as if the days of suffering have grabbed hold of him. Alternate translation: “I suffer many days, and the suffering does not end”
30:17 s5h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my bones in me are pierced 0 Job speaks of the pain in his bones as if his bones were being pierced. Alternate translation: “my bones ache terribly” or “I have sharp pain in my bones”
30:17 q849 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the pains that gnaw at me take no rest 0 Job speaks of his constant pain as if it were alive and biting him and refuses to rest. Alternate translation: “the pains that cause me to suffer do not stop” or “I am in constant pain”
30:18 x296 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy God’s great force has seized my clothing 0 Job speaks of God using his force as if God’s force were actually doing something. Here “God’s … force” stands for “God.” Alternate translation: “God has seized my clothing by his great force”
30:18 wpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God’s great force has seized my clothing 0 The image of God’s force seizing Job is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) it represents Job’s pain. Alternate translation: “My pain feels like God has grabbed my clothing tightly” or (2) it represents God’s causing Job’s many problems. Alternate translation: “It is as though by his great force God has grabbed me by my clothes”
30:18 tm94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it wraps around me like the collar of my tunic 0 The image of God’s force wrapping around Job is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) it represents Job’s pain. Alternate translation: “he wraps the collar of my tunic tightly around me” or (2) it represents God’s causing Job’s many problems. Alternate translation: “It is as though he grabs me by the collar of my tunic”
30:19 aa4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has thrown me into the mud 0 Job says that God has humiliated him. Alternate translation: “It is as though he has thrown me in the mud” or “He has humiliated me, like a person thrown in the mud”
30:19 m43k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have become like dust and ashes 0 This represents Job’s feeling of being worthless. Alternate translation: “I have become as worthless as dust and ashes”
30:21 k1ga cruel 0 This word means unkind.
30:21 xk2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with the strength of your hand you persecute me 0 The word “hand” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “you persecute me with your power”
30:22 v3bi Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to God.
30:22 zy94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lift me up to the wind … throw me back and forth in a storm 0 These expressions represent the extreme suffering that God made Job endure.
30:22 h7x7 cause it to drive me along 0 Alternate translation: “cause the wind to push me along”
30:23 py4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will bring me to death 0 Here “bring me to death” represents causing Job to die. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to die”
30:23 a3ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the house appointed for all the living 0 Job speaks of the world of the dead as if it were a house to which God has appointed all living things to go. Alternate translation: “the world of the dead, to which everything that has ever lived goes”
30:23 nf6m all the living 0 That is, all things now alive, but that will die one day.
30:24 ly2e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to God.
30:24 s7pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion does no one reach out with his hand to beg for help when he falls? Does no one in trouble call out for help? 0 Job uses these questions to justify himself for crying out to God for help. Alternate translation: “Everyone reaches out with his hand to beg for help when he falls. Everyone who is in trouble calls out for help.” or “I have fallen, and so God should not think I am doing wrong when I beg for his help. I am in trouble, so of course I call out for help!”
30:24 giv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion does no one reach out with his hand to beg for help when he falls? Does no one in trouble call out for help? 0 Some versions interpret these questions as Job complaining that God has reached out with his hand to harm Job when Job was in trouble and crying out for help. Alternate translation: “Surely no one would reach out with his hand against someone who falls and calls out for help.”
30:25 k5gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did not I weep … trouble? Did I not grieve … man? 0 Job uses these questions to remind God of how Job had done good to others. A: “You know that I wept … trouble, and I grieved … man!”
30:26 dxl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When I hoped for good, then evil came 0 Looking for good represents hoping for good things, and evil coming represents evil things happening.
30:26 n1jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I waited for light … darkness came 0 Here “light” represents God’s blessing and favor and “darkness” represents trouble and suffering. Alternate translation: “I waited for the light of God’s blessing, but instead I experienced the darkness of suffering”
30:27 r36u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification My heart is troubled and does not rest 0 Job speaks of his heart as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “I am troubled in my heart and the feeling does not end”
30:27 u2gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor days of affliction have come on me 0 Days of affliction coming on Job represents Job experiencing affliction for many days. Alternate translation: “I experience affliction many days” or “I suffer every day”
30:28 i5gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have gone about 0 Here “have gone about” represents living. Alternate translation: “I have lived” or “I live”
30:28 fj2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor like one who was living in the dark, but not because of the sun 0 Here “living in the dark” is a metaphor that represents being extremely sad. The phrase “but not because of the sun” clarifies that “living in the dark” is a metaphor, that is, the darkness is not caused by the sun being hidden. Alternate translation: “like one who is terribly sad”
30:29 f66b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a brother to jackals, a companion of ostriches 0 Being a brother to these animals is a metaphor for being like them. Alternate translation: “I am like jackals and ostriches that cry out in the wilderness”
30:30 udu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my bones are burned with heat 0 Here “bones” refers to the whole body, which suffers from fever.
30:31 qj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my harp is tuned for songs of mourning 0 Here “my harp” represents Job himself, and also represents his desire to sing only songs of mourning. Alternate translation: “I play only songs of mourning on my harp”
30:31 v1kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my flute for the singing of those who wail 0 Here “my flute” represents Job himself, and also his desire to sing only songs of crying. Alternate translation: “I play only songs of wailing on my flute”
30:31 d2w2 wail 0 To wail is to cry very loudly because of terrible sadness or pain.
31:intro leq9 0 # Job 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement and it is directly addressed to Yahweh.\n\nIn this chapter, Job presents his case to Yahweh that he is upright and not guilty of the sins he is being accused of. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
26:intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a long response by Job first to Bildad’s last speech and then to the friends in general. Bildad had spoken briefly of the greatness of God. Job shows that he is a truly godly man who appreciates God’s greatness by describing it in this chapter at greater length and in more eloquent language. Job told the friends in 12:3 that he had just as much wisdom as they did, and he demonstrates that in this chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 7–9, Job makes a series of statements about God that have a similar form. A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could help them appreciate it by putting each sentence of the litany on a separate line. See what you did with the similar litany in chapter 12. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make each verse in the litany a separate sentence. For example, you could begin verse 7, “God stretches out.” Notes to verses 7–9 offer further suggestions.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” all refer to God throughout this chapter. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify the referent and say “God” or “God’s” at regular intervals for clarity.
26:2 lud4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony מֶה־עָזַ֥רְתָּ לְ⁠לֹא־כֹ֑חַ ה֝וֹשַׁ֗עְתָּ זְר֣וֹעַ לֹא־עֹֽז 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You have not helped the one without power! You have not saved the arm of no strength”
26:2 j798 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מֶה־עָזַ֥רְתָּ לְ⁠לֹא־כֹ֑חַ ה֝וֹשַׁ֗עְתָּ זְר֣וֹעַ לֹא־עֹֽז 1 Job is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “You have not helped me, even though I was without power! You have not saved me, even though my arm had no strength”
26:2 j799 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עָזַ֥רְתָּ & ה֝וֹשַׁ֗עְתָּ 1 In this verse, as well as in verses 3 and 4, the word **you** is singular because Job is addressing Bildad directly. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
26:2 j800 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche זְר֣וֹעַ לֹא־עֹֽז 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **arm**, to mean all of him as someone who is struggling to have **strength** during difficulties. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person of no strength” or “me, even though I had no strength”
26:3 s1r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony מַה־יָּ֭עַצְתָּ לְ⁠לֹ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֗ה לָ⁠רֹ֥ב הוֹדָֽעְתָּ 1 For emphasis, Job is continuing to say the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You have not really advised one without wisdom! You have not really made known insight in abundance”
26:3 y2kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מַה־יָּ֭עַצְתָּ לְ⁠לֹ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Job is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “You have not really advised me, even though I was without wisdom”
26:4 n9vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֶת־מִ֭י הִגַּ֣דְתָּ מִלִּ֑ין וְ⁠נִשְׁמַת־מִ֝י יָצְאָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Someone must have helped you declare those words! Someone else’s breath must have come out from you!”
26:4 j801 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־מִ֭י הִגַּ֣דְתָּ מִלִּ֑ין וְ⁠נִשְׁמַת־מִ֝י יָצְאָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Job is implying that God must have helped Bildad speak, although he does not really mean it (see next note). You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “God must have helped you declare those words! God’s own breath must have come out from you!”
26:4 j802 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony אֶת־מִ֭י הִגַּ֣דְתָּ מִלִּ֑ין וְ⁠נִשְׁמַת־מִ֝י יָצְאָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 For emphasis, Job is continuing to say the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You are merely sharing human opinions! You have no divinely granted insights!”
26:4 j803 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־מִ֭י הִגַּ֣דְתָּ מִלִּ֑ין 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what Bildad has just said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God must have helped you say what you did!” or, showing that Job is saying the opposite of what he means, “What you said was merely your own human opinion”
26:4 j804 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִשְׁמַת־מִ֝י יָצְאָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 The word translated **breath** can also mean “spirit,” so this could mean: (1) that Job is making a parallel statement to the first part of the verse, using the **breath** that comes out of a person’s mouth while he is speaking to mean the act of speaking itself. Alternate translation: “And who was speaking with you as you spoke” or “And who enabled you to speak so well” or “It is certainly not as if God was helping you speak!” (2) that Job is suggesting (while meaning the opposite of what he is saying) that an angel or God’s Spirit must have inspired Bildad to say what he did. Alternate translation: “And what spirit inspired you to speak so well” or “And was it not God’s Spirit who inspired you to speak so well”
26:5 xqx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠רְפָאִ֥ים יְחוֹלָ֑לוּ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, at this point in this speech, Job begins a description of the greatness of God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “But as for the greatness of God, the rephaites tremble”
26:5 c81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת מַ֝֗יִם וְ⁠שֹׁכְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job implicitly means that the spirits of dead people **tremble** from their abode in Sheol, which he names specifically in the next verse but which he identifies by its location in this verse. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from their abode deep below the sea, deep below the creatures that live in the sea”
26:6 j805 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עָר֣וֹם שְׁא֣וֹל נֶגְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the pronoun **him** in this verse refers to God, as do the pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” throughout the chapter. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, here and at selected other places in the chapter. Alternate translation: “Sheol {is} naked before God”
26:6 c8rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָר֣וֹם שְׁא֣וֹל נֶגְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of **Sheol** as if it were literally not wearing any clothing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Sheol is open before God” or “God can look right into Sheol”
26:6 v85x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠אֵ֥ין כְּ֝ס֗וּת לָֽ⁠אֲבַדּֽוֹן 1 The word **Abaddon**, which means “destruction,” is another name for Sheol.
26:6 j806 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֵ֥ין כְּ֝ס֗וּת לָֽ⁠אֲבַדּֽוֹן 1 Job is speaking as if it might be possible to put an actual **covering** over **Abaddon** to keep God from seeing into it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and nothing keeps God from seeing into Abaddon”
26:7 j807 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism נֹטֶ֣ה צָפ֣וֹן עַל־תֹּ֑הוּ תֹּ֥לֶה אֶ֝֗רֶץ עַל־בְּלִי־מָֽה 1 Job is using the two major components of creation, the sky (which he calls the **north**) and the **earth**, to mean all of creation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the one having made all of creation where previously nothing was”
26:7 j808 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹטֶ֣ה צָפ֣וֹן עַל־תֹּ֑הוּ תֹּ֥לֶה אֶ֝֗רֶץ עַל־בְּלִי־מָֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally stretched out the **north** (the sky) over **nothingness** and hung the **earth** on **nothing**. Since he speaks of the “pillars” of the heavens in verse 11, he is probably not saying directly that the sky and the earth are suspended over empty space. Instead, he is probably referring to God having created the sky and the land by bringing order to watery chaos. Job says this specifically in verses 12 and 13. Alternate translation: “the one having created the sky and the land by bringing order to watery chaos”
26:7 j809 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany נֹטֶ֣ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, this is the beginning of a litany that extends through verse 9. See that discussion and the notes to verses 7–9 for suggestions of how to present this material in a way that may be helpful to your readers.
26:7 j810 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹטֶ֣ה 1 The pronoun **one** refers to God, not to Abaddon. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God is the one stretching out”
26:7 ts32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צָפ֣וֹן 1 Job is using the term **north** by association to mean the bright constellations in the northern sky, and so by further association the stars, and by even further association the sky itself, where the stars appear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sky”
26:8 q4f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צֹרֵֽר־מַ֥יִם בְּ⁠עָבָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠לֹא־נִבְקַ֖ע עָנָ֣ן תַּחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Job is speaking as if God literally uses **rainclouds** to bind or tie up the waters that eventually fall from those clouds to earth as rain. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as a new sentence: “God makes rainclouds that contain much water”
26:8 j811 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠לֹא־נִבְקַ֖ע עָנָ֣ן תַּחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Job is not referring to a specific **cloud**. He means clouds, specifically rainclouds, in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “but those rainclouds are not torn under those waters”
26:8 sxg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹא־נִבְקַ֖ע עָנָ֣ן תַּחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but those waters do not tear the clouds under them” or “but the weight of those waters does not tear the clouds apart”
26:9 r35v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנֵי 1 Job is speaking as if the surface of the **moon** were literally its **face**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the surface of”
26:9 j812 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֲנָנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is not referring to a specific **cloud**. He means all the clouds that God would use to cover the moon. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “his clouds”
26:10 l8k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֹֽק־חָ֭ג עַל־פְּנֵי־מָ֑יִם 1 Job is speaking as if the surface of the **waters** or oceans were literally their **face**. He is describing the horizon, which, to a land-bound observer, seems to be a limit on how far the oceans extend. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God has placed a circular limit on the surface of the oceans”
26:10 j813 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַד־תַּכְלִ֖ית א֣וֹר עִם־חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Job implicitly means that the **limit** that God has placed on the extent of the oceans coincides with the bottom of the dome of the sky, which people in this culture considered to be a solid object. Beneath the dome, in which the sun, moon, and stars shone, there was light. Beyond the dome was darkness. So Job is using **the boundary of light with darkness** to refer by association to the sky. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “at the bottom of the dome of the sky”
26:11 n3vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַמּוּדֵ֣י שָׁמַ֣יִם יְרוֹפָ֑פוּ וְ֝⁠יִתְמְה֗וּ מִ⁠גַּעֲרָתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Many interpreters believe that here Job is speaking of high mountains as if they were the **pillars of the heavens**, since they appear to hold up the sky. Job would also be speaking as if God were literally issuing a **rebuke** to the mountains and that in response, they **tremble and marvel**. The reference may be to an earthquake, which causes the mountains to shake, or to appear to shake from the perspective of someone in a lowland earthquake. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God sends earthquakes that make even the high mountains shake”
26:11 f7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys יְרוֹפָ֑פוּ וְ֝⁠יִתְמְה֗וּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **marvel**, a reference to being astonished by the power of God, tells why the pillars of the heavens **tremble**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “shake with fear”
26:12 x7ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָ֣חַץ רָֽהַב 1 See how you translated the name Leviathan in [3:8](../03/08.md) and the previous occurrence of the name Rahab in [9:13](../09/13.md). Here as well, you could either retain the name in your translation or you could use a general expression in order to give your readers some idea of the beliefs of this culture. Job is depicting God’s work in making an orderly creation as defeating the forces of watery chaos. Alternate translation: “he defeated the chaos monster”
26:13 c72v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֭⁠רוּח⁠וֹ שָׁמַ֣יִם שִׁפְרָ֑ה 1 Job is probably speaking as if strong winds, which clear the clouds from the sky after a storm, are the **breath** of God. Even though word translated **breath** can also mean “wind” or “Spirit,” Job is probably using a poetic image rather than a literal statement to describe the power of God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God sends strong winds to clear the sky of clouds after a storm”
26:13 c2jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹֽלֲלָ֥ה יָ֝ד֗⁠וֹ נָחָ֥שׁ בָּרִֽיחַ 1 By **the fleeing serpent**, Job implicitly means the chaos monster. In [Isaiah 27:1](../27/01.md), that monster, under the name Leviathan, is identified by that phrase. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his hand pierced the chaos monster”
26:13 r5le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חֹֽלֲלָ֥ה יָ֝ד֗⁠וֹ נָחָ֥שׁ בָּרִֽיחַ 1 Job is using one part of God, his **hand**, to mean all of him in the act of doing combat with the chaos monster. He means that with a weapon such as a sword, God **pierced** the monster, that is, stabbed it to death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in combat, he killed the chaos monster”
26:14 j814 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְצ֬וֹת דְּרָכָ֗יו 1 Job is speaking of the things that God does as if they were **ways** or paths that God was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a small part of his actions”
26:14 k819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מַה־שֵּׁ֣מֶץ דָּ֭בָר נִשְׁמַע־בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job may be using the term **word** in the sense of the sound of a word, in which case the term **small** would indicate a faint sound or whisper. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and how faint a whisper we hear of him”
26:14 b468 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠רַ֥עַם גְּ֝בוּרוֹתָ֗יו מִ֣י יִתְבּוֹנָֽן 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No, no one can understand the thunder of his power!”
26:14 j815 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠רַ֥עַם גְּ֝בוּרוֹתָ֗יו 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe **thunder** that is characterized by **power**. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “And his powerful thunder”
27:intro mkb5 0 # Job 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Bildad and the other two friends.\n- Verses 1–10: Job insists that he is godly and will continue to live that way\n- Verses 11–23: Job describes how God punishes wicked people\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nFrom verse 14 through to the end of the chapter, the pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” refer to the “wicked man” whom Job first mentions in verse 13. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify the referent and say “a wicked man” at regular intervals for clarity. Notes suggest how you might do this at various places.
27:1 j816 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֹּ֣סֶף אִ֭יּוֹב שְׂאֵ֥ת מְשָׁל֗⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֹּאמַֽר 1 The narrator is speaking as if Job’s **discourse** or speech were an object that he could **take up** or pick up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As Job continued his speech, he said” or “Job continued speaking and he said”
27:2 tp23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חַי־אֵ֭ל הֵסִ֣יר מִשְׁפָּטִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠שַׁדַּ֗י הֵמַ֥ר נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “As God lives, who has turned away my justice; as Shaddai lives, who has made my life bitter”
27:2 vm9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformulas חַי־אֵ֭ל הֵסִ֣יר מִשְׁפָּטִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠שַׁדַּ֗י הֵמַ֥ר נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י 1 Job is swearing an oath in the way that was characteristic in his culture. In your translation, you can translate this in the way that would be characteristic in your culture. Alternate translation: “I swear by God, who has turned away my justice; I swear by Shaddai, who has made my life bitter”
27:2 zm2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֵסִ֣יר מִשְׁפָּטִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if the **justice** to which he is entitled were a person who was coming to testify on his behalf but God **turned** that person **away** from the right path so that he never arrived. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has denied justice to me”
27:3 j817 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformulas כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **that** to introduce the content of the oath that he began to swear in the previous verse. In some cases, if you translated the previous verse to reflect the way people swear oaths in your culture, you may not need to include the word **that** here. If you chose to reflect the way Job swore this oath following the practices of his own culture, it may be helpful to show what he is using the word **that** to mean. Alternate translation: “I swear that”
27:3 xg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠ר֖וּחַ אֱל֣וֹהַּ בְּ⁠אַפִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is using the **breath** in his **nose** by association to mean breathing, and he is using breathing by association to mean being alive. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for as long as I draw the breath of life” or “and for as long as I am alive”
27:4 xct5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformulas אִם־תְּדַבֵּ֣רְנָה שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י עַוְלָ֑ה וּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנִ֗⁠י אִם־יֶהְגֶּ֥ה רְמִיָּֽה 1 This is the conclusion of the oath that Job is swearing. In this culture, people would swear an oath by stating the first part of a condition but not the second part. (But see the General Notes to chapter 31, which explain how Job does state the second part of many conditions in the oaths that he swears in that chapter.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explicitly state the implied second part of the condition. Alternate translation: “if my lips speak wickedness, or if my tongue utters deceit, may God punish me severely!”
27:4 j818 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אִם־תְּדַבֵּ֣רְנָה שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י עַוְלָ֑ה וּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנִ֗⁠י אִם־יֶהְגֶּ֥ה רְמִיָּֽה 1 Job is using parts of himself, his **lips** and his **tongue**, to mean all of him in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if I speak wickedness or utter deceit”
27:4 vg54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִם־תְּדַבֵּ֣רְנָה שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י עַוְלָ֑ה וּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנִ֗⁠י אִם־יֶהְגֶּ֥ה רְמִיָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wickedness** and **deceit**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “if I say anything that is wicked or deceitful”
27:5 tp64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָלִ֣ילָ⁠ה לִּ⁠י֮ אִם־אַצְדִּ֪יק אֶ֫תְ⁠כֶ֥ם 1 Job is using this expression to mean that he would no more **justify** his friends (that is, agree that they are right) than he would commit a **Sacrilege**, that is, do something that he knew would be offensive to God in a religious sense. Your language may have an expression with a similar sense that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “God forbid that I justify you”
27:5 n6mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶ֫תְ⁠כֶ֥ם 1 The word **you** is plural here because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
27:5 j819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶגְוָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the term **expire** in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I pass away”
27:5 uy2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־אָסִ֖יר תֻּמָּתִ֣⁠י מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 Job is speaking as if his **integrity**, meaning in this case his conviction that he has been acting properly, were a person whom he could **turn away** and make go somewhere else. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will keep insisting that I have been acting properly”
27:6 rv4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִדְקָתִ֣⁠י הֶ֭חֱזַקְתִּי וְ⁠לֹ֣א אַרְפֶּ֑⁠הָ 1 Job is speaking as if his **righteousness** were literally an object that he was holding onto. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am going to continue to insist that I am righteous”
27:6 ttu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹֽא־יֶחֱרַ֥ף לְ֝בָבִ֗⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if his **heart**, which in this context represents his conscience, were a person who might **reproach** him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will not have a guilty conscience”
27:6 j820 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־יֶחֱרַ֥ף לְ֝בָבִ֗⁠י 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **reproach**. Alternate translation: “I will be confident that I have acted properly”
27:6 j821 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠יָּמָֽ⁠י 1 Job is using this expression to describe his lifetime. He means the period extending from his earliest **days** of life to the present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for as long as I live”
27:7 qkh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְהִ֣י כְ֭⁠רָשָׁע אֹ֣יְבִ֑⁠י וּ⁠מִתְקוֹמְמִ֥⁠י כְ⁠עַוָּֽל 1 In this culture, people would make clear that they did not want something to happen to them by saying they wanted it to happen to their enemies. That showed that it was the opposite of what they wanted for themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be anything like the wicked or the unrighteous”
27:7 j822 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כְ֭⁠רָשָׁע & כְ⁠עַוָּֽל 1 Job is using the adjectives **wicked** and **unrighteous** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “like wicked people … like unrighteous people”
27:7 j823 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מִתְקוֹמְמִ֥⁠י כְ⁠עַוָּֽל 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and may the one rising up against me be like the unrighteous”
27:7 cin4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִתְקוֹמְמִ֥⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if this person were literally **rising up**, that is, standing up from a seating or lying position, in order to attack him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the one opposing me”
27:8 m193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י מַה־תִּקְוַ֣ת חָ֭נֵף כִּ֣י יִבְצָ֑ע כִּ֤י יֵ֖שֶׁל אֱל֣וֹהַּ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For the godless has no hope when he cuts him off, when God takes away his life.”
27:8 j824 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כִּ֤י מַה־תִּקְוַ֣ת חָ֭נֵף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “For what does the godless hope for” or, as a statement, “For the godless has nothing to hope for”
27:8 j825 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חָ֭נֵף 1 Job is using the adjective **godless** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a godless person”
27:8 twt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כִּ֣י יִבְצָ֑ע כִּ֤י יֵ֖שֶׁל אֱל֣וֹהַּ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 As the context makes clear, the pronoun **he** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers by naming God in the first part of the verse and using a pronoun in the second part of the verse. Alternate translation: “when God cuts him off, when he takes away his life”
27:8 d94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִבְצָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [6:9](../06/09.md). Alternate translation: “he kills him” or “God kills him”
27:9 jh1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ֭⁠צַעֲקָת⁠וֹ יִשְׁמַ֥ע ׀ אֵ֑ל כִּֽי־תָב֖וֹא עָלָ֣י⁠ו צָרָֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “God will not hear his cry when trouble comes upon him!”
27:9 a8tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽ֭⁠צַעֲקָת⁠וֹ יִשְׁמַ֥ע ׀ אֵ֑ל 1 Job is using the term **hear** in a specific sense to mean “answer.” Alternate translation: “Will God answer his cry for help”
27:9 j826 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כִּֽי־תָב֖וֹא עָלָ֣י⁠ו צָרָֽה 1 Job is speaking of **trouble** as if it were a living thing that could **come upon** a wicked person (for example, as an animal might pounce on its prey). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he experiences trouble” or “when he gets into trouble”
27:10 kq3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־עַל־שַׁדַּ֥י יִתְעַנָּ֑ג יִקְרָ֖א אֱל֣וֹהַּ בְּ⁠כָל־עֵֽת 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “He will not delight himself in Shaddai! He will not call to God in every time!”
27:11 s3uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶתְ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 The word **you** is plural here because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
27:11 fyx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַד־אֵ֑ל 1 Here, **hand** represents the activity of a person by association with the way that people use their hands to do things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “about the activity of God”
27:11 j827 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר עִם־שַׁ֝דַּ֗י 1 Job is not using this expression to suggest that there are certain things **with** Shaddai, that is, objects that are in his presence. Rather, the expression refers to the things that pertain to Shaddai, meaning his characteristic ways of doing things. In this context, the expression refers to the way that Shaddai actually treats the wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how Shaddai does things” or “how Shaddai actually treats the wicked,”
27:11 re4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א אֲכַחֵֽד 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **conceal**. Alternate translation: “I will reveal”
27:12 j828 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתֶּ֣ם כֻּלְּ⁠כֶ֣ם חֲזִיתֶ֑ם 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourselves**. Alternate translation: “all of you have seen this quite clearly”
27:12 j830 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַתֶּ֣ם כֻּלְּ⁠כֶ֣ם חֲזִיתֶ֑ם 1 In this context, to **see** means to “experience.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all of you have experienced this quite consistently”
27:12 pnx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֝֗ה הֶ֣בֶל תֶּהְבָּֽלוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “you should therefore not vainly speak this vanity”
27:12 j831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וְ⁠לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֝֗ה הֶ֣בֶל תֶּהְבָּֽלוּ 1 For emphasis, Job is using a construction in which a subject and its verb come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “why then do you speak this utter vanity” or, as a statement, “you should therefore not speak this utter vanity”
27:13 g6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֤ה ׀ חֵֽלֶק־אָדָ֖ם רָשָׁ֥ע ׀ עִם־אֵ֑ל 1 Job is speaking as if the punishment that God assigns to a **wicked man** were literally a **portion** or share of goods that God allotted to that person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the punishment that God assigns to a wicked man”
27:13 j832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֖ם רָשָׁ֥ע 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a wicked person”
27:13 djh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽ⁠נַחֲלַ֥ת עָ֝רִיצִ֗ים מִ⁠שַּׁדַּ֥י יִקָּֽחוּ 1 Job is speaking as if the punishment that Shaddai assigns to a **oppressors** were literally a **heritage** or inheritance that he leaves to them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and this is the punishment that oppressors receive from Shaddai”
27:14 f7mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִם־יִרְבּ֣וּ בָנָ֣י⁠ו לְמוֹ־חָ֑רֶב 1 Job is using the term **sword** by association to mean death, since in this culture people killed others with swords. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Even if a wicked person has many children, they will all die”
27:14 j833 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food”
27:15 dic8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׂ֭רִידָיו בַּ⁠מָּ֣וֶת יִקָּבֵ֑רוּ 1 The term **death** could mean: (1) death literally. Alternate translation: “His survivor will die and be buried” (2) a plague, in which case Job would be using a general term for death to mean one specific cause of death. There is a similar use in [Jeremiah 15:2](../15/02.md). In that case Job could also be speaking as if the plague itself had buried this **survivor**, meaning that it had caused his death. Alternate translation: “His survivor will be buried by a plague” or “A plague will kill his survivor”
27:15 mbb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׂ֭רִידָיו 1 This could mean: (1) the wicked person’s last surviving descendant. Alternate translation: “his last survivor” or “the end of his line” (2) not a specific **survivor** but his surviving descendants in general. Alternate translation: “his descendants”
27:15 p4u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠אַלְמְנֹתָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִבְכֶּֽינָה 1 In this culture, a man might marry more than one woman, so by **widows**, Job means implicitly that this “wicked man” had more than one wife. You may find it more suitable to use a singular form in your translation. Alternate translation: “and his widow will not lament”
27:16 nm9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יִצְבֹּ֣ר כֶּ⁠עָפָ֣ר כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠כַ⁠חֹ֗מֶר יָכִ֥ין מַלְבּֽוּשׁ 1 The point of this comparisons is that just as **dust** is abundant and **clay mounds** contain great quantities of clay, so a wicked person might acquire **silver** in abundance and **clothing** in great quantities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “a wicked person acquires an abundant amount of silver and great quantities of clothing”
27:16 j834 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּ֑סֶף 1 Job is using one valuable commodity, **silver**, to represent wealth in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wealth”
27:17 bh15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠צַדִּ֣יק & נָקִ֥י 1 Job is using the adjectives **righteous** and **innocent** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “but a righteous person … an innocent person”
27:18 q8ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בָּנָ֣ה כָ⁠עָ֣שׁ בֵּית֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠כְ⁠סֻכָּ֗ה עָשָׂ֥ה נֹצֵֽר 1 The point of these comparisons is that the **house** of a **moth**, that is, its cocoon, is very fragile, as is a **hut** that a **guard** would build in a field out of branches to watch over crops during harvest time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “The house that he builds is as fragile as a moth’s cocoon, as rickety as a hut that a harvest guard builds from branches”
27:18 inb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנָ֣ה כָ⁠עָ֣שׁ בֵּית֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠כְ⁠סֻכָּ֗ה עָשָׂ֥ה נֹצֵֽר 1 While the actual house of a wicked person might become abandoned and collapse from neglect, Job could be using the term **house** to represent the life of that person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The life that he creates for himself is as fragile as a moth’s cocoon, as rickety as a hut that a harvest guard would build from branches”
27:18 j835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּנָ֣ה כָ⁠עָ֣שׁ בֵּית֑⁠וֹ 1 A **moth** is a flying insect that typically goes out at night. It begins life as a wingless larva. The larva eventually spins a silk cocoon around itself, and inside that cocoon it changes into a flying moth. If your readers would not be familiar with what a moth is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable creature that your readers would recognize that similarly builds a fragile structure. The UST models one way to do this.
27:19 la2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עָשִׁ֣יר יִ֭שְׁכַּב & עֵינָ֖י⁠ו פָּקַ֣ח 1 Job is speaking of going to sleep and waking up by association with things that people do when they go to sleep (lie down in bed) and wake up (open their eyes). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He goes to sleep rich … he wakes up”
27:19 b9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole עָשִׁ֣יר יִ֭שְׁכַּב & עֵינָ֖י⁠ו פָּקַ֣ח 1 Job is making an overstatement to emphasize how quickly a wicked person loses his wealth. He is speaking as if that person would go to sleep rich and wake up with nothing, that is, as if he would lose all of his riches in a single night. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “He may be rich … only a short time passes”
27:19 i6ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠לֹ֣א יֵאָסֵ֑ף 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but he does not continue to be rich”
27:19 x5lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אֵינֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 This expression means that the wicked person no longer has any possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he discovers that he no longer has any possessions”
27:20 zw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ֝֗יְלָה גְּנָבַ֥תּ⁠וּ סוּפָֽה 1 Job is speaking as if a **storm** would literally carry a wicked person away. He means that that person perishes as quickly and unexpectedly as he would if a storm carried him away. It may be more natural in your language to represent this image as a comparison. Alternate translation: “he perishes quickly and unexpectedly, as if a storm had carried him away in the night”
27:21 l4at rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשָּׂאֵ֣⁠הוּ קָדִ֣ים וְ⁠יֵלַ֑ךְ וִֽ֝⁠ישָׂעֲרֵ֗⁠הוּ מִ⁠מְּקֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is continuing to speak as if a **wind** would literally pick up a wicked person and carry him away. If you decided to represent this image as a comparison in the previous verse, you can continue to do that in this verse. Alternate translation: “Yes, it is as if the east wind takes him away, blowing him right out of his home, so that he is gone”
27:21 j836 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קָדִ֣ים 1 Job lived in a place where there was desert to the **east**, so he is referring implicitly to a strong, hot wind coming from the desert. In your translation, you could refer to the direction from which the strongest and stormiest winds come in your area.
27:22 wmn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠יַשְׁלֵ֣ךְ עָ֭לָי⁠ו וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַחְמֹ֑ל 1 Job is speaking of this wind as if it were a living thing that could hurl itself upon a wicked person and not **pity** him, that is, not show him any mercy. If you decided to represent this image as a comparison in the previous two verses, you can continue to do that in this verse. Alternate translation: “It is as if a wind is blowing violently against him relentlessly”
27:22 xs2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication בָּר֥וֹחַ יִבְרָֽח 1 Job is repeating the verb “flee” in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. The specific sense here is that the wicked person is trying desperately to flee from this strong wind. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he tries desperately to escape” or “it is as if he is trying desperately to escape”
27:22 fa8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ֝⁠יָּד֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hand** represents power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from its power”
27:23 kvs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction יִשְׂפֹּ֣ק עָלֵ֣י⁠מוֹ כַפֵּ֑י⁠מוֹ 1 In this culture, people would clap their hands together as a symbolic action to express negative emotions such as grief, indignation, or derision. In this context, Job is speaking as if the wind were expressing derision at the wicked person. If it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if people in your culture clap their hands together to express positive emotions such as approval and admiration, you could explain the significance of this action in your translation. You could also name a gesture that people in your culture use to express derision. Alternate translation: “It is as if such a wind claps its hands at him in derision” or “It is as if such a wind points its finger derisively at him”
27:23 r28v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠יִשְׁרֹ֥ק עָ֝לָ֗י⁠ו 1 In this culture, people would make a hissing sound in order to express derision. Job is speaking as if the wind were also expressing derision at the wicked person by making such a sound. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in your translation. You could also name a sound that people in your culture make in order to express derision. Alternate translation: “and makes a derisive hissing sound” or “and laughs derisively at him”
27:23 j837 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠מְּקֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 This could mean: (1) that the wind Job is describing **hisses** at the wicked person from within the home that it has forced him to abandon. (Job says of the wind in verse 21, “it blasts him from his place.”) Alternate translation: “from within his former home, which this wind now occupies” (2) that the wind **hisses** at the wicked person now that he is out of **his place**. Alternate translation: “because he has had to abandon his home”
28:intro i55c 0 # Job 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Bildad and the other two friends. In this part of his speech, Job discusses how people can obtain wisdom. Both he and his friends have stressed the importance of wisdom (for example, in 12:2, 15:8, and 26:3). Job says at the end of this eloquent discussion that “the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to turn from evil is understanding.” The implication is that Job, who prizes wisdom so much, would not have disrespected God, committed evil, and thus missed out on having wisdom. So in this chapter, Job gives another important defense of his innocence.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “it” in verses 13–18\n\nJob introduces the subject of “wisdom” in verse 12. Then, from verse 14 through to the end of the chapter, he refers to wisdom most of the time with the pronouns “it” and “its.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify the referent and say “wisdom” at regular intervals for clarity. Notes suggest how you might do this at various places.
28:1 fb4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מָק֗וֹם 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and surely there is a place”
28:1 zr9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַ⁠זָּהָ֥ב יָזֹֽקּוּ 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “where gold is refined” or “where people refine gold”
28:2 j838 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בַּ֭רְזֶל מֵ⁠עָפָ֣ר יֻקָּ֑ח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People take iron from the dust”
28:2 a9j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠עָפָ֣ר 1 Job is using one part of the ground, the **dust** on its surface, to mean the ground itself. **Iron** is actually **taken** from deep in the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the ground”
28:2 b12i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠אֶ֗בֶן יָצ֥וּק נְחוּשָֽׁה 1 Job is speaking of the ore from which **copper** is **smelted** as **stone**, since that ore is a type of stone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and people smelt copper from ore”
28:2 uui9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ֝⁠אֶ֗בֶן יָצ֥וּק נְחוּשָֽׁה 1 The term “smelt” means to break ore into pieces and to use great heat to melt it so that a metal such as **copper** will separate from it. If your readers would not be familiar with the process of smelting, you could describe it with a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “and people break up ore and melt it in order to extract copper from it”
28:3 fm47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֵ֤ץ ׀ שָׂ֤ם לַ⁠חֹ֗שֶׁךְ 1 Job means implicitly that the person he is describing either brings lights underground, where there is otherwise **darkness**, or opens a mineshaft that lets light in. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Bringing torches underground” or Opening a mine shaft”
28:3 j839 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־תַּ֭כְלִית ה֣וּא חוֹקֵ֑ר אֶ֖בֶן 1 The pronoun **he** refers to a person who is mining for precious metals. It does not refer back to anyone whom Job has mentioned previously. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “a miner searches, to every extremity, for a stone of”
28:3 l74r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־תַּ֭כְלִית ה֣וּא חוֹקֵ֑ר אֶ֖בֶן 1 Job says **every** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “a miner searches everywhere he can to try to find a stone of”
28:3 j840 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe a **stone** that can only be found in **gloom and deep darkness**. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “a stone that can only be found in gloom and deep darkness”
28:3 j841 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is not referring to a specific **stone**. He means stone that contains precious metal, that is, ore, in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “ore that can only be found in gloom and deep darkness”
28:3 sce6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 The terms **gloom** and **deep darkness** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “ore that can only be found where it is very dark”
28:3 j842 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is using the phrase **gloom and deep darkness** by association to deep underground, where it is very dark. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ore that can only be found deep underground”
28:4 kp1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פָּ֤רַץ נַ֨חַל ׀ מֵֽ⁠עִם־גָּ֗ר 1 The pronoun **He** refers once again to a person who is mining for precious metals. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Since Job uses plural forms in the rest of this verse, you may wish to use a plural form here. Alternate translation: “Miners open shafts”
28:4 j843 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵֽ⁠עִם־גָּ֗ר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **habitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “far from where people live”
28:4 j844 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁכָּחִ֥ים מִנִּי־רָ֑גֶל 1 Job is not referring to a specific **foot**. He means feet in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the ones forgotten by feet”
28:4 hz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁכָּחִ֥ים מִנִּי־רָ֑גֶל 1 Job is speaking of a **foot** as if it were a living thing that could forget something. Here the term **forgotten** has the sense of being oblivious to something, not the sense of once having known something but no longer remembering it. This could be describing: (1) the way that people walk on the ground above mines without realizing that miners are at work deep below them. In that case the word **foot**, meaning the feet of these people, would represent them walking. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “The people walking on the ground high above miners do not realize that they are there” (2) the location of the mines that Job is describing. He would be saying that they are in remote places where people do not go. In that case the word **foot**, meaning the feet of these people, would represent them traveling. Alternate translation: “in places where people do not go”
28:4 j845 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Away from other people”
28:4 yed2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּ֖לּוּ & נָֽעוּ 1 Job means implicitly that these miners **dangle and swing** from ropes in order to get down into the mines. He is emphasizing the risks that people will take in order to find precious metals. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “they dangle and swing dangerously from ropes in order to get down into their mines”
28:5 j846 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֶ֗רֶץ מִמֶּ֥⁠נָּה יֵֽצֵא־לָ֑חֶם וְ֝⁠תַחְתֶּ֗י⁠הָ נֶהְפַּ֥ךְ כְּמוֹ־אֵֽשׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. In this verse, Job is drawing a contrast between the ordinary activities that take place on the surface of the earth and the extraordinary, dangerous activities that take place in mines below the earth. Alternate translation: “People grow food on the surface of the earth, but below the surface, they transform the earth by means such as fire”
28:5 r3d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food”
28:5 mha5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶהְפַּ֥ךְ כְּמוֹ־אֵֽשׁ 1 Job is speaking as if miners literally **overturned** the earth, that is, put on top what had been on the bottom. He is speaking generally of how miners reshape the terrain in which they work. (This could include actual overturning in some cases.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the terrain is reshaped as with fire” or “miners reshape the terrain as with fire”
28:5 p8vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶהְפַּ֥ךְ כְּמוֹ־אֵֽשׁ 1 Job assumes that his friends will understand that he is using the term **fire** to refer to an ancient mining practice. Miners would build fires against the walls of mines to heat the rock. They would then splash water against the heated rock to cause it to crack. This allowed them to extract ore more readily. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “miners reshape the terrain as they heat rock with fire and then douse it with water to crack it”
28:6 c4dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מְקוֹם־סַפִּ֥יר אֲבָנֶ֑י⁠הָ וְ⁠עַפְרֹ֖ת זָהָ֣ב לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **Its** and **it** refer to the earth. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “The stones of the earth contain sapphire, and there is gold in some of the dusts of the earth”
28:6 lw93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סַפִּ֥יר 1 A **sapphire** is a rare and valuable blue gemstone. If your readers would not be familiar with what a sapphire is, in your translation you could use the name of a similar gemstone that they would recognize, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “valuable gemstones”
28:7 c71r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָ֭תִיב לֹֽא־יְדָ֣ע⁠וֹ עָ֑יִט 1 Job is referring implicitly to the **path** that miners take into the depths of the earth in search of gemstones and precious metals. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Miners take a route into the depths of the earth that not even a sharp-eyed bird of prey can detect”
28:7 u8np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠לֹ֥א שְׁ֝זָפַ֗תּ⁠וּ עֵ֣ין אַיָּֽה 1 Job is using one part of a **falcon**, its **eye**, to mean all of it in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “nor has the falcon has seen it”
28:7 j847 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠לֹ֥א שְׁ֝זָפַ֗תּ⁠וּ עֵ֣ין אַיָּֽה 1 Job is not referring to a specific **falcon**. He means falcons in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “nor have falcons have seen it”
28:7 ft9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אַיָּֽה 1 A **falcon** is a bird that eats animals and other birds. If your readers would not be familiar with what a falcon is, in your translation you could use the name of a similar bird that they would recognize, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “a hawk”
28:8 zce2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־הִדְרִיכֻ֥⁠הוּ בְנֵי־שָׁ֑חַץ 1 The expression **son of** describes a person or animal that possesses a certain quality. The word **pride** indicates that the animals Job is describing are confident in their strength and fierceness and are not afraid of other animals. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Even wild beasts that have no fear of going anywhere have not walked it”
28:8 j848 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹֽא־הִדְרִיכֻ֥⁠הוּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the “path” that Job described in the previous verse, that is, the route that miners take into the earth. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “have not walked on that path”
28:8 ad94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֹֽא־עָדָ֖ה עָלָ֣י⁠ו שָֽׁחַל 1 Job is not referring to a specific **lion**. He means lions in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and lions have not passed over it”
28:9 d3ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בַּֽ֭⁠חַלָּמִישׁ שָׁלַ֣ח יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **He** and **his** refer to a miner. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be more natural in your language to use plural forms. Alternate translation: “Miners stretch out their hands against flinty rock”
28:9 nh4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּֽ֭⁠חַלָּמִישׁ שָׁלַ֣ח יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 The expression “stretch out one’s hand against” means to attack something. Job is saying that miners will attack, that is, break up even the hardest kinds of rock in search of valuable materials. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Miners break up even the hardest kinds of rock in search of valuable materials”
28:9 j849 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָפַ֖ךְ מִ⁠שֹּׁ֣רֶשׁ הָרִֽים 1 Job is speaking of the ground below mountains as if it were the **roots** of those mountains. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he overturns mountains, digging deep below them”
28:9 ng34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הָפַ֖ךְ מִ⁠שֹּׁ֣רֶשׁ הָרִֽים 1 Job is speaking as if miners literally turn entire **mountains** upside down. He may be using the term **mountains** to represent great quantities of material. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, and once again it may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “miners dislodge great quantities of material from the depths of the earth”
28:10 j850 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בַּ֭⁠צּוּרוֹת יְאֹרִ֣ים בִּקֵּ֑עַ וְ⁠כָל־יְ֝קָ֗ר רָאֲתָ֥ה עֵינֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **He** and **his** refer to a miner. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be more natural in your language to use plural forms. Alternate translation: “Miners cut out channels among the rocks, and their eyes see every valuable thing”
28:10 h31b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רָאֲתָ֥ה עֵינֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using one part of a miner, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he sees” or “they see”
28:10 j851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כָל־יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Job says **every** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and … the many valuable things that the rocks contain”
28:11 j852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֭⁠בְּכִי נְהָר֣וֹת חִבֵּ֑שׁ וְ֝⁠תַעֲלֻמָ֗הּ יֹ֣צִא אֽוֹר 1 The pronouns **He** and **he** refer to a miner. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be more natural in your language to use plural forms. Alternate translation: “Miners bind the torrents from flowing, and they bring hidden things to light”
28:11 ar22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֭⁠בְּכִי נְהָר֣וֹת חִבֵּ֑שׁ וְ֝⁠תַעֲלֻמָ֗הּ יֹ֣צִא אֽוֹר 1 Job is speaking as if a miner literally **binds** streams of water to keep them from **flowing**. He means that miners temporarily dam up streams or divert their flow to expose the materials that their waters usually hide. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Miners dam up or divert streams in order to expose what their waters usually hide”
28:11 c3wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֽוֹר 1 Job is using the term **light** by association to describe something that is in view, since people need light in order to see things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into view”
28:12 n9fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 Job is speaking as if **wisdom**, which he also calls **understanding**, could literally be **found** in a **place**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But how can wisdom be obtained? How can a person get understanding?”
28:12 n9fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 Job is not using the question form simply for emphasis. He wants his listeners to consider these questions in light of what he has just said. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate these questions as statements. Alternate translation: “But now I want you to consider where wisdom is found. I want you to consider where the place of understanding is” or “But now I want you to consider how wisdom can be obtained. I want you to consider how a person can get understanding”
28:12 k2hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 Job is drawing an implicit comparison between the difficulty of finding gemstones and precious metals and the even greater difficulty of finding **wisdom** and **understanding**. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “But wisdom is even harder to find than gemstones and precious metals. It is harder to know where the place of understanding is than it is to find those things. So I want you to consider how one can obtain wisdom.”
28:12 j853 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “But wisdom is even harder to find than gemstones and precious metals. So I want you to consider how one can obtain wisdom.”
28:12 bcr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תִּמָּצֵ֑א 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But where does one find wisdom”
28:13 j854 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹא־יָדַ֣ע אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **Man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “People do not know”
28:13 drv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֶרְכָּ֑⁠הּ 1 The word translated **disposition** could mean implicitly: (1) where God has put wisdom. Alternate translation: “its location” (2) the value of wisdom. Alternate translation: “its price”
28:13 j855 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עֶרְכָּ֑⁠הּ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom here and through the rest of the chapter. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers at various points in your translation. Alternate translation: “the disposition of wisdom”
28:13 z9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִ֝מָּצֵ֗א 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor can anyone find it”
28:13 j856 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּֽים 1 Job is using the adjective **living** as a noun to mean a certain group of people, those who are alive on earth. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “among the people who live on earth”
28:14 j857 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes תְּה֣וֹם אָ֭מַר לֹ֣א בִ⁠י־הִ֑יא וְ⁠יָ֥ם אָ֝מַ֗ר אֵ֣ין עִמָּדִֽ⁠י 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “The deep says that wisdom is not in it, and the sea says that it is not with it”
28:14 xi4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּה֣וֹם אָ֭מַר לֹ֣א בִ⁠י־הִ֑יא וְ⁠יָ֥ם אָ֝מַ֗ר אֵ֣ין עִמָּדִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking of the **deep** (that is, the depths of the ocean) and of the **sea** (probably meaning its broad expanse) as if they were living things that could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If the deep could speak, it would say, ‘Wisdom {is} not in me,’ and if the sea could speak, it would say, ‘It is not with me.’”
28:14 j858 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תְּה֣וֹם אָ֭מַר לֹ֣א בִ⁠י־הִ֑יא וְ⁠יָ֥ם אָ֝מַ֗ר אֵ֣ין עִמָּדִֽ⁠י 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “The deep, wide ocean says, ‘It is not in me’”
28:15 h4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יֻתַּ֣ן סְג֣וֹר תַּחְתֶּ֑י⁠הָ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִ֝שָּׁקֵ֗ל כֶּ֣סֶף מְחִירָֽ⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “One cannot give gold in exchange for wisdom, nor can one weigh out silver to pay for it”
28:16 j859 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹֽא־תְ֭סֻלֶּה בְּ⁠כֶ֣תֶם אוֹפִ֑יר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “One cannot measure the value of wisdom with the gold of Ophir”
28:16 hg4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם יָקָ֣ר וְ⁠סַפִּֽיר 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “nor is it valued with precious onyx or sapphire” or “nor can one measure its value with precious onyx or sapphire”
28:16 ui38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם יָקָ֣ר וְ⁠סַפִּֽיר 1 An **onyx** is a valuable gemstone that comes in many colors but is best known in its black color. If your readers would not be familiar with what an onyx is, in your translation you could use the name of a similar gemstone that they would recognize, or you could use a general expression. See how you translated the term “sapphire” in [28:6](../28/06.md). Alternate translation: “with valuable black or blue gemstones”
28:17 z7jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠זְכוֹכִ֑ית 1 The term **crystal** could be describing: (1) a beautiful natural form that a clear or colored mineral might take, allowing light to shine through it. Your readers might be familiar with a mineral that forms crystals, and if so, you could use its name here in your translation. Alternate translation: “nor quartz” (2) clear, sparkling glass. Alternate translation: “nor sparkling glass”
28:18 hgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רָאמ֣וֹת וְ֭⁠גָבִישׁ לֹ֣א יִזָּכֵ֑ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “One does not mention coral or jasper”
28:18 j860 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis רָאמ֣וֹת וְ֭⁠גָבִישׁ לֹ֣א יִזָּכֵ֑ר 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “One does not even mention coral or jasper when discussing things that might be worth as much as wisdom”
28:18 vgj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown רָאמ֣וֹת 1 **Coral** is a beautiful, hard substance that grows on ocean reefs. If your readers would not be familiar with what coral is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable object in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Beautiful seashells”
28:18 sqn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ֭⁠גָבִישׁ 1 The word **jasper** describes a precious stone, often reddish-brown, that often has streaks and markings of other colors. If your readers would not be familiar with what jasper is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable precious stone that they would recognize. You could also use a general expression. Alternate translation: “and precious stones”
28:18 j861 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ⁠פְּנִינִֽים 1 The word **rubies** describes brilliant gemstones that are often deep red. If your readers would not be familiar with what rubies are, in your translation you could use the name of gemstones that they would recognize. You could also use a general expression. Alternate translation: “is more than that of red gemstones”
28:19 nxz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פִּטְדַת־כּ֑וּשׁ 1 The word **topaz** describes a valuable gemstone that is often blue or yellow. If your readers would not be familiar with what topaz is, in your translation you could use the name of a gemstone that they would recognize, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “The gemstones that come from Cush”
28:19 mwy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כּ֑וּשׁ 1 The word **Cush** is the name of a place. It is the ancient name for the upper Nile region.
28:19 ycn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠כֶ֥תֶם טָ֝ה֗וֹר לֹ֣א תְסֻלֶּֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one cannot value wisdom in terms of pure gold”
28:20 jiu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְֽ֭⁠הַ⁠חָכְמָה מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן תָּב֑וֹא וְ⁠אֵ֥י זֶ֝֗ה מְק֣וֹם בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the similar questions in [28:12](../28/12.md). Alternate translation: “So then people do need to consider very carefully how to obtain wisdom. They should think deeply about how to get understanding.”
28:21 j3u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְֽ֭⁠נֶעֶלְמָה מֵ⁠עֵינֵ֣י כָל־חָ֑י וּ⁠מֵ⁠ע֖וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם נִסְתָּֽרָה 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The eyes of no living thing can see it; not even the birds of the heavens can spot it”
28:21 bj7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠עֵינֵ֣י 1 Job is using one part of a **living thing**, its **eyes**, to mean all of it in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the sight of”
28:22 j862 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֲבַדּ֣וֹן וָ֭⁠מָוֶת אָ֣מְר֑וּ בְּ֝⁠אָזְנֵ֗י⁠נוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽ⁠הּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Abaddon and death say that they have heard a rumor of it with their ears”
28:22 y7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֲבַדּ֣וֹן וָ֭⁠מָוֶת אָ֣מְר֑וּ בְּ֝⁠אָזְנֵ֗י⁠נוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽ⁠הּ 1 Job is speaking as if **Abaddon** and **death** were living things that could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If Abaddon and death could speak, they would say, ‘We have heard a rumor of it with our ears’”
28:22 j863 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֲבַדּ֣וֹן וָ֭⁠מָוֶת אָ֣מְר֑וּ בְּ֝⁠אָזְנֵ֗י⁠נוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽ⁠הּ 1 The terms **Abaddon** and **death** mean similar things. As a note to [26:6](../26/06.md) explains, Abaddon is another name for Sheol, the abode of the dead. In this context, the term **death** likely refers by association to the abode of the dead. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “The underworld says, ‘I have heard a rumor of it with my ears’”
28:22 j864 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בְּ֝⁠אָזְנֵ֗י⁠נוּ שָׁמַ֥עְנוּ שִׁמְעָֽ⁠הּ 1 The speakers mean that while they have **heard** of wisdom with their **ears**, they have not seen it with their eyes or encountered it in person. So the mention of the **ears**, which might otherwise seem like extra information because the notion is already implicit in the term **heard**, actually serves to limit the statement, You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “We have only heard a rumor of it”
28:23 qlj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱ֭לֹהִים הֵבִ֣ין דַּרְכָּ֑⁠הּ וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יָדַ֥ע אֶת־מְקוֹמָֽ⁠הּ 1 Job is continuing to speak as if wisdom could literally be found in a **place** and that there was a **way** to get there. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God understands how humans can obtain wisdom, yes, he knows how they can become wise”
28:23 j865 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכָּ֑⁠הּ 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe not the **way** that wisdom takes but the **way** that leads to wisdom. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the way that leads to wisdom”
28:24 j866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he said in the preceding verse that God knew where to find wisdom. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “God knows where to find wisdom because”
28:24 q6zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ה֭וּא לִ⁠קְצוֹת־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ יַבִּ֑יט תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם יִרְאֶֽה 1 Job is using the two main components of creation, **earth** and the **heavens**, to mean the entire creation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “he can see everything in the entire creation”
28:24 j867 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֭וּא & יַבִּ֑יט 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **he**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **looks**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “he is the one who looks”
28:25 j868 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וֹת לָ⁠ר֣וּחַ מִשְׁקָ֑ל 1 Job is using the term **weight** to mean “force.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When he determined the force of the wind”
28:25 l7lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠מַ֗יִם תִּכֵּ֥ן בְּ⁠מִדָּֽה 1 Job is referring implicitly to the rain **waters** that clouds contain. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and apportioned rain waters to the clouds by measure”
28:25 j869 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מַ֗יִם תִּכֵּ֥ן בְּ⁠מִדָּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God literally used a **measure** in order to put the right amount of rain **waters** in the clouds. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and carefully apportioned rain waters to the clouds”
28:26 qy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַ⁠חֲזִ֥יז קֹלֽוֹת 1 Job is using the expression **the flash of the thunders** by association to mean the bolts of lightning that accompany thunder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the lightning bolts”
28:27 j870 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אָ֣ז רָ֭אָ⁠הּ וַֽ⁠יְסַפְּרָ֑⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God, and the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “then God recognized what wisdom would be, and he described it”
28:28 j871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר ׀ לָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם הֵ֤ן יִרְאַ֣ת אֲ֭דֹנָ⁠י הִ֣יא חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠ס֖וּר מֵ⁠רָ֣ע בִּינָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And he told man that the fear of the Lord was indeed wisdom and that to turn from evil was understanding”
28:28 j872 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to humankind”
28:28 l4bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יִרְאַ֣ת אֲ֭דֹנָ⁠י 1 The Lord is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “to fear me” or “to reverence me”
28:28 m7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ס֖וּר מֵ⁠רָ֣ע בִּינָֽה 1 The Lord is speaking as if people should physically **turn** away from evil. He means that if people want to have **understanding**, they should not live in an evil way but instead live in a good way. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and people will obtain understanding if they reject what is evil”
29:intro eli2 0 # Job 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s final response to his three friends. In this chapter, Job recalls the honor he enjoyed and the influence he exercised within his community before he suffered so many misfortunes.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 2–6, Job makes a series of statements about what his life was like before his present troubles. He expresses a wish in verse 2 that his life could be like this again, and in verses 3–6 he offers a series of descriptions that each begin with “when” or “as that.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could help them appreciate it by putting each sentence of the litany on a separate line. See what you did with the similar litany in chapter 12. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make each verse in the litany a separate sentence. For example, you could begin verse 3, “At that time.”\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “they” in verses 21–25\n\nJob uses “they” in verses 21–25 as an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify a general referent such as “people” at regular intervals for clarity. Notes suggest how you might do that at various places.
29:1 j873 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֹּ֣סֶף אִ֭יּוֹב שְׂאֵ֥ת מְשָׁל֗⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֹּאמַֽר 1 See how you translated the same expression in [27:1](../27/01.md). Alternate translation: “As Job continued his speech, he said” or “Job continued speaking and he said”
29:2 h8k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽי־יִתְּנֵ֥⁠נִי כְ⁠יַרְחֵי 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “Oh that I were as I was in the months of”
29:2 j875 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְ⁠יַרְחֵי־קֶ֑דֶם כִּ֝⁠ימֵ֗י אֱל֣וֹהַּ יִשְׁמְרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is using the terms **months** and **days** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be as I was in time past, as in the time when God kept me”
29:3 n6gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠הִלּ֣⁠וֹ נֵ֭ר⁠וֹ עֲלֵ֣י רֹאשִׁ֑⁠י לְ֝⁠אוֹר⁠וֹ אֵ֣לֶךְ חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Job is speaking as if God literally **shone** a **lamp** above and around him so that he could see where to walk even in the **darkness**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when God showed me clearly what to do so that I could make the right choices even in confusing situations”
29:3 z42n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֲלֵ֣י רֹאשִׁ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **head**, to mean all of him when speaking as if God **shone** a **lamp** above and around him. He is probably speaking of himself in terms of his head because that would have been the part of him closest to the lamp. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “above and around me”
29:4 bk56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּ⁠ימֵ֣י חָרְפִּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when I was in my prime”
29:4 j876 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠ס֥וֹד אֱ֝ל֗וֹהַּ עֲלֵ֣י אָהֳלִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God’s **friendship** were literally an object that had rested **upon** his tent. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when God in friendship blessed my tent”
29:4 d6y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָהֳלִֽ⁠י 1 As the next two verses indicate, Job is referring to his family by association with the **tent** in which they lived and to his possessions by association with the same **tent**, in which he kept them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my family and my possessions”
29:5 j877 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis סְבִ֖יבוֹתַ֣⁠י נְעָרָֽ⁠י 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “when my children were still around me”
29:6 xbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠רְחֹ֣ץ הֲלִיכַ֣⁠י בְּ⁠חֵמָ֑ה וְ⁠צ֥וּר יָצ֥וּק עִ֝מָּדִ֗⁠י פַּלְגֵי־שָֽׁמֶן 1 Job is speaking as if his herds produced so much milk during the time he is remembering that there was **butter** everywhere he went, so that when he walked anywhere, it was as if his feet were literally being **bathed** in butter. He is also speaking as if his olive trees produced so many olives during that time that it was as if there were literally **streams** of oil coming to him out of the rocks. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when my herds produced milk in great abundance and my olive trees yielded great quantities of oil for me”
29:6 j878 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בִּ⁠רְחֹ֣ץ הֲלִיכַ֣⁠י בְּ⁠חֵמָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when butter bathed my steps”
29:6 bt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠צ֥וּר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **rock**. He means rocks in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and the rocks”
29:7 tvt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction בָּ֝⁠רְח֗וֹב אָכִ֥ין מוֹשָׁבִֽ⁠י 1 Taking a **seat** in the public **square** by the city **gate** was a symbolic action by which Job showed that he was a recognized community leader, a member of the council that settled legal matters for the city residents. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “when} I took my seat in the square as a recognized community leader”
29:8 j879 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֶחְבָּ֑אוּ 1 This expression does not mean that these **young men** looked for hiding places where no one would find them. It means that they moved back from the place where the leaders sat, blending into the crowd. The idea is that before Job came, they thought they might have something to contribute to the deliberations after their elders had spoken, as Elihu does in this book starting in chapter 32. But once Job arrived, they knew that his wise counsel would settle matters and they would have no need or opportunity to contribute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and withdrew” or “and stepped aside out of respect”
29:8 e835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וִֽ֝⁠ישִׁישִׁים קָ֣מוּ עָמָֽדוּ 1 Rising and standing when Job arrived was a symbolic action that showed respect for his wisdom and place in the community. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and old men rose and stood out of respect for me”
29:8 j880 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet קָ֣מוּ עָמָֽדוּ 1 The terms **rose** and **stood** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “stood to their feet”
29:9 c8d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עָצְר֣וּ בְ⁠מִלִּ֑ים 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what these **princes** had been saying by using words before he arrived. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stopped speaking”
29:9 j881 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ֝⁠כַ֗ף יָשִׂ֥ימוּ לְ⁠פִי⁠הֶֽם 1 Since Job is speaking of many people, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural forms of **hand** and **mouth**. Alternate translation: “and they put their hands on their mouths” or “and they covered their mouths with their hands”
29:9 v8ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ֝⁠כַ֗ף יָשִׂ֥ימוּ לְ⁠פִי⁠הֶֽם 1 Covering the **mouth** with the **hand** prevents a person from speaking. While the **princes** could simply have stopped talking without doing that, they did it as a symbolic action to show respect for Job, indicating that there was nothing they could say that would be more valuable than what he would say. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and they covered their mouths with their hands to indicate respectfully that there was nothing they could say that would be more valuable than what I would say”
29:10 j882 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns קוֹל & וּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנָ֗⁠ם & לְ⁠חִכָּ֥⁠ם 1 Since Job is speaking of many people, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural forms of **voice**, **tongue**, and **palate**. Alternate translation: “The voices of … and their tongues … to their palates”
29:10 u1bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קוֹל־נְגִידִ֥ים נֶחְבָּ֑אוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The nobles hushed their voices”
29:10 nm6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנָ֗⁠ם לְ⁠חִכָּ֥⁠ם דָּבֵֽקָה 1 Job is speaking as if the **tongue** of each noble literally **stuck** to his **palate**, that is, to the roof of his mouth. He means that they did not say anything, as no one could say anything if his tongue truly had become stuck in this way. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they did not say anything”
29:11 j883 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he said in the preceding verses that these various groups of people kept silent when he arrived at the city gate. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They all kept silent because”
29:11 n94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹ֣זֶן שָׁ֭מְעָה וַֽ⁠תְּאַשְּׁרֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is using one part of each of these community members, his **ear**, to mean all of him in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they heard me and they blessed me”
29:11 j884 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns אֹ֣זֶן שָׁ֭מְעָה 1 If you decide to retain the term **ear** in your translation to mean hearing, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of that word, since Job is speaking about many people. Alternate translation: “their ears heard”
29:11 j885 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠תְּאַשְּׁרֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Job means implicitly that the people **blessed** him for giving such wise, godly counsel. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they blessed me for giving such wise, godly counsel”
29:11 t3tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַ֥יִן רָ֝אֲתָ֗ה וַ⁠תְּעִידֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is using the term **eye** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and when they perceived that the advice I had given was wise, they attested that I had said the right thing”
29:11 j886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠עַ֥יִן רָ֝אֲתָ֗ה 1 If you decide to retain the term **ear** in your translation to mean hearing, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of that word, since Job is speaking about many people. Alternate translation: “and their eyes saw”
29:12 j887 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עָנִ֣י & וְ֝⁠יָת֗וֹם & לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the adjectives **poor** and **fatherless** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “poor people who were … and fatherless people … to them”
29:13 ui1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּרְכַּ֣ת אֹ֭בֵד עָלַ֣⁠י תָּבֹ֑א וְ⁠לֵ֖ב אַלְמָנָ֣ה אַרְנִֽן 1 Job is not referring to a specific person who was **perishing** or to a specific **widow**. He means those types of people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “The blessing of people who were perishing came upon me, and I gladdened the hearts of widows”
29:13 qs27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּרְכַּ֣ת אֹ֭בֵד עָלַ֣⁠י תָּבֹ֑א 1 Job is speaking of the **blessing** that he received from someone who was **perishing** as if it were a living thing that could come **upon** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “People who were perishing blessed me”
29:13 v84a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠לֵ֖ב אַלְמָנָ֣ה אַרְנִֽן 1 Job is using one part of a **widow**, her **heart**, to mean all of her in the act of feeling joy. Here the **heart** represents the feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I made widows rejoice” or “and I gave widows reason to rejoice”
29:14 j888 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication צֶ֣דֶק לָ֭בַשְׁתִּי וַ⁠יִּלְבָּשֵׁ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is repeating the verb **clothed** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I wrapped righteousness all around me”
29:14 r9i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צֶ֣דֶק לָ֭בַשְׁתִּי וַ⁠יִּלְבָּשֵׁ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking as if he literally **clothed** himself with **righteousness** during the time that he is describing. In this context, the image of clothing represents the character of a person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I was very careful to practice righteousness”
29:14 j889 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֣דֶק לָ֭בַשְׁתִּי וַ⁠יִּלְבָּשֵׁ֑⁠נִי 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I was very careful to be righteous in my dealings with people”
29:14 rc4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּֽ⁠מְעִ֥יל וְ֝⁠צָנִ֗יף מִשְׁפָּטִֽ⁠י 1 In this comparison, clothing once again represents the character of a person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I was equally careful to make sure that people received justice”
29:14 qe3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁפָּטִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe not **justice** that he received but just decisions that he helped the city leaders make. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the just decisions that I helped the city leaders make were”
29:15 z9qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִם הָ֭יִיתִי לַֽ⁠עִוֵּ֑ר וְ⁠רַגְלַ֖יִם לַ⁠פִּסֵּ֣חַ אָֽנִי 1 Job is speaking as if he had literally been **eyes** and **feet** that other people needed. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I saw and read things to help people who could not see, and I went places on behalf of people who could not go to those places themselves”
29:15 qwg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לַֽ⁠עִוֵּ֑ר & לַ⁠פִּסֵּ֣חַ 1 Job is using the adjectives **blind** and **lame** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “for blind people … for lame people”
29:16 dv24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֣ב & לָֽ⁠אֶבְיוֹנִ֑ים 1 Job is speaking as if he had literally been a **father** to **needy** people. He means that he fulfilled the role of a father by being a protector and advocate. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a protector of the needy” or “an advocate for the needy”
29:16 j890 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לָֽ⁠אֶבְיוֹנִ֑ים 1 Job is using the adjective **needy** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to needy people”
29:16 j891 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רִ֖ב לֹא־יָדַ֣עְתִּי אֶחְקְרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is referring implicitly to a **case** whose details he did not **know** before someone brought it to the city gate for adjudication. Job did not know these details because he was not personally acquainted with the person bringing the case. So he was not motivated by friendship or family loyalty, simply by the interests of justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I made sure that each person got justice even if he was not a friend or relative of mine”
29:17 rxh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וָֽ֭⁠אֲשַׁבְּרָ⁠ה מְתַלְּע֣וֹת עַוָּ֑ל וּ֝⁠מִ⁠שִּׁנָּ֗י⁠ו אַשְׁלִ֥יךְ טָֽרֶף 1 Job is speaking as if an **unrighteous** person had been a wild animal that was holding a vulnerable person like captured **prey** in its **teeth** and as if he had broken the **jaws** of this animal so that they could no longer hold the vulnerable person and he would **drop** out to safety. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And when an unrighteous person had coerced a vulnerable person into an oppressive arrangement, I made the unrighteous person release the vulnerable person from that arrangement”
29:17 h48z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עַוָּ֑ל & וּ֝⁠מִ⁠שִּׁנָּ֗י⁠ו 1 Job is using the adjective **unrighteous** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “unrighteous people, and … from their teeth”
29:18 j892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וָ֭⁠אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣⁠י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝⁠כַ⁠ח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And I said that I would expire in my nest and that I would multiply days like sand”
29:18 j893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וָ֭⁠אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣⁠י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝⁠כַ⁠ח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים 1 Since Job would live a long life before expiring, it might be more natural to put the second phrase before the first one. Alternate translation: “I will multiply days like sand, and then I will expire in my nest”
29:18 j894 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶגְוָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the term **expire** in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I will pass away”
29:18 mx7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִם־קִנִּ֣⁠י 1 Job is speaking of his home as if it were literally a **nest** such as a bird would live in. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in my own home”
29:18 ree7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠כַ⁠ח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים 1 The point of this comparison is that just as **sand** has a very large number of grains, so Job expected to live for a very large number of days. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “after I have lived for very many days” or “after I have lived for a long time”
29:19 j895 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שָׁרְשִׁ֣⁠י פָת֣וּחַ אֱלֵי־מָ֑יִם וְ֝⁠טַ֗ל יָלִ֥ין בִּ⁠קְצִירִֽ⁠י 1 If you decided in the previous verse to translate this quotation in a way that there would not be a quotation within a quotation, you can continue doing that here. Alternate translation: “I said that my root was spread out to the waters and that the dew lodged on my branch”
29:19 f52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁרְשִׁ֣⁠י פָת֣וּחַ אֱלֵי־מָ֑יִם וְ֝⁠טַ֗ל יָלִ֥ין בִּ⁠קְצִירִֽ⁠י 1 Job spoke of himself in those days as if he were literally a tree that was healthy and flourishing because it was getting all the moisture that it required. Since Job is describing what he used to say, it may be good to retain this image in your translation, but if it would be more natural in your language, you could express it as a comparison. Alternate translation: “I said that I was like a tree that was healthy and flourishing because it was getting all the moisture that it required through roots that reached down to ground water and through dew that formed at night on its branches”
29:19 j896 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns שָׁרְשִׁ֣⁠י פָת֣וּחַ & בִּ⁠קְצִירִֽ⁠י 1 Since Job was speaking of many roots and branches, it may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “My roots are spread out … on my branches”
29:19 j897 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠טַ֗ל יָלִ֥ין בִּ⁠קְצִירִֽ⁠י 1 Job was speaking as if the **dew** had been a traveler that had found lodging for the night on a **branch** of the tree that he was using to represent himself. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and dew forms at night on my branches”
29:20 j898 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כְּ֭בוֹדִ⁠י חָדָ֣שׁ עִמָּדִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠קַשְׁתִּ֗⁠י בְּ⁠יָדִ֥⁠י תַחֲלִֽיף 1 If you have been translating this quotation in such a way that there is not a quotation within a quotation, you can continue doing that here. Alternate translation: “I said that my glory was fresh in me and that my bow sprouted in my hand”
29:20 j899 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ֭בוֹדִ⁠י חָדָ֣שׁ עִמָּדִ֑⁠י 1 Job means implicitly that the **glory** or honor that he enjoys is always **fresh** because people keep honoring him in new ways. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “People keep honoring me in new ways”
29:20 bz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠קַשְׁתִּ֗⁠י בְּ⁠יָדִ֥⁠י תַחֲלִֽיף׃\n\n 1 Job is speaking as if he had a **bow**, a weapon that he used with arrows, and that it grew freshly in his **hand** the way that a branch sprouts from a tree trunk. (Job uses the same verb for “sprout” in [14:7–9](../14/07.md) to describe a tree reviving and sending out shoots when moisture returns to the ground.) He means that the bow, which represents his strength, is lively and vigorous. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I stay vigorously strong”
29:21 j901 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לִֽ⁠י־שָׁמְע֥וּ וְ⁠יִחֵ֑לּוּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because people were waiting to hear what I would say, they listened to me”
29:21 j900 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns שָׁמְע֥וּ 1 **They** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. (As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, Job continues to use the pronoun “they” with this same indefinite sense through to the end of the chapter.) If it would be helpful in your language, here and in the following verses you could translate the term with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “People listened”
29:22 j902 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַחֲרֵ֣י דְ֭בָרִ⁠י 1 Job is using the term **word** to mean what he said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “After I had spoken”
29:22 l3t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠עָלֵ֗י⁠מוֹ תִּטֹּ֥ף מִלָּתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if his speech literally **dripped**, that is, fell in drops, on his listeners. He means that it was refreshing and invigorating to them, like gentle rain. This enabled them to recognize that he was giving sound advice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for what I said was refreshing to them”
29:23 g4bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠יִֽחֲל֣וּ כַ⁠מָּטָ֣ר לִ֑⁠י 1 The point of this comparison is that just as people are eager for rain to fall and water their crops, so Job’s listeners were eager to hear him speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “And people as waited eagerly to hear me speak as they wait for rain to fall on their crops”
29:23 dye5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠פִי⁠הֶ֗ם פָּעֲר֥וּ לְ⁠מַלְקֽוֹשׁ 1 Job is using a complex image here. First, he is speaking as if the people listening to him were literally the ground. Second, he is speaking of the ground soaking up rainfall as if it were opening its **mouth** to drink water. Job does not mean that the people opened their mouths to speak; he is actually describing them listening. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Yes, they were eager to listen to everything I said, just as the dry ground soaks up the latter rain when it falls”
29:23 v5kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לְ⁠מַלְקֽוֹשׁ 1 In the region where the book of Job was composed, people would plant crops in the fall. Rain at that time would help the crops start growing. But farmers depended on later rains, which would fall in the spring after an interval during which little rain fell, to enable the crops grow to maturity. Express this in a way that would be meaningful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as for the rain that falls again after the dry season”
29:24 j903 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶשְׂחַ֣ק אֲ֭לֵ⁠הֶם לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֑ינוּ 1 The pronouns **them** and **they** refer to people who were in desperate situations and did not **believe** that they would get justice or receive help. Alternate translation: “I smiled on people who felt desperate and hopeless”
29:24 vxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֶשְׂחַ֣ק אֲ֭לֵ⁠הֶם לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֑ינוּ 1 Job is describing one thing he did to encourage despondent people, he **smiled on them**, to mean everything he did to encourage them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I encouraged people who felt desperate and hopeless”
29:24 b3dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠א֥וֹר פָּ֝נַ֗⁠י לֹ֣א יַפִּילֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is speaking as if there had been **light** shining from his **face**. He is describing a cheerful, glowing facial expression that indicated hope and a favorable disposition. It was characteristic for people in this culture to use this image to describe such a facial expression and the disposition it indicated. For example, in [Psalm 44:3](../psa/44/03.md), the psalmist tells God that “the light of your face,” meaning his favor and help, had enabled the Israelites to defeat their enemies. Job is also using a further characteristic image for facial expressions. In this culture, people would say that someone “lifted up” his face if he made a cheerful expression but that his face “fell” if he made a gloomy expression. Job means that he did not let the situations of the people he wanted to help discourage him. He could have said simply that they did not cause his face to fall. But Job is combining the two images and saying that they did not cause the **light** of his face to **fall.** In [Psalm 4:6](../psa/04/06.md), David similarly combines these images by praying to God, “Lift up the light of your face on us.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I did not let their situations discourage me”
29:25 azd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶֽבֲחַ֣ר דַּרְכָּ⁠ם֮ וְ⁠אֵשֵׁ֪ב רֹ֥אשׁ 1 Since Job **chose** the **way** for the people of his community because he was their **chief**, it might be more natural to reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I sat as a chief and I chose their way”
29:25 nhm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶֽבֲחַ֣ר דַּרְכָּ⁠ם֮ 1 Job is speaking of what he determined his community should do as if that were a **way** or path for the people to walk along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I guided them about the right things to do”
29:25 gh9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אֵשֵׁ֪ב רֹ֥אשׁ 1 Job is describing how he held the position of a **chief** by association with the way he **sat** in a place reserved for such a leader. (He refers similarly to “my seat” in verse 7.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I was their chief”
29:25 dv86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֭⁠אֶשְׁכּוֹן כְּ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ בַּ⁠גְּד֑וּד 1 In this culture, kings would accompany their armies into the field as their commanders. The point of this comparison is probably that just as the authority of a **king** would be unquestioned within his **army**, so people did not question Job’s directions as their leader. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and everyone respected my authority”
29:25 nmq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר אֲבֵלִ֣ים יְנַחֵֽם 1 Job makes this further comparison to specify that he led the community gently and in its own best interests. He did not exercise his authority in an arbitrary, despotic way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “but I was gentle and encouraging as a leader”
30:intro u96h 0 # Job 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s final response to his three friends.\n- Verses 1–14: Job describes the disrespect he now experiences because he has suffered so many misfortunes\n- Verses 15–19: Job describes his sufferings\n- Verses 20–23: Job addresses God directly to complain that God has not helped him\n- Verses 34–31: Job describes how he is suffering even though he helped others when they suffered\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Reference of “they” in verses 2–10\n\nIn verses 2–10, Job uses the pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” to mean the young men who now treat him disrespectfully. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify this reference at regular intervals for clarity. Various notes suggest ways to do that. (In verse 5, as a note will clarify, one instance of “they” refers to other people.)
30:1 bw8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj צְעִירִ֥ים מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי לְ⁠יָ֫מִ֥ים 1 Job is using the adjective phrase **fewer in days** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. (He is contrasting his present situation, in which younger people now disrespect him, with the way that formerly “young men” withdrew respectfully from his presence and “old men” stood up out of respect for him, as he described in [29:8](../29/08.md).) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are much younger than I am”
30:1 ghr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁר־מָאַ֥סְתִּי אֲבוֹתָ֑⁠ם לָ֝⁠שִׁ֗ית עִם־כַּלְבֵ֥י צֹאנִֽ⁠י 1 The implications of this statement is that the **fathers** of the young men who now **laugh at** Job were shiftless and incompetent. This could mean: (1) that Job would not employ these men to do even such menial tasks as shepherd **dogs** do. Alternate translation: “whose fathers I could not even employ to do menial tasks” (2) that Job would not specifically employ these men as shepherds for his flocks, working with his sheepdogs. Alternate translation: “whose fathers I would not even employ as shepherds”
30:2 dkd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כֹּ֣חַ יְ֭דֵי⁠הֶם לָ֣⁠מָּה לִּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have no use for the strength of their hands!” or “the strength of their hands is useless to me!”
30:2 j904 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כֹּ֣חַ יְ֭דֵי⁠הֶם לָ֣⁠מָּה לִּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of these young men, their **hands**, to mean all of them in the act of using **strength** to work. As the rest of the verse indicates, these young men have only feeble strength. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have no use for their feeble strength!” or “their feeble strength is useless to me!”
30:2 n58x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עָ֝לֵ֗י⁠מוֹ אָ֣בַד כָּֽלַח 1 Job is speaking of **old age** as if it were a living thing that has **perished** in these young men. Eliphaz uses the same term for “old age” in 5:26. There it means the maturity and accomplishment that come from a long life well lived. Here the term seems to indicate the vigor that someone would have in his youth that would enable him to live such a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They have lost the vigor that would have enabled them to live a long life” or “They have lost their youthful vigor”
30:2 b5gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עָ֝לֵ֗י⁠מוֹ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the pronoun **them** refers to the young men who now treat Job disrespectfully, as do the pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” in verses 4–10. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “In these young men”
30:3 j6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַֽ⁠עֹרְקִ֥ים צִיָּ֑ה 1 Job is speaking of the **dry land** by association to mean the roots that grow in the land, as the next verse makes clear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may also be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “These young men gnaw on the roots that they find in the ground”
30:3 j905 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom צִיָּ֑ה אֶ֝֗מֶשׁ שׁוֹאָ֥ה וּ⁠מְשֹׁאָֽה 1 The term **yesterday** could mean: (1) time gone by. Alternate translation: “the land that has long been dry, a waste and desolation” (2) the darkness of the night that precedes day. Alternate translation: “the dry land in the gloom of waste and desolation”
30:3 i6mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys שׁוֹאָ֥ה וּ⁠מְשֹׁאָֽה 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **desolation** tells what kind of **waste** this is. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “in a desolate wasteland”
30:4 lbt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַלּ֣וּחַ 1 The word **mallow** describes a kind of flowering plant whose leaves are edible. Your language may have a name of its own for this plant that you could use in your translation. If your readers would not be familiar with the plant, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “desert plants”
30:4 dz4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠שֹׁ֖רֶשׁ רְתָמִ֣ים לַ⁠חְמָֽ⁠ם 1 Since Job is speaking of many roots, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **root**. Alternate translation: “and the roots of broom trees are their bread”
30:4 j906 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown רְתָמִ֣ים 1 A **broom** tree is a kind of shrub that grows in desert areas. If your readers would not be familiar with this shrub, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable one that they would recognize, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “shrubs”
30:4 c9mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לַ⁠חְמָֽ⁠ם 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. While the roots of the **broom** tree are edible, they have a bitter taste, and only a desperate person would eat them. So there is a sense here that the people whom Job is describing eat these roots out of desperation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is their food” or “is all they have to eat”
30:5 k9yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְגֹרָ֑שׁוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People drive these young men out”
30:5 j907 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־גֵּ֥ו 1 Job means implicitly that these young men are **driven out** from the **midst** of human community. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from society”
30:5 j908 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָרִ֥יעוּ עָ֝לֵ֗י⁠מוֹ 1 Here the pronoun **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. It means the people of society in general. (The pronoun **them** refers to the young men whom Job has been describing.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “people shout after these young men”
30:5 lwr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠גַּנָּֽב 1 Job is speaking of people chasing others away, so this seems to be a reference to people shouting at a would-be **thief** in order to call attention to him and get him to flee before he steals something. Job is probably not referring to people shouting to get others to pursue and apprehend a thief who has already stolen something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “as they would shout to chase away a would-be thief”
30:6 f7j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לִ⁠שְׁכֹּ֑ן 1 This phrase indicates the result of what Job describes in the previous verse, “They are driven out from the midst.” It may be helpful to indicate that explicitly, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “As a result, they have to live”
30:6 j909 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בַּ⁠עֲר֣וּץ נְחָלִ֣ים 1 Since Job is speaking of the slopes of many **wadis**, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **slope**. Alternate translation: “on the slopes of wadis”
30:6 j910 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חֹרֵ֖י עָפָ֣ר 1 Job is using one part of the ground, the **dust** on its surface, to mean the ground itself. **Iron** is actually **taken** from deep in the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in holes in the ground”
30:7 kkv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְהָ֑קוּ 1 Job is speaking as if these young men literally **bray** as if they were donkeys. He likely means that they moan with hunger, as wild animals cry out when they need food. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “these young men moan with hunger”
30:7 dmg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְסֻפָּֽחוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they gather together”
30:8 juk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּֽנֵי־נָ֭בָל גַּם־בְּנֵ֣י בְלִי־שֵׁ֑ם 1 Job is not referring to a specific **fool** or person **without a name**. He means such people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express these meanings by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “Sons of fools, indeed, sons of people without names”
30:8 h66q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּֽנֵי־נָ֭בָל גַּם־בְּנֵ֣י בְלִי־שֵׁ֑ם 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be helpful to your readers. However, you might also leave the words out in order to show the force of this exclamation, with which Job concludes his description of these young men. Alternate translation: “These young men are sons of fools! Indeed, they are sons of people without names”
30:8 i8tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּֽנֵי־נָ֭בָל גַּם־בְּנֵ֣י בְלִי־שֵׁ֑ם 1 In this context, the expression **son of** describes a person who shares the qualities of something. Job is using this expression to describe the behavior and character of these young men. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. The word **fool** here does not indicate someone who lacks intelligence or education; it means someone who chooses to disobey God, thinking there will be no consequences. The word **name** here means a good reputation. Alternate translation: “People who foolishly think they can disobey God! No wonder they are people of no reputation”
30:8 wl4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִ֝כְּא֗וּ מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People scourge them from the land”
30:8 r31i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נִ֝כְּא֗וּ מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 Job is using one means by which authorities might drive such young men out of the community, by scourging (whipping) them, to mean all of the ways in which they would drive them out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They are driven from the land” or “People drive them from the land”
30:9 v6wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נְגִינָתָ֣⁠ם 1 Job means implicitly that these young men are singing about him disrespectfully. Your language may have a term that you can use to indicate that in your translation. Alternate translation: “the subject of their taunt-song”
30:9 u5hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠אֱהִ֖י לָ⁠הֶ֣ם לְ⁠מִלָּֽה 1 The meaning of the term **word** here is the same as the meaning of the term “saying” in [17:6](../17/06.md). Job means that these young men are citing him by name as an outstanding example of someone who seemed to be prospering because he was righteous but who came to ruin because he was actually wicked. Your language may have an expression for this practice of citing people by name as examples, and you may be able to use that expression in your translation. See how you translated the term “saying” in [17:6](../17/06.md).
30:10 j911 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction רָ֣חֲקוּ מֶ֑⁠נִּי 1 Saying **away from** Job, that is, not approaching him or speaking with him, was a symbolic action that conveyed disrespect and disapproval. Even though physically it was the same thing that young men formerly did to show respect for Job, discreetly withdrawing from his presence, now it had the opposite meaning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “they stay away from me to show their disapproval” or “they shun me”
30:10 sx1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י לֹא־חָ֥שְׂכוּ רֹֽק 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **withhold**. Alternate translation: “but they spit in my face”
30:10 j912 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י לֹא־חָ֥שְׂכוּ רֹֽק 1 Spitting in Job’s face was a symbolic action that showed contempt for him as someone who was presumably a sinner. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. See how you translated the similar expression in [17:6](../17/06.md). Alternate translation: “but they spit contemptuously in my face”
30:10 j913 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י לֹא־חָ֥שְׂכוּ רֹֽק 1 Job does not mean that these young men **spit** at him from a distance, even though he says that they **stay away** from him. He means that when they must unavoidably pass near him, they use the occasion to spit in his face. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but they spit contemptuously in my face when they pass by”
30:11 j914 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פִ֭תַּח & שִׁלֵּֽחוּ 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God, and the pronoun **them** refers to the young men whom Job has been describing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God has loosed … these young men cast away”
30:11 r95h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְרִ֣י פִ֭תַּח 1 Job is speaking as if God has in some way literally **loosed** a **cord** that belongs to him or pertains to him. This could mean: (1) that God has loosened the bowstring on a bow that belongs to Job, so that the bow is no longer useful. The bow would represent Job’s strength. Alternate translation: “he has taken away my strength” (2) that God has released a cord that was holding up the tent in which Job lived, so that the tent has collapsed. The tent would represent Job’s life. Alternate translation: “he has ruined my life”
30:11 sq6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠רֶ֗סֶן & שִׁלֵּֽחוּ 1 Job is speaking as if **restraint** were literally an object that people could **cast away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “so they act without restraint”
30:11 pll3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנַ֥⁠י 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in my presence”
30:12 j915 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עַל־יָמִין֮ פִּרְחַ֪ח יָ֫ק֥וּמוּ 1 Job is using the adjective **right** as a noun to mean his right side. Your language may also use adjectives this way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “On my right side the brood arise”
30:12 z8g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־יָמִין֮ פִּרְחַ֪ח יָ֫ק֥וּמוּ 1 The right side was usually the most dangerous side on which to approach an enemy soldier, since a majority of soldiers were right-handed and would use their right hands and arms to wield their swords. The implication is that these young men have no fear of what Job might do to them. Alternate translation: “Without fear the brood arise”
30:12 u9wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פִּרְחַ֪ח 1 Job is speaking of these young men as if they were the **brood** of a bird or animal. The image is of a cluster of immature offspring moving agitatedly about. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “the rabble”
30:12 l5wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַגְלַ֥⁠י שִׁלֵּ֑חוּ 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **foot**, to mean all of him in the act of walking. He probably means that as he is walking on the road, when these young men are approaching from the opposite direction, they do not stand respectfully aside so that he can pass. Instead, they shove him out of the way so that they can pass. When young men traveling in the same direction overtake him, they similarly push him aside so that they can go by. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the roads, they push me out of the way”
30:12 j916 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יָּסֹ֥לּוּ עָ֝לַ֗⁠י אָרְח֥וֹת אֵידָֽ⁠ם 1 Job is speaking of siege mounds by association with the way that they provide **roads** or ways for attacking armies to get into cities and cause their **destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they build siege mounds against me”
30:12 tdu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּסֹ֥לּוּ עָ֝לַ֗⁠י אָרְח֥וֹת אֵידָֽ⁠ם 1 Job is speaking as if he were a city and these young men were literally building siege mounds in order to conquer that city. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they look for ways to attack me”
30:13 sv3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָתְס֗וּ נְֽתִיבָ֫תִ֥⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if there were literally a **path** that he could take to escape from the attacks of these young men and that they are destroying it so that Job cannot use it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They prevent me from escaping”
30:13 x9pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠הַוָּתִ֥⁠י יֹעִ֑ילוּ 1 Job is speaking as if **calamity** were literally an object that these young men could move forward, farther along its route to a destination. He means that in addition to all the bad things that have happened to him, they do further bad things to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they add to my sufferings”
30:13 ayx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֖א עֹזֵ֣ר לָֽ⁠מוֹ 1 This could mean: (1) that they do despicable things to Job that no decent person would join them in doing. Alternate translation: “they do things to me that no decent person would do” (2) that they are contemptible people. This may be a popular expression indicating that. Alternate translation: “they are contemptible people”
30:14 b1fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כְּ⁠פֶ֣רֶץ רָחָ֣ב יֶאֱתָ֑יוּ תַּ֥חַת שֹׁ֝אָ֗ה הִתְגַּלְגָּֽלוּ 1 Job is continuing the image of himself as a city and these young men as a besieging army. He is describing an attack in full force: The army has made a **wide breach** in the city wall and the soldiers are pouring through it. Job says within this image that they **roll on**, perhaps like waves of the sea, one wave after another. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These young men attack me without restraint, time and time again”
30:15 su3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָהְפַּ֥ךְ עָלַ֗⁠י בַּלָּ֫ה֥וֹת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word **Terrors** could indicate: (1) things that create fear or terror. Alternate translation: “Terrible things keep happening to me” (2) terrors or fears themselves. Alternate translation: “I have many fears”
30:15 j917 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּרְדֹּ֣ף & נְדִבָתִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking of these **Terrors** as if they were living things that could **pursue** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “each one deprives me of dignity”
30:15 y58l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כָּ֭⁠רוּחַ 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a strong wind relentlessly drives away light objects, so the **Terrors** that Job is experiencing are relentlessly depriving him of dignity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “relentlessly”
30:15 qzd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עָ֗ב עָבְרָ֥ה יְשֻׁעָתִֽ⁠י 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a **cloud** fades from the sky, so all hope of **deliverance** has faded for Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and I no longer have any hope of deliverance”
30:15 j918 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עָ֗ב עָבְרָ֥ה יְשֻׁעָתִֽ⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deliverance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and I no longer have any hope that someone will deliver me”
30:16 vq4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָ֭לַ⁠י תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֣ךְ נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if his **life** were a liquid that was being poured out of a container so that soon none of it would be left in the container. (Although the verb is reflexive, it has a passive sense; Job is not saying, within this image, that his life is doing this on its own initiative.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my life is ebbing away within me”
30:16 yd79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יֹ֭אחֲז֣וּ⁠נִי יְמֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Job is speaking of these **days** as if they were living things that could **seize** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am continually experiencing days of affliction”
30:16 j919 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְמֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “days during which I am afflicted”
30:17 j920 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לַ֗יְלָה עֲ֭צָמַ⁠י נִקַּ֣ר 1 Job is speaking of **Night** as if it were a living thing that could pierce his **bones**. He is doing this to describe the pain that he feels more keenly at night. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At night, pain pierces my bones”
30:17 j921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לַ֗יְלָה עֲ֭צָמַ⁠י נִקַּ֣ר 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **bones**, to mean all of him in the act of feeling pain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At night, pain pierces my body”
30:17 s5h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ֗יְלָה עֲ֭צָמַ⁠י נִקַּ֣ר 1 Job is speaking as if pain were literally piercing his body or putting holes in it. He means that he gets a stabbing sensation of pain as if he were actually being stabbed. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At night, I have stabbing sensations of pain”
30:17 j922 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ⁠עָלָ֑⁠י 1 It is not entirely clear what Job means by this expression. He uses the same expression in [30:30](../30/30.md) to describe how his skin, darkened by disease, is peeling off. So this could be a reference to the pain from his sores radiating deep into his body. Alternate translation: “from the sores on my skin”
30:17 q849 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠עֹרְקַ֗⁠י לֹ֣א יִשְׁכָּבֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is speaking of the pains he is suffering as if they were living things that could be **gnawing** him and could **rest** (although they do not). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the pain is like someone biting me, and it never stops”
30:18 x296 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠רָב־כֹּ֭חַ 1 Job is referring implicitly to the **great force** of his skin disease, its power to do so much damage. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Because of my serious disease,”
30:18 wpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְחַפֵּ֣שׂ לְבוּשִׁ֑⁠י 1 Job is probably speaking of his skin as if it were his **clothing**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin is changed” or “my skin is disfigured”
30:18 j923 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כְּ⁠פִ֖י כֻתָּנְתִּ֣⁠י יַֽאַזְרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 The pronoun **it** refers to Job’s skin disease. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “my skin disease binds me like the collar of my tunic”
30:18 tm94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כְּ⁠פִ֖י כֻתָּנְתִּ֣⁠י יַֽאַזְרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking as if his disease were literally binding him, or wrapping him up tightly, the way a person in his culture would put on a **tunic** and then wrap its **collar** tightly around his neck. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin disease afflicts me continually without subsiding”
30:19 j924 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֹרָ֥⁠נִי לַ⁠חֹ֑מֶר 1 The pronoun **He** refers to text. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God has thrown me into the mud”
30:19 aa4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֹרָ֥⁠נִי לַ⁠חֹ֑מֶר 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally **thrown** him into **mud**. This could mean: (1) that Job is referring to the way he has been demonstrating his distress by sitting in the midst of the ash pile outside the city, as [2:8](../02/08.md) describes. Alternate translation: “God has caused me such distress that I have been sitting in this ash heap” (2) that Job is using the image of being **thrown** into **mud** to represent his loss of position and status. Alternate translation: “God has reduced me to meager circumstances”
30:19 m43k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וָ֝⁠אֶתְמַשֵּׁ֗ל כֶּ⁠עָפָ֥ר וָ⁠אֵֽפֶר 1 Job is speaking as if he had literally become like **dust** and **ashes**. This could be: a physical description. Job may mean that the dust and ashes from the pile where he is sitting have stuck to his skin because of his oozing sores and so now he physically resembles dust and ashes himself. Job describes the appearance of his body in the previous verse, and this could be a continuation of that description. Alternate translation: “and I now appear to have become dust and ashes” (2) a comparison. Job may be saying that in some way his situation resembles some characteristic of **dust and ashes**, perhaps their lowliness of being on the ground. Alternate translation: “and I am greatly humiliated”
30:20 j925 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction עָ֝מַ֗דְתִּי 1 Standing up was a symbolic action by which someone in this community would call attention to the fact that they needed help. Job may mean that he does this literally as an appeal to God for help, or he may be speaking as if he does it when actually he appeals for help in some other way, such as by praying, as he describes in the first part of the verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “I stand to get your attention and appeal for help”
30:20 k1ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּתְבֹּ֥נֶן בִּֽ⁠י 1 Job means implicitly that God does nothing but **gaze** at him, without helping him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but you only look at me and do not help me”
30:21 xk2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠עֹ֖צֶם יָדְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 Here, God’s **hand** represents his power. Job is using this possessive form to describe how God’s **strength** is characterized by power, that is, God’s strength is very great. Alternate translation: “with your great strength”
30:22 zy94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּשָּׂאֵ֣⁠נִי אֶל־ר֭וּחַ תַּרְכִּיבֵ֑⁠נִי וּ֝⁠תְמֹגְגֵ֗⁠נִי תּוּשִׁיָּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God uses the wind to **lift** him off the ground and as if the wind carries him away as if he were riding on it the way a person would **ride** a horse. He is also speaking as if God uses a **storm** to **toss** him about. He means that God is causing him such great distress that he feels as if these things are happening to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You are causing me such great distress that it feels as if a storm wind is picking me up, carrying me away, and tossing me about”
30:23 j926 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מָ֣וֶת & וּ⁠בֵ֖ית מוֹעֵ֣ד לְ⁠כָל־חָֽי 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you indicate that by using a word other than “and” in your translation. Alternate translation: “to death, yes, to the house of appointment to all the living”
30:23 py4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מָ֣וֶת 1 As the rest of the verse shows, Job is using the term **death** by association to mean Sheol, the abode of the dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Sheol”
30:23 a3ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בֵ֖ית מוֹעֵ֣ד לְ⁠כָל־חָֽי 1 Job is speaking as if Sheol were a **house** in which dead people lived. He means that it is the place to which people go when they die. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to the place of appointment to all the living”
30:23 j927 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠בֵ֖ית מוֹעֵ֣ד לְ⁠כָל־חָֽי 1 Job is using this possessive form to indicate that God has appointed Sheol as the place where living people are to go when they die. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and to the place God has appointed for living people to go when they die”
30:23 nf6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חָֽי 1 Job is using the adjective **living** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “living people”
30:24 s7pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לֹא־בְ֭⁠עִי יִשְׁלַח־יָ֑ד אִם־בְּ֝⁠פִיד֗⁠וֹ לָהֶ֥ן שֽׁוּעַ\n\n 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “one in a heap certainly stretches out a hand! He certainly cries out because he is in trouble!”
30:24 j928 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical לֹא־בְ֭⁠עִי יִשְׁלַח־יָ֑ד 1 Job is using a hypothetical situation as an example and applying it by implication to his own situation. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if someone is in a heap of ruins, then he certainly stretches out a hand, and in the same way I am calling to you for help even though I expect to die.”
30:24 giv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לֹא־בְ֭⁠עִי יִשְׁלַח־יָ֑ד 1 Reaching out with one’s **hand** when in a desperate situation is a symbolic action that constitutes an appeal for help. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “does not one in a heap of ruins appeal for help”
30:24 ly2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־בְּ֝⁠פִיד֗⁠וֹ לָהֶ֥ן שֽׁוּעַ 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a contrary answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “He cries out because he is in trouble, does he not”
30:25 j929 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־לֹ֣א בָ֭כִיתִי לִ⁠קְשֵׁה־י֑וֹם 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a contrary answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I wept for the difficult of day, did I not?”
30:25 k5gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־לֹ֣א בָ֭כִיתִי לִ⁠קְשֵׁה־י֑וֹם 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I certainly wept for the difficult of day!”
30:25 j930 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לִ⁠קְשֵׁה־י֑וֹם 1 Job is using the adjective phrase **difficult of day** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. (In this phrase, the word **day** indicates a time, and the possessive form indicates that this time was characterized by difficulty.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “for people who were going through difficult times”
30:25 j932 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽגְמָ֥ה נַ֝פְשִׁ֗⁠י לָ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 Job is suggesting implicitly that since he helped others who were in trouble, it is only fair for him to ask God for help now that he is in trouble himself. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “My soul grieved for the needy, so it is only fair for me to ask you for help now”
30:25 j931 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עָֽגְמָ֥ה נַ֝פְשִׁ֗⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of grieving sympathetically. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I grieved sympathetically”
30:26 j933 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to introduce the reason why he has been saying that he can legitimately appeal for help. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “I can legitimately appeal for help because”
30:26 dxl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ט֣וֹב & וַ⁠יָּ֣בֹא רָ֑ע 1 Job is using the adjectives **good** and **bad** as nouns to mean certain kinds of things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “for good things … but bad things happened to me instead”
30:26 n1jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ֝⁠א֗וֹר וַ⁠יָּ֥בֹא אֹֽפֶל 1 Job is speaking as if helpful things were literally **light** and harmful things were literally **darkness**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for helpful things, but harmful things happen instead”
30:27 r36u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵעַ֖⁠י רֻתְּח֥וּ וְ⁠לֹא־דָ֗מּוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My innards are boiling and they do not rest”
30:27 j934 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵעַ֖⁠י רֻתְּח֥וּ וְ⁠לֹא־דָ֗מּוּ 1 Job is speaking as if his **innards** have literally **boiled** and that they are literally not taking any opportunity to **rest**. This could mean: (1) that his abdomen continually has a hot, painful sensation because he is very upset and this has affected his digestion. Alternate translation: “My stomach is continually upset” (2) that he continually has feelings, which he is using his **innards** to represent, of anger and frustration. Alternate translation: “I continually feel anger and frustration”
30:27 u2gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification קִדְּמֻ֥⁠נִי יְמֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Job is speaking of the difficult **days** he is experiencing as if they were living things that could **confront** him. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “I am facing day after day of affliction” or “I am experiencing day after day of affliction”
30:28 fj2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֹדֵ֣ר הִ֭לַּכְתִּי בְּ⁠לֹ֣א חַמָּ֑ה 1 Job means that his skin disease, **not** the **sun**, has darkened his skin, as he says explicitly in verse 30. The implication is that this darkened skin makes him appear as if he is a manual laborer who works out in the sun. [Song of Songs 1:6](../sng/01/06.md) suggests that in this culture, a person in that situation would be less respected than someone who could employ others to do outdoor work and so did not have sun-darkened skin. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “My disease-darkened skin makes me appear to be a manual laborer”
30:28 i5gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַ֖מְתִּי בַ⁠קָּהָ֣ל אֲשַׁוֵּֽעַ 1 Job may be implicitly indicating a further loss of dignity here. He has had to appeal for help in a public place where people gather. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I have had to humiliate myself by appealing for help in public”
30:29 f66b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭ח הָיִ֣יתִי לְ⁠תַנִּ֑ים וְ֝⁠רֵ֗עַ לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת יַעֲנָֽה 1 Job is speaking as if he had literally become a **brother** to **jackals** and a **companion** to ostriches. These wild dogs and wild birds live in deserted areas, and Job is suggesting that they are now his only relatives and friends, since he has become an outcast. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have become such an outcast that it is as if I live far away from other people”
30:29 j935 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת יַעֲנָֽה 1 In this context, the expression **daughters of** describes creatures that share the qualities of something. The word **clamor** is one possible meaning of an uncertain term that interpreters suggest could also mean “greed” or “the desert.” Whatever the meaning of that term, interpreters agree that the reference is to ostriches, either because they are voracious eaters or because they can make bellowing sounds or because they live in desert areas. Job would be referring to the now-extinct Arabian ostrich, which lived in his area at this time. While the term **daughters** specifically describes female ostriches, it seems that Job has in mind ostriches in general. If your language can refer to this bird or to this kind of bird with a descriptive phrase rather than with a name, you could use that phrase in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “to ostriches”
30:30 j936 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ע֭וֹרִ⁠י שָׁחַ֣ר מֵ⁠עָלָ֑⁠י 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My skin has turned black and it is falling off from upon me”
30:30 udu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עַצְמִ⁠י־חָ֝֗רָה מִנִּי־חֹֽרֶב 1 Job is using one part of himself, a **bone**, to mean all of him in the act of feeling hot. He is likely referring to the **heat** of fever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my body is hot with fever”
30:31 qj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יְהִ֣י לְ֭⁠אֵבֶל כִּנֹּרִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠עֻגָבִ֗⁠י לְ⁠ק֣וֹל בֹּכִֽים 1 Job is using musical instruments, the **harp** and the **flute**, to represent happiness, by association with the way that people play music when they are happy. He is using **mourning** and **the sound of weeping** to represent sorrow, since people mourn and weep when they are sad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “So while I used to be joyful, now I am very sorrowful”
31:intro leq9 0 # Job 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement and it is directly addressed to Yahweh.\n\nIn this chapter, Job presents his case to Yahweh that he is upright and not guilty of the sins he is being accused of. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
31:1 ka6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have made a covenant with my eyes 0 Job speaks of making a promise about what he would look at as though his eyes were a person and he made a covenant with them. Alternate translation: “I have made a firm promise about what I will look at” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
31:1 af9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I have made a covenant with my eyes 0 What job promised can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I made a promise that I will not look lustfully on a virgin” or “I promised that I will not look lustfully on a virgin”
31:1 sxi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how then should I look with desire on a virgin? 0 Job uses this question to emphasize that he would never break his promise. Alternate translation: “So I certainly will not look with lust at a virgin.”
@ -2311,7 +2414,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
32:21 mi73 neither will I give honorific titles to any man 0 Alternate translation: “neither will I praise any man or give him titles of honor”
32:22 nb65 my Maker 0 This is a name referring to God. Alternate translation: “God who made me”
32:22 i4r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism take me away 0 This means that he would destroy him. Alternate translation: “destroy me”
33:intro t7rx 0 # Job 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the first of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This quotation is a continuation of the previous chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s mercy\nWhile Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh’s mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
33:intro t7rx 0 # Job 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the first of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. This quotation is a continuation of the previous chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s mercy\nWhile Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh’s mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
33:1 m7lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism hear my speech; listen to all my words 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that Job must listen carefully.
33:2 j572 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I have opened my mouth … my tongue has spoken in my mouth 0 These mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that he is now ready to speak. His “tongue” speaking represents himself speaking. Alternate translation: “I have opened my mouth and I have begun to speak” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
33:3 u1kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My words come from the uprightness of my heart 0 Here Elihu refers to himself by his “heart” as he speaks of being upright. Alternate translation: “I will speak with uprightness” or “I will speak with complete honesty”
@ -2375,7 +2478,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
33:30 myd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he may be enlightened with the light of life 0 This is an idiom and may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he may be happy to still be alive” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
33:31 z1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Pay attention, Job, and listen to me 0 These phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to me, Job”
33:32 g3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that you are in the right 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that you are innocent”
34:intro b9ku 0 # Job 34 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the second of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job’s statements against him. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nElihu defends the justice of Yahweh after Job claimed that Yahweh was being unjust. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
34:intro b9ku 0 # Job 34 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the second of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. Elihu uses many of Job’s statements against him. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nElihu defends the justice of Yahweh after Job claimed that Yahweh was being unjust. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
34:1 h9vc Moreover, Elihu 0 Alternate translation: “Then, Elihu”
34:1 yw36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elihu 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 32:2](../32/02.md).
34:2 k8a4 Listen to my words 0 Alternate translation: “Listen to what I say”
@ -2443,7 +2546,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
34:37 jr4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he adds rebellion 0 This refers to rebellion against God. Alternate translation: “he adds rebellion against God”
34:37 fm5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he claps his hands in mockery in our midst 0 In this accusation, this means that Job clapped his hands to strengthen his mockery of God. Alternate translation: “he claps his hands as he mocks God in our midst” or “he mocks God right in front of us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
34:37 g7nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he piles up words against God 0 Elihu speaks of “words” as if they were objects, and of speaking many words as if it were piling those objects one on top of the other. Alternate translation: “he speaks many words against God”
35:intro mfr6 0 # Job 35 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the third of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job’s statements against him.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nElihu uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job. These questions help to build Elihu’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Ironic situation\n\nElihu explains the irony of Job’s claim. He claimed to be righteous and desired Yahweh to intervene. In this chapter, Elihu explains to Job that his claims of righteousness are prideful. This makes him unrighteous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
35:intro mfr6 0 # Job 35 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the third of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. Elihu uses many of Job’s statements against him.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nElihu uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job. These questions help to build Elihu’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Ironic situation\n\nElihu explains the irony of Job’s claim. He claimed to be righteous and desired Yahweh to intervene. In this chapter, Elihu explains to Job that his claims of righteousness are prideful. This makes him unrighteous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
35:2 s9jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you think this is just & ‘My right before God’? 0 Elihu uses questions to challenge Job. Alternate translation: “You must think you are right … ‘My right before God.’” or “It is not just … ‘My right before God.’”
35:2 yh9l Do you think this is just when you say 0 Alternate translation: “Do you think it is right for you to say”
35:2 g7jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Do you think 0 Here “you” is singular and refers to Job.
@ -2468,7 +2571,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
35:15 ub2k Now you say that his anger does not punish, and he does not take even a litte notice of transgression 0 Because Job is saying these things about God that are untrue, it is even less likely that God will answer Job’s prayers.
35:15 kpu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his anger does not punish 0 Here “his anger” is a metonym for “him.” Alternate translation: “he never punishes anyone because he is angry”
35:16 ben3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he piles up words without knowledge 0 Elihu speaks of “words” as if they were objects, and of speaking many words as if it were piling those objects one on top of the other. The word “knowledge” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “he speaks many words without knowing what he is talking about” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
36:intro pp2j 0 # Job 36 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the last of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nThis chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won’t always come in this life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
36:intro pp2j 0 # Job 36 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the last of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nThis chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won’t always come in this life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
36:2 h1hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will show you some things 0 Elihu speaks of explaining things to Job as if he were going to show those things to Job. Alternate translation: “I will explain some things to you”
36:3 c3pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will obtain my knowledge from far off 0 Elihu speaks of having knowledge of many different subjects as if it were getting his knowledge from far away places. Alternate translation: “I will show you my great knowledge”
36:3 u4g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns that righteousness belongs to my Maker 0 Here the word “righteousness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “that my Maker is righteous”
@ -2520,7 +2623,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
36:32 tsi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He fills his hands with the lightning 0 Elihu speaks of the lightning that storms cause as if God were holding the lightning in his hand and directing it to strike where he wills. This could mean: (1) that God holds the lightning bolts in his hands in order to throw them, or (2) that God hides the lightning bolts in his hands until he is ready to use them.
36:33 k3qk Its thunder 0 Alternate translation: “The thunder caused by the lightning” or “The thunder”
36:33 se83 hear it is coming 0 Alternate translation: “hear that the storm is coming”
37:intro ccm7 0 # Job 37 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the previous chapter and the last of Elihu’s four statements, and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nThis chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won’t always come in this life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
37:intro ccm7 0 # Job 37 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAccording to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the previous chapter and the last of Elihu’s four statements, and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nThis chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won’t always come in this life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
37:1 mup1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism my heart trembles … it is moved out of its place 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his fear.
37:1 eid2 my heart trembles at this 0 The word “this” refers to the storm in [Job 36:33](../36/33.md).
37:1 nhy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it is moved out of its place 0 Elihu speaks of his heart beating violently as if it were to jump out of his chest. Alternate translation: “it moves out of its place” or “it beats violently” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -2560,7 +2663,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
37:22 l64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor over God is fearsome majesty 0 The word “fearsome” means that it causes fear. Elihu speaks of God’s majesty as if it were something that rests upon God. Alternate translation: “God’s majesty causes people to fear”
37:23 c4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we cannot find him 0 This could mean: (1) “we cannot approach him” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Elihu speaks of a person’s being unable to fully understand God as if he could not find God. Alternate translation: “we cannot comprehend him”
37:24 n2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy those who are wise in their own minds 0 Here “minds” represents the person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “those who are wise in their own thinking” or “those who consider themselves to be wise”
38:intro bs8p 0 # Job 38 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh finally speaks in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nYahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nYahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
38:intro bs8p 0 # Job 38 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. Yahweh finally speaks in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nYahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nYahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
38:1 b53y Then Yahweh called 0 Here, the word “then” marks the beginning of a new part of the book. See if your language has a similar way to introduce a new scene. Alternate translation: “After all that had happened, Yahweh called.
38:1 zh2u called to Job 0 Alternate translation: “answered Job” or “responded to Job”
38:1 zk13 out of a fierce storm 0 Alternate translation: “from a powerful storm”
@ -2725,7 +2828,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
38:41 y9ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit cry out to God 0 The implied information is that the ravens are crying out for food. Alternate translation: “cry to God for help” or “cry out for God to give them food”
38:41 nde9 stagger about 0 This means to walk around in an unsteady way.
38:41 i8kr for lack of food 0 Alternate translation: “because they have no food” or “because they have nothing to eat”
39:intro l9e1 0 # Job 39 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh continues to speak in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nYahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nYahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
39:intro l9e1 0 # Job 39 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. Yahweh continues to speak in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nYahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nYahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
39:1 b1wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh uses four questions to emphasize that he is greater than Job because Yahweh takes care of the wild mountain goats and deer and Job does not.
39:1 sw6i Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues to challenge Job.
39:1 m8kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you know at what time … bear their young? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not know when … bear their young!”

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