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@ -1544,8 +1544,9 @@ ROM 8 38 dgky figs-activepassive πέπεισμαι 1 I have been convinced If y
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ROM 8 38 nsm2 figs-litany οὔτε θάνατος, οὔτε ζωὴ, οὔτε ἄγγελοι, οὔτε ἀρχαὶ, οὔτε ἐνεστῶτα, οὔτε μέλλοντα, οὔτε δυνάμεις 1 I have been convinced Paul uses a repetitive series of words in this verse and the next verse in order to emphasize that nothing can stop God from loving those who believe in Jesus. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of various things in the universe that might cause Christians to suffer. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone might have to endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
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ROM 8 38 ok7f figs-abstractnouns θάνατος…ζωὴ…ἀρχαὶ…δυνάμεις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death**, **life**, **governments**, or **powers**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being dead…being alive … people who govern us … powerful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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ROM 8 38 js9q figs-explicit ἀρχαὶ 1 governments Here, **governments** could refer to: (1) demons, which is usually how Paul uses this word ([1 Corinthians 15:24](../../1co/15/24.md), [Ephesians 6:12](../../eph/06/12.md)). Alternate translation: “ruling demons” (2) human kings and rulers. Alternate translation: “human rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ROM 8 38 q7ti οὔτε δυνάμεις 1 nor powers This could refer to: (1) demons with power, which is how Paul uses this word in [1 Corinthians 15:24](../../1co/15/24.md) and [Ephesians 1:21](../../eph/01/21.md). (2) human beings with power.
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ROM 8 38 q7ti figs-explicit δυνάμεις 1 nor powers This could refer to: (1) demons with power, which is how Paul uses this word in [1 Corinthians 15:24](../../1co/15/24.md) and [Ephesians 1:21](../../eph/01/21.md). Alternate translation: “demonic powers” (2) human beings with power. Alternate translation: “powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ROM 8 39 fdxl figs-litany οὔτε ὕψωμα, οὔτε βάθος, οὔτε τις κτίσις ἑτέρα 1 nor powers These two phrases are the end of a repetitive series of words that Paul began in the previous verse in order to emphasize that nothing can stop God from loving those who believe in Jesus. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone might have to endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
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ROM 8 39 ppaz figs-metonymy ὕψωμα…βάθος 1 nor powers Here, **height** refers to everything that exists above a person, and **depth** refers to everything below a person. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “everything that is above us … everything that is below us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ROM 9 intro w6f4 0 # Romans 9 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)<br> * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)<br> * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)<br> * God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)<br> * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)<br><br>In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>Paul uses the word “flesh” in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, who God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>In other chapters, Paul uses the word “brother” to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses “my brothers” to mean his kinsmen the Israelites.<br><br>Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as “children of God” and “children of the promise.”<br><br>### Predestination<br><br>Many scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches extensively on a subject known as “predestination.” This is related to the biblical concept of “predestine.” Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Stone of stumbling<br><br>Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This “stone of stumbling” causes them to “fall.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel”<br><br>Paul uses the word “Israel” in this verse with two different meanings. The first “Israel” means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second “Israel” means those who are God’s people through faith. The UST reflects this.
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ROM 9 1 b89f 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells of his personal desire that the people of the nation of Israel will be saved. Then he emphasizes the different ways in which God has prepared them to believe.
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ROM 9 1 yg93 figs-doublet ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 I tell the truth in Christ. I do not lie These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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@ -2095,3 +2096,4 @@ ROM 16 26 efyy figs-activepassive φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν διά
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ROM 16 26 lc6d figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 to bring about the obedience of faith Here, **obedience** and **faith** are abstract nouns. You can use the verbs “obey” and “trust” in your translation. Alternate translation: “so that all nations will believe and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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ROM 16 26 cvi3 figs-explicit εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 You may need to make explicit who will obey and trust. Alternate translation: “so that all nations will obey God because they trust in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ROM 16 27 qmj7 figs-explicit μόνῳ σοφῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν! 1 To the only wise God … be glory forever. Amen Here, **through Jesus Christ** refers to what Jesus did. To give **glory** means to praise God. Alternate translation: “Because of what Jesus Christ has done for us, we will praise forever the one who alone is God and who alone is wise. Amen!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ROM 8 1 i12t ἄρα therefore Alternate translation: “for that reason” or “because what I have just told you is true”
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