Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
front:intro	aq5w				0	# Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joel\n\n1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)\n    * Locusts and drought (1:1–20)\n    * The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)\n1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12–32)\n    * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)\n    * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)\n1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1–21)\n    * Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)\n    * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)\n\n### What is the Book of Joel about?\n\nThe main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).\n\nThe people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.\n\nJoel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joel?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.\n\nThere are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\nJoel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.\n\nTranslators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?\n\nJoel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?\n\nAll of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:intro	q2ev				0	# Joel 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJoel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.\n\nIt was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nTranslators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThe author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:1	qry6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism		0	# General Information:\n\nGod speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry.
1:1	er8g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל	1	This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel”
1:1	qwp8			יְהוָה֙	1	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1	m5wr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פְּתוּאֵֽל	1	Joel’s father
1:2	t74n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors”
1:3	vge5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר	1	You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them”
1:4	m68u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops
1:4	ny2z			הַ⁠גָּזָם֙ & הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק & הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל	1	These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
1:5	zk2a				0	# General Information:\n\nGod warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
1:5	l1nq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן	1	If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow”
1:6	qm8j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	גוֹי֙	1	The locust swarm is like an invading army.
1:6	jn1q			שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י	1	The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
1:6	mpz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ	1	These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:6	aj1z			אַרְצִ֔⁠י	1	Yahweh’s land
1:7	sxr3			שָׂ֤ם & חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙	1	The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
1:7	hi96			גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ & וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י	1	Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
1:7	k8l9			לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה	1	empty and without life
1:10	zn6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1:10	j565		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן	1	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain”
1:11	eeq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שְׂעֹרָ֑ה	1	a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread
1:12	pk4b			הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה	1	dried up and died
1:12	r11a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה & מּ֞וֹן & וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ	1	different types of fruit
1:13	uv6d				0	# General Information:\n\nGod speaks to the priests in Israel
1:13	w9cv			מִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ	1	regular offerings in the temple
1:14	z8ne			בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	the temple in Jerusalem
1:15	q895				0	# General Information:\n\nThis is what God is telling the priests to say.
1:15	u6hs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:16	yv6d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל	1	It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:16	r8wr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ	1	“from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel.
1:16	f1eb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל	1	You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God”
1:16	ppt5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל	1	These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple.
1:17	y7su			מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	lumps of dirt
1:18	ul6j			נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה	1	make a deep sound because of pain
1:20	n9lf			אֲפִ֣יקֵי	1	small streams
2:intro	j2gp				0	# Joel 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:1	m7i5			תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר & וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙	1	Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
2:2	qmb9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה	1	The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:2	st7t			וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה	1	total or partial darkness
2:2	pcr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל	1	This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:2	h3d1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם	1	When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun”
2:2	ekb8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם	1	The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:3	fly5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ	1	A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves.
2:3	z5iu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה	1	After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns.
2:3	yne4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ	1	The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful.
2:4	ztn5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast.
2:4	fdt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	סוּסִ֖ים	1	A large, strong, fast animal with four legs.
2:4	myc3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן	1	Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly.
2:5	m6fl			יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן	1	A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
2:5	n75f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת & כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ & כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה	1	These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone”
2:7	e5ge		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה	1	The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:7	d4kv			חוֹמָ֑ה	1	walls around the cities
2:8	yt67			וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ	1	they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
2:10	iu1h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם	1	Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2:10	lm84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠	1	This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars.
2:11	mi1t			וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙	1	“Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
2:11	tzv4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	גָד֧וֹל & וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד	1	In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible”
2:11	vht4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ	1	If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.”
2:12	d1i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me”
2:13	d1sf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments”
2:13	wfp5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully”
2:13	e3gw			וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל	1	stop
2:14	a2av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.”
2:14	xys3			וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ	1	“leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
2:16	jzj1			מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ	1	rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
2:17	fek9			וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙	1	Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
2:17	kqr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤	1	Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people”
2:17	ey9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.”
2:18	xeg7			לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
2:18	im7l			עַמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
2:19	lu18			הִנְ⁠נִ֨י	1	Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
2:19	jde5			וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠	1	Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
2:19	tqc6			חֶרְפָּ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
2:20	khh7			הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י & הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י & הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן	1	These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
2:20	v9xy			הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י	1	the Dead Sea
2:20	ue9y			הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן	1	the Mediterranean Sea
2:20	k6n8			הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת	1	That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
2:21	g3z3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land”
2:22	n9lm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י	1	Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock”
2:22	t5ty		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר	1	The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness”
2:23	xlq6			נָתַ֥ן & וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם	1	Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
2:23	vnx8			מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ	1	the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
2:24	gw97			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
2:24	p8u1			הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים	1	large containers for liquids
2:25	k6bd			אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
2:25	e81a			הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם	1	These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:26	jy17		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙	1	The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good”
2:26	x2qr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא	1	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders”
2:28	p6xw			וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ	1	Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
2:28	mc8b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר	1	Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh”
2:28	ny8x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר	1	Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people”
2:30	fxj8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	דָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן	1	“blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke”
2:31	e1db			הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ	1	Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
2:31	fc5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם	1	Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:32	w6nv			וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל	1	Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
2:32	t1vg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט	1	The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:32	k5zj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	בְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם	1	These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem”
2:32	j194		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא	1	The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls”
2:32	e73u			וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים	1	These **survivors** are people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster.
3:intro	jcn7				0	# Joel 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThere is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nThe mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
3:1	nha5			כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה	1	Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
3:1	zy3s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	בַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא	1	The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time”
3:1	c3ys			אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם	1	Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
3:2	xs2u			עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט	1	Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
3:2	idt3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance”
3:3	z4y6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ	1	These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink”
3:4	qj6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת	1	Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.”
3:4	xaa9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י	1	“Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.”
3:4	ns7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם	1	Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:4	wdm3			גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
3:7	sum8			הִנְ⁠נִ֣י	1	Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
3:7	dc6d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה	1	The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel.
3:7	uh32			וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
3:8	pww6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה	1	The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:8	t9jc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	לִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם	1	the people of the land of Sabea
3:9	d6ny			הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים	1	Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
3:10	t93c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים	1	These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons.
3:10	ze4m			אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙	1	tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
3:10	epv7			וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	knives that are used to cut off small branches
3:11	rp2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה	1	These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md).
3:11	p5mc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ	1	The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle”
3:11	e3ig			הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
3:12	b1jw				0	# General Information:\n\nYahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
3:12	ul2y			הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם & אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב	1	The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
3:12	pq55			עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט	1	Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
3:13	hq7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל & מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת	1	Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe.
3:13	iw8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר	1	Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting.
3:13	i8r2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל	1	“Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting.
3:13	zx33			מַגָּ֔ל	1	a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
3:13	rua7			בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר	1	Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
3:13	tz4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת	1	Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you”
3:13	haw5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם	1	Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain.
3:14	y2ge			הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים	1	A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
3:14	r3ir			בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ & בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ	1	This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
3:14	fq2i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ	1	There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges”
3:16	fj29				0	# General Information:\n\nYahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
3:16	fe1r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem”
3:16	yr8u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה & יִשְׁאָ֗ג	1	This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.”
3:16	lf34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:16	vd5q			וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ	1	This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
3:16	lr5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:17	isx1			וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם	1	Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
3:18	y22f			וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא & הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים	1	“This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
3:18	m6v9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס	1	“sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine”
3:18	yj7w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב	1	“milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk”
3:18	l5yu			וְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם	1	Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
3:18	k6qq			וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים	1	Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
3:18	f69l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים	1	This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.”
3:19	la92			מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
3:19	au36			וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
3:19	c2r8			מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
3:19	t6ay		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם	1	The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah”
3:20	gi4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever”
3:20	f72t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem”
3:21	dj9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי	1	Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished”
