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@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ REV 1 16 udj5 writing-symlanguage καὶ ἔχων ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ χε
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REV 1 16 pp58 καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα ἐκπορευομένη 1 a sword … was coming out of his mouth Here, the **sword** refers to a sword that is sharpened on both edges or sides so that it can cut in both directions. Apparently only the blade of the sword protruded from Christ's mouth since it probably is a metaphor for the spoken word as being figuratively sharp and able to pierce things. The imagery was probably inspired by the fact that Roman **double-edged** swords were shaped like human tongues. Thus, **double-edged** swords in the shape of human tongues easily signify spoken words coming from the human mouth. Alternate translation: "a sharp, double-edged sword was protruding from his mouth"
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REV 1 16 cb26 figs-simile ὡς ὁ ἥλιος φαίνει ἐν τῇ δυνάμει αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the simile in the phrase **shining as the sun at its strength** expresses a very bright appearance. Thus, the face of Jesus Christ appeared very bright in a similar manner to the way that the sun shines in its full force during the middle of the day. Alternate translation: "shining as bright as the noonday sun" or "shining as bright as the mid-day sun"
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REV 1 17 twy9 translate-symaction ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, ὡς νεκρός 1 fell at his feet like a dead man John lay down facing the ground in a common gesture that expresses a deferential respect for a person before whom one bows down before. This symbolic action or cultural gesture of obeisance signifies great respect, reverential awe, and maybe even some fear at the person who receives the symbolic gesture of the bow. John was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect by the customary act of a dramatic bow before the presence of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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REV 1 17 jw5r ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 He placed his right hand on me Alternate translation: “he touched me with his right hand”
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REV 1 17 jw5r translate-symaction ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 He placed his right hand on me Alternate translation: “he touched me with his right hand”\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])\n\n\n\n
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REV 1 17 uc3d figs-merism ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 I am the first and the last Here, **the first and the last** refers to the eternal nature of Jesus in a figure of expression known as a merism. This is to say, Jesus Christ exists in nature eternally in that he existed before anything else and he will continue to exist after everything else is gone. A merism gives a sense of a totality by a description that references two extreme parts of a concept's whole. In this case, the parts at the extremities of the concept's whole are the ordinals **first** and **last**. However, in the prior verse of [1:8](../01/08.md), the metaphor for eternity was described in terms of the Greek alphabet. In other words, the parts at the extremities of the concept's whole are the first (**alpha**) and last (**omega**) letters of the Greek alphabet. Yet, in this context here, the parts at the extremities are simply the ordinal numbers **first** and **last**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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REV 1 18 zm05 figs-events καὶ ὁ ζῶν καὶ ἐγενόμην νεκρὸς 1 \n\nfigs-events\n\n
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REV 1 18 cc7c figs-metaphor καὶ ἰδοὺ 1 Here, **Behold** is a word that focuses the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. The word literally means "look" or "see". However, in this case, the expression denotes the act of seeing figuratively by means of giving notice and attention. Alternate translation: "Listen carefully!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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REV 1 18 a4e2 figs-metaphor ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου 1 I have the keys of death and of Hades Here, the phrase **I have the keys of death and of Hades** indicates a common metaphorical expression that symbolizes authority or power with the imagery of **keys**. This is to say, the idea of having the power over something is spoken of as having **the keys** to it. Alternate translation: “I have the power over death and over Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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REV 1 18 pgql figs-explicit ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου 1 The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of **Hades**. Alternate translation: “I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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REV 1 19 eupc ἃ εἶδες, καὶ ἃ εἰσὶν, καὶ ἃ μέλλει γενέσθαι μετὰ ταῦτα 1 Here, the entire clause **what you have seen and what is and what is about to happen after these things** represents the three-part division of the entire book of Revelation. The translator may wish to indicate the use of this verse as a natural three-part division of the book of Revelation. Alternatively, the translator may wish actually to reflect this reality in the translation of the verse's three different clauses with their different tenses of verbs. Alternative translation: "that which you are seeing, that which exists now, and that which will happen afterwards"
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REV 1 19 eupc ἃ εἶδες, καὶ ἃ εἰσὶν, καὶ ἃ μέλλει γενέσθαι μετὰ ταῦτα 1 Here, the entire clause **what you have seen and what is and what is about to happen after these things** represents the three-part division of the entire book of Revelation. The translator may wish to indicate the use of this verse as a natural three-part division of the book of Revelation. Alternatively, the translator may wish actually to reflect this reality in the translation of the verse's three different clauses with their different tenses of verbs. Alternate translation: "that which you are seeing, that which exists now, and that which will happen afterwards"
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REV 1 20 d6ez writing-symlanguage τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων 1 stars These **stars** are symbols that represent the **seven** angels of the **seven** churches or assemblies of believers. The number **seven** is often used in the Bible as a symbol for completeness and perfection. However, here the number **seven** simply refers to the number of churches addressed in chapters two and three of the Book of Revelation. Alternate translation: “the seven celestial bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])\n
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REV 1 20 fl5d writing-symlanguage λυχνίας 1 lampstands These **lampstands** are symbols that represent the seven churches or assemblies of believers mentioned in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation. Note the previous translation of this imagery in verse [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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REV 1 20 eek9 ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν 1 the angels of the seven churches Here, the phrase **the angels of the seven churches** could refer to: (1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches. Alternatively, they are (2) human messengers to the seven churches who are either leaders of the seven churches or they are the actual messengers who went from John bearing his book to the seven churches mentioned in chapters two and three of the Book of Revelation. The translator should keep the apparent ambiguity of the symbolism and not try to specify either option over the other.
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