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Try adding blank lines around ALL headings; update copyright year
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Robert Hunt
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ master_doc = 'index'
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# General information about the project.
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project = u'Gateway Language Manual'
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copyright = u'2018, unfoldingWord'
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copyright = u'2021, unfoldingWord'
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author = u'unfoldingWord'
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# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
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@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ Appendix A. unfoldingWord Book Package Style Sheet
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Abbreviations
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Use abbreviations when writing or editing unfoldingWord resources only for the names of other resources, for example, ULT, UST.
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“As if” and “as though” clauses
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ Once the premise is granted that a thief is going to rob a house, then it is lik
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Attributions
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Use either a comma or a colon after an attribution that identifies the speaker or writer of a direct quotation.
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* Comma (Luke 8:46): Jesus said, “Someone touched me, for I know power has gone out from me.”
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@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ Use either a comma or a colon after an attribution that identifies the speaker o
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Bible citations
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Punctuation
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""""""""""""
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@ -98,6 +102,7 @@ If you cite from the same Bible version throughout your text, you can note this
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Brackets
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^^^^^^^^^
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Square brackets [ ] have a number of uses.
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They are used to mark material in a Bible translation that was most likely not in the original version of a biblical book.
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@ -142,6 +147,7 @@ Do not use this way:
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Bullets
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^^^^^^^^
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To introduce a bulleted list, use either a complete sentence or a phrase that ends with a preposition or a verb, followed by a colon. If bullets are followed by complete sentences, use initial capitals and periods. If bullets are followed by incomplete sentences, do not use capitals or periods.
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Examples:
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@ -214,7 +220,6 @@ A Short History of Bible Translation
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Colon
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^^^^^^
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A colon introduces an element or a series of elements that illustrates or amplifies what precedes the colon. Between independent clauses, a colon functions much like a semicolon, although it more strongly emphasizes sequence. A colon may be used instead of a period to introduce a series of related sentences.
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What precedes the colon must be a complete sentence, not a sentence fragment. For example, for a list within a sentence, there must be a complete sentence in front of the colon.
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@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
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Appendix B. Translation Academy Topics to Be Cited in Notes
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============================================================
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When a note discusses a translation issue that is addressed in translation Academy (tA), the note should end with a link to the pertinent article. The following is a list of the articles that the Notes should cite, with definition, a sample note for each issue, and a link to the corresponding article. (If an article title is highlighted in yellow, that indicates that the article is planned but has not yet been written.)
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When a note discusses a translation issue that is addressed in translation Academy (tA), the note should end with a link to the pertinent article. The following is a list of the articles that the Notes should cite, with definition, a sample note for each issue, and a link to the corresponding article. (If an article title is highlighted in yellow, that indicates that the article is planned but has not yet been written.)
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These articles are designed so that translators can access and refer to them in a just-in-time manner as they encounter these particular issues in the text. Translators and translation managers should also read and study the other articles in tA as general-education material in order to be equipped for their work.
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These articles are designed so that translators can access and refer to them in a just-in-time manner as they encounter these particular issues in the text. Translators and translation managers should also read and study the other articles in tA as general-education material in order to be equipped for their work.
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Figures of Speech
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------------------
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Apostrophe
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Apostrophe
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"""""""""""
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**Description:** An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone who is not
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there, or addresses a thing that is not a person.
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See `figs-apostrophe <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md>`_
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See `figs-apostrophe <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md>`_
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*Jerusalem, Jerusalem* (Luke 13:34)
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@ -22,19 +22,19 @@ See `figs-apostrophe <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
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Jesus is figuratively addressing something that he knows cannot hear him, the city of Jerusalem, in order to show his listeners in a strong way how he feels about it. If this is confusing in your language, consider expressing this feeling by talking about Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I am very upset with the city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
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Aside
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Aside
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""""""
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**Description:** An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or to someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
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See `figs-aside <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-aside/01.md>`_
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*There is no understanding in him* (Obadiah 1:7)
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Yahweh could be saying this as an aside in order to express his evaluation of the people of Edom. If this would be confusing in your language, you can continue his address to Edom in the second person. Alternate translation: “There is no understanding in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
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Doublet
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Doublet
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""""""""
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**Description:** A doublet is a pair of words or very short phrases that mean the same thing and that are used in
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the same phrase. In the Bible, doublets are often used in poetry, prophecy, and sermons to emphasize an
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@ -42,51 +42,51 @@ idea.
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See `figs-doublet <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md>`_
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*were bowing down and prostrating themselves* (Esther 3:2)
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These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the officials knew how important it was to obey the king’s command and honor Haman in this way. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “were bowing down all the way to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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Euphemism
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Euphemism
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""""""""""
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**Description:** A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant or embarrassing. Its purpose is to avoid offending the people who hear or read it.
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See `figs-euphemism <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md>`_
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*the time of my departure is here* (2 Timothy 4:6)
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Paul is referring to his death as a **departure**. This is a delicate way of referring to something unpleasant. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “soon I will die and leave this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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Hendiadys
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Hendiadys
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""""""""""
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**Description:** In hendiadys a single idea is expressed with two words connected with “and,” when one word
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could be used to modify the other.
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See `figs-hendiadys <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md>`_
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*cheered and rejoiced* (Esther 8:15)
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This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and.** The word **rejoiced** tells how the people of Susa **cheered**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “shouted joyfully.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
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Hyperbole
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Hyperbole
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""""""""""
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**Description:** A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration used to indicate the speaker’s feeling or opinion
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about something.
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See `figs-hyperbole <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md>`_
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*May the king live to eternity* (Nehemiah 2:3)
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Nehemiah is showing honor to King Artaxerxes. Here, **to eternity** is an exaggeration that refers to a long life. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “Long live the king” or “May you have a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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Idiom
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Idiom
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""""""
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**Description:** An idiom is a group of words that has a meaning that is different from what one would understand
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from the meanings of the individual words.
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@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ See `figs-idiom <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
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Here, the term **visited** is an idiom meaning “helped.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he has come to help … his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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Irony
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Irony
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""""""
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**Description:** Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually
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the opposite of the literal meaning of the words.
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@ -112,86 +112,86 @@ See `figs-irony <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
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The disciples are not making a serious suggestion here. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If this is not clear in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we certainly can not go and buy food for all these people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
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Litany
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Litany
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"""""""
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**Description:** A litany is a figure of speech in which the various components of a thing are listed in a series of very similar statements. The speaker does this to indicate that what he is saying should be understood as comprehensive and without exceptions.
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See `figs-litany <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-litany/01.md>`_
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See `figs-litany <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-litany/01.md>`_
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*But you should not have … and you should not have … and you should not have* (Obadiah 1:12)
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Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences in verses 12–14 to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all of these charges and that he will punish them. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
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Litotes
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Litotes
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""""""""
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**Description:** Litotes is an emphatic statement about something made by negating an opposite expression.
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See `figs-litotes <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md>`_
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See `figs-litotes <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md>`_
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*without neglect* (Ezra 6:9)
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Here the king uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “with diligence” or “diligently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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Merism
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Merism
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"""""""
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**Description:** Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by listing some of its parts or
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by speaking of two extreme parts of it.
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See `figs-merisms <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md>`_
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See `figs-merisms <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md>`_
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*from east and west, and from north and south* (Luke 13:29)
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Jesus speaks figuratively, using these directions in order to include everything in between. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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Metaphor
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Metaphor
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"""""""""
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**Description:** A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept is used in place of another, unrelated concept. This invites the hearer to think of what the unrelated concepts have in common. That is, metaphor
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is an implied comparison between two unrelated things.
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See `figs-metaphor <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md>`_
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See `figs-metaphor <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md>`_
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*have shipwrecked regarding the faith* (1 Timothy 1:19)
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Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were a ship that had sunk. He means that they no longer believe in Jesus and no longer live as his followers. If your readers would not understand what it means to be **shipwrecked** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation, “no longer belong to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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Metonymy
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Metonymy
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"""""""""
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**Description:** Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by
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the name of something closely associated with it. A metonym is a word or phrase used as a substitute for
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something it is associated with.
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See `figs-metonymy <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md>`_
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See `figs-metonymy <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md>`_
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*something from his mouth* (Luke 11:54)
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Luke is figuratively describing something Jesus would say by association with his **mouth**, which he would use to say something. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “something he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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Parallelism
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Parallelism
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""""""""""""
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**Description:** In parallelism two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. It
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is found throughout the whole of the Hebrew Bible, most commonly in the poetry of the books of Psalms
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and Proverbs.
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See `figs-parallelism <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md>`_
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See `figs-parallelism <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md>`_
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*Until when will be your journey? And when will you return?* (Nehemiah 2:6)
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These two phrases mean the same thing. The king says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show that he is genuinely interested in Nehemiah’s situation. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How long would you be away?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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Personification
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Personification
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""""""""""""""""
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**Description:** Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or something that is not human is
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referred to as if it were a person and could do the things that people do or have the qualities that people
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@ -205,33 +205,33 @@ See `figs-personification <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
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Here, **pride** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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Predictive Past
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Predictive Past
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""""""""""""""""
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**Description:** The predictive past is a form that some languages use to refer to things that will happen
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in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen.
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See `figs-pastforfuture <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md>`_
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*your house has been left to you* (Luke 13:35)
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Jesus is figuratively using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “your house will be left to you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
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Rhetorical Question
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Rhetorical Question
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""""""""""""""""""""
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**Description:** A rhetorical question is a question that is used for something other than getting information. Often it indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the topic or the listener. Often it is used for
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rebuking or scolding, but some languages have other purposes as well.
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See `figs-rquestion <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md>`_
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*Who is the liar, if not the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ?* (1 John 2:22)
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John is using the question form for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Anyone who denies that Jesus is the Messiah is certainly a liar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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Simile
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Simile
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"""""""
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**Description:** A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a
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particular trait that the two items have in common, and it includes words such as “like,” “as,” or “than” to
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The point of this comparison is that anyone who doubts will be like the waves in the ocean, which keep moving in different directions. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep changing his mind about what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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Synecdoche
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Synecdoche
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"""""""""""
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**Description:** Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which 1) the name of a part of something is used to refer
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to the whole thing, or 2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.
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See `figs-synecdoche <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md>`_
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See `figs-synecdoche <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md>`_
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*our daily bread* (Luke 11:3)
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@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ Jesus refers figuratively to **bread**, one common food, to mean food in general
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Grammar Topics
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---------------
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Abstract Nouns
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Abstract Nouns
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"""""""""""""""
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**Description:** Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
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@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ See `figs-abstractnouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
|
|||
If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **stewardship** with a concrete noun such as “work.” Alternate translation: “rather than helping us to do God’s work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Active or Passive
|
||||
Active or Passive
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** Some languages use both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects bolded:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -310,24 +310,26 @@ If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form.
|
|||
If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God hid it from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Collective Nouns
|
||||
Collective Nouns
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
grammar-collectivenouns (Article does not exist yet)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding with relative clauses
|
||||
|
||||
Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding with relative clauses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two different purposes. They can either (1) distinguish the noun from other similar items, or (2) they can give more information about the noun. That information could be new to the reader, or a reminder about something the reader might already know. Other languages use modifying phrases with a noun only for distinguishing the noun from other similar things. When people who speak these languages hear a modifying phrase along with a noun, they assume that its function is to distinguish one item from another similar item.
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distinction between similar items and (2) giving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
|
||||
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful.**
|
||||
|
||||
- If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could distinguish this sister of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
|
||||
|
||||
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
|
||||
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful.**
|
||||
|
||||
- This same phrase can be used to give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ See `figs-distinguish <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
This phrase gives us further information about **the household of God**. It is not making a distinction between a household of God that is the church and one that is not the church. Alternate translation: “the household of God, that is, the church of the living God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Double Negatives
|
||||
Double Negatives
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""
|
||||
A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of “not.” Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -354,13 +356,13 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each have a negative m
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-doublenegatives <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*every word will not be impossible for God* (Luke 1:37)
|
||||
|
||||
If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this double negative as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “every word will be possible for God” or “God is able to do anything that he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ellipsis
|
||||
Ellipsis
|
||||
"""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** An ellipsis occurs when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words that normally should be in the sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and supply the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ See `figs-ellipsis <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
|
|||
The second criminal is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And we are receiving this punishment justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Generic Noun Phrases
|
||||
Generic Noun Phrases
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,7 +404,7 @@ See `figs-genericnoun <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
Jesus is speaking of these trees in general, not of one particular **fig tree**. Alternate translation: “Consider fig trees” (See: rc://en/ta/man/[[translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Go and Come
|
||||
Go and Come
|
||||
""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** Different languages have different ways of determining whether to use the words “go” or “come” and whether to use the words “take” or “bring” when talking about motion. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say “I’m coming,” while Spanish speakers say “I’m going.” You will need to study the context in order to understand what is meant by the words “go” and “come” (and also “take” and “bring”), and then translate those words in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -414,13 +416,13 @@ See `figs-go <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/trans
|
|||
Your language may say “went” in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “he went … into the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Honorifics
|
||||
Honorifics
|
||||
"""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
grammar-honorifics (Article does not exist yet)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nominal Adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
Nominal Adjectives
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word “rich” is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that “rich” is an adjective.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ See `figs-nominaladj <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
|
|||
Paul is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Order of Events
|
||||
Order of Events
|
||||
""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. Sometimes the author wanted to discuss something that happened at an earlier time than the event that he just talked about. This can be confusing to the reader.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -458,7 +460,7 @@ See `figs-events <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/t
|
|||
Since the Greek word that ULT translates as **enticed** often means to use bait to trap prey, James may be stressing the result (the captured prey being **dragged away**) by speaking of it before the method that was used to achieve it (baiting a trap). If this is confusing in your language, you could make the order of events clear. Alternate translation: “dragged away after being enticed” or “enticed and dragged away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Possession (and genitives)
|
||||
Possession (and genitives)
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** (see link below)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -469,7 +471,7 @@ See `figs-possession <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
|
|||
James is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is characterized by **truth**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “by the true word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When Masculine Words Include Women
|
||||
When Masculine Words Include Women
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
In the Bible, sometimes the words “men,” “brothers,” and “sons” refer only to men. At other times, those words include both men and women. In those places where the writer meant both men and women, you (the translator) need to translate it in a way that does not limit the meaning to men.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -488,7 +490,7 @@ Although the term **brother** is masculine, John is using the word here in a gen
|
|||
|
||||
Pronouns
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns What Are They
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -505,7 +507,7 @@ See `writing-pronouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
The pronoun **he** refers to Peter, not to the man who was insisting that Peter was one of Jesus’ disciples. Alternate translation: “while Peter was speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reflexive Pronouns
|
||||
Reflexive Pronouns
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-rpronouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -515,16 +517,16 @@ See `figs-rpronouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
|
|||
Luke uses the word **himself** to emphasize the surprise of Jesus actually appearing to this group. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus himself stood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
First, Second or Third Person
|
||||
First, Second or Third Person
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-123person <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md>`_
|
||||
See `figs-123person <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
*If it is good to the king* (Esther 5:4)
|
||||
Esther is addressing the king in the third person as a sign of respect. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the second person and convey the respect in another way. Alternate translation: “If it seems like a good idea to you, O king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/[[figs-123person]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Exclusive and Inclusive 'We'
|
||||
Exclusive and Inclusive 'We'
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-exclusive <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -533,13 +535,13 @@ See `figs-exclusive <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
|
|||
When John says **we**, he is speaking of himself and some other disciples who spoke to this man, so **we** would be exclusive. However, when John says **us**, he seems to be referring to the disciples and Jesus traveling together, and since he is speaking to Jesus, **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of ‘You’ – Intro
|
||||
Forms of ‘You’ – Intro
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-you <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-you/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Singular vs. Plural
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Singular vs. Plural
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-yousingular <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -549,7 +551,7 @@ See `figs-yousingular <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
In this letter, with one exception, the words **you**, **your**, and **yourself** refer to Timothy and so are singular. A note will discuss the one exception in [6:21](../06/21.md) where “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Dual/Plural
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Dual/Plural
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-youdual <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-youdual/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -559,7 +561,7 @@ See `figs-youdual <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/
|
|||
Since Jesus is speaking to two men, **you** would be dual in both of these instances, if your language uses that form. Otherwise, the word would be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Singular to a Crowd
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Singular to a Crowd
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-crowd <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -568,7 +570,7 @@ See `figs-crowd <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
|
|||
Even though Jesus is speaking to the crowd, he is addressing an individual situation, so **you** and **your** are singular throughout this verse. But if the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** and **your** in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Formal or Informal
|
||||
Forms of 'You' – Formal or Informal
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-youformal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-youformal/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -580,20 +582,20 @@ Use your best judgment about whether the formal or informal form of **you** woul
|
|||
|
||||
Quotes
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Quotations and Quote Margins
|
||||
|
||||
Quotations and Quote Margins
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** (See link below)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-quotations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-quotations/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*prophesied, saying* (Luke 1:67)
|
||||
Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “prophesied, and this is what he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Direct and Indirect Quotations
|
||||
Direct and Indirect Quotations
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotations and indirect quotations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -606,13 +608,13 @@ An indirect quotation occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but
|
|||
- John said that **he** did not know at what time **he** would arrive.
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-quotations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*commanding them to tell this to no one* (Luke 9:21)
|
||||
If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “commanding them, ‘Tell this to no one’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Quote Markings
|
||||
Quote Markings
|
||||
"""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** Some languages use quotation marks to mark off direct quotes from the rest of the text. English uses the mark “ immediately before a quote and ” immediately after it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -637,7 +639,7 @@ See `figs-quotemarks <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
|
|||
Here the book begins to quote the letter that Tattenai and his associates sent to King Darius. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Quotes within Quotes
|
||||
Quotes within Quotes
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
**Description:** A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we say there are “layers” of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -651,18 +653,18 @@ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there
|
|||
|
||||
Sentences
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Information Structure
|
||||
|
||||
Information Structure
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-infostructure <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Everyone who goes beyond and does not remain in the teaching of Christ does not have God* (2 John 1:9)
|
||||
If it would be natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who does not remain in the teaching of Christ but goes beyond it does not have God” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Statements – Other Uses
|
||||
Statements – Other Uses
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-declarative <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-declarative/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -672,7 +674,7 @@ See `figs-declarative <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
John is using a future statement to give an instruction. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for instruction. Alternate translation: “he should pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Imperatives – Other Uses
|
||||
Imperatives – Other Uses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-imperative <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-imperative/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -685,7 +687,7 @@ This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a comman
|
|||
This is an imperative, but this was not a command that the man was capable of obeying. Instead, this was a command that directly caused the man to be healed. Use a form in your language that would be used in this type of situation. Alternate translation: “I heal you from your leprosy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Exclamations
|
||||
Exclamations
|
||||
"""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-exclamations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -695,37 +697,37 @@ See `figs-exclamations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
If the plain statement form for this seems unnatural, you could translate this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he already has ten minas!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Connecting Words
|
||||
Connecting Words
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-words-phrases <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*And now* (Ruth 3:12)
|
||||
This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Sequential Clauses
|
||||
Sequential Clauses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-time-sequential <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Then* (Ezra 3:1)
|
||||
The word **then** indicates that the events the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be clearer in your language, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “Once this group had returned to Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Simultaneous Clauses
|
||||
Simultaneous Clauses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-time-simultaneous <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*And* (Nehemiah 4:23)
|
||||
In this verse Nehemiah is describing something else that was also true of the conditions in Jerusalem during the time period he is describing. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Background Clauses
|
||||
Background Clauses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-time-background <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -735,7 +737,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-time-background <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta
|
|||
Luke is providing this background information to help readers understand what happens next. You can introduce his statement with a word that will indicate this. Alternate translation: “Now the people were expecting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Goal or Purpose Clauses
|
||||
Goal or Purpose Clauses
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-logic-goal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -744,7 +746,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-logic-goal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/
|
|||
This is a purpose clause. James is stating the purpose for which God **desired to give us birth**. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that we would be like a firstfruits of his creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reason-Result Clauses
|
||||
Reason-Result Clauses
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-logic-result <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -754,7 +756,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-logic-result <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/sr
|
|||
If it would be clearer in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because the darkness has blinded his eyes, he does not know where he is going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Contrast Clauses
|
||||
Contrast Clauses
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-logic-contrast <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -764,7 +766,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-logic-contrast <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/
|
|||
**And** introduces a contrast between what was expected, that all the invited guests would come to the dinner, and what happened, that they all declined to do that. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Factual Conditions
|
||||
Factual Conditions
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-condition-fact <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -774,7 +776,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-fact <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/
|
|||
John is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you know that God is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
|
||||
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-condition-contrary <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -784,7 +786,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-contrary <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en
|
|||
This Pharisee is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is not true. He has concluded that Jesus must not be a prophet, because he allowed this sinful woman to touch him and a prophet would have known she was sinful and not allowed that. Alternate translation: “Jesus must not be a prophet, because if he were, he would know that the woman who is touching him is a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hypothetical Conditions
|
||||
Hypothetical Conditions
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -794,7 +796,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWor
|
|||
Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach Timothy. Alternate translation: “suppose an athlete did not compete by the rules. Then he would not be crowned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Exception Clauses
|
||||
Exception Clauses
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `grammar-connect-exceptions <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -806,8 +808,8 @@ If it would appear in your language that Luke was making a statement here and th
|
|||
|
||||
Text Variants
|
||||
--------------
|
||||
|
||||
Text variants
|
||||
|
||||
Text variants
|
||||
""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-textvariants <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -819,8 +821,8 @@ See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the General Notes to this cha
|
|||
|
||||
Theology
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
Son of God
|
||||
|
||||
Son of God
|
||||
"""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `guidelines-sonofgodprinciples <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -833,7 +835,7 @@ See `guidelines-sonofgodprinciples <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/s
|
|||
Unknowns
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
Translate Unknowns
|
||||
Translate Unknowns
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-unknown <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -843,20 +845,20 @@ See `translate-unknown <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
A **rooster** is a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up. If your readers would not be familiar with this bird, you could use the name of a bird in your area that calls out or sings just before dawn, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “before the birds begin to sing in the morning, you will deny three times that you know me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Copy or Borrow Words
|
||||
Copy or Borrow Words
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-transliterate <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Akeldama (Acts 1:29)
|
||||
|
||||
This is an Aramaic word. Luke spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded and then he told what it meant, **Field of Blood**. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
|
||||
This is an Aramaic word. Luke spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded and then he told what it meant, **Field of Blood**. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
|
||||
|
||||
How to Translate Names
|
||||
How to Translate Names
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-names <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-names/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Obadiah* (Obadiah 1:1)
|
||||
Some English translations call this prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. Use the form of the name that is in your source language or a similar form that sounds like a name in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -871,8 +873,8 @@ This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
|||
|
||||
*Hashum … Mattenai, Mattattah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh … Shimei* (Ezra 10:33)
|
||||
These are the names of eight men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
When to Make Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information Explicit
|
||||
|
||||
When to Make Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information Explicit
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-explicit <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -888,7 +890,7 @@ The implication is that Nehemiah stationed this person next to him so that he co
|
|||
*Everyone who commits sin also commits lawlessness. Indeed, sin is lawlessness.* (1 John 3:4, assumed knowledge, suggested footnote)
|
||||
If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain why John gives this warning. See the discussion of “sin” in Part 3 of the Introduction to 1 John. Suggested footnote: “The false teachers were saying that it does not matter what people do in their physical bodies. In this way, they were tempting the people to sin.”
|
||||
|
||||
Kinship Terms
|
||||
Kinship Terms
|
||||
""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-kinship <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-kinship/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -898,7 +900,7 @@ See `translate-kinship <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
These were Jesus’ younger brothers, the other sons of Mary and Joseph who were born after Jesus. Since the Father of Jesus was God and their father was Joseph, they were actually his half-brothers. That detail is not normally translated, but if your language has a specific word for “younger brother,” it would be appropriate to use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When to Make Explicit Information Implicit
|
||||
When to Make Explicit Information Implicit
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-explicitinfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -908,7 +910,7 @@ See `figs-explicitinfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
It might seem that the phrase **conceived in the womb** contains redundant information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can abbreviate it. Alternate translation: “before he was conceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When to Keep Implicit Information Implicit
|
||||
When to Keep Implicit Information Implicit
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-extrainfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -918,7 +920,7 @@ See `figs-extrainfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
|
|||
By **these things**, Jesus likely means his identity as God’s Son and God’s identity as his Father: He says of those identities in the next verse that only people to whom he reveals them can understand them, just as he says here that **these things** are revealed only to certain people. Since the expression is explained in the next verse, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Distance
|
||||
Biblical Distance
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-bdistance <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -928,7 +930,7 @@ See `translate-bdistance <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/
|
|||
If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “25 meters high” or “75 feet high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Volume
|
||||
Biblical Volume
|
||||
""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-bvolume <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -938,7 +940,7 @@ See `translate-bvolume <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
A cor was equivalent to about 220 liters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements, as UST does, “500 bushels of wheat.” Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **cor**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Weight
|
||||
Biblical Weight
|
||||
""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-bweight <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-bweight/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -948,7 +950,7 @@ See `translate-bweight <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “it weighted 34 kilograms” or “it weighed 75 pounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Money
|
||||
Biblical Money
|
||||
"""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-bmoney <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -957,7 +959,7 @@ See `translate-bmoney <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
|
|||
In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “40 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew Months
|
||||
Hebrew Months
|
||||
""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-hebrewmonths <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -967,7 +969,7 @@ See `translate-hebrewmonths <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/bran
|
|||
You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. Suggested footnote: “The month of Adar was in the February—March time of the year.” Alternate translation: “by the third day of the month of Adar” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/[[translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers
|
||||
Numbers
|
||||
""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-numbers <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -977,7 +979,7 @@ See `translate-numbers <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
The **talent** was the largest unit of money and **10,000** was the largest number in the counting system of the time. It is possible that Haman used these terms to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. Alternate translation: “a huge amount of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ordinal Numbers
|
||||
Ordinal Numbers
|
||||
""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-ordinal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -986,7 +988,7 @@ See `translate-ordinal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
|
|||
If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month two of year two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fractions
|
||||
Fractions
|
||||
""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-fraction <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-fraction/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -996,7 +998,7 @@ See `translate-fraction <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
|
|||
A **third** means one part out of three equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Symbolic Action
|
||||
Symbolic Action
|
||||
""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-symaction <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -1016,28 +1018,28 @@ Blessings (article does not exist yet)
|
|||
*Grace, mercy, and peace from* (2 Timothy 1:2)
|
||||
After stating his name and the name of the person to whom he is writing, Paul adds a blessing to Timothy. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extended Metaphors
|
||||
|
||||
Extended Metaphors
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-exmetaphor <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*it finds it swept out and put in order* (Luke 11:25)
|
||||
Jesus speaks about the person whom the demon left by continuing the metaphor of a house. You could express this metaphor as a simile if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the demon finds that the person it left is like a house that someone has swept clean and organized by putting everything where it belongs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Marking Background Information
|
||||
Marking Background Information
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-background <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-background/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*he was passing through between Samaria and Galilee* (Luke 17:11)
|
||||
Luke provides this background information about Jesus’ location to help readers understand what happens in this episode, in which Jesus engages a group of men that includes both Jews and at least one Samaritan. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “Jesus was traveling along the border between Samaria and Galilee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Marking End of Story
|
||||
Marking End of Story
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-endofstory <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -1057,7 +1059,7 @@ Marking Hypothetical Situations
|
|||
John is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of disregarding sin. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose we say that we have not sinned. Then we are calling God a liar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Introduction of a New Event
|
||||
Introduction of a New Event
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
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See `writing-newevent <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-newevent/01.md>`_
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@ -1067,7 +1069,7 @@ See `writing-newevent <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
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This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Some time later” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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Introduction of New and Old Participants
|
||||
Introduction of New and Old Participants
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-participants <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-participants/01.md>`_
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||||
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@ -1077,7 +1079,7 @@ See `writing-participants <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
|
|||
This introduces Ezra as a new character in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. The expression “the scribe” identifies him as a teacher who had carefully studied the Law of Moses. Since he is a new participant, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could call him something like “a man named Ezra, who was a teacher of the Law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Parables
|
||||
Parables
|
||||
"""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `figs-parables <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md>`_
|
||||
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@ -1087,7 +1089,7 @@ See `figs-parables <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
|
|||
To help Simon the Pharisee understand what he wants to teach him, Jesus tells a story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Jesus told Simon this story to help him understand: ‘There were two debtors’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Poetry
|
||||
Poetry
|
||||
"""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-poetry <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-poetry/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -1100,7 +1102,7 @@ In order to show that John is writing something like poetry in this verse and th
|
|||
Politeness Issues (article does not exist yet)
|
||||
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
Proverbs
|
||||
Proverbs
|
||||
"""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-proverbs <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
|
@ -1112,14 +1114,14 @@ Jesus begins his response by quoting or creating a proverb, a short saying about
|
|||
|
||||
Symbolic Language
|
||||
""""""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
See `writing-symlanguage <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
||||
*seven spirits* (Revelation 1:4)
|
||||
The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verse Bridges
|
||||
Verse Bridges
|
||||
""""""""""""""
|
||||
|
||||
See `translate-versebridge <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md>`_
|
||||
|
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|
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue