Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
GEN	front	intro	d9wn			0		# Introduction to Genesis<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Genesis<br><br>1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel<br>- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)<br>- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)<br>- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)<br>- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)<br>- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)<br>1. The accounts of the Patriarchs<br>- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)<br>- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)<br>- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)<br>- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)<br>- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)<br><br>### What is Genesis about?<br><br>Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])<br><br>Genesis is also about the beginning of God’s people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham’s descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.<br><br>Genesis ends with Abraham’s descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Genesis” means “beginning,” so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as “The Beginning of Things” may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote Genesis?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.<br><br>God made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.<br><br>In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.<br><br>In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham’s descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.<br><br>### What was God’s purpose for the book of Genesis?<br><br>The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.<br><br>Genesis also describes the start of God’s plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham’s descendants.<br><br>### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?<br><br>There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham’s other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac’s older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac’s younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.<br><br>### How does Genesis present sin and evil?<br><br>Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God’s ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.<br><br>Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?<br><br>Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as “this is the record of,” “these were the events concerning,” or “these were the descendants of.” The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.<br><br>If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, “this is the record about” or “this is information about.” Some passages will be better translated, however, as “These were the descendants of.”<br><br>### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?<br><br>Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.<br><br>However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”), translators may decide to translate like this: “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.”<br><br>### What is the difference between “people,” “peoples,” and “people groups”?<br><br>The word “people” refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as “the people of Israel.” The word “peoples” (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.<br><br>The expression “people groups” (used in the UST) means the same thing as “peoples” in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.<br><br>### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?<br><br>Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor’s name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, “Cush” also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called “Cushites.” If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual’s name and the nation’s name similar. Examples of this are “Cush” and “Cushite” or “Moab” and “Moabite.” Otherwise, the translator may say, “the descendants of Cush” or “the descendants of Moab.”<br><br>### What do the phrases “to this day” or “of today” mean?<br><br>These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” and “of today” refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18.
GEN	1	intro	zb6f			0		# Genesis 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said…God saw that it was good…This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The universe<br><br>This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.<br><br>### Evening and morning<br><br>Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “In the beginning”<br><br>Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.<br><br>### “God said, ‘Let there be’”<br><br>This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
GEN	1	1	f2mg			0	In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth	“This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.” This statement summarizes the rest of the chapter. Some languages translate it as “A very long time ago God created the heavens and the earth.” Translate it in a way that shows this actually happened and is not just a folk story.
GEN	1	1	d49e			0	In the beginning	This refers to the start of the world and everything in it.
GEN	1	1	sk34			0	the heavens and the earth	“the sky, the ground, and everything in them”
GEN	1	1	mz2j			0	heavens	This refers here to the sky.
GEN	1	2	fn3q			0	without form and empty	God had not yet put the world in order.
GEN	1	2	ta3a			0	the deep	“the water” or “the deep water” or “the vast water”
GEN	1	2	n2d9			0	the surface of the waters	“the surface of the water” or “the water”
GEN	1	3	d7qw	figs-imperative		0	Let there be light	This is a command. By commanding that light should exist, God made it exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	4	h2r1			0	God saw the light, that it was good	“God considered the light and was pleased with it.” “Good” here means “pleasing” or “suitable.”
GEN	1	4	m8ue			0	divided the light from the darkness	“separated the light and the darkness” or “made it light at one time and dark at another.” This refers to God creating the daytime and the night time.
GEN	1	5	gl7g			0	This was evening and morning, the first day	God did these things on the first day that the universe existed.
GEN	1	5	jc2d	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	6	urb3	figs-imperative		0	Let there be an expanse…let it divide	These are commands. By commanding that the expanse should exist and that it divide the waters, God made it exist and divide the waters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	6	t6zc			0	expanse	large empty space. The Jewish people thought of this space as being shaped like the inside of dome or the inside of a bowl that is turned upside down.
GEN	1	6	se1i			0	between the waters	“in the water”
GEN	1	7	tq7f			0	God made the expanse and divided the waters	“In this way God made the expanse and divided the waters.” When God spoke, it happened. This sentence explains what God did when he spoke.
GEN	1	7	mt8y			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears.
GEN	1	8	ss9r	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	8	s25m			0	the second day	This refers to the second day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN	1	9	zu6f	figs-activepassive		0	Let the waters…be gathered	This can be translated with an active verb. This is a command. By commanding that the waters gather together, God made them gather together. Alternate translation: “Let the waters…gather” or “Let the waters…come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	9	iv2c	figs-imperative		0	let the dry land appear	The water had covered the land. Now the water would move aside and some of the land would be uncovered. This is a command. By commanding that dry land should appear, God made it appear. Alternate translation: “let dry land become visible” or “let the dry land become clear” or “let the land be uncovered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	9	l151			0	dry land	This refers to land that is not covered with water. It does not refer to land that is too dry for farming.
GEN	1	9	ha33			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN	1	10	g6hl			0	the dry land “earth,” and	“the part that was dry ‘earth,’ and”
GEN	1	10	ey94			0	He saw that it was good	Here “it” refers to the land and the sea. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN	1	11	d9q7	figs-imperative		0	Let the earth sprout vegetation	This is a command. By commanding that vegetation should sprout on the earth, God made it sprout. Alternate translation: “Let vegetation sprout up on the earth” or “Let vegetation grow on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	11	q5yp			0	vegetation: plants yielding seed and fruit trees bearing fruit	“vegetation, each plant that bears seed and each tree that bears fruit” or “vegetation. Let them be plants that produce seeds and fruit trees that produce fruit.” Here “vegetation” is used here as a general term that includes all plants and trees.
GEN	1	11	ssc1			0	plants	These are kinds of vegetation that have soft stems, rather than woody stems.
GEN	1	11	v3v1			0	fruit trees bearing fruit whose seed is in the fruit	“trees that bear fruit with seeds in them”
GEN	1	11	j3au			0	each according to its own kind	The seeds would produce plants and trees that would be like the ones they came from. In this way, the plants and trees would “reproduce themselves” .
GEN	1	11	fx6h			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN	1	12	d6s3			0	God saw that it was good	Here “it” refers to the vegetation, plants, and trees. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md).
GEN	1	13	ch8e	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	13	vw3s			0	the third day	This refers to the third day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN	1	14	sr8w	figs-imperative		0	Let there be lights in the sky	This is a command. By commanding that lights should exist, God made them exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	14	g95y			0	lights in the sky	“things that shine in the sky” or “things that give light in the sky.” This refers to the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN	1	14	t7b1			0	in the sky	“in the expanse of the sky” or “in the large space of the sky”
GEN	1	14	uw3r			0	to divide the day from the night	“to separate the day from the night.” This means “to help us tell the difference between day and night.” The sun means it is daytime, and the moon and stars mean it is nighttime.
GEN	1	14	m2r4	figs-imperative		0	let them be as signs	This is a command. By commanding that they should serve as signs, God made them serve as signs. Alternate translation: “Let them serve as signs” or “let them show” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	14	e4bt			0	signs	Here this means something that reveals or points to something.
GEN	1	14	x7vq			0	for seasons, for days and years	The sun, moon, and stars show the passing of time. This enables us to know when it is time for events that happen each week, month, or year.
GEN	1	14	ln32			0	seasons	times that are set aside for festivals and other things that people do
GEN	1	15	q4ne	figs-imperative		0	Let them be lights in the sky to give light upon the earth	This is a command. By commanding that they should light the earth, God made them light the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	15	p48m			0	to give light upon the earth	“to shine light on the earth” or “to brighten the earth.” The earth does not self-shine but it is lit and so reflects light.
GEN	1	15	y2g4			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN	1	16	p5cz			0	God made the two great lights	“In this way God made the two great lights.” This sentence explains what God did when he spoke.
GEN	1	16	z4uy			0	the two great lights	“the two large lights” or “the two bright lights.” The two great lights are the sun and the moon.
GEN	1	16	byf5	figs-personification		0	to rule the day	The lights that controlled the day are spoken of as if they were a human ruler that controlled what people do. Alternate translation: “to direct the daytime as a ruler directs a group of people” or “to mark the times of the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	1	16	ce4u			0	day	This refers only to the daylight hours.
GEN	1	16	a3ky			0	the lesser light	“the smaller light” or “the dimmer light”
GEN	1	17	n5jb			0	in the sky	“in the heavens” or “in the open space of the sky”
GEN	1	18	uz9k			0	to divide the light from the darkness	“to separate the light from the darkness” or “to make it light at one time and dark at another.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN	1	18	ugh9			0	God saw that it was good	Here “it” refers to the sun, moon, and stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN	1	19	ds1l	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	19	ukw9			0	the fourth day	This refers to the fourth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN	1	20	uw3u	figs-imperative		0	Let the waters be filled with great numbers of living creatures	This is a command. By commanding that living creatures should fill the waters, God made them exist. Some languages may have one word that refers to all kinds of fish and sea animals. Alternate translation: “Let the waters be full of many living things” or “Let many animals that swim live in the oceans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	20	g6cj	figs-imperative		0	let birds fly	This is a command. By commanding that birds should fly, God made them fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	20	p48l			0	birds	“animals that fly” or “flying things”
GEN	1	20	mqw4			0	the expanse of the sky	“the open space of the sky” or “the sky”
GEN	1	21	ks9m			0	God created	“In this way God created”
GEN	1	21	j9az			0	great sea creatures	“large animals that live in the sea”
GEN	1	21	hum1			0	after its kind	Living things of the same “kind” are like the ones they came from. See how you translated “kind” in [Genesis 1:11,12](./11.md).
GEN	1	21	p614			0	every winged bird	“every flying thing that has wings.” If the word for birds is used, it may be more natural in some languages to simply say “every bird,” since all birds have wings.
GEN	1	21	s322			0	God saw that it was good	Here “it” refers to the birds and the fish. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN	1	22	y1bp			0	blessed them	“blessed the animals that he had made”
GEN	1	22	ti8f	figs-doublet		0	Be fruitful and multiply	This is God’s blessing. He told the sea animals to produce more sea animals like themselves, so that there would be many of them in the seas. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	1	22	e4tn			0	multiply	increase greatly in number
GEN	1	22	lm9s	figs-imperative		0	Let birds multiply	This is a command. By commanding that birds should multiply, God made birds multiply. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	22	sg3v			0	birds	“animals that fly” or “flying things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:20](../01/20.md).
GEN	1	23	kpz8	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	23	ne8k			0	the fifth day	This refers to the fifth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN	1	24	ke21	figs-imperative		0	Let the earth produce living creatures	“Let the earth produce living things” or “Let many living animals live on the earth.” This is a command. By commanding that the earth should produce living creatures, God made the earth produce living creatures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	1	24	x6eu			0	each according to its own kind	“so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind”
GEN	1	24	m1pi			0	livestock, creeping things, and beasts of the earth	This shows that God created all kinds of animals. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups.
GEN	1	24	g2m4			0	livestock	animals that people look after
GEN	1	24	yk9w			0	creeping things	“small animals”
GEN	1	24	r6l3			0	beasts of the earth	“wild animals” or “dangerous animals”
GEN	1	24	l3v2			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN	1	25	m7h6			0	God made the beasts	“In this way God made the beasts”
GEN	1	25	s88h			0	He saw that it was good	Here “it” refers to the living creatures on the earth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN	1	26	x8fd	figs-pronouns		0	Let us make	The word “us” here refers to God. God was saying what he intended to do. The pronoun “us” is plural. Possible reasons for the plural use are (1) the plural form suggests that God is discussing something with the angels that make up his heavenly court or (2) the plural form foreshadows the later New Testament implications that God exists in the form of the Holy Trinity. Some translate it as “Let me make” or “I will make.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN	1	26	xk37			0	man	human beings
GEN	1	26	kt75	figs-doublet		0	in our image, after our likeness	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN	1	26	st51			0	have dominion over	“rule over” or “have authority over”
GEN	1	27	qip4	figs-parallelism		0	God created man…he created him	These two sentences mean the same thing and emphasize that God created people in his own image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	1	27	r7sx			0	God created man	The way that God created man was different from the way he created everything else. Do not specify that he created man by simply speaking, as in the preceding verses.
GEN	1	28	uiq2			0	God blessed them	The word “them” refers to the man and woman God had created.
GEN	1	28	tfr1	figs-doublet		0	Be fruitful, and multiply	God told the man and the woman to produce more people like themselves so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	1	28	a7nj			0	Fill the earth	Fill the earth with people.
GEN	1	30	j3is			0	General Information:	God continues speaking.
GEN	1	30	vc53			0	every bird of the heavens	“all the birds that fly in the sky”
GEN	1	30	etp6			0	that has the breath of life	“that breathes.” This phrase emphasizes that these animals had a different kind of life than the plants. Plants do not breathe, and were to be used as food for the animals. Here “life” means physical life.
GEN	1	30	di9p			0	It was so	“It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN	1	31	re3q			0	Behold, it	“This is true and important: it”
GEN	1	31	r2m5			0	it was very good	Now when God looked at everything he had made, it was “very good. “See how you translated “it was good” in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md).
GEN	1	31	stn7	figs-merism		0	evening and morning	This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	1	31	vqp1			0	the sixth day	This refers to the sixth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN	2	intro	nfp7			0		# Genesis 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25<br><br>Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.<br><br>### Yahweh, the name of God<br><br>“Yahweh,” the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term “the Lord.” Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using “the Lord” is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])<br><br>Translators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name “Yahweh,” approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.<br><br>Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, “The Great One,” “The Ruler of All,” “The One who Never Sleeps,” etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that “the Lord” has.<br><br>Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of “Yahweh” with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name “Yahweh” occurs in the Scriptures.<br><br>### The Garden of Eden<br><br>This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
GEN	2	1	c32g			0	the heavens	“the sky” or “the skies”
GEN	2	1	u4a2			0	and all the living things that filled them	“and all the many living things that are in them” or “and all the crowds of living things in them”
GEN	2	1	yv5z	figs-activepassive		0	were finished	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God had finished creating them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	2	2	hi76			0	On the seventh day God came to the end of his work	God did not work at all on the seventh day.
GEN	2	2	qf2n	figs-idiom		0	came to the end of	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “had finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	2	2	a69h			0	he rested on the seventh day from all his work	“on that day he did not work”
GEN	2	3	k8jv			0	God blessed the seventh day	Possible meanings are (1) God caused the seventh day to produce good result or (2) God said that the seventh day was good.
GEN	2	3	k5p6			0	sanctified it	“set it apart” or “called it his own”
GEN	2	3	dc8y			0	in it he rested from all his work	“on it he did not work”
GEN	2	4	br8g			0	General Information:	The rest of Genesis 2 tells about how God created people on the sixth day.
GEN	2	4	f65q			0	These were the events concerning the heavens and the earth	“This is the account of the heavens and the earth” or “This is the story about the heavens and the earth.” Possible meanings are (1) it is a summary of the events described in Genesis 1:1-2:3 or (2) it introduces the events described in Genesis 2. If possible, translate this so that people can understood it either way.
GEN	2	4	e8kg			0	they were created	“Yahweh God created them.” In chapter 1 the writer always speaks of God as “God,” but in chapter 2 he always speaks of God as “Yahweh God.”
GEN	2	4	j1fv			0	on the day that Yahweh God made	“when Yahweh God created.” The word “day” refers to the whole time span of the creation, not to just one particular day.
GEN	2	4	rpv8			0	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
GEN	2	5	s14i			0	No bush of the field	no shrubs growing in the wild that animals might eat
GEN	2	5	rk64			0	no plant of the field	no leafy plants like vegetables or greens that both animals and humans can eat
GEN	2	5	ef6d			0	to cultivate	to do everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well
GEN	2	6	xfl8			0	mist	Possible meanings are (1) something like dew or morning fog o (2) springs from underground streams.
GEN	2	6	v3yt			0	the whole surface of the ground	the entire earth
GEN	2	7	id8h			0	formed man	“molded man” or “shaped man” or “created man”
GEN	2	7	dk8k			0	man…man	“a human being…the human” or “a person…the person” not specifically a male
GEN	2	7	hjr4			0	his nostrils	“his nose”
GEN	2	7	ix5v			0	breath of life	“breath that makes things live.” Here “life” refers to physical life.
GEN	2	8	ezu8			0	a garden	This could have been an orchard of fruit trees or an area with all kinds of trees.
GEN	2	8	mn4d			0	eastward	in the east
GEN	2	9	rq2t			0	the tree of life	“the tree that gives people life”
GEN	2	9	ff9d			0	life	Here this means “eternal life” or life that does not end.
GEN	2	9	p743			0	the tree of the knowledge of good and evil	“the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things”
GEN	2	9	rp99	figs-merism		0	good and evil	This is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	2	9	r1nw			0	in the midst of the garden	“in the middle of the garden.” The two trees may not have been in the exact center of the garden.
GEN	2	10	qg1f			0	A river went out of Eden to water the garden	The garden was in Eden. The river continued to flow outside of Eden. “A river flowed through Eden to water the garden”
GEN	2	11	nw6i	translate-names		0	Pishon	This is the only time this river is referred to in the Bible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	2	11	k6gw	translate-names		0	the whole land of Havilah	“the whole land called Havilah.” It was somewhere in the Arabian Desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	2	11	i82f	figs-distinguish		0	where there is gold	This phrase gives information about Havilah. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “There is gold in Havilah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	2	12	x7hc			0	There are also bdellium and the onyx stone	The word “there” is placed first in the sentence for emphasis. Alternate translation: “This is also where people can find bdellium and onyx stones”
GEN	2	12	zst7	translate-unknown		0	bdellium	This resin comes from a tree and smells nice. A resin is sticky stuff that comes out of some trees and can burn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	2	12	eyf8	translate-unknown		0	the onyx stone	“onyx stones.” Onyx is a certain kind of beautiful stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	2	13	tr82	translate-names		0	Gihon	This is the only mention of this river in the Bible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	2	13	lzz9			0	flows throughout the whole land of Cush	The river did not cover the whole land, but wound through various parts of the land.
GEN	2	13	hc9p			0	the whole land of Cush	“the entire land called Cush”
GEN	2	14	trw5	figs-distinguish		0	which flows east of Ashur	“which flows in the land east of the city of Ashur.” The Tigris River flows from north to south. The phrase “which flows east of Ashur” gives information about where the Tigris River is. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “It flows east of Ashur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	2	15	js9w			0	the garden of Eden	“the garden that was in Eden”
GEN	2	15	e3ky			0	to work it	“to cultivate it.” This means to do everything necessary so that the plants will grow well.
GEN	2	15	r7v3			0	to maintain it	to guard against anything bad happening in it
GEN	2	16	c3wj			0	From every tree in the garden	“The fruit of every tree in the garden”
GEN	2	16	b9cu	figs-you		0	you	This pronoun is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	2	16	e4ij			0	may freely eat	“may eat without restriction”
GEN	2	17	ydc7			0	But from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you may not eat	These words complete the command that begins with the words “From every tree in the garden you may freely eat” in verse 15. In some languages, it may be more natural to say what is not permitted and to then say what is permitted, as in the UST.
GEN	2	17	l1vi			0	the tree of the knowledge of good and evil	“the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md).
GEN	2	17	up23			0	you may not eat	“I will not permit you to eat” or “you must not eat”
GEN	2	18	jeg8			0	I will make him a helper suitable for him	“I will make a helper who is just right for him”
GEN	2	19	sb6j			0	every animal of the field and every bird of the sky	The phrases “of the field” and “of the sky” tell where the animals and birds are usually found. Alternate translation: “all kinds of animals and birds”
GEN	2	20	f5az			0	all the livestock	“all the animals that people look after”
GEN	2	20	l5uf	figs-activepassive		0	there was found no helper suitable for him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “there was no companion that was right for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	2	21	vnf4			0	caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man	“caused the man to sleep intensely.” A deep sleep is a time of sleeping in which a person is not easily disturbed or wakened.
GEN	2	21	m6wd			0	flesh	This refers to the soft parts of the body like skin and muscle.
GEN	2	22	i9u8			0	With the rib…he made a woman	“From the rib…he formed a woman.” The rib was the material God made the woman from.
GEN	2	23	i7j8			0	This time, this one is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh	“Finally, this one’s bones are like my bones, and her flesh is like my flesh.” After looking among all the animals for a partner and not finding one, he finally saw someone who was like him and could be his partner. The man was probably expressing his feeling of relief and joy.
GEN	2	23	s44p			0	She will be called ‘woman,’ because she was taken out of man	The translator may want to write a footnote saying “The Hebrew word for ‘woman’ sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘man.’
GEN	2	24	yx3u			0	General Information:	What follows is written by the author. The man did not say these things.
GEN	2	24	v11k			0	Therefore a man	“That is why a man”
GEN	2	24	ydt1			0	a man will leave his father and his mother	“a man will stop living in his father and mother’s home.” This is about men in general. It does not refer to any particular man at any particular time.
GEN	2	24	tr8p	figs-idiom		0	they will become one flesh	This idiom speaks of sexual activity as though the bodies that are together become one body. Alternate translation: “their two bodies will become one body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	2	25	h8mq			0	They were both naked	The word “they” refers to the man and the woman that God had created.
GEN	2	25	t8n2			0	naked	“not wearing clothing”
GEN	2	25	ir9e			0	but were not ashamed	“they were not ashamed about being naked”
GEN	3	intro	j7i3			0		# Genesis 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, “Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made,” because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, “One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent” or “This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made.”<br><br>Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as “the fall” or “the fall of man” because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Curses<br><br>In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God’s punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])<br><br>### Serpent<br>Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	3	1	m3hl			0	Now	The writer is beginning a new part of the story.
GEN	3	1	v5dp			0	more shrewd	“more cunning” or “smarter at getting what he wanted by telling lies”
GEN	3	1	bp3b	figs-rquestion		0	Has God really said, ‘You…garden’?	The snake is pretending to be surprised that God has made this rule. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that God said, ‘You…garden.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	3	1	t1qz	figs-you		0	You must not eat	The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	3	2	k94l			0	We may eat	“We are allowed to eat” or “We have permission to eat”
GEN	3	3	ujz2			0	but concerning the fruit…garden, God said, ‘You may not eat it, nor may you touch it, or you will die	These words are the end of Eve’s description of God’s command to them that begins with the words “We may eat” in verse 2. Eve told the serpent what God had permitted them to do first and then what God had told them not to do. Some languages would say what they were told not to do first and then say what they were allowed to do, as in the UST.
GEN	3	3	b76r	figs-you		0	You may not…nor may you…you will die	The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	3	3	n3h9			0	You may not eat it	“You must not eat it” or “Do not eat it”
GEN	3	3	dhv7			0	nor may you touch it	“and you must not touch it” or “and do not touch it”
GEN	3	4	fw9n	figs-you		0	You will…not die	These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	3	5	rvj9	figs-you		0	you…your…you	These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	3	5	k8qs	figs-idiom		0	your eyes will be opened	“your eyes will open.” This idiom means “you will become aware of things” or “you will understand new things.” This meaning can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It will be as though your eyes were opened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	3	5	kv6j	figs-merism		0	knowing good and evil	Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	3	6	n2vt			0	it was a delight to the eyes	“the tree was delightful to look at” or “it was nice to look at” or “it was very beautiful”
GEN	3	6	sw6q			0	that the tree was desirable to make one wise	“she wanted the tree’s fruit because it could make a person wise” or “she wanted its fruit because it could make her understand what was right and wrong just as God does”
GEN	3	7	yn1e			0	The eyes of both of them were opened	“Then their eyes opened” or “They became aware” or “They understood.” See how you translated “your eyes will be opened” in [Genesis 3:5](../03/05.md).
GEN	3	7	jp6y			0	sewed	put together, probably using vines as thread
GEN	3	7	y6l1			0	fig leaves	If people do not know what fig leaves are like, this can be translated as “large leaves from a fig tree” or simply “large leaves.”
GEN	3	7	l856	figs-explicit		0	made coverings for themselves	They did this because they were ashamed. This implicit information can be made explicit if needed as in the UST. Alternate translation: “clothed themselves with them because they were ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	3	8	llf2			0	in the cool of the day	“at the time of day when a cool breeze blows”
GEN	3	8	gi6e			0	from the presence of Yahweh God	“from Yahweh God’s sight” or “so that Yahweh God would not see them” or “from Yahweh God”
GEN	3	9	c8sg			0	Where are you?	“Why are you trying to hide from me?” God knew where the man was. When the man answered, he did not say where he was but why he was hiding.
GEN	3	9	ijl7	figs-you		0	you	In verses 9 and 11, God was speaking to the man. Languages that have a singular form of “you” would use that here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	3	10	b8tp			0	I heard you	“I heard the sound you were making”
GEN	3	11	ujb1	figs-rquestion		0	Who told you	God knew the answer to this question. He asked it in order to force Adam to confess that he had disobeyed God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	3	11	hny5	figs-rquestion		0	Have you eaten…from?	Again, God knew this had happened. Translate this question in a form that shows God was accusing Adam of disobedience. The sentence can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must have eaten…from.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	3	13	fw79	figs-rquestion		0	What is this you have done?	God already knew what the woman had done. When he asked this question, he was giving her the opportunity to tell him about it, and he was expressing his disappointment with what she had done. Many languages use rhetorical questions for scolding or rebuking. If possible, use a form that expresses this disappointment. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	3	14	w3bn			0	cursed are you alone	“you alone are cursed.” The word “curse” is first in Hebrew in order to emphasize the contrast between God’s blessing on the animals and this curse on the serpent. This is a “curse formula,” or the way that curses were expressed. By saying this curse, God made it happen.
GEN	3	14	x1b4			0	all the livestock and all the beasts of the field	“all domestic animals and all wild animals”
GEN	3	14	yxn7			0	It is on your stomach that you will go	“You will move along the ground on your stomach.” The words “it is upon your stomach” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the way other animals would move along using their legs and the way the serpent would slither along on its stomach. This is also part of the curse formula.
GEN	3	14	p527			0	it is dust that you will eat	“you will eat dust.” The words “it is dust” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the plants above the ground that other animals would eat and the dirty food on the ground that the serpent would eat. This is part of the curse formula.
GEN	3	15	gi4d			0	hostility between you and the woman	This means that the serpent and the woman would become enemies.
GEN	3	15	p95z			0	seed	The word “seed” refers to what a man puts into a woman to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. Like the word “offspring,” it can refer to more than one person. Try to find a word that is singular but can refer to more than one person.
GEN	3	15	iyz4	figs-pronouns		0	He will bruise…his heel	The words “he” and “his” refer to the woman’s descendant. If “seed” was translated as plural, this can be translated as “they will bruise…their heel”; in this case, consider inserting footnotes to say that the “they” and “their” are used to translate a singular pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN	3	15	k4z3			0	bruise	“crush” or “strike” or “attack”
GEN	3	16	hk7l			0	I will greatly multiply your pain	“I will make your pain increase much” or “I will make your pain to be very severe”
GEN	3	16	a74c			0	in having children	“in giving birth to children” or “when you give birth to children”
GEN	3	16	rt5m			0	Your desire will be for your husband	“You will have a strong desire for your husband.” Possible meanings are (1) “You will want very much to be with your husband” or (2) “You will want to control your husband”
GEN	3	16	mk2u			0	he will rule over you	“he will be your master” or “he will control you”
GEN	3	17	vtq5			0	Adam	The name Adam is the same as the Hebrew word for “man.” Some translations say “Adam” and some say “the man.” You may use either form as it refers to the same person.
GEN	3	17	f2pb	figs-idiom		0	you have listened to the voice of your wife	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what your wife said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	3	17	jl8p	figs-explicit		0	have eaten from the tree	You can say what it was that they ate. Alternate translation: “have eaten the fruit of the tree” or “have eaten some of the fruit of the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	3	17	fhp5			0	You may not eat from it	“You must not eat from it” or “Do not eat its fruit”
GEN	3	17	rlw9	figs-activepassive		0	cursed is the ground	The word “curse” comes first in the sentence to emphasize that the ground, which had been “good” ([Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md)), was now under God’s curse. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	3	17	zjr5			0	through painful work	“by doing hard work”
GEN	3	17	dg63	figs-metonymy		0	you will eat from it	The word “it” refers to the ground and is a metonym for the parts of the plants, which grow in the ground, that people eat. Alternate translation: “you will eat what grows from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	3	18	zc9v			0	the plants of the field	Possible meanings are (1) “the plants that you take care of in your fields” or (2) “the wild plants that grow in the open fields.”
GEN	3	19	kc7j			0	By the sweat of your face	“By doing hard work that makes your face sweat”
GEN	3	19	pl6i	figs-synecdoche		0	you will eat bread	Here the word “bread” is a synecdoche for food in general. Alternate translation: “you will eat food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	3	19	z9pa			0	until you return to the ground	“until you die and your body is put in the ground.” In some cultures, they put the bodies of people who have died in a hole in the ground. Man’s hard work does not end until the time of his death and burial.
GEN	3	19	hc39			0	For dust you are, and to dust you will return	“I made you from soil, so your body will become soil again.” Translate both occurrences of “dust” with the same word in order to show that man begins and ends in the same condition.
GEN	3	20	lzl1			0	The man	Some translations say “Adam.”
GEN	3	20	qic8			0	called his wife’s name Eve	“gave his wife the name Eve” or “named his wife Eve”
GEN	3	20	pn1z			0	Eve	Translators may write a footnote saying “The name Eve sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘living.’”
GEN	3	20	wq8p	figs-nominaladj		0	all the living	The word “living” refers to people. Alternate translation: “all people” or “all living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	3	21	an9a			0	garments of skins	“clothing made out of animal skins”
GEN	3	22	ve6w			0	the man	Possible meanings are (1) God was referring to one human, the man, or (2) God was referring to humans in general, so this would mean the man and his wife. Even if God was speaking about one person, what he said applied to both of them.
GEN	3	22	gnj9			0	like one of us	“like us.” The pronoun “us” is plural. See how you translated “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md).
GEN	3	22	x7q6	figs-merism		0	knowing good and evil	Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	3	22	vz41	figs-activepassive		0	he must not be allowed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	3	22	qxt1			0	tree of life	“the tree that gives people life.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md).
GEN	3	23	t7zb			0	the ground from which he had been taken	“dirt because he had been taken from dirt.” This does not refer to the particular place on the land that the God took man from.
GEN	3	23	dri1			0	to cultivate	This means to what is needed so that plants grow well. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN	3	24	lwk4			0	So God drove the man out of the garden	“God forced the man to leave the garden.” This refers to the event in [Genesis 3:23](../03/23.md), where it says “Yahweh God sent him out of the garden of Eden.” God did not send the man out a second time.
GEN	3	24	jgc5			0	in order to guard the way to the tree of life	“in order to stop people from going to the tree of life”
GEN	3	24	uuj7			0	flaming sword	Possible meanings are (1) a sword that had flames coming from it or (2) a fire that was shaped like a sword. Languages that do not have swords could use another weapon such as a spear or arrow.
GEN	4	intro	a2f7			0		# Genesis 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Vengeance<br><br>The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>The theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:<br>“I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much” (Gen. 4:23b-24).
GEN	4	1	eg45	figs-euphemism		0	The man knew Eve	This is a polite way of saying that the man had sexual relations with Eve. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	4	1	vph2			0	The man	“the human being” or “Adam”
GEN	4	1	l6v2			0	I have produced a man	The word for “man” typically describes an adult male, rather than a baby or child. If that would cause confusion, it could be translated as “manchild” or “boy” or “baby boy” or “son.”
GEN	4	1	g2tx	figs-explicit		0	Cain	Translators may want to include a footnote that says “The name Cain sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘produce.’ Eve named him Cain because she produced him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	2	hv71			0	Then she gave birth	We do not know how much time passed between the births of Cain and Abel. They may have been twins, or Abel may have been born after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, use an expression that does not tell how much time passed.
GEN	4	2	bpy1			0	cultivated	This means he did everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN	4	3	x19b			0	It came about that	This phrase is used to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using that method here.
GEN	4	3	pvj2			0	in the course of time	Possible meanings are (1) “after some time had passed” or (2) “at the right time”
GEN	4	3	ph1l	figs-explicit		0	fruit of the ground	This refers to the food that came from plants he had tended. Alternate translation: “crops” or “harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	4	zq2f	figs-explicit		0	some of the fat	This refers to the fatty parts of the lambs that he had killed, it was the best part of the animal. Alternate translation: “some of their fat parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	4	mi4f			0	accepted	“looked favorably upon” or “was pleased with”
GEN	4	5	rcs4			0	did not accept	“did not look favorably upon” or “was not pleased with”
GEN	4	5	dyg6			0	was very angry	Some languages have an idiom for anger such as “He burned” or “His anger burned.”
GEN	4	5	bwt7	figs-idiom		0	he scowled	This means that the expression on his face showed that he was angry or jealous. Some languages have an idiom that describes what a person’s face looks like when he is angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	4	6	pu1k	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you angry and why are you scowling?	God used these rhetorical questions to tell Cain that he was wrong to be angry and scowl. They may also have been intended to give Cain an opportunity to confess that he was wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	4	7	ln9v	figs-rquestion		0	If you…will you not be accepted?	God used this rhetorical question to remind Cain of something Cain should have already known. Alternate translation: “You know that if you do what is right, I will accept you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	4	7	j7ks	figs-personification		0	But if you do not…you must rule over it	God speaks of sin as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “But if you do not do what is right, you will desire to sin even more, and then you will do sinful things. You must refuse to obey it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	4	7	eqb2	figs-metaphor		0	sin crouches…to control you	Here sin is spoken of as a dangerous wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack Cain. Alternate translation: “you will become so angry that you will not be able to stop sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	4	7	x8lx			0	sin	Languages that do not have a noun that means “sin” could translate this as “your desire to sin” or “the bad things you want to do.”
GEN	4	7	s7tk	figs-personification		0	you must rule over it	Yahweh speaks of Cain’s desire to sin as if it were a person over whom Cain should rule. Alternate translation: “you must control it so you do not sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	4	8	n4x9	translate-textvariants		0	Cain spoke to Abel his brother.	Some early translations tell explicitly what Cain said to his brother. You may want to do the same if it is present in your national version. Alternate translation: “Cain said to Abel his brother, ‘Let us go into the fields.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	8	h58l	figs-explicit		0	brother	Abel was Cain’s younger brother. Some languages may need to use the word for “younger brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	8	znp9	figs-idiom		0	rose up against	Standing up to fight against a person is an idiom for attacking him. Alternate translation: “attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	4	9	rc6x	figs-rquestion		0	Where is Abel your brother	God knew that Cain had killed Abel, but he asked Cain this question so that Cain would have to answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	4	9	r4il	figs-rquestion		0	Am I my brother’s keeper?	Cain used this rhetorical question so that he would not have to tell the truth. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not my brother’s keeper!” or “You know that taking care of my brother is not my job!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	4	10	fs9s	figs-rquestion		0	What have you done?	God uses a rhetorical question to rebuke Cain. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “What you have done is terrible!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	4	10	epa5	figs-metonymy		0	Your brother’s blood is calling out to me	Abel’s blood is a metonym for his death, as if it were a person calling out for God to punish Cain. Alternate translation: “Your brother’s blood is like a person calling out to me to punish the person who killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	4	11	xi71	figs-activepassive		0	Now cursed are you from the ground	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing you so that you will not be able to grow food from the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	4	11	p2h4	figs-personification		0	which has opened its mouth to receive your brother’s blood	God speaks of the earth as if it were a person who could drink Abel’s blood. Alternate translation: “which is soaked with your brother’s blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	4	11	n89j	figs-synecdoche		0	from your hand	Here Cain is represented by his “hand,” to emphasize that he personally had killed his brother. Alternate translation: “that spilled when you killed him” or “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	4	12	s7z7			0	cultivate	This means to do everything necessary to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN	4	12	t858	figs-personification		0	it will not yield to you its strength	The ground is personified as if it were a person who loses strength. Alternate translation: “the ground will not produce much food for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	4	12	vn98	figs-hendiadys		0	A fugitive and a wanderer	You can join these words together. Alternate translation: “A homeless wanderer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN	4	14	e7mj	figs-idiom		0	I will be hidden from your face	The term “your face” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	4	14	qwi8			0	a fugitive and a wanderer	See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:12](../04/12.md)
GEN	4	15	zay8	figs-activepassive		0	vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take vengeance on him seven times” or “I will punish that person seven times as severely as I am punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	4	15	y97q			0	would not attack him	“would not kill Cain”
GEN	4	16	f6yy	figs-idiom		0	went out from the presence of Yahweh	Even though Yahweh is everywhere, this idiom speaks of Cain as though he went far away. Alternate translation: “went away from where Yahweh spoke to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	4	16	rx4d			0	Nod	Translators may add a footnote saying “The word Nod means ‘wandering.’”
GEN	4	17	s2i7	figs-euphemism		0	Cain knew his wife	This is a polite way of saying that Cain had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	4	17	bf1z			0	He built a city	“Cain built a city”
GEN	4	18	n5ni	figs-explicit		0	To Enoch was born Irad	It is implied that Enoch grew up and married a woman. Alternate translation: “Enoch grew up and married and became the father of a son whom he named Irad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	18	l1gq	translate-names		0	Irad	This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	4	19	bm1j	translate-names		0	Adah…Zillah	women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	4	20	urt3			0	Adah	See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN	4	20	ll8c			0	He was the father of those who lived in tents	Possible meanings are (1) “He was the first person to live in a tent” or (2) “He and his descendants lived in tents.”
GEN	4	20	fpv4			0	who lived in tents who have livestock	people who both live in tents and also take care of animals
GEN	4	21	fv9d			0	He was the father of those who play the harp and pipe	Possible meanings are (1) “He was the first person to play the harp and pipe” or (2) “He and his descendants played the harp and pipe.”
GEN	4	22	m5qg			0	Zillah	See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN	4	22	n1k8	translate-names		0	Tubal-Cain	the name of a man (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	4	22	c64b			0	the forger of tools of bronze and iron	“who made tools out of bronze and iron”
GEN	4	22	k7q7			0	iron	a very strong metal used to make tools and weapons.
GEN	4	23	p6mu			0	Adah…Zillah	See how you translated these women’s names in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN	4	23	f7di	figs-parallelism		0	listen to my voice…listen to what I say	Lamech said the same thing twice for emphasis. His voice is a synecdoche for his whole person. Alternate translation: “listen carefully to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	4	23	pa9h	figs-parallelism		0	a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me	Lamech killed only one person. These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the certainty of his action. Alternate translation: “a young man because he hurt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	4	24	reh3	figs-activepassive		0	If Cain is avenged seven times, then Lamech	Lamech knows that God will avenge Cain seven times. Alternate translation: “Since God will punish anyone who kills Cain seven times, Lamech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	4	24	w88s	figs-activepassive		0	then Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whoever kills me, God will punish seventy-seven times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	4	24	mz2s	translate-numbers		0	seventy-seven	77 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	4	25	g5y9	figs-euphemism		0	Adam knew his wife	This is a polite way of saying that Adam had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	4	25	y7i8	figs-explicit		0	said, “God has given me another son	This is the reason that she named him Seth. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “explained, ‘God has given me another child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	25	t9w6	translate-names		0	Seth	Translators may add a footnote that says “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘has given.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	4	26	aua4	figs-explicit		0	A son was born to Seth	This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Seth’s wife bore him a son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	4	26	i4rs	figs-explicit		0	to call on the name of Yahweh	This is the first time people called God by the name Yahweh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to worship God by using the name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	5	intro	v62r			0		# Genesis 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do.
GEN	5	1	wj9n			0	General Information:	This is the beginning of the list of Adam’s descendants.
GEN	5	1	qwp1	figs-pronouns		0	in his own likeness	This phrase means that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. See how “after our likeness” is translated in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN	5	2	j6nz	figs-activepassive		0	when they were created	This can be made active. Alternate translation: “when he created them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	5	3	zcj2	translate-numbers		0	130	Translators may write the words “one hundred thirty.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	3	a62w			0	he became the father of a son	“he had a son”
GEN	5	3	al1g			0	in his own likeness, after his image	These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used as a reminder that God made man in his own image. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md).
GEN	5	3	t33a			0	Seth	See how you translated this name in [Genesis 4:25](../04/25.md).
GEN	5	4	k8qg	translate-numbers		0	eight hundred	Translators may write the numerals “800.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	4	y8af			0	He became the father of more sons and daughters	“He had more sons and daughters”
GEN	5	5	j99s			0	then he died	This phrase will be repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.”
GEN	5	5	tw8v	translate-numbers		0	Adam lived 930 years	“Adam lived nine hundred and thirty years.” People used to live a very long time. Use your ordinary word for “years.” Alternate translation: “Adam lived a total of 930 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	6	r7dg	translate-numbers		0	105 years	“one hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	6	lqy1			0	he became the father of Enosh	Here “father” means his actual father, not his grandfather. Alternate translation: “he had his son Enosh”
GEN	5	6	ek6r	translate-names		0	Enosh	This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	5	7	t48l	translate-numbers		0	807 years	“eight hundred and seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	7	g73m			0	and became the father of more sons and daughters	“and had more sons and daughters”
GEN	5	8	sh2z	translate-numbers		0	Seth lived 912 years	“Seth lived nine hundred and twelve years.” Seth lived a total of 912 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	8	wqz6			0	then he died	This phrase is repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.”
GEN	5	9	qbk4	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	9	es59	translate-numbers		0	ninety years	“90 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	10	q4y5	translate-numbers		0	815 years	“eight hundred and fifteen years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	11	kjj5	translate-numbers		0	905 years	“nine hundred and give years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	12	s2nr	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	12	xpk5	translate-numbers		0	seventy years	“70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	13	n3df	translate-numbers		0	840 years	“eight hundred and forty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	14	k461	translate-numbers		0	910 years	“nine hundred and ten years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	15	bi8l	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	18	hfg3	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	21	i3dx			0	he became the father of Methuselah	“he had his son Methuselah”
GEN	5	21	se6e	translate-names		0	Methuselah	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	5	22	w9tp	figs-metaphor		0	Enoch walked with God	To walk with someone is a metaphor for being in a close relationship with him. Alternate translation: “Enoch had a close relationship with God” or “Enoch lived in union with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	5	22	bmi4			0	He became the father of more sons and daughters	“He had more sons and daughters”
GEN	5	23	rs6f	translate-numbers		0	Enoch lived 365 years	“Enoch lived three hundred and sixty-five years.” Enoch lived a total of 365 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	24	nyq3			0	then he was gone	The word “he” refers to Enoch. He was no longer on earth.
GEN	5	24	lhk8			0	for God took him	This means that God took Enoch to be with himself (God).
GEN	5	25	y9rj	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	25	nk49			0	Lamech	This Lamech is different from the Lamech in [Genesis 4:18](../04/18.md).
GEN	5	28	ljh7	translate-numbers		0	182 years	“one hundred and eighty-two years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	28	u994			0	became the father of a son	“had a son”
GEN	5	29	fk97	translate-names		0	Noah	Translators may want to add a footnote that says: “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘rest.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	5	29	lr8d	figs-doublet		0	from our work and from the painful labor of our hands	Lamech says the same thing twice to emphasize how hard the work was. Alternate translation: “from working so hard with our hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	5	30	ah2j	translate-numbers		0	595 years	“five hundred and ninety-five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	31	kv28	translate-numbers		0	Lamech lived 777 years	“Lamech lived seven hundred seventy-seven years.” Lamech lived a total of 777 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	5	32	z148			0	he became the father of	“he had his sons.” This does not tell us whether the sons were born on the same day or in different years.
GEN	5	32	n65e			0	Shem, Ham, and Japheth	These sons may not be listed in the order of their birth. There is disagreement about which one was the oldest. Avoid translating this in a way that implies that the list is in the order of their ages.
GEN	6	intro	ak78			0		# Genesis 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression.
GEN	6	1	x6gk			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	6	1	dj4v	figs-activepassive		0	daughters were born to them	This can be active. Alternate translation: “the women bore daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	6	2	l1va			0	sons of God	Translators could add a footnote saying: “It is not clear whether this refers to heavenly beings or human beings. In either case, they were beings that God created.” Some believe these words refer to angels who rebelled against God, that is, evil spirits or demons. Others think this may refer to powerful political rulers, and others think this may refer to the descendants of Seth.
GEN	6	3	lz4s			0	My spirit	Here Yahweh is talking about himself and his spirit, which is the Spirit of God.
GEN	6	3	et8s			0	flesh	This means that they have physical bodies that will one day die.
GEN	6	3	pvv2	translate-numbers		0	They will live 120 years	“They will live one hundred and twenty years.” Possible meanings are (1) the normal lifespan of people would decrease to 120 years. Alternate translation: “They will not live more than 120 years” or (2) in 120 years everyone would die. Alternate translation: “They will live only 120 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	6	4	e44a			0	Giants	very tall, large people
GEN	6	4	ih17			0	This happened when	“The giants were born because”
GEN	6	4	et78			0	sons of God	See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:2](../06/02.md).
GEN	6	4	slb2			0	These were the mighty men of old	“These giants were the mighty men who lived long ago” or “These children grew to become the powerful fighters who lived long ago”
GEN	6	4	sk1e			0	mighty men	men who are courageous and victorious in battle
GEN	6	4	u34f			0	men of renown	“famous men”
GEN	6	5	q6rz			0	every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts	“everything their hearts wanted to think about”
GEN	6	5	id88	figs-metonymy		0	the thoughts of their hearts	The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that thinks. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the part of people that thinks. Alternate translation: “their inner, secret thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	6	6	mr7b	figs-metonymy		0	it grieved him to his heart	The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that feels sadness. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the emotions. Alternate translation: “he was very, very sad about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	6	7	tk23	figs-metaphor		0	I will wipe away mankind…from the surface of the earth	The writer speaks of God killing people as if God were wiping dirt off a flat surface. Alternate translation: “I will destroy mankind…so that there will not be any people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	6	7	if98	figs-distinguish		0	I will wipe away mankind whom I have created	Some languages would need to translate this as two sentences. Alternate translation: “I created mankind. I will wipe them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	6	7	ss97			0	wipe away	“completely destroy.” Here “wipe away” is used in a negative sense, for God is talking about destroying the people because of their sin.
GEN	6	8	sc4m	figs-idiom		0	Noah found favor in the eyes of Yahweh	The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh looked favorably on Noah” or “Yahweh was pleased with Noah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	6	9	y7rc			0	General Information:	This begins the story of Noah, which continues into chapter 9.
GEN	6	9	nwq5			0	These were the events concerning Noah	“This is the account of Noah”
GEN	6	9	eh9u			0	walked with God	See how you translated this in [Genesis 5:21](../05/21.md).
GEN	6	10	sf7p			0	Noah became the father of three sons	“Noah had three sons” or “Noah’s wife had three sons”
GEN	6	10	kk5r			0	Shem, Ham, and Japheth	Translators may add the following footnote: “The sons are not listed in the order in which they were born.”
GEN	6	11	ym2f	figs-metonymy		0	The earth	Possible meanings are (1) the people who lived on the earth or (2) “The earth itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	6	11	cmt9	figs-metaphor		0	was corrupt	The people doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were food that has become rotten. Alternate translation: “was rotten” or “was completely evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	6	11	uj42			0	before God	Possible meanings are (1) “in God’s sight” or (2) “in the presence of Yahweh” as in [Genesis 4:16](../04/16.md).
GEN	6	11	taq9	figs-metaphor		0	and it was filled with violence	The writer speaks of violence as if it were something that could be put into a container and of the earth as a container. Alternate translation: “and there were very many violent people on the earth” or “because it was full of people who did evil things to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	6	12	j3ek			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	6	12	ut53	figs-synecdoche		0	all flesh	Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	6	12	ds5x	figs-metaphor		0	had corrupted their way	How a person behaves is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “had stopped living the way God wanted” or “had behaved in an evil way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	6	13	qem8			0	all flesh	See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN	6	13	hw2i			0	the earth is filled with violence through them	“people everywhere on earth are violent”
GEN	6	13	tw4l			0	I will destroy them with the earth	“I will destroy both them and the earth” or “I will destroy them when I destroy the earth”
GEN	6	14	c3m5			0	an ark	This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge”
GEN	6	14	m88q			0	cypress wood	People do not know exactly what kind of tree this was. “wood used for building boats” or “good wood”
GEN	6	14	a94b	figs-explicit		0	cover it with pitch	The reason for doing this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “spread pitch on it” or “paint tar on it” or “cover it with pitch to make it waterproof” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	6	14	ryf4			0	pitch	This is a thick, sticky or oily liquid that people put on the outside of a boat to stop water from going through gaps in the wood into the boat.
GEN	6	15	cz5l	translate-bdistance		0	cubits	A cubit was a unit of measure, a little less than half a meter long. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN	6	15	xri9	translate-bdistance		0	three hundred cubits	“138 meters.” You may use the Hebrew measuring units from the ULT or the metric units from the UST or your own culture’s units if you know how they compare to the metric units. You may also write a footnote that says: “Three hundred cubits is about 138 meters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN	6	15	y496	translate-bdistance		0	fifty cubits	“twenty-three meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN	6	15	u2h3	translate-bdistance		0	thirty cubits	“fourteen meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN	6	16	bv39			0	a roof for the ark	This was probably a peaked or slanted roof. Its purpose was to protect everything in the ark from the rain.
GEN	6	16	se34	translate-bdistance		0	cubit	A cubit was a little less than half a meter long. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN	6	16	ml4z			0	a lower, a second, and a third deck	“a lower deck, a middle deck, and an upper deck” or “three decks inside”
GEN	6	16	gl2q			0	deck	“floor” or “level”
GEN	6	17	f72f			0	Listen	God said this in order to emphasize that he would do what he was about to say. “Pay attention” or “Listen to what I am saying”
GEN	6	17	b6s7	figs-go		0	I am about to bring the flood of waters	In some languages it may b e better to say “to send” instead of “to bring. It is also possible to avoid the direction and say “to cause.” Alternate translation: “I am about to send a flood of waters” or “I am about to cause a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	6	17	h8ev	figs-synecdoche		0	all flesh	Here “flesh” represents all physical beings, including humans and animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	6	17	jv7g	figs-metonymy		0	that has in it the breath of life	Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	6	18	ycd4			0	establish my covenant with you	“make a covenant between you and me”
GEN	6	18	uqa9			0	with you	with Noah
GEN	6	18	c9jq			0	You will come into the ark	“You will enter the ark.” Some translations say “You will go into the ark.”
GEN	6	19	gs78			0	Of every living creature of all flesh, two of every kind you must bring into the ark	“You must bring into the ark two of every kind of living creature”
GEN	6	19	x8zw			0	creature	an animal God created
GEN	6	19	v6ar			0	all flesh	See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN	6	20	v1mj			0	after their kind	“of each different kind”
GEN	6	20	ua1j			0	creeping thing of the ground	This refers to small animals that move on the ground .
GEN	6	20	b3i9			0	two of every sort	This refers to two of every kind of bird and animal.
GEN	6	20	f2s1	figs-you		0	to you	This refers to Noah and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	6	20	msl4			0	to keep them alive	“so you can keep them alive”
GEN	6	21	w126	figs-you		0	yourself…you	These refer to Noah and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	6	21	bbh4			0	food that is eaten	“food that people and animals eat”
GEN	6	22	df5r	figs-parallelism		0	So Noah did this. According to all that God commanded him, so he did	These two sentences mean the same thing. The second sentence explains the first and emphasizes that Noah obeyed God. These parallel sentences can be combined into one. Alternate translation: “So Noah did everything that God commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	7	intro	n23k			0		# Genesis 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Clean animals and birds<br><br>Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the “clean” animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])<br><br>### Water underneath and over the earth<br><br>The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN	7	1	n13c			0	General Information:	The events in this chapter take place after Noah built the ark, gathered the food, and put it in the ark.
GEN	7	1	iml7	figs-go		0	Come…into the ark	“Enter…into the ark.” Many translations read “Go…into the ark.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	7	1	lh4z	figs-you		0	you	The word “you” refers to Noah and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	7	1	jtj5			0	your household	“your family”
GEN	7	1	d59a			0	righteous before me	This means that God saw Noah as righteous.
GEN	7	1	c6rt			0	in this generation	This refers to all the people who were living at that time. Alternate translation: “among all the people who are now living”
GEN	7	2	qv8l	figs-go		0	you will bring	“take.” Many translations read “you will take.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	7	2	j5le			0	clean animal	This was an animal that God allowed his people to eat and to sacrifice.
GEN	7	2	js39			0	animals that are not clean	These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to sacrifice.
GEN	7	3	t2rp			0	to preserve their offspring	“so that they will have offspring that will live” or “so that, after the flood, animals will continue to live”
GEN	7	4	v9e3			0	forty days and forty nights	This was a full forty days. It was not a total of eighty days. Alternate translation: “forty days and nights”
GEN	7	4	ss6k			0	living	This refers to physical life.
GEN	7	6	a3lu			0	General Information:	Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	6	y68j			0	came upon the earth	“happened” or “came on the earth”
GEN	7	7	jew8			0	because of the waters of the flood	“because of the flood that would come” or “to escape the flood water”
GEN	7	8	z9t2			0	General Information:	Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	8	u2ij			0	clean animals	These were animals that God allowed people to eat and to give to him as sacrifices.
GEN	7	8	er9l			0	unclean animals	These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to give to him as sacrifices.
GEN	7	9	ib15			0	two by two	The animals entered the boat in pairs of one male and one female.
GEN	7	10	z7w9			0	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story: the start of the flood. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	7	10	kkc2			0	after the seven days	“after seven days” or “seven days later”
GEN	7	10	uy9m	figs-explicit		0	the waters of the flood came upon the earth	The implicit information, “it started to rain” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “it started to rain and the waters of the flood came upon the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	7	11	gsi1			0	General Information:	Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	11	ybc8	translate-ordinal		0	In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life	“When Noah was 600 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	7	11	wi34	translate-hebrewmonths		0	the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month	Since Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the second month of the Hebrew calendar. But this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	7	11	m7m8			0	on the same day	This refers to the specific day when the rain began. This phrase emphasizes how all of these major events happened quickly when the time arrived.
GEN	7	11	tw87			0	the fountains of the great deep burst open	“water from under the earth rushed up to the earth’s surface”
GEN	7	11	nsh5			0	the great deep	This refers to the sea that was thought to be under the earth.
GEN	7	11	qtm7			0	the windows of heaven were opened	This refers to rain. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were opened, the water came down through them. Alternate translation: “the sky opened” or “the doors in the sky opened”
GEN	7	12	ri9c			0	rain	If your language has a word for a great amount of rain, it would be appropriate here.
GEN	7	13	dh5z			0	General Information:	Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	13	yp26			0	On that very same day	“On that exact day.” This refers to the day that the rain started. Verses 13-16 tell what Noah did immediately before the rain began.
GEN	7	14	l52z			0	wild animal…livestock…creeping thing…bird	These four groups are listed to show that every kind of animal was included. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md).
GEN	7	14	ayv5			0	creeping thing	This refers to animals that crawl on the ground, like rodents, insects, lizards, and snakes.
GEN	7	14	v2bb			0	according to its kind	“so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md).
GEN	7	15	i5qf			0	General Information:	Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	15	pbr7	figs-metonymy		0	Two of all flesh	Here “flesh” represents animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	7	15	d2w3	figs-metonymy		0	in which was the breath of life	Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	7	15	lgu4	figs-go		0	came to Noah	The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	7	15	uni5	figs-synecdoche		0	of all flesh	Here “flesh” represents animals. Alternate translation: “of every kind of animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	7	16	j6fz	figs-explicit		0	after them	The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “after they entered the ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	7	17	ea6p			0	General Information:	Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN	7	17	b3ji			0	the water increased	“the water became very deep.” This happened during the forty days while the water kept coming.
GEN	7	17	ww1c			0	lifted the ark	“it caused the ark to float”
GEN	7	17	n9ke			0	raised it above the earth	“causes the ark to rise up high over the ground” or “he ark floated on top of the deep water”
GEN	7	19	j266			0	The waters rose greatly on the earth	“The water totally overwhelmed the earth”
GEN	7	20	k8t7			0	fifteen cubits	“six meters.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md).
GEN	7	21	x8dz			0	moved upon	“moved about” or “roamed”
GEN	7	21	hq98			0	all the living creatures that lived in great numbers upon the earth	This refers to all the animals that move around on the ground in large groups.
GEN	7	22	wlj2	figs-synecdoche		0	who breathed the breath of life through their noses	Here “noses” represent the whole animal or human. Alternate translation: “everyone that breathed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	7	22	cdp8	figs-metonymy		0	the breath of life	The words “breath” and “life” represent the power that causes people and animals to be alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	7	23	ki1a	figs-activepassive		0	So every living thing…was wiped out	If necessary, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So every living thing…perished” or “So the flood completely destroyed every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	7	23	wvw2	figs-activepassive		0	They were all destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God destroyed them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	7	23	pnx5			0	from the earth	“so they were no longer on the earth”
GEN	7	23	drq1			0	those with him	“the people and animals that were with him”
GEN	7	23	g46l			0	were left	“remained” or “lived” or “remained alive”
GEN	8	intro	z61w			0		# Genesis 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Flood waters<br>The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.<br><br>### The mountains of Ararat<br>It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey.
GEN	8	1	vs3j			0	considered Noah	“remembered Noah” or “decided to help Noah”
GEN	8	1	xtv9			0	ark	This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge”
GEN	8	2	zi8q	figs-activepassive		0	The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven were closed	“The water stopped coming out of the ground and the rain stopped falling.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God closed the fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	8	2	p1zi			0	fountains of the deep	“water from under the earth.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md).
GEN	8	2	dh7e			0	the windows of heaven were closed	This refers to the rain stopping. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were closed, the water stopped coming through them. See how “the windows of heaven” is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “the sky closed” or “the doors in the sky closed”
GEN	8	4	te6b			0	came to rest	“landed” or “stopped on solid ground”
GEN	8	4	fi75	translate-hebrewmonths		0	in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month	Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	8	5	gf1v	translate-hebrewmonths		0	tenth month	Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	8	5	l1gg			0	On the first day of the month	“On the first day of the tenth month”
GEN	8	5	yhx2	figs-explicit		0	appeared	This can be made more explicit: “appeared above the surface of the water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	8	6	lmm4			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. Alternate translation: “It happened that”
GEN	8	6	k8bq	figs-distinguish		0	It came about…the window of the ark which he had made	The phrase “which he had made” tells about the window. Some languages may need to make this phrase a separate sentence: “Noah had made a window in the boat. It came about after forty days that he opened the window” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	8	7	rm8x			0	raven	a black bird that eats mainly the flesh of dead animals
GEN	8	7	s2vc			0	it flew back and forth	This means that the raven kept leaving the boat and returning.
GEN	8	7	dn2u	figs-activepassive		0	until the waters were dried up	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the wind dried up the waters” or “until the waters dried up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	8	8	f1ln			0	he sent out a dove	If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove.”
GEN	8	9	r2x5			0	to rest her foot	“to land” or “to perch.” It means to land on something in order to rest from flying.
GEN	8	9	clq5			0	her foot…she returned…and brought her	The word “dove” is feminine in the author’s language. You could translate these phrases with the pronouns “its…it…it” or “his…he…him,” depending on how your language refers to a dove.
GEN	8	9	rst8			0	he…him	If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove,” “Noah stretched forth his hand,” etc.
GEN	8	10	p48z			0	He waited another seven days	“He again waited for seven days”
GEN	8	11	hjg1			0	Look	“Pay attention” or “This is important”
GEN	8	11	mc6s			0	a freshly plucked olive leaf	“a leaf that she had just plucked from an olive tree”
GEN	8	11	nbw2			0	plucked	“broken off”
GEN	8	12	x79p	figs-explicit		0	She did not return again to him	If people would not understand, you could state the reason explicitly: “She did not return again to him because she found a place to land.” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	8	13	ejr2			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	8	13	nhb3	translate-ordinal		0	in the six hundred and first year	“when Noah was 601 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	8	13	k4h8	translate-hebrewmonths		0	the first month, on the first day of the month	Since Moses wrote this book it is possible he is referring to the first month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	8	13	dvf1	figs-activepassive		0	the waters were dried up from off the earth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the waters covering the earth dried up” or “the wind dried up the waters covering the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	8	13	uyy6			0	the covering of the ark	This refers to a cover that kept the rain water from going into the ark.
GEN	8	13	l4nx			0	behold	The word “behold” tells us to pay attention to the important information that comes next.
GEN	8	14	afz6	translate-hebrewmonths		0	In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month	“On the twenty seventh day of the second month.” This may refer to the second month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	8	14	tn29			0	the earth was dry	“the ground was completely dry”
GEN	8	16	k1zj	figs-go		0	Go out of	“Leave.” Some translations read “Come out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	8	17	y1p1	figs-go		0	Take out	“Take.” Some translations read “Bring out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	8	17	cg9q			0	every living creature of all flesh	“every kind of living creature.” See how “all flesh” is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN	8	17	bv2p	figs-doublet		0	be fruitful and multiply	This is an idiom. See how this is translated in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). God wanted the humans and animals to reproduce, so there would be many of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	8	18	e5a9	figs-go		0	Noah went out	Some translations read “Noah came out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	8	19	g5xb			0	according to their families	“in groups of their own kinds”
GEN	8	20	wu8x			0	built an altar to Yahweh	“built an altar dedicated to Yahweh” or “built an altar for worshiping Yahweh.” He may have built it with stones.
GEN	8	20	y625			0	clean animals…clean birds	Here “clean” means that God allowed these animals to be used in sacrifice. Some animals were not used for sacrifices and were called “unclean.”
GEN	8	20	t66t			0	offered burnt offerings	Noah killed the animals and then completely burned them up as an offering to God. Alternate translation: “burned the animals as offerings to Yahweh”
GEN	8	21	z8wm			0	pleasing aroma	This refers to the good smell of the roasted meat.
GEN	8	21	v91q			0	said in his heart	Here the word “heart” refers to God’s thoughts and emotions.
GEN	8	21	li87			0	curse the ground	“do very serious harm to the earth”
GEN	8	21	t7q2	figs-explicit		0	because of mankind	This can be made more explicit: “because mankind is sinful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	8	21	k2f9			0	the intentions of their hearts is evil from childhood	“from their earliest years they tend to do evil things” or “when they are young, they want to do evil things”
GEN	8	21	i5xk			0	the intentions of their hearts	Here the word “hearts” refers to people’s thoughts, emotions, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “their tendency” or “their habit”
GEN	8	21	me8a			0	from childhood	This refers to an older child. Alternate translation: “from their youth”
GEN	8	22	t468			0	While the earth remains	“While the earth lasts” or “As long as the earth exists”
GEN	8	22	mwx9			0	seed time	“the season for planting”
GEN	8	22	v7fe	figs-merism		0	cold and heat, summer and winter	These expressions both refer to two major weather conditions in the year. Translators may use local expressions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	8	22	wu43			0	summer	the hot, dry time of the year
GEN	8	22	t9hn			0	winter	the cool, wet or snowy time of the year
GEN	8	22	vy7b	figs-doublenegatives		0	will not cease	“will not cease to exist” or “will not cease to occur.” This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: “will continue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	9	intro	at1n			0		# Genesis 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Man’s relationship to animals<br>There is a noticeable shift in man’s relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Life in the blood<br>This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])<br><br>### Covenant with Noah<br>God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### A father’s nakedness<br>In Noah’s culture, it was unacceptable to see a father’s nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father’s nakedness. Ham’s actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth”<br>This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him.
GEN	9	1	bpc9	figs-doublet		0	Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth	This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	9	2	e28l	figs-metaphor		0	The fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every living animal…and upon all the fish of the sea	The writer speaks of fear and dread as if they were physical objects that could be upon the animals. Alternate translation: “Every living animal…and all the fish of the sea will be dreadfully afraid of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	9	2	ax85	figs-doublet		0	The fear of you and the dread of you	The words “fear” and “dread” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how afraid the animals will be of mankind. Alternate translation: “A dreadful fear of you” or “A terrible fear of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	9	2	gm7c			0	every living animal on the earth	This is the first of the four categories of animals that the writer lists, and not a summary of the rest of the animals that he mentions next.
GEN	9	2	qqp7			0	bird	This is a general term for things that fly. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:21](../01/21.md).
GEN	9	2	fhz4			0	upon everything that goes low on the ground	This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](../01/25.md).
GEN	9	2	g7t3	figs-metonymy		0	They are given into your hand	The hand represents control. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “They are given into your control” or “I have put them under your control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	9	3	gxp7			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN	9	4	s9mx			0	life…blood	Translators may add a footnote such as this: “The blood is a symbol for life.” They may also add a footnote that says something like this: “God was commanding people not to eat meat while the blood was still in it. They had to drain out the blood first.”
GEN	9	5	jd7y			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN	9	5	t1t8			0	But for your blood	This contrasts man’s blood with the blood of animals ([Genesis 9:4](../09/04.md)).
GEN	9	5	w9jw	figs-explicit		0	for your blood, the life that is in your blood	It is implied that the blood is shed, or poured out, or spilled out. Alternate translation: “if anyone causes your blood to pour out” or “if anyone spills your blood” or “if anyone kills you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	9	5	c5je			0	life	This refers to physical life.
GEN	9	5	sp2y			0	I will require payment	This payment refers to the death of the murderer, not to money. Alternate translation: “I will require anyone who kills you to pay”
GEN	9	5	f5z4	figs-synecdoche		0	from the hand	Here the word “hand” refers to the one who is responsible for something happening. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	9	5	ihu7			0	From the hand of every animal I will require it	“I will require any animal that takes your life to pay”
GEN	9	5	kr1g			0	From the hand of any man, that is, from the hand of one who has murdered his brother, I will require an accounting for the life of that man	“I will require anyone who takes the life of another person to pay”
GEN	9	5	hye6	figs-synecdoche		0	From the hand of	This phrase refers to the person in a very personal way. Alternate translation: “From that very man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	9	5	n71j			0	brother	Here “brother” is used as a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group.
GEN	9	6	ghj9	figs-metaphor		0	Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man will his blood be shed	The shedding of blood is a metaphor for killing someone. This means that if a person murders someone, someone else must kill the murderer. However, “blood” is very significant in this passage and should be used in the translation if possible. Translate “sheds blood” with words that indicate a major loss of blood that causes death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	9	6	pnh5			0	for it was in the image of God that he made man	“because God made people to be like him” or “because I made people in my own image”
GEN	9	7	r2cz	figs-doublet		0	be fruitful and multiply	This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	9	8	ra1n			0	Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him	God was already speaking to them. This phrase marks a change in what God was going to speak about. Alternate translation: “God continued speaking to Noah and his sons” or “Then God went on to say”
GEN	9	9	cpy2			0	As for me	This phrase is used in English to mark the change from God talking about what Noah and his sons must do to talking about what God would do.
GEN	9	9	maf2			0	confirm my covenant with you	“make a covenant between you and me.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md).
GEN	9	11	q967			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN	9	11	lay9			0	I hereby confirm my covenant with you	“By saying this, I make my covenant with you.” See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md).
GEN	9	11	zug5	figs-synecdoche		0	all flesh	Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	9	11	wr5z			0	Never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth	“There will never again be a flood that destroys the earth.” There would be floods, but they would not destroy the whole earth.
GEN	9	12	r1uh			0	sign	This means a reminder of something that was promised.
GEN	9	12	tl5l			0	covenant…for all future generations	The covenant applies to Noah and his family and also to all generations that follow.
GEN	9	14	l8xy			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN	9	14	s4e4			0	It will come about when	“Whenever.” It is something that would happen many times.
GEN	9	14	f9zr	figs-activepassive		0	the rainbow is seen	It is not clear who will see the rainbow, but because the covenant is between Yahweh and people, if you need to say who it is who will see the rainbow, it would be best to name both Yahweh and people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people and I see the rainbow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	9	14	kg5c			0	rainbow	the colorful strip of light that appears in the rain when the sun shines from behind the viewer
GEN	9	15	i9p6			0	I will call to mind my covenant	This does not mean that God would first forget. Alternate translation: “I will think about my covenant”
GEN	9	15	d7pg			0	me and you	The word “you” is plural. God was speaking to Noah and Noah’s sons.
GEN	9	15	lk6n			0	every living creature of all flesh	“every kind of living being”
GEN	9	15	vn2n	figs-synecdoche		0	all flesh	Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	9	16	kbz5			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN	9	16	b2e4			0	in order to remember	“so that I will remember” or “so that I will think about”
GEN	9	16	kf45			0	between God and every living creature	God is speaking here. Alternate translation: “between me and every living creature”
GEN	9	16	m4th			0	every living creature of all flesh	“every kind of living being.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 9:15](../09/15.md).
GEN	9	17	x593			0	Then God said to Noah	God was already talking to Noah. This phrase marks the final part of what God was saying. Alternate translation: “God finished by saying to Noah” or “So God said to Noah”
GEN	9	18	n7g4			0	General Information:	Verses 18-19 introduce the three sons of Noah, who will be an important part of the next story.
GEN	9	18	zxn9			0	father	Ham was Canaan’s true father.
GEN	9	20	bvi9			0	farmer	person who raises plants for food
GEN	9	21	d5k4			0	became drunk	“drank too much wine”
GEN	9	21	e6dg			0	uncovered	The text does not specify how much of Noah’s body was uncovered as he lay drunk. His sons’ reactions show us that it was shameful.
GEN	9	22	xd8e			0	his father	This refers to Noah.
GEN	9	24	ka8c			0	General Information:	In verses 25-27 Noah pronounced a curse on Ham’s son and blessings on Ham’s brothers. What Noah said about them also applied to their descendants, as shown in the UST. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in Noah’s curse and blessings in verses 25-27.
GEN	9	24	w9sj			0	awoke from his wine	He awoke after drinking wine and becoming drunk. He “became sober.”
GEN	9	24	y2mt			0	his youngest son	This refers to Ham. Alternate translation: “his youngest son, Ham”
GEN	9	25	tmj7			0	Cursed be Canaan	“I curse Canaan” or “May bad things happen to Canaan”
GEN	9	25	p9e7			0	Canaan	This was one of Ham’s sons. Alternate translation: “Ham’s son Canaan”
GEN	9	25	kp5y			0	a servant to his brothers’ servants	“the lowest servant of his brothers” or “the least important servant of his brothers”
GEN	9	25	ey5x			0	his brothers	This could refer either to Canaan’s brothers or to his relatives in general.
GEN	9	26	rx6d			0	General Information:	If you can, format these verses as they are formatted here to show your readers that this is poetry.
GEN	9	26	w1a7			0	May Yahweh, the God of Shem, be blessed	“Praised be Yahweh, the God of Shem,” or “Yahweh, the God of Shem, is worthy of praise” or “I praise Yahweh, the God of Shem”
GEN	9	27	s54q			0	May Canaan be his servant	“And let Canaan be Shem’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Shem’s descendants.
GEN	9	27	hh2y			0	May God extend the territory of Japheth	Possible meanings are (1) “May God make Japheth’s territory larger” or (2) “May God cause Japheth to have many descendants.”
GEN	9	27	bxj1			0	let him make his home in the tents of Shem	“let him leave peacefully with Shem.” This includes Japheth’s and Shem’s descendants.
GEN	9	27	x2sl			0	May Canaan be his servant	“Let Canaan be Japheth’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Japheth’s descendants.
GEN	10	intro	z42v			0		# Genesis 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Assyria and Nineveh<br>While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Sons were born to”<br>This is an unusual phrase meaning “were sons of.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	10	1	h24x			0	These were the descendants of the sons of Noah	“This is the account of Noah’s sons.” This sentence introduces the account of Noah’s descendants in Genesis 10:1-11:9.
GEN	10	5	w1ea			0	From these the coastland peoples separated and went into their lands	“Javan’s sons and descendants separated and moved to the coastlands and islands”
GEN	10	5	pl9t			0	coastland peoples	This refers to people who lived along the coast and on the islands.
GEN	10	5	xw9u			0	their lands	“their homelands.” These are the places that the people moved to and lived in.
GEN	10	5	nhz9			0	every one with its own language	“Each people group spoke its own language” or “The people groups divided themselves according to their languages”
GEN	10	6	s5fj			0	Mizraim	Mizraim is the Hebrew name for “Egypt.”
GEN	10	8	f6b4			0	conqueror	Possible meanings are (1) “mighty warrior” or (2) “mighty man” or (3) “powerful ruler.”
GEN	10	9	k3vf			0	before Yahweh	Possible meanings are (1) “in Yahweh’s sight” or (2) “with Yahweh’s help”
GEN	10	9	ig4i	writing-proverbs		0	That is why it is said	This introduces a proverb. Your language may introduce proverbs and sayings in a different way. Alternate translation: “This is the reason people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
GEN	10	10	i218			0	The first centers	Possible meanings are (1) the first centers he developed or (2) the important cities.
GEN	10	11	ufj6			0	he went to Assyria	“Nimrod went into Assyria”
GEN	10	13	d3j7			0	Mizraim became	The list of Noah’s descendants continues.
GEN	10	13	yc8k			0	Mizraim	Mizraim was one of Ham’s sons. His descendants became the people of Egypt. Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt.
GEN	10	16	l6at			0	Jebusites…Amorites…Girgashites	These names refer to larger groups of people that descended from Canaan.
GEN	10	19	h65z			0	border	line between one person’s land and another person’s land
GEN	10	19	vy73	figs-explicit		0	from Sidon, in the direction of Gerar, as far as Gaza	The direction south can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “from Sidon city in the north as far south as Gaza town, which is near Gerar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	10	19	rp9w	figs-explicit		0	as one goes toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim, as far as Lasha	The direction “east” or “inland” can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “then east toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim towns, as far as Lasha” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	10	20	b2zq			0	These were the sons of Ham	The word “these” refers to the people and people groups who were listed in verses [Genesis 6-19](./06.md).
GEN	10	20	t4tj			0	by their languages	“broken up according to their different languages”
GEN	10	20	w46b			0	in their lands	“in their homelands”
GEN	10	24	ns9i			0	Arphaxad	Arphaxad was one of Shem’s sons.
GEN	10	25	a5uy			0	Peleg	Translators may add a footnote note that says: “The name Peleg means ‘division.’”
GEN	10	25	wad2	figs-activepassive		0	the earth was divided	This can be made active. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth divided themselves” or “the people of the earth separated from one another” or “God divided the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	10	26	dqg8	translate-names		0	Joktan	Joktan was one of Eber’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	10	29	n82g			0	All these	“These” here refers to the sons of Joktan.
GEN	10	30	s9ds			0	Their territory	“The land they controlled” or “The land they lived in”
GEN	10	31	s4mu			0	These were the sons of Shem	The word “these” refers to the descendants of Shem ([Genesis 10:21-29](./21.md)).
GEN	10	32	lws8			0	These were the clans	This refers back to all the people listed in [Genesis 10:1-31](./01.md).
GEN	10	32	rr78			0	according to	“listed by”
GEN	10	32	a96c			0	From these the nations separated and went over the earth	“From these clans the nations divided and spread over the earth” or “These clans divided from each other and formed the nations of the earth”
GEN	10	32	bp4b	figs-explicit		0	after the flood	This can be stated clearly or more explicitly. Alternate translation: “after the flood destroyed the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	intro	ecl3			0		# Genesis 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the “Tower of Babel.”<br><br>This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God’s punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Age of people when they die<br>After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Personification<br>The statement “Yahweh came down to see” is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky”<br>The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	1	ar7x			0	Now	This word shows that the writer is beginning a new part of the story.
GEN	11	1	gr4c	figs-metonymy		0	the whole earth	This represents all the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	11	1	y7c6	figs-parallelism		0	used one language and had the same words	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that all people spoke the same language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	11	2	c5a7			0	they journeyed	“they moved around”
GEN	11	2	p5qy			0	in the east	Possible meanings are (1) “in the east” or (2) “from the east” or (3) “to the east.” The preferred choice is “in the east” because Shinar is to the east of where scholars believe the ark came to rest.
GEN	11	2	a3c6			0	settled	stopped moving from one place to another and began to live at one location
GEN	11	3	mad2			0	Come	If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here.
GEN	11	3	z6gz			0	bake them thoroughly	People make bricks out of clay and heat them in a very hot oven to make them hard and strong.
GEN	11	3	ihz3			0	tar	a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground
GEN	11	3	zxv1			0	mortar	This is a thick substance made of lime powder, clay, sand, and water used to make stones or bricks stick together.
GEN	11	4	nzr5			0	let us make a name for ourselves	“let us make our reputation great”
GEN	11	4	rxx9			0	name	reputation
GEN	11	4	ejq9	figs-activepassive		0	we will be scattered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will separate from each other and live in different places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	11	5	v8n7			0	the descendants of Adam	“the people”
GEN	11	5	t6pt	figs-explicit		0	came down	The information about where he came down from can be made explicit: “came down from heaven.” This does not tell how he came down. Use a general word meaning “came down.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	5	b3yl			0	to see	“to observe” or “to look more closely”
GEN	11	6	uzm2			0	one people with the same language	All the people were one big group and they all spoke the same language.
GEN	11	6	a83e			0	they are beginning to do this	Possible meanings are (1) “they have begun to do this,” meaning that they have begun to build the tower but it is not finished, or (2) “this is just the first thing they have done,” meaning that in future they will do greater things.
GEN	11	6	ux98	figs-doublenegatives		0	nothing that they intend to do will be impossible for them	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “anything they intend to do will be possible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	11	7	i5gb			0	Come	If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md).
GEN	11	7	i17m	figs-pronouns		0	let us go down	The word “us” is plural even though it refers to God. Some translate it as “let me go down” or “I will go down.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the pronoun is plural. See the note on “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN	11	7	d22g	figs-explicit		0	confuse their language	This means that Yahweh would cause the people all over the earth to stop speaking the same language. Alternate translation: “mix up their language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	7	plc4	figs-explicit		0	so that they may not understand each other	This was the purpose of confusing their language. Alternate translation: “so that they will not be able to understand what each other is saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	8	htq4			0	from there	“from the city”
GEN	11	9	m76d			0	its name was called Babel, because there Yahweh confused	The name “Babel” sounds like the word that means “confused.” Translators may want to add a footnote about this.
GEN	11	9	ppz1	figs-explicit		0	confused the language of the whole earth	It means that Yahweh caused the people all over the earth to no longer speak the same language. Alternate translation: “mixed up the language of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	11	10	jzy8			0	General Information:	The rest of this chapter lists the line of Shem’s descendants down to Abram.
GEN	11	10	gq2u			0	These were the descendants of Shem	This sentence begins the list of Shem’s descendants.
GEN	11	10	n5un			0	flood	This is the flood from Noah’s time when people had become so evil that God sent a worldwide flood to cover the earth.
GEN	11	10	y7s3			0	became the father of Arphaxad	“had his son Arphaxad” or “his son Arphaxad was born”
GEN	11	10	b4lz	translate-names		0	Arphaxad	a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	11	10	ty5m	translate-numbers		0	a hundred…two	Translators may write the words or the numerals “100” and “2.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	11	ix9y	translate-numbers		0	five hundred	Translators may write the words or the numeral “500.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	12	i93p			0	he became the father of Shelah	“his son Shelah was born”
GEN	11	12	i685	translate-names		0	Shelah	This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	11	13	v9kr	translate-numbers		0	403 years	“four hundred and three years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	14	aht6	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	16	nh92	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	18	t5j5	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	20	zj9y	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	22	qv7c	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	24	kk5d	translate-names		0	General Information:	The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	11	26	v3ui			0	Abram, Nahor, and Haran	We do not know the birth order of his sons.
GEN	11	27	sx61	translate-names		0	Now these were the descendants of Terah	This sentence introduces the account of Terah’s descendants. Genesis 11:27-25:11 tells about Terah’s descendants, particularly his son Abraham. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Terah’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	11	28	qu78	translate-names		0	Haran died in the presence of his father Terah	This means that Haran died while his father was still living. Alternate translation: “Haran died while his father, Terah, was with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	11	29	qxs6			0	took wives	“married wives”
GEN	11	29	x1m2	translate-names		0	Iskah	This is a female name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	11	30	s9v1			0	Now	This word is used to introduce new information about Sarai that will become important in later chapters.
GEN	11	30	yps7	figs-euphemism		0	barren	This term describes a woman who is physically unable to conceive or bear a child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	11	31	cu9g			0	his	Here the word “his” refers to Terah.
GEN	11	31	tj9e			0	Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram’s wife	“his daughter-in-law Sarai, who was the wife of his son Abram”
GEN	11	31	h4pi			0	Haran…Haran	These are two different names and they are spelled differently in Hebrew. One refers to a person and the other refers to a city. (The “h” sound in the city’s name is louder than the “h” sound in the person’s name.) You might choose to spell them differently in your language to show this.
GEN	11	32	lt94	translate-numbers		0	205 years	“two hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	12	intro	b9wm			0		# Genesis 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abram<br>When God said, “Go from your country, and from your relatives,” he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram.<br><br>### God’s covenant with Abraham<br>God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “They will kill me”<br>Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN	12	1	k9r8			0	Now	This word is used to mark a new part of the story.
GEN	12	1	d1lk			0	Go from your country, and from your relatives	“Go from your land, from your family”
GEN	12	2	hc9y	figs-metonymy		0	I will make of you a great nation	Here “you” is singular and refers to Abram, but Abram represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “I will start a great nation through you” or “I will make your descendants become a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	12	2	q7ai	figs-metonymy		0	make your name great	The word “name” represents the person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “make you famous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	12	2	jt28	figs-ellipsis		0	you will be a blessing	The words “to other people” are understood. Alternate translation: “you will be a blessing to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	12	3	xec4			0	whoever dishonors you I will curse	“I will curse whoever treats you in a shameful way” or “if anyone treats you as worthless, I will curse him”
GEN	12	3	cpj9	figs-activepassive		0	Through you will all the families of the earth be blessed	This can be made active. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the families of the earth through you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	12	3	xd5b			0	Through you	“Because of you” or “Because I have blessed you”
GEN	12	5	lvz6			0	possessions	This includes animals and non-living property.
GEN	12	5	nv12			0	the people that they had acquired	Possible meanings are (1) “slaves that they had accumulated” or (2) “the people whom they had gathered to be with them.”
GEN	12	6	j4pb	figs-explicit		0	Abram passed through the land	Only Abram’s name is mentioned because he was the head of the family. God had given him the command to take his family and go there. Alternate translation: “So Abram and his family went through the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	12	6	lgv1			0	the land	“the land of Canaan”
GEN	12	6	jvj4	translate-names		0	the oak of Moreh	Moreh was probably the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	12	7	v6g3			0	Yahweh, who had appeared to him	“Yahweh, because he had appeared to him”
GEN	12	8	ln91			0	he pitched his tent	Abram had many people with him as he traveled. People who moved from place to place lived in tents. Alternate translation: “they set up their tents”
GEN	12	8	v6m1			0	called on the name of Yahweh	“prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh”
GEN	12	9	vbq7	figs-explicit		0	Then Abram continued journeying	You may need to make explicit that he took his tent with him. “Then Abram took his tent and continued journeying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	12	9	t22q			0	toward the Negev	“toward the Negev region” or “toward the south” or “south to the Negev desert”
GEN	12	10	lv6b	figs-explicit		0	There was a famine	The crops did not grow well that season. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “There was a shortage of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	12	10	c2c3			0	in the land	“in the area” or “in the land where Abram was living”
GEN	12	10	me1z			0	went down into	Possible meanings are (1) “went further south” or (2) “went away from Canaan into.” It would be best to translate this using your usual words for going from a higher place to a lower place.
GEN	12	12	hmn5	figs-explicit		0	they will kill me…you alive	The reason they would kill Abram can be made explicit: “they will kill me so that they can marry you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	12	13	sj7i	figs-activepassive		0	so that my life will be spared because of you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that, because of you, they will not kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	12	14	stl2			0	It came about that	Possible meanings are (1) This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts, and if your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here, or (2) “And that was what happened” .
GEN	12	15	cnd8			0	The princes of Pharaoh saw her	“Pharaoh’s officials saw Sarai” or “the king’s officials saw her”
GEN	12	15	n3fw	figs-activepassive		0	the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s household	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh took her into his household” or “Pharaoh had his soldiers take her into his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	12	15	hw84			0	the woman	Sarai
GEN	12	15	y2tk	figs-euphemism		0	Pharaoh’s household	Possible meanings are (1) “Pharoah’s family,” that is, as a wife, or (2) “Pharaoah’s house” or “Pharaoh’s palace,” a euphemism for Pharaoh making her one of his wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	12	16	m9jr			0	for her sake	“for Sarai’s sake” or “because of her”
GEN	12	17	kb9r	figs-explicit		0	because of Sarai, Abram’s wife	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “because Pharaoh intended to take Sarai, Abram’s wife, to be his own wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	12	18	r9kt			0	Pharaoh summoned Abram	“Pharaoh called Abram” or “Pharaoh ordered Abram to come to him”
GEN	12	18	e9mt	figs-rquestion		0	What is this that you have done to me?	Pharaoh used this rhetorical question to show how angry he was about what Abram had done to him. It can also be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	12	20	f2i8			0	Then Pharaoh gave orders to his men concerning him	“Then Pharaoh directed his officials concerning Abram”
GEN	12	20	edz8			0	they sent him away, along with his wife and all that he had	“the officials sent Abram away from Pharoah, with his wife and all his possessions”
GEN	13	intro	qch2			0		# Genesis 13 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abram’s faith<br>Since the land could not support both Lot’s and Abraham’s family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### God’s covenant with Abram<br><br>God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Built an altar<br>Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	13	1	sjz2			0	went up from	“left” or “departed from”
GEN	13	1	ige2	figs-explicit		0	went into the Negev	The Negev was a desert region in southern Canaan, west of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “went back to the Negev desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	13	2	bty5			0	Abram was very rich in animals, in silver, and in gold	“Abram had many animals, much silver, and much gold”
GEN	13	2	lwq5			0	animals	“livestock” or “cattle”
GEN	13	3	rg7d	figs-explicit		0	He continued on his journey	Abram and his family traveled by stages, going from place to place. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They continued on their journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	13	3	vxf3	figs-explicit		0	to the place where his tent had been before	Translators may add a footnote that says “See Genesis 12:8.” The time of his travel can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to the place where he had set up his tent before he went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	13	4	h2ad			0	called on the name of Yahweh	“prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 12:8](../12/08.md).
GEN	13	5	br4w	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used to show what follows is background information to help the reader understand the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	13	6	ash5			0	The land was not able to support them	There was not enough grazing land and water for all their animals.
GEN	13	6	k6zz			0	their possessions	This includes livestock, which need pasture and water.
GEN	13	6	y1wq			0	could not stay together	“could not live together”
GEN	13	7	e3n1			0	The Canaanites and the Perizzites were living in the land at that time	This is another reason that the land could not support them all.
GEN	13	8	rbt4			0	Let there be no strife between you and me	“Let’s not quarrel”
GEN	13	8	l2ht			0	strife	arguments or fights
GEN	13	8	ayp5			0	between your herdsmen and my herdsmen	“let’s stop the men who take care of our animals from quarreling”
GEN	13	8	l8eq			0	after all, we are family	“because we are family”
GEN	13	8	vz47			0	family	“kinsmen” or “relatives.” Lot was Abraham’s nephew.
GEN	13	9	n7k3	figs-rquestion		0	Is not the whole land before you?	This rhetorical question can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “The whole land is available for you to use.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	13	9	av37			0	Go ahead and separate yourself from me	Abraham was speaking kindly to Lot and encouraging him to do something that would help them both. “Let’s separate.”
GEN	13	9	flm1			0	If you go to the left, then I will go to the right	Possible meanings are (1) “If you go one way, then I will go the other” or (2) “If you go to the north, I will go to the south.” Abram let Lot choose the part of the land he wanted, and Abram would take what remained.
GEN	13	10	v189			0	the whole plain of the Jordan	This refers to the general region of the Jordan River.
GEN	13	10	ve9r			0	was well watered	“had much water”
GEN	13	10	zs4c			0	like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt	“like the garden of Yahweh or like the land of Egypt.” These were two different places.
GEN	13	10	p9t9			0	the garden of Yahweh	This is another name for the garden of Eden.
GEN	13	10	v2iw			0	garden	Use the same word for “garden” as you used in [Genesis 2:8](../02/08.md).
GEN	13	10	z1zy			0	This was before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah	This anticipates something that would happen later. It is important here because it explains why Lot settled in a region that later was not fertile.
GEN	13	11	c5bb			0	the relatives	“the kinsmen” or “the families.” This refers to Lot and Abram with their households.
GEN	13	12	hc2t			0	Abram lived	“Abram made his home” or “Abram stayed”
GEN	13	12	cpm2			0	the land of Canaan	“the land of the Canaanites”
GEN	13	12	umy1			0	He set up his tents as far away as Sodom	Possible meanings are (1) “He set up his tents near Sodom” or (2) “He moved his tents around in an area that reached all the way to Sodom.”
GEN	13	14	y61m			0	after Lot had departed from him	“after Lot left Abraham”
GEN	13	17	xil7			0	walk through the length and breadth of the land	“walk around all over the whole land”
GEN	13	18	zy7q	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	13	18	is6e	translate-names		0	Hebron	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	13	18	xw41			0	an altar to Yahweh	“an altar for worshiping Yahweh”
GEN	14	intro	hz9l			0		# Genesis 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:19-20.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Names of places<br>Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan.<br><br>### Melchizedek<br>Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God Most High<br><br>Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN	14	1	zbz3			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	14	1	p95i			0	in the days of	“in the time of”
GEN	14	1	e5wj	translate-names		0	Amraphel…Arioch…Kedorlaomer…Tidal	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	1	psb1	translate-names		0	Shinar…Ellasar…Elam…Goiim	These are names of places. See how you translated “Shinar” in [Genesis 10:10](../10/10.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	2	s6jz			0	they made war	“they went to war” or “they started a war” or “they prepared for war”
GEN	14	3	pdv2	figs-explicit		0	These latter five kings joined together	The information that their armies were with them can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “These latter five kings and their armies joined together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	14	4	vk6f			0	Twelve years they had served	The events in verses 4-7 happened before verse 3. Your language may have a way of showing this.
GEN	14	4	d7j6	translate-names		0	they had served Kedorlaomer	They probably had to pay him taxes and serve in his army. Alternate translation: “they had been under the control of Kedorlaomer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	4	m72u			0	they rebelled	“they refused to serve him” or “they stopped serving him”
GEN	14	5	k2wm			0	came and attacked	They did this because the other kings rebelled.
GEN	14	5	k3kf	translate-names		0	the Rephaim…the Zuzites…the Emites	These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	5	kj3n	translate-names		0	Ashteroth Karnaim…Ham…Shaveh Kiriathaim	These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	5	pm1u			0	Ham	This name in Hebrew is different from the name of Noah’s son, which is spelled the same way in English.
GEN	14	6	afr4	translate-names		0	the Horites	This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	6	m4dw	translate-names		0	Seir…El Paran	These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	14	6	s52t	figs-distinguish		0	El Paran, which is near the desert	This phrase helps readers understand where El Paran was. It can be translated as a separate sentence if necessary. Alternate translation: “El Paran. El Paran is near the desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	14	7	my4b			0	General Information:	Verses 8 and 9 repeats what was said in [Genesis 14:3](../14/03.md) and continues to tell what happened when the kings came together to fight.
GEN	14	7	rck2	figs-go		0	they turned and came	The word “they” refers to the four foreign kings who were attacking the region of Canaan. Their names were Amraphel, Arioch, Chedorlaomer, and Tidal. Alternate translation: “they turned and went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	14	7	ed6d			0	the Amorites who lived in Hazezon Tamar	This phrase tells which Amorite people were defeated. There were other Amorite people who lived in other places.
GEN	14	8	pq4d			0	the king of Bela (also called Zoar)	The city of Bela was also called Zoar. This information could also be put at the end of the sentence. “the king of Bela went out and prepared for battle. Bela is also called Zoar.”
GEN	14	8	v7s3	figs-explicit		0	prepared for battle	“joined battle” or “drew up battle lines.” Some translators may need to also say that the armies fought, as the UST does in verse 9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	14	9	uq5u			0	four kings against the five	Since the five kings were listed first, some languages might prefer to translate this as “five kings against four.”
GEN	14	10	yn7e	writing-background		0	Now	This word introduces background information about the valley of Siddim. Your language may have another way of introducing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	14	10	u9qi			0	was full of tar pits	“had many tar pits.” These were holes in the ground that had tar in them.
GEN	14	10	f98l			0	tar	a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md).
GEN	14	10	mp8k	figs-synecdoche		0	the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah	Here the kings represent themselves and their armies. Alternate translation: the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	14	10	kj2n	figs-metonymy		0	they fell in there	Possible meanings are (1) some of their soldiers fell in the tar pits or (2) the kings themselves fell in the tar pits. Since [Genesis 14:17](../14/17.md) says that the king of Sodom went to meet Abram, the first meaning is more likely correct. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	14	10	ern2			0	Those who were left	“Those who did not die in battle and did not fall in the pits”
GEN	14	11	rk4u	figs-metonymy		0	the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah	The words “Sodom” and “Gomorrah” are metonyms for the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “the wealth of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” or “the property of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	14	11	c7vp			0	their provisions	“their food and drink”
GEN	14	11	e6qg			0	went their way	“they went away”
GEN	14	12	g2sj	figs-distinguish		0	they also took Lot, Abram’s brother’s son, who was living in Sodom, along with all his possessions	The phrases “Abram’s brother’s son” and “who was living in Sodom” remind the reader of things that were written earlier about Lot. Alternate translation: “they also took Lot, along with all his possessions. Lot was Abram’s brother’s son and was living in Sodom at that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	14	13	w39m			0	One who had escaped came	“A man escaped from the battle and came”
GEN	14	13	g8u8	writing-background		0	He was living	“Abram was living.” This introduces background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	14	13	mmt3			0	were all allies of Abram	“were treaty-partners with Abram” or “had a peace agreement with Abram”
GEN	14	14	se1t			0	his relative	This is a reference to Abram’s nephew Lot.
GEN	14	14	wc3z	translate-numbers		0	318 trained men	“three hundred and eighteen trained men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	14	14	llz9			0	trained men	“men who were trained to fight”
GEN	14	14	gjn2			0	men who had been born in his house	“men who were born in Abram’s household.” They were children of Abram’s servants.
GEN	14	14	a2k3			0	pursued them	“chased them”
GEN	14	14	kgi3			0	Dan	This is a city in the far north of Canaan, far from Abram’s camp.
GEN	14	15	z2r4			0	He divided his men against them at night and attacked them	This probably refers to a battle strategy. “Abram divided the men into several groups, and they attacked their enemies from various directions”
GEN	14	16	fxf4			0	all the possessions	This refers to the things that the enemies had stolen from the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.
GEN	14	16	qp8w			0	his goods	“Lot’s property that the enemies had stolen from Lot”
GEN	14	16	gt3k			0	as well as the women and the other people	“as well as the women and other people that the four kings had captured”
GEN	14	17	s822	figs-explicit		0	returned	The implied information about where he was returning to can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “returned to where he was living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	14	18	cz1b			0	Melchizedek, king of Salem	This is the first time this king is mentioned.
GEN	14	18	hqq1			0	bread and wine	People commonly ate bread and wine. See how you translated “bread” in [Genesis 3:19](../03/19.md) and “wine” in [Genesis 9:21](../09/21.md).
GEN	14	19	b6iz			0	He blessed him	King Melchizedek blessed Abram.
GEN	14	19	wnf1	figs-activepassive		0	Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God Most High, the Creator of heaven and earth, bless Abram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	14	19	z9ck			0	heaven	This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN	14	20	pvn4			0	God Most High, who has given	“God Most High, because he has given.” The phrase starting with “who has given” tells us something more about God Most High.
GEN	14	20	hyf9			0	Blessed be God Most High	This is a way of praising God. See how you translated “blessed be” in [Genesis 9:26](../09/26.md).
GEN	14	20	me4m			0	into your hand	“into your control” or “into your power”
GEN	14	21	yzi9			0	Give me the people	The phrase “the people” may refer to the people of Sodom that the enemies had captured. Abram rescued them when he rescued Lot.
GEN	14	22	pw78			0	I have lifted up my hand	This means “I have taken an oath” or “I have made a promise.”
GEN	14	24	fd75			0	I will take nothing except what the young men have eaten	“I take from you only what my young men have already eaten.” Abram was refusing to accept anything for himself, but acknowledged that the soldiers had eaten some of the supplies during the journey back to Sodom after the battle.
GEN	14	24	xk3g	figs-explicit		0	the share of the men that went with me	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the share of the recovered property that belongs to the men who helped me get it back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	14	24	dn4x	figs-explicit		0	Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre	These are the allies of Abram ([Genesis 14:13](../14/13.md)). Because they were Abram’s allies they fought battles alongside him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “my allies Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	15	intro	b77u			0		# Genesis 15 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Inheritance<br>In the ancient Near East, a person’s children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God’s covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Fulfilling a promise<br>In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, “may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise.” The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### God’s covenant with Abraham<br><br>God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety.
GEN	15	1	u7m1			0	After these things	“These things” refers to when the kings fought and Abram rescued Lot.
GEN	15	1	y6sg	figs-idiom		0	the word of Yahweh came to Abram in a vision, saying, “Fear	The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Abram in a vision. He said, ‘Fear” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Abram in a vision: ‘Fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	15	1	f5jx	figs-metaphor		0	shield…reward	God used these two metaphors to tell Abram about his character and his relationship to Abram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	15	1	q9jg	figs-metaphor		0	I am your shield	Soldiers use a shield to protect themselves from their enemies. Alternate translation: “I will protect you like shield” or “I am your shield to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	15	1	a84d			0	I am…your very great reward	Possible meanings are (1) “I myself will be all that you need” or (2) “I will give you all you need.”
GEN	15	1	d6eq	figs-metonymy		0	reward	the result of a person’s actions. This seems to be a metonym for the gracious blessing God would give Abram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	15	3	e54g			0	Abram said, “Since you have given me	“Abram continued speaking and said, ‘Since you have given me’”
GEN	15	4	ym81			0	Then, behold	The word “behold” emphasizes the fact that the word of Yahweh came to Abraham again.
GEN	15	4	a5xl	figs-idiom		0	the word of Yahweh came to him, saying, “This	The idiom “The word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this idiom in [Genesis 15:1](./01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave him a message. He said, ‘This” or “Yahweh spoke this message to him: ‘This” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	15	4	jf7t			0	This man	This refers to Eliezer of Damascus.
GEN	15	4	t2nt			0	the one who will come from your own body	“the one that you will father” or “your very own son.” Abram’s own son would become his heir.
GEN	15	5	rzc6			0	number the stars	“count the stars”
GEN	15	5	s2td			0	So will your descendants be	Just as Abram would not be able to count all the stars, he would not be able to count all his descendants because there would be so many.
GEN	15	6	wi6t			0	He believed Yahweh	This means he accepted and trusted what Yahweh said was true.
GEN	15	6	vu8m			0	he counted it to him as righteousness	“Yahweh counted Abram’s belief as righteousness” or “Yahweh considered Abram righteous because Abram believed him”
GEN	15	7	s8nq			0	I am Yahweh, who brought you out of Ur	Yahweh was reminding Abraham of what he had already done so that Abraham would know that Yahweh had the power to give Abram what he promised him.
GEN	15	7	vpc6			0	to inherit it	“to receive it” or “so that you will possess it”
GEN	15	8	xgm4			0	how will I know	Abram was asking for more proof that Yahweh would give him the land.
GEN	15	11	ej2r			0	the carcasses	“the dead bodies of the animals and birds”
GEN	15	11	ld5n			0	Abram drove them away	“Abram chased the birds away.” He made sure the birds did not eat the dead animals.
GEN	15	12	mt8x	figs-idiom		0	Abram fell sound asleep	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Abraham slept deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	15	12	s67i			0	a deep and terrifying darkness	“an extreme darkness that terrified him”
GEN	15	12	t6p7			0	overwhelmed him	“surrounded him”
GEN	15	13	v3tk			0	strangers	people who are at home in one place but have to live in another place
GEN	15	13	ayu5	figs-activepassive		0	will be enslaved and oppressed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the owners of that land will enslave your descendants and oppress them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	15	14	u2c1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continued to speak to Abram while Abram dreamed.
GEN	15	14	chv9	figs-metonymy		0	I will judge	Here “judge” is a metonym for what will happen after God makes the judgment. Alternate translation: “I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	15	14	i1hs	figs-explicit		0	that they will serve	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that your descendants will serve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	15	14	i716	figs-idiom		0	abundant possessions	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “many possessions” or “great wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	15	15	zj2t	figs-euphemism		0	you will go to your fathers	This is a polite way of saying “you will die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	15	15	ce5w	figs-synecdoche		0	fathers	The word “fathers” is a synecdoche for all ancestors. Alternate translation: “ancestors” or “ancestral fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	15	15	m38i			0	you will be buried in a good old age	“you will be very old when you die and your family buries your body”
GEN	15	16	t8tm			0	In the fourth generation	Here one generation refers to a lifespan of 100 years. “After four hundred years”
GEN	15	16	kgu5			0	they will come here again	“your descendants will come back here.” Abraham’s descendants would come to the land where Abram was then living, the land that Yahweh had promised to give to him.
GEN	15	16	dfh5			0	has not yet reached its limit	“is not yet complete” or “will get much worse before I punish them”
GEN	15	17	bak2			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	15	17	dq6q			0	a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch passed between the pieces	God did this to show Abram that he was making a covenant with him.
GEN	15	17	b8ea			0	passed between the pieces	“passed through between the two rows of animal pieces”
GEN	15	18	jca2			0	covenant	In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, and he will continue to bless him as long as Abram follows him.
GEN	15	18	n51q			0	I hereby give this land	By saying this, God was giving the land to Abram’s descendants. God was doing this then, but the descendants would not go into the land until many years later.
GEN	15	19	z53u	translate-names		0	the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites	These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	15	20	s5a4	translate-names		0	the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaites	These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	15	21	x8uz	translate-names		0	the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites	These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	16	intro	hcf5			0		# Genesis 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:11-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Plural marriage<br>Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife’s permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	16	1	g63i	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and background information about Sarai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	16	1	qvt5			0	female servant	“slave-girl.” This type of slave would serve the woman of the household.
GEN	16	2	mi22			0	from having children	“from giving birth to children”
GEN	16	2	g7pn			0	I will have children by her	“I will build my family through her”
GEN	16	2	d65g			0	Abram listened to the voice of Sarai	“Abram did what Sarai said”
GEN	16	4	r8xr			0	she looked with contempt on her mistress	“she despised her mistress” or “she thought that she was more valuable than her mistress”
GEN	16	4	n3w5			0	her mistress	Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. Alternate translation: “her owner” or “Sarai”
GEN	16	5	zy8r			0	This wrong on me	“This injustice against me”
GEN	16	5	cs17			0	is because of you	“is your responsibility” or “is your fault”
GEN	16	5	pg3a	figs-euphemism		0	I gave my servant woman into your embrace	Sarai used the word “embrace” here to refer to him sleeping with her. Alternate translation: “I gave you my servant so that you would sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	16	5	da2j	figs-activepassive		0	I was despised in her eyes	This can be active. Alternate translation: “she hated me” or “she began to hate me” or “she thought she was better than me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	16	5	yn9x			0	Let Yahweh judge between me and you	“I want Yahweh to say whether this is my fault or your fault” or “I want Yahweh to decide which one of us is right.” The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute between them.
GEN	16	6	xrl3			0	See here	“Listen to me” or “Pay attention”
GEN	16	6	dgm6			0	in your power	“under your authority”
GEN	16	6	j5i9			0	Sarai dealt harshly with her	“Sarai treated Hagar very badly”
GEN	16	6	t433			0	she fled from her	“Hagar fled from Sarai”
GEN	16	7	e27g			0	The angel of Yahweh	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.”
GEN	16	7	w6d6			0	wilderness	The wilderness area she went to was a desert. Alternate translation: “desert”
GEN	16	7	y62e			0	Shur	This was the name of a place south of Canaan and east of Egypt.
GEN	16	8	mk7v			0	my mistress	Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md). Alternate translation: “my owner”
GEN	16	9	rqm5			0	The angel of Yahweh said to her	“The angel of Yahweh said to Hagar”
GEN	16	9	r9gt			0	your mistress	Sarai. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md).
GEN	16	10	km4g			0	the angel of Yahweh	See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN	16	10	aa1h			0	the angel of Yahweh said to her, “I	When he said “I,” he was referring to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the word “I” when referring to Yahweh.
GEN	16	10	xr66			0	I will greatly multiply your descendants	“I will give you very many descendants”
GEN	16	10	sn9f			0	too numerous to count	“so many that no one will be able to count them”
GEN	16	11	ee9v			0	The angel of Yahweh	See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN	16	11	mj7q			0	Behold	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention”
GEN	16	11	qqh8			0	bear a son	“give birth to a son”
GEN	16	11	t29c			0	you will call his name	“you will name him.” The word “you” refers to Hagar.
GEN	16	11	x6x4			0	Ishmael, because Yahweh has heard	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name ‘Ishmael’ means ‘God has heard.’”
GEN	16	11	xmm5			0	affliction	She has been afflicted by distress and suffering.
GEN	16	12	rpu1	figs-metaphor		0	He will be a wild donkey of a man	This was not an insult. It may mean that Ishmael would be independent and strong like a wild donkey. Alternate translation: “He will be like a wild donkey among men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	16	12	vyt4			0	He will be hostile against every man	“He will be every man’s enemy”
GEN	16	12	j1p2			0	every man will be hostile to him	“everyone will be his enemy”
GEN	16	12	q8j2			0	he will live apart from	This can also mean “he will live in hostility with.”
GEN	16	12	ihy3			0	his brothers	“his relatives” or “the other members of his family”
GEN	16	13	t9b6			0	Yahweh who spoke to her	“Yahweh, because he spoke to her”
GEN	16	13	jsy3	figs-rquestion		0	Do I really continue to see,…me?	Hagar used this rhetorical question to express her amazement that she was still alive even after she met God. People expected that if they met God, they would die. Here seeing represents living. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that I am still alive,…me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	16	14	ez2d	translate-names		0	Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi	Translators may add a footnote that says “Beer Lahai Roi means ‘the well of the living one who sees me.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	16	14	c8h8	translate-names		0	behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered	The word “behold” here draws attention to the fact that the well was in a place that the author and his readers knew. Alternate translation: “in fact, it is between Kadesh and Bered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	16	15	x6tu	figs-explicit		0	Hagar gave birth	Hagar’s return to Sarai and Abram is implict. You can make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “So Hagar went back and gave birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	16	15	g9my			0	named his son, whom Hagar bore	“named his son by Hagar” or “named his and Hagar’s son”
GEN	16	16	cdy2	writing-background		0	Abram was	This introduces background information about Abram’s age when these things happened. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	16	16	e7x4			0	bore Ishmael to Abram	This means “gave birth to Abram’s son, Ishmael.” The focus is on Abram having a son.
GEN	17	intro	ry14			0		# Genesis 17 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The father of a multitude of nations”<br>Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations.<br><br>### God’s covenant with Abraham<br><br>God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Circumcision<br>Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br><br>### Name change<br>In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
GEN	17	1	e289			0	When Abram was ninety-nine years old	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	17	1	j61v			0	God Almighty	“the all-powerful God” or “the God who has all power”
GEN	17	1	cp7w	figs-metaphor		0	Walk before me	Walking is a metaphor for living, and “before me” or “in my presence” here is a metaphor for obedience. Alternate translation: “Live the way I want you to” or “Obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	17	2	e6dj			0	Then I will confirm	“If you do this, then I will confirm”
GEN	17	2	n6qi			0	I will confirm my covenant	“I will give my covenant” or “I will make my covenant”
GEN	17	2	x3wu			0	covenant	In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, but he also requires Abram to obey him.
GEN	17	2	qt2p	figs-idiom		0	multiply you exceedingly	Here “multiply you” is an idiom that means he will give him more descendants. Alternate translation: “greatly increase the number of your descendants” or “give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	17	3	m64l			0	Abram bowed low with his face to the ground	“Abram threw himself face down on the ground” or “Abraham immediately lay down with his face to the ground.” He did this to show that he respected God and would obey him.
GEN	17	4	j6m4			0	As for me	God used this phrase to introduce what he would do for Abram as part of his covenant with Abram.
GEN	17	4	x8l2			0	behold, my covenant is with you	The word “behold” here says that what comes next is certain: “my covenant is certainly with you.”
GEN	17	4	x5p4			0	the father of a multitude of nations	“the father of a great number of nations” or “the one after whom many nations name themselves”
GEN	17	6	qgt7			0	I will make you exceedingly fruitful	“I will cause you to have very many descendants”
GEN	17	6	z2ge			0	I will make nations of you	“I will cause your descendants to become nations”
GEN	17	6	u97r			0	kings will descend from you	“among your descendants there will be kings” or “some of your descendants will be kings”
GEN	17	7	qx71			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN	17	7	nr7x			0	throughout their generations	“for each generation”
GEN	17	7	pbe9			0	for an everlasting covenant	“as a covenant that will last forever”
GEN	17	7	pr1d			0	to be God to you and to your descendants after you	“to be your God and your descendants’ God” or “covenant”
GEN	17	8	hur8			0	Canaan, for an everlasting possession	“Canaan, as an everlasting possession” or “Canaan, to possess forever”
GEN	17	9	x9sd			0	As for you	God uses this phrase to introduce what Abram would have to do as part of God’s covenant with him.
GEN	17	9	x8a9			0	keep my covenant	“observe my covenant” or “honor my covenant” or “obey my covenant”
GEN	17	10	jn4e			0	This is my covenant	“This is a requirement of my covenant” or “This is part of my covenant.” This sentence introduces the part of the covenant that Abram must do.
GEN	17	10	ib6l	figs-activepassive		0	Every male among you must be circumcised	This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	17	10	xjr3			0	Every male	This refers to human males.
GEN	17	11	j6pm	figs-euphemism		0	You must be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin	Some communities may prefer a less descriptive expression such as “You must be circumcised.” If your translation of “be circumcised” already includes the word for “foreskin”, you do not need to repeat it. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	17	11	i3l8			0	the sign of the covenant	“the sign that shows that the covenant exists”
GEN	17	11	s7vs			0	the sign	Possible meanings are (1) “the sign” or (2) “a sign.” The first means that there was one sign, and the second means that there may have been more than one sign. Here the word “sign” means a reminder of something that God had promised.
GEN	17	12	t92x			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN	17	12	xpc8			0	Every male	“Every human male”
GEN	17	12	ev7m			0	throughout your people’s generations	“in every generation”
GEN	17	12	ed5x	figs-activepassive		0	him who is bought with money	This refers to slaves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “any male that you buy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	17	13	fim6	figs-activepassive		0	my covenant will be in your flesh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will mark my covenant in your flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	17	13	ea1n			0	for an everlasting covenant	“as a permanent covenant.” Because it was marked in flesh, no one could easily erase it.
GEN	17	14	lpi7	figs-activepassive		0	uncircumcised male who is not circumcised	This can be stated in active form, and you may leave out words that will give wrong meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “male whom you have not circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	17	14	any2			0	Any uncircumcised male…foreskin will be cut off from his people	Possible meanings are (1) “I will cut off any uncircumcised male…foreskin from his people” or (2) “I want you to cut off any uncircumcised male…foreskin from his people.”
GEN	17	14	pi4v	figs-euphemism		0	cut off from his people	Possible meanings are (1) “killed” or (2) “sent away from the community.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	17	14	e2n7			0	He has broken my covenant	“He has not obeyed the rules of my covenant.” This is the reason that he would be cut off from his people.
GEN	17	15	w67t			0	As for Sarai	The words “As for” introduce the next person God talks about.
GEN	17	16	fpk7			0	I will give you a son by her	“I will make her bear a son for you”
GEN	17	16	g1ax			0	she will become the mother of nations	“she will be the ancestor of many nations” or “her descendants will become nations”
GEN	17	16	tb49			0	Kings of peoples will come from her	“Kings of peoples will descend from her” or “Some of her descendants will be kings of peoples”
GEN	17	17	cx58			0	said in his heart	“thought to himself” or “said to himself silently”
GEN	17	17	s8rv	figs-rquestion		0	Can a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old?	Abraham used this rhetorical question because he did not believe that this could happen. Alternate translation: “Surely a man who is a hundred years old cannot father a child!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	17	17	ewn1	figs-rquestion		0	How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?	Again Abraham used a rhetorical question because he did not believe this could happen. The phrase “who is ninety years old” tells why Abraham did not believe that Sarah could bear a son. Alternate translation: “Sarah is ninety years old. Could she bear a son?” or “Sarah is ninety years old. Surely she could not bear a son!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	17	18	bc1n			0	Oh that Ishmael might live before you	“Please let Ishmael inherit the covenant that you have made with me” or “Perhaps Ishmael could receive your covenant blessing.” Abraham suggested something that he believed really could happen.
GEN	17	19	q8lt			0	No, but Sarah your wife will bear	God said this to correct Abraham’s belief that Sarah could not have a son.
GEN	17	19	u9hq			0	you must name him	The word “you” refers to Abraham.
GEN	17	20	l6cf			0	As for Ishmael	The words “As for” show that God is switching from talking about the baby that would be born to talking about Ishmael.
GEN	17	20	fvb5			0	Behold	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN	17	20	e3g9	figs-idiom		0	will make him fruitful	This is an idiom that means “will cause him to have many children.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	17	20	y6m2			0	will multiply him abundantly	“I will cause him to have many descendants”
GEN	17	20	ga2d			0	princes	“chiefs” or “rulers.” Ishmael’s twelve sons are different from the twelve sons of Jacob who were the fathers of the twelve tribes of Israel.
GEN	17	21	rwv4			0	But my covenant I will establish with Isaac	God returns to talking about his covenant with Abraham and emphasizes that he would fulfill his promise with Isaac, not with Ishmael.
GEN	17	22	m8vf			0	When he had finished talking with him	“When God had finished talking with Abraham”
GEN	17	22	sw9y			0	God went up from Abraham	“God left Abraham”
GEN	17	23	nxp3			0	every male among the men of Abraham’s household	“every human male in Abraham’s household” or “every male person in Abraham’s household.” It refers to human males of all ages: babies, boys, and men.
GEN	17	27	rgk6			0	including those born into the household and those bought with money from a foreigner	“This includes those who were born in his household and those he had bought from foreigners”
GEN	17	27	a2ym			0	those bought with money from a foreigner	This refers to servants or slaves.
GEN	17	27	xq3b	figs-activepassive		0	those bought	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom he had bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	18	intro	ky5w			0		# Genesis 18 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Three men<br>The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham’s reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Disbelief<br>When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God’s power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Sarah’s age<br><br>It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman’s life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called “menopause.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	18	1	a3at			0	Mamre	This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees.
GEN	18	1	ra4w			0	in the tent doorway	“at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent”
GEN	18	1	u27f			0	heat of the day	“hottest time of day”
GEN	18	2	t35m			0	He looked up and, behold, he saw three men standing	“He looked up and saw, and behold, three men were standing”
GEN	18	2	m2pv			0	behold, he saw	“he was surprised because he saw”
GEN	18	2	xd3c			0	across from him	“nearby” or “there.” They were near him, but far enough away for him to run to them.
GEN	18	2	ygs8			0	bowed	This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone.
GEN	18	3	cj7j			0	Lord	This is a title of respect. Possible meanings are (1) Abraham knew that one of these men was God or (2) Abraham knew that these men came on behalf of God.
GEN	18	3	s5jg	figs-idiom		0	if I have found favor in your sight	Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that the Lord is pleased with him, and “your sight” is a metaphor representing the Lord’s evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you have evaluated me and approve” or “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	18	3	i86z	figs-you		0	in your sight	Abraham is speaking to one of the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	18	3	ie2s			0	do not pass by	“please do not keep on going past”
GEN	18	3	s6nr			0	your servant	“me.” Abraham refers to himself this way in order to show respect to his guest.
GEN	18	4	cs93	figs-activepassive		0	Let a little water be brought	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let me bring you some water” or “My servant will bring you some water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	18	4	r83u			0	a little water	“some water.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough water.
GEN	18	4	c7uk			0	wash your feet	This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances.
GEN	18	5	p5cn			0	a little food	“some food.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough food.
GEN	18	5	rmc5	figs-you		0	your…you	Abraham speaks to all three of the men, so “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	18	6	gl4c	translate-bvolume		0	three seahs	about 22 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
GEN	18	6	sbt6			0	bread	This bread was probably cooked quickly on a hot stone. It may have been flat or round like small loaves or rolls.
GEN	18	7	s4v8			0	he hurried	“the servant hurried”
GEN	18	7	hp5s			0	to prepare it	“to cut it up and roast it”
GEN	18	8	k6lz			0	curds	This refers to the solid part of fermented milk. It may have been yogurt or cheese.
GEN	18	8	c4vs			0	the calf that had been prepared	“the roasted calf”
GEN	18	8	pp29			0	before them	“before the three visitors”
GEN	18	9	eq6d			0	They said to him	“Then they said to Abraham”
GEN	18	10	gg9j			0	He said, “I will certainly return to you	The word “He” refers to the man whom Abraham called “Lord” in [Genesis 18:3](../18/03.md).
GEN	18	10	iwn6			0	in the springtime	“when this same season comes next year” or “about this time next year”
GEN	18	10	aas2			0	see	The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	18	10	qvh9			0	in the tent doorway	“at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent”
GEN	18	12	u12x	figs-rquestion		0	After I am worn-out and my master is old, will I now have this pleasure?	You may want to add “of having a baby.” Sarah used this rhetorical question because she did not believe that she could have a child. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe that I will experience the joy of having a child. My master is also too old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	12	m2nn			0	my master is old	This means “since my husband is also old.”
GEN	18	12	qrv3			0	my master	This is a title of respect that Sarah gave to her husband Abraham.
GEN	18	13	dfs6	figs-rquestion		0	Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really bear a child, when I am old’?	God used this rhetorical question to show that he knew what Sarah was thinking and that he was not pleased with it. He repeats Sarah’s rhetorical question ([Genesis 18:12](../18/12.md)) using different words. Alternate translation: “Sarah was wrong to laugh and say, ‘I will not bear a child because I am too old!’”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	14	i13f	figs-123person		0	Is anything too hard for Yahweh?	“Is there anything that Yahweh cannot do?” Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were speaking of someone else to remind Abraham that he, Yahweh, is great and can do anything. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I, Yahweh, cannot do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	14	rd96			0	At the time appointed by me, in the spring	“At the time I have appointed, which is in the spring”
GEN	18	15	fc88			0	Then Sarah denied it and said	“The Sarah denied it by saying”
GEN	18	15	c49f			0	He replied	“Yahweh replied”
GEN	18	15	pq5b			0	No, you did laugh	“Yes, you did laugh.” This means “No, that is not true; you did in fact laugh.”
GEN	18	16	mtk2			0	to see them on their way	“to send them on their way” or “to say ‘Farewell’ to them.” It was polite to go some distance with guests as they were leaving.
GEN	18	17	z943	figs-rquestion		0	Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do	God used this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. Alternate translation: “I should not and will not hide from Abraham what I am about to do” or “I should and will tell Abraham what I am about to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	18	e6qk	figs-rquestion		0		The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	18	h854	figs-rquestion		0	since Abraham…in him?	The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. God uses this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. “I should not and will not hide…since Abraham in him.” or “I should and will tell…since Abraham in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	18	q36h			0	since…him?	“This is because…him”
GEN	18	18	e9uw	figs-activepassive		0	all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth through Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	18	18	i8b1			0	will be blessed in him	“will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](../12/03.md).
GEN	18	19	pxl9			0	that he may instruct	“that he will direct” or “so that he will command”
GEN	18	19	cwm4	figs-123person		0	to keep the way of Yahweh…Yahweh may bring…he has said	Yahweh is speaking about himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “to obey what I, Yahweh, require…I, Yahweh, may bring…I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	18	19	ny3x			0	to keep the way of Yahweh	“to obey the commands of Yahweh”
GEN	18	19	f8f7			0	to do righteousness and justice	“by doing righteousness and justice.” This tells how to keep the way of Yahweh.
GEN	18	19	v4z4			0	so that Yahweh may bring upon Abraham what he has said to him	“so that Yahweh may bless Abraham just as he said he would.” This refers to the covenant promise to bless Abraham and make him a great nation.
GEN	18	20	m237	figs-abstractnouns		0	the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “so many people have been accusing the people of Sodom and Gomorrah of doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	18	20	jp1b			0	their sin is so serious	“they have sinned so much”
GEN	18	21	fb8x			0	I will now go down there	“I will now go down to Sodom and Gomorrah”
GEN	18	21	lki8			0	go down there and see	“go down there to find out” or “go down there to decide”
GEN	18	21	vp7m	figs-abstractnouns		0	see the outcry…that has come to me	Yahweh speaks as if he knew about this matter because he had heard the cries and accusations coming from the people who had suffered. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “as wicked as those who are accusing them say that they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	18	21	vp4d			0	If not	“If they are not as wicked as the outcry suggests”
GEN	18	22	ms2h			0	turned from there	“went out from Abraham’s camp”
GEN	18	22	yxr6			0	Abraham remained standing before Yahweh	“Abraham and Yahweh remained together”
GEN	18	23	b62y			0	approached and said	“approached Yahweh and said” or “stepped closer to Yahweh and said”
GEN	18	23	g5he	figs-metaphor		0	sweep away	Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	18	23	awu4			0	the righteous with the wicked	“the righteous people with the wicked people”
GEN	18	24	pb7k			0	General Information:	Abraham continues talking to Yahweh.
GEN	18	24	h4eu			0	Perhaps there are	“Suppose there are”
GEN	18	24	dz9j	figs-rquestion		0	Will you sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there?	Abraham was hoping that Yahweh would say, “I will not sweep it away.” Alternate translation: “I think you would not sweep it away. Instead, you would spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	24	h8ks	figs-metaphor		0	sweep it away	“destroy it.” Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	18	24	qq2a			0	not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there?	Abraham was hoping that God would say “I will spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous people there.”
GEN	18	24	d8ui			0	spare the place	“let the people live”
GEN	18	24	zj59			0	for the sake of	“because of”
GEN	18	25	rj5a	figs-idiom		0	Far be it from you to do such a thing	Here “Far be it from you” is an idiom that means the person should never do something like that. Alternate translation: “I would never want you to do something like that” or “You should not want to do something like that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	18	25	re6w			0	such a thing, killing	“such a thing as killing” or “such a thing, that is, killing”
GEN	18	25	hqx8	figs-activepassive		0	the righteous should be treated the same as the wicked	This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “you should treat the righteous the same way you treat the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	18	25	m329	figs-rquestion		0	Will not the Judge of all the earth do what is just?	Abraham used this rhetorical question to say what he expected God to do. Alternate translation: “The Judge of all the earth will certainly do what is just!” or “Since you are the Judge of all the earth, you will surely do what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	18	25	de6w			0	Judge	God is often referred to as a judge because he is the one perfect judge who makes the final decisions about what is right or wrong.
GEN	18	27	dsz4			0	Look	The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	18	27	fax5			0	I have undertaken to speak	“Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak”
GEN	18	27	snd3	figs-123person		0	to my Lord	Abraham shows his respect to Yahweh by speaking to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else. Alternate translation: “to you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	18	27	ew9k	figs-metaphor		0	only dust and ashes	This metaphor describes Abraham as a human being, who will die and whose body will turn into to dust and ashes. Alternate translation: “only a mortal man” or “as unimportant as dust and ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	18	28	ln28			0	five less than fifty righteous	“only forty-five righteous people”
GEN	18	28	zqs7			0	for lack of five	“if there are five fewer righteous people”
GEN	18	28	n8tk			0	I will not destroy it	“I will not destroy Sodom”
GEN	18	29	uj4n			0	He spoke to him	“Abraham spoke to Yahweh”
GEN	18	29	hah3	figs-activepassive		0	if there are forty found there	This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “if you find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	18	29	y28t	figs-ellipsis		0	for the forty’s sake	“for the sake of the forty” or “if I find forty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the forty righteous people” or “if I find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	18	29	nup9			0	He replied	“Yahweh answered”
GEN	18	29	tyh3			0	I will not do it for the forty’s sake	“I will not destroy the cities if I find forty righteous people there”
GEN	18	30	vk5m	figs-activepassive		0	thirty will be found there	This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find thirty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	18	31	kep9			0	Look	The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	18	31	e1em			0	I have undertaken to speak	“Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 18:27](../18/27.md).
GEN	18	31	un9p	figs-activepassive		0	twenty will be found there	This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	18	31	s4zn	figs-ellipsis		0	for the twenty’s sake	“for the sake of the twenty” or “if I find twenty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the twenty righteous people” or “if I find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	18	32	a6tx			0	Perhaps ten will be found there	“Perhaps you will find ten righteous people there”
GEN	18	32	q1p9			0	Perhaps ten	“Perhaps ten righteous people” or “ten good people”
GEN	18	32	ak2y			0	Then he said	“And Yahweh answered”
GEN	18	32	d335			0	for the ten’s sake	“if I find ten righteous people there”
GEN	18	33	wum8	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh went on his way	Here “went on his way” is an idiom that means he left, or he continued his journey. Yahweh appeared to Abraham in human form as a traveler. Alternate translation: “Yahweh departed” or “Yahweh continued on his journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	intro	hb2x			0		# Genesis 19 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The evil desires of the Sodomites<br>The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as “rape.” Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>### Hospitality<br>Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Contrasts<br>It is probable that Abraham’s faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
GEN	19	1	uh7h			0	The two angels	The two men who have gone to Sodom ([Genesis 18:22](../18/22.md)) are really angels.
GEN	19	1	b4sb			0	the gate of Sodom	“the entrance to the city of Sodom.” The city had a wall around it, and people had to go through a gate to get into it. This was a very important place in a city. Important people often spent time there.
GEN	19	1	ny92			0	bowed down with his face to the ground	He put his knees on the ground then touched his forehead and nose to the ground.
GEN	19	2	t9qp			0	my masters	This was a term of respect Lot used for the angels.
GEN	19	2	egr4			0	I urge you to turn aside into your servant’s house	“Please come and stay in your servant’s house”
GEN	19	2	w78p	figs-123person		0	your servant’s house	Lot refers to himself as their servant in order to show them respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	19	2	sp4m			0	wash your feet	People liked to wash their feet after traveling.
GEN	19	2	sb2f			0	rise up early	“wake up early”
GEN	19	2	a65m	figs-exclusive		0	we will spend the night	When the two angels said this, they were referring only to themselves, not to Lot. The two of them planned to spend the night in the square. Some languages would use the exclusive form of “we” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	19	2	r62b			0	town square	This is a public, outdoor place in the town.
GEN	19	3	vnk8			0	they went with him	“they turned and went with him”
GEN	19	4	lc42			0	before they lay down	“before the people in Lot’s house lay down to go to sleep”
GEN	19	4	iw1t			0	the men of the city, the men of Sodom	“the men of the city, that is, the men of Sodom” or just “the men of the city of Sodom”
GEN	19	4	gyq4			0	the house	“Lot’s house”
GEN	19	4	vqe5			0	both young and old	“from the youngest to the oldest.” This means “men of all ages” and refers to the men of Sodom who were surrounding Lot’s house.
GEN	19	5	cu4h			0	that came in to you	“that went into your house”
GEN	19	5	jfu1	figs-euphemism		0	we may know them	These words literally mean “we may know who they are,” but the men meant them as a euphemism for “we may have sexual relations with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	6	k84s			0	after himself	“behind him” or “after he went through”
GEN	19	7	tg28			0	I beg you, my brothers	“I plead with you, my brothers”
GEN	19	7	s55m	figs-idiom		0	my brothers	Lot spoke in a friendly way to the men of the city hoping that they would listen to him. Alternate translation: “my friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	7	ur1w			0	do not act so wickedly	“do not do something so wicked” or “do not do such a wicked thing”
GEN	19	8	bc5c			0	Look	“Pay attention” or “Look here”
GEN	19	8	pb1n	figs-euphemism		0	who have not known any man	This is a polite way of saying that the daughters had not had sexual relations with any man. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	8	jn4w			0	whatever is good in your eyes	“whatever you desire” or “whatever you think is right”
GEN	19	8	nig7	figs-synecdoche		0	under the shadow of my roof	The two men were guests in Lot’s home, so he needed to protect them. The word “roof” is a synecdoche for the whole house and a metaphor for Lot protecting them. Alternate translation: “into my house, and God expects me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	9	k7mf			0	Stand back!	“Step aside!” or “Get out of our way!”
GEN	19	9	sgx9			0	This one came here to live as a foreigner	“This one came here as an outsider” or “This foreigner came to live here”
GEN	19	9	ym7y			0	This one	“Lot.” The men are speaking to each other. If this would be unclear in your language, you may have the men speak to Lot here, as in UST.
GEN	19	9	c9uq	figs-idiom		0	and now	The speaker would not expect a foreigner to judge the people of that land. Alternate translation: “but even though he has no good reason to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	9	sa6c	figs-idiom		0	he has become our judge	Here “has become our judge” is an idiom that means Lot is acting as if he can tell the men what actions are right or wrong. Alternate translation: “he acts as if he has the authority to tell us what is right and what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	9	x79u			0	Now we	“Because you are telling us that what we are doing is wrong, we”
GEN	19	9	xi8x	figs-idiom		0	we will deal worse with you than with them	The men are angry that Lot said, “Do not act so wickedly” ([Genesis 19:7](../19/07.md)), so they are threatening to act more wickedly than Lot had feared at first. Alternate translation: “we will act more wickedly with you than we will with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	9	gdw3			0	They pressed hard against the man, against Lot, and came near to break down the door	Possible meanings are (1) “They kept coming closer to the man, to Lot, until they were close enough to break down the door” or (2) they physically pushed Lot up against the wall or door of the house and were about to break the door down.
GEN	19	9	q8f7			0	the man…Lot	This is two ways of referring to Lot.
GEN	19	10	u4re			0	But the men	“But Lot’s two guests” or “But the two angels”
GEN	19	10	ri1g	figs-explicit		0	the men reached out their hands and brought…them and shut	Your language may need to add that the men opened the door first. Alternate translation: ‘the men opened the door far enough so they could reach out their hands and pull…them, and then they shut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	11	urq7	figs-metaphor		0	Lot’s visitors struck with blindness the men	The phrase “struck with blindness” is a metaphor; the visitors did not physically hit the men. Alternate translation: “Lot’s visitors blinded the men” or “they took away their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	11	kg3g	figs-merism		0	both young and old	“men of all ages.” This merism emphasizes that the visitors blinded all the men. This could indicate social standing rather than age. Alternate translation: “both small and great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	19	12	zat4			0	Then the men said	“Then the two men said” or “Then the angels said”
GEN	19	12	pl2x			0	Do you have anyone else here?	“Are there any other members of your family in the city?” or “Do you have any other family members in this place?”
GEN	19	12	k1l8			0	whoever you have in the city	“any other members of your family living in this city”
GEN	19	13	zq54	figs-exclusive		0	we are about to destroy	The word “we” here is exclusive. Only the two angels would destroy the city; Lot would not destroy it. If your language has an exclusive form of “we,” use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	19	13	q8rc	figs-abstractnouns		0	the accusations against it before Yahweh have become so loud	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “accusations” is expressed as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 18:20](../18/20.md). Alternate translation: “so many people have been telling Yahweh that the people of this city are doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	19	14	pd6h			0	Lot went out	“So Lot left the house”
GEN	19	14	cb3j	figs-parallelism		0	his sons-in-law, the men who had promised to marry his daughters	The phrase “the men who had promised to marry his daughters” explains what “sons-in-law” means here. Alternate translation: “the men who were going to marry his daughters” or “his daughters’ fiancés” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	19	15	ch9a			0	When the morning dawned	“Just before the sun came up”
GEN	19	15	r4pf			0	Get going	“Go now”
GEN	19	15	ta9n	figs-activepassive		0	you are not swept away in the punishment of the city	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so Yahweh does not also destroy you when he punishes the people of this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	19	15	nd8n	figs-metaphor		0	not swept away in the punishment	God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	15	s4jw	figs-metonymy		0	of the city	Here “city” stands for the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	19	16	jp9l			0	But he lingered	“But Lot hesitated” or “But Lot did not start to leave”
GEN	19	16	sa45			0	So the men grabbed	“So the two men grabbed” or “So the angels grabbed”
GEN	19	16	jl9w			0	was merciful to him	“had compassion on Lot.” Yahweh is described as being “merciful” because he was sparing the lives of Lot and his family instead of destroying them when he destroyed the people of Sodom for the wrong they had done.
GEN	19	17	z72f			0	When they had brought them out	“When the two men had brought Lot’s family out”
GEN	19	17	is11	figs-idiom		0	Run for your lives!	This is a way of telling them to run so that they do not die. Alternate translation: “Run away and save your lives!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	17	wpz3	figs-ellipsis		0	Do not look back	The phrase “at the city” is understood. Alternate translation: “Do not look back at the city” or “Do not look back at Sodom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	19	17	hx63			0	on the plain	This means the plain of the Jordan River. This refers to the general region of the Jordan River.
GEN	19	17	n2if	figs-ellipsis		0	so you are not swept away	It is understood that they would swept away with the people of the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else God will destroy you along with the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	19	17	c7y3	figs-metaphor		0	not swept away	God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	19	q7pm	figs-idiom		0	Your servant has found favor in your eyes	The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “You have been pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	19	zq9l	figs-123person		0	Your servant has	Lot was showing respect by referring to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant, have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	19	19	hc7t	figs-abstractnouns		0	you have shown me great kindness in saving my life	The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as “kind.” Alternate translation: “you have been very kind to me by saving my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	19	19	i5uv	figs-personification		0	I cannot escape to the mountains, because the disaster will overtake me, and I will die	Being unable to get far enough away from Sodom when God destroys the city is spoken of as if “disaster” is a person that will chase and catch up with Lot. Alternate translation: “My family and I will certainly die when God destroys the people of Sodom, because the mountains are too far away for us to get there safely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	19	19	q5le	figs-explicit		0	my life…I cannot escape…overtake me, and I will die	It is implied that Lot’s family would die along with him. Alternate translation: “our lives…we cannot escape…overtake us, and we will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	20	m8z1	figs-rquestion		0	let me escape there (is it not a little one?), and my life will be saved	Lot used this rhetorical question to get the angels to notice that the city really is a small one. Alternate translation: “let me escape there. You can see how small it is. If you let us go there we will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	19	20	c93m	figs-explicit		0	let me escape there	Lot’s full request can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead of destroying that city, let me escape there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	20	yx21	figs-explicit		0	my life will be saved	It is implied that the lives of Lot’s family will be saved along with his. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that we will live” or “so that we will survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	19	21	x14h			0	I am granting this request also	“I will do what you have asked”
GEN	19	22	np4e	figs-explicit		0	cannot do anything	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “cannot destroy the other cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	22	y7sj			0	Zoar	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Zoar sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘little.’ Lot called this town ‘little’ in Genesis 19:20.”
GEN	19	23	z84a	figs-explicit		0	The sun had risen upon the earth	“The sun had risen over the earth.” The phrase “upon the earth” can be left implicit as it is in the UST where it is not translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	23	zhv3	figs-explicit		0	when Lot reached Zoar	It is implied that Lot’s family is with him. Alternate translation: “when Lot and his family arrived at Zoar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	24	f7cp	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh rained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky	The phrase “from Yahweh” stands for God’s power to cause the sulfur and fire to fall on the city. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused sulfur and fire to fall from the sky onto Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	19	24	c8se	figs-hendiadys		0	sulfur and fire	These two words are used together to describe one object. Alternate translation: “burning sulfur” or “fiery rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN	19	25	ubh2			0	those cities	This refers primarily to Sodom and Gomorrah, but also to three other towns.
GEN	19	25	kx2i			0	the inhabitants of the cities	“the people who lived in the cities”
GEN	19	26	pf2p			0	she became a pillar of salt	“she became like a statue of salt” or “her body became like a tall stone of salt.” Because she disobeyed the angel who told them not to look back at the city, God caused her to become something like a statue made out of rock salt.
GEN	19	28	zp8y			0	behold	The word “behold” draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	19	28	p62z	figs-simile		0	like the smoke of a furnace	This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	19	29	vag9			0	General Information:	Verse 29 is a summary of this chapter.
GEN	19	29	tj4d	figs-idiom		0	God called Abraham to mind	This tells why God rescued Lot. To “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” This does not imply that God forgot about Abraham. It means he considered Abraham and had mercy on him. Alternate translation: “God thought about Abraham and had mercy on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	19	29	h1uq			0	out of the midst of the destruction	“away from the destruction” or “away from danger”
GEN	19	30	p16k			0	Lot went up from Zoar to live in the mountains	The phrase “went up from” is used because Lot went to a higher elevation in the mountains.
GEN	19	31	me8w	figs-nominaladj		0	The firstborn…the younger	Here “firstborn” and “younger” are nominal adjectives that refer to Lot’s two daughters according to their birth order. Alternate translation: “Lot’s first daughter…Lot’s last daughter” or “The older daughter…the younger daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	19	31	xk1x	figs-euphemism		0	to lie with us	These words are a euphemism for sexual relations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	31	fm8h	figs-metonymy		0	according to the way of all the world	Here “the world” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “as people everywhere do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	19	32	tlh6	figs-explicit		0	drink wine	It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	32	cr2n	figs-euphemism		0	we will lie with him	To “lie with” someone is a euphemism for having sexual relations with that person. Alternate translation: “we will have sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	32	j57q	figs-metaphor		0	so that we may extend our father’s line	This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	33	ufz5	figs-euphemism		0	lay with her father	This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	33	r7ai	figs-euphemism		0	when she lay down	Possible meanings are (1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or (2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	34	pyk6			0	Let us make him drink wine…father’s line	See how you translated these phrases in [Genesis 19:32](./32.md).
GEN	19	34	mb9p	figs-explicit		0	drink wine	It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	19	34	qf2v	figs-metaphor		0	so that we may extend our father’s line	This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	19	35	hm3h			0	So they made…or when she got up	See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 19:33](./33.md).
GEN	19	35	l4nj	figs-euphemism		0	lay with him	This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	35	x62y	figs-euphemism		0	when she lay down	Possible meanings are (1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or (2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. See how these words are translated in [Genesis 19:33](../19/33.md). Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	19	36	bq86			0	were pregnant by their father	“became pregnant by their father” or “conceived children with their father”
GEN	19	37	ur5a			0	He became	“He is”
GEN	19	37	u4u4			0	the Moabites of today	“the Moab people who are now living”
GEN	19	37	lre9			0	of today	The word “today” refers to the time when the author of Genesis was living. The author was born and wrote this many years after Lot’s family lived and died.
GEN	19	38	tbc3	translate-names		0	Ben-Ammi	This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	19	38	kpi7			0	the people of Ammon	“the descendants of Ammon” or “the Ammon people”
GEN	20	intro	m5j1			0		# Genesis 20 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “She is my sister”<br>Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Irony<br>Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN	20	1	pym2	translate-names		0	Shur	This is a desert region on the eastern border of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	20	2	zga1			0	sent for Sarah and took her	“made his men go get Sarah and bring her to him”
GEN	20	3	v444			0	God came to Abimelech	“God appeared to Abimelech”
GEN	20	3	tme7			0	Behold	“pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: “
GEN	20	3	x7kr	figs-idiom		0	you are a dead man	This is a strong way of saying the king will die. Alternate translation: “you will certainly die soon” or “I will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	20	3	l852			0	a man’s wife	“a married woman”
GEN	20	4	cxb7	writing-background		0	Now…her	This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Abimelech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	20	4	nbq2	figs-euphemism		0	Abimelech had not come near her	This is a polite way of saying he did not have sex with her. Alternate translation: “Abimelech had not slept with Sarah” or “Abimelech had not touched Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	20	4	gxv9	figs-metonymy		0	even a righteous nation	Here “nation” stands for the people. Abimelech is worried that God will punish not only him, but his people also. Alternate translation: “even a people who are innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	5	a3jr	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’ Even she herself said, ‘He is my brother.’	This has quotations within a quotation. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Did he himself not tell me that she is his sister? Even she herself told me that he is her brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	20	5	c4vt	figs-rquestion		0	Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’	Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind God of something God already knew. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself told me, ‘She is my sister.’” or “Abraham said that she is his sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	20	5	lx3l	figs-rpronouns		0	Did he not himself say…Even she herself	The words “he himself” and “she herself” are used for emphasis to bring attention to Abraham and Sarah and to blame them for what happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN	20	5	ey19	figs-metonymy		0	I have done this in the integrity of my heart and the innocence of my hands	Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Also “hands” stands for his actions. Alternate translation: “I have done this with good intentions and actions” or “I have done this with no evil thoughts or actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	6	b1a5			0	God said to him	“God said to Abimelech”
GEN	20	6	r797	figs-metonymy		0	in the integrity of your heart you did this	Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: “you did this with good intentions” or “you did this without evil intentions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	6	fkd2	figs-euphemism		0	to touch her	This is a euphemism for having sex with Sarah. Alternate translation: “to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	20	7	x37f			0	the man’s wife	“Abraham’s wife”
GEN	20	7	e8qh			0	you will live	“I will let you live”
GEN	20	7	nj49			0	all who are yours	“all of your people”
GEN	20	8	egv2			0	He told all these things to them	“He told them everything that God had told him”
GEN	20	9	vne4	figs-rquestion		0	What have you done to us?	Abimelech used this rhetorical question to accuse Abraham. Alternate translation: “You have done something bad to us!” or “Look what you have done to us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	20	9	s7b5	figs-exclusive		0	to us	The word “us” here is exclusive and does not include Abraham and Sarah. If your language uses an exclusive form of “we” or “us,” use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	20	9	za1f	figs-rquestion		0	How have I sinned against you, that you have brought…sin?	Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind Abraham that he had not sinned against Abraham. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing against you to cause you to bring…sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	20	9	jp85	figs-metaphor		0	that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin	To cause someone to be guilty of sinning is spoken of as if “sin” was a thing that could be placed on a person. Alternate translation: “that you should make me and my kingdom guilty of such a terrible sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	20	9	e4jh	figs-metonymy		0	on my kingdom	Here “kingdom” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “on the people of my kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	9	x8wm			0	You have done to me that which ought not to be done	“You should not have done this to me”
GEN	20	10	qyr8	figs-explicit		0	What prompted you to do this thing?	“What caused you to do this?” or “Why did you do this?” What Abraham did can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Why did you tell me that Sarah is your sister?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	20	11	gvr3	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Because I thought that since no one here fears God, someone may kill me so they can take my wife.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	20	11	nei7	figs-metonymy		0	no fear of God in this place	Here “place” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “no one here in Gerar fears God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	11	y87a			0	fear of God	This means to deeply respect God and show that respect by obeying him.
GEN	20	12	p538			0	Besides, she is indeed my sister	“Also, it is true that Sarah is my sister” or “Also, Sarah really is my sister”
GEN	20	12	ml6b			0	the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother	“we have the same father, but we have different mothers”
GEN	20	13	ktu6			0	General Information:	Verse 13 is a continuation of Abraham’s answer to Abimelech.
GEN	20	13	e2ep	figs-metonymy		0	my father’s house	Here “house” stands for Abraham’s family. Alternate translation: “my father and the rest of my family” or “my father’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	20	13	jl8s	figs-quotesinquotes		0	I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.”’	This has quotations within quotations. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “I said to Sarah that I wanted her to be faithful to me by telling people everywhere we go that I am her brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	20	14	sh8w			0	Abimelech took	“Abimelech brought some”
GEN	20	15	d1fq			0	Abimelech said	“Abimelech said to Abraham”
GEN	20	15	f45t			0	Look	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important”
GEN	20	15	pv15	figs-idiom		0	my land is before you	This is a way of saying “I make all of my land available to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	20	15	ch6w			0	Settle wherever it pleases you	“Live wherever you want”
GEN	20	16	u7bg	translate-numbers		0	a thousand	“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	20	16	tv82	figs-metaphor		0	It is to cover any offense against you in the eyes of all who are with you	Giving money to prove to others that Sarah is innocent is spoken of as if he is placing a cover over an offense so no one can see it. Alternate translation: “I am giving this to him, so that those who are with you will know that you have done nothing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	20	16	gpn5	figs-metaphor		0	in the eyes	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “in the opinion” or “in the judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	20	16	id4c	figs-activepassive		0	before everyone, you are completely made right	The passive phrase “made right” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone will know that you are innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	20	18	wr3n			0	completely infertile	“totally unable to have children”
GEN	20	18	z9nv	figs-explicit		0	because of Sarah, Abraham’s wife	The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Abimelech had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	intro	cru4			0		# Genesis 21 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sarah’s anger<br>After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham’s other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Abandoning Ishmael<br>According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Treaty<br>The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham’s God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN	21	1	f988	figs-explicit		0	Yahweh paid attention to Sarah	Here the phrase “paid attention to” refers to Yahweh helping Sarah have a baby. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	2	waa9			0	bore a son to Abraham	“gave birth to Abraham’s son”
GEN	21	2	xm5n			0	in his old age	“when Abraham was very old”
GEN	21	2	ud3d			0	at the set time of which God had spoken to him	“at the exact time that God had told him it would happen”
GEN	21	3	gbc9			0	Abraham named his son, the one who had been born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac	“Abraham named his newborn son, the one Sarah gave birth to, Isaac” or “Abraham named their newborn son Isaac”
GEN	21	4	wzz8			0	Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old	“When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him”
GEN	21	4	g3m9	translate-numbers		0	eight days	“8 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	21	4	pp61			0	had commanded him	“had commanded Abraham to do”
GEN	21	5	j1u3	translate-numbers		0	one hundred	“100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	21	6	nu7q	figs-explicit		0	God has made me laugh	Sarah was laughing because she was surprised and happy. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God has caused me to laugh joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	6	ns7b	figs-explicit		0	every one who hears	What people would hear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone who hears about what God has done for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	7	t9ue	figs-rquestion		0	Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children	This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one would have ever said to Abraham that Sarah will nurse children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	21	7	hs12	figs-euphemism		0	nurse children	This is a polite way of referring to breast-feeding babies. Alternate translation: “feed a baby her own milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	21	8	dp3y	figs-euphemism		0	The child grew and…Isaac was weaned	“Wean” here is a polite way of saying the child was finished with breast feeding. Alternate translation: “Isaac grew, and when he no longer needed his mother’s milk, Abraham had a large feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	21	9	mm9v	figs-explicit		0	the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham	The name of Hagar’s son can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Ishmael, the son of Hagar the Egyptian and Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	9	d73k	figs-explicit		0	mocking	It can be stated explicitly that he was jeering or laughing at Isaac. Alternate translation: “laughing at Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	10	t7tn			0	she said to Abraham	“Sarah said to Abraham”
GEN	21	10	y4le			0	Drive out	“send away” or “get rid of”
GEN	21	10	n7ry			0	this slave woman and her son	This refers to Hagar and Ishmael. Sarah probably did not refer to them by name because she was angry with them.
GEN	21	10	jrm9			0	with my son, with Isaac	“with my son Isaac”
GEN	21	11	b5qj			0	This thing was very grievous to Abraham	“Abraham was very unhappy about what Sarah said”
GEN	21	11	bb4j	figs-explicit		0	because of his son	“because it was about his son.” It is implied that this means his son, Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	12	r6u6			0	Do not be grieved because of the lad, and because of your servant woman	“Do not be upset about the boy and your handmaid”
GEN	21	12	t2a7			0	Listen to her words in all she says to you about this matter	“Do everything that Sarah says to you about them”
GEN	21	12	wzl5	figs-activepassive		0	it is through Isaac that your descendants will be named	The phrase “will be named” means those born through Isaac are the ones God considers to be the descendants that he promised Abraham. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Isaac is the one who will be the forefather of the descendants I promised to give you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	21	13	k7jw	figs-metonymy		0	I will also make the son of the servant woman into a nation	The word “nation” means God will give him many descendants so that they become a great nation of people. Alternate translation: “I will make the servant woman’s son also become the father of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	21	14	u9q1	figs-synecdoche		0	took bread	Possible meanings are (1) this refers to food in general or (2) this refers to bread specifically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	21	14	hbx9			0	a skin of water	“a bag of water.” The water container was made out of animal skin.
GEN	21	15	ad5u			0	When the water in the waterskin was gone	“When the water bag was empty” or “When they had drank all of the water”
GEN	21	16	z7c3			0	about the distance of a bowshot away	This refers to the distance that a person could shoot an arrow with a bow. This is about 100 meters.
GEN	21	16	kuh9	figs-abstractnouns		0	Let me not look upon the death of the child	The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “die.” Alternate translation: “I do not want to watch the boy die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	21	16	i8r8	figs-metonymy		0	she lifted up her voice and wept	Here “voice” stands for the sound of her crying. To “life up her voice” means to cry loudly. Alternate translation: “she cried out loudly and wept” or “she wept loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	21	17	y2cd	figs-metonymy		0	the voice of the lad	“the boy’s voice.” Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of Ishmael” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	21	17	swz4			0	the angel of God	“a messenger from God” or “God’s messenger”
GEN	21	17	nh6r			0	out of heaven	Here “heaven” means the place where God lives.
GEN	21	17	usq5			0	What troubles you	“What is wrong” or “Why are you crying”
GEN	21	17	bx2t	figs-metonymy		0	the voice of the lad where he is	Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of the boy lying over there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	21	18	n4hf			0	raise up the lad	“help the boy stand up”
GEN	21	18	ifp4	figs-metonymy		0	I will make him into a great nation	To make Ishmael into a great nation means God will give him many descendants who will become a great nation. Alternate translation: “I will make his descendants become a great nation” or “I will make him become the ancestor of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	21	19	kqh4	figs-metaphor		0	God opened her eyes, and she saw	God making Hagar aware of the well is spoken of as if he literally opened her eyes. Alternate translation: “God caused Hagar to see” or “God showed her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	21	19	l527			0	the skin	“the container made of skin” or “the bag”
GEN	21	19	q3fh			0	the lad	“the boy” or “Ishmael”
GEN	21	20	i9tw	figs-idiom		0	God was with the lad	Here the phrase “was with” is an idiom that means God helped or blessed the boy. Alternate translation: “God guided the boy” or “God blessed the boy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	21	20	dwr6			0	became an archer	“became very skilled at using a bow and arrows”
GEN	21	21	nwf2			0	got a wife	“found a wife”
GEN	21	22	d7es	writing-newevent		0	It came about at that time	This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	21	22	sx3y	translate-names		0	Phicol	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	21	22	fg4b			0	captain of his army	“commander of his army”
GEN	21	22	j5ga			0	his army	The word “his” refers to Abimelech.
GEN	21	22	ed3j	figs-idiom		0	God is with you in all that you do	Here the phrase “is with you” is an idiom that means God helps or blesses Abraham. Alternate translation: “God blesses everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	21	23	s6v8	figs-explicit		0	Now therefore	The word “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	21	23	le59	figs-idiom		0	swear to me here by God	This is an idiom meaning to make a solemn oath witnessed by a higher authority, in this instance, God. Alternate translation: “promise me with God as your witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	21	23	du1c			0	that you will not deal falsely with me	“that you will not lie to me”
GEN	21	23	z3n7	figs-doublenegatives		0	will not deal falsely…with my descendants	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will deal honestly with me and my descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	21	23	s3ki	figs-abstractnouns		0	Show to me…covenant faithfulness that I have shown to you	The two men had made a covenant with each other. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Be as faithful to me and to the land as I have been to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	21	23	cj4i	figs-metonymy		0	to the land	Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	21	24	s11p	figs-ellipsis		0	I swear	This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I swear to be as faithful to you and your people as you have been to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	21	25	v44s			0	Abraham also complained to Abimelech	Possible meanings are (1) Abraham was complaining about what happened or (2) “Abraham also rebuked Abimelech”
GEN	21	25	ph9l			0	concerning a well of water that Abimelech’s servants had seized from him	“because Abimelech’s servants had taken one of Abraham’s wells”
GEN	21	25	t12g			0	seized from him	“taken from Abraham” or “had taken control of”
GEN	21	26	i3se			0	I have not heard of it until today	“This is the first time I have heard about it”
GEN	21	27	ruw8	translate-symaction		0	Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech	This is a sign of friendship and that Abraham agrees to make covenant with Abimelech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	21	28	jy7m			0	Abraham set seven female lambs of the flock by themselves	“Abraham separated seven female lambs from the flock”
GEN	21	29	tqa1			0	What is the meaning of these seven female lambs that you have set by themselves?	“Why have you separated these seven lambs from the flock?”
GEN	21	30	t7mt			0	you will receive	“you will take”
GEN	21	30	mf9f	figs-synecdoche		0	from my hand	Here “hand” stands for Abraham. Alternate translation: “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	21	30	z8ku			0	it may be a witness	The word “it” refers to the gift of seven lambs.
GEN	21	30	k965	figs-abstractnouns		0	so that it may be a witness for me	The abstract noun “witness” can be stated as “to prove.” Alternate translation: “to prove to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	21	31	fs2d			0	he called that place	“Abraham called that place”
GEN	21	31	nln8			0	Beersheba	Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.”
GEN	21	31	uup5			0	they both	“Abraham and Abimelech”
GEN	21	32	nu8h			0	Phicol	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md).
GEN	21	33	nb3h	translate-unknown		0	a tamarisk tree	This is an evergreen tree that can grow in the desert. It can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	21	33	hss3			0	the eternal God	“the God who lives forever”
GEN	21	34	q54a			0	many days	“for a long time”
GEN	22	intro	eq6l			0		# Genesis 22 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrificing his son<br>Although Isaac was not Abraham’s only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham’s promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God’s actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Covenant affirmation<br>After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenants of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God tests Abraham<br>Extra care should be taken when translating “testing.” It is best to avoid using the same word used for “tempting” even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md))
GEN	22	1	v5l5	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	22	1	l21s			0	after these things	This phrase refers to the events in chapter 21.
GEN	22	1	n2k1	figs-explicit		0	God tested Abraham	It is implied that God tests Abraham to learn if Abraham will be faithful to him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: God tested Abraham’s faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	1	wmg9			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?”
GEN	22	2	riw5	figs-explicit		0	your only son	It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “your only son whom I have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	2	wi8g			0	whom you love	This emphasizes Abraham’s love for his son, Isaac.
GEN	22	2	f7eh	translate-names		0	the land of Moriah	“the land called Moriah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	22	3	t9yx			0	saddled his donkey	“loaded his donkey” or “put on his donkey what he needed for the journey”
GEN	22	3	yed4			0	young men	“servants”
GEN	22	3	u1yy			0	set out on his journey	“started his journey” or “started traveling”
GEN	22	4	rp2j	translate-ordinal		0	On the third day	The word “third” is the ordinal number for three. Alternate translation: “After traveling for three days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	22	4	wqd9			0	saw the place afar off	“saw far away the place that God had spoken of”
GEN	22	5	n287			0	young men	“servants”
GEN	22	5	fay2	figs-exclusive		0	We will worship	The word “we” refers only to Abraham and Isaac, but not to the young men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	22	5	h4ur			0	come again to you	“return to you”
GEN	22	6	hdf8			0	put it on Isaac his son	“had Isaac, his son, carry it”
GEN	22	6	kw2g	figs-synecdoche		0	He took in his own hand	Here “his own hand” emphasizes that Abraham himself carried these things. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself carried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	22	6	lj2s	figs-synecdoche		0	the fire	Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. Alternate translation: “something for starting a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	22	6	v6yy			0	they went both of them together	“they left together” or “the two of them went together”
GEN	22	7	h248			0	My father	This is a loving way for a son to speak to his father.
GEN	22	7	j9ph			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN	22	7	vf73			0	my son	This is a loving way for a father to speak to his son.
GEN	22	7	m2y2	figs-synecdoche		0	the fire	Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:6](../22/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	22	7	eb9g			0	the lamb for the burnt offering	“the lamb that you will give as a burnt offering”
GEN	22	8	w7zp	figs-rpronouns		0	God himself	Here “himself” emphasizes that it is God who will provide the lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN	22	8	p2wc			0	will provide	“will give us”
GEN	22	9	yn6m			0	When they came to the place	“When Abraham and Isaac arrived at the place”
GEN	22	9	x21f			0	he bound	“he tied up”
GEN	22	9	g9i8			0	on the altar, on top of the wood	“on top of the wood that was on the altar”
GEN	22	10	a5eg			0	reached out with his hand and took up the knife	“picked up the knife”
GEN	22	11	d82r			0	the angel of Yahweh	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN	22	11	yu4c			0	from heaven	This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN	22	11	w9zz			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN	22	12	m8d6	figs-idiom		0	Do not lay your hand upon the lad, nor do anything to harm him	The phrase “Do no lay your hand upon” is a way of saying “do not harm.” God said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that Abraham should not hurt Isaac. Alternate translation: “Do not hurt the boy in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	22	12	n4c5			0	now I know…from me	The words “I” and “me” refer to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the words “I” and “me” when referring to Yahweh.
GEN	22	12	n8sb			0	you fear God	This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him.
GEN	22	12	rcz2			0	seeing that	“because I see that”
GEN	22	12	nh8u	figs-doublenegatives		0	you have not withheld your son…from me	“you have not held back your son…from me.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you were willing to offer your son…to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	22	12	yqd1	figs-explicit		0	your son, your only son	It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	13	n7b6			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	22	13	qy8n	figs-activepassive		0	was a ram caught in the bushes by his horns	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “was a ram whose horns were stuck in the bushes” or “was a ram stuck in the bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	22	13	i7l2			0	went and took the ram	“Abraham went over to the ram and took it”
GEN	22	14	fk9q			0	will provide…will be provided	Use the same word for “provide” as you used in [Genesis 22:8](../22/08.md).
GEN	22	14	cbx8			0	to this day	“even now.” This means even to the time that the author was writing this book.
GEN	22	14	qmx7	figs-activepassive		0	it will be provided	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will provide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	22	15	qcn7			0	The angel of Yahweh	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “The angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN	22	15	aa8z	translate-ordinal		0	a second time	The word “second” is the ordinal number for two. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	22	15	e8jz			0	from heaven	Here the word “heaven” refers to the place where God lives.
GEN	22	16	t7gg			0	said—this is Yahweh’s declaration	“spoke this message from Yahweh” or “declared these words of Yahweh.” This is a formal way of saying that the words that follow come directly from Yahweh.
GEN	22	16	p814			0	by myself I have sworn	“I have promised and I am my witness.” To swear means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. There is nothing more powerful for Yahweh to swear by than himself.
GEN	22	16	une6			0	you have done this thing	“you obeyed me”
GEN	22	16	jc1a	figs-doublenegatives		0	have not withheld your son	“have not kept back your son.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “were willing to offer your son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	22	16	pyp7	figs-explicit		0	your son, your only son	It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	17	rb7e			0	surely bless	“certainly bless”
GEN	22	17	ejb4			0	I will greatly multiply your descendants	“I will cause your descendants to increase again and again” or “I will cause your descendants to be very many”
GEN	22	17	aih1	figs-simile		0	as the stars of the heavens, and as the sand which is upon the seashore	God compared Abraham’s descendants to the stars and the sand. Just as people cannot count the huge number of stars or the grains of sand, so there would be so many of Abraham’s descendants that people would not be able to count them. Alternate translation: “beyond what you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	22	17	v86r			0	as the stars of the heavens	Here the word “heavens” refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN	22	17	q7zd	figs-synecdoche		0	will possess the gate of their enemies	Here “gate” represents the whole city. To “possess the gate of their enemies” means destroying their enemies. Alternate translation: “will completely triumph over their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	22	18	tq9d			0	General Information:	The angel of Yahweh continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN	22	18	u7dd	figs-activepassive		0	all the nations of the earth will be blessed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord, will bless all the people living everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	22	18	bl9q	figs-metonymy		0	nations of the earth	Here “nations” stands for the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	22	18	i6qx	figs-metonymy		0	you have obeyed my voice	Here “voice” stands for what God said. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what I said” or “you have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	22	19	eb78	figs-explicit		0	Abraham returned	Only Abraham was named because he was the father, but it was implied that his son went with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his son went back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	19	vx4h			0	young men	“servants”
GEN	22	19	e1ck			0	they departed	“they left that place”
GEN	22	19	v5yw	figs-explicit		0	he lived at Beersheba	Only Abraham was mentioned because he was the leader of his family and servants, but it was implied that they were with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his people stayed in Beersheba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	22	20	hai9	writing-newevent		0	It came about after these things	“After these events.” The phrase “these things” refers to the events of Genesis 22:1-19. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	22	20	u5ru	figs-activepassive		0	Abraham was told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	22	20	a222			0	Milkah has borne children, as well	“Milkah has also borne children”
GEN	22	20	i8qv	translate-names		0	Milkah	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	22	21	hd5y			0	They were Uz his firstborn, Buz his brother	“The name of his firstborn was Uz, and the names of the rest of his children were Buz his brother”
GEN	22	21	xm6k	translate-names		0	Uz…Buz…Kemuel…Aram	These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these except Aram are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	22	22	qg5a	translate-names		0	Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel	These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	22	23	h2fe			0	Bethuel became the father of Rebekah	“Later Bethel became the father of Rebekah”
GEN	22	23	xue2			0	These were the eight children that Milkah bore to Nahor, Abraham’s brother	“These were the eight children of Milkah and Nahor, Abraham’s brother.” This refers to the children that were listed in [Genesis 22:21-22](./21.md).
GEN	22	24	v3k2			0	His concubine	“Nahor’s concubine”
GEN	22	24	td3e	translate-names		0	Reumah	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	22	24	uvx4			0	also bore	“also gave birth to”
GEN	22	24	km7f	translate-names		0	Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	intro	m5kz			0		# Genesis 23 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abraham’s character<br>Abraham’s interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Burial<br>Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way.
GEN	23	1	by7k	translate-numbers		0	Sarah lived a hundred and twenty-seven years	“Sarah lived 127 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	23	1	dq7c	figs-doublet		0	These were the years of the life of Sarah	Some translations do not include this sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	23	2	bm76	translate-names		0	Kiriath Arba	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	2	dik9			0	Abraham mourned and wept for Sarah	“Abraham was very sad and cried because Sarah died”
GEN	23	3	r87x			0	rose up and went from his dead wife	“got up and left his wife’s body”
GEN	23	3	n5za	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	4	tg1d			0	among you	This idea may be expressed in terms of location. “in your country” or “here”
GEN	23	4	llx2			0	Please grant me a property	“Sell me some land” or “Allow me to buy a piece of land”
GEN	23	4	ehx7	figs-nominaladj		0	my dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “my dead wife” or “my wife who has died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	5	w3ln	translate-names		0	The sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “The descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	6	s243			0	my master	This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN	23	6	z2xn	figs-idiom		0	a prince of God	This is an idiom. This probably means “a powerful man” or “a mighty leader.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	23	6	l6my	figs-nominaladj		0	your dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	6	rh4j			0	the choicest of our tombs	“the best of our burial places”
GEN	23	6	u2pe			0	refuse you his tomb	“withhold his burial place from you” or “refuse to give to you his tomb”
GEN	23	7	h7w7	writing-symlanguage		0	bowed down	This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
GEN	23	7	yw6s			0	to the people of the land, to the sons of Heth	“to the sons of Heth who lived in the area”
GEN	23	7	qnd5	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	8	z68i	figs-nominaladj		0	my dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	8	c9j3	translate-names		0	Ephron…Zohar	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	9	t978			0	the cave of Machpelah, which he owns, which is at the end of his field	“his cave that is at the end of his field in Machpelah”
GEN	23	9	h3f7	translate-names		0	the cave of Machpelah	“the cave in Machpela.” Machpela was the name of an area or region. Ephron owned a field in Machpela and the cave that was in the field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	9	n9as	figs-distinguish		0	which he owns	This tells something about the cave. Ephron owned the cave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	23	9	e8mr	figs-distinguish		0	which is at the end of his field	This also tells something about the cave. The cave was at the end of Ephron’s field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	23	9	xw6j			0	sell it to me publicly	“sell it to me in front of you all” or “sell it to me in your presence”
GEN	23	9	h1qr			0	as a property	“as a piece of land that I may own and use”
GEN	23	10	idb1	writing-background		0	Now Ephron was sitting among the sons of Heth	Here “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Ephron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	23	10	w16a	translate-names		0	Ephron	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	10	qat3	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	10	pmj4	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the hearing of the sons of Heth	The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	23	10	yq1p	figs-distinguish		0	all those who had come into the gate of his city	This tells which sons of Heth were listening. Alternate translation: “all those who had gathered at the gate of his city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	23	10	v5hh			0	gate of his city	The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions.
GEN	23	10	juf1			0	his city	“the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it.
GEN	23	11	t9j5			0	my master	This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN	23	11	zt96	figs-metonymy		0	in the presence of the sons of my people	Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with my fellow countrymen as my witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	23	11	td9w			0	sons of my people	This means “my fellow countrymen” or “my fellow Hittites”
GEN	23	11	zdp4			0	my people	This phrase shows that Ephron was part of that group of people. It does not mean that he was their leader.
GEN	23	11	eq11			0	I give it to you to bury your dead	“I give it to you. Bury your dead”
GEN	23	11	d3q4	figs-nominaladj		0	your dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	12	sv7w	writing-symlanguage		0	bowed himself down	This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
GEN	23	12	g1ce			0	people of the land	“people who lived in that area”
GEN	23	13	s7vm	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the hearing of the people of the land	The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening” Alternate translation: “so that the people who lived in the area could hear” or “while the people who lived in the area were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	23	13	d4k3			0	But if you are willing	The word “but” shows a contrast. Ephron wanted to give the field to Abraham; Abraham wanted to pay for it. Alternate translation: “No, but if you are willing” or “No, but if you agree with this”
GEN	23	13	t89n			0	I will pay for the field	“I will give you money for the field”
GEN	23	13	xai6	figs-nominaladj		0	my dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	14	i9a7	translate-names		0	Ephron	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	15	a9gk			0	Please, my master, listen to me	“Hear me, my master” or “Listen to me, kind sir”
GEN	23	15	a6wp			0	my master	This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN	23	15	v7ic	figs-rquestion		0	A piece of land worth four hundred shekels of silver, what is that between me and you?	Ephron meant that since he and Abraham were both so wealthy, 400 pieces of silver was a small amount. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The piece of land is worth only four hundred shekels of silver. For you and me, that is nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	23	15	pl1v	translate-bweight		0	four hundred shekels of silver	This is about 4.5 kilograms of silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN	23	15	vh1v	translate-numbers		0	four hundred	“400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	23	15	v5rr	figs-nominaladj		0	Bury your dead	The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “Go bury your wife who has died” or “Go bury your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN	23	16	bu12			0	Abraham weighed out to Ephron the amount of silver	“Abraham weighed the silver and gave Ephron the amount” or “Abraham counted out to Ephron the amount of silver”
GEN	23	16	af6q			0	the amount of silver that he had spoken	“the amount of silver that Ephron had said”
GEN	23	16	k56n	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the hearing of the sons of Heth	The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	23	16	n255	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	16	z85u			0	according to the standard measurement of the merchants	“using the standard measurement of weight that merchants used.” This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He weighed the silver the same way that the merchants used to weigh it”
GEN	23	17	tt9e	translate-names		0	Machpelah	Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	17	x6jb	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	17	ia83			0	that is, the field, the cave that was in it, and all the trees	This phrase explains what the author meant when he wrote “the field of Ephron.” It was not only the field, but also the cave and trees in the field.
GEN	23	17	d6s8			0	passed	“became property that belonged”
GEN	23	18	lsx4			0	to Abraham by purchase	These words complete the idea that begins with the word “passed” in verse 17. “became Abraham’s possession when he purchased it” or “belonged to Abraham after he bought it”
GEN	23	18	cr5r	figs-metonymy		0	in the presence of the sons of Heth	Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with the people of Heth watching as witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	23	18	n2pe	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	23	18	g8u6	figs-distinguish		0	all those who had come into the gate of his city	This tells which sons of Heth saw Abraham buy the property. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:10](../23/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN	23	18	ygu6			0	gate of his city	The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions.
GEN	23	18	e2hk			0	his city	“the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it.
GEN	23	19	ekx3			0	After this	“After he bought the field”
GEN	23	19	fv26			0	the cave of the field	“the cave in the field”
GEN	23	19	b38v			0	the field of Machpelah	“the field in Machpelah”
GEN	23	19	ey3f			0	that is, Hebron	Possible meanings are (1) Mamre was another name for Hebron or (2) Hebron was formerly called Mamre or (3) Mamre was very near the larger city of Hebron, so people usually called it Hebron.
GEN	23	20	cs4e			0	passed to Abraham as a property for a burial place from the sons of Heth	“became Abraham’s property for a burial ground when he bought it from the sons of Heth”
GEN	23	20	fx6q	translate-names		0	the sons of Heth	Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	24	intro	t2cz			0		# Genesis 24 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:60.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Intermarriage<br><br>Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham’s descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### Abraham’s wealth<br><br>There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham’s significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Put your hand under my thigh”<br><br>Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one’s hand on a man’s genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	24	1	swv5			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN	24	2	ebr3	translate-symaction		0	Put your hand under my thigh	Abraham was about to ask the servant to swear to do something. Putting his hand under Abraham’s thigh would show that he would certainly do what he would swear to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	24	3	f2nf	figs-imperative		0	I will make you swear	This can be expressed as a command. Alternate translation: “swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	24	3	a7dx			0	swear by Yahweh	The term “swear by” means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. “promise me with Yahweh as your witness”
GEN	24	3	hip1	figs-merism		0	the God of heaven and the God of the earth	“the God of heaven and earth.” The words “heaven” and “earth” are used together to mean every thing that God created. Alternate translation: “the God of everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	24	3	ren6			0	heaven	This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN	24	3	v2r5			0	from the daughters of the Canaanites	“from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites.” This refers to Canaanite females.
GEN	24	3	i3p4	figs-synecdoche		0	among whom I make my home	“among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	24	4	a5wn	figs-imperative		0	But you will go	This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Swear that you will go” or “But go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN	24	4	s3ne			0	my relatives	“my family”
GEN	24	5	qpu6			0	What if	“What should I do if”
GEN	24	5	wkn5			0	will not be willing to follow me	“will not follow me” or “refuses to come back with me”
GEN	24	5	b9nk			0	Must I take your son back to the land from which you came	“Should I take you son to live in the land from which you came”
GEN	24	6	g1bh			0	Make sure that you do not take my son back there	The phrase “Make sure” emphasizes the command that follows. “Be careful not to take my son back there” or “You definitely must not take my son there”
GEN	24	7	b2tf	figs-metonymy		0	who took me from my father’s house	Here “house” stands for the people in his family. Alternate translation: “who took me from my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	24	7	rg6g			0	promised me with a solemn oath	“swore an oath to me”
GEN	24	7	ar65	figs-quotesinquotes		0	saying, ‘To your offspring I will give this land,’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “saying that he would give this land to my offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	24	7	a25j			0	he will send his angel	The words “he” and “his” refer to Yahweh.
GEN	24	8	w9ll			0	General Information:	Verse 8 is a continuation of the instructions Abraham gave his servant.
GEN	24	8	j773	figs-hypo		0	But if the woman is not willing to follow you	“But if the woman refuses to come with you.” Abraham was answering the servant’s question from [Genesis 24:5](../24/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	24	8	q3gy	figs-metaphor		0	you will be free from this oath of mine	“you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	24	9	tty4	translate-symaction		0	put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master	This was to show that he would certainly do what he was swearing to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	24	9	lt8g			0	swore to him	“made an oath to him”
GEN	24	9	k6wb			0	concerning this matter	“concerning Abraham’s request” or “that he would do what Abraham said”
GEN	24	10	qz3v			0	departed. He also took	The sentence starting with “He also took” gives additional information about what the servant took with him on the journey. He gathered them before he departed.
GEN	24	10	t2ji			0	He also took with him all kinds of gifts from his master	This means he also took many good things that his master wanted to give to the woman’s family.
GEN	24	10	yq2h			0	departed and went	“set out and went” or “he left and went”
GEN	24	10	nmn4	translate-names		0	the city of Nahor	Possible meanings are (1) the city where Nahor lived” or (2) “the city called Nahor.” If you can translate it without choosing a meaning, do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	24	11	x8ge			0	He made the camels kneel down	Camels are tall animals with long legs. He made them bend their legs and lower their bodies to the ground. “He made the camels lie down”
GEN	24	11	c8xs			0	well of water	“water well” or “well”
GEN	24	11	n18k			0	draw water	“get water”
GEN	24	12	tp8i			0	Then he said	“Then the servant said”
GEN	24	12	yyj6	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	grant me success today and show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham	You can state this with the connecting word “by.” This makes clear how the servant wants God to show covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham by granting me success today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	24	12	i9ac	figs-abstractnouns		0	grant me success	“give me success.” The servant wanted to find a good wife for Abraham’s son. The abstract noun “success” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “help me to succeed” or “make me able to do what I have come here to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	24	12	n4s6	figs-abstractnouns		0	show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “be faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “be faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	24	13	b9wq			0	Look, here I am standing	“You can see me standing here”
GEN	24	13	y2ut			0	the spring of water	“the spring” or “the well”
GEN	24	13	v4y7			0	the daughters of the men of the city	“the young women of the city”
GEN	24	14	xg68			0	Let it happen like this	“Let it happen this way” or “Make this happen”
GEN	24	14	uy2f	figs-quotesinquotes		0	When I say to a young woman, ‘Please lower your pitcher so that I may drink,’	This is a quotation within a quotation. This can be expressed with an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “When I ask a young woman to let me have a drink of water from her jar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	24	14	z6kj			0	Please lower your pitcher	The women carried the pitchers on their shoulder. She would have to lower it to give the man a drink.
GEN	24	14	khg5			0	pitcher	a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids
GEN	24	14	je9p	figs-abstractnouns		0	that you have shown covenant faithfulness to my master	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “been faithful.” Alternate translation: “that you have been faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “you have been faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	24	15	td2g			0	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	24	15	jq3w			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	24	15	fm5s			0	pitcher	This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN	24	15	y3qz			0	Rebekah was born to Bethuel son of Milkah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham’s brother	“Rebekah’s father was Bethuel. Bethuel’s parents were Milkah and Nahor. Nahor was Abraham’s brother”
GEN	24	15	y6za	translate-names		0	Bethuel	Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	24	15	y7ld	translate-names		0	Nahor	This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 11:22](../11/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	24	15	xmc5	translate-names		0	Milkah	Milkah was Nahor’s wife and Bethuel’s mother. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 11:29](../11/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	24	16	s6tm			0	She went down to the spring…and came up	The spring was somewhere lower in elevation than where the servant was standing.
GEN	24	17	lng1			0	to meet her	“to meet the young woman”
GEN	24	17	hb32			0	a little drink of water	“a little water”
GEN	24	17	tiz4			0	pitcher	This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN	24	18	dr38			0	my master	“sir.” Here the woman uses this term of respect to refer to the man, though she is not his slave.
GEN	24	18	h8xp			0	she quickly let down her pitcher on her hand	“she quickly lowered her pitcher.” She was carrying the pitcher on her shoulder. She had to lower it to get water for the servant.
GEN	24	19	jg5k			0	I will draw water	“I will get water”
GEN	24	20	n27r			0	So she hurried and emptied her pitcher	“So she quickly emptied her pitcher”
GEN	24	20	pkk9			0	the trough	“the animals’ water trough.” A trough is a long open container for holding water for animals to drink.
GEN	24	21	ui6c			0	The man	“The servant”
GEN	24	21	q4p6			0	watched her	“watched Rebekah” or “watched the young woman”
GEN	24	21	b11e	figs-metaphor		0	to see	Learning something is often spoken of as if it were seeing. Alternate translation: “to know” or “to determine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	24	21	i3b2	figs-explicit		0	had prospered his journey	“had fulfilled the purpose of his journey” or “had made his journey successful.” You can make explicit what specifically the servant was trying to determine. Alternate translation: “was showing him the woman who would become Isaac’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	24	21	x4zm	figs-ellipsis		0	or not	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “or not prospered his journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	24	22	slf4	translate-bweight		0	a gold nose ring weighing half a shekel	“a gold nose ring that weighed six grams.” The weight indicates the value of the ring. Alternate translation: “an expensive gold nose ring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN	24	22	w1h6	translate-bweight		0	two gold bracelets for her arms weighing ten shekels	“two gold bracelets for her arms that weighed 110 grams.” The weight shows their size and value. Alternate translation: “two large gold bracelets for her arms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN	24	23	r4h2			0	Whose daughter are you	“Who is your father”
GEN	24	23	e8zs			0	is there room in your father’s house	“is there a place in your father’s house”
GEN	24	23	vu7b	figs-exclusive		0	for us	Apparently other men went on this journey with Abraham’s servant. Here “us” refers to the servant and those traveling with him, but not to those to whom he was speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	24	23	ij83			0	to spend the night	“to stay tonight” or “to stay for the night”
GEN	24	24	qx3y			0	She said	“Rebekah said” or “the young woman said”
GEN	24	24	h5cc			0	to him	“to the servant”
GEN	24	24	tu27			0	I am the daughter of Bethuel son of Milkah, whom she bore to Nahor	“Bethuel is my father, and his parents are Milkah and Nahor”
GEN	24	25	ki2b	figs-ellipsis		0	We have plenty of both straw and feed	It is understood that the straw and feed are for the camels. You can make clear this understood information. Alternate translation: “We have plenty of straw and feed for the camels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	24	25	g1si			0	for you to spend the night	“for you to stay tonight” or “where you can stay for the night”
GEN	24	25	j8dw	figs-you		0	for you	Here “you” refers to the servant and those traveling with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	24	26	wj5p			0	the man	“the servant”
GEN	24	26	rf3n	translate-symaction		0	bowed down	This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	24	27	pf99	figs-abstractnouns		0	has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness and his trustworthiness toward my master	“has not stopped showing his covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master.” The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “to be faithful and trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “has not stopped being faithful to his covenant and trustworthy toward my master” or “has not stopped being faithful and trustworthy to my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	24	27	eme3	figs-litotes		0	has not forsaken	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “continues to show” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN	24	27	xfl3			0	my master’s relatives	“my master’s family” or “my master’s clan”
GEN	24	28	s6bc	figs-metonymy		0	ran and told her mother’s household	Here “household” stands for all the people living in her mother’s house. Alternate translation: “ran to the house and told her mother and everyone there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	24	28	xw7q			0	all of these things	“everything that had just happened”
GEN	24	29	yd93	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about Rebekah. The author introduces her brother, Laban, to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
GEN	24	30	n1zt	figs-events		0	When he had seen the nose ring…and when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister	These things happened before he ran out to the man. This tells why Laban ran out to the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	24	30	si84	figs-quotations		0	when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister, “This is what the man said to me,”	This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when he had heard his sister Rebekah tell what the man had said to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	24	30	qav2			0	behold, he	The word “behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. “it was just as she had said: he”
GEN	24	31	w2vg			0	Come, you	“Come in, you” or “Enter, you”
GEN	24	31	rud7			0	you blessed of Yahweh	“you whom Yahweh has blessed”
GEN	24	31	tn1r	figs-you		0	you	Here the word “you” refers to Abraham’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	24	31	gk45	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you standing outside?	Laban used this question to invite Abraham’s servant into his house. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do not need to stay outside.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	24	32	n6xf	figs-go		0	So the man came to the house	The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	24	32	h7z7	figs-activepassive		0	he unloaded the camels	It is not clear who did this work. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants unloaded the camels” or “the camels were unloaded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	24	32	hhx8	figs-activepassive		0	The camels were given straw and feed, and water was provided	This does not say who did the work. If you state this in active form use “Laban’s servants” as the subject. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants gave straw and feed to the camels, and they provided water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	24	32	jti6			0	to wash his feet…him	“for Abraham’s servant and the men who were with him to wash their feet”
GEN	24	33	x4b4			0	They set	Here, the word “they” refers to Laban’s family members or to the household servants.
GEN	24	33	th5z			0	set food before him	“gave food to the servant”
GEN	24	33	d4p6			0	said what I have to say	“spoken my words” or “told you why I am here”
GEN	24	35	x58h			0	he has become great	Here the word “he” refers to Abraham.
GEN	24	35	w53i			0	become great	“become very wealthy”
GEN	24	35	ff88			0	He has given	The word “he” refers to Yahweh.
GEN	24	36	l6kq			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	36	em4l			0	bore a son to my master	“gave birth to a son”
GEN	24	36	sw5h			0	he has given…to him	“my master has given…to his son”
GEN	24	37	bu75			0	My master made me swear, saying	“My master made me swear that I would do what he told me to do. He said”
GEN	24	37	gr54			0	from the daughters of the Canaanites	This refers to Canaanite females. Alternate translation: “from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites”
GEN	24	37	nd18	figs-synecdoche		0	in whose land I make my home	“among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	24	38	ye3t			0	to my relatives	“to my own clan”
GEN	24	39	pgj8			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	39	xvk8	figs-hypo		0	Perhaps the woman will not follow me.	This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “What if the woman will not come back with me?” or “What should I do if the woman will not come back with me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	24	40	mp4m	figs-metaphor		0	before whom I walk	Serving Yahweh is spoken of as if Abraham were walking in Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “whom I serve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	24	40	uj9t			0	he will prosper your way	“he will make your journey successful”
GEN	24	40	f64z			0	family line	“family”
GEN	24	41	x3ph	figs-hypo		0	But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath	This is a hypothetical situation that Abraham did not think was likely to happen. Possible meanings are (1) “There is only one way for you to be free from my oath: if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you, then you will be free from my oath” or, (2) building on verse 40, “If you go to my father’s family and ask for a girl, you will have done what I told you to do. If they will not give her to you, then you will be free from the oath you swore to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	24	41	ijt4	figs-metaphor		0	you will be free from my oath	“you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	24	41	wll8	figs-go		0	if you come to my relatives	Languages use the words come and go differently. Alternate translation: “if you arrive at my relatives’ home” or “if you go to my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	24	42	t1j2			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	42	m7ps			0	the spring	“the well”
GEN	24	43	ey1m			0	let the young woman who comes…the woman to whom I say	The servant goes back to stating his request. These are the first two things he has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come.
GEN	24	43	ru4z			0	to draw water	“to get water”
GEN	24	43	ays7			0	pitcher	This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN	24	44	k1f8			0	the woman who says to me, “Drink…camels”	The thought that begins with the words “let the young woman who comes” in verse 43 ends here. This is the third of the three things the servant has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come.
GEN	24	44	t41f			0	let her be the woman	The servant finishes his request.
GEN	24	45	jux7			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	45	w249	figs-metaphor		0	speaking in my heart	To pray silently in one’s mind is spoken of as if he were speaking in his heart. The word “heart” refers to his thoughts and his mind. Alternate translation: “praying” or “praying quietly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	24	45	s82z			0	behold, Rebekah came	“suddenly Rebekah came” or “I was surprised because I saw Rebekah coming”
GEN	24	45	s4y4			0	pitcher	This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN	24	45	v94w			0	she went down to the spring	The phrase “went down” is used because the spring was somewhere lower than where the servant was standing.
GEN	24	45	r9da			0	spring	opening in the ground from which fresh water comes
GEN	24	46	kvw1			0	watered the camels	“gave water to the camels”
GEN	24	47	q3rt			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	47	wg1u			0	The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor’s son, whom Milkah bore to him	“My father is Bethuel. His parents are Nahor and Milkah”
GEN	24	47	xxd2			0	ring…bracelets	In this story, all of these items were made of gold. See how you translated these in [Genesis 24:22](../24/22.md).
GEN	24	48	e8rq	translate-symaction		0	I bowed down	This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	24	48	h58h			0	led me by the right way	“brought me here”
GEN	24	48	zhy2	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	who had led me	The connecting word “because” can be used to show this is why the servant worshiped God. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	24	48	p249			0	my master’s relative	This refers to Bethuel, the son of Abraham’s brother Nahor.
GEN	24	49	v7x5			0	General Information:	Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN	24	49	u6eh			0	Now therefore	“Now.” Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	24	49	yac9	figs-explicit		0	if you are prepared to show covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master, tell me	How they could show the covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “tell me if you will be faithful and trustworthy to my master by giving Rebekah to be his son’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	24	49	q5fw	figs-you		0	you	The word “you” refers to Laban and Bethuel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	24	49	bf6u	figs-abstractnouns		0	faithfulness and trustworthiness	These abstract nouns can be stated as “faithful and trustworthy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	24	49	r8l1	figs-ellipsis		0	But if not	The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “But if you are not prepared to treat my master with family faithfulness and trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	24	49	yjd9	figs-metaphor		0	so that I may turn to the right hand or to the left	Possible meanings are (1) deciding what to do is spoken of as if the person will physically turn one direction or another. Alternate translation: “so that I will know what do” or (2) the servant wants to know if he needs to travel somewhere else. Alternate translation: “so that I may continue on my journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	24	50	jew5			0	Bethuel	This was the father of Laban and Rebekah.
GEN	24	50	x54j			0	The thing has come from Yahweh	“Yahweh has caused all of this to happen”
GEN	24	50	e21v	figs-idiom		0	we cannot speak to you either bad or good	They are saying they do not have the authority to decide whether what God has done is good or bad. Alternate translation: “we dare not judge what Yahweh is doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	24	51	y3tx			0	Look, Rebekah is	“You can see Rebekah here”
GEN	24	51	zkd6			0	Rebekah is before you	“Here is Rebekah”
GEN	24	52	f6nn			0	their words	“what Laban and Bethuel said”
GEN	24	52	s5s4	translate-symaction		0	he bowed himself down	Bowing down before God is an expression of worship to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	24	53	c4x7			0	articles of silver and articles of gold	“silver and gold items” or “things made of silver and gold”
GEN	24	53	yqa2			0	precious gifts	“expensive gifts” or “valuable gifts”
GEN	24	54	w8v9			0	he and the men who were with him	“Abraham’s servant and his men”
GEN	24	54	ssz6			0	stayed there overnight	“slept there that night”
GEN	24	54	v8m5			0	arose in the morning	“got up the next morning”
GEN	24	54	fw75			0	Send me away	“Let me leave and return”
GEN	24	55	a6ia			0	a few more days, at least ten	“at least ten more days”
GEN	24	55	ce7w			0	After that	“Then”
GEN	24	56	pr3s			0	he said	“Abraham’s servant said”
GEN	24	56	sl94			0	to them	“to Rebekah’s brother and mother”
GEN	24	56	dav8			0	Do not hinder me	“Do not delay me” or “Do not make me wait”
GEN	24	56	jnv7	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh has prospered my way	Here “way” stands for a journey. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused me to succeed in the purpose my journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	24	56	g87g			0	Send me on my way	“Allow me to leave”
GEN	24	59	qez3			0	So they sent their sister Rebekah	“So the family sent Rebekah”
GEN	24	59	e462			0	their sister	Rebekah was Laban’s sister. Alternate translation: “their relative” or “Laban’s sister”
GEN	24	59	uvk2			0	her female servant	This refers to the female servant who had fed Rebekah when she was a baby, cared for her when she was a child, and still served her.
GEN	24	60	ck3m			0	Our sister	Rebekah was not the sister to everyone in her family. But they called her this to show that they loved her. Alternate translation: “Our dear Rebekah”
GEN	24	60	lz94			0	may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands	Here “mother” stands for ancestor. Alternate translation: “may you be the ancestor of millions of people” or “may you have very many descendants”
GEN	24	60	k4au	translate-numbers		0	thousands of ten thousands	This means a very large number or an uncountable number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	24	60	lj6f	figs-metonymy		0	may your descendants possess the gate of those who hate them	Armies would break through the gate of their enemies’ cities and conquer the people. Alternate translation: “may your descendants completely defeat those who hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	24	61	m2sa			0	Then Rebekah arose, and she and her servant girls mounted the camels	“Then Rebekah and her servant girls went and got on the camels”
GEN	24	61	s54m			0	Thus the servant took Rebekah, and went his way	“In this way Abraham’s servant took Rebekah with him and returned to where he had come from”
GEN	24	62	de8g			0	Now	This word marks a change in the story. It was telling about the servant finding a wife, and now it will tell about Isaac.
GEN	24	62	a6ll			0	Beer Lahai Roi	This is the name of a water well in the Negev. See how you translated it in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md).
GEN	24	63	l5s8			0	Isaac went out to meditate in the field in the evening	“One evening Isaac went out to the field to think.” This must have been a long time after the servant and Rebekah left her home since they had to travel a long distance.
GEN	24	63	r5zl			0	When he looked up and saw, behold, there were camels coming!	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. “When he looked up he was surprised to see camels coming”
GEN	24	64	ct8r			0	Rebekah looked	“Rebekah looked up”
GEN	24	64	xm2p			0	she jumped down from the camel	“she quickly got off the camel”
GEN	24	65	ai22	translate-symaction		0	So she took her veil, and covered herself	“So she covered her face with her veil.” This is a sign of respect and modesty towards the man she will marry. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	24	65	x2me			0	veil	a piece of cloth used to cover a person’s head, shoulders and face
GEN	24	67	c5ut	figs-doublet		0	took Rebekah, and she became his wife	Both of these phrases mean that Isaac married Rebekah. Alternate translation: “married Rebekah” or “took her as his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	24	67	h9zw	figs-activepassive		0	So Isaac was comforted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Rebekah comforted Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	25	intro	ig86			0		# Genesis 25 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:23.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Polygamy<br>Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as “polygamy.” It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Inheritance<br>In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God fulfill’s his promise<br>God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	25	1	cu8t	translate-names		0	General Information:	See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]].
GEN	25	4	rx7z			0	All these	This refers to the people named in verses 2-4.
GEN	25	5	l5pw			0	Abraham gave all that he owned to Isaac	“Isaac inherited all that Abraham owned.” It was normal for the father to divide his wealth when he was old and not leave that for others to do after he died.
GEN	25	7	wx9m	translate-numbers		0	These were the days of the years of Abraham’s life which he lived, 175 years	“These were…he lived, one hundred and seventy-five years.” Abraham lived 175 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	25	8	p4ht	figs-doublet		0	Abraham breathed his last and died	“Abraham took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	25	8	ej3k	figs-euphemism		0	breathed his last	This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	25	8	g4ax	figs-doublet		0	at a good old age, an old man with a full life	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Abraham lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “when he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	25	8	yns7	figs-metaphor		0	an old man with a full life	Living a long life is spoken of as if life were a container that becomes full. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	25	8	x8xg	figs-idiom		0	he was gathered to his people	This means that after Abraham died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	25	9	mwj2			0	the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron	Ephron owned a field in Machpelah and the cave that was in that field. Abraham bought the field from Ephron.
GEN	25	9	q9gq	translate-names		0	Machpelah	Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	9	cy2d	translate-names		0	Ephron…Zohar	These are names of men. See how you translated these men’s names in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	9	s1d5			0	which is near Mamre	Machpela was near Mamre.
GEN	25	9	k9tk	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 23:17](../23/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	10	sbt9			0	This field Abraham had bought	“Abraham had bought this field”
GEN	25	10	f1i4			0	sons of Heth	“the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:5](../23/05.md).
GEN	25	10	d9zw	figs-activepassive		0	Abraham was buried	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	25	11	qdt2	translate-names		0	Beer Lahai Roi	This name means “the well of the living one who sees me.” See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	12	uwb2			0	Now	This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and information about Ishmael.
GEN	25	13	gn6t	translate-names		0	General Information:	See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]].
GEN	25	16	xgd3			0	These were Ishmael’s sons, and these were their names, by their villages, and by their encampments; twelve princes according to their tribes	This can be stated as two sentences. “These were the names of Ishmael’s twelve sons. They led tribes that were named after them, and they each had their own villages and campsites”
GEN	25	16	e5ag	translate-numbers		0	twelve	“12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	25	16	iy7y			0	princes	Here the word “princes” means that the men were leaders or rules of the tribes; it does not mean that they were the sons of a king.
GEN	25	17	nem6	translate-numbers		0	These were the years of the life of Ishmael, 137 years	“These were…Ishmael, one hundred and thirty-seven years.” Ishmael lived 137 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	25	17	s1vq	figs-doublet		0	breathed his last and died	The terms “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	25	17	p7dl	figs-idiom		0	was gathered to his people	This means that after Ishmael died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	25	18	q1vv			0	They lived	“His descendants settled”
GEN	25	18	z9aa			0	from Havilah to Ashhur	“between Havilah and Ashhur”
GEN	25	18	pk2r	translate-names		0	Havilah	Havilah was located somewhere in the Arabian Desert. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	18	ev35			0	as one goes toward	“in the direction of”
GEN	25	18	p8m3			0	They lived in hostility with each other	Possible meanings are (1) “they did not live in peace together,” or (2) “they lived away from their other relatives.”
GEN	25	19	t67i	figs-explicit		0	These were the events concerning Isaac, Abraham’s son	This sentence introduces the account of Isaac’s descendants in Genesis 25:19-35:29. Alternate translation: “This is the account of the descendants of Isaac, Abraham’s son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	25	20	gih8	translate-numbers		0	forty years old	“40 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	25	20	g4lq			0	when he took as his wife Rebekah	“when he married Rebekah”
GEN	25	20	xn63	translate-names		0	Bethuel	Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	20	dft3	translate-names		0	Paddan Aram	This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	25	21	wr2b			0	she was childless	“she was unable to become pregnant”
GEN	25	21	zn2s	figs-explicit		0	Rebekah his wife conceived	It can be made explicit that Rebekah was pregnant with two babies at the same time: “Rebekah, his wife, became pregnant with twins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	25	22	as86			0	The children struggled together within her	“the babies inside her kept bumping against each other” or “The babies pushed against each other within her”
GEN	25	22	gza2	figs-explicit		0	The children…within her	Rebekah was pregnant with twins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	25	22	u1xs			0	She went to ask Yahweh about this	“She went and asked Yahweh about this.” It is not clear where she went. She may have gone somewhere private to pray, or she may have gone somewhere to offer a sacrifice.
GEN	25	23	y9m7			0	said to her	“said to Rebekah”
GEN	25	23	m836	writing-poetry		0	Two nations…serve the younger	This is poetic language. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
GEN	25	23	s1wf	figs-metonymy		0	Two nations are in your womb	Here “two nations” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a nation. Alternate translation: “Two nations will come from the twins within you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	25	23	lxl5	figs-metonymy		0	two peoples will be separated from within you	Here “two peoples” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a people. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “when you give birth to these two children they will be rivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	25	23	pgz5			0	the older will serve the younger	Possible meanings are (1) “the older son will serve the younger son” or (2) “the descendants of the older son will serve the descendants of the younger son.” If possible, translate it so that people could understand either meaning.
GEN	25	24	urq6			0	behold, there	“she was surprised to learn that there”
GEN	25	25	wyy1	figs-simile		0	red all over like a hairy garment	Possible meanings are (1) his skin was red and he had a lot of hair on his body or (2) he had a lot of red hair on his body. Alternate translation: “red and hairy like a garment made of animal hair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	25	25	p7lj			0	Esau	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Esau sounds like the word ‘hairy.’”
GEN	25	26	u57z			0	grasping Esau’s heel	“holding the back part of Esau’s foot”
GEN	25	26	gls8			0	Jacob	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’”
GEN	25	26	i7ic	translate-numbers		0	sixty years old	“60 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	25	27	a46v			0	became a skillful hunter	“became good at hunting and killing animals for food”
GEN	25	27	ee9p			0	a quiet man	“a peaceful man” or “a less active man”
GEN	25	27	n923	figs-metaphor		0	who spent his time in the tents	This speaks about time as if it were a commodity that someone could spend. Alternate translation: “who remained in the tents much of the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	25	28	t4i8	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used to mark a change in focus, shifting from the story to background information about Isaac and Rebekah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	25	28	yr46			0	Isaac loved	Here the word “loved” means “favored” or “preferred.”
GEN	25	28	m6rw			0	because he ate the animals that he had hunted	“because he ate the animals that Esau had hunted” or “because he enjoyed eating the wild animal meat that Esau caught”
GEN	25	29	z5en			0	Jacob cooked	Since this is the beginning of a story about something that happened one time, some translators may want to start it with a phrase like “One day, Jacob cooked” in a similar manner to the UST.
GEN	25	29	n13g			0	cooked some stew	“boiled some food” or “cooked some soup.” This stew was made of boiled lentils ([Genesis 25:34](../25/34.md)).
GEN	25	29	ms24			0	he was weak from hunger	“he was weak because he was very hungry” or “he was very hungry”
GEN	25	30	se91			0	I am exhausted	“I am weak from hunger” or “I am very hungry”
GEN	25	30	x1uk			0	Edom	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Edom means ‘red.’”
GEN	25	31	nk7u			0	birthright	right as firstborn to inherit most of the father’s wealth
GEN	25	32	efr4	figs-hyperbole		0	I am about to die	Esau was exaggerating to emphasize how hungry he was. Alternate translation: “I am so hungry I feel like I could die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	25	32	h8jv	figs-rquestion		0	What good is the birthright to me?	Esau used a question to emphasize that eating was more important than a birthright. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My inheritance is no good to me if I die of hunger!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	25	33	b4qn	figs-explicit		0	First swear to me	What Jacob wanted Esau to swear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “First swear to me that you will sell me your birthright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	25	34	v7ff	translate-unknown		0	lentils	These are like beans, but their seeds are very small, round, and somewhat flat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	25	34	r6tg			0	Esau despised his birthright	“Esau showed that he did not value his birthright”
GEN	26	intro	cwz4			0		# Genesis 26 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham’s descendants did not trust in Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Wells<br>In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God’s blessing being upon Isaac.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “She is my sister”<br>Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN	26	1	n54s			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a new part of the story.
GEN	26	1	vwi7			0	a famine happened	“there was a famine” or “there was another famine”
GEN	26	1	ags3	figs-explicit		0	in the land	You can state explicitly the land to which this refers. Alternate translation: “in the land where Isaac and his family lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	1	a6wl			0	that had been in the days of Abraham	“that had happened during Abraham’s life” or “that had happened while Abraham was alive”
GEN	26	2	p1xe			0	General Information:	Yahweh begins to speak to Isaac.
GEN	26	2	t4aj			0	appeared to him	“appeared to Isaac”
GEN	26	2	mqf3	figs-idiom		0	Do not go down to Egypt	It was common to speak of leaving the promised land as “going down” to another place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	26	3	v9hh			0	for to you and to your descendants, I will give all these lands	“for I will give all these lands to you and your descendants”
GEN	26	3	ekq9			0	I will fulfill the oath that I swore to Abraham your father	“I will do what I promised Abraham your father I would do”
GEN	26	4	tu5b			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Isaac.
GEN	26	4	y44e			0	I will multiply your descendants	“I will cause you to have very many descendants.”
GEN	26	4	k6jq	figs-simile		0	like the stars of heaven	This speaks about the number of Isaac’s descendants as if they were the same as the number of stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:17](../22/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	26	4	jm8x			0	heaven	This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN	26	4	hpl9	figs-activepassive		0	all the nations of the earth will be blessed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	26	5	nr7e	figs-parallelism		0	Abraham obeyed my voice and kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws	The phrases “obeyed my voice” and “kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham obeyed me and did everything I commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	26	5	brk9	figs-synecdoche		0	obeyed my voice	Here “voice” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	26	6	wr4q	figs-explicit		0	So Isaac settled in Gerar	Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader of the family, but his whole family was with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his family settled in Gerar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	7	rr88			0	He feared to say	Here “fear” refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. “He was afraid to say”
GEN	26	7	j128			0	to get Rebekah	“in order to take Rebekah”
GEN	26	8	z63l			0	He saw, behold, Isaac	The word “behold” shows that what Abimelech saw surprised him. Alternate translation: “And he was surprised to see that Isaac”
GEN	26	8	i16v			0	was caressing Rebekah	Possible meanings are (1) he was touching her the way a husband touches his wife or (2) he was laughing and talking with her the way a husband talks with his wife.
GEN	26	9	hv6m	figs-metonymy		0	Abimelech called Isaac to him	Abimelech probably sent someone to tell Isaac that Abimelech wanted to see him. Alternate translation: “Abimelech sent someone to bring Isaac to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	26	9	aeb1	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’?	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Why did you say that she is your sister?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	26	9	m9n4			0	to get her	“so he could take her”
GEN	26	10	t2ul	figs-rquestion		0	What is this you have done to us?	Abimelech used this question to scold Isaac. Alternate translation: “You should not have done this to us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	26	10	s759	figs-euphemism		0	might easily have lain with your wife	The word “lain” here is a euphemism for “had sexual relations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	26	10	t1mu	figs-metaphor		0	you would have brought guilt upon us	This speaks about causing someone to be guilty as if “guilt” were an object that is placed on someone. Alternate translation: “you would have caused us to be guilty of taking a man’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	26	10	l5d1	figs-exclusive		0	upon us	Here “us” refers to Abimelech and his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	26	11	ztx1	figs-idiom		0	Whoever touches this man	Here “touches” means to touch in a harmful way. Alternate translation: “Whoever harms this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	26	11	fk2l	figs-activepassive		0	will surely be put to death	Abimelech may have intended to tell someone to kill anyone who might harm Isaac or Rebekah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will put him to death” or “I will order my men to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	26	12	tl8n			0	General Information:	This begins a new part of the story. It changes from telling about Isaac calling Rebekah his sister, and it starts to tell about how Isaac became very rich and the Philistines were jealous of him.
GEN	26	12	f6x6			0	in that land	“in Gerar”
GEN	26	12	d294	translate-numbers		0	a hundredfold	This means “one hundred times as much as he planted.” It can be translated more generally as “a very large crop.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	26	13	i68k			0	The man became rich	“Isaac became rich” or “He became rich”
GEN	26	13	p5mh			0	grew more and more until he became very great	“he gained more and more until he became very wealthy”
GEN	26	14	jv6c	figs-explicit		0	sheep	This may also include goats. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	14	h37m	figs-metonymy		0	a large household	Here “household” stands for workers or servants. Alternate translation: “many servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	26	14	f17g			0	The Philistines envied him	“The Philistines were jealous of him”
GEN	26	15	rue9	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	Now	Here this word does not mean “at this moment.” It is indicating where the action in the story begins. It can be translated with the connecting word “So” to show that this is a result of what happened in [Genesis 26:12-14](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	26	15	xy1c			0	in the days of Abraham his father	The phrase “in the days of” stands for a person’s lifetime. Alternate translation: “when Abraham, his father, was living” or “during his father Abraham’s lifetime”
GEN	26	16	f5ia	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	Abimelech said	Possible meanings are (1) this is another action to force Isaac and his people to leave. Alternate translation: “Then Abimelech said” or “Finally Abimelech said” or (2) Abimelech made this decision because he saw that his people were jealous and acting in a hostile way towards Isaac. Alternate translation: “Therefore Abimelech said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	26	16	e8vy			0	much mightier than we	“much stronger than we are”
GEN	26	17	tz3u	figs-explicit		0	So Isaac departed	Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader, but his family and servants went with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his household left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	18	r15b	figs-synecdoche		0	Isaac dug out	Here “Isaac” stands for Isaac and his servants. Alternate translation: “Isaac and his servants dug out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	26	18	hly9			0	which they had dug	“which Abraham’s servants had dug”
GEN	26	18	c6vy			0	in the days of Abraham his father	“during his father Abraham’s lifetime” or “when Abraham, his father, was living”
GEN	26	18	sn3p	figs-events		0	The Philistines had stopped them up	This was the reason that Isaac dug them out. Possible ways to translate this are: (1) Since this happened first, this sentence can come before the sentence about Isaac digging them out, as in the UST. or (2) This sentence can start with “Isaac did this because the Philistines had stopped them up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	26	18	jfl7			0	had stopped them up	“had filled them with earth”
GEN	26	19	b9ic	figs-idiom		0	flowing water	This phrase refers to a natural spring they uncovered when they were digging a new well. It provided a continuous flow of fresh drinking water. Alternate translation: “fresh water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	26	20	m6un			0	herdsmen	men who tended livestock
GEN	26	20	ls3b	figs-exclusive		0	This water is ours	Here “ours” refers to the herdsmen of Gerar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	26	20	nw21	translate-names		0	Esek	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Esek means ‘quarrel’ or ‘argue.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	21	kan5			0	Then they dug	“Then Isaac’s servants dug”
GEN	26	21	t12r			0	they quarreled	“the herdsmen of Gerar argued with Isaac’s herdsmen”
GEN	26	21	ss3i			0	so he gave it	“so Isaac gave it”
GEN	26	21	ny83	translate-names		0	Sitnah	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Sitnah means ‘oppose’ or ‘accuse.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	22	gd8u	translate-names		0	Rehoboth	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Rehoboth means ‘make room for’ or ‘empty place.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	22	kj55			0	us…we	Isaac was speaking about himself and his household.
GEN	26	23	ct3x			0	Isaac went up from there to Beersheba	Here “went up” is probably a reference to going north. Say that he departed in the most natural way for your language. Alternate translation: “Isaac left there and went to Beersheba”
GEN	26	24	sq69			0	multiply your descendants	“will cause your descendants to increase greatly” or “will cause your descendants to be very many”
GEN	26	24	j1jd	figs-explicit		0	for my servant Abraham’s sake	“for my servant Abraham” or you can make the full meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “because I promised my servant Abraham that I would do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	25	g525	figs-explicit		0	Isaac built an altar there	You can make explicit why Isaac built an altar. Alternate translation: “Isaac built an altar there to sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	25	pam6	figs-metonymy		0	called on the name of Yahweh	To “call on” means to pray or to worship. Here “name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	26	26	k6ep			0	went to him	“went to Isaac”
GEN	26	26	ls17	translate-names		0	Ahuzzath	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	26	lca7			0	his friend	Possible meanings are (1) “Abimelech’s friend” or (2) “Abimelech’s advisor.”
GEN	26	26	mcz9	translate-names		0	Phicol	This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	28	pw9y			0	they said	This refers to Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. One of them spoke and the other two agreed with what he said. It does not mean they all spoke at the same time. Alternate translation: “one of them said”
GEN	26	28	pt6d			0	We have clearly seen	“We know” or “We are certain”
GEN	26	28	wg9d			0	So let us make a covenant	“So we want to make a covenant”
GEN	26	29	b7sa			0	and as we have treated you well	This can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. “We have done only good to you”
GEN	26	29	qgj3	figs-activepassive		0	you are blessed by Yahweh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has blessed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	26	30	ur1a	figs-explicit		0	Isaac made a feast for them, and they ate and drank	Eating a meal together was a part of making a covenant with one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	30	wvz4			0	for them	Here “them” refers to “Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol”
GEN	26	30	rb7d			0	they ate	Here “they” refers to Isaac, Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. Alternate translation: “they all ate”
GEN	26	31	bpu3			0	They rose early	“They awoke early”
GEN	26	33	l4xz	translate-names		0	He called the well Shibah	“So he called the well Shibah.” Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Shibah sounds like the word that means ‘oath.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	33	ymy1			0	Beersheba	Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.” (See note on [Genesis 21:32](../21/32.md))
GEN	26	34	mr5x			0	General Information:	Most of Genesis 26 was about Isaac. These verses are about his older son Esau.
GEN	26	34	n2fj	translate-numbers		0	forty	“40” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	26	34	f6p7	figs-explicit		0	he took a wife	“he married.” You can state explicitly that he married two women. Alternate translation: “he took two wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	26	34	n6q3	translate-names		0	Judith…Basemath	These are the names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	34	vpc3	translate-names		0	Beeri…Elon	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	34	es97	translate-names		0	the Hittite	“the descendant of Heth” or “a descendant of Heth.” The Hittite people were the descendants of Heth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	26	35	tfu7	figs-metaphor		0	They brought sorrow to Isaac and Rebekah	Here “they” refers to Judith and Basemath. To make someone sorrowful or miserable is spoken of as if “sorrow” were an object that a person could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “They made Isaac and Rebekah sorrowful” or “Isaac and Rebekah were miserable because of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	intro	r9m3			0		# Genesis 27 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Blessing<br>In the ancient Near East, a father’s blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau’s blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN	27	1	dk7f	figs-metaphor		0	his eyes were dim	This speaks about being nearly blind as if the eyes were a lamp and the light has nearly gone out. Alternate translation: “he was nearly blind” or “he was almost blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	1	xl56			0	Here I am	“I am here” or “I am listening.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN	27	2	chx2	figs-explicit		0	See here	The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	2	r5ug	figs-explicit		0	I do not know the day of my death	It is implied that Isaac knows he will die soon. Alternate translation: “I may die any day now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	2	djk1			0	death	This refers to physical death.
GEN	27	3	g526			0	General Information:	Isaac continues giving instructions to his older son Isaac.
GEN	27	3	dk3j			0	your weapons	“your hunting equipment”
GEN	27	3	q9sp	figs-explicit		0	your quiver	A quiver is a case for holding arrows. Alternate translation: “your quiver of arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	3	r6x1			0	hunt game for me	“hunt a wild animal for me”
GEN	27	4	z48e	figs-explicit		0	Make delicious food for me, the sort that I love	The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. Alternate translation: “Cook for me the tasty meat that I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	4	wt6a			0	bless you	In Bible times, a father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children.
GEN	27	5	xjr9	writing-background		0		This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	27	5	wkc6	writing-background		0	Now	This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. The word “now” shows that the author is going to begin to talk about Rebekah and Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	27	5	f3na			0	Rebekah heard it when Isaac spoke to Esau his son	“Rebekah heard Isaac speaking to his son Esau”
GEN	27	5	wpq7			0	to Esau his son	Esau was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Esau “his son” to emphasize that Isaac preferred Esau over Isaac.
GEN	27	6	jlu7	writing-background		0		This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Now Rebekah heard” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	27	6	fr9i	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	Rebekah spoke to Jacob	This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Esau went…bring it back” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. After Esau leaves, Rebekah speaks to Jacob because of what she has heard. “So when Esau went…bring it back, Rebekah spoke to Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	27	6	j6cj			0	to Jacob her son	Jacob was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Jacob “her son” here to emphasize that Rebekah preferred Jacob over Esau.
GEN	27	6	yc8h			0	See here	The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
GEN	27	7	nl2j	figs-quotesinquotes		0	‘Bring me game and make me delicious food, that I may eat it and bless you in the presence of Yahweh before my death.’	These are the words that the author introduces with the words “He said” in verse 6. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “He told Esau to hunt a wild animal, and to make the tasty meat that he loves. Then before he dies, your father will bless Esau in the presence of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	27	7	chc2			0	Bring me game	“Bring me a wild animal that you hunt and kill”
GEN	27	7	epu1			0	make me delicious food	“cook for me the tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN	27	7	tq2y			0	bless you in the presence of Yahweh	“bless you before Yahweh”
GEN	27	7	ei7n			0	before my death	“before I die”
GEN	27	8	f173			0	General Information:	Rebekah continues to speak to her younger son Jacob.
GEN	27	8	y3a9			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	27	8	g188	figs-metonymy		0	obey my voice as I command you	Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey me and do what I tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	27	9	vla2			0	I will make delicious food from them for your father, just like he loves	The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN	27	10	jnw9			0	You will take it to your father	“Then take it to your father”
GEN	27	10	y1kp			0	so that he may eat it, so that he may bless you	“and after he eats it, he will bless you”
GEN	27	10	j39b			0	he may bless you	The word “bless” refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN	27	10	g1ev			0	before his death	“before he dies”
GEN	27	11	qtd3			0	I am a smooth man	“I am a man with smooth skin” or “I am not hairy”
GEN	27	12	t3a4			0	I will seem to him as a deceiver	“he will think that I am a liar” or “he will know that I am deceiving him”
GEN	27	12	s8h4	figs-metaphor		0	I will bring a curse upon me and not a blessing	Being cursed or blessed is spoken of as if a curse and a blessing are objects that are placed on a person. Alternate translation: “Then because of this, he will curse me and not bless me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	13	svh3	figs-metaphor		0	My son, let any curse fall on me	“let your curse be on me, my son.” Being cursed is spoken of as if the curse were on object that is placed on the person. Alternate translation: “let your father curse me instead of you, my son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	13	yj3y	figs-metonymy		0	obey my voice	Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey what I tell you” or “obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	27	13	p12u			0	bring them to me	“bring me the young goats”
GEN	27	14	fje9			0	made delicious food, just like his father loved	The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN	27	16	cd2u			0	She put the skins of the young goats on his hands	The goat skins still had the hair on them.
GEN	27	17	zjt6			0	She put the delicious food and the bread that she had prepared into the hand of her son Jacob	“She gave to her son Jacob the delicious food and bread which she had prepared”
GEN	27	18	ak4j			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN	27	19	rss2			0	I have done as you said to me	“I have done what you told me to do”
GEN	27	19	h2fq			0	some of my game	The word “game” refers to wild animals that someone hunts and kills. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md).
GEN	27	20	rke8			0	He said	“Jacob replied”
GEN	27	20	wk6c	figs-idiom		0	brought it to me	This is an idiom meaning that God caused it to happen. Alternate translation: “helped me to succeed while hunting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	27	21	jmh1			0	whether you are my true son Esau or not	“if you are really my son Esau”
GEN	27	22	zy8a			0	Jacob went over to Isaac his father	“Jacob approached Isaac his father”
GEN	27	22	g574	figs-synecdoche		0	The voice is Jacob’s voice	Here Issac speaks of Jacob’s voice as representing Jacob. Alternate translation: “You sound like Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	22	yi47	figs-synecdoche		0	but the hands are the hands of Esau	Here Issac speaks of Esau’s hands as representing Esau. Alternate translation: “but your hands feel like Esau’s hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	24	wi51	figs-events		0	He said	Isaac asks this question before blessing his son. Alternate translation: “But first Isaac asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	27	25	sqb8			0	eat of your game	The word “game” refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN	27	25	w6sf			0	he drank	“Isaac drank it”
GEN	27	27	tr1w	figs-explicit		0	he smelled the smell of his clothes and blessed him	It can be made explicit that the clothes smelled like Esau’s clothes. Alternate translation: “he smelled his clothes and they smelled like Esau’s clothes, so Isaac blessed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	27	nr5p			0	he smelled	“Isaac smelled”
GEN	27	27	e57u			0	the smell	“the scent”
GEN	27	27	t86t			0	blessed him	“then he blessed him.” This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN	27	27	m1kb			0	See, the smell of my son	The word “see” is used as an emphatic figure of speech to mean “it is true.” Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of my son”
GEN	27	27	s46h	figs-idiom		0	that Yahweh has blessed	Here the word “blessed” means that Yahweh has caused good things to happen to the field and it has become fruitful. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has caused to be very productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	27	28	q1wj			0	General Information:	This is Isaac’s blessing. He thought he was speaking to Esau, but he was speaking to Jacob.
GEN	27	28	e1me	figs-you		0	give you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. But the blessing would also apply to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	28	v1nn	figs-explicit		0	dew of heaven	“Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “night mist from heaven to water your crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	28	wst4	figs-metaphor		0	fatness of the earth	Having fertile land is spoken of as if the earth were fat or rich. Alternate translation: “good soil for producing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	28	hlu3	figs-explicit		0	plenty of grain and new wine	If “grain” and “wine” are unknown, this can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “plenty of food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	29	z9hr	figs-you		0	you…your	Here these pronouns are singular and refer to Jacob. But the blessing also applies to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	29	i4ct	figs-metonymy		0	nations bow down	Here “nations” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “people from all nations bow down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	27	29	qa8g	translate-symaction		0	bow down	This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	27	29	z1qi			0	Be master over your brothers	“Become a master over your brothers”
GEN	27	29	lvg1	figs-synecdoche		0	your brothers…your mother’s sons	Isaac is speaking this blessing directly to Jacob. But, it also applies to Jacob’s descendants who will rule over the descendants of Esau and the descendants of any other of Jacob’s brothers that he may have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	29	vc3p			0	may your mother’s sons bow down to you	“your mother’s sons will bow down to you”
GEN	27	29	af44	figs-activepassive		0	May every one who curses you be cursed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God curse everyone who curses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	27	29	rwr2	figs-activepassive		0	may every one who blesses you be blessed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God bless everyone who blesses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	27	30	dae7			0	had scarcely gone out from the presence of Isaac his father	“had just left the tent of Isaac his father”
GEN	27	31	htl4			0	delicious food	“tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md).
GEN	27	31	jjd8	figs-123person		0	some of your son’s game	Here “your son’s” was a polite way of Esau referring to his own food he prepared. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	27	31	r39y			0	your son’s game	The word “game” refers to wild animals that people hunt to eat. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN	27	31	p6yp			0	bless me	This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN	27	32	qzp4			0	said to him	“said to Esau”
GEN	27	33	s8l1			0	Isaac trembled	“Isaac began to shake”
GEN	27	33	vrt1			0	hunted this game	Game refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN	27	34	g5y4	figs-metaphor		0	he cried with a very great and bitter cry	Esau’s anguish was similar to the taste of something bitter. Alternate translation: “he cried loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	35	xrv3	figs-metaphor		0	has taken away your blessing	This is a figure of speech meaning Jacob took what was Esau’s. Alternate translation: “I have blessed him instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	36	vpk4	figs-rquestion		0	Is he not rightly named Jacob?	Esau uses a question to emphasize his anger at Jacob. Alternate translation: “Jacob is certainly the right name for my brother!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	27	36	rq3b			0	Jacob	Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’ In the original language the name ‘Jacob’ also sounds like the word for ‘he deceives.’”
GEN	27	36	s7al	figs-metaphor		0	He took away my birthright	This speaks about a birthright as if it were an object that a person could take away. Alternate translation: “What was once my birthright is now his because he tricked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	36	d3f1	figs-metaphor		0	now he has taken away my blessing	This speaks about a blessing as if it were an object that person could take away. Alternate translation: “now he has tricked you into blessing him instead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	36	bej9			0	Have you not reserved a blessing for me	Esau knows that his father cannot bless him with the same things that he blessed Jacob. Esau is asking if there is anything left to say to him that Isaac did not say while blessing Jacob.
GEN	27	37	z3vr	figs-rquestion		0	What more can I do for you, my son?	Isaac uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing else he can do. Alternate translation: “There is nothing else I can do for you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	27	38	xf7q			0	Have you not even one blessing for me, my father	This can be stated in positive form. “My father, do you have one more blessing for me”
GEN	27	39	yu4i			0	said to him	“said to Esau”
GEN	27	39	j4p8			0	Look, the place	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the place”
GEN	27	39	ykr5	figs-metaphor		0	far from the richness of the earth	This is a figure of speech referring to the earth’s fertility. Alternate translation: “far from the fertile soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	39	xpl9	figs-explicit		0	dew of the sky above	“Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “the night mist from the sky to water your crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	40	vn48	figs-synecdoche		0	your…you	In 27:39-40 these pronouns are singular and refer to Esau, but what Isaac says also applies to Esau’s descendants (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	40	tzg9	figs-metonymy		0	By your sword you will live	Here “sword” stands for violence. Alternate translation: “You will rob and kill people in order to get what you need to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	27	40	rvk2	figs-metaphor		0	you will shake his yoke from off your neck	This speaks about someone having a master as if the master’s control over the person were a yoke that the person had to carry. Alternate translation: “you will free yourself from his control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	41	ajl9	figs-synecdoche		0	Esau said in his heart	Here “heart” stands for Esau himself. Alternate translation: “Esau said to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	27	41	f5u3			0	days of mourning for my father are near	This refers to a number of days a person grieves when a family member dies.
GEN	27	42	xuy8	figs-activepassive		0	The words of Esau her older son were told to Rebekah	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Rebekah about Esau’s plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	27	42	f45j			0	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN	27	42	n35u			0	is consoling himself	“is making himself feel better”
GEN	27	43	n2yn			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	27	43	h9zp			0	flee to Laban	“leave here quickly and go to Laban”
GEN	27	44	f6w6			0	for a while	“for a period of time”
GEN	27	44	nuh4			0	until your brother’s fury subsides	“until you brother calms down”
GEN	27	45	bkx2	figs-metaphor		0	until your brother’s anger turns away from you	No longer being angry is spoken of as if the anger turns to a different direction away from the person. Alternate translation: “until he is no longer angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	27	45	s57p	figs-rquestion		0	Why should I lose you both in one day?	Rebekah uses a question to emphasize her concern. Alternate translation: “I do not want to lose both of you in one day!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	27	45	b5v1	figs-explicit		0	I lose you both in one day	It is implied that if Esau kills Jacob, then they will execute Esau as a murderer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	27	45	mt31	figs-euphemism		0	I lose	This is a polite way of referring to her sons dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	27	46	z2lw	figs-hyperbole		0	I am weary of life	Rebekah is exaggerating to emphasize how upset she is about the Hittite women that Esau married. Alternate translation: “I am terribly upset” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	27	46	d19k			0	the daughters of Heth	“these Hittite women” or “descendants of Heth”
GEN	27	46	ujy2	figs-idiom		0	like these women, some of the daughters of the land	The phrase “daughters of the land” means the local females. Alternate translation: “like these women who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	27	46	z91x	figs-rquestion		0	what good will my life be to me?	Rebekah uses a question to emphasize how upset she would be if Jacob marries a Hittite woman. Alternate translation: “My life will be awful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	28	intro	t611			0		# Genesis 28 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau’s blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jacob’s dream<br>Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob’s sin, God is giving Abraham’s covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Bethel<br>This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel.
GEN	28	1	nl2p			0	You must not take	“Do not take”
GEN	28	2	jcc6			0	Arise, go	“Go right away”
GEN	28	2	ptv8	translate-names		0	Paddan Aram	This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	2	dv3j	figs-metonymy		0	house of	This refers to a person’s descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	28	2	m29w	translate-names		0	Bethuel	Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	2	dh9y			0	your mother’s father	“your grandfather”
GEN	28	2	fqr7			0	one of the daughters	“from the daughters”
GEN	28	2	a74b			0	your mother’s brother	“your uncle”
GEN	28	3	u2mm			0	General Information:	Isaac continues speaking to Jacob
GEN	28	3	qw5a	figs-doublet		0	make you fruitful and multiply you	The word “multiply” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “give you many children and descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	28	4	nas7	figs-metaphor		0	May he give you the blessing of Abraham, to you, and to your descendants after you	This speaks about blessing someone as if a blessing were an object that a person can give. The abstract noun “the blessing” can be stated as “bless.” Alternate translation: “May God bless you and your descendants as he blessed Abraham” or “May God give to you and your descendants what he promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	28	4	eja3	figs-metaphor		0	that you may inherit the land	God giving the land of Canaan to Jacob and his descendants is spoken of as if a child were inheriting money or possessions from his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	28	4	da2s			0	the land where you have been living	“the land where you have been staying”
GEN	28	4	yx4w			0	which God gave to Abraham	“which God promised to Abraham”
GEN	28	5	c4ky	translate-names		0	Paddan Aram	This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	5	ses3	translate-names		0	Bethuel	Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	6	b2pg			0	General Information:	The story changes from Jacob to Esau
GEN	28	6	mjy9	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	28	6	ic25	translate-names		0	Paddan Aram	This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	6	avf6			0	to take a wife	“to take a wife for himself”
GEN	28	6	epz3			0	He also saw that Isaac had blessed him	“Esau also saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob”
GEN	28	6	xj5i			0	You must not take	“Do not take”
GEN	28	6	sp4g			0	women of Canaan	“daughters of Canaan” or “Canaanite women”
GEN	28	8	gmv1			0	General Information:	This continues the background information about Esau.
GEN	28	8	h454			0	Esau saw	“Esau realized”
GEN	28	8	a14e			0	the women of Canaan did not please Isaac his father	“his father Isaac did not approve of the women of Canaan”
GEN	28	8	sp9b			0	women of Canaan	“daughters of Canaan” or “the Canaanite women”
GEN	28	9	pn6x			0	So he went	“Because of that, he went”
GEN	28	9	e5ya			0	besides the wives that he had	“in addition to the wives that he already had”
GEN	28	9	l4pn	translate-names		0	Mahalath	This is the name of one of Ishmael’s daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	9	su64	translate-names		0	Nebaioth	This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	10	uh6w			0	General Information:	The story switches back to Jacob
GEN	28	11	ru38			0	He came to a certain place and stayed there all night, because the sun had set	“He came to a certain place and, because the sun had set, he decided to stay for the night”
GEN	28	12	mwk8			0	He dreamed	“Jacob had a dream”
GEN	28	12	z48g			0	set up on the earth	“with the bottom of it touching the ground”
GEN	28	12	pn7d			0	reached to heaven	This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN	28	13	ax75			0	Behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	28	13	wwx2			0	Yahweh stood above it	Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh was standing at the top of the stairway” or (2) “Yahweh was standing next to Jacob”
GEN	28	13	a91d			0	Abraham your father	Here “father” means “ancestor.” Alternate translation: “Abraham your ancestor” or “Abraham your forefather”
GEN	28	14	j413			0	General Information:	God continues to talk to Jacob in a dream.
GEN	28	14	wu5i	figs-simile		0	Your descendants will be like the dust of the earth	God compares Jacob’s descendants to the dust of the earth to emphasize their huge number. Alternate translation: “You will have more descendants than you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	28	14	pyi5	figs-metonymy		0	you will spread far out to the west	The word “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “your descendants will spread out to the west” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	28	14	fby4			0	you will spread far out	This means the people will extend the borders of their land and occupy more territory.
GEN	28	14	hn6s	figs-synecdoche		0	to the west, to the east, to the north, and to the south	This phrases are used together to mean “all directions.” Alternate translation: “in all directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	28	14	i1qm	figs-activepassive		0	Through you and through your descendants will all the families of the earth be blessed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all families on the earth through you and your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	28	15	yb1m			0	Behold, I am	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I am”
GEN	28	15	n4tr			0	for I will not leave you. I will do all	“for I will not leave you until I have done all”
GEN	28	15	gr8q			0	I will keep you	“I will keep you safe” or “I will protect you”
GEN	28	15	em1w			0	I will bring you into this land again	“I will bring you back to this land”
GEN	28	16	t191			0	awoke out of his sleep	“woke up from his sleep”
GEN	28	17	h8p1	figs-doublet		0	the house of God…the gate of heaven	The phrase “the gate of heaven” explains that this place is the entrance to “the house of God” and “the entrance to where God lives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	28	17	hc3f	figs-metaphor		0	This is the gate of heaven	This speaks about the entrance to the place where God lives as if it were a literal kingdom that had a gate that someone has to open to let people in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	28	18	e2b6			0	pillar	This is a memorial pillar, that is, simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end.
GEN	28	18	grd4	translate-symaction		0	poured oil upon the top of it	This action symbolizes that Jacob is dedicating the pillar to God. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poured oil on the top of it in order to dedicate the pillar to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	28	19	hv4e			0	Bethel	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’”
GEN	28	19	u3i9	translate-names		0	Luz	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	28	20	bas3			0	Connecting Statement:	Jacob begins to make a vow to Yahweh.
GEN	28	20	p422			0	vowed a vow	“made a vow” or “solemnly promised God”
GEN	28	20	dm3m	figs-123person		0	If God will…clothes to wear	Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “If you will…clothes to wear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	28	20	ye9d	figs-metonymy		0	on this road on which I am walking	This stands for Jacob’s journey to find a wife and to return home. Alternate translation: “on this journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	28	20	vwl3	figs-synecdoche		0	will give me bread to eat	Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	28	21	t1uz			0	Connecting Statement:	The vow that began with the words “If God will…clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here.
GEN	28	21	my56	figs-123person		0	so that I return safely…then Yahweh will be my God	The vow that began with the words “If God will…clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here. Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. “If you will…clothes to wear…so that I return safely…then you, Yahweh, will be the God that I will worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	28	21	lw1z	figs-metonymy		0	to my father’s house	Here “house” stands for Jacob’s family. Alternate translation: “to my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	28	22	auv9			0	a sacred stone	This means that the stone will mark the place where God appeared to him and it will be a place where people can worship God. Alternate translation: “God’s house” or “God’s place”
GEN	29	intro	cbq8			0		# Genesis 29 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br>This chapter records the conflict between Jacob’s wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Shepherds<br>Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds’ unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob’s actions.<br><br>### Kissing<br>It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing.<br><br>### Marriage<br>It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman’s father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN	29	1	lq7q			0	the people of the east	This means the people of Paddan Aram, which is a land east of the land of Canaan.
GEN	29	2	jxn8			0	and, behold, three flocks of sheep were lying there by it	The word “behold” marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this.
GEN	29	2	hn73	writing-background		0	For out of that well	“For from that well.” This phrase marks a change from the story to background information about how the shepherds watered the flocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	29	2	lfz9			0	they would water	“the shepherds would water” or “those taking care of the sheep would water”
GEN	29	2	e7ms	figs-idiom		0	the well’s mouth	Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	29	4	uup8			0	Jacob said to them	“Jacob said to the shepherds”
GEN	29	4	th3u			0	My brothers	This is a polite way to greet a stranger.
GEN	29	5	l8t8			0	Laban son of Nahor	Here “son” refers to a male descendant. Another possible meaning is “Laban the grandson of Nahor.”
GEN	29	6	g1kl			0	and, look there, Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep	“Now look! Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep”
GEN	29	7	vjn6			0	it is the middle of the day	“the sun is still high in the sky” or “the sun is still shining brightly”
GEN	29	7	wsp1	figs-activepassive		0	for the flocks to be gathered together	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you to gather the flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	29	7	kul5	figs-explicit		0	to be gathered together	This means to gather them together inside a fence for them to stay for the night. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	29	7	eea1			0	let them graze	“let them eat grass in the field”
GEN	29	8	vp42			0	We cannot water them	“We have to wait to water them.” This has to do with timing, not permission.
GEN	29	8	w41a	figs-activepassive		0	until all the flocks are gathered together	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the other shepherds gather their flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	29	8	q2rs	figs-idiom		0	from the well’s mouth	Here “mouth” is way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “from the well” or “from the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	29	8	f3hm			0	and we will water the sheep	“then we will water the sheep”
GEN	29	10	lk18			0	his mother’s brother	“his uncle”
GEN	29	10	l4ls	figs-idiom		0	the well’s mouth	Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the well” or “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	29	11	dr7v			0	Jacob kissed Rachel	In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN	29	11	bje4	figs-explicit		0	wept loudly	Jacob weeps because he is so happy. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	29	12	rxl5			0	her father’s relative	“related to her father”
GEN	29	13	vkr1			0	his sister’s son	“his nephew”
GEN	29	13	g5et			0	embraced him	“hugged him”
GEN	29	13	arl7			0	kissed him	In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN	29	13	ze3q			0	Jacob told Laban all these things	“then Jacob told Laban everything he told Rachel”
GEN	29	14	klc2	figs-metonymy		0	my bone and my flesh	This phrase means they are directly related. Alternate translation: “my relative” or “a member of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	29	15	i5a9	figs-rquestion		0	Should you serve me for nothing…my relative?	Laban uses a question to emphasize that he should pay Jacob for working for him. The question can be translated as a statement. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is certainly right that I should pay you for working for me even though you are my relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN	29	16	yvd6	writing-background		0	Now Laban had	The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban and his daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	29	17	daa9			0	Leah’s eyes were tender	Possible meanings are (1) “Leah’s eyes were pretty” or (2) “Leah’s eyes were plain”
GEN	29	18	jsx9			0	Jacob loved Rachel	Here the word “loved” refers to a romantic attraction between a man and a woman.
GEN	29	19	d6zk			0	than that I should give her to another man	“rather than give her to another man”
GEN	29	20	p6uz			0	and they seemed to him only a few days	“but the time seemed to him to be only a few days”
GEN	29	20	p7wx			0	for the love he had for her	“on account of the love he had for her” or “because of his love for her”
GEN	29	21	nz7t	figs-activepassive		0	Give me my wife, for my days have been completed—so that I may marry her!	The phrase “have been completed” can be stated in active form. The statement is emphatic. Alternate translation: Give me my wife, so that I may marry her, for I have completed the length of time that I was to work for you!”Give me Rachel so that I may marry her, for I have worked seven years for you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	29	22	kln5	figs-metonymy		0	made a feast	“prepared a wedding feast.” Most likely Laban had others prepare the feast. Alternate translation: “had others prepare a wedding feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	29	23	q4m4	figs-euphemism		0	who went in to her	“who had sexual relations with her.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	29	24	yic2	writing-background		0	Laban gave his female servant Zilpah…her servant	Here the author gives background information about Laban giving Zilpah to Leah. Most likely he gave Zilpah to Leah before the wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	29	24	n874	translate-names		0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	29	25	m2hu			0	behold, it was Leah	“Jacob was surprised to see it was Leah in bed with him.” The word “behold” here shows that Jacob was surprised by what he saw.
GEN	29	25	ji15	figs-rquestion		0	What is this you have done to me?	Jacob uses a question to express his anger and surprise. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe you did this to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	29	25	g6rs	figs-rquestion		0	Did I not serve you for Rachel?	Jacob uses these questions to express his hurt that Laban had tricked him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I served you for seven years to marry Rachel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	29	26	gfg2			0	It is not our custom to give	“In our family we do not give”
GEN	29	27	ly1t			0	Complete the bridal week of this daughter	“Finish celebrating Leah’s bridal week”
GEN	29	27	vma8	figs-explicit		0	we will give you the other also	The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “next week we will give you Rachel also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	29	28	a6qr			0	Jacob did so, and completed Leah’s week	“And Jacob did what Laban asked, and finished celebrating Leah’s bridal week”
GEN	29	29	g7yl	translate-names		0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	29	30	zix1	figs-euphemism		0	Jacob went in to Rachel	“Jacob had sexual relations with Rachel.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 29:23](../29/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	29	30	q996			0	he loved Rachel	This refers to the romantic love between a man and a woman.
GEN	29	31	s19a	figs-activepassive		0	Leah was not loved	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jacob did not love Leah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	29	31	lk3e	figs-hyperbole		0	not loved	This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah. Alternate translation: “loved less than Rachel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	29	31	t2ud	figs-metaphor		0	so he opened her womb	God causing Leah to be able to become pregnant is spoken of as if God is opening her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	29	31	snn8			0	was childless	“was not able to become pregnant”
GEN	29	32	w9x3			0	Leah conceived and bore a son	“Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son”
GEN	29	32	j9j3	translate-names		0	she called his name Reuben	Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Reuben means ‘See, a son.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	29	32	p4ip	figs-abstractnouns		0	Yahweh has looked upon my affliction	Leah was experiencing emotional pain because Jacob had rejected her. The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh saw that I was suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	29	33	ff7r			0	Then she conceived	“Then Leah became pregnant”
GEN	29	33	jl8z			0	bore a son	“gave birth to a son”
GEN	29	33	djc1	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh has heard that I am unloved	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has heard that my husband does not love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	29	33	dlg9	translate-names		0	she called his name Simeon	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Simeon means ‘heard.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	29	34	tv8t			0	will my husband be attached to me	“my husband will embrace me”
GEN	29	34	q2up			0	I have borne him three sons	“I have given birth to three sons for him”
GEN	29	34	bz8c	translate-names		0	his name was called Levi	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Levi means ‘attached.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	29	35	x9x6			0	She conceived again	“Leah became pregnant again”
GEN	29	35	acb5			0	bore a son	“gave birth to a son”
GEN	29	35	xp9g	translate-names		0	she called his name Judah	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Judah means ‘praise.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	intro	g8rn			0		# Genesis 30 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Women and their children<br>In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])<br><br>### Speckled and spotted<br>Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob’s fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban’s cheating.
GEN	30	1	b8mq			0	When Rachel saw that she bore Jacob no children	“When Rachel realized that she was unable to become preganant”
GEN	30	1	ct56	figs-hyperbole		0	I will die	Rachel is exaggerating to show how upset she is about not having children. Alternate translation: “I will feel completely worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	30	1	v6l6			0	Give me children	“Cause me to become pregnant”
GEN	30	2	rs2s	figs-metaphor		0	Jacob’s anger burned against Rachel	Jacob’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Jacob was very angry with Rachel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	30	2	b7dm	figs-rquestion		0	Am I in the place of God, who has kept you from having children?	This is a rhetorical question that Jacob uses to scold Rachel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not God! I am not the one who is preventing you from having children!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	30	3	dh9k			0	She said	“Rachel said”
GEN	30	3	y5pn			0	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN	30	3	rc5q	figs-explicit		0	there is my servant Bilhah…I will have children by her	At that time, this was an acceptable way for a barren woman to have children that would legally belong to her. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	30	3	u6p8			0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md).
GEN	30	3	fqb3	figs-euphemism		0	Go in to her	This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	30	3	jt2n	figs-idiom		0	on my knees	This is a way of saying that the child that Bilhah gives birth to will belong to Rachel. Alternate translation: “for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	30	3	fu33			0	I will have children by her	“and in this way she will cause me to have children”
GEN	30	4	m19u	figs-euphemism		0	Jacob went in to her	This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Jacob had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	30	5	e6rx			0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md).
GEN	30	5	j1wf			0	bore Jacob a son	“gave birth to a son for Jacob”
GEN	30	6	m82y			0	she called his name	“Rachel gave him the name”
GEN	30	6	qy9x	translate-names		0	called his name Dan	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Dan means ‘he judged.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	7	d11y			0	Bilhah…conceived again	“Bilhah…became pregnant again”
GEN	30	7	e4tc			0	bore Jacob a second son	“gave birth to a second son for Jacob”
GEN	30	8	xbz2	figs-idiom		0	With mighty wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister	The phrase “wrestlings have I wrestled” is an idiom used for emphasis. It is also a metaphor that speaks of Rachel’s attempts to have a child like her sister as if she were having a physical fight with Leah. Alternate translation: “I have had a great struggle to have children like my older sister, Leah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	30	8	p9q6			0	have prevailed	“I have won” or “I have succeeded”
GEN	30	8	gy77			0	called his name Naphtali	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Naphtali means ‘my struggle.’”
GEN	30	9	n7if			0	When Leah saw that	“When Leah became aware that”
GEN	30	9	ct6f			0	she took Zilpah, her servant, and gave her to Jacob as a wife	“she gave Zilpah, her servant, to Jacob as a wife”
GEN	30	9	mw56			0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md).
GEN	30	10	pf1k			0	bore Jacob a son	“gave birth to a son for Jacob”
GEN	30	11	ml48			0	This is fortunate!	“How fortunate!” or “What good luck!”
GEN	30	11	hmk8			0	called his name Gad	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Gad means ‘fortunate.’”
GEN	30	12	sp7h	translate-names		0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	12	cbx9			0	bore Jacob a second son	“gave birth to a second son for Jacob”
GEN	30	13	c2du			0	I am happy!	“How blessed I am!” or “How happy I am!”
GEN	30	13	i9pt			0	the daughters	“the women” or “the young women”
GEN	30	13	q84q	translate-names		0	called his name Asher	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Asher means ‘happy.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	14	k7d6			0	Reuben went	“Reuben went out”
GEN	30	14	yv13	figs-idiom		0	in the days of wheat harvest	Here the phrase “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the season or time of year. Alternate translation: “at the time of year of the wheat harvest” or “during the wheat harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	30	14	t6zn	translate-unknown		0	mandrakes	This is a fruit that was said to increase fertility and the desire to sleep with one’s lover. Alternate translation: “love fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	30	15	uq87	figs-rquestion		0	Is it a small matter to you…my husband?	“Do you not care…my husband?” This is a rhetorical question used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is bad enough…my husband.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	30	15	h684	figs-rquestion		0	Do you now want…too?	This is a rhetorical question, used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now you want…too!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	30	15	ku4g	figs-euphemism		0	Then he will lie with you	Here “lie with” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob will have sexual intercourse with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	30	16	y5di	figs-euphemism		0	You must come in to me	Here “come in to” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “You must have sexual intercourse with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	30	16	c6r1			0	with my son’s mandrakes	“for the price of my son’s mandrakes.” See how you translated “mandrake” in [Genesis 30:14](../30/14.md).
GEN	30	17	k8h8			0	she conceived	“She became pregnant”
GEN	30	17	ew6t			0	bore Jacob a fifth son	“gave birth to a fifth son for Jacob”
GEN	30	18	k9kl	figs-metaphor		0	God has given me my wages	God rewarding Leah is spoken of as if he were a boss paying wages to someone who works for him. Alternate translation: “God has given my due” or “God has rewarded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	30	18	n1d3			0	She called his name Issachar	Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Issachar means ‘there is a reward.’”
GEN	30	19	u4y3			0	Leah conceived again	“Leah became pregnant again”
GEN	30	19	i5p8			0	bore a sixth son to Jacob	“gave birth to a sixth son for Jacob”
GEN	30	20	my2k			0	She called his name Zebulun	Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Zebulun means ‘honor.’”
GEN	30	21	glq4	translate-names		0	called her name Dinah	This is the name of Leah’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	22	tj2w	figs-idiom		0	God called Rachel to mind and listened to her	The phrase “call to mind” means to remember. This does not mean God forgot about Rachel. It means he considered her request. Alternate translation: “God considered Rachel and granted to her what she wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	30	23	ql6d	figs-metaphor		0	God has taken away my shame	God causing Rachel to no longer feel ashamed is spoken of as if “shame” were an object that person could take away from someone else. The abstract noun “shame” can be stated as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “God has caused me to no longer feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	30	24	lyt5	translate-names		0	She called his name Joseph	Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Joseph means ‘may he add.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	30	24	lif6			0	Yahweh has added to me another son	Rachel’s first sons were through her female servant Bilhah.
GEN	30	25	a2ai			0	After Rachel had borne Joseph	“After Rachel gave birth to Joseph”
GEN	30	26	jpd7			0	and let me go	“so I can go”
GEN	30	26	n1c9	figs-abstractnouns		0	you know the service I have given you	Jacob is reminding Laban of their contract ([Genesis Gen 29:27](../29/26.md)). The abstract noun “service” can be stated as “served.” Alternate translation: “you know that I have served you long enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	30	27	wnz1			0	Laban said to him	“Laban said to Jacob”
GEN	30	27	f6ny	figs-metaphor		0	If now I have found favor in your eyes	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	30	27	hl6m	figs-idiom		0	found favor	This is an idiom that means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	30	27	f5lu			0	wait, because	“please stay, because”
GEN	30	27	ww4z			0	I have learned by using divination	“I have discovered by my own spiritual and magical practices”
GEN	30	27	nl2u			0	for your sake	“because of you”
GEN	30	28	unx9	figs-explicit		0	Name your wages	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “Tell me how much I have to pay to keep you here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	30	29	wk5n			0	Jacob said to him	“Jacob said to Laban”
GEN	30	29	va18			0	how your livestock have fared with me	“how well your livestock have done since I started taking care of them”
GEN	30	30	wm8b			0	For you had little before I came	“your herds were small before I worked for you”
GEN	30	30	cxf4			0	and it has increased abundantly	“but now your wealth has greatly increased”
GEN	30	30	yq88	figs-rquestion		0	Now when will I provide for my own household also?	“Now when will I take care of my own family?” Jacob uses a question to emphasize that he wants to start providing for his own family. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now I want to take care of my family!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	30	31	guq7	figs-explicit		0	What will I pay you	“What can I pay you” or “What can I give you.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “What can I pay you so that you stay and work for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	30	31	p7p2	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	If you will do this thing for me	The connecting word “But” can be used at the beginning to show that what Jacob is about to say contrasts with what he just said. Alternate translation: “But if you will do this thing for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	30	31	b25k			0	this thing	The phrase “this thing” refers to what Jacob will propose in verse 32.
GEN	30	31	b9ys			0	feed your flock and keep it	“feed and take care of your flock”
GEN	30	32	d9j2			0	removing from it every speckled and spotted sheep, and every black one among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats	“and remove every sheep with spots, every black sheep, and every goat with spots”
GEN	30	32	nqn7			0	These will be my wages	“This will be the cost of keeping me here”
GEN	30	33	rd2c	figs-personification		0	My integrity will testify for me later on	The word “integrity” means “honesty.” This speaks about integrity as if it were a person who could testify for or against another person. Alternate translation: “And later you will know if I have been honest with you or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	30	33	c2ni	figs-activepassive		0	Every one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and black among the sheep, if any are found with me, will be considered to be stolen	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find any goats without spots or any sheep that are not black, you can consider them stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	30	34	uk57			0	Let it be according to your word	“Let it be as you say” or “We will do what you have said”
GEN	30	35	w5h3			0	that were striped and spotted	“that had stripes and spots”
GEN	30	35	vgj7			0	that were speckled and spotted	“that had spots”
GEN	30	35	yj5c			0	every one that had white in it	“every goat that had some white in it”
GEN	30	35	wxg5			0	all the black ones among the sheep	“all the black sheep”
GEN	30	35	kx5r	figs-metonymy		0	gave them into the hand	Here “hand” stands for control or care. Alternate translation: “had his sons take care of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	30	37	q2ef	translate-unknown		0	fresh poplar…almond…plane tree	These are all trees with white wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	30	37	i1xk			0	peeled white streaks in them, and made the white inner wood appear that was in the sticks	“peeled off pieces of bark so that the white wood underneath would show”
GEN	30	38	m1gg			0	the watering troughs	long open containers for holding water for animals to drink
GEN	30	39	w5f7			0	The flocks bred	“The animals of the flocks conceived” or “The animals mated”
GEN	30	39	u7ap			0	produced striped, speckled, and spotted young	“gave birth to babies with stripes and spots”
GEN	30	40	i58f	figs-explicit		0	Jacob separated	It can be made explicit that this happened over several years. Alternate translation: “During the several years following, Jacob separated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	30	40	ff1z			0	face toward	“look toward”
GEN	30	40	y79l			0	he separated out his flocks for himself alone	“he set his flocks apart”
GEN	30	41	l916	figs-synecdoche		0	before the eyes of the flock	Here the flock’s “eyes” represent the sheep and emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “so that the flock could see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	30	41	s3qy			0	among the sticks	“in front of the sticks”
GEN	30	42	sm36			0	the feebler animals	“the weaker animals”
GEN	30	42	z6j6	figs-explicit		0	So the feebler animals were Laban’s, and the stronger were Jacob’s	“So the weaker offspring belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring belonged to Jacob.” You can make this even more explicit. Alternate translation: “So the weaker offspring did not have stripes or spots and so belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring did have stripes or spots and so belonged to Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	30	43	qp8n			0	The man	“Jacob”
GEN	30	43	be3r			0	became very prosperous	“greatly prospered” or “became very wealthy”
GEN	31	intro	zw5h			0		# Genesis 31 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s blessing<br>When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Household gods<br>Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them “good luck” and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Irony<br>Laban’s sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father’s possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father’s blessing.
GEN	31	1	q6pl			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN	31	1	bae1			0	Jacob heard the words of Laban’s sons, that they said	“Jacob heard that Laban’s sons were saying”
GEN	31	1	j4tu	figs-hyperbole		0	Jacob has taken away all that was our father’s	Laban’s sons were exaggerating because they were angry. Alternate translation: “Everything that Jacob has taken belonged to our father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	31	2	dj32	figs-parallelism		0	Jacob saw the look on Laban’s face. He saw that his attitude toward him had changed	These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second explains the look that Jacob saw on Laban’s face. Alternate translation: “Jacob noticed that Laban was no longer pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	31	3	dy3j			0	your fathers	“your father Isaac and your grandfather Abraham”
GEN	31	4	s242			0	Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock	“Jacob sent for Rachel and Leah and told them to meet him out in the field with the flocks”
GEN	31	5	zwf5	figs-sentences		0	and said to them	You can start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He said to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]])
GEN	31	5	m3hk			0	I see your father’s attitude toward me has changed	“I have noticed your father is no longer pleased with me”
GEN	31	6	j527	figs-you		0	You know that it is with all my strength that I have served your father	The word “you” here refers to both Rachel and Leah. It also adds emphasis. Alternate translation: “You yourselves know that I have served your father with all my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	31	7	z2br			0	has deceived me	“has lied to me” or “has not treated me fairly”
GEN	31	7	gi9n			0	my wages	“what he said he would pay me”
GEN	31	7	j7hr			0	to hurt me	Possible meanings are (1) physical harm or (2) to cause Jacob to suffer in any way.
GEN	31	8	czw6			0	The speckled animals	“The animals with spots”
GEN	31	8	cah9			0	the flock bore	“the flock gave birth to”
GEN	31	8	yfc5			0	The striped	“The animals with stripes”
GEN	31	9	z1nb			0	In this way God has taken away the livestock of your father and given them to me	“This is how God gave your father’s animals to me”
GEN	31	10	ff24			0	General Information:	Jacob continues his story to his wives Leah and Rachel.
GEN	31	10	b7lk			0	Once at the time of breeding season	“During the breeding season”
GEN	31	10	g7hi	figs-synecdoche		0	mating with the flock	Here “flock” represents only the female goats. Alternate translation: “mating with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	31	10	bp2h			0	were striped, speckled, and spotted	“had stripes, little spots, and big spots”
GEN	31	11	sp9t			0	angel of God	Possible meanings are (1) God himself appeared as a man or (2) one of God’s messengers appeared. Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of God,” using the normal word that you use for “angel.”
GEN	31	11	t3sj			0	I said	“And I answered”
GEN	31	11	z5w7			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN	31	12	qi7z			0	General Information:	The angel of the Lord continues to talk to Jacob ([Genesis 31:10](../31/10.md)).
GEN	31	12	ta2d	figs-idiom		0	Lift up your eyes	This is a way of saying “Look up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	31	12	zf86	figs-synecdoche		0	that are breeding with the flock	Here “flock” stands for only the female goats. Alternate translation: “that are breeding with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	31	12	w88y			0	are striped, speckled, and spotted	“have stripes and spots”
GEN	31	13	c737	translate-symaction		0	where you anointed a pillar	Jacob poured oil on the pillar to dedicate it to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	31	13	qa2q			0	the land of your birth	“the land where you were born”
GEN	31	14	bwh9			0	Rachel and Leah answered and said to him	This does not mean they talked at the same time. It emphasizes they agreed with each other.
GEN	31	14	ir9t	figs-rquestion		0	Is there any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house?	Rachel and Leah use a question to emphasize that there is nothing left for their father to give. Alternate translation: “There is absolutely nothing left for us to inherit from our father!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	31	15	sxw7	figs-rquestion		0	Are we not treated by him as foreigners?	They use a question to show their anger about how their father treats them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our father treats us like a foreign women instead of daughters!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	31	15	y7ge	figs-explicit		0	For he has sold us	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “He has sold us for his own gain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	31	15	z4i2	figs-metaphor		0	has also completely devoured our money	Laban completely using up the money that he should have given to his daughters is spoken of as if he were a wild beast that ate the money as if it were food. Alternate translation: “he completely used up our money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	31	16	vbk7			0	are now ours and our children’s	“belongs to us and to our children”
GEN	31	16	vi8d			0	Now then	Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	31	16	g6k9			0	whatever God has said to you, do it	“do all that God has told you”
GEN	31	17	vr3n	figs-explicit		0	his sons	Jacob took all of his children. It only mentions the sons because they are important as his heirs. Alternate translation: “his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	31	18	n4b2			0	He drove all his livestock	“He drove all his cattle.” Here “livestock” is referring to all his domesticate animals.
GEN	31	18	xzk2			0	including the livestock he had acquired in Paddan Aram	“and the other herd of cattle which he took ownership of when he was in Paddan Aram”
GEN	31	18	pgg7			0	Then he set out to go to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan	“He went to the land of Canaan, where his father Isaac lived”
GEN	31	19	ct6p			0	When Laban had gone to shear his sheep	“When Laban had left to cut the wool off of his sheep”
GEN	31	21	rq4h			0	the River	This refers to the Euphrates River.
GEN	31	21	e57v			0	headed toward	“traveled toward”
GEN	31	21	xdn1			0	the hill country of Gilead	“the mountains of Gilead” or “Mount Gilead”
GEN	31	22	w2bp			0	On the third day	It was Jewish custom to count the day of departure as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days after they had left”
GEN	31	22	fsz8	figs-activepassive		0	Laban was told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Laban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	31	22	rjd6	figs-explicit		0	that Jacob had fled	Only Jacob is mentioned because he is the leader of the family. It can be made explicit that his family went with him. Alternate translation: “that Jacob had fled with his wives and children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	31	23	v1il			0	So he took	“So Laban took”
GEN	31	23	c1wi			0	pursued him	“chased after Jacob”
GEN	31	23	vs2j			0	for a seven days’ journey	Laban spent seven days walking to catch up to Jacob.
GEN	31	23	x5mw			0	He overtook him	“He caught up to him”
GEN	31	24	i4gj	writing-background		0	Now God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream at night	The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban. Alternate translation: “That night God came to Laban in a dream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	31	24	s2du	figs-merism		0	Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad	The phrase “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	31	25	c3nf	writing-background		0	Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country. Laban also camped with his relatives in the hill country of Gilead	The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob and Laban. Alternate translation: “When Laban caught up with Jacob, Jacob had set up camp in the hill country. Then Laban and his relatives also camped in the hill country of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	31	26	dg9e	figs-simile		0	carried away my daughters like prisoners of war	Laban speaks about Jacob taking his family with him back to the land of Canaan as if Jacob took them as prisoners after a battle and is forcing them to go with him. Laban is exaggerating because he is angry and is trying to make Jacob feel guilty for what he did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN	31	27	a98f			0	flee secretly	“run away in secret”
GEN	31	27	g8iz			0	with celebration	“with joy”
GEN	31	27	bg4p	figs-metonymy		0	with tambourine and with harps	These instruments stand for music. Alternate translation: “and with music” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	31	27	a23y	translate-unknown		0	tambourine	a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	31	28	esl3	figs-gendernotations		0	to kiss my grandsons	Here “grandsons” would include all grandchildren whether male or female. Alternate translation: “to kiss my grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GEN	31	28	cr1s			0	Now you have done foolishly	“You have acted foolishly”
GEN	31	28	y6dz			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	31	29	lza8	figs-you		0	It is in my power to do you harm	The word “you” is plural and refers to everyone with Jacob. Alternate translation: “I have enough people with me to harm all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	31	29	qs6g	figs-merism		0	Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad	The words “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:24](../31/24.md). Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	31	30	bz9g	figs-you		0	you have gone away	This “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	31	30	f8iz	figs-metonymy		0	to your father’s house	Here “house” stands for family. Alternate translation: “to be home with your father and the rest of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	31	30	e3jc			0	my gods	“my idols”
GEN	31	31	qd9f			0	Because I was afraid and thought that you would take your daughters from me by force I left secretly	“I left in secret because I was afraid that you would take your daughters from me by force”
GEN	31	32	e35z	figs-litotes		0	Whoever has stolen your gods will not continue to live	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will kill whoever has stolen your gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN	31	32	zh3x	figs-exclusive		0	In the presence of our relatives	The word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. All the relatives will watch to make sure everything is fair and honest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	31	32	l4l6			0	identify whatever with me is yours and take it	“look for whatever we have that is yours and take it”
GEN	31	32	mjz6	writing-background		0	For Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen them	This changes from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	31	33	rd4w			0	the two female servants	This refers to Zilpah and Bilhah.
GEN	31	33	f3n9			0	he did not find them	“he did not find his idols”
GEN	31	34	s5c7	writing-background		0	Now Rachel…upon them	The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Rachel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	31	34	j5k2			0	saddle	a seat placed on the back of an animal so a person can ride on it
GEN	31	35	cd8t			0	my master	Calling someone “my master” is a way of honoring them.
GEN	31	35	h3tw			0	that I cannot stand up before you	“because I am unable to stand up in your presence”
GEN	31	35	rx2l	figs-euphemism		0	for I am having my period	This refers to the time of the month when a woman bleeds from her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	31	36	ka2t			0	He said to him	“Jacob said to Laban”
GEN	31	36	wcv8	figs-parallelism		0	What is my offense? What is my sin, that you have hotly pursued after me?	The phrases “What is my offense” and “What is my sin” mean basically the same thing. Jacob is asking Laban to tell him what he did wrong. Alternate translation: “What have I done wrong that you should pursue me like this?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	31	36	rd64	figs-idiom		0	hotly pursued after me	Here the word “hotly” means Laban urgently chased Jacob intending to capture him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	31	37	lf9u			0	What have you found of all your household goods?	“What have you found that belongs to you?”
GEN	31	37	jgu5	figs-exclusive		0	Set them here before our relatives	Here the word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. Alternate translation: “Lay anything you have found in front of our relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	31	37	q8tg	figs-exclusive		0	they may judge between us two	Here “two of us” refers to Jacob and Laban. The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute. Alternate translation: “they may judge between the two of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	31	38	l12d			0	General Information:	Jacob continues to speak to Laban.
GEN	31	38	a2zw	translate-numbers		0	twenty years	“20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	31	38	rum5			0	ewes	female sheep
GEN	31	38	lk1u			0	have not miscarried	This means they have not had a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly with the lamb or kid born dead.
GEN	31	39	kc4z	figs-activepassive		0	What was torn by beasts I did not bring to you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When a wild animal killed one of your animals I did not bring it to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	31	39	ji5d	figs-metaphor		0	Instead, I bore the loss of it	For Jacob to count Laban’s dead animals as a loss from his own flock is spoken of as if it was a burden he would bear on his shoulders. Alternate translation: “Instead of counting it a loss from your flock, I counted it as a loss from my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	31	40	tf6f	figs-metaphor		0	There I was; in the day the heat consumed me, and the frost by night	Suffering in the hot and cold temperatures is spoken of as if the temperatures were animals that were eating Jacob. Alternate translation: “I stayed with your flocks even during hottest part of the day and the coldest part of the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	31	41	gx9i			0	General Information:	Jacob continues to speak to Laban.
GEN	31	41	j81s	translate-numbers		0	These twenty years	“These last 20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	31	41	l5lt	translate-numbers		0	fourteen years	“14 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	31	41	w1k8			0	changed my wages ten times	“changed what he said he would pay me ten times.” See how you translated “my wages” in [Genesis 31:7](../31/07.md).
GEN	31	42	hcc4			0	Unless the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the one Isaac fears, had been with me	Jacob is referring to the same God not to three different gods. Alternate translation: “If the God of Abraham and Isaac, my father, had not been with me”
GEN	31	42	fy4h			0	the God of my father	Here the word “father” refers to his parent, Isaac.
GEN	31	42	v1d1			0	the one Isaac fears	Here the word “fears” refers to the “fear of Yahweh,” which means to deeply respect him and show that respect by obeying him.
GEN	31	42	tin2	figs-metonymy		0	empty-handed	This stands for having nothing. Alternate translation: “with absolutely nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	31	42	eqx1	figs-abstractnouns		0	God has seen my oppression and how hard I worked	The abstract noun “oppression” can be stated as “oppressed.” Alternate translation: “God has seen how hard I worked and how you oppressed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	31	43	ah9n	figs-rquestion		0	But what can I do today to these my daughters, or to their children whom they have borne?	Laban uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing he can do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But, there is nothing I can do to bring my daughters and grandchildren back with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	31	44	pm7d	figs-personification		0	let it be for a witness	Here the word “witness” does not refer to a person, but it is used figuratively and refers to the covenant that Jacob and Laban are making. The covenant is spoken of as if it were a person who is there when they agree to act peacefully to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	31	45	q2sh			0	pillar	This means that a large stone was simply set up on its end to mark the place where this important event happened.
GEN	31	46	mz54			0	made a pile	“stacked them on top of each other”
GEN	31	46	c4fm	figs-explicit		0	Then they ate there by the pile	Eating a meal together was a part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	31	47	grz7	translate-names		0	Jegar Saha Dutha	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Jegar Saha Dutha means ‘heap of witness’ in Laban’s language.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	31	47	tn6r	translate-names		0	Galeed	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	31	48	y6zl	figs-personification		0	This pile is a witness between me and you	The stones do not actually bear witness as a person. Alternate translation: “This pile will be a reminder between me and you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	31	48	f3tt	translate-names		0	Galeed	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:47](../31/47.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	31	49	d4iu	translate-names		0	Mizpah	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Mizpah means ‘watchtower.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	31	49	ip35	figs-metonymy		0	when we are out of sight one from another	Here “out of sight” stands for no longer being in each other’s presence. Alternate translation: “when we are no longer with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	31	50	e3ip			0	although no one else is with us	Here “us” refers to Laban and Jacob. Alternate translation: “even if no one else is there to see us”
GEN	31	50	h365			0	see	“look” or “remember” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you”
GEN	31	52	jh98	figs-personification		0	This pile is a witness, and the pillar is a witness	These piles of stones were to act as a remembrance and a boundary marker for Jacob and Laban regarding their peace agreement. They are spoken of as if they are human witnesses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	31	53	zmt6			0	May the God of Abraham, and the god of Nahor, the gods of their father, judge between us	Abraham is Jacob’s grandfather. Nahor is Laban’s grandfather. The father of Abraham and Nahor is Terah. Not all of them worshipped Yahweh.
GEN	31	53	r6hl			0	the Fear of his father Isaac	Here the word “Fear” refers to Yahweh, who Isaac deeply respected and showed that respect by obeying him.
GEN	31	54	fmy2	figs-explicit		0	called his relatives to eat a meal	Eating a meal together was part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	31	55	w76k			0	Early in the morning…returned home	Verse 55 is the first verse of chapter 32 in the original Hebrew text, but the last verse of chapter 31 in most modern Bibles. We suggest that you follow the numbering of Bibles in your national language.
GEN	31	55	kif6			0	blessed	This means expressing a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to someone.
GEN	32	intro	udr3			0		# Genesis 32 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jacob does not trust Yahweh<br>Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### Name change<br><br>In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “A man wrestled with him”<br>Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word “man” usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	32	2	fr1q			0	Mahanaim	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Mahanaim means ‘two camps.’”
GEN	32	3	f84p	translate-names		0	Seir	This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	32	4	ayv1	figs-quotesinquotes		0	This is what you will say to my master Esau: This is what your servant Jacob says: ‘I have been…have delayed my return until now.	This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “‘This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been…have delayed my return until now.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	4	n3lr			0	my master Esau	Jacob is using polite language and refers to his brother as “my master.”
GEN	32	4	y932			0	your servant Jacob	Jacob is using polite language and refers to himself as “your servant.”
GEN	32	5	ne7y	figs-quotesinquotes		0	I have oxen…in your eyes.	This continues the quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “I have been” in verse 4. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. “This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been…Tell him that I have oxen…in his eyes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	5	vi1k	figs-idiom		0	that I may find favor in your eyes	When a person finds favor in the eyes of another, the second person approves of the first person. Here “eyes” are a metonym for the person seeing something, and seeing a person is a metaphor for deciding whether what that person sees is good or bad. Alternate translation: “that you may approve of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	32	6	h954	translate-numbers		0	four hundred men	“400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	32	7	ra4u			0	afraid	This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others.
GEN	32	7	e2dk			0	upset	distressed, troubled
GEN	32	8	n1e3	figs-metonymy		0	to one camp and attacks it, then the camp that is left will escape	Here “camp” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to attack the people in one camp, then the people in the other camp will escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	32	9	fdw7	figs-explicit		0	God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, Yahweh	This does not refer to different gods, but to the one God they all worship. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is God of my grandfather Abraham and my father Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	32	9	c3nw	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Yahweh, who said to me, ‘Return to your country and to your kindred, and I will prosper you,’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who said that I should return to my country and to my kindred, and that you would prosper me,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	9	ah51			0	to your kindred	“to your family”
GEN	32	9	v7p9			0	I will prosper you	“I will do good for you” or “I will treat you well”
GEN	32	10	i1jg	figs-activepassive		0	I am not worthy of all your acts of covenant faithfulness and of all the trustworthiness that you have done for your servant	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “loyal.” Alternate translation: “I do not deserve for you to remain faithful to your covenant or for you to be loyal to me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	32	10	gfq5			0	your servant	This is a polite way of saying “me.”
GEN	32	10	ri5t	figs-idiom		0	now I have become two camps	Here the phrase “I have become” is an idiom meaning what he now possesses. Alternate translation: “and now I have enough people, flocks, and possessions with me to make two camps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	32	11	b4a5			0	rescue me	“save me”
GEN	32	11	b2lt	figs-metonymy		0	from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau	Here the word “hand” refers to power. The two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second clarifies that the brother whom Jacob intended was Esau. Alternate translation: “from the power of my brother, Esau” or “from my brother, Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	32	11	amt5			0	I am afraid of him, that he will	“I am afraid that he will”
GEN	32	12	x5kw	figs-quotesinquotes		0	But you said, ‘I will certainly make you prosper. I will make your descendants…number.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “But you said that you would certainly prosper me, and that you would make my descendants…number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	12	w429			0	make you prosper	“do good to you” or “treat you well”
GEN	32	12	n5pn	figs-simile		0	I will make your descendants like the sand of the sea	This speaks about the very large number of Jacob’s descendants as if their number will be like the grains of sand on the seashore. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	32	12	bc4t	figs-activepassive		0	which cannot be numbered for their number	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which no one can count because of their number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	32	14	zj6f	translate-numbers		0	two hundred	“200” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	32	14	a35f	translate-numbers		0	twenty	“20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	32	15	ew39	translate-numbers		0	thirty…forty…ten	“30…40…10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	32	15	k3iy			0	their colts	“their young”
GEN	32	16	il9n	figs-idiom		0	These he gave into the hand of his servants, every herd by itself	Here “into the hand” means to give control over them. Alternate translation: “He divided them into small herds, and gave each of his servants control over one herd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	32	16	hh9w			0	put a space between each of the herds	“let each herd travel at a distance from the other herds”
GEN	32	17	ti5k			0	He instructed	“He commanded”
GEN	32	17	h449	figs-quotesinquotes		0	asks you…that are in front of you?’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “asks you who your master is, where you are going, and who owns these animals that are ahead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	17	lnl5			0	To whom do you belong?	“Who is your master?”
GEN	32	17	hl31			0	Whose animals are these that are in front of you?	“Who owns these animals that are in front of you?”
GEN	32	18	e7wd	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Then you will say, ‘They are your servant Jacob’s. They are a gift sent to my master Esau. See, he is also coming after us.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then I want you to tell him that all of these things belong to Jacob, his servant, and he his giving them to his master, Esau. And tell him that Jacob is on the way to meet him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	32	18	i8qf			0	your servant Jacob’s	Jacob is referring to himself in a polite way as Esau’s servant.
GEN	32	18	nk58			0	to my master Esau	Jacob is referring to Esau is a polite way as his master.
GEN	32	18	a5zw	figs-exclusive		0	coming after us	Here “us” refers to the servant speaking and the other servants bringing herds to Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	32	19	mb2s			0	gave instructions to the second group	“commanded the second group”
GEN	32	20	l71w			0	You must also say, ‘Your servant Jacob	Possible meanings are (1) “You will say also, ‘Your servant Jacob’” or (2) “You will say, ‘Also, Your servant Jacob.’”
GEN	32	20	kth9			0	I will appease him	“I will calm him down” or “I will make his anger go away”
GEN	32	20	fz2r			0	he will receive me	“he will welcome me kindly”
GEN	32	21	mgp1	figs-metonymy		0	So the gifts went on ahead of him	Here “gifts” stands for the servants taking the gifts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	32	21	bet5	figs-rpronouns		0	He himself stayed	Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob did not go with the servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN	32	22	ak58			0	his two women servants	“his two servant wives.” This means Zilpah and Bilhah.
GEN	32	22	ts8h			0	ford	a shallow place in a river that is easy to cross
GEN	32	22	tkp8	translate-names		0	Jabbok	This is the name of a river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	32	23	uu6x			0	all his possessions	“all that he had”
GEN	32	24	ui74			0	until daybreak	“until dawn”
GEN	32	25	ugk7	figs-activepassive		0	Jacob’s hip was dislocated as he wrestled with him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man injured Jacob’s hip as he wrestled with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	32	25	f6zk			0	hip	the place where the upper leg bone connects to the hip
GEN	32	26	wh2x			0	for the dawn is breaking	“the sun will rise soon”
GEN	32	26	hd6q			0	bless	Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person.
GEN	32	26	pb6k	figs-doublenegatives		0	I will not let you go unless you bless me	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not! You must bless me first, then I will let you go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	32	28	a2ft	translate-names		0	Israel	Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Israel means ‘He struggles with God.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	32	28	kel8			0	with men	Here “men” means “people” in general.
GEN	32	29	if16	figs-rquestion		0	He said, “Why is it that you ask my name?”	“He said, ‘Why would you ask about my name?’” This rhetorical question was meant to shock, rebuke and cause Jacob to ponder over what just happened between him and the other man he just wrestled with. Alternate translation: “Do not ask me for my name!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	32	30	m49w	translate-names		0	Peniel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Peniel means ‘the face of God.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	32	30	n4r1			0	face to face	Being “face to face” means that two people are seeing each other in person, at a close distance.
GEN	32	30	p6dk	figs-activepassive		0	and my life is delivered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet he spared my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	32	32	v4a5	writing-background		0	That is why to this day	This marks a change from the story to background information about the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	32	32	n4af			0	to this day	This means to the day that the author was writing this.
GEN	32	32	t93f			0	ligaments of the hip	This refers to the muscle that connects the thigh bone to the thigh socket.
GEN	32	32	l5px			0	hip joint	“thigh socket”
GEN	32	32	j363			0	while dislocating	“while striking”
GEN	33	intro	tc2t			0		# Genesis 33 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jacob’s fear<br>Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau’s power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Favoritism<br>Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	1	ck16			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to a surprising new part of the story.
GEN	33	1	c4ai	translate-numbers		0	four hundred men	“400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	33	1	lqj5	figs-explicit		0	Jacob divided the children…female servants	This does not mean Jacob divided the children evenly so that each woman had the same amount of children with her. Jacob divided the children so that each one went with his or her mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	1	h467			0	female servants	“servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah.
GEN	33	3	f927	figs-rpronouns		0	He himself went on ahead of them	Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob went alone in front of the others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN	33	3	prz6	translate-symaction		0	He bowed	Here the word “bow” means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	33	4	xq93			0	meet him	“meet Jacob”
GEN	33	4	ptu7			0	embraced him, hugged his neck, and kissed him	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Esau put his arms around Jacob, hugged him, and kissed him”
GEN	33	4	d91x	figs-explicit		0	Then they wept	This can be translated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Esau and Jacob cried because they were happy to see each other again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	5	bni9			0	he saw the women and the children	“he saw the women and children who were with Jacob”
GEN	33	5	n88j	figs-123person		0	The children whom God has graciously given your servant	The phrase “your servant” is a polite way for Jacob to refer to himself. Alternate translation: “These are the children God has kindly given me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	33	6	huv5			0	female servants	“servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah.
GEN	33	6	ndg7	translate-symaction		0	bowed down	This is a sign of humility and respect before another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	33	8	xl2u			0	What do you mean by all these groups that I met?	The phrase “all these groups” refers to the groups of servants that Jacob sent to give gifts to Esau. Alternate translation: “Why did you send all of those different groups to meet me?”
GEN	33	8	p6x8	figs-idiom		0	To find favor in the sight of my master	The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “So that you, my master, would be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	33	8	b54p	figs-123person		0	my master	The phrase “my master” is a polite way of referring to Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	33	9	fvu3	figs-ellipsis		0	I have enough	The word “animals” or “property” is understood. Alternate translation: “I have enough animals” or “I have enough property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	33	10	c8jk	figs-idiom		0	if I have found favor in your eyes	The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	33	10	g919	figs-synecdoche		0	my gift from my hand	Here “hand” refers to Jacob. Alternate translation: “this gift that I am giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	33	10	cv9s			0	my hand, for indeed	This can be translated as a new sentence: “my hand. For certainly”
GEN	33	10	qp99	figs-simile		0	I have seen your face, and it is like seeing the face of God	The meaning of this simile is unclear. Possible meanings are (1) Jacob is happy that Esau has forgiven him like God has forgiven him or (2) Jacob is amazed to see his brother again like he was amazed to see God or (3) Jacob is humbled to be in Esau’s presence like he was humbled to be in God’s presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	33	10	ni5g	figs-synecdoche		0	I have seen your face	Here “face” stands for Esau. It may be best to translate as “face” because of the importance of the word “face” here with “face of God” and “face to face” in [Genesis 32:30](../32/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	33	11	i3ez	figs-activepassive		0	that was brought to you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that my servants brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	33	11	c581			0	God has dealt graciously with me	“God has treated me very well” or “God has blessed me very much”
GEN	33	11	r6mp			0	Thus Jacob urged him, and Esau accepted it	It was customary to refuse a gift first, but then to accept the gift before the giver was offended.
GEN	33	13	j3jv	figs-123person		0	My master knows	This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “You, my master, know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	33	13	k72p	figs-explicit		0	the children are young	The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the children are too young to travel fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	13	lzl5	figs-activepassive		0	If they are driven hard even one day	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If we force them to go too fast even for one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	33	14	be6w	figs-123person		0	Please let my master go on ahead of his servant	This is a polite and formal way of Jacob referring to himself. Alternate translation: “My lord, I am your servant. Please go ahead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	33	14	k77x			0	at the pace of the livestock that are before me	“at the speed the animals I am looking after can go”
GEN	33	14	he5j	translate-names		0	Seir	This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. See how you translated this in [Genesis 32:3](../32/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	33	15	e3u2	figs-rquestion		0	Why do that?	Jacob uses a question to emphasize that Esau does not need to leave men. Alternate translation: “Do not do that!” or “You do not need to do that!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	33	15	rl9k	figs-123person		0	my lord	This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “you, my lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	33	17	k3g6	translate-names		0	Succoth	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Succoth means ‘shelters.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	33	17	k4xa	figs-explicit		0	built himself a house	It is implied that the house is also for his family. Alternate translation: “built a house for himself and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	17	ykg8			0	for his livestock	“for the animals he looked after”
GEN	33	18	yt2u			0	General Information:	This starts a new part of the story. The author describes what Jacob did after he rested in Succoth.
GEN	33	18	jve3			0	When Jacob came from Paddan Aram	“After Jacob left Paddan Aram”
GEN	33	18	qr2k	figs-explicit		0	When Jacob…he arrived…He camped	This only mentions Jacob because he is the leader of the family. It is implied that his family was with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	33	18	rx3s			0	He camped near	“He set up his camp near”
GEN	33	19	a6wu			0	piece of ground	“piece of land”
GEN	33	19	xu69	translate-names		0	Hamor	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	33	19	y9i5			0	Shechem’s father	Shechem is the name of a city and the name of a man.
GEN	33	19	kh7z	translate-numbers		0	a hundred	“100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	33	20	ps43	translate-names		0	El Elohe Israel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Elohe Israel means ‘God, the God of Israel.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	34	intro	gv6g			0		# Genesis 34 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>Jacob’s name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br>Jacob’s reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob’s sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem.<br><br>Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	34	1	g89z			0	Now	Here this word is used to mark a new part of the story.
GEN	34	1	q1ki	translate-names		0	Dinah	This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	34	2	y29n	translate-names		0	the Hivite	This is the name of a people group. See how you translated the similar word “Hivites” in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	34	2	x58u			0	the prince of the land	This is referring to Hamor not Shechem. Also, “prince” here does not mean son of a king. It means Hamor was the leader of the people in that area.
GEN	34	2	hx1e	figs-hendiadys		0	He took her and lay with her	Possible meanings are (1) “took” and “lay with” are two separate actions. Alternate translation: “he grabbed her and had sexual relations with her” or (2) “took” and “lay with” are a hendiadys, two words used to describe one action, Alternate translation: “raped her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN	34	2	mrp5	figs-euphemism		0	lay with her	This is a polite way of speaking of sexual relations. You may have to use other words in your translation. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	34	3	d96a	figs-metaphor		0	He was drawn to Dinah	“He was very attracted to her.” This speaks about Shechem loving Dinah and wanting to be with her as if something were forcing him to come to Dinah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He wanted very much to be with Dinah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	34	3	bz11			0	spoke tenderly to her	He tried to convince her that he loved her and that he wanted her to love him also.
GEN	34	5	wy9t	writing-background		0	Now Jacob	“Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	34	5	k25j			0	Jacob heard that he	The word “he” refers to Shechem.
GEN	34	5	mp97			0	he had defiled	This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him.
GEN	34	5	sk45	figs-idiom		0	held his peace	This is a way of saying that Jacob did not say or do anything about the matter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	34	6	r1kg			0	Hamor…went out to Jacob	“Hamor…went to meet Jacob”
GEN	34	7	yd2w			0	The men were offended	“The men were very insulted” or “They were shocked”
GEN	34	7	xe5r	figs-metonymy		0	he had disgraced Israel	Here the word “Israel” refers to every member of Jacob’s family. Israel as a people group was disgraced. Alternate translation: “he had humiliated the family of Israel” or “he had brought shame on the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	34	7	wki8			0	lying with Jacob’s daughter	“having sexual relations with Jacob’s daughter”
GEN	34	7	ud6t	figs-activepassive		0	for such a thing should not have been done	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for he should not have done such a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	34	8	ud45			0	Hamor spoke with them	“Hamor spoke with Jacob and his sons”
GEN	34	8	q43r			0	loves your daughter	Here the word “love” refers to romantic love between a man and a woman. Alternate translation: “loves her and wants to marry her”
GEN	34	8	gx32			0	give her to him as a wife	In some cultures, the parents decide whom their children will marry.
GEN	34	9	ec6v			0	Intermarry with us	To intermarry is to marry a member of a different racial, social, religious or tribal group. Alternate translation: “Allow marriages between your people and ours”
GEN	34	10	pv18			0	the land will be open to you	“the land will be available to you”
GEN	34	11	x9iz			0	Shechem said to her father	“Shechem said to Dinah’s father Jacob”
GEN	34	11	gev1	figs-idiom		0	Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you tell me I will give	The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If you will approve of me, then I will give you whatever you ask” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	34	12	w7wc			0	bride price	In some cultures, it is customary for a man to give money, property, cattle, and other gifts to the bride’s family at the time of marriage.
GEN	34	13	h21q	figs-abstractnouns		0	The sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father with deceit	The abstract noun “deceit” can be stated as the verb “lied.” Alternate translation: “But the sons of Jacob lied to Shechem and Hamor when they answered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	34	13	uxy5			0	Shechem had defiled Dinah	This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md).
GEN	34	14	un4d			0	They said to them	“Jacob’s sons said to Shechem and Hamor”
GEN	34	14	yku7			0	We cannot do this thing, to give our sister	“We cannot agree to give Dinah in marriage”
GEN	34	14	c7ml	figs-exclusive		0	for that would be a disgrace to us	“for that would cause us shame.” Here “us” refers to Jacob’s sons and all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	34	16	w7nl			0	give our daughters to you…take your daughters to ourselves	This means they will allow a person from Jacob’s family to marry a person who lives in Hamor’s land.
GEN	34	18	vm37			0	Their words pleased Hamor and his son Shechem	“Hamor and his son Shechem agreed with what Jacob’s sons said”
GEN	34	19	yza5			0	to do what they said	“to become circumcised”
GEN	34	19	vjf5			0	Jacob’s daughter	“Jacob’s daughter Dinah”
GEN	34	19	ve5w	figs-explicit		0	because he was the most honored person in all his father’s household	This can be translated as a new sentence. It can be made explicit that Shechem knew the other men would agree to be circumcised because they greatly respected him. Alternate translation: “Shechem knew all the men in his father’s household would agree with him because he was the most honored among them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	34	20	bl5k			0	the gate of their city	It was common for leaders to meet at the city gate to make official decisions.
GEN	34	21	ub3p			0	These men	“Jacob, his sons, and the people of Israel”
GEN	34	21	gg84	figs-exclusive		0	peace with us	Here “us” includes Hamor, his son and all the people they spoke with at the city gate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	34	21	peg8			0	let them live in the land and trade in it	“let them live and trade in the land”
GEN	34	21	qgk2			0	for, really, the land is large enough for them	Shechem uses the word “really” to add emphasis to his statement. “because, certainly, the land is large enough for them” or “because, indeed, there is plenty of land for them”
GEN	34	21	i8u8			0	take their daughters…give them our daughters	This refers to marriages between the women of one group and the men of the other group. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 34:9](../34/09.md).
GEN	34	22	pyn5			0	General Information:	Hamor and Shechem his son continue to talk to the city elders.
GEN	34	22	g2kq			0	Only on this condition will the men agree to live with us and become one people: If every male among us is circumcised, as they are circumcised	“Only if every man among us is circumcised, as the men of Israel are circumcised, will they agree to live among us and unite with us as one people”
GEN	34	23	n7gu	figs-rquestion		0	Will not their livestock and their property—all their animals be ours?	Shechem uses a question to emphasize that Jacob’s livestock and property will belong to the people of Shechem. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of their animals and property will be ours.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	34	24	m2ft	figs-activepassive		0	Every male was circumcised	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Hamor and Shechem had someone circumcise all the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	34	25	xfn1	translate-ordinal		0	On the third day	“third” is the ordinal number for three. It can be stated without the ordinal number. Alternate translation: “After two days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	34	25	w2yp			0	when they were still in pain	“when the men of the city were still in pain”
GEN	34	25	usz1			0	each took his sword	“took their swords”
GEN	34	25	p39e	figs-metonymy		0	they attacked the city	Here “city” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “they attacked the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	34	25	cm25			0	security, and they killed all the males	This can be translated as a new sentence. “security. Simeon and Levi killed all the men of the city”
GEN	34	27	jn2q			0	the dead bodies	“the dead bodies of Hamor, Shechem, and their men”
GEN	34	27	r6r4			0	looted the city	“stole everything in the city that was valuable”
GEN	34	27	dr6w			0	because the people had defiled their sister	Shechem alone had defiled Dinah, but Jacob’s sons considered Shechem’s entire family and everyone in the city responsible for this act.
GEN	34	27	gep2			0	had defiled	This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md).
GEN	34	28	ikb2			0	They took their flocks	“Jacob’s sons took the people’s flocks”
GEN	34	29	u4y1			0	all their wealth	“all their possessions and money”
GEN	34	29	lb76			0	All their children and their wives, they captured	“They captured all their children and wives”
GEN	34	30	tk7q	figs-metaphor		0	brought trouble on me	Causing someone to experience trouble is spoken of as if trouble were an object that is brought and placed on a person. Alternate translation: “caused great problems for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	34	30	g5qj	figs-metaphor		0	to make me stink to the inhabitants of the land	Causing the people in the surrounding areas to hate Jacob is spoken of as if Jacob’s sons made him smell bad physically. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You have made me repulsive to the people who live in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	34	30	di4j	figs-synecdoche		0	I am few in number…against me and attack me, then I will be destroyed, I and my household	Here the words “I” and “me” refer to all of Jacob’s household. Jacob only says “I” or “me” since he is the leader. Alternate translation: “My household is small…against us and attack us, then they will destroy all of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	34	30	f8i3			0	gather themselves together against me and attack me	“form an army and attack me” or “form an army and attack us”
GEN	34	30	pr2b	figs-activepassive		0	then I will be destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will destroy me” or “they will destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	34	31	l9v7	figs-rquestion		0	Should Shechem have dealt with our sister as with a prostitute?	Simeon and Levi use a question to emphasize that Shechem did what was wrong and deserved to die. Alternate translation: “Shechem should not have treated our sister as if she were a prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	35	intro	r5b3			0		# Genesis 35 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Name change<br><br>In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.<br><br>### Covenant<br>The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob’s descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN	35	1	m48u			0	go up to Bethel	The phrase “go up” is used because Bethel is higher in elevation than Shechem.
GEN	35	1	a7yt	figs-123person		0	Build an altar there to God	God speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “Build an altar there to me, your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	35	2	zm9p			0	said to his household	“said to his family”
GEN	35	2	s6f2			0	Put away the foreign gods that are among you	“Throw away your idols” or “Get rid of your false gods”
GEN	35	2	ke2n			0	purify yourselves, and change your clothes	This was the custom of cleansing oneself morally and physically before going to worship God.
GEN	35	2	p78p	translate-symaction		0	change your clothes	Putting on a new clothes was a sign that they had made themselves clean before approaching God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	35	3	uv67			0	in the day of my distress	“in the time of my distress” or “when I was in trouble”
GEN	35	4	k9aj			0	So they gave	“so everyone in Jacob’s household gave” or “so all of his family and servants gave”
GEN	35	4	v6i9	figs-metonymy		0	that were in their hand	Here “in their hand” stands for what they own. Alternate translation: “that were in their possession” or “that they had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	35	4	q9se			0	the rings that were in their ears	“their earrings.” Possible meanings are (1) the gold in the earrings could have been used to make more idols or (2) they took these earrings from the city of Shechem after they attacked it and killed all the people. The earrings would have reminded them of their sin.
GEN	35	5	kv2s	figs-metaphor		0	God made panic to fall on the cities	God causing the people of the cities to be afraid of Jacob and his family is spoken of as if panic were an object that fell on the cities. The abstract noun “panic” can be stated as “afraid.” Alternate translation: “God made the people in the surrounding cities afraid of Jacob and those with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	35	5	nn7z	figs-metonymy		0	on the cities	Here “cities” stands for the people who live in the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	35	5	gee5	figs-explicit		0	the sons of Jacob	It is implied that no one attacked anyone in Jacob’s family. But two of the sons, Simeon and Levi had attacked the Canaanites relatives of Shechem after he seized and slept with Jacob’s daughter. Jacob was afraid they would seek revenge in [Genesis 34:30](../34/30.md). Alternate translation: “Jacob’s family” or “Jacob’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	35	6	ex8u	translate-names		0	Luz	This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	7	ku6t	translate-names		0	El Bethel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Bethel means ‘God of Bethel.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	7	i3c5			0	there God had revealed himself to him	“there God made himself known to Jacob”
GEN	35	8	bz6e	translate-names		0	Deborah	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	8	xvy6			0	Rebekah’s nurse	A nurse is a woman who takes care of another woman’s child. The nurse was highly honored and important to the family.
GEN	35	8	je7d	figs-activepassive		0	She was buried down from Bethel	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried her down from Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	35	8	v837			0	down from Bethel	The phrase “down from” is used because they buried her in a place that was lower in elevation than Bethel.
GEN	35	8	cv5c	translate-names		0	Allon Bakuth	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Allon Bakuth means ‘Oak tree where there is weeping.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	9	sbc1	figs-explicit		0	When Jacob came from Paddan Aram	It can be made explicit that they were in Bethel. Alternate translation: “After Jacob left Paddan Aram, and while he was in Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	35	9	x1ha			0	blessed	Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person.
GEN	35	10	z15l	figs-activepassive		0	but your name will no longer be called Jacob	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but your name will no longer be Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	35	11	i7mm			0	God said to him	“God said to Jacob”
GEN	35	11	z2vl	figs-doublet		0	Be fruitful and multiply	God told Jacob to produce children so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how he was to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	35	11	p3b2	figs-metonymy		0	A nation and a company of nations will come from you	Here “nation” and “nations” refer to Jacob’s descendants who will establish these nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	35	13	ev4e			0	God went up from him	Here “went up” is used because where God dwells is typically thought of as being up or above the world. Alternate translation: “God left him”
GEN	35	14	b5hy			0	pillar	This is a memorial pillar which was simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end.
GEN	35	14	epr5	translate-symaction		0	He poured out a drink offering over it and poured oil on it	This is a sign that he is dedicating the pillar to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	35	15	j65s			0	Bethel	Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’”
GEN	35	16	ap5k			0	Ephrath	This is another name for the town of Bethlehem.
GEN	35	16	vy4h			0	She had hard labor	“She was having a very difficult time giving birth to the child”
GEN	35	17	x4mh			0	While she was in hardest labor	“When the labor pain was at its worst”
GEN	35	17	s3cm			0	midwife	a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child
GEN	35	18	hn3n	figs-idiom		0	As she was dying, with her dying breath	A “dying breath” is a person’s last breath before he or she dies. Alternate translation: “Just before she died, as she was taking her last breath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	35	18	dty6	translate-names		0	Ben-Oni	Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Ben-Oni means ‘son of my sorrow.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	18	d44e			0	Benjamin	Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Benjamin means ‘son of the right hand.’” The phrase “right hand” indicates a place of special favor.
GEN	35	19	v664	figs-activepassive		0	was buried	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	35	19	cj7f			0	on the way	“alongside the road”
GEN	35	20	n32v			0	It is the marker of Rachel’s grave to this day	“It marks Rachel’s grave still to this day”
GEN	35	20	lj22			0	to this day	“up to the present time.” This means to the time that the author was writing this.
GEN	35	21	iq45	figs-explicit		0	Israel traveled on	It is implied that Israel’s family and servants are with him. The full meaning of this information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	35	22	s2bs	figs-euphemism		0	lay with	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	35	22	w9fr	translate-names		0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	22	m9qr			0	Now Jacob had twelve sons	This sentence begins a new paragraph, which continues into the following verses.
GEN	35	22	lv7q	translate-numbers		0	twelve sons	“12 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	35	25	vbv7	translate-names		0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	26	bk2l	translate-names		0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	26	tc13	figs-explicit		0	who were born to him in Paddan Aram	It is implied that this does not include Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan near Bethlehem. It only mentions Paddan Aram since that is where most of them were born. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who were born to him in Paddan Aram, except Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	35	27	f44e	figs-go		0	Jacob came to Isaac	Here “came” can be stated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	35	27	a58a	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	27	bc7q	translate-names		0	Kiriath Arba	This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:2](../23/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	35	28	x251	translate-numbers		0	one hundred eighty years	“180 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	35	29	rk3c	figs-doublet		0	Isaac breathed his last and died	“Isaac took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). Alternate translation: “Isaac died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	35	29	p3ct	figs-euphemism		0	breathed his last	This is a polite way of saying a person died. See how you translated this in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	35	29	fpy4	figs-idiom		0	was gathered to his ancestors	This means that after Isaac died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	35	29	bxx8	figs-doublet		0	an old man full of days	The phrases “old man” and “full of days” mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Isaac lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “after he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	36	intro	st7p			0		# Genesis 36 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Esau’s descendants<br>Esau’s descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN	36	1	zj65	figs-explicit		0	These were the descendants of Esau (also called Edom)	“These are the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom.” This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:1-8. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	2	ac64	translate-names		0	Adah…Oholibamah	These are names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	2	hna3	translate-names		0	Elon the Hittite	“Elon the descendant of Heth” or “Elon a descendant of Heth.” This is the name of a man. See how you translate this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	2	s9ni	translate-names		0	Anah…Zibeon	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	2	hd6t			0	Hivite	This refers to a larger group of people. See how you translated it in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md).
GEN	36	3	g86y	translate-names		0	Nebaioth	a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	3	k2u1	translate-names		0	Basemath	This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	3	n8tf	translate-names		0	Nebaioth	This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:9](../28/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	4	w5z8	translate-names		0	Adah…Basemath	These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	4	s7t4	translate-names		0	Eliphaz…Reuel	These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	5	rp9l	translate-names		0	Oholibamah	These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	5	m5u2	translate-names		0	Jeush…Jalam…Korah	These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	6	k2ey	figs-explicit		0	which he had gathered in the land of Canaan	This refers to all of the things that he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “which he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	6	u7vt	figs-idiom		0	went into a land	This means to moved to another place and live there. Alternate translation: “went to live in another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	36	7	y3im			0	their possessions	“Esau’s and Jacob’s possessions”
GEN	36	7	kr6m	figs-explicit		0	could not support them because of their livestock	The land was not large enough to support all of the livestock that Jacob and Esau owned. Alternate translation: “was not big enough to support all of their livestock” or “was not big enough for both Esau’s flocks and Jacob’s flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	7	ui47	figs-idiom		0	where they had settled	The word “settled” means to move somewhere and live there. Alternate translation: “where they had moved to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	36	9	yd4a	figs-explicit		0	These were the descendants of Esau	This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:9-43. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	9	vme3	figs-explicit		0	in the hill country of Seir	This means that they lived in the hill country of Seir. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who lived in the hill country of Seir” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	10	kf9d	translate-names		0	Eliphaz…Reuel	These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	10	b61h	translate-names		0	Adah…Basemath	These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	11	uw62	translate-names		0	Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gatam, and Kenaz	These are names of the sons of Eliphaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	12	q2xy	translate-names		0	Amalek	a son of Eliphaz (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	12	c8w1	translate-names		0	Timna	This is the name of Eliphaz’s concubine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	13	qe6l	translate-names		0	Reuel	This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	13	eka4	translate-names		0	Nahath…Zerah…Shammah…Mizzah	These are names of Reuel’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	13	tv77	translate-names		0	Basemath	This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	14	n41e	translate-names		0	Oholibamah	This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	14	sz5g	translate-names		0	Anah…Zibeon	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	14	u6hp	translate-names		0	Jeush, Jalam, and Korah	These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	15	zg7m	translate-names		0	Eliphaz	This is the name of one of Esau’s sons. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	15	lut6	translate-names		0	Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz	These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	16	zr8u	translate-names		0	Korah, Gatam, and Amalek	These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	16	j4yq	translate-names		0	Adah	This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated her name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	17	ts2e	translate-names		0	Reuel	This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	17	uk29	translate-names		0	Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, Mizzah	These are the names of Reuel’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:13](../36/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	17	h6as	figs-explicit		0	in the land of Edom	This means that they lived in the land of Edom. Alternate translation: “who lived in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	17	pn88	translate-names		0	Basemath	This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	18	bz8x	translate-names		0	Oholibamah	This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	18	lpz9	translate-names		0	Jeush, Jalam, Korah	These are the names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	18	bs35	translate-names		0	Anah	This the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	20	nf56			0	Seir	The word “Seir” is the name of a man and of a country.
GEN	36	20	pj69			0	the Horite	The word “Horite” refers to a people group. See how you translated it in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md).
GEN	36	20	lrw4			0	the inhabitants of the land	“who lived in the land of Seir, which is also called Edom”
GEN	36	20	e8fa	translate-names		0	Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	21	g54a	translate-names		0	Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	22	ui8e	translate-names		0	Lotan…Hori and Heman	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	22	r36g	translate-names		0	Timna	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	23	c6jr	translate-names		0	Shobal	This is the name of man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	23	smz3	translate-names		0	Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho, and Onam	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	24	zng8	translate-names		0	Zibeon	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	24	l94x	translate-names		0	Aiah and Anah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	25	t8gx			0	Anah…Dishon	These are names of men. See how you translated “Anah” in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md).
GEN	36	25	esu6	translate-names		0	Oholibamah	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	26	tb3r	translate-names		0	Dishon…Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran, and Keran	These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishon” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	27	w3mp	translate-names		0	Ezer…Bilhan, Zaavan, and Akan	These are names of men. See how you translated “Ezer” in [Genesis 36:20-21](./20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	28	u49l	translate-names		0	Dishan…Uz and Aran	These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishan” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	29	fkl1	translate-names		0	the Horites	This is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	29	g2zx	translate-names		0	Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah	These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	30	cp7f	translate-names		0	Dishon, Ezer, Dishan	These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	30	yki3	figs-explicit		0	in the land of Seir	This means that they lived in the land of Seir. Alternate translation: “of those who lived in the land of Seir” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	32	v99w	translate-names		0	Bela…Beor	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	32	h4lb	figs-idiom		0	the name of his city	This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “the name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	36	32	e1xl	translate-names		0	Dinhabah	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	33	sr5r	translate-names		0	Bela…Jobab…Zerah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	33	cuf9	translate-names		0	Bozrah	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	34	d4sk	translate-names		0	Jobab	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:33](../36/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	34	ne5s	translate-names		0	Husham	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	34	l23l	figs-explicit		0	Husham who was of the land of the Temanites	This means that Husham lived in the land of the Temanites. Alternate translation: “Husham who lived in the land of the Temanites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	34	b498	translate-names		0	Temanites	descendants of a man named Teman (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	35	ct4x	translate-names		0	Husham…Hadad…Bedad	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	35	ar3g	figs-idiom		0	The name of his city	This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	36	35	i9ul	translate-names		0	Avith	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	36	en7h	translate-names		0	Hadad…Samlah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	36	f4j5	translate-names		0	Samlah of Masrekah	“Samlah from Masrekah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	36	rd2a	translate-names		0	Masrekah	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	37	b1jl	translate-names		0	Samlah	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:36](../36/36.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	37	hji7	figs-explicit		0	then Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his place	Shaul lived in Rehoboth. Rehoboth was by the Euphrates river. This information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “then Shaul reigned in his place. He was from Rehoboth which is by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	37	c5xx	translate-names		0	Shaul	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	37	d42q	translate-names		0	Rehoboth	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	38	c5rd	translate-names		0	Shaul…Baal-Hanan…Akbor	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	39	jf15	translate-names		0	Baal-Hanan…Akbor…Hadar…Matred…Me Zahab	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	39	kk3p	figs-idiom		0	The name of his city	This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	36	39	sz99	translate-names		0	Pau	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	39	vn2x	translate-names		0	Mehetabel	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	39	f6vx			0	the daughter of Matred, the granddaughter of Me Zahab	“she was the daughter of Matred, and the granddaughter of Me Zahab”
GEN	36	40	bim6			0	the heads of clans	“the leaders of the clans”
GEN	36	40	n8cf	figs-explicit		0	according to their clans and their regions, by their names	The clans and the regions were named after the heads of the clans. Alternate translation: “the names of their clans and the regions where they lived were named after them. These are their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	36	40	yu9e	translate-names		0	Timna, Alvah, Jetheth	These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	41	q8em	translate-names		0	Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon	These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	42	f4dx	translate-names		0	Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar	These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	43	bjb8	translate-names		0	Magdiel, and Iram	These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	36	43	f84q			0	their settlements	“their dwelling places” or “the places they lived”
GEN	36	43	zc7w	figs-metonymy		0	This was Esau	This list is said “to be” Esau, which means that it is the whole list of his descendants. Alternate translation: “This is the list of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	37	intro	s17y			0		# Genesis 37 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob’s sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob’s sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as “Israel” beginning in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br>Jacob’s favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])<br><br>### God’s power<br>The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN	37	1	y34b			0	the land where his father was staying, in the land of Canaan	“in the land of Canaan where his father had lived”
GEN	37	2	gx4z	figs-synecdoche		0	These were the events concerning Jacob	This sentence introduces the account of Jacob’s children in Genesis 37:1-50:26. Here “Jacob” refers to his whole family. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Jacob’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	37	2	h2a4	translate-numbers		0	seventeen years old	“17 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	37	2	kg73	translate-names		0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	37	2	g6zc	translate-names		0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	37	2	gp4s			0	wives	These women were servants of Leah and Rachel whom they had given to Jacob to produce children.
GEN	37	2	fj2x			0	an unfavorable report about them	“a bad report about his brothers”
GEN	37	3	in67	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel and Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	37	3	hu4a			0	loved	This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives.
GEN	37	3	fd1u	figs-idiom		0	of his old age	This means that Joseph was born when Israel was an old man. Alternate translation: “who was born when Israel was an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	37	3	n9xs			0	He made him	“Israel made Joseph”
GEN	37	3	m9ni			0	a beautiful garment	“a beautiful robe”
GEN	37	4	ua1k			0	would not speak kindly to him	“could not speak in a courteous manner to him”
GEN	37	5	z7xa			0	Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told his brothers about it. They hated him even more	This is a summary of the events that will happen in 37:6-11.
GEN	37	5	req1			0	They hated him even more	“And Joseph’s brothers hated him even more than they hated him before”
GEN	37	6	c6ln			0	Please listen to this dream which I dreamed	“Please listen to this dream that I had”
GEN	37	7	hu4k			0	General Information:	Joseph tells his brothers about his dream.
GEN	37	7	zk8j			0	Behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	37	7	v7ub	figs-exclusive		0	we were	The word “we” refers to Joseph and includes all of his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	37	7	lp7e			0	tying bundles of grain	When grain is reaped it is tied into bundles and stacked until it is time to separate the grain from the straw.
GEN	37	7	p45z			0	behold	Here the word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw.
GEN	37	7	yu7f	figs-personification		0	my bundle rose and stood upright…your bundles came around and bowed down	Here the bundles of grain are standing and kneeling as if they were people. These bundle represent Joseph and his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN	37	8	yak9	figs-parallelism		0	Will you really reign over us? Will you actually rule over us?	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Joseph’s brothers are using questions to mock Joseph. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You will never be our king, and we will never bow down to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	37	8	pjm9	figs-exclusive		0	reign over us	The word “us” refers to Joseph’s brothers but not Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	37	8	gtl3			0	for his dreams and for his words	“because of his dreams and what he said”
GEN	37	9	kyz2			0	He dreamed another dream	“Joseph had another dream”
GEN	37	9	tzi7	translate-numbers		0	eleven stars	“11 stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	37	10	fqz5			0	his father rebuked him. He said to him	“Israel scolded him, saying”
GEN	37	10	c1l9	figs-rquestion		0	What is this dream that you have dreamed? Will your mother…to the ground to you?	Israel uses questions to correct Joseph. This can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “This dream you had is not real. Your mother, brothers, and I will not bow down before you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	37	11	r99i			0	jealous	This means being angry because someone else is successful or more popular.
GEN	37	11	ml87	figs-idiom		0	kept the matter in mind	The means that he kept thinking about the meaning of Joseph’s dream. Alternate translation: “kept thinking about what the dream might mean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	37	13	is7f	figs-rquestion		0	Are not your brothers tending the flock in Shechem?	Israel uses a question to begin a conversation. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You brothers are tending the flock in Shechem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	37	13	mkc7	figs-explicit		0	Come	Here it is implied that Israel is asking Joseph to prepare himself to leave and go see his brothers. Alternate translation: “Get ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	13	py59	figs-explicit		0	I am ready	He is ready to leave. “I am ready to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	14	qey4			0	He said to him	“Israel said to Joseph”
GEN	37	14	w1ct	figs-idiom		0	bring me word	Israel wants Joseph to come back and tell him about how his brother and flocks are doing. Alternate translation: “come tell me what you find out” or “give me a report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	37	14	lr5e			0	out of the Valley	“from the Valley”
GEN	37	15	un9m			0	A certain man found Joseph. Behold, Joseph was wandering in a field	“A certain man found Joseph wandering in a field”
GEN	37	15	d2cb			0	Behold	This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this.
GEN	37	15	s9np			0	What do you seek?	“What are you looking for?”
GEN	37	16	a4w2			0	Tell me, please, where	“Please tell me where”
GEN	37	16	w68c			0	tending the flock	“shepherding their flock”
GEN	37	17	kti6	translate-names		0	Dothan	This is the name of a place that is about 22 kilometers from Shechem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	37	18	b5ik			0	They saw him from a distance	“Joseph’s brothers saw him while he was far away”
GEN	37	18	j6pl			0	they plotted against him to kill him	“they made plans to kill him”
GEN	37	19	e925			0	this dreamer is approaching	“here comes the one who has the dreams”
GEN	37	20	gv2f	figs-idiom		0	Come now, therefore	This wording shows that the brothers acted upon their plans. Alternate translation: “So now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	37	20	q5ub			0	wild animal	“dangerous animal” or “ferocious animal”
GEN	37	20	tf98			0	devoured	to eagerly have eaten
GEN	37	20	f645	figs-irony		0	We will see what will become of his dreams	His brothers planned to kill him, therefore it is ironic that they would speak of his dream coming true, since he would be dead. Alternate translation: “That way we will make sure his dreams do not come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
GEN	37	21	hcd3			0	heard it	“heard what they were saying”
GEN	37	21	h7vp	figs-metonymy		0	from their hand	The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	37	21	tgx9	figs-euphemism		0	Let us not take his life	The phrase “take his life” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Let us not kill Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	37	22	ia68	figs-litotes		0	Shed no blood	The negation can be placed on the verb. Also, “shedding blood” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Do not spill any blood” or “Do not kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	37	22	pp4s			0	that he might rescue him	This can be translated as a new sentence: “Rueben said this so that he might rescue Joseph”
GEN	37	22	w33s	figs-metonymy		0	out of their hand	The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	37	22	qi79			0	to bring him back	“and return him”
GEN	37	23	avb4			0	It came about that when	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	37	23	hk1a			0	they stripped him of his beautiful garment	“they tore his beautiful garment off of him”
GEN	37	23	r88s			0	beautiful garment	“beautiful robe.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 37:3](../37/03.md).
GEN	37	25	z1zh	figs-synecdoche		0	They sat down to eat bread	“Bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “They sat down to eat food” or “Joseph’s brothers sat down to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	37	25	u8ky	figs-metaphor		0	They lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a caravan	Here looking up is spoken of as if a person literally lifted up his eyes. Also, the word “behold” is used here to draw the reader’s attention to what the men saw. Alternate translation: “They looked up and they suddenly saw a caravan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	37	25	vw51			0	bearing	carrying
GEN	37	25	ry7t			0	spices	seasonings
GEN	37	25	c9x3			0	balm	an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. “medicine”
GEN	37	25	c48b	figs-explicit		0	traveling to carry them down to Egypt	“bringing them down to Egypt.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “bringing them down to Egypt to sell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	26	jqq1	figs-rquestion		0	What profit is it if we kill our brother and cover up his blood?	This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not gain a profit by killing our brother and covering up his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	37	26	t3nl	figs-metaphor		0	cover up his blood	This is a figure of speech referring to hiding Joseph’s death. Alternate translation: “hide his murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	37	27	z5vv			0	to the Ishmaelites	“to these men who are descendants of Ishmael”
GEN	37	27	drn8	figs-idiom		0	not lay our hands upon him	This means not to harm or injure him. Alternate translation: “not hurt him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	37	27	x3zy	figs-metonymy		0	he is our brother, our flesh	The word “flesh” is a metonym that stands for a relative. Alternate translation: “he is our blood relative” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	37	27	ih6w			0	His brothers listened to him	“Judah’s brothers listened to him” or “Judah’s brothers agreed with him”
GEN	37	28	fs89			0	Midianite…Ishmaelites	Both names refer to the same group of traders that Joseph’s brothers meet.
GEN	37	28	plq1	translate-numbers		0	for twenty pieces of silver	“for the price of 20 pieces of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	37	28	sty7			0	carried Joseph into Egypt	“took Joseph to Egypt”
GEN	37	29	u33n			0	Reuben returned to the pit, and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit	“Reuben returned to the pit, and was surprised to see that Joseph was not there.” The word “behold” here shows that Reuben was surprised to find out Joseph was gone.
GEN	37	29	q2rx	figs-explicit		0	He tore his clothes	This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “He was so grieved that he tore his clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	30	rz5i	figs-rquestion		0	The boy is not there! And I, where can I go?	Reuben uses questions for emphasis the problem that Joseph was missing. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The boy is gone! I cannot go back home now!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	37	31	mg6n			0	Joseph’s garment	This refers to the beautiful garment that his father made for him.
GEN	37	31	v9ds			0	the blood	“the goat’s blood”
GEN	37	32	uw8d			0	they brought it	“they brought the garment”
GEN	37	33	jk1r			0	has devoured him	“has eaten him”
GEN	37	33	i3f2	figs-activepassive		0	Joseph has certainly been torn to pieces	Jacob thinks that a wild animal has torn Joseph’s body apart. Alternate translation: “It has certainly torn Joseph to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	37	34	br9g	figs-explicit		0	Jacob tore his garments	This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “Jacob was so grieved that he tore his garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	34	x4zj	figs-explicit		0	put sackcloth upon his loins	Here “loins” refers to the middle part of the body or the waist. Alternate translation: “put on sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	35	rd4c	figs-metaphor		0	rose up	Here the childrens’ coming to their father is spoke of as “rising up.” Alternate translation: “came to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	37	35	inp9	figs-activepassive		0	but he refused to be comforted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he would not let them comfort him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	37	35	qls4	figs-explicit		0	Indeed I will go down to Sheol mourning	The means that he be mourning from now until when he dies. Alternate translation: “Indeed when I die and go down to Sheol I will still be mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	37	36	p1k8			0	The Midianites sold him	“The Midianites sold Joseph”
GEN	37	36	zpi7			0	the captain of the bodyguard	“the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king”
GEN	38	intro	m9uv			0		# Genesis 38 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on Jacob’s son Judah.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Spilling his seed”<br>Onan was to provide for his brother’s widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### God preserves Judah’s line<br>The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
GEN	38	1	d341	writing-newevent		0	It came about at that time that Judah	This introduces a new part of the story that focuses on Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	38	1	mm6t	translate-names		0	a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah	Hirah is the name of a man who lived in the village of Adullam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	2	g2ep	translate-names		0	whose name was Shua	Shua is a Canaanite woman who married Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	2	ri4x	figs-euphemism		0	he went in to her	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	38	3	tdy5			0	She became pregnant	“Judah’s wife became pregnant”
GEN	38	3	b2qs	figs-activepassive		0	He was named Er	This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “His father named him Er” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	3	uw47	translate-names		0	Er	Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	4	j52v			0	called his name	“named him”
GEN	38	4	d5vx	translate-names		0	Onan	Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	5	qtm2	translate-names		0	Shelah	Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	5	q8z9	translate-names		0	Kezib	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	6	yph1	translate-names		0	Er	This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:3](../38/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	7	dn6g	figs-idiom		0	was wicked in the sight of Yahweh	The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Er’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was wicked and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	38	7	i5dq	figs-explicit		0	Yahweh killed him	Yahweh killed him because he was wicked. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	8	tk66	translate-names		0	Onan	This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:4](../38/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	8	kks8	figs-euphemism		0	Go in to your brother’s wife	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with your brother’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	38	8	a6ev			0	Do the duty of a brother-in-law to her	This refers to a custom that when the oldest brother dies before he and his wife have a son, the next oldest brother would marry and have sexual relations with the widow. When the widow gave birth to the first son, that son was considered the son of the oldest brother and he would receive the oldest brother’s inheritance.
GEN	38	9	h2uc	figs-euphemism		0	he went in to	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	38	10	d3ql	figs-idiom		0	was evil in the sight of Yahweh	The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Onan’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was evil and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	38	10	pa7a	figs-explicit		0	Yahweh killed him also	Yahweh killed him because what he did was evil. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	11	w812			0	his daughter-in-law	“his oldest son’s wife”
GEN	38	11	tu93	figs-explicit		0	in your father’s house	This means her to live in here father’s house. Alternate translation: “and live in your father’s house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	11	xx8w	figs-explicit		0	until Shelah, my son, grows up	Judah intends for Tamar to marry Shelah when he grows up. Alternate translation: “and when Shelah, my son, grows up, he can marry you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	11	e1y2	translate-names		0	Shelah	This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	11	ib5z	figs-explicit		0	For he feared, “He might also die, just like his brothers	Judah feared that if Shelah married Tamar he would also die like his brothers did. Alternate translation: “For he feared, ‘If he marries her he may also die like his brothers did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	12	fpu9	translate-names		0	Shua’s	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:2](../38/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	12	ws3g			0	Judah was comforted and	“When Judah was no longer grieving, he”
GEN	38	12	f28q			0	his sheepshearers at Timnah	“Timnah, where his men were shearing sheep”
GEN	38	12	cx57	translate-names		0	Timnah	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	12	gmi5			0	he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite	“His friend Hiram, from Adullam, went with him”
GEN	38	12	ep2s	translate-names		0	Hirah the Adullamite	“Hiram” is the name of a man, and “Adullam” is the name of a village where he lived. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	13	pf3r	figs-activepassive		0	Tamar was told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Tamar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	13	g6yw			0	Look, your father-in-law	“Listen.” Here the word “look” is used to get Tamar attention.
GEN	38	13	dt3t			0	your father-in-law	“your husband’s father”
GEN	38	14	z7kx	translate-names		0	Enaim	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	14	l825			0	of her widowhood	“that widows wear”
GEN	38	14	z8wu			0	veil	a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face
GEN	38	14	w9p6	figs-explicit		0	wrapped herself	This means that she hid herself with her clothing so that people would not recognize her. Traditionally, part of women’s clothing were large pieces of cloth they wrapped themselves with. Alternate translation: “wrapped herself in her clothing so that people would not recognize her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	14	i1it			0	by the road	“along the road” or “on the way”
GEN	38	14	ph6r	figs-activepassive		0	she had not been given to him as a wife	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Judah had not given her to Shelah as a wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	15	wl6g			0	When Judah saw her	The word “her” here refers to Tamar, but your reader should understand that Judah did not know that the woman he was looking at was Tamar.
GEN	38	15	y8kx	figs-explicit		0	because she had covered her face	Judah did not think she was a prostitute just because her face was covered but also because she was sitting in the gate. Alternate translation: “because she had covered her head and sat where prostitutes often sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	16	i3uh	figs-explicit		0	He went to her by the road	Tamar was sitting by the road. Alternate translation: “He went to where she was sitting by the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	16	q479			0	Come, please	“Come with me, please” or “Come now, please”
GEN	38	17	rjw2			0	from the flock	“from my flock of goats”
GEN	38	18	dv74			0	seal and cord…staff	A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to imprint melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground.
GEN	38	18	tz55	figs-euphemism		0	he went in to her	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	38	18	e1lh	figs-activepassive		0	she became pregnant by him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he caused her to become pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	19	t44a			0	veil	This was a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face. See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md).
GEN	38	19	df5s			0	clothing of her widowhood	“clothing that widows wear.” See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md).
GEN	38	20	ck76	translate-names		0	Adullamite	a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	20	c471	figs-activepassive		0	receive the pledge	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back the pledge”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	20	gj77	figs-synecdoche		0	from the woman’s hand	Here “hand” emphasizes that they were in here possession. The woman’s hand refers to the woman. Alternate translation: “from the woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	38	21	yd96	translate-names		0	Adullamite	a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	21	f9j4			0	the men of the place	“some of the men who lived there”
GEN	38	21	wg3u			0	cultic prostitute	“prostitute who serves in the temple”
GEN	38	21	tr6j	translate-names		0	Enaim	This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	23	wmj7	figs-explicit		0	that we not be put to shame	When people found out what had happened they would ridicule Judah and laugh at him. This can be made clear and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else people will laugh at us when they find out what happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	24	n17v	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	38	24	v2xa	figs-activepassive		0	it was told to Judah	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	24	ps9t			0	Tamar your daughter-in-law	“Tamar, your oldest son’s wife”
GEN	38	24	cli3	figs-activepassive		0	she is pregnant by it	Here the word “it” refers to the “prostitution” that she committed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it has made her pregnant” or “she is pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	24	gs86			0	Bring her here	“Bring her out”
GEN	38	24	u7ku	figs-activepassive		0	let her be burned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will burn her to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	25	b976	figs-activepassive		0	When she was brought out	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When they brought her out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	25	h9p8			0	her father-in-law	“her husband’s father”
GEN	38	25	sd68			0	seal and cords and staff	A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to make an impression in melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:18](../38/18.md).
GEN	38	26	r4f3	translate-names		0	Shelah	This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	26	fdr5	figs-euphemism		0	did not lie with her again	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “did not have sexual relations with her again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	38	27	i46v	writing-newevent		0	It came about at the time	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	38	27	aqm9			0	behold	The word “behold” alerts us to the surprise that Tamar was carrying twins, which was previously unknown.
GEN	38	28	p9yq			0	It came about as she was giving birth	This phrase “It came about” marks an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	38	28	xui1			0	one put out a hand	“one of the babies put out his hand”
GEN	38	28	l4m5			0	midwife	This is a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child. See how you translated this in [Genesis 35:17](../35/17.md).
GEN	38	28	qm8p			0	scarlet thread	“bright red thread”
GEN	38	28	hph2			0	on his hand	“around his wrist”
GEN	38	29	ciu7			0	behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	38	29	ra5t	figs-explicit		0	How you have broken out!	This shows the midwife’s surprise to seeing the second baby come out first. Alternate translation: “So this is how you break your way out first!” or “You have burst out first!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	38	29	n6hp	figs-activepassive		0	he was named	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she named him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	38	29	d8yk	translate-names		0	Perez	This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Perez means ‘breaking out.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	38	30	zzy9	translate-names		0	Zerah	This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Zerah means ‘scarlet or bright red.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	39	intro	a8n6			0		# Genesis 39 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### Joseph’s character<br>Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN	39	1	e2vg	figs-idiom		0	Joseph was brought down to Egypt	Travelling to Egypt is always considered as going “down” in contrast to going “up” to the promised land. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Ishmaelites had taken Joseph to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	39	2	f9fl	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh was with Joseph	This means that Yahweh helped Joseph and was always with him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh guided Joseph and helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	2	fn2m	figs-metaphor		0	He lived in the house	Here the author speaks of working in the master’s house as if it were living in the master’s house. Only the most trusted servants were permitted to work in their master’s house. AT : “he worked in the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	2	j4w7			0	his Egyptian master	Joseph was now Potiphar’s slave.
GEN	39	3	xvx7	figs-idiom		0	His master saw that Yahweh was with him	This means that the master saw how Yahweh was helping Joseph. Alternate translation: “His master saw that Yahweh was helping him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	3	jq22			0	that Yahweh prospered everything that he did	“Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper”
GEN	39	4	hd1r	figs-idiom		0	Joseph found favor in his sight	“To find favor” means to be approved by someone. The idiom “in his sight” refers to a person’s opinion. Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “Potiphar was pleased with Joseph” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh was pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	4	wv9x			0	He served Potiphar	This means that he was Potiphar’s personal servant.
GEN	39	4	ld27			0	Potiphar made Joseph manager over his house, and everything that he possessed	“Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to Potiphar”
GEN	39	4	t3u1	figs-metaphor		0	put under his care	When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he had Joseph care for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	5	nr78			0	It came about from the time that he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed, that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph	You may need to use the words “Joseph” and “the Egyptian” before using pronouns to refer to them. “The Egyptian made Joseph manager over his house and over everything he possessed, and it came about from the time that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph”
GEN	39	5	ys1h	writing-background		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to tell the reader that these two verses are background information for the next event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	39	5	vv9x			0	he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed	“Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to him”
GEN	39	5	f9hu			0	blessed	Here “blessed” means to cause good and beneficial things to happen to the person or thing that is being blessed.
GEN	39	5	c9t1	figs-metaphor		0	The blessing of Yahweh was on	Here the author speaks of the blessing that Yahweh gave as if it were a physical covering put over something. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	5	d2m5	figs-explicit		0	everything that Potiphar had in the house and in the field	This refers his household and his crops and livestock. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Potiphar’s household and all of his crops and livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	39	6	cqj8	figs-metaphor		0	Potiphar put everything that he had under Joseph’s care	When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “So Potiphar put Joseph in charge of everything that he had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	6	hx4p	figs-explicit		0	He did not have to think about anything except the food that he ate	He did not have to worry about anything in his household; he only had to make decisions about what he wanted to eat. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Potiphar only had to think about what he wanted to eat. He did not have to worry about anything else in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	39	6	ia1m	writing-background		0	Now	The word “now” marks a break in the story line as the author gives background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	39	6	wy9g	figs-doublet		0	handsome and attractive	Both of the words have same meaning. They refer to Joseph’s pleasing appearance. He was likely good-looking and strong. Alternate translation: “handsome and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	39	7	bu7c	writing-newevent		0	It came about after this that	“And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	7	x6db	figs-euphemism		0	Lie with me	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	39	8	g7nr			0	Look	“Listen.” Joseph uses this word to get Potiphar’s wife’s attention.
GEN	39	8	hl45	figs-doublenegatives		0	my master does not pay attention to what I do in the house	“my master has no concern about his household with me in charge.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “my master trusts me with his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN	39	8	v8lh	figs-metaphor		0	he has put everything that he owns under my care	When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he has put me in charge of everything that belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	9	xvi7	figs-metaphor		0	No one is greater in this house than I am	Here the author speaks of authority as if it were greatness. Alternate translation: “I have more authority in this house than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	9	x4sd	figs-litotes		0	He has not kept back anything from me but you	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He has given me everything except you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN	39	9	gk4v	figs-rquestion		0	How then can I do this great wickedness and sin against God?	Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly cannot do such a wicked thing and sin against God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	39	10	vm2s	figs-explicit		0	She spoke to Joseph day after day	This means that she kept asking him to sleep with her. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “She kept on asking Joseph to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	39	10	f48l	figs-euphemism		0	to lie with her	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	39	10	c1pu			0	to be with her	“to be near her”
GEN	39	11	fgn4	writing-newevent		0	It came about	“And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	11	uf8u			0	None of the men of the house	“None of the other men who worked in the house”
GEN	39	12	x9k8	figs-euphemism		0	Lie with me	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	39	12	i97q			0	fled, and went outside	“and quickly ran outside” or “and quickly ran out of the house”
GEN	39	13	ix34	writing-newevent		0	It came about	“Then” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	13	ufa4			0	had fled outside	“had quickly ran out of the house”
GEN	39	14	ikv6			0	the men of her house	“the men who worked in her house”
GEN	39	14	tuv8			0	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
GEN	39	14	k9h6	figs-euphemism		0	He came in to me to lie with me	Here Potiphar’s wife is accusing Joseph of trying to seize her and have sexual relations with her. “He came into my room to have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	39	15	n1kg	writing-newevent		0	It came about when he heard me scream, that he	“When he heard me scream, he.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	16	ma4z			0	his master	“Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar.
GEN	39	17	xu1x			0	She told him this explanation	“She explained it like this”
GEN	39	17	qu1q	figs-exclusive		0	brought to us	The word “us” refers to Potiphar, his wife, and includes the rest of the household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	39	17	s2dj	figs-euphemism		0	came in to mock me	“came in to make a fool of me.” Here, the word “mock” is a euphemism for “to seize and to sleep with.” Alternate translation: “came into where I was and tried to force me to sleep with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	39	18	u1cu	writing-newevent		0	It came about that	“Then.” Potiphar’s wife uses this phrase to mark the next event in the account she is telling him about Joseph trying to sleep with her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	18	r27a			0	fled outside	“ran quickly out of the house”
GEN	39	19	z9ib	writing-newevent		0	It came about that	“And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	39	19	nr6k	figs-explicit		0	his master	“Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s master, Potiphar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	39	19	clp9			0	heard the explanation his wife told him	“heard his wife explain to him.” The word “his” and “him” here refer to Potiphar.
GEN	39	19	wt6m			0	he became very angry	“Potiphar became very angry”
GEN	39	20	w9a8	figs-activepassive		0	the place where the king’s prisoners were confined	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place where the king put his prisoners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	39	20	w9ky			0	He was there	“Joseph stayed there”
GEN	39	21	j7f2	figs-idiom		0	But Yahweh was with Joseph	This refers to how Yahweh took care of Joseph and was kind to him. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was kind to Joseph” or “But Yahweh took care of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	21	s8kg	figs-abstractnouns		0	showed covenant faithfulness to him	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “was faithful to his covenant with him” or “faithfully loved him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	39	21	wd2i	figs-idiom		0	He gave him favor in the sight of the prison warden	This means Yahweh caused the prison warden to approve of Joseph and to treat him well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the prison warden to be pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	21	y3zt			0	the prison warden	“the prison manager” or “the man in charge of the prison”
GEN	39	22	wbf9	figs-metaphor		0	gave into Joseph’s hand	Here “hand” represents Joseph’s power or trust. Alternate translation: “put Joseph in charge of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	39	22	ma4g			0	Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it	“Joseph was in charge of everything they did there”
GEN	39	23	j1y2	figs-idiom		0	because Yahweh was with him	This refers to how Yahweh helped Joseph and guided him. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh guided Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	39	23	kpn2			0	Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered	“Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper”
GEN	40	intro	ef8h			0		# Genesis 40 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Interpretation of dreams<br>The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
GEN	40	1	nwl6	writing-newevent		0	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	40	1	bab1			0	the cupbearer	This is the person who brought drinks to the king.
GEN	40	1	i7i3			0	king’s baker	This is the person who made food for the king.
GEN	40	1	kuf4			0	offended their master	“upset their master”
GEN	40	2	ch6u			0	the chief of the cupbearers and the chief of the bakers	“the leading cupbearer and the leading baker”
GEN	40	3	xu5i			0	He put them in custody in the house of the captain of the guard	“He put them in the prison that was in the house that was overseen by the captain of the guard”
GEN	40	3	ba8g	figs-metonymy		0	He put them	The king did not put them in prison but rather he commanded for them to be imprisoned. Alternate translation: “He had them put” or “He commanded his guard to put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	40	3	r4uj	figs-activepassive		0	in the same prison where Joseph was confined	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This was the same prison that Joseph was in” or “This was the same prison Potiphar put Joseph in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	40	4	zrd7			0	They remained in custody for some time	“They remained in prison for a long time”
GEN	40	6	a1d1			0	Joseph came to them	“Joseph came to the cupbearer and the baker”
GEN	40	6	yub6	figs-explicit		0	Behold, they were sad	The word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw. Alternate translation: “He was surprised to see that they were sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	40	7	lc9x			0	Pharaoh’s officials who were with him	This refers to the cupbearer and the baker.
GEN	40	7	q9qf			0	in custody in his master’s house	“In prison in him master’s house.” “His master” refers to Joseph’s master, the captain of the guard.
GEN	40	8	fin5	figs-rquestion		0	Do not interpretations belong to God?	Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Interpretations belong to God!” or “It is God who can tell the meaning of dreams!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	40	8	va6r	figs-ellipsis		0	Tell me, please	Joseph asks for them to tell him their dreams. Alternate translation: “Tell me the dreams, please” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	40	9	srp7			0	The chief of the cupbearers	The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	40	9	w5j9			0	In my dream, behold, a vine was in front of me	“In my dream, I saw a vine in front of me!” The cupbearer uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention.
GEN	40	10	ehe4			0	the clusters of grapes ripened	“its clusters ripened into grapes”
GEN	40	11	dy72	figs-explicit		0	squeezed them	This means that he squeezed the juice out of them. Alternate translation: “squeezed the juice from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	40	12	xg18			0	This is the interpretation of it	“Here is what the dream means”
GEN	40	12	v4nl			0	The three branches are three days	“The three branches represent three days”
GEN	40	13	v3j1			0	Within three days	“In three more days”
GEN	40	13	ra1m	figs-metaphor		0	will lift up your head	Here Joseph speaks of Pharaoh releasing the cupbearer from prison as if Pharaoh were causing him to lift up his head. Alternate translation: “will release you from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	40	13	x76t			0	restore you to your office	“will give you back your job”
GEN	40	13	jxm9			0	just as when	“just as you did when”
GEN	40	14	vhy3			0	please show kindness to me	“please be kind to me”
GEN	40	14	ril5	figs-explicit		0	Mention me to Pharaoh and bring me out of this prison	Joseph means for the cupbearer to tell Pharaoh about him so that Pharaoh will release him from prison. Alternate translation: “Help me get out of this prison by telling Pharaoh about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	40	15	h47u	figs-activepassive		0	For indeed I was abducted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For indeed people took me” or “For indeed the Ishmaelites took me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	40	15	eec8			0	the land of the Hebrews	“the land where the Hebrew people live”
GEN	40	15	ael9			0	Here also have I done nothing that they should put me in this dungeon	“and also while I have been here in Egypt, I have done nothing for which I deserved to be put in prison”
GEN	40	16	b5rq			0	the chief of the bakers	This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	40	16	g1t1			0	I also had a dream, and	“I also had a dream, and in my dream,”
GEN	40	16	z4gg			0	behold, three baskets of bread were on my head	“there were three baskets of bread on my head!” The baker uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention.
GEN	40	17	ya56			0	baked goods for Pharaoh	“baked foods for Pharaoh”
GEN	40	18	xb3a			0	This is the interpretation	“Here is what the dream means”
GEN	40	18	g2ud			0	The three baskets are three days	“The three baskets represent three days”
GEN	40	19	r5pe			0	will lift up your head from you	Joseph also used the phrase “will lift up your head” when he spoke to the cupbearer in [Genesis 40:13](../40/13.md). Here it has a different meaning. Possible meanings are (1) “will lift up your head to put a rope around your neck” or (2) “will lift up your head to cut it off.”
GEN	40	19	wcp5			0	flesh	Here “flesh” literally means the soft tissue on a person’s body.
GEN	40	20	va7b	writing-newevent		0	It came about on the third day that	“Afterward, on the third day.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	40	20	dfq1			0	He made a feast	“He had a feast”
GEN	40	20	s2fj			0	the chief of the cupbearers	This was the leading person who prepared and served drinks to the king. See how these were translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	40	20	j63e			0	the chief of the bakers	This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	40	21	i37q	figs-metonymy		0	He restored the chief of the cupbearers to his responsibility	The chief of the cupbearer’s “responsibility” refers to his job as chief of the cupbearers. Alternate translation: “He gave the chief of the cupbearers his job back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	40	22	iet6	figs-metonymy		0	But he hanged the chief of the bakers	Pharaoh did not personally hang the baker, rather he commanded for him to be hanged. Alternate translation: “But he commanded for the chief of the bakers to be hanged” or “But he commanded his guards to hang the chief of the bakers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	40	22	hh6d	figs-explicit		0	just as Joseph had interpreted to them	This refers to when Joseph interpreted their dreams. Alternate translation: “just as Joseph had said would happen when he interpreted the two men’s dreams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	41	intro	h6hd			0		# Genesis 41 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Interpretation of dreams<br>The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])<br><br>### Joseph’s character<br>Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN	41	1	tw22	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	41	1	y4mv			0	at the end of two full years	Two years passed after Joseph correctly interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh’s cupbearer and baker, who had been in prison with Joseph.
GEN	41	1	l2v3			0	Behold, he stood	The word “behold” here marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: “He was surprised because he was standing”
GEN	41	1	d55g			0	he stood	“Pharaoh was standing”
GEN	41	2	n2rr			0	desirable and fat	“healthy and fat”
GEN	41	2	ka4y			0	grazed in the reeds	“were eating the grass along the side of the river”
GEN	41	2	g7bg			0	reeds	tall, thin grasses that grow in wet areas
GEN	41	3	jk79			0	Behold, seven other cows	The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was again surprised by what he saw.
GEN	41	3	jmx4			0	undesirable and thin	“sick and thin”
GEN	41	3	c414			0	bank of the river	“beside the river” or “riverside.” This is the higher ground along the edge of a river.
GEN	41	4	k1gu			0	undesirable and thin	“weak and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN	41	4	hp6k			0	desirable and fat	“healthy and well-fed.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN	41	4	we5y			0	woke up	“awakened”
GEN	41	5	c4an	translate-ordinal		0	a second time	The word “second” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	41	5	ua5x			0	Behold, seven heads	The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he saw.
GEN	41	5	h4g3			0	heads of grain	The heads are parts of the corn plant on which the seeds grow.
GEN	41	5	cd5d			0	came up on one stalk	“grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant.
GEN	41	5	g3qk			0	on one stalk, wholesome and good	“on one stock and they were healthy and beautiful”
GEN	41	6	v7ey	figs-activepassive		0	thin and scorched by the east wind	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that were thin and burned because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	6	s21b			0	the east wind	Wind from the east blew in from the desert. The heat of the east wind was often very destructive.
GEN	41	6	tvj9			0	sprouted up	“grew up” or “developed”
GEN	41	7	r9xp	figs-ellipsis		0	The thin heads	The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	7	v2mi			0	swallowed up	“ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food.
GEN	41	7	uar4			0	wholesome and full heads	“healthy and good heads.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md).
GEN	41	7	e7u2			0	woke up	“awakened”
GEN	41	7	s4lc			0	behold	The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he had seen.
GEN	41	7	eke4			0	it was a dream	“he had been dreaming”
GEN	41	8	x955	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	41	8	b73z	figs-synecdoche		0	his spirit was troubled	Here the word “spirit” refers to his inner being or his emotions. Alternate translation: “he was troubled in his inner being” or “he was troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	41	8	na7t	figs-ellipsis		0	He sent and called	It is understood that he sent servants. Alternate translation: “He sent his servants to call” or “He sent his servants to summon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	8	jy8h			0	all the magicians and wise men of Egypt	Ancient kings and rulers used magicians and wise men as advisers.
GEN	41	9	e1hz			0	chief cupbearer	The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	41	9	wmd3			0	Today I am thinking about my offenses	The word “Today” is used for emphasis. His “offenses” are that he should have told Pharaoh something much earlier but he did not. Alternate translation: “I just realized that I forgot to tell you something”
GEN	41	10	a77g	figs-123person		0	Pharaoh was angry	The cupbearer is referring to Pharaoh in third person. This is a common way for someone with less power to speak to someone with greater power. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, were angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	10	yn3r	figs-123person		0	with his servants	Here “his” refers to Pharaoh. Here “servants” refers to the cupbearer and the chief baker. Alternate translation: “with us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	10	e32b			0	put me in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, the chief baker and me	“put the chief baker and me in the prison where the captain of the guard was in charge.” Here “house” refers to the prison.
GEN	41	10	iz6m			0	the captain of the guard	The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md).
GEN	41	10	jp2m			0	the chief baker	The most important person who made food for the king. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN	41	11	f7vz			0	We dreamed a dream the same night, he and I	“One night we both had dreams”
GEN	41	11	uy9u	figs-exclusive		0	We dreamed	Here “We” refers to the chief cupbearer and the chief baker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	41	11	ku89			0	We dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream	“Our dreams had different meanings”
GEN	41	12	g7p9			0	General Information:	The chief cupbearer continues to speak to Pharaoh.
GEN	41	12	zu8t			0	There was with us there	“In prison there was with the chief baker and me”
GEN	41	12	cjy9			0	the captain of the guard	The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md).
GEN	41	12	lrw5			0	We told him and he interpreted for us our dreams	“We told him our dreams and he explained their meanings to us”
GEN	41	12	t5dz	figs-123person		0	He interpreted for each of us according to his dream	Here “his” refers to the cupbearer and baker individually, not to the one interpreting the dream. Alternate translation: “He explained what was going to happen to both of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	13	p1s7			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	41	13	zhk8			0	as he interpreted for us, so it happened	“what he explained about the dreams is what later happened”
GEN	41	13	fv56	figs-123person		0	Pharaoh restored me to my post	Here the cupbearer uses Pharaoh’s title in speaking to him as a way of honoring him. Alternate translation: “You allowed me to return to my job” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	13	w4yi			0	the other one	“the chief baker”
GEN	41	13	fxy2	figs-123person		0	he hanged	Here “he” refers to Pharaoh. And, it stands for the soldiers that Pharaoh commanded to hang the chief baker. Alternate translation: “you ordered your soldiers to hang” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	14	m2th	figs-ellipsis		0	Pharaoh sent and called for	It is understood that Pharaoh sent servants. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh sent his servants to get Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	14	l2yw			0	out of the dungeon	“out of the jail” or “out of the prison”
GEN	41	14	gm9k			0	He shaved himself	It was common practice to shave both the facial and head hair when preparing to go before Pharaoh.
GEN	41	14	hi7k	figs-go		0	came in to Pharaoh	Here “came” can be stated as “went.” Alternate translation: “went before Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	41	15	ye9x			0	there is no interpreter for it	“no one can explain the meaning”
GEN	41	15	gl3z			0	you can interpret it	“you can explain its meaning”
GEN	41	16	fy4i			0	It is not in me	“I am not the one who can explain the meaning”
GEN	41	16	sva8			0	God will answer Pharaoh with favor	“God will answer Pharaoh favorably”
GEN	41	17	m7d9			0	behold, I stood	Pharaoh uses the word “behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN	41	17	arm4			0	bank of the Nile	This is the higher ground along the edge of the Nile River. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). Alternate translation: “beside the Nile”
GEN	41	18	j94b			0	Behold, seven cows	Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN	41	18	q5si			0	fat and desirable	“well-fed and healthy.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN	41	18	ppr3			0	grazed among the reeds	“were eating the grass along the side of the river.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN	41	19	m34x			0	Behold, seven other cows	Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN	41	19	hdi9			0	undesirable, and thin	“weak, and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN	41	19	ls2h	figs-abstractnouns		0	such undesirableness	The abstract noun “undesirableness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “such ugly cows” or “such worthless looking cows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	41	20	hr6a			0	fat cows	“well-fed cows.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN	41	21	svd9	figs-activepassive		0	it could not be known that they had eaten them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one would have been able to tell that the thin cows had eaten the fat cows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	22	jga7			0	General Information:	Pharaoh continues telling Joseph his dreams.
GEN	41	22	kz2w	figs-explicit		0	I looked in my dream	This begins Pharaoh’s next dream after he woke up and went back to sleep. Alternate translation: “Then I dreamed again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	41	22	pj1p			0	behold, seven heads	Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN	41	22	rt6d	figs-ellipsis		0	seven heads	The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	22	p2uk			0	came up upon one stalk	“grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md).
GEN	41	23	sy8n			0	withered	dead and dried
GEN	41	23	ia4j			0	sprang up	“grew up” or “developed”
GEN	41	24	g4ud	figs-ellipsis		0	The thin heads	The words “of grain” are understood. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md). Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	24	lf37			0	swallowed up	“ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md).
GEN	41	24	zf3j			0	there was none that could	“there was not a single one that could” or “none of them could”
GEN	41	25	q6cy	figs-explicit		0	The dreams of Pharaoh are the same	It is implied that the meanings are the same. Alternate translation: “Both dreams mean the same thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	41	25	q4kq	figs-123person		0	What God is about to do, he has declared to Pharaoh	Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “God is showing you what he will soon do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	26	xnj6	figs-ellipsis		0	seven good heads	The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven good heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	41	27	k368			0	General Information:	Joseph continues his interpretation of Pharaoh’s dreams
GEN	41	27	is68			0	thin and undesirable cows	“skinny and weak cows.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN	41	27	rw51	figs-activepassive		0	seven thin heads scorched by the east wind	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “seven thin heads of grain scorched because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	28	ik53	figs-123person		0	That is the thing which I spoke to Pharaoh…revealed to Pharaoh	Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “These events will happen just as I have told you…revealed to you, Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	28	xq53			0	he has revealed	“he has made known”
GEN	41	29	uzi8			0	Look, seven	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: seven”
GEN	41	29	q9lh	figs-metaphor		0	seven years of great abundance will come throughout all the land of Egypt	This speaks about the years of abundance as if time is something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “there will be seven years in which there will be plenty of food throughout the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	30	a869			0	General Information:	Joseph continues interpreting Pharaoh’s dreams.
GEN	41	30	y7lx	figs-metaphor		0	Seven years of famine will come after them	This speaks about the seven years of famine as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “Then there will be seven years when there is very little food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	30	zb38	figs-parallelism		0	all the abundance will be forgotten…and the famine will devastate the land	Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	41	30	gz1x	figs-metonymy		0	all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt	Here “land” refers to the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt will forget about the years in which there was plenty of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	30	tuu7	figs-metonymy		0	will devastate the land	Here “land” refers to the soil, the people, and the entire country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	31	a4xl	figs-parallelism		0	The abundance will not be remembered…because of the famine that will follow	Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	41	31	qf5c	figs-metaphor		0	because of the famine that will follow	This speaks about the famine as if it were a thing that travels and follows behind something else. Alternate translation: “because of the time of famine that will happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	32	k4qw	figs-activepassive		0	That the dream was repeated to Pharaoh is because the matter has been established by God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave you two dreams to show you that he will certainly cause these things to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	33	i8w9			0	General Information:	Joseph continues to address Pharaoh
GEN	41	33	qex3			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	41	33	a6dg	figs-123person		0	let Pharaoh look	Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, should look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	41	33	w17p	figs-idiom		0	put him over the land of Egypt	The phrase “put him over” means to give someone authority. Alternate translation: “give him authority over the kingdom of Egypt” or “put him in charge of the kingdom of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	41	33	t3pi	figs-metonymy		0	land of Egypt	Here “land” stands for all the people and everything in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	34	vy8h	translate-fraction		0	let them take a fifth of the crops of Egypt	The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “let them divide the crops of Egypt into five equal parts, then take one of those parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
GEN	41	34	q92v			0	in the seven abundant years	“during the seven years in which there is plenty of food”
GEN	41	35	w1if			0	General Information:	Joseph continues to counsel Pharaoh
GEN	41	35	ea47			0	Let them gather	“Allow the overseers to gather”
GEN	41	35	ru7g	figs-metaphor		0	of these good years that are coming	This speaks of years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “during the good years that will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	35	rc85	figs-idiom		0	store up grain under the authority of Pharaoh	The phrase “under the authority of Pharaoh” means Pharaoh gives them authority. Alternate translation: “use the authority of Pharaoh to store the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	41	35	q2j1	figs-metonymy		0	They should preserve it	The word “they” refers to the overseers and represents the soldiers that they should command to guard the grain. Alternate translation: “The overseers should leave soldiers there to guard the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	36	r5dj	figs-metonymy		0	The food will be a supply for the land	Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “This food will be for the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	36	ytd1	figs-metonymy		0	In this way the land will not be devastated by the famine	Here “land” stands for the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This way the people will not starve during the famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	37	d6hd	figs-metaphor		0	This advice was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of all his servants	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh and his servants thought this was a good plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	37	lvg2			0	his servants	This means Pharaoh’s officials.
GEN	41	38	xmh3			0	such a man as this	“a man like the one Joseph described”
GEN	41	38	wl54			0	in whom is the Spirit of God	“in whom the Spirit of God lives”
GEN	41	39	v53h			0	there is none so discerning	“no one else is as capable in making decisions.” See how you translated “discerning” in [Genesis 41:33](../41/33.md).
GEN	41	40	ej2d	figs-metonymy		0	You will be over my house	Here “house” stands for Pharaoh’s palace and the people in the palace. The phrase “will be over” means Joseph will have authority over. Alternate translation: “You will be in charge of everyone in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	41	40	f76b	figs-activepassive		0	according to your word will all my people be ruled	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over my people and they will do what you command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	41	40	v1tq			0	Only in the throne	Here “throne” stands for Pharaoh’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “Only in my role as king”
GEN	41	41	r2t9			0	See, I have put you	The word “See” adds emphasis to what Pharaoh says next. Alternate translation: “Look, I have put you”
GEN	41	41	vl42	figs-idiom		0	I have put you over all the land of Egypt	The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	42	f9g4	translate-symaction		0	Pharaoh took off his signet ring…gold chain on his neck	All of these actions symbolize that Pharaoh is giving Joseph the authority to do everything that Joseph planned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	41	42	i15i			0	signet ring	This ring had Pharaoh’s seal engraved on it. This gave Joseph the authority and money needed to carry out his plans.
GEN	41	42	vl94			0	clothes of fine linen	“Linen” here is a smooth, strong cloth made from the blue-flowered flax plant.
GEN	41	43	i4am	translate-symaction		0	He had him ride in the second chariot which he possessed	This act makes clear to the people that Joseph is second only to Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	41	43	u4gp	translate-symaction		0	Bend the knee	“Bow down and honor Joseph.” To bend the knee and bow down was a sign of honor and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	41	43	wmr4	figs-idiom		0	Pharaoh put him over all the land	The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:41](../41/41.md). Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	44	v9ec			0	I am Pharaoh, and apart from you	Pharaoh is emphasizing his authority. Alternate translation: “As Pharaoh, I command that apart from you”
GEN	41	44	els8	figs-metonymy		0	apart from you, no man will lift his hand or his foot in all the land of Egypt	Here “hand” and “foot” stand for a person’s actions. Alternate translation: “no person in Egypt will do anything without your permission” or “every person in Egypt must ask your permission before they do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	44	y8gj	figs-gendernotations		0	no man	Here “man” refers to any person in general, whether male or female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GEN	41	45	wx8j	translate-names		0	Zaphenath-Paneah	Translators may add the following footnote: The name Zaphenath-Paneah means “a revealer of secrets.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	45	c92a	translate-symaction		0	He gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, as a wife	Priests in Egypt were the highest and most privileged caste. This marriage signifies Joseph’s place of honor and privilege. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	41	45	g53x	translate-names		0	gave him Asenath	“Asenath” is the name of the woman whom Pharaoh gave to Joseph as his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	45	j862	translate-names		0	daughter of Potiphera	“Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	45	fhe9	translate-names		0	priest of On	On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	45	rx5u			0	Joseph went out over the land of Egypt	Joseph traveled over the land to supervise the preparations for the coming drought.
GEN	41	46	u8rk	translate-numbers		0	thirty years old	“30 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	41	46	iwd6	figs-metonymy		0	when he stood before Pharaoh	Here “stood before” stands for Joseph starting to serve Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “when he started to serve Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	46	x22j			0	went throughout all the land of Egypt	Joseph is inspecting the country as he prepares to carry out his plans.
GEN	41	47	l6p5			0	In the seven bountiful years	“During the seven good years”
GEN	41	47	ye1w			0	the land produced abundantly	“the land produced big harvests”
GEN	41	48	m4bl	figs-synecdoche		0	He gathered up…He put	Here “He” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph ordered his servants to gather…They put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	41	49	yr1c	figs-metaphor		0	Joseph stored up grain like the sand of the sea	This compares the grain to the sand of sea to emphasize its great quantity. Alternate translation: “The grain that Joseph stored was as plentiful as the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	49	l1uq	figs-synecdoche		0	Joseph stored up…he stopped	Here “Joseph” and “he” stand for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants store up…they stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	41	50	r3fd	figs-metaphor		0	before the years of famine came	This speaks about years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “before the seven years of the famine began” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	41	50	ut7u	translate-names		0	Asenath	a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	50	k2hl	translate-names		0	daughter of Potiphera	“Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	50	yb1j	translate-names		0	priest of On	On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	41	51	d3cd			0	Manasseh	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Manasseh’ means ‘to cause to forget.’”
GEN	41	51	b4g6			0	father’s household	This refers to Joseph’s father Jacob and his family.
GEN	41	52	js3c			0	Ephraim	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Ephraim’ means ‘to be fruitful’ or ‘to have children.’”
GEN	41	52	l6jr	figs-idiom		0	made me fruitful	Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	41	52	nz8y	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the land of my affliction	The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as “I have suffered.” Alternate translation: “in this land where I have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	41	54	z4db			0	in all lands	In all the surrounding nations beyond Egypt, including the land of Canaan.
GEN	41	54	ixd6	figs-explicit		0	but in all the land of Egypt there was food	It is implied that there was food because of Joseph commanded his people to store food during the seven good years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	41	55	c2ia	figs-metonymy		0	When all the land of Egypt was famished	Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “When all the Egyptians were starving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	56	qr6m	figs-idiom		0	The famine was over all the face of the whole land	The word “face” refers to the surface of the land. Alternate translation: “The famine had spread throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	41	56	fa43	figs-synecdoche		0	Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to the Egyptians	Here “Joseph” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants open all the storehouses and sell grain to the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	41	57	t13u	figs-metonymy		0	All the earth was coming to Egypt	Here “earth” stands for the people from all regions. Alternate translation: “People were coming to Egypt from all the surrounding regions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	41	57	ci2w			0	in all the earth	“throughout the land.” It is likely that all the different trading partners and nations that were part of the Egyptian trading routes effected by the drought came to Egypt for grain.
GEN	42	intro	c5l2			0		# Genesis 42 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Famine<br>Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt’s size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Joseph’s test<br>Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him.
GEN	42	1	c5d3	writing-newevent		0	Now Jacob became	The word “Now” marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	42	1	p1y2	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you look at one another?	Jacob uses a question to scold his sons for not doing anything about the grain. Alternate translation: “Do not just sit here!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	42	2	h23z			0	Go down there	It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.”
GEN	42	3	vr9m			0	went down	It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.”
GEN	42	3	i5iq	figs-metonymy		0	from Egypt	Here “Egypt” refers to the people selling grain. Alternate translation: “from those selling grain in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	42	4	rt23	figs-explicit		0	Jacob did not send Benjamin, Joseph’s brother, with his brothers	Benjamin and Joseph had the same father and mother; their mother was different from the mothers of the other brothers. Jacob did not want to risk sending Rachel’s last son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	5	p382	figs-go		0	The sons of Israel came to buy among those who came	The word “came” can be translated as “went.” Also, the words “grain” and “Egypt” are understood. Alternate translation: “The sons of Israel went to by grain along with other people who went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	42	6	e78a	writing-background		0	Now Joseph	“Now” marks a change from the story to background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	42	6	xw5p	figs-explicit		0	over the land	Here “land” refers to Egypt. Alternate translation: “over Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	6	cck6	figs-explicit		0	all the people of the land	Here “land” includes Egypt and other surrounding countries. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations that came to buy grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	6	bdb9	figs-go		0	Joseph’s brothers came	Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	42	6	s5ws	translate-symaction		0	bowed down to him with their faces to the ground	This is a way of showing respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	42	7	nq51			0	Joseph saw his brothers and recognized them	“When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them”
GEN	42	7	cu87			0	he disguised himself to them	“he acted like he was not their brother” or “he did not let them know that he was their brother”
GEN	42	7	n3p8			0	Where have you come from?	This was not a rhetorical question even though Joseph knew the answer. It was part of his choice to keep his identity from his brothers.
GEN	42	9	dv8w			0	You are spies	Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country.
GEN	42	9	y5kw	figs-explicit		0	You have come to see the undefended parts of the land	The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	10	l89u			0	my master	This is a way to refer to someone to honor them.
GEN	42	10	e1z7	figs-123person		0	Your servants have	The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We, your servants, have” or “We have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	42	12	i9sn			0	He said to them	“Joseph said to his brothers”
GEN	42	12	ca6s	figs-explicit		0	No, you have come to see the undefended parts of the land	The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “No, you have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	13	vj1h	translate-numbers		0	twelve brothers	“12 brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	42	13	wv8h			0	See, the youngest	“Listen to us, the youngest.” The word “See” is used to emphasize what they say next.
GEN	42	13	g7cm			0	the youngest is this day with our father	“right now our youngest brother is with our father”
GEN	42	14	ff9z			0	It is what I said to you; you are spies	“like I already said, you are spies.” See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md).
GEN	42	15	iq1v	figs-activepassive		0	By this you will be tested	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This is how I will test you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	15	j3zj			0	By the life of Pharaoh	This phrase indicates a solemn oath. Alternate translation: “I swear by the life of Pharaoh”
GEN	42	16	dz9i			0	Send one of yourselves and let him get your brother	“Choose one of you to go get your brother”
GEN	42	16	fxw4			0	You will remain in prison	“The rest of you will remain in prison”
GEN	42	16	dnr5	figs-activepassive		0	that your words may be tested, whether there is truth in you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that I may find out if you are telling the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	17	fat5			0	in custody	“in prison”
GEN	42	18	qus3	translate-ordinal		0	on the third day	The word “third” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “after the second day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN	42	18	gh5e	figs-ellipsis		0	Do this and live	The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If you will do what I say, I will let you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	42	18	h8lm			0	fear God	This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him.
GEN	42	19	r62p	figs-activepassive		0	let one of your brothers be confined in this prison	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “leave one of your brothers here in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	19	s1pk	figs-you		0	but you go	Here “you” is plural and refers to all the brothers that will not stay in prison. Alternate translation: “but the rest of you go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	42	19	f5t4	figs-metonymy		0	carry grain for the famine of your houses	Here “houses” stands for families. Alternate translation: “carry grain home to help your family during this famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	42	20	r5ua	figs-activepassive		0	so your words will be verified	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I may know what you say is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	20	p88a	figs-explicit		0	you will not die	This implies that Joseph would have his soldiers execute the brothers if he finds out they are spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	21	s33g	figs-synecdoche		0	in that we saw the distress of his soul	The word “soul” stands for Joseph. Alternate translation: “because we saw how distressed Joseph was” or “because we saw that Joseph was suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	42	21	hc4a	figs-abstractnouns		0	Therefore this distress has come upon us	The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as the verb “suffering.” Alternate translation: “That is why we are suffering like this now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	42	22	brj8	figs-rquestion		0	Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but you would not listen?	Reuben uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “I told you not to hurt the boy, but you would not listen!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	42	22	n5z3	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but	This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Did I not tell you not to sin against the boy, but” or “I told you not to harm the boy, but” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	42	22	eap3			0	Now, see	Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but both “Now” and “see” are used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	42	22	pn25	figs-metonymy		0	his blood is required of us	Here “blood” stands for Joseph’s death. His brothers thought Joseph was dead. The phrase “is required of us” means they must be punished for what they did. Alternate translation: “we are getting what we deserve for his death” or “we are suffering for having killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	42	23	lqt2	writing-background		0	They did not know…an interpreter between them	This shifts from the main story line to background information that explains why the brothers thought Joseph could not understand them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	42	23	p4pm			0	an interpreter	An “interpreter” is someone who translates what one person says into another language. Joseph placed an interpreter between himself and his brothers to make it seem like he did not speak their language.
GEN	42	24	ciy7	figs-explicit		0	He turned from them and wept	It is implied that Joseph wept because he was emotional after hearing what his brothers said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	24	wf1i	figs-explicit		0	spoke to them	Joseph was still speaking a different language and using the interpreter to speak to his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	24	w4b7	figs-synecdoche		0	bound him before their eyes	Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “bound him in their sight” or “bound him as they watched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	42	25	y2fl			0	to give them provisions	“to give them the supplies they needed”
GEN	42	25	bf12	figs-activepassive		0	It was done for them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The servants did for them everything that Joseph commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	27	gcn4			0	As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey feed in the lodging place, he saw his money. Behold, it was in the opening of his sack	“When they stopped at a place for the night, one of the brothers opened his sack to get food for his donkey. In the sack he saw his money!”
GEN	42	27	w3t1			0	Behold	The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN	42	28	g184	figs-activepassive		0	My money has been put back	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has put my money back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	42	28	df3i			0	Look at it	“Look in my sack!”
GEN	42	28	b9ha	figs-metaphor		0	Their hearts sank	To become afraid is spoken of as if their heart were sinking. Here “hearts” stands for courage. Alternate translation: “They became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	42	30	q8iz			0	lord of the land	“the lord of Egypt”
GEN	42	30	d1km			0	spoke roughly	“spoke harshly”
GEN	42	30	zie5			0	we were spies	Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country. See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md).
GEN	42	31	i7g6	figs-quotesinquotes		0	We said to him, ‘We are honest men. We are not spies.	This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men and not spies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	42	32	e88f	figs-quotesinquotes		0	We are twelve brothers, sons of our father. One is no longer alive…land of Canaan.’	The quotation within a quotation that began with the words “We said to him, ‘We are honest men…not spies. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men…not spies. We said that we are twelve brothers, sons of our father, and that one brother is no longer alive…land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	42	32	xh3d	figs-ellipsis		0	One is no longer alive	The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “One brother is no longer alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	42	32	e6lq	figs-ellipsis		0	the youngest is this day with our father	The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the youngest brother is with our father right now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	42	33	fu6f			0	the lord of the land	“The lord of Egypt”
GEN	42	33	a8kj	figs-metonymy		0	take grain for the famine in your houses	Here “houses” stands for “family.” Alternate translation: “take grain to help your family during the famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	42	33	gg5l			0	go your way	“go home” or “leave”
GEN	42	34	ny2q			0	you will trade in the land	“I will allow you to buy and sell in this land”
GEN	42	35	fhb9			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	42	35	nu84			0	behold, every	“they were surprised because every”
GEN	42	36	y5x1			0	You have bereaved me of my children	“you have deprived me of my children” or “you have caused me to lose two of my children”
GEN	42	36	h9h6			0	All these things are against me	“all these things hurt me”
GEN	42	37	a4d7	figs-metaphor		0	Put him in my hands	This is a request for Reuben to take Benjamin with him and to care for him on the journey. Alternate translation: “Put me in charge of him” or “Let me take care of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	42	38	j7bu			0	My son will not go down with you	It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “My son, Benjamin, will not go with you to Egypt”
GEN	42	38	gb7z	figs-you		0	with you	Here “you” is plural and refers to Jacob’s older sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	42	38	vm4r	figs-explicit		0	For his brother is dead and he alone is left	The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “For my wife, Rachel, only had two children. Joseph is dead and Benjamin is the only one left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	42	38	jj7h			0	on the road in which you go	“while you a traveling to Egypt and back” or “while you are away.” Here “road” stands for traveling.
GEN	42	38	mk1r	figs-idiom		0	then you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol	To “bring down…to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	42	38	b5eg	figs-synecdoche		0	my gray hair	This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	intro	b7av			0		# Genesis 43 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s concern<br>Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN	43	1	l7ym	figs-ellipsis		0	The famine was severe in the land	The word “Canaan” is understood. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The famine was severe in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	43	2	af37	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	43	2	j2pr			0	when they had eaten	“when Jacob and his family had eaten”
GEN	43	2	y9y8			0	they had brought	“Jacob’s older sons had brought”
GEN	43	2	cwa3	figs-exclusive		0	buy us	Here “us” refers to Jacob, his sons, and the rest of the family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	3	a11c			0	Judah told him	“Judah told his father Jacob”
GEN	43	3	xp8m			0	The man	This refers to Joseph, but the brothers did not know it was Joseph. They referred to him as “the man” or “the man, the lord of the land” as in [Genesis 42:30](../42/30.md).
GEN	43	3	t3f5	figs-quotesinquotes		0	warned us, ‘You will not see my face unless your brother is with you.’	This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “warned us that we would not see his face unless we brought our youngest brother with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	43	3	w1ix			0	solemnly warned us	“was very serious when he warned us, saying”
GEN	43	3	jb64	figs-synecdoche		0	You will not see my face	Judah uses this phrase twice in 43:3-5 to emphasize to his father that they cannot return to Egypt without Benjamin. The phrase “my face” refers to the man, who is Joseph. Alternate translation: “You will not see me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	3	enw5			0	your brother is with you	Judah is referring to Benjamin, Rachel’s last born before she died.
GEN	43	5	db22			0	we will not go down	It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	6	e9fz			0	Why did you treat me so badly	“Why did you cause me so much trouble”
GEN	43	7	q6ea			0	The man asked details	“The man asked many questions”
GEN	43	7	x1z8	figs-exclusive		0	about us	Here “us” is exclusive and refers to the brothers who went to Egypt and spoke with “the man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	7	c5sn	figs-quotesinquotes		0	He said, ‘Is your father still alive? Do you have another brother?’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He asked us directly if our father was still alive and if we had another brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	43	7	g7db			0	We answered him according to these questions	“We answered the questions he asked us”
GEN	43	7	j654	figs-rquestion		0	How could we have known that he would say…down?	The sons use a question emphasize that the did not know what the man would tell them to do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We did not know he would say…down!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	43	7	wzh2	figs-quotesinquotes		0	he would say, ‘Bring your brother down?’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he would tell us to bring our brother down to Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	43	7	v3xy			0	Bring your brother down	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	8	l94l	figs-parallelism		0	We will rise and go that we may live and not die, both we, you, and also our children	The phrases “we may live” and “not die” mean the same thing. Judah is emphasizing that they have to buy food in Egypt in order to survive. Alternate translation: “We will go now to Egypt and get grain so our whole family will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	43	8	mh3d	figs-exclusive		0	We will rise	Here “We” refers to the brothers who will travel to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	8	k6f4	figs-exclusive		0	we may live	Here “we” refers to the brothers, Israel, and the whole family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	8	cpz3	figs-exclusive		0	both we	Here “we” refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	8	uy53	figs-you		0	we, you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	43	8	tl69	figs-exclusive		0	also our children	Here “our” refers to the brothers. This refers to the small children who were most likely to die during a famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	43	9	y9c3	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will be a guarantee for him	The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated as the verb “promise.” Alternate translation: “I will promise to bring him back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	43	9	c8cl	figs-explicit		0	You will hold me responsible	How Jacob will hold Judah responsible can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will make me answer to you about what happens to Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	43	9	bru3	figs-metaphor		0	let me bear the blame	This speaks about “blame” as if it were an object that a person has to carry. Alternate translation: “you may blame me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	43	10	c1nb	figs-hypo		0	For if we had not delayed	Judah is describing something that could have happened in the past but did not. Judah is scolding his father for waiting so long to send his sons to Egypt to get more food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	43	10	gig8			0	we would have come back here a second time	“we would have returned twice”
GEN	43	11	qd28			0	If it be so, now do this	“If this is our only choice, then do it”
GEN	43	11	vqb7			0	Carry down	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	11	dp26			0	balm	an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. See how you translated this word in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md). Alternate translation: “medicine”
GEN	43	11	a7it			0	spices	seasonings. See how you translated these words in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md).
GEN	43	11	qbj2	translate-unknown		0	pistachio nuts	small, green tree nuts (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	43	11	d1a7	translate-unknown		0	almonds	tree nuts with a sweet flavor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN	43	12	vd8z	figs-synecdoche		0	Take double money in your hand	Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Take double the money with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	12	wm87	figs-synecdoche		0	The money that was returned in the opening of your sacks, carry again in your hand	Here “hand” stands for the whole person. The phrase “that was returned” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back to Egypt the money someone put in your sacks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	43	13	xn4a			0	Take also your brother	“Take also Benjamin”
GEN	43	13	l12h			0	go again	“return”
GEN	43	14	e786	figs-abstractnouns		0	May God Almighty give you mercy before the man	The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “May God Almighty cause the man to be kind to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	43	14	vf2h			0	your other brother	“Simeon”
GEN	43	14	u7v1			0	If I am bereaved of my children, I am bereaved	“If I lose my children, then I lose my children.” This means that Jacob knows he must accept whatever happens to his sons.
GEN	43	15	f3ts	figs-synecdoche		0	in their hand they took	Here “hand” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	15	xlh5			0	went down to Egypt	It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	16	ld98			0	Benjamin with them	“Benjamin with Joseph’s older brothers”
GEN	43	16	w4n3			0	the steward of his house	The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities.
GEN	43	17	cfq1	figs-go		0	He brought the men	Here “brought” can be translated as “took.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	43	17	wk2w			0	to Joseph’s house	“into Joseph’s house”
GEN	43	18	ft1a			0	The men were afraid	“Joseph’s brothers were afraid”
GEN	43	18	rw47	figs-activepassive		0	they were brought to Joseph’s house	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were going into Joseph’s house” or “the steward was taking them into Joseph’s house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	43	18	rx9m	figs-activepassive		0	It is because of the money that was returned in our sacks the first time we were brought in	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The steward is bringing us into the house because of the money that someone put back in our sacks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	43	18	tl4h			0	that he may seek an opportunity against us. He might arrest us	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is waiting for the opportunity to accuse us, so that he might arrest us”
GEN	43	20	pmz6			0	we came down	It is common to use the phrase “came down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	21	y72v			0	Connecting Statement:	The brothers continue speaking to the steward of the house.
GEN	43	21	e2g8			0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	43	21	pjc8			0	when we reached the lodging place	“when we came to the place that we were going to stay for the night”
GEN	43	21	nc2k			0	behold	The word “behold” here shows that the brothers were surprised by what they saw.
GEN	43	21	hf98			0	every man’s money was in the opening of his sack, our money in full weight	“each one of us found the full amount of his money in his sack”
GEN	43	21	be34	figs-synecdoche		0	We have brought it back in our hands	Here “hands” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have brought the money back with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	22	nd43	figs-synecdoche		0	Other money we have also brought down in our hand to buy food	Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have also brought more money to buy food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	22	q64s			0	brought down	It common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	43	23	g7nj	figs-abstractnouns		0	Peace be to you	The abstract noun “Peace” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Relax” or “Calm yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	43	23	y651			0	Your God and the God of your father	The stewards is not speaking about two different Gods. Alternate translation: “Your God, the God your father worships”
GEN	43	24	wwj3	figs-explicit		0	washed their feet	This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	43	24	q981			0	feed to their donkeys	“Feed” is dry food that is set aside for animals
GEN	43	26	jf2d	figs-synecdoche		0	they brought the gifts which were in their hand	Here “hand” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “the brothers brought the gifts they had with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	26	a4p7	translate-symaction		0	bowed down before him	This is a way of showing honor and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	43	28	uc51			0	Your servant our father	They refer to their father as “Your servant” to show respect. Alternate translation: “Our father who serves you”
GEN	43	28	lk7k	translate-symaction		0	They prostrated themselves and bowed down	These words basically mean the same thing. They laid down in front of the man to show him respect. Alternate translation: “They bowed down in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	43	29	ca4h	figs-idiom		0	he lifted up his eyes	This means “he looked up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	43	29	vr6v			0	his mother’s son, and he said	This can be translated with a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his mother’s son. Joseph said”
GEN	43	29	j5nt	figs-rquestion		0	Is this your youngest brother…me?	Possible meanings are (1) Joseph is truly asking a question to confirm that this man is Benjamin, or (2) it is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “So this is your youngest brother…me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	43	29	en2a			0	my son	This is a friendly way one man speaks to another man of lower rank. Alternate translation: “young man”
GEN	43	30	w15d			0	hurried to go out of the room	“hurried out of the room”
GEN	43	30	ttv5	figs-idiom		0	for he was deeply moved about his brother	The phrase “deeply moved” refers to having a strong feeling or emotion when something important happens. Alternate translation: “for he had strong feelings of compassion for his brother” or “for he had strong feelings of affection for his brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	43	31	s76h	figs-explicit		0	saying	It can be made explicit to whom Joseph is speaking. Alternate translation: “and said to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	43	31	jr7a			0	Serve the food	This means to distribute the food so that people may eat.
GEN	43	32	dj49			0	The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves. The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves	This means that Joseph, the brothers, and the other Egyptians are eating in three different places within the same room. Alternate translation: “The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves and the Egyptians, who were eating with him, by themselves”
GEN	43	32	k54i			0	The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves	These are probably other Egyptian officials who ate with Joseph, but they still sat separately from him and the Hebrew brothers.
GEN	43	32	bz5r			0	because the Egyptians could not eat bread with the Hebrews, for that is detestable to the Egyptians	This can be translated as a new sentence: “They did this because the Egyptians thought it was shameful to eat with the Hebrews”
GEN	43	32	dn35	figs-synecdoche		0	could not eat bread	Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	43	33	uk7w	figs-explicit		0	The brothers sat before him	It is implied that Joseph had arranged where each brother would sit. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “The brothers sat across from the man, according to how he arranged their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	43	33	v5sa	figs-merism		0	the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth	The “firstborn” and the “youngest” are used together to mean all the brothers were sitting in order according to their age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN	43	33	c4tk			0	The men were astonished together	“The men were very surprised when they realized this”
GEN	43	34	nus6			0	But Benjamin’s portion was five times as much as any of his brothers	The phrase “five times” can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “But Benjamin received a portion that was much bigger than what his brothers received”
GEN	44	intro	r27n			0		# Genesis 44 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Judah’s sacrifice<br>Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah’s descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Joseph’s test<br><br>Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]])
GEN	44	1	bf9w			0	General Information:	This begins a new event in the story. Most likely this is the next morning after the feast.
GEN	44	1	nsj3			0	steward of his house	The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities.
GEN	44	1	md4j			0	every man’s money	Their money was silver coins most likely in a small bag.
GEN	44	1	bx7r			0	in his sack’s opening	“in his sack”
GEN	44	2	pgt5			0	Put my cup, the silver cup	“Put my silver cup”
GEN	44	2	in3i	figs-ellipsis		0	in the sack’s opening of the youngest	The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “in the youngest brother’s sack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	44	3	d7pr			0	The morning dawned	“The morning light shown”
GEN	44	3	cwc8	figs-activepassive		0	the men were sent away, they and their donkeys	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they sent the men away, along with their donkeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	4	d17q	figs-rquestion		0	Why have you returned evil for good?	This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You have treated us badly, after we were good to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	5	kx3l	figs-rquestion		0	Is this not the cup from which my master drinks, and the cup that he uses for divination?	This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You already know that this is the cup that my master uses for drinking and for fortune telling!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	5	am17	figs-parallelism		0	You have done evil, this thing that you have done	This repeats “you have done” for emphasis. Alternate translation: “What you have done is very evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	44	6	rt6m			0	spoke these words to them	“spoke what Joseph told him to say”
GEN	44	7	cd44	figs-metonymy		0	Why does my master speak such words as these?	Here “words” stands for what was said. The brothers refer to the steward as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “Why are you saying this, my master?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	7	zls8	figs-123person		0	Far be it from your servants that they would do such a thing.	The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants” and “they.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We would never do such a thing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	7	uhb8	figs-metaphor		0	Far be it from your servants	Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object that person wants to put very far from himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	8	mb88			0	Look, the money	“Listen to what we are about to say and you will see that we are speaking the truth: the money”
GEN	44	8	z4pq			0	the money that we found in our sacks’ openings	“you know the money that we found in our sacks”
GEN	44	8	cwc6			0	we brought again to you out of the land of Canaan	“we brought back to you from Canaan”
GEN	44	8	zeg7	figs-rquestion		0	How then could we steal out of your master’s house silver or gold?	The brothers use a question to emphasize that they would not steal from the lord of Egypt. Alternate translation: “So we would never take anything from your master’s house!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	8	pbw8			0	silver or gold	These words are used together to mean that they would not steal anything of any value.
GEN	44	9	kpk1	figs-123person		0	With whomever of your servants it is found	The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Also, “it is found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find that one of us has stolen the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	9	g5cd	figs-123person		0	we also will be my master’s slaves	The phrase “my master” refers to the steward. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “you may take us as your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	10	a2vd			0	Now also let it be according to your words	“Very well. I will do what you said.” Here “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	44	10	abw2	figs-activepassive		0	He with whom the cup is found will be my slave	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If I find the cup in one of your sacks, that person will be my slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	11	kv7v			0	brought his sack down	“lowered his sack”
GEN	44	12	hf7m	figs-ellipsis		0	the oldest…the youngest	The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the oldest brother…the youngest brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	44	12	b5xm	figs-activepassive		0	youngest, and the cup was found in Benjamin’s sack	This can be translated as a new sentence and in active form. Alternate translation: “youngest. The steward found the cup in Benjamin’s sack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	13	v8rl	translate-symaction		0	Then they tore their clothes	The word “they” refers to the brothers. Tearing clothes was a sign of great distress and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	44	13	mp1k			0	donkey and returned	“donkey, and they returned”
GEN	44	14	hjg6			0	He was still there	“Joseph was still there”
GEN	44	14	ywn1	translate-symaction		0	they bowed before him	“they fell before him.” This is a sign of the brothers wanting the lord to be merciful to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	44	15	v25g	figs-rquestion		0	Do you not know that a man like me practices divination?	Joseph uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “Surely you know that a man like me can learn things by magic!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	16	gj3i	figs-parallelism		0	What can we say to my master? What can we speak? Or how can we justify ourselves?	All 3 questions mean basically the same thing. They use these questions to emphasize that there is nothing they can say to explain what happened. Alternate translation: “We have nothing to say, my master. We cannot speak anything of value. We cannot justify ourselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	16	hvc6	figs-123person		0	What can we say to my master…my master’s slaves	Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “What can we say to you…your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	16	uek8			0	God has found out the iniquity of your servants	Here “found out” does not mean God just found out what the brothers did. It means God is now punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “God is punishing us for our past sins”
GEN	44	16	bb9u	figs-123person		0	the iniquity of your servants	The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “our iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	16	ga33	figs-synecdoche		0	he also in whose hand the cup was found	Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had your cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	17	m8l3	figs-metaphor		0	Far be it from me that I should do so	Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object the person wants put far away from him. Alternate translation: “It is not like me to do something like that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	17	v7cp	figs-synecdoche		0	The man in whose hand the cup was found	Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man who had my cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	18	fj99			0	came near to	“approached”
GEN	44	18	s63z	figs-123person		0	let your servant	Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	18	px7g	figs-synecdoche		0	speak a word in my master’s ears	The word “ear” is a synecdoche that stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “speak to you, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	44	18	jg84	figs-123person		0	in my master’s ears	Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	18	awr9	figs-metaphor		0	do not let your anger burn against your servant	Being angry is spoke of as if it were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “please do not be angry with me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	18	na6r	figs-explicit		0	for you are just like Pharaoh	Judah compares the master to Pharaoh to emphasize the great power that the master has. He is also implying that he does want the master to become angry and execute him. Alternate translation: “for you are as powerful as Pharaoh and could have your soldiers kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	44	19	hz8e	figs-quotesinquotes		0	My master asked his servants, saying, ‘Do you have a father or a brother?’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “My master asked us if we have a father or a brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	19	ky6j	figs-123person		0	My master asked his servants	Judah refers to Joseph with the words “my master” and “his.” He also refers to himself and his brothers as “his servants.” Alternate translation: “You, my master, asked us, your servants” or “You asked us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	20	rzw2			0	General Information:	Judah continues to speak before Joseph
GEN	44	20	xks4	figs-quotesinquotes		0	We said to my master, ‘We have a father…his father loves him.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And we said to my master that we have a father…his father loves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	20	k9ph			0	his father loves him	This refers to love for a friend or family member.
GEN	44	21	g2ys	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Then you said to your servants, ‘Bring him down to me that I may see him.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And you said to your servants that we should bring our youngest brother to you so that you may see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	21	w231	figs-123person		0	Then you said to your servants	Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	21	n4pn	figs-explicit		0	Bring him down to me	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Bring him to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	44	22	t6fz	figs-123person		0	we said to my master	Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “we said to you, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	22	bt2u	figs-quotesinquotes		0	After that, we said to my master, ‘The boy cannot…father would die.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “In response, we said to my master that the boy cannot…father would die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	22	jbh3	figs-explicit		0	his father would die	It is implied that their father would die from sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	44	23	s5na			0	General Information:	Judah continues his story to Joseph
GEN	44	23	i4ft	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Then you said to your servants, ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you, you will not see my face again.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then you said to your servants that unless our youngest brother comes with us, we would not see you again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	23	evq7	figs-123person		0	Then you said to your servants	Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	23	vsx5			0	comes down	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	44	23	tkh6	figs-synecdoche		0	you will not see my face again	Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will not see me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	44	24	yg64	writing-newevent		0	Then it came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	44	24	sjv1			0	we went up to your servant my father	It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	44	24	j6ab	figs-123person		0	we told him the words of my master	Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “we told him what you said, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	25	r9xc	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Our father said, ‘Go again, buy us some food.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Our father told us to go again to Egypt to buy food for us and our families.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	26	xf8c			0	go down	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	44	26	uuv6	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Then we said, ‘We cannot go down. If our youngest brother…is with us.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then we said to him that we cannot go down to Egypt. We told him that if our youngest brother is with us…is with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	26	ka8m	figs-synecdoche		0	to see the man’s face	Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	44	27	uzr7			0	General Information:	Judah continues his story to Joseph.
GEN	44	27	tq3g			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a three-level quote.
GEN	44	27	pq3n	figs-exclusive		0	said to us	Here “us” does not include Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN	44	27	k115	figs-you		0	You know	Here “You” is plural and refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	44	28	eym1			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quote that began in verse 27 continues.
GEN	44	28	uw3g	figs-activepassive		0	he is torn in pieces	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a wild animal has torn him to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	44	29	vv4v			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quote that began in verse 27 ends here.
GEN	44	29	c679	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol	The three-level quote that began with the words “Your servant…said to us, ‘You know…two sons” in verse 27 and continued with the words “and I said, ‘Surely…since” in verse 28 ends here. You may need to change one or more of these levels to indirect quotes. “This is what your servant my father said to us: ‘You know that my wife bore me two sons. One of them went out from me and I said that surely he had been torn in pieces, and I have not seen him since. Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.’” or “Your servant my father told us that we knew that his wife had borne him two sons. One of them went out from him, and he said that surely that son had been torn in pieces, and he has not seen him since. He then said that if we also took this one from him, and harm came to him, we would bring down his gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	44	29	lty3	figs-metaphor		0	harm comes to him	Something bad happening to a person is spoken of as if “harm” were something that travels and comes to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	29	vh67	figs-idiom		0	you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol	To “bring down…to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	44	29	ka8u	figs-synecdoche		0	my gray hair	This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	44	30	g959			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	44	30	u459	figs-hypo		0	therefore, when I come	Judah begins to describe to Joseph a realistic but hypothetical case of what he will expect will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	44	30	xk9l			0	when I come to your servant	Here “come” can be translated as “go” or “return.”
GEN	44	30	l7ey			0	the lad is not with us	“the boy is not with us”
GEN	44	30	ap7n	figs-metaphor		0	since his life is bound up in the boy’s life	The father saying he would die if his son died is spoken of as if their two lives were physically bound together. Alternate translation: “since he said he would die if the boy did not come back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	31	l65e			0	Connecting Statement:	Judah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30.
GEN	44	31	w4hu	figs-hypo		0	sorrow to Sheol	Judah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30. This is what he expects will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	44	31	um5q	figs-hypo		0	it will come about	Judah is speaking about a hypothetical case in the future as if it would certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN	44	31	nfb5	figs-idiom		0	Your servants will bring down the gray hair of your servant our father with sorrow to Sheol	To “bring down…to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “And we will have caused our old father to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	44	31	kn4x	figs-123person		0	Your servants	Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “And we, your servants” or “And we” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	31	sx7q	figs-synecdoche		0	the gray hair of your servant our father	Here “gray hair” stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “our old father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	44	32	j35u	figs-abstractnouns		0	For your servant became a guarantee for the boy to my father	The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated with the verb “promised.” Alternate translation: “For I promised my father concerning the boy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	44	32	uz64	figs-123person		0	For your servant	Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “For I, your servant” or “For I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	32	ks1n	figs-metaphor		0	then I will bear the guilt to my father	Being considered guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were something that a person carries. Alternate translation: “then my father may blame me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	44	33	liw2			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	44	33	u7sg	figs-123person		0	let your servant	Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” or “let me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	33	vk2u	figs-123person		0	to my master	Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “to you, my master” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	44	33	utg6			0	let the boy go up	It was going to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	44	34	p2qk	figs-rquestion		0	For how can I go up to my father if the boy is not with me?	Judah uses a question to emphasize the grief he would have if Benjamin did not return home. Alternate translation: “I cannot return to my father if the boy is not with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	44	34	v8ma	figs-metaphor		0	I am afraid to see the evil that would come on my father	A person suffering terribly is spoken of as if “evil” were a thing that comes upon a person. Alternate translation: “I am afraid to see how much my father would suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	45	intro	rm1s			0		# Genesis 45 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Joseph’s character<br>Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN	45	1	mrg5			0	could not control himself	This means he could not control his emotions. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “was about to start crying”
GEN	45	1	rt15			0	by him	“near him”
GEN	45	2	f3np	figs-metonymy		0	house of Pharaoh	Here “house” stands for the people in the Pharaoh’s palace. Alternate translation: “everyone in Pharaoh’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	3	kf33			0	shocked in his presence	“terrified of him”
GEN	45	4	lxs5	figs-explicit		0	whom you sold into Egypt	The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “whom you sold as a slave to the trader who brought me to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	5	v699			0	Do not be grieved	“do not be upset” or “do not be distressed”
GEN	45	5	umb9	figs-explicit		0	that you sold me here	The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “that you sold me as a slave and sent me here to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	5	ir3i	figs-metonymy		0	to preserve life	Here “life” stands for the people that Joseph saved from dying during the famine. Alternate translation: “so I could save many lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	6	zig1	figs-metonymy		0	there are still five years in which there will be neither plowing nor harvest	“there will be five more years without planting or harvesting.” Here “neither plowing nor harvest” stands for the fact that the crops still will not grow because of the famine. Alternate translation: “and the famine will last five more years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	7	jf2m			0	to preserve you as a remnant in the earth	“so that you and your families would not completely perish from the earth” or “to make sure your descendants would survive”
GEN	45	7	t199	figs-abstractnouns		0	to keep you alive by a great deliverance	The abstract noun “deliverance” can be stated as “rescuing.” Alternate translation: “to keep you alive by rescuing you in a mighty way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	45	8	p1lr	figs-metaphor		0	he has made me a father to Pharaoh	Joseph advising and helping Pharaoh is spoken of as if Joseph were Pharaoh’s father. Alternate translation: “he has made me a guide to Pharaoh” or “he has made me the chief adviser to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	45	8	kca3	figs-metonymy		0	of all his house	Here “house” stands for the people who live in his palace. Alternate translation: “of all his household” or “of all his palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	8	ca6l	figs-metonymy		0	ruler of all the land of Egypt	Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “ruler over all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	8	lzu8	figs-explicit		0	ruler	Here Joseph means that he is ruler in second place to Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. This understood information can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	9	k6hq			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a three-level quotation.
GEN	45	9	yy9l			0	go up to my father	It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about going from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “go back to my father”
GEN	45	9	sv9l			0	Come down to me	It was common to use the phrase “come down” when speaking about going from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Come here to me”
GEN	45	10	k7g4			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quotation that began in verse 9 continues here.
GEN	45	11	igl7			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quotation that began in verse 9 ends here.
GEN	45	11	y695			0	I will provide…all that you have	The three-level quotation that began with the words “say to him” in verse 9 ends here. You may need to reduce the number of levels by making some levels indirect quotes. “say to him that his son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.” or “say to him, ‘Your son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.’”
GEN	45	11	ez8a	figs-metaphor		0	come to poverty	This speaks about “poverty” as if it were a destination. Alternate translation: “waste away” or “starve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	45	12	xp38	figs-synecdoche		0	your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin	The word “eyes” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “All of you and Benjamin can see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	45	12	zli9	figs-synecdoche		0	that it is my mouth that speaks to you	The word “mouth” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “that I, Joseph, am speaking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	45	13	azs1			0	about all my honor in Egypt	“how the people in Egypt greatly honor me”
GEN	45	13	s2cn			0	my father down here	It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “my father here to me”
GEN	45	14	dzy6			0	He hugged his brother Benjamin’s neck and wept, and Benjamin wept on his neck	“Joseph hugged his brother Benjamin, and they both wept”
GEN	45	15	j5kf			0	He kissed all his brothers	In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN	45	15	ups2			0	wept over them	This means Joseph was crying while he kissed them.
GEN	45	15	fi2x	figs-explicit		0	After that his brothers talked with him	Earlier they were too afraid to speak. Now they feel they can speak freely. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “After that his brothers talked freely with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	16	w82u	figs-quotesinquotes		0	The news of the matter was told in Pharaoh’s house: “Joseph’s brothers have come.”	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. It may also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone in Pharaoh’s palace heard that Joseph’s brothers had come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	45	16	m3aj			0	Pharaoh’s house	This stands for Pharaoh’s palace.
GEN	45	17	yz9e			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN	45	18	t6en			0	Connecting Statement:	The two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here.
GEN	45	18	gql9	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Get your father…fat of the land.’	The two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Pharaoh told Joseph to tell his brothers, ‘Do this: Load your animals and go to the land of Canaan. Get your father and your households and come to me. I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and you will eat the fat of the land.’” or “Pharaoh to Joseph to tell his brothers to do this: to load their animals and go to the land of Canaan, and also to get their father and their households and go to him. Pharaoh would give them the good of the land of Egypt, and they would eat the fat of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	45	18	dd6i			0	I will give you the good of the land of Egypt	“I will give you the best land in Egypt”
GEN	45	18	hwn3	figs-metaphor		0	you will eat the fat of the land	The best food that a land produces is spoken of as if it were the fat portion of the land. Alternate translation: “you will eat the best food in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	45	19	sm78			0	General Information:	Pharaoh continues to tell Joseph what to tell his brothers.
GEN	45	19	qce4			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN	45	19	ua9u			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	45	19	t1m6	figs-activepassive		0	you are commanded	This can be stated in active form. You may also need to add the words “to tell them,” which the writer left out of this ellipsis. Alternate translation: “I also command you to tell them” or “also tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	45	19	n72f			0	take carts out	“Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts.
GEN	45	20	sdl7			0	Connecting Statement:	The two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here.
GEN	45	20	v1pm	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Do not be concerned about your possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt is yours.’	The two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Now you are commanded to tell them to take carts out of the land of Egypt for their children and for their wives, to get their father, and to come. They are not to be concerned about their possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt will be theirs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	45	21	xs2g			0	gave them provisions for the journey	“gave them what they needed for traveling”
GEN	45	22	g75s	figs-explicit		0	he gave each man changes of clothing	Each man received a set of clothes except for Benjamin who received 5 sets of clothes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	22	p9qe	translate-numbers		0	three hundred pieces	“300 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	45	23	rt4v	figs-explicit		0	ten donkeys…and ten female donkeys	The donkeys were included as part of the gift. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	45	24	idu3			0	do not quarrel	Possible meanings include (1) “do not argue” and (2) “do not become afraid”
GEN	45	25	wlf6			0	went up out of Egypt	It was common to use the word “up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	45	26	z3lq	figs-metonymy		0	he is ruler over all the land of Egypt	Here “land of Egypt” stands for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “he rules all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	45	26	ry8a	figs-synecdoche		0	His heart was astonished	Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “and he was astonished” or “he was very surprised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	45	26	vye7			0	he could not believe what they told him	“he did not accept that what they said was true”
GEN	45	27	mhh3			0	They told him	“They told Jacob”
GEN	45	27	sa3u			0	all the words of Joseph that he had said to them	“everything that Joseph had said to them”
GEN	45	27	w59p	figs-synecdoche		0	the spirit of Jacob their father revived	The word “spirit” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Jacob their father recovered” or “Jacob their father became very excited” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	46	intro	x4fu			0		# Genesis 46 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Going to Egypt<br>Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>### Shepherds<br><br>Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt’s economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph’s instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians.
GEN	46	1	wwd6			0	went to Beersheba	“came to Beersheba”
GEN	46	2	kz9s			0	Here I am	“Yes, I am listening”
GEN	46	3	cmw1			0	to go down to Egypt	It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN	46	3	p7pd	figs-you		0	I will make you a great nation	The “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob refers to his descendants that will become a large nation. Alternate translation: “I will give you many descendants, and they will become a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	46	4	swu1			0	into Egypt	“to Egypt”
GEN	46	4	iy6p	figs-you		0	I will surely bring you up again	The promise was made to Jacob, but the promise would be fulfilled to all of Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will surely bring your descendants out of Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	46	4	fyu6			0	bring you up again	It was common to use the word “up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	46	4	ai3x	figs-idiom		0	Joseph will close your eyes with his own hand	The phrase “close you eyes with his own hand” is a way of saying that Joseph will be present when Israel dies and it will be Joseph who will close Jacob’s eyelids at the time of his death. Alternate translation: “Joseph will even be present with you at the time of your death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	46	4	tf56	figs-explicit		0	will close your eyes	It was a custom to pull down the eyelids when a person died with their eyes open. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	46	5	x9d6			0	rose up from	“set out from”
GEN	46	5	ajk2			0	in the carts	“Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts. See how you translated “carts” in [Genesis 45:19](../45/19.md).
GEN	46	6	vyr2			0	they had accumulated	“they had acquired” or “they had gained”
GEN	46	7	ej4h			0	He brought with him	“Jacob brought with him”
GEN	46	7	ebv8			0	his sons’ sons	“his grandsons”
GEN	46	7	t8ch			0	his sons’ daughters	“his granddaughters”
GEN	46	8	fk8r			0	These were the names	This refers to the names of the people that the author is about to list.
GEN	46	8	q7m9			0	of the children of Israel	“of Israel’s family members”
GEN	46	9	t2t8	translate-names		0	Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	10	k7n8	translate-names		0	Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	11	w95q	translate-names		0	Gershon, Kohath, and Merari	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	12	da1j			0	Er, Onan, Shelah	These were the sons of Judah by his wife, Shua. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:3-5](../38/03.md).
GEN	46	12	ez5z			0	Perez, and Zerah	These were the sons of Judah by his daughter-in-law, Tamar. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:29-30](../38/29.md).
GEN	46	12	lq9w	translate-names		0	Hezron…Hamul	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	13	fpn8	translate-names		0	Tola, Puah, Lob…Shimron	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	14	irx9	translate-names		0	Sered, Elon…Jahleel	These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	15	qn3g	translate-names		0	Dinah	This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	15	qz75	translate-numbers		0	His sons and his daughters numbered thirty-three	Here “sons” and “daughters” refer to Jacob’s sons, daughters, and grandchildren related to Leah. Alternate translation: “Altogether he had 33 sons, daughters, and grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	16	w97z	translate-names		0	Zephon, Haggi, Shuni, Ezbon, Eri, Arodi…Areli	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	17	zz1x	translate-names		0	Imnah, Ishvah, Ishvi…Beriah…Heber…Malkiel	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	17	awy7	translate-names		0	Serah	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	18	bi7q	translate-names		0	Zilpah	This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	18	d1ie	translate-numbers		0	These sons she bore to Jacob—sixteen in all	This refers to 16 children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren that were related to Zilpah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	20	gd14	translate-names		0	Asenath	a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	20	au9x	translate-names		0	Potiphera	a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	20	g9su	translate-names		0	priest of On	On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	21	w67p	translate-names		0	Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim, and Ard	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	22	t8z2	translate-numbers		0	fourteen in all	This refers to the 14 sons and grandsons related to Rachel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	23	gq68	translate-names		0	Hushim	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	24	pij4	translate-names		0	Jahziel, Guni, Jezer…Shillem	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	25	d3s4	translate-names		0	Bilhah	This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	46	25	x6pw	translate-numbers		0	seven in all	This refers to the 7 children and grandchildren related to Bilhah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	26	k6c4	translate-numbers		0	sixty-six	“66” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	27	pe1k	translate-numbers		0	seventy	“70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	46	28	af76			0	to show the way before him to Goshen	“to show them the way to Goshen”
GEN	46	29	nna1	figs-metonymy		0	Joseph prepared his chariot and went up	Here “Joseph” stands for his servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s servants prepared his chariot and Joseph went up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	46	29	r3s4			0	went up to meet Israel	The phrase “went up” is used because Joseph is traveling to a higher elevation to meet his father. Alternate translation: “went to meet Israel”
GEN	46	29	ju8s			0	hugged his neck, and wept on his neck a long time	“put his arms around his father, and wept for a long time”
GEN	46	30	wty1			0	Now let me die	“Now I am ready to die” or “Now I will die happy”
GEN	46	30	b5zk	figs-synecdoche		0	since I have seen your face, that you are still alive	Here “face” stands for the entire person. Jacob was expressing joy at seeing Joseph. Alternate translation: “since I have seen you alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	46	31	k2gt			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN	46	31	nvk6	figs-metonymy		0	his father’s house	Here “house” stands for his family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his father’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	46	31	n1ch			0	I will go up and tell Pharaoh	It was common to use the phrase “go up” when referring to someone going to speak with someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “I will go tell Pharaoh”
GEN	46	32	j12e			0	Connecting Statement:	The two-level quotation that began in verse 31 ends here.
GEN	46	32	vgd7	figs-quotesinquotes		0	The men are shepherds…all that they have	The two-level quotation that began with the words “I will go up” in verse 31 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I will go up and tell Pharaoh and say that my brothers and my father’s house, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me. I will tell him that the men are shepherds, for they have been keepers of livestock, and that they have brought their flocks, their herds, and all that they have.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	46	33	j1xj			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN	46	33	ef4p			0	It will come about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event that is about to happen in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN	46	34	nwi4			0	Connecting Statement:	The two-level quotation that began in verse 33 ends here.
GEN	46	34	c7ig	figs-quotesinquotes		0	you should say, ‘Your servants have been keepers of livestock from our youth until now, both we, and our forefathers.’	The two-level quotation that began with the words “when Pharaoh…asks” in verse 33 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “when Pharaoh…asks what your occupation is, that you should say that you have been keepers of livestock from your youth until now, both you and your forefathers. Do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	46	34	q7bk	figs-123person		0	Your servants	Joseph’s family are to refer to themselves as “your servants” when they speak to Pharaoh. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	46	34	ic29	figs-abstractnouns		0	every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians	The abstract noun “abomination” can be translated with the adjective “disgusting.” Alternate translation: “Egyptians think shepherds are disgusting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	47	intro	ep9j			0		# Genesis 47 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abrahamic covenant<br>Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham’s descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Jacob was not buried in Egypt<br>In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites’ home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
GEN	47	1	lup6	figs-events		0	Joseph went in and told Pharaoh	It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	47	2	p3cm	figs-events		0	He took five of his brothers and introduced them	It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	47	3	k8ea			0	Your servants are shepherds	“Your servants shepherd flocks”
GEN	47	3	ybw3	figs-123person		0	Your servants	Joseph’s brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” or “We” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	47	3	acn2			0	as our ancestors	“both we and our forefathers” or “both we and our ancestors”
GEN	47	4	a2nh			0	We come as temporary residents in the land	“We have come to stay for a while in Egypt”
GEN	47	4	ehv5			0	There is no pasture	“There is no grass to eat”
GEN	47	4	s7ih			0	now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	47	6	c9gx			0	The land of Egypt is before you	“The land of Egypt is open to you” or “All of the land of Egypt is available to you”
GEN	47	6	ur7y			0	Settle your father and your brothers in the best region, the land of Goshen	“Settle your father and your brothers in the land of Goshen, which is the best region”
GEN	47	6	u42c	figs-explicit		0	If you know any capable men among them	It is implied that they are capable of taking care of animals. Alternate translation: “If you know of any men among them who have great skill taking care of animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	47	7	s3k5			0	Jacob blessed Pharaoh	Here “blessed” means to express a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to that person.
GEN	47	8	wx65			0	How long have you lived?	“How old are you?”
GEN	47	9	vqc7	translate-numbers		0	The years of my travels are a hundred and thirty	The phrase “years of my travels” refers to how long he has lived on the earth traveling from one place to another. Alternate translation: “I have traveled on the earth for 130 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	47	9	tu4s			0	The years of my life have been few…not been as long as those of my ancestors	Jacob means his life is short compared to the lives of Abraham and Isaac.
GEN	47	9	ak8x			0	painful	Jacob has experienced much pain and trouble during his life.
GEN	47	11	mzq5			0	Then Joseph settled his father and his brothers	“Then Joseph took care of his father and his brothers and helped them establish where they would live”
GEN	47	11	qaf9	translate-names		0	the land of Rameses	This is another name for the land of Goshen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	47	12	jgf9			0	according to the number of their dependents	Here, the word “dependents” means the small children in the family. Alternate translation: “according to how many small children were in their families”
GEN	47	13	yc6d			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN	47	13	kw4v	figs-metonymy		0	The land of Egypt and the land of Canaan	This refers to the people living in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt and the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	47	13	gtx9			0	wasted away	“became thin and weak”
GEN	47	14	a79v			0	Joseph gathered all the money that was in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, by selling grain to the inhabitants	“The people of Egypt and Canaan spent all of their money buying grain from Joseph”
GEN	47	14	u1kv	figs-metonymy		0	Joseph gathered…Joseph brought	Most likely Joseph ordered his servants to gather and bring the money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	47	15	z2fn	figs-metonymy		0	When all the money of the lands of Egypt and Canaan was spent	Here “lands” stands for the people who live in the lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the people of Egypt and Canaan used up all their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	47	15	qiu6			0	of the lands of Egypt and Canaan	“from the land of Egypt and from the land of Canaan”
GEN	47	15	p8d8	figs-rquestion		0	Why should we die in your presence because our money is gone?	The people used a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please, do not let us die because we have used up all of our money!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	47	17	f7im	figs-synecdoche		0	He fed them with bread	Here “bread” stands for food in general. Alternate translation: “He gave them food” or “He provided them with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	47	18	l3sq			0	they came to him	“the people came to Joseph”
GEN	47	18	q8xj	figs-123person		0	We will not hide from my master	The people refer to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “We will not hide from you, our master” or “We will not hide from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	47	18	vl3p	figs-metonymy		0	There is nothing left in the sight of my master	Here “sight” stands for Joseph himself. Alternate translation: “We have nothing left to give you, our master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	47	19	alz2	figs-metonymy		0	Why should we die before your eyes, both we and our land?	The word “eyes” refers to Joseph’s sight. The people use a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not just watch as we die and our land is ruined!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	47	19	xwc1	figs-metaphor		0	Why should we die…both we and our land	The land becomes useless and ruined because there is no seed to plant; thus it is spoken of as if the land would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	47	20	m6pl			0	In this way, the land became Pharaoh’s	“So the land became Pharaoh’s”
GEN	47	22	my2p			0	It was only the land of the priests that Joseph did not buy	“But he did not buy the land of the priests”
GEN	47	22	n3w1	figs-activepassive		0	the priests were given an allowance	An “allowance” is an amount of money or food that someone regularly gives to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh gave the priests a certain amount of food each day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	47	22	c3vq			0	They ate from the allotment which Pharaoh gave them	“They ate from what Pharaoh gave them”
GEN	47	23	g4ki			0	and you will plant	“that you might sow”
GEN	47	24	m3xp	translate-fraction		0	At the harvest, you must give a fifth to Pharaoh, and four parts will be your own	The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “At harvest time you will divide the crops into five parts. You will give one part back to Pharaoh for payment and the four parts are for your own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
GEN	47	24	qd1p	figs-ellipsis		0	for food for your households and your children	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “for food for your households and for food for your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	47	25	m8l5	figs-idiom		0	May we find favor in your eyes	The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “May you be pleased with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	47	26	rb65			0	in the land of Egypt	“over the land of Egypt” or “throughout the land of Egypt”
GEN	47	26	k76z			0	to this day	This means to the time that the author was writing this.
GEN	47	26	e9nv			0	one-fifth	See how you translated “a fifth” in [Genesis 47:24](../47/24.md).
GEN	47	27	w2lx	figs-doublet		0	They were fruitful and multiplied greatly	The word “multiplied” explains how they were “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “They had very many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN	47	27	jw6i	figs-idiom		0	were fruitful	Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	47	28	d2ji	translate-numbers		0	seventeen years	“17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	47	28	cq8w	translate-numbers		0	so the years of Jacob’s life were one hundred forty-seven years	“so Jacob lived to be 147 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	47	29	h7ri	figs-metaphor		0	When the time approached for Israel to die	This speaks about time as if it travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “When it was almost time for Israel to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	47	29	p6yl	figs-metonymy		0	If now I have found favor in your eyes	Here “eyes” is a metonym for sight, and “sight” stands for thoughts or opinions. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If I have pleased you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	47	29	zwh5			0	now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	47	29	utx5	figs-idiom		0	found favor	This means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	47	29	sfx8	translate-symaction		0	put your hand under my thigh	This act is a sign of making a serious promise. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	47	29	a37l	figs-abstractnouns		0	show me faithfulness and trustworthiness	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “treat me in a faithful and trustworthy manner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN	47	29	u82i			0	Please do not bury me in Egypt	The word “please” adds emphasis to this request.
GEN	47	30	mbz5	figs-euphemism		0	When I sleep with my fathers	Here “sleep” is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: “When I die and join my family members who died before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	47	31	pw9e			0	Swear to me	“Promise me” or “Make an oath to me”
GEN	47	31	p35p			0	swore to him	“promised him” or “made an oath to him”
GEN	48	intro	sm2c			0		# Genesis 48 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 58:20.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessing<br>The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel’s descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN	48	1	fzl8	writing-newevent		0	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN	48	1	th1g			0	one said to Joseph	“someone said to Joseph”
GEN	48	1	ncd4			0	Look, your father	“Listen, your father.” Here the word “look” is used to get Joseph’s attention.
GEN	48	1	haa1			0	So he took	“So Joseph took”
GEN	48	2	jt59	figs-activepassive		0	When Jacob was told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone told Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	48	2	q2vl			0	your son Joseph has arrived to see you	“your son Joseph has come to you”
GEN	48	2	pyg7	figs-metaphor		0	Israel gathered strength and sat up in bed	Here the author speaks of Israel struggling to sit up in bed as if he were gathering “strength” as someone gathers actual things. Alternate translation: “Israel made a great effort to sit up in bed” or “Israel struggled as he sat up in bed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	48	3	fs4l	translate-names		0	Luz	This is the name of a city. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	48	3	p7zc			0	in the land of Canaan. He blessed me	This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “in the land of Canaan, and he blessed me”
GEN	48	3	ctg7			0	blessed	This refers to God pronouncing a formal blessing on someone.
GEN	48	4	llq8			0	and said to me	This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “And he said to me”
GEN	48	4	a6k7	figs-quotesinquotes		0	said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful, and multiply you. I will make of you an assembly of nations. I will give this land to your descendants as an everlasting possession.’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “said to me that he would make me fruitful and multiply me. And, he said that he would make me an assembly of nations and he would give this land to my descendants as an everlasting possession.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	48	4	j6vg			0	Behold	God used the word “behold” here to alert Jacob to pay attention to what he was about to tell him.
GEN	48	4	j6ua	figs-doublet		0	I will make you fruitful, and multiply you	The phrase “multiply you” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “I will give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	48	4	u2iy	figs-metonymy		0	I will make of you an assembly of nations	Here “you” refers to Jacob, but it stands for Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will make your descendants into many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	48	4	nwj2			0	an everlasting possession	“a permanent possession”
GEN	48	5	xs2x			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	48	5	y3v7			0	Ephraim and Manasseh will be mine	Ephraim and Manasseh each will receive a portion of land just like Joseph’s brothers.
GEN	48	6	a5iu			0	they will be listed under the names of their brothers in their inheritance	Possible meanings are (1) the rest of Joseph’s children would inherit land as part of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh or (2) Joseph will be given separate land from Ephraim and Manasseh and Joseph’s other children will inherit that land. Alternate translation: “as for their inheritance, you will list them under the names of their brothers”
GEN	48	7	kg2u			0	Ephrath	This is another name for the town of Bethlehem. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 35:16](../35/16.md).
GEN	48	8	drw1			0	Whose are these?	“Whose sons are these?”
GEN	48	9	dr78			0	bless	A father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children or grandchildren.
GEN	48	10	k75z	writing-background		0	Now Israel’s eyes…could not see	The word “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN	48	10	t7x3			0	he kissed them	“Israel kissed them”
GEN	48	11	jtm9	figs-synecdoche		0	to see your face again	Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	48	12	ne7g	translate-symaction		0	between Israel’s knees	When Joseph placed his sons on Israel’s lap or knees it was a sign that Israel was adopting them. This gave the children special inheritance rights from Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	48	12	sca4	translate-symaction		0	then he bowed with his face to the earth	Joseph bowed down to show honor to his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	48	13	fgl8	translate-symaction		0	Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel’s right hand	Joseph places the boys so that Israel will put his right hand on Manasseh. Manasseh was the oldest brother and the right hand was the sign he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	48	14	fm1u	translate-symaction		0	his right hand and laid it upon Ephraim’s head	Placing the right hand on Ephraim’s head was the sign that he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	48	15	g5ng	figs-synecdoche		0	Israel blessed Joseph	Here “Joseph” also stands for Ephraim and Manasseh. Since Joseph is the father, he is the only one mentioned here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	48	15	nw5z	figs-metaphor		0	The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked	Serving God is spoken of as if it were walking before God. Alternate translation: “The God who my grandfather Abraham and father Isaac served” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	48	15	r9ve	figs-explicit		0	who has cared for me	God has taken care of Israel like a shepherd takes care of his sheep. Alternate translation: “who has cared for me like a shepherd cares for his animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	48	16	hs6i			0	the angel	Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the angel that God sent to protect Jacob or (2) this refers to God who appeared in angel form to protect Jacob.
GEN	48	16	i8qg			0	protected me	“delivered me”
GEN	48	16	dd6n	figs-metonymy		0	May my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac	Here “name” stands for the person. The phrase “my name be named in them” is an idiom that means a person is remembered because of another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people remember Abraham, Isaac, and me because of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	48	16	tm7y	figs-metonymy		0	May they grow into a multitude on the earth	Here “they” refers to Ephraim and Manasseh, but it stands for their descendants. Alternate translation: “May they have many descendants who will live all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	48	18	bj69	translate-symaction		0	Put your right hand upon his head	The right hand was the sign of the greater blessing which the oldest son was supposed to receive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	48	19	utt2	figs-metonymy		0	He also will become a people, and he also will be great	Here “He” refers to Manasseh, but it stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Your older son will have many descendants, and they will become a great people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	48	20	bb6k			0	that day with these words	“that day, saying”
GEN	48	20	ip5g			0	The people of Israel will pronounce blessings by your names saying	“The people of Israel will speak your names when they are blessing others”
GEN	48	20	vs1f	figs-quotesinquotes		0	by your names saying, ‘May God make you like Ephraim and like Manasseh’	This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “by your names. They will ask God to make others like Ephraim and like Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	48	20	aaz4			0	like Ephraim and like Manasseh	Israel saying Ephraim’s name first is another way he indicates that Ephraim will be greater than Manasseh.
GEN	48	20	py5z	figs-metaphor		0	Israel put Ephraim before Manasseh	Giving Ephraim the greater blessing and making him more important than Manasseh is spoken of as if Israel physically put Ephraim in front of Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	48	21	vk8j	figs-you		0	will be with you…bring you back…your fathers	Here “you” and “your” are plural and refer to all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	48	21	p9kl	figs-idiom		0	will be with you	This is an idiom that means God will help and bless the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	48	21	ild4	figs-go		0	will bring you back	Here “bring” can be translated as “take.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN	48	21	w4x7			0	land of your fathers	“land of your ancestors”
GEN	48	22	m9zy	figs-metaphor		0	To you, as one who is above your brothers, I give to you the mountain slope	Possible meanings are (1) Joseph having more honor and authority than his brothers is spoken of as if he were physically above them. Alternate translation: “To you, who is greater than your brothers, I give the mountain slope” or (2) Jacob means he is giving more land to Joseph than he is giving to Joseph’s brothers. Alternate translation: “To you, I give one more ridge than I give your brothers. I give to you the mountain slope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	48	22	e2r2	figs-you		0	To you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN	48	22	q143	figs-metonymy		0	the mountain slope that I took from the Amorites with my sword and my bow	Here “sword” and “bow” stands for fighting in battle. Alternate translation: “the portion of land I fought for and took from the Amorites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	intro	lp3i			0		# Genesis 49 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 49:1-27.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob’s sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “The scepter will not depart from Judah”<br>This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### “I buried Leah”<br>Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator.
GEN	49	1	zs4v	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This begins Jacob’s final blessings to his sons. This continues through [Genesis 49:27](../49/27.md). Jacob’s blessings are written in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
GEN	49	2	n3y4	figs-parallelism		0	Assemble yourselves and listen, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father	Both sentences say the same thing for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Come and listen carefully to your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	2	j4es	figs-123person		0	you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father	Jacob is referring to himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “my sons. Listen to me, your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	49	3	n7ub	figs-parallelism		0	my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength	The phrases “my firstborn, my might” and “the beginning of my strength” mean the same thing. The words “might” and “strength” stand for Jacob’s ability to produce children. The words “firstborn” and “beginning” mean that Reuben is his first child. Alternate translation: “my first child after I became a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	3	s34g			0	outstanding in dignity, and outstanding in power	This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You are first in honor and power” or “You surpass everyone else in honor and power”
GEN	49	4	ch7w	figs-simile		0	Uncontrollable as rushing water	Jacob compares Reuben to water in a strong current to emphasize that he cannot control his anger and he is not stable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	49	4	n314			0	you will not have the preeminence	“you shall not be first among your brothers”
GEN	49	4	cbc3	figs-metonymy		0	because you went up to your father’s bed. Then you defiled it; you went up to my couch	Here “bed” and “couch” stand for Jacob’s concubine, Bilhah. Jacob is referring to when Reuben slept with Bilhah ([Genesis 35:22](../35/22.md)). Alternate translation: “because you went to my bed and slept with Bilhah my concubine. You have shamed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	4	r7nh	figs-parallelism		0	you went up to your father’s bed…you went up to my couch	Both statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	5	lxj9			0	Simeon and Levi are brothers	This does not just mean they are brothers by birth. Jacob is emphasizing that they worked together to kill the people of Shechem.
GEN	49	5	xhz7			0	Weapons of violence are their swords	“They use their swords to hurt and to kill people”
GEN	49	6	p25e	figs-synecdoche		0	O my soul…my heart	Jacob uses the words “soul” and “heart” to refer to himself and is saying that other people, and perhaps God also, honor him so much that he does not wish to join with those who make plans to do evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	49	6	dh2g	figs-parallelism		0	do not come into their council; do not join in their meetings	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Jacob combines them to emphasize that he does not want to participate in their wicked plans. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not join with them to make any plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	6	mfx3			0	they hamstrung oxen	This refers to Simeon and Levi crippling oxen just for fun.
GEN	49	6	m9vp			0	hamstrung	This refers to cutting the sinews of an animal’s leg so that it cannot walk.
GEN	49	7	t851	figs-metaphor		0	May their anger be cursed, for it was fierce—and their fury, for it was cruel	God cursing Simeon and Levi is spoken of as if God were cursing their anger and fury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Lord says, ‘I will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” or “I, the Lord, will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	49	7	e2ns			0	May their anger be cursed	In prophecy, the prophet will often speak the words of God as if God himself were speaking. This emphasizes how closely united the prophet and God are.
GEN	49	7	vx1u	figs-ellipsis		0	their fury, for it was cruel	The words “I will curse” are understood. Alternate translation: “I will curse their fury, for it was cruel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN	49	7	bl42	figs-metonymy		0	I will divide them in Jacob and scatter them in Israel	The word “I” refers to God. The word “them” refers to Simeon and Levi but they are a metonym standing for their descendants. The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are a metonym standing for all people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will divide their descendants and scatter them among all the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	8	lk4j	figs-parallelism		0	your brothers will praise you…Your father’s sons will bow down before you	These two statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	8	n457	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	will praise you. Your hand	The second sentence states the reason for the first sentence. This can be made clear with “for” or “because.” Alternate translation: “will praise you. For your hand” or “will praise you because your hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GEN	49	8	al75	figs-idiom		0	Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies	This is a way of saying “You will conquer your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	49	8	yjj7	translate-symaction		0	bow down	This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	49	9	f58g	figs-metaphor		0	Judah is a lion’s cub	Jacob speaks about Judah as if he were a lion’s cub. Jacob is emphasizing Judah’s strength. Alternate translation: “Judah is like a young lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	9	hzl6			0	My son, you have gone up from your victims	“You, my son, have come back from eating your prey”
GEN	49	9	tf4l	figs-simile		0	like a lioness	Jacob also compares Judah to a female lion. The lioness is the primary hunter and protector of her cubs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN	49	9	xsu7	figs-rquestion		0	Who would dare to awaken him?	Jacob uses a question to emphasize how terrifying Judah is to other people. Alternate translation: “No one wants to wake him up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	49	10	eev8	figs-metonymy		0	The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet	The “scepter” and the “staff” are long decorated sticks that kings carried. Here they are metonymies that stand for the power to rule. And, “Judah” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The power to rule will always be with the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN	49	10	p8q1			0	until Shiloh comes. The nations will obey him	Possible meanings are (1) “Shiloh” means “tribute.” Alternate translation: “until the nations obey him and bring him tribute” or (2) “Shiloh” refers to the city of Shiloh. Alternate translation: “until the ruler comes to Shiloh. Then the nations will obey him” Many people consider this a prophecy about the Messiah, who is a descendant of King David. David is a descendant of Judah.
GEN	49	10	i8y2	figs-metonymy		0	The nations will obey him	Here “nations” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations will obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	11	bgs1	figs-parallelism		0	Binding his donkey…to the choice vine	Both statements mean the same thing. It is implied that the vines are so full of grapes that the master does not mind that his donkey eats some of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	11	h3ji			0	his…he	Possible meanings for all occurrences of “his” or “he” are (1) they refer to Judah’s descendants. Alternate translation: “their…they” or (2) they refer to the ruler in [Genesis 49:10](../49/10.md), which may refer to the Messiah.
GEN	49	11	m97e	figs-parallelism		0	he has washed…in the blood of grapes	Both statements mean the same thing. It implies that there are so many grapes that they can wash their clothes in the juice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	11	g59h	figs-pastforfuture		0	he has washed	Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that has already happened in the past. This emphasizes that this event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “they will wash” or “he will wash” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
GEN	49	11	c5rw	figs-metaphor		0	the blood of grapes	This speaks about the grape juice as if it were blood. This emphasizes how red the juice is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	12	y4wg	figs-simile		0	His eyes will be as dark as wine	This refers to the color of a person’s eyes to the red color of wine. Possible meanings are (1) dark eyes imply healthy eyes or (2) people eyes will be red from drinking too much of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	12	va4p	figs-simile		0	his teeth as white as milk	This compare the color of the person’s teeth to the white color of milk. This implies that there will be so many healthy cows they will have much milk to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	13	d53q	figs-metonymy		0	Zebulun will live	This refers to the descendants of Zebulun. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Zebulun will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	13	jb4b	figs-metonymy		0	He will be a harbor	Here “He” stands for sea towns that the people of Zebulun will inhabit or build. These cities will provide shelter for ships. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	13	rl71			0	harbor	a part of the sea that is next to land and is a safe place for ships
GEN	49	14	v1n4	figs-metaphor		0	Issachar is a strong donkey	Jacob speaks about Issachar and his descendants as if they are a donkey. This emphasizes that they will work very hard. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Issachar will be like a strong donkey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	14	yd1r			0	Issachar is	Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that is already happening. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. It can be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: “Issachar will be” or “The descendants of Issachar will be”
GEN	49	14	n39a	figs-metaphor		0	lying down between the sheepfolds	Possible meanings are (1) “lying down between the packs they were carrying” or (2) “lying down between two sheep pens.” Either way, Jacob speaks about Issachar’s descendants as if they are donkeys that have worked hard and are lying down to rest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	15	u9r3	figs-metonymy		0	He sees…He will	These words refer to the descendants of Issachar (verse 14). Alternate translation: “They see…They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	15	fp1p			0	a good resting place and the pleasant land	“a resting place that is good and that the land is pleasant”
GEN	49	15	r8tu	figs-idiom		0	He will bend his shoulder to the burden	The phrase “bend his shoulder to the burden” is a way of saying “work very hard to carry the load” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	49	15	vc3z			0	become a servant for the task	“will work for others as slaves”
GEN	49	16	p8vr	figs-metonymy		0	Dan will judge his people	Here “Dan” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will judge their people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	16	qup4			0	his people	Possible meanings for “his people” are (1) “the people of Dan” or (2) “the people of Israel”
GEN	49	17	wp5h	figs-metaphor		0	Dan will be a snake beside the road	Jacob speaks about Dan and his descendants as if they were snakes. Though a snake is small, it can bring down a rider off his horse. So Dan, though a small tribe, is very dangerous to its enemies. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will be like a snake beside the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	18	b7p5			0	I wait for your salvation, Yahweh	The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated as “save.” Alternate translation: “I wait for you, Yahweh, to save me”
GEN	49	18	z88u			0	I wait	The word “I” refers to Jacob.
GEN	49	19	c2sc	figs-metonymy		0	Gad…attack him, but he	Here “Gad” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Gad…attack them, but they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	19	m5nv	figs-synecdoche		0	at their heels	Here “heels” stands for the raiders who are running away from the descendants of Gad. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	49	20	v9mh	figs-metonymy		0	Asher’s food…and he	Here “Asher” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Asher’s descendants’ food…and they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	20	fx3w	figs-idiom		0	food will be rich	Here “rich” is a way of saying “delicious.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	49	21	y5rq	figs-metonymy		0	Naphtali is…he will	Here “Naphtali” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali are…they will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	21	tc9d	figs-metaphor		0	Naphtali is a doe let loose	Jacob speaks about the descendants of Naphtali as if they were a female deer that is free to run. This may emphasize that they will be swift messengers. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali will be like deer set free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	21	g69w	figs-metaphor		0	have beautiful fawns	A “fawn” is a baby deer. The meaning of the Hebrew word is unclear. Some versions translate it as “have beautiful words” or “speak beautiful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	22	np8b	figs-metonymy		0	Joseph is a fruitful bough	Here “Joseph” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about them as if they were a tree branch that produces a lot of fruit. This emphasizes that they will greatly increase in number. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Joseph are a fruitful bough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	22	ka7p			0	bough	a main branch of a tree
GEN	49	22	pvd6	figs-metaphor		0	whose branches climb over the wall	Branches that grow and extend over a wall are spoken of as if they were climbing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	24	r5uu			0	General Information:	Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants.
GEN	49	24	u5f5	figs-metonymy		0	his bow will remain steady	The person holding the bow steady is spoken of as if the bow itself will remain steady. It is implied he is holding it steady as he aims at his enemy. Alternate translation: “he will hold his bow steady as he aims at his enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	24	a3qh	figs-metonymy		0	his bow…his hands	Here “his” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “their bow…their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	24	u5ku	figs-synecdoche		0	his hands will be skillful	Here the whole person is represented by the “hands” since they are used to hold the bow. Alternate translation: “his arms will remain strong as he aims his bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	49	24	qq1e	figs-metonymy		0	the hands of the Mighty One	The “hands” are expressing the power of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the power of the Mighty One” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	24	biy5	figs-metonymy		0	because of the name of the Shepherd	Here “name” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “because of the Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	24	u61z	figs-metaphor		0	the Shepherd	Jacob speak of Yahweh as if he were a “Shepherd.” This emphasizes that Yahweh guides and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	24	rg4s	figs-metaphor		0	the Rock	Jacob speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “Rock” that people can climb upon to find safety from enemies. This emphasizes that Yahweh protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	25	x55h			0	General Information:	Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants ([Genesis 49:22-23](./22.md)).
GEN	49	25	hrc4	figs-metonymy		0	help you…bless you	Here “you” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “help your descendants…bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	25	ds53	figs-metonymy		0	blessings of the sky	Here “sky” stands for the rain that helps the crops to grow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	25	e3jd	figs-metonymy		0	blessings of the deep that lies beneath	Here “deep” stands for the water underneath the ground that supplies rivers and wells. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	25	dg7w	figs-metonymy		0	blessings of the breasts and womb	Here “breasts and womb” stand for the ability for a mother to have children and feed them milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	49	26	gm81			0	General Information:	Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants.
GEN	49	26	zta3			0	the ancient mountains	The meaning of the original language is not certain. Some Bible translations have “my ancestors” instead of “ancient mountains.”
GEN	49	26	n5wp			0	May they be on the head of Joseph	Here “they” refers to the blessings of his father.
GEN	49	26	q7ri	figs-metaphor		0	upon the crown of the head of the prince of his brothers	Jacob desires for these blessings to be passed on to even the most important of his descendants. Alternate translation: “on the head of the most important of Joseph’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	26	k1ak			0	prince of his brothers	“most important of his brothers”
GEN	49	27	bv1t	figs-metonymy		0	Benjamin is a hungry wolf	Here “Benjamin” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about Benjamin’s descendants as if they were a hungry wolf. This emphasizes that they will be fierce warriors. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Benjamin will be like hungry wolves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	49	28	r8a3			0	These are the twelve tribes of Israel	“These” refers to the sons Jacob mentioned in 49:1-27. Each son became the leader of his own tribe.
GEN	49	28	lr9f			0	when he blessed them	Here the word “blessed” refers to the speaking of formal blessings.
GEN	49	28	jm87			0	Each one he blessed with an appropriate blessing	“He gave each son a fitting blessing”
GEN	49	29	fvw5			0	he instructed them	“he commanded them”
GEN	49	29	ta6p	figs-euphemism		0	I am about to go to my people	This is a polite way of saying he is about to die. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	49	29	a84e	figs-euphemism		0	go to my people	Jacob is referring to where his inner man will go when he dies. He expects to join Abraham and Isaac in the afterlife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	49	29	gjm3	translate-names		0	Ephron the Hittite	This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	49	30	d85j	translate-names		0	Machpelah	Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	49	30	n89d	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	49	31	kz7r			0	General Information:	Jacob continues speaking to his sons.
GEN	49	32	fac4	figs-explicit		0	in it were purchased	The purchase can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in it were purchased by Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	49	32	e1hm			0	from the people of Heth	“from the Hittites”
GEN	49	33	jq2w			0	finished these instructions to his sons	“finished instructing his sons” or “finished commanding his sons”
GEN	49	33	xwq5			0	he pulled his feet into the bed	Jacob was sitting on the bed. Now, Jacob turns and puts his feet in the bed so he can lie down.
GEN	49	33	m28w	figs-euphemism		0	breathed his last	This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	49	33	p5pu	figs-euphemism		0	went to his people	After Jacob died, his inner man went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	50	intro	di45			0		# Genesis 50 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Embalming<br>Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay.<br><br>### Joseph’s character<br>Joseph’s character was so upright that Pharaoh’s officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
GEN	50	1	b6bk	figs-idiom		0	that he collapsed on the face of his father	The term “he collapsed” is an idiom for being overcome. Alternate translation: “that he fell on his father in grief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	50	2	a9rq			0	his servants the physicians	“his servants who took care of dead bodies”
GEN	50	2	f9rl	figs-euphemism		0	to embalm his father	To “embalm” is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. Alternate translation: “to prepare his father’s body for burial” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN	50	3	k3hl	translate-numbers		0	They took forty days	“They took 40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	50	3	f2gd	translate-numbers		0	seventy days	“70 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	50	4	g586			0	Connecting Statement:	A three-level quotation is introduced with the words “Joseph spoke…saying.” The second level begins with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying.”
GEN	50	4	my64			0	days of weeping	“days of mourning him” or “days of weeping for him”
GEN	50	4	u1ns	figs-metonymy		0	Joseph spoke to the house of Pharaoh	Here “house of Pharaoh” stands for the officials that make up Pharaoh’s royal court. Alternate translation: “Joseph spoke to Pharaoh’s officials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	50	4	a4vt	figs-idiom		0	If now I have found favor in your eyes	The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	50	5	id8m			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quotation that began with the words “Joseph spoke…saying” in verse 4 continues. The second level of that quotation, which began with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying” in verse 4 continues.
GEN	50	5	lj73	figs-quotesinquotes		0	My father made me swear, saying, “See, I am about to die. Bury me in my tomb that I dug for myself in the land of Canaan. There you will bury me.” Now let me go up…I will return.	This is the second level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4. It contains a quote within it. This embedded quote can be translated as an indirect quote. “My father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up…I will return.” The entire second-level quotation can also be translated as an indirect quote. “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh and tell him that my father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up…I will return.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	50	5	ebi8			0	See, I am about to die…you will bury me	This is the third level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4.
GEN	50	5	c9ec			0	See, I am about to die	“See, I am dying”
GEN	50	5	fsn1			0	let me go up	It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	50	6	lw5a	figs-explicit		0	Pharaoh answered	It is implied that the members of the court spoke to Pharaoh, and now Pharaoh is replying to Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN	50	6	r63u			0	as he made you swear	“as you swore to him”
GEN	50	7	l6vl			0	Joseph went up	It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN	50	7	b8t6			0	All the officials…the elders…the senior officials	All of Pharaoh’s most important leaders attended the burial procession.
GEN	50	7	dt27			0	the elders of his household	Here “household” refers to Pharaoh’s royal court.
GEN	50	8	c423	figs-events		0	with all Joseph’s household and his brothers, and his father’s household	This can be translated as a new sentence: “Joseph’s household, his brothers, and his father’s household also went with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	50	9	skq7	figs-metonymy		0	Chariots	Here this stands for the men riding in the chariots. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	50	9	fl9t			0	It was a very large group of people	“It was a very large gathering”
GEN	50	10	g71k			0	When they came	The word “they” refers to the participants in the burial procession.
GEN	50	10	b54f	translate-names		0	floor of Atad	Possible meanings are (1) the word “Atad” means “thorn” and it may refer to a place where large amounts of thorns grew, or (2) it may be the name of the person who owns the threshing floor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	10	d971			0	they mourned with very great and grievous sorrow	“they were extremely sad and they mourned very much”
GEN	50	10	p63w	translate-numbers		0	a seven-day	“a 7-day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	50	11	er7s	translate-names		0	in the floor of Atad	Possible meanings are (1) “on the threshing floor that belonged to a man named Atad” or (2) “in the threshing floor at a place called Atad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	11	c318			0	This is a very sad occasion for the Egyptians	“The mourning of the Egyptians is very great”
GEN	50	11	rj7q	translate-names		0	Abel Mizraim	The translator can add a footnote that says: “The name Abel Mizraim means “the mourning of Egypt.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	12	fj26			0	So his sons	“So Jacob’s sons”
GEN	50	12	fj1d			0	just as he had instructed them	“just as he had directed them”
GEN	50	13	xv7j			0	His sons carried him	“His sons took his body”
GEN	50	13	wfc9	translate-names		0	Machpelah	Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	13	c6qt	translate-names		0	Mamre	This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	13	zfv9	translate-names		0	Ephron the Hittite	This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	14	d43t			0	Joseph returned into Egypt	“Joseph returned to Egypt”
GEN	50	14	jv7b			0	all who had accompanied him	“all who had come with him”
GEN	50	15	dn26	figs-metaphor		0	What if Joseph holds on to anger against us	Here anger is spoken of as if it was something physical that Joseph could hold in his hands. Alternate translation: “What if Joseph is actually still angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	50	15	q73l	figs-metaphor		0	wants to repay us in full for all the evil we did to him	Avenging oneself against someone who harmed him is spoken of as if the person were paying they other person what they are owed. Alternate translation: “wants revenge for the evil thing we did to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN	50	16	j5db			0	Connecting Statement:	A three-level quotation begins with the words “Your father gave.”
GEN	50	16	c5nj			0	Your father gave instructions before he died, saying	Jacob was the father of all the brothers. Here they say “your father” to emphasize that Joseph needs to pay attention to what his father said. Alternate translation: “Before our father died he said”
GEN	50	17	dl1v			0	Connecting Statement:	The three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here.
GEN	50	17	f2jh	figs-quotesinquotes		0	Tell Joseph this, “Please forgive the transgression of your brothers and their sin when they did evil to you.”	The three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here. This is the second-level quotation, and it contains a third-level quotation that can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Tell Joseph to please forgive your transgression and your sin when you did evil to him.” Both the second- and third-level quotations can be translated as indirect quotations. “Your father instructed us before he died to tell you to please forgive our transgression and our sin when we did evil to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN	50	17	syf6			0	and their sin when they did evil to you	“for the wicked things they did to you”
GEN	50	17	aq9q			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN	50	17	l42j	figs-123person		0	please forgive the servants of the God of your father	The brothers are referring to themselves as “the servants of the God of your father.” This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “please forgive us, the servants of the God of our father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN	50	17	lhx9			0	Joseph wept when they spoke to him	“Joseph wept when he heard this message”
GEN	50	18	j51r	translate-symaction		0	lay facedown before him	They lay down with their faces toward the ground. This is a sign of humility and respect for Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN	50	19	cg1g	figs-rquestion		0	Am I in the place of God?	Joseph uses a question to comfort his brothers. Alternate translation: “I am not in the place of God.” or “I am not God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN	50	20	b3wy			0	you meant to harm me	“you intended to do evil against me”
GEN	50	20	wpc2			0	God meant it for good	“God intended it for good”
GEN	50	21	e3i8			0	So now do not be afraid	“So do not fear me”
GEN	50	21	f6mv			0	I will provide for you and your little children	“I will always make sure you and your children have enough to eat”
GEN	50	21	b3l1	figs-synecdoche		0	He comforted them in this way and spoke kindly to their hearts	Here “hearts” refers to the brothers. Alternate translation: “He comforted them by speaking kindly to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN	50	22	by3m	translate-numbers		0	one hundred ten years	“110 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	50	23	fc5c			0	Ephraim’s children to the third generation	“Ephraim’s children and grandchildren”
GEN	50	23	rf1x	translate-names		0	Machir	This is the name of Joseph’s grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN	50	23	vve4	figs-idiom		0	who were placed on the knees of Joseph	This expression means that Joseph adopted these children of Machir as his own children. This means they would have special inheritance rights from Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN	50	24	j3ki	figs-metonymy		0	surely come to you	In [Genesis 50:24/26](./24.md) the word “you” refers to Joseph’s brothers, but it also stands for their descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN	50	24	ya3x	figs-events		0	lead you up out of this land to the land	It was common to use the word “up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “bring you out of this land and take you to the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN	50	26	ej21	translate-numbers		0	110 years	“one hundred and ten years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN	50	26	g2xq			0	They embalmed him	To “embalm” is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. See how you translated “embalmed” in [Genesis 50:1](../50/01.md).
GEN	50	26	mv4x	figs-activepassive		0	he was placed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they placed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN	50	26	h19n			0	in a coffin	“in a chest” or “in a case.” This is a box a dead person is placed in.
