OBA front intro jrz8 0 # Introduction to Obadiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)<br>- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9)<br>- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)<br>1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edom’s relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel’s brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride”?<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])
OBA 1 1 xm1w figs-metaphor חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 The vision of Obadiah This is the title of the book. Here “vision” is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received that message. “Vision” here is a metaphor for a way of getting knowledge from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Alternate translation: “The message that God gave to Obadiah” or “The prophecy of Obadiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 1 jdr1 translate-names עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 Obadiah Some English translations call the prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 1 sv9x כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 thus says my Lord Yahweh concerning Edom This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
OBA 1 1 s7if translate-names יְהוִ֜ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 1 jdr3 figs-metonymy לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 concerning Edom The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 1 jdr5 figs-pronouns שְׁמוּעָ֨ה שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ 1 We have heard a report You could translate this “I have heard” to show that Obadiah is speaking as one person among the many in the nations around Edom who have heard Yahweh’s message. Another alternative: “Yahweh our God has told me this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
OBA 1 1 jdr7 figs-activepassive וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 and a messenger has been sent off You can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have sent a messenger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 1 r27r figs-explicit וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 and a messenger has been sent off You could specify who sent the messenger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent a messenger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 1 jdr9 figs-quotations ק֛וּמוּ וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ 1 Get up! And let us rise up against her for battle! The end of the verse is not spoken by Obadiah himself. Rather, those are the words of Yahweh’s messenger. They can be presented as a quotation with an introductory formula such as “saying,” or as indirect quotation as in UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
OBA 1 1 pez6 figs-idiom ק֛וּמוּ 1 Get up This phrase is used to tell people to get ready, in this case to attack Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 1 c9e2 figs-metonymy וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ 1 and let us rise up against her “Her” refers to the people of Edom. They are being described again by reference to something closely associated with them, their land. Alternate translation: “against the people of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 1 jd1r figs-abstractnouns לַמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 for battle You could translate the abstract noun “battle” with a verb. Alternate translation: “to attack her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 2 cc3h הִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ 1 Behold, I am making you small The addressee changes here. This is no longer the messenger speaking to the other nations. Yahweh is now speaking directly to Edom. You could add a phrase to indicate this, for example, “Yahweh says this to the people of Edom.”
OBA 1 2 npn6 הִנֵּ֥ה 1 Behold This alerts the people of Edom to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
OBA 1 2 l6dc figs-parallelism קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 I am making you small among the nations, you are extremely despised These two phrases mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 2 ec8m figs-metaphor קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 small among the nations Something insignificant is spoken of figuratively as if it were small in size and could easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 you are extremely despised You could state this in the active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metaphor לִבְּךָ֙ 1 of your heart Here the heart is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock This means a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
OBA 1 3 k9sw figs-123person מְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑וֹ 1 lofty in his dwelling This says “his” as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with “you” as part of Yahweh’s continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who live in the clefts of the rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-123person אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 he who says in his heart This says “he” and “his,” as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with “you” as part of Yahweh’s continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who say in your heart” or “you who say to yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
OBA 1 3 jd3r figs-metaphor בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 in his heart Here the heart is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 3 i2hx figs-rquestion מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ 1 Who will bring me down to the ground? The question form shows how proud the Edomites were and how safe they felt. Alternate translation: “No one can bring me down to the ground” or “I am safe from all attackers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-parallelism אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the stars The two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in slightly different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 4 jd5r figs-hyperbole אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the stars The people of Edom think they are safe because they live up high in the mountains. Yahweh is saying that even if they lived much higher than it is actually possible for humans to live, they would still not be safe. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
OBA 1 4 jd7r figs-activepassive שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 if your nest is set You could use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “if you could make your homes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 4 bbu3 figs-metaphor מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖ 1 from there I will bring you down Yahweh’s response to the Edomites is that they would not be safe anywhere from his judgment and punishment. Alternate translation: “you would still not be safe there from the attackers that I am sending.” This is a spatial metaphor. “Bringing down” means humbling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 5 w86v figs-doublet אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 If thieves came to you, and plunderers by night These two phrases mean the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the idea they are expressing. You could combine them. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night and rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
OBA 1 5 b93f figs-activepassive אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you are being destroyed! You could use the active form of the verb, and you could specify that the attackers the messenger has summoned will ruin Edom. Alternate translation: “But attackers will completely destroy your country!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 5 jd9r figs-exclamations אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you are being destroyed! Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. You could move the phrase to the end of the verse and make it its own sentence. Alternate translation: “But attackers will completely destroy your country!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-rquestion אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 would not they steal enough for them? This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 5 w64v figs-explicit הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם 1 would not they steal enough for them? Yahweh is implying that he will despoil Edom worse than thieves do when they plunder a house. You could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת 1 If grape-cutters came to you, would not they leave behind gleanings? Yahweh is implying that he will strip away Edom’s possessions more completely than grape harvesters strip vines. You could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו 1 How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched out You could use the active form for both of these passive verbs. Alternate translation: “these attackers will take away everything that is valuable. They will even find and take away the valuable things that you have hidden.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 6 jd13 figs-explicit אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו 1 How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched out You could state explicitly who will take away Edom’s valuables. Alternate translation: “These attackers will take away everything that is valuable. They will even find and take away the valuable things that you have hidden.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 6 m9p3 figs-personification עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Esau Here the name “Esau” refers to the people of Edom. They were the descendants of Esau, who was also known as Edom. All the people of Edom are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 6 lf9t נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ 1 has been ransacked This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ 1 are sending you away as far as the border Alternate translation, “They will force you to leave your country.” However, since it is not specified whose border this is, another interpretation would be that the people of Edom will try to take refuge in the lands of their allies, but they won’t be allowed to.
OBA 1 7 a612 figs-parallelism כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ 1 All the men of your covenant…The men of your peace…They of your bread All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 7 n3t6 בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ 1 your covenant The word “your” refers to the nation of Edom.
OBA 1 7 jd15 figs-ellipsis לַחְמְךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔יךָ 1 They of your bread will set a trap under you Hebrew says simply “your bread.” Hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words in their minds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
OBA 1 7 rc1i figs-explicit אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. Yahweh could be saying this as an aside about the people of Edom, rather than speaking to them. (See: Aside) Alternately, the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “Then they will say to you, ‘You are not as clever as you thought you were!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 7 jd17 figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֖ה 1 understanding You could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “They will say to you, ‘You are not as clever as you thought you were!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 7 jd19 figs-personification בּֽוֹ 1 in him That is, Edom. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form to emphasize that Edom’s destruction is certain. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I will certainly destroy …’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 8 jd21 figs-explicit חֲכָמִים֙ 1 wise men The original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. However, when Edom is destroyed, it will become clear that its people were not wise to think they were safe because they lived on rugged cliffs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 8 jd23 figs-abstractnouns וּתְבוּנָ֖ה 1 and understanding You could translate this abstract noun with a verb, for example, “No one will know what to do any more.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 8 z8tf figs-synecdoche מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 from the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom. This was one of the mountains in Edom. It is sometimes identified with Mount Bozrah. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 9 jd25 figs-apostrophe וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ תֵּימָ֑ן 1 And your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman Yahweh stops speaking to the people of Edom and addresses a region of the country, even though it cannot understand him. This shows that Yahweh feels very strongly about what he is saying. (See Apostrophe) Alternate translation: “The soldiers in the army of Edom will become terrified.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman Teman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. (See Synecdoche) Alternate translation: “The soldiers in the army of Edom.”
OBA 1 9 ljv4 grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֧עַן 1 so that There is a cause-and-effect relationship here. The soldiers in the army of Edom will become “dismayed,” that is, they will give up and stop fighting. This will leave everyone else defenseless, and so they will all be destroyed. Alternate translation: “when your army stops fighting.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
OBA 1 9 jd27 figs-metaphor יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man will be cut off “Cut off” here is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites aren’t actually part of the mountain, but they live there, so it’s as if something is being cut off or taken away from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will completely destroy all you people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 9 q6s7 figs-activepassive יִכָּֽרֶת 1 will be cut off You could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will … destroy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 9 jd31 figs-gendernotations אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Hebrew “man” means “every person” here. Alternate translation: “all you people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
OBA 1 9 jd33 אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Yahweh says in v. 8 that he will destroy the wise men in Edom, and here in v. 9 that the mighty men will be “dismayed” (that is, they will give up trying to fight). The implication is that no one else will escape the invading armies either. Yahweh is basically challenging everyone in Edom by asking, “If the ones you would count on most to rescue you, the wise and the strong, will be destroyed by these attackers, how can anyone else think they will survive?” You can use similar words in verse 8 and 9 to show how this argument develops over these two verses.
OBA 1 9 jd35 figs-synecdoche מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 from the mountain of Esau As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. Alternate translation: “who live the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 9 jd37 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 by slaughter The abstract noun “slaughter” intensifies the idea of being “cut off” or killed. You could use an adverb to translate it. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 10 jd39 figs-metonymy אָחִ֥יךָ 1 your brother The term “brother” is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-personification יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 Jacob Here the name “Jacob” refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 10 jd41 figs-abstractnouns תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you You could use a verb to translate the abstract noun “shame,” and “you” could do the action instead of receiving it. Alternate translation: “you will feel ashamed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you To be “covered” with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ לְעוֹלָֽם 1 you will be cut off to eternity You could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 10 jd43 figs-explicit וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off You can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 10 jd45 figs-idiom וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off As in v. 5, this is an idiom for being destroyed. Alternate translation: “destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 11 w6hj figs-metaphor עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood opposite This is a metaphor that gives the picture of a person just standing around and not helping. It figuratively means “did not help him.” You could say that as an Alternate Translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 11 s38y figs-parallelism שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑וֹ וְנָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth...his gates “His” refers to “your brother Jacob” (v. 10), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 11 jd46 חֵיל֑וֹ 1 his wealth In this context, this Hebrew term could either mean “wealth” or “army.”
OBA 1 11 jd47 figs-synecdoche שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his gates “Gates” means “city.” The gates, the first part of a city that you would come to, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-metaphor וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 and cast lots for Jerusalem This is a figurative way of saying that when all the cities of Judah were conquered, Jerusalem was the big prize. If something is so special that everybody wants to have it and you can't divide it up, you cast lots for it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם 1 you also were like one of them Alternate translation: “you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help.” The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the “strangers” and “foreigners.” You could use the alternate translation to explain how the people of Edom were still “like” them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 12 jd51 וְאַל 1 But [you should] not This phrase is used eight times in verses 12–14. It introduces a statement about how people should generally behave. But in these verses, the statements apply specifically to what the people of Edom have just done to the people of Judah. So an alternate translation in every case would be, “You should not have.” (For example, you could change “you should not rejoice” to “you should not have rejoiced.”)
OBA 1 12 crs1 וְאַל 1 But [you should] not Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. A repetitive series is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all these charges and will punish them. (See: Litany)
OBA 1 12 e7cd figs-idiom וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 But you should not have looked The Hebrew expression “see” is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 12 crs3 בְיוֹם 1 on the day of This expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin.
OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a “brother” to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 12 b6h1 figs-personification בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ 1 on the day of his misfortune As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a “brother” to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִבְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here the word “sons” does not refer only to men. It means all the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly all the Israelites from a number of different tribes who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “the Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
OBA 1 12 lxg7 figs-idiom וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ 1 And you should not have made your mouth great This is an idiom for bragging. Alternate translation: “you should not have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-123person אֵידָ֔ם…אֵיד֑וֹ…אֵידֽוֹ 1 their calamity…his calamity…his calamity The Hebrew text says “their” in the first case, meaning the Judeans, and “his” in the second and third cases, meaning “your brother Judah.” But since that is a personification of the Judeans (see v. 10), you can say “their” in every case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked The Hebrew expression “see” is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 13 f9q3 figs-exclamations גַם־אַתָּ֛ה 1 Yes, you! Yahweh accuses the people of Edom emphatically, likely in anger, and perhaps also to warn them not to claim to be innocent. You could make this a separate short sentence ending in an exclamation mark. Alternate translation: “Yes, you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
OBA 1 13 jz38 figs-you וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ 1 And you women should not have looted their wealth Here the Hebrew has only the word “you,” but it is feminine and plural. So you should add something to show that it means “you women,” unless your language already marks the word “you” for gender and number. Alternate translation: “You women should not have taken away their valuable possessions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
OBA 1 14 ixs7 translate-unknown הַפֶּ֔רֶק 1 crossroads This means a place where two roads come together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
OBA 1 14 p7i1 figs-metaphor לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑יו 1 to cut down his fugitives This is a metaphor that means “killed.” It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. Alternate translation: “killed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 14 qdx9 figs-explicit וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו 1 And you should not have delivered up his survivors You can make explicit who the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors to. Alternate translation: “You should not have captured the survivors and turned them over to their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near for all the nations. According to what you have done, it will be done to you; your recompense will return on your own head. Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
OBA 1 15 e5t7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It’s because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 15 crs7 figs-idiom יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה 1 the day of Yahweh This expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin. You can say explicitly that this is what Yahweh will do on that “day.” Alternate translation: “The time … when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish all the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 15 crs9 קָר֥וֹב…עַל 1 near upon In this context, the expression means “near in time.” Alternate translation: “coming soon.”
OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-explicit כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ 1 According to what you have done, it will be done to you You can specify who will do the action. “I” means “I, Yahweh” as in the previous sentence. You can also specify the reference of “you.” Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you people of Edom that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 15 cr1s figs-activepassive יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ 1 it will be done to you You can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-metaphor גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב 1 your recompense will return This is a metaphor that means “the same things will happen to you.” You could use that as an alternate translation. It’s as if the Edomites have sent bad things out to others, but those things are now going to come back and hurt them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 15 cr3s figs-synecdoche בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 on your own head The “head” is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 16 nf6s figs-explicit כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For according to how you drank As in verse 15, Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It’s because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 16 cr5s figs-pastforfuture כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י 1 according to how you have drunk on my holy mountain 1. One possibility is that Yahweh is saying he has brought the people of Edom into court at Jerusalem, which is the place where he reigns, and found them guilty and punished them there. As noted earlier, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. So an alternate translation would be, “I am going to punish you in the holy place where I reign.” 2. Another possibility is that this is referring to how the people of Judah suffered punishment when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you when Jerusalem was destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-pastforfuture כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk 1. Here Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. In that case, this would be a reference to what Yahweh says in the previous verse, that the time is coming soon when he will judge and punish all the nations. Alternate translation: “I am going to punish you.” 2. Another possibility is that Yahweh is saying that Edom literally did drink to celebrate the defeat of the people of Judah, but they and the other nations will figuratively “drink” (be punished) in the future. No alternate translation would be needed for this second possible interpretation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
OBA 1 16 cr7s figs-metaphor כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk Drinking (often in the Old Testament “drinking a cup”) can be a metaphor for being punished. Alternate translation: “I will punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 16 cr9s figs-you כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk “You” is plural. 1. It may mean “you people of Edom.” If so, this would be a continuation of what Yahweh tells them in v. 15, that he will do the same things to them that they did to others. Alternate translation: “I will punish you people of Edom.” 2. The plural could also be referring to all the other nations. Alternate translation: “I will punish you other nations.” 3. This could also be referring to the people of Judah, who figuratively “drank the cup of punishment” when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you people of Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
OBA 1 16 cr11 figs-explicit כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk You can show that the people of Edom are not doing this by themselves by specifying that Yahweh is doing it to them. Alternate translation: “I will … punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 16 ujj9 figs-metonymy הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י 1 the mountain of my holiness This means “on Mount Zion” and therefore “in Jerusalem.” Jerusalem is being referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 all the nations shall drink continually Here once again drinking is a metaphor for punishment. Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-doublet וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ וְהָי֖וּ כְּל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ 1 And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existed These two words mean something similar and are used together to intensify the meaning. (See: Doublet) Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely.”
OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-abstractnouns וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant The abstract noun **remnant** refers to the people who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “some people in Jerusalem will escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
OBA 1 17 y9pz figs-metonymy וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 But in the mountain of Zion This is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 17 b4sh וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness The word “it” refers to “the mountain of Zion.” Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will be a holy place.”
OBA 1 17 cr13 וְיָֽרְשׁוּ֙ בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁיהֶם 1 and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions “Possessions” is plural because it refers to each of the Israelite families and clans occupying the lands that were supposed to be passed down to them from generation to generation. But since it refers overall to the land that belongs to all of the descendants of Jacob, you can translate it with a singular word if that is clearer. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob will each possess the land that belongs to them”
OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame The two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. However, the actual descendants of Joseph had been taken into exile by Assyria long before this, so they were not really present at this time. Since both expressions refer to all of the Israelites, you could say as an alternative, “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 18 cr15 figs-metonymy בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב 1 the house of Jacob Here the word "house" means all the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 18 cr17 figs-synecdoche וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף 1 and the house of Joseph The descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּבֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau…for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. (See: Biblical Imagery – Man-made Objects) Alternate translation: “the people of Edom.”
OBA 1 18 cr19 figs-metaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְקַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble Yahweh is saying figuratively that just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 18 cr21 figs-exmetaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְקַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble Yahweh is saying that the Israelites are like fire and flame, that the people of Edom are like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. This is using the same figurative language to make a series of related points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
OBA 1 18 hj8x figs-metaphor לְקַ֔שׁ 1 stubble This means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 18 cr23 figs-doublet וְדָלְק֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם וַאֲכָל֑וּם 1 And they will burn them, and consume them “Burn” and “consume” mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to mean “burn them until they are all burned up.” Alternate translation: “burn them up completely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
OBA 1 18 c5jr figs-explicit כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken This means, “This will certainly happen because I, Yahweh, have said it will happen.” You could use that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 19 x15u וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess Here “They” appears to refer to the people of Israel in general. Alternate translation: “The Israelites”
OBA 1 19 cr25 וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people living in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “capture.”
OBA 1 19 ep84 figs-metonymy הַנֶּ֜גֶב 1 of the Negev The Negev is the southern Judean wilderness. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So “the Negev” actually means “the Israelites who live in the southern Judean wilderness.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau This was one of the mountains in Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The Shephelah means the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So “the Shephelah” actually means “the Israelites who live in the western foothills.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 19 cr29 figs-metonymy פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 the Philistines This means, “the region of Phoenicia.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 19 gup4 figs-personification וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin This means “the people of the tribe of Benjamin.” All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
OBA 1 19 cr31 figs-synecdoche הַגִּלְעָֽד 1 Gilead This means “the region east of the Jordan River.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 20 xw8x figs-metonymy וְגָלֻ֣ת הַֽחֵל־הַ֠זֶּה לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 And the exile of this host of the sons of Israel This means “people who were captured and taken away from their homes.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 20 cr33 figs-explicit וְגָלֻ֣ת 1 And the exile Yahweh is saying that these people will return, and they will conquer territories as well. You could say that explicitly, for example, “The people who were captured and taken away from their homes will return, and they will capture …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽחֵל 1 host This means “a large number of people.” You could say that as an alternate translation.
OBA 1 20 cr35 figs-metonymy לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 the sons of Israel This actually means “the descendants of Israel.” Alternate translation: “the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 20 cr37 figs-metonymy כְּנַעֲנִים֙ 1 Canaanites This means “the land where the people of Canaan lived.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: How to Translate Names)
OBA 1 20 u5t1 figs-metonymy וְגָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 and the exile of Jerusalem This means “the people of Israel who were captured and taken away from Jerusalem.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּסְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: How to Translate Names) Alternate translation: “They now live in Sepharad.”
OBA 1 20 cr39 figs-explicit יִֽרְשׁ֕וּ 1 they will possess Yahweh is saying that these people will also return and conquer territories. You could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “return and occupy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 20 cr41 translate-names הַנֶּֽגֶב 1 the Negev This means “the southern Judean wilderness. You could say that as an alternate translation.
OBA 1 21 j7nf וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of Esau This means, “After Israel’s military leaders conquer the land of Edom, they will rule over it from high up in Jerusalem.” You could say that as an alternate translation. Even though the mountain of Zion is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to say something like “high” here, reflecting the imagery of “mountain.” Edom boasted that it was up high and no one could bring it down, but Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead.
OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 saviors This means Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “military leaders.”
OBA 1 21 cr43 figs-metonymy בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן 1 the mountain of Zion Yahweh is referring to Jerusalem figuratively by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 21 cr45 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 the mountain of Esau This phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
OBA 1 21 wy7x וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה 1 and the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”
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