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Merge pull request 'Update 'docs/gl_appendixB.rst'' (#402) from grant_ailie-patch-1 into master 

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ See `figs-apostrophe <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*Jerusalem, Jerusalem* (Luke 13:34)
Jesus is addressing something that he knows cannot hear him, the city of Jerusalem, in order to show his listeners in a strong way how he feels about it. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing this feeling by talking about Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I am very upset with the city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
Jesus is addressing something that he knows cannot hear him, the city of Jerusalem, in order to show his listeners in a strong way how he feels about it. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing this feeling by talking about Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I am very upset with the city of Jerusalem”
Aside
""""""
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ See `figs-aside <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
*There is no understanding in him* (Obadiah 1:7)
Yahweh could be saying this as an aside in order to express his evaluation of the people of Edom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could continue his address to Edom in the second person. Alternate translation: “There is no understanding in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
Yahweh could be saying this as an aside in order to express his evaluation of the people of Edom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could continue his address to Edom in the second person. Alternate translation: “There is no understanding in you”
Doublet
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ See `figs-doublet <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/
*were bowing down and prostrating themselves* (Esther 3:2)
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the officials knew how important it was to obey the king’s command and to honor Haman as he said. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “were bowing down all the way to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the officials knew how important it was to obey the king’s command and to honor Haman as he said. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “were bowing down all the way to the ground”
Euphemism
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ See `figs-euphemism <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*the time of my departure is here* (2 Timothy 4:6)
Paul is referring to his death as a **departure**. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “soon I will die and no longer be with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
Paul is referring to his death as a **departure**. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “soon I will die and no longer be with you”
Hendiadys
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ See `figs-hendiadys <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*cheered and rejoiced* (Esther 8:15)
This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **rejoiced** tells how the people of Susa **cheered**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “shouted joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **rejoiced** tells how the people of Susa **cheered**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “shouted joyfully”
Hyperbole
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ See `figs-hyperbole <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*May the king live to eternity* (Nehemiah 2:3)
Here, **to eternity** is an exaggeration that Nehemiah uses to show honor to King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah knows that the king will not live to eternity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that shows honor. Alternate translation: “Long live the king” or “May you have a long life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
Here, **to eternity** is an exaggeration that Nehemiah uses to show honor to King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah knows that the king will not live to eternity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that shows honor. Alternate translation: “Long live the king” or “May you have a long life”
Idiom
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ See `figs-idiom <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
*he has visited … his people* (Luke 1:68)
Here, the term **visited** is an idiom meaning “helped.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he has come to help … his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
Here, the term **visited** is an idiom meaning “helped.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he has come to help … his people”
Irony
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ See `figs-irony <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tr
*unless we go and buy food for all these people* (Luke 9:13)
The disciples are not making a serious suggestion here. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we certainly can not go and buy food for all these people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
The disciples are not making a serious suggestion here. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we certainly can not go and buy food for all these people”
Litany
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ See `figs-litany <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/t
*But you should not have … and you should not have … and you should not have* (Obadiah 1:12)
Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences in verses 12–14 to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all of these charges and that he will punish them. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences in verses 12–14 to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all of these charges and that he will punish them. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong.
Litotes
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ See `figs-litotes <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/
*without neglect* (Ezra 6:9)
Here the king uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “with diligence” or “diligently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
Here the king uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “with diligence” or “diligently”
Merism
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ See `figs-merisms <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/
*from east and west, and from north and south* (Luke 13:29)
Jesus speaks, using these four directions in order to include everything in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
Jesus speaks, using these four directions in order to include everything in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all over the world”
@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ See `figs-metaphor <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
*have shipwrecked regarding the faith* (1 Timothy 1:19)
Paul speaks of these people as if they were a ship that had sunk. He means that they no longer believe in Jesus and no longer live as his followers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer belong to Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Paul speaks of these people as if they were a ship that had sunk. He means that they no longer believe in Jesus and no longer live as his followers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer belong to Jesus”
*our fathers* (Acts 15:10)
Peter is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Peter is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our ancestors”
Metonymy
"""""""""
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ See `figs-metonymy <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
*something from his mouth* (Luke 11:54)
Luke is describing something Jesus would say by association with his **mouth**, which he would use to say something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “something he said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Luke is describing something Jesus would say by association with his **mouth**, which he would use to say something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “something he said”
Parallelism
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ See `figs-parallelism <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*Until when will be your journey? And when will you return?* (Nehemiah 2:6)
These two phrases mean the same thing. The king says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show that he is genuinely interested in Nehemiah’s situation. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How long would you be away?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
These two phrases mean the same thing. The king says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show that he is genuinely interested in Nehemiah’s situation. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How long would you be away?”
Personification
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ See `figs-personification <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
*The pride of your heart has deceived you* (Obadiah 1:3)
Here, **pride** is spoken of as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
Here, **pride** is spoken of as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves”
Predictive Past
@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ See `figs-pastforfuture <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*your house has been left to you* (Luke 13:35)
Jesus is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “your house will be left to you alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
Jesus is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “your house will be left to you alone”
Rhetorical Question
@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ See `figs-rquestion <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*Who is the liar, if not the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ?* (1 John 2:22)
John is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Anyone who denies that Jesus is the Messiah is certainly a liar!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
John is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Anyone who denies that Jesus is the Messiah is certainly a liar!”
Simile
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ See `figs-simile <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/t
*has become like a wave of the sea, wind-blown and tossed* (James 1:6)
The point of this comparison is that anyone who doubts will be like the waves in the ocean, which keep moving in different directions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep changing his mind about what to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
The point of this comparison is that anyone who doubts will be like the waves in the ocean, which keep moving in different directions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep changing his mind about what to do”
Synecdoche
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ See `figs-synecdoche <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*our daily bread* (Luke 11:3)
Jesus refers to **bread**, one common food, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “the food we need that day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
Jesus refers to **bread**, one common food, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “the food we need that day”
Grammar Topics
@ -276,11 +276,11 @@ See `figs-abstractnouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*we may have boldness* (1 John 2:28)
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **boldness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “we may be bold” or “we may act boldly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **boldness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “we may be bold” or “we may act boldly”
*the love that you have for all the saints* (Colossians 1:4)
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how much you love all the saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how much you love all the saints”
Active or Passive
@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ See `figs-activepassive <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*they knew that this work was done by our God* (Nehemiah 6:16)
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they knew that our God had done this work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they knew that our God had done this work”
*it was hidden from them* (Luke 9:45)
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God hid it from them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God hid it from them”
Collective Nouns
@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ Many collective nouns are used exclusively as a singular replacement for a group
See `grammar-collectivenouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-collectivenouns/01.md>`_
The word crowd is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
The word crowd is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “many people”
Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding with relative clauses
@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ See `figs-distinguish <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*the household of God, which is the church of the living God* (1 Timothy 3:15)
This phrase gives us further information about **the household of God**. It is not making a distinction between a household of God that is the church and one that is not the church. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the household of God, that is, the church of the living God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
This phrase gives us further information about **the household of God**. It is not making a distinction between a household of God that is the church and one that is not the church. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the household of God, that is, the church of the living God”
Double Negatives
@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ See `figs-doublenegatives <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
*every word will not be impossible for God* (Luke 1:37)
If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “every word will be possible for God” or “God is able to do anything that he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “every word will be possible for God” or “God is able to do anything that he says”
Ellipsis
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ See `figs-ellipsis <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
*And we justly* (Luke 23:41)
The second criminal is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And we are receiving this punishment justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
The second criminal is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And we are receiving this punishment justly”
Generic Noun Phrases
@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ See `figs-genericnoun <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*Look at the fig tree* (Luke 21:29)
Jesus is speaking of these trees in general, not of one particular **fig tree**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Consider fig trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
Jesus is speaking of these trees in general, not of one particular **fig tree**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Consider fig trees”
Go and Come
@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ See `figs-go <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/trans
*he came … into the temple* (Luke 2:27)
Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “he went … into the temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “he went … into the temple”
Honorifics
@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ See `figs-nominaladj <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*the righteous* (1 Timothy 1:9)
Paul is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
Paul is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are righteous”
Order of Events
@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ See `figs-events <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/t
*dragged away and enticed* (James 1:14)
Since the Greek word that ULT translates as **enticed** often means to use bait to trap prey, James may be stressing the result (the captured prey being **dragged away**) by speaking of it before the method that was used to achieve it (baiting a trap). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the order of events clear. Alternate translation: “dragged away after being enticed” or “enticed and dragged away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
Since the Greek word that ULT translates as **enticed** often means to use bait to trap prey, James may be stressing the result (the captured prey being **dragged away**) by speaking of it before the method that was used to achieve it (baiting a trap). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the order of events clear. Alternate translation: “dragged away after being enticed” or “enticed and dragged away”
Possession (and genitives)
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ See `figs-possession <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*by the word of truth* (James 1:18)
James is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is characterized by **truth**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “by the true word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
James is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is characterized by **truth**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “by the true word”
When Masculine Words Include Women
@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ See `figs-gendernotations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
*his brother* (1 John 2:9)
Although the term **brother** is masculine, John is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “a fellow believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
Although the term **brother** is masculine, John is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “a fellow believer”
Pronouns
@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ See `writing-pronouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*while he was still speaking* (Luke 22:60)
The pronoun **he** refers to Peter, not to the man who was insisting that Peter was one of Jesus’ disciples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “while Peter was speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
The pronoun **he** refers to Peter, not to the man who was insisting that Peter was one of Jesus’ disciples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “while Peter was speaking”
Reflexive Pronouns
@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ See `figs-rpronouns <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*he himself stood* (Luke 24:36)
Luke uses the word **himself** to emphasize how surprising it was when Jesus actually appeared to this group. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this surprise. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus stood” or “Jesus, the very person, stood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
Luke uses the word **himself** to emphasize how surprising it was when Jesus actually appeared to this group. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this surprise. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus stood” or “Jesus, the very person, stood”
First, Second or Third Person
@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ First, Second or Third Person
See `figs-123person <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md>`_
*If it is good to the king* (Esther 5:4)
Esther is addressing the king in the third person as a sign of respect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the second person and convey the respect in another way. Alternate translation: “If it seems like a good idea to you, O king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
Esther is addressing the king in the third person as a sign of respect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the second person and convey the respect in another way. Alternate translation: “If it seems like a good idea to you, O king”
Exclusive and Inclusive 'We'
@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ Exclusive and Inclusive 'We'
See `figs-exclusive <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md>`_
*we saw … with us* (Luke 9:49)
When John says **we**, he is speaking of himself and some other disciples who spoke to this man, so **we** would be exclusive. However, when John says **us**, he seems to be referring to the disciples and Jesus traveling together, and since he is speaking to Jesus, **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
When John says **we**, he is speaking of himself and some other disciples who spoke to this man, so **we** would be exclusive. However, when John says **us**, he seems to be referring to the disciples and Jesus traveling together, and since he is speaking to Jesus, **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
Forms of ‘You’ – Intro
@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ See `figs-yousingular <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*you* (1 Timothy 1:3)
In this letter, with one exception, the words **you**, **your**, and **yourself** refer to Timothy and so are singular. A note will discuss the one exception in [6:21](../06/21.md) where “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
In this letter, with one exception, the words **you**, **your**, and **yourself** refer to Timothy and so are singular. A note will discuss the one exception in [6:21](../06/21.md) where “you” is plural.
Forms of 'You' – Dual/Plural
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ See `figs-youdual <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/
*you have gone … you have seen* (Luke 7:22)
Since Jesus is speaking to two men, **you** would be dual in both of these instances, if your language uses that form. Otherwise, the word would be plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
Since Jesus is speaking to two men, **you** would be dual in both of these instances, if your language uses that form. Otherwise, the word would be plural.
Forms of 'You' – Singular to a Crowd
@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ Forms of 'You' – Singular to a Crowd
See `figs-crowd <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md>`_
*you are going … your … you* (Luke 12:58)
Even though Jesus is speaking to the crowd, he is addressing an individual situation, so **you** and **your** are singular throughout this verse. But if the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** and **your** in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
Even though Jesus is speaking to the crowd, he is addressing an individual situation, so **you** and **your** are singular throughout this verse. But if the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** and **your** in your translation.
Forms of 'You' – Formal or Informal
@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ See `figs-youformal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*I thank you, Father* (Luke 10:21)
Use your best judgment about whether the formal or informal form of **you** would be more natural in your language here. Jesus is speaking as an adult son would speak to a father with whom he has a close relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal]])
Use your best judgment about whether the formal or informal form of **you** would be more natural in your language here. Jesus is speaking as an adult son would speak to a father with whom he has a close relationship.
Quotes
@ -606,13 +606,13 @@ See `writing-quotations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*prophesied, saying* (Luke 1:67)
Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “prophesied, and this is what he said” or “prophesied this:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “prophesied, and this is what he said” or “prophesied this:”
*But just as it is written* (1 Cor 2:9)
In Paul’s culture, **just as it is written** is a normal way to introduce a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book written by Isaiah the prophet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “as it can be read in the Old Testament” or “according to Isaiah the prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
In Paul’s culture, **just as it is written** is a normal way to introduce a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book written by Isaiah the prophet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “as it can be read in the Old Testament” or “according to Isaiah the prophet”
*for Isaiah had again said* (John 12:39 ULT)
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament book written by **Isaiah** the prophet ([Isaiah 6:10](../isa/06/10.md)) which occurs in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that John is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “for Isaiah had again said in the Old Testament” or “for according to Isaiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament book written by **Isaiah** the prophet ([Isaiah 6:10](../isa/06/10.md)) which occurs in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that John is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “for Isaiah had again said in the Old Testament” or “for according to Isaiah”
Direct and Indirect Quotations
@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ See `figs-quotations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*commanding them to tell this to no one* (Luke 9:21)
If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “commanding them, ‘Tell this to no one’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “commanding them, ‘Tell this to no one’”
Quote Markings
@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ See `figs-quotemarks <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*To Darius the king: All peace* (Ezra 5:7)
Here the book begins to quote the letter that Tattenai and his associates sent to King Darius. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
Here the book begins to quote the letter that Tattenai and his associates sent to King Darius. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation.
Quotes within Quotes
@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ See `figs-quotesinquotes <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/
*she calls together her friends and neighbors, saying, ‘Rejoice together with me, for I have found the drachma that I lost’* (Luke 15:9)
If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “she calls together her friends and neighbors and tells them to rejoice with her because she has found the drachma that she lost” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “she calls together her friends and neighbors and tells them to rejoice with her because she has found the drachma that she lost”
Sentences
@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ See `figs-infostructure <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*Everyone who goes beyond and does not remain in the teaching of Christ does not have God* (2 John 1:9)
If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who does not remain in the teaching of Christ but goes beyond it does not have God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who does not remain in the teaching of Christ but goes beyond it does not have God”
Statements – Other Uses
@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ See `figs-declarative <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*he will ask* (1 John 5:16)
John is using a future statement to give an instruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for instruction. Alternate translation: “he should pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
John is using a future statement to give an instruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for instruction. Alternate translation: “he should pray”
Imperatives – Other Uses
@ -701,10 +701,10 @@ See `figs-imperative <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*Give us* (Luke 11:3)
This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please give us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please give us”
*Be clean* (Luke 5:13)
This is an imperative, but this was not a command that the man was capable of obeying. Instead, this was a command that directly caused the man to be healed. Use a form in your language that would be used in this type of situation. Alternate translation: “I heal you from your leprosy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
This is an imperative, but this was not a command that the man was capable of obeying. Instead, this was a command that directly caused the man to be healed. Use a form in your language that would be used in this type of situation. Alternate translation: “I heal you from your leprosy”
Exclamations
@ -713,10 +713,10 @@ Exclamations
See `figs-exclamations <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md>`_
*Aha, Aha* (Psalm 35:21)
**Aha** is an exclamation word that communicates triumph, usually over an enemy. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Hurray for us!” or “Take that!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
**Aha** is an exclamation word that communicates triumph, usually over an enemy. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Hurray for us!” or “Take that!”
*he has ten minas* (Luke 19:25)
If the plain statement form for this seems unnatural, you could translate this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he already has ten minas!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
If the plain statement form for this seems unnatural, you could translate this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he already has ten minas!”
Connecting Words
@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-words-phrases <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/s
*And now* (Ruth 3:12)
**And now** indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
**And now** indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that”
*For* (2 Corinthians 6:16)
Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said about the **temple of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Now” or “As a matter of fact,”
@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-time-sequential <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta
*Then* (Ezra 3:1)
The word **then** indicates that the events the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “Once this group had returned to Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
The word **then** indicates that the events the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “Once this group had returned to Judah”
Simultaneous Clauses
@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-time-simultaneous <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_
*And* (Nehemiah 4:23)
In this verse Nehemiah is describing something else that was also true of the conditions in Jerusalem during the time period he is describing. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
In this verse Nehemiah is describing something else that was also true of the conditions in Jerusalem during the time period he is describing. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “At that time”
Background Clauses
@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-time-background <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta
*And the people were expecting* (Luke 3:15)
Luke is providing this background information to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the people were expecting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
Luke is providing this background information to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the people were expecting”
Goal or Purpose Clauses
@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ Goal or Purpose Clauses
See `grammar-connect-logic-goal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md>`_
*for us to be* (James 1:18)
This phrase introduces a purpose clause. James is stating the purpose for which God **desired to give us birth**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that we would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
This phrase introduces a purpose clause. James is stating the purpose for which God **desired to give us birth**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that we would be”
Reason-Result Clauses
@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-logic-result <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/sr
*he does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes* (1 John 2:11)
If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because the darkness has blinded his eyes, he does not know where he is going” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because the darkness has blinded his eyes, he does not know where he is going”
Contrast Clauses
@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-logic-contrast <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/
*And* (Luke 14:18)
What follows the word **And** here is in contrast to what was expected, that all the invited guests would come to the dinner. Instead, the guests all declined to come. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
What follows the word **And** here is in contrast to what was expected, that all the invited guests would come to the dinner. Instead, the guests all declined to come. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But”
Factual Conditions
@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-fact <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/
*If you know that he is righteous* (1 John 2:29)
John is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what John is saying is not certain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you know that God is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
John is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what John is saying is not certain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you know that God is righteous”
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-contrary <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en
*If this man were a prophet, he would know who and of what type the woman is who is touching him, that she is a sinner* (Luke 7:39)
This Pharisee is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is not true. He has concluded that Jesus must not be a prophet, because he allowed this sinful woman to touch him and a prophet would have known that she was sinful and not allowed that. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is not true. Alternate translation: “Jesus must not be a prophet, because if he were, he would know that the woman who is touching him is a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
This Pharisee is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is not true. He has concluded that Jesus must not be a prophet, because he allowed this sinful woman to touch him and a prophet would have known that she was sinful and not allowed that. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is not true. Alternate translation: “Jesus must not be a prophet, because if he were, he would know that the woman who is touching him is a sinner”
Hypothetical Conditions
@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWor
(Note: This article is specifically about if-then constructions and how those connectors work and what they do. A different Translation Academy article, the translate/figs-hypo article (:ref:`see description<Marking Hypothetical Situations>`), is about hypothetical situations in general and should be referenced for notes not involving if-then constructions.)
*if anyone competes, he is not crowned if he has not competed lawfully* (2 Timothy 2:5)
Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach Timothy. Alternate translation: “suppose an athlete did not compete by the rules. Then he would not be crowned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach Timothy. Alternate translation: “suppose an athlete did not compete by the rules. Then he would not be crowned”
Exception Clauses
@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ See `grammar-connect-exceptions <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/
*he did not allow anyone … except* (Luke 8:51)
If it would appear in your language that Luke was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “Jesus only allowed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
If it would appear in your language that Luke was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “Jesus only allowed”
Text Variants
@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ See `translate-textvariants <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/bran
*But Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing”* (Luke 23:34)
See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the General Notes to this chapter to decide whether to include this sentence in your translation. The next four notes below discuss translation issues in the sentence, for those who decide to include it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the General Notes to this chapter to decide whether to include this sentence in your translation. The next four notes below discuss translation issues in the sentence, for those who decide to include it.
Theology
@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ See `guidelines-sonofgodprinciples <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/s
*the Father and the Son* (1 John 2:22)
**Father** and **Son** are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: “God the Father and Jesus his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
**Father** and **Son** are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: “God the Father and Jesus his Son”
Unknowns
@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ See `translate-unknown <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*the rooster will not crow today before you deny three times that you know me* (Luke 22:34)
A **rooster** is a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up. If your readers would not be familiar with this bird, you could use the name of a bird in your area that calls out or sings just before dawn, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “before the birds begin to sing in the morning, you will deny three times that you know me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
A **rooster** is a bird that calls out loudly around the time the sun comes up. If your readers would not be familiar with this bird, you could use the name of a bird in your area that calls out or sings just before dawn, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “before the birds begin to sing in the morning, you will deny three times that you know me”
Copy or Borrow Words
@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ See `translate-transliterate <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/bra
Akeldama (Acts 1:29)
This is an Aramaic word. Luke spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded and then he told what it meant, **Field of Blood**. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
This is an Aramaic word. Luke spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded and then he told what it meant, **Field of Blood**. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning.
How to Translate Names
"""""""""""""""""""""""
@ -885,18 +885,18 @@ See `translate-names <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*Obadiah* (Obadiah 1:1)
Some English translations call this prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. Use the form of the name that is in your source language or a similar form that sounds like a name in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Some English translations call this prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. Use the form of the name that is in your source language or a similar form that sounds like a name in your language.
Note: Since some languages have different conventions for the names of men and women, it is helpful to specify whether a name is that of a man or a woman. Also, you do not need to write a separate note for each name in a list of names; you can write a single note for an entire verse.
*Carpus* (2 Timothy 4:13)
The word **Titus** is the name a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The word **Titus** is the name a man.
*Claudia* (2 Timothy 4:21)
The word **Claudia** is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The word **Claudia** is the name of a woman.
*Hashum … Mattenai, Mattattah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh … Shimei* (Ezra 10:33)
The words **Hashum**, **Mattenai**, **Mattattah**, **Zabad**, **Eliphelet**, **Jeremai**, **Manasseh**, and **Shimei** are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The words **Hashum**, **Mattenai**, **Mattattah**, **Zabad**, **Eliphelet**, **Jeremai**, **Manasseh**, and **Shimei** are the names of men.
When to Make Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information Explicit
@ -907,10 +907,10 @@ See `figs-explicit <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
Assumed knowledge and implied information are part of the communication of Scripture. As such they can be made explicit for readers who do not share the same knowledge that the original readers shared. However, when this information is more than a phrase, it may skew the message and is better included as a footnote.
*who stood at a distance* (Luke 17:12, assumed knowledge)
Luke assumes that his readers will know that the **lepers** were not reluctant to engage Jesus. Rather, this was a respectful gesture, since they were not allowed to approach other people. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “They stood at a distance, as they were required to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
Luke assumes that his readers will know that the **lepers** were not reluctant to engage Jesus. Rather, this was a respectful gesture, since they were not allowed to approach other people. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “They stood at a distance, as they were required to do”
*And the one who blew the ram’s horn was beside me* (Nehemiah 4:18, implicit information)
The implication is that Nehemiah stationed this person next to him so that he could sound a danger signal if needed. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And I stationed someone next to me who would blow a ram’s horn if we needed a danger signal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
The implication is that Nehemiah stationed this person next to him so that he could sound a danger signal if needed. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And I stationed someone next to me who would blow a ram’s horn if we needed a danger signal”
*Everyone who commits sin also commits lawlessness. Indeed, sin is lawlessness.* (1 John 3:4, assumed knowledge, suggested footnote)
If it would help your readers, you could explain why John gives this warning. See the discussion of “sin” in Part 3 of the Introduction to 1 John. Suggested footnote: “The false teachers were saying that it does not matter what people do in their physical bodies. In this way, they were tempting the people to sin.”
@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ See `translate-kinship <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*his brothers* (Luke 8:19)
These were Jesus’ younger brothers, the other sons of Mary and Joseph who were born after Jesus. Since the Father of Jesus was God and their father was Joseph, they were actually his half-brothers. That detail is not normally translated, but if your language has a specific word for a man's younger brother, it would be appropriate to use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
These were Jesus’ younger brothers, the other sons of Mary and Joseph who were born after Jesus. Since the Father of Jesus was God and their father was Joseph, they were actually his half-brothers. That detail is not normally translated, but if your language has a specific word for a man's younger brother, it would be appropriate to use it here.
When to Make Explicit Information Implicit
@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ See `figs-explicitinfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*before he was conceived in the womb* (Luke 2:21)
It might seem that the phrase **conceived in the womb** contains redundant information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could abbreviate it. Alternate translation: “before he was conceived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
It might seem that the phrase **conceived in the womb** contains redundant information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could abbreviate it. Alternate translation: “before he was conceived”
When to Keep Implicit Information Implicit
@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ See `figs-extrainfo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*you concealed these things* (Luke 10:21)
By **these things**, Jesus likely means his identity as God’s Son and God’s identity as his Father: He says of those identities in the next verse that only people to whom he reveals them can understand them, just as he says here that **these things** are revealed only to certain people. Since the expression is explained in the next verse, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
By **these things**, Jesus likely means his identity as God’s Son and God’s identity as his Father: He says of those identities in the next verse that only people to whom he reveals them can understand them, just as he says here that **these things** are revealed only to certain people. Since the expression is explained in the next verse, you do not need to explain its meaning further here.
Biblical Distance
@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ See `translate-bdistance <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/
*50 cubits high* (Esther 5:14)
If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “25 meters high” or “75 feet high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “25 meters high” or “75 feet high”
Biblical Volume
@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ See `translate-bvolume <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*100 cors of wheat* (Ezra 7:22)
A cor was equivalent to about 220 liters. If it would help your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements, as UST does, “500 bushels of wheat.” Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **cor**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
A cor was equivalent to about 220 liters. If it would help your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements, as UST does, “500 bushels of wheat.” Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **cor**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote.
Biblical Weight
@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ See `translate-bweight <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*it weighed a talent* (1 Chronicles 20:2)
If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “it weighted 34 kilograms” or “it weighed 75 pounds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “it weighted 34 kilograms” or “it weighed 75 pounds”
Biblical Money
@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ Biblical Money
See `translate-bmoney <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md>`_
*forty silver shekels* (Nehemiah 5:15)
In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values could change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “40 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values could change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “40 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote.
Hebrew Months
@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ See `translate-hebrewmonths <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/bran
*the third day of the month of Adar* (Ezra 6:15)
You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. Suggested footnote: “The month of Adar was in the February—March time of the year.” Alternate translation: “by the third day of the month of Adar” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/[[translate-hebrewmonths]])
You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. Suggested footnote: “The month of Adar was in the February—March time of the year.” Alternate translation: “by the third day of the month of Adar”
Numbers
@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@ See `translate-numbers <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/ma
*10,000 talents of silver* (Esther 3:9)
The **talent** was the largest unit of money and **10,000** was the largest number in the counting system of the time. It is possible that Haman used these terms to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. Alternate translation: “a huge amount of silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
The **talent** was the largest unit of money and **10,000** was the largest number in the counting system of the time. It is possible that Haman used these terms to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. Alternate translation: “a huge amount of silver”
Ordinal Numbers
@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ Ordinal Numbers
See `translate-ordinal <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md>`_
*in the second year … in the second month* (Ezra 3:8)
If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month two of year two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month two of year two”
Fractions
@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ See `translate-fraction <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*a third of a shekel* (Nehemiah 10:32)
A **third** means one part out of three equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
A **third** means one part out of three equal parts.
Symbolic Action
@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ See `translate-symaction <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/
*shake off the dust from your feet* (Luke 9:5)
This action was an expression of strong rejection in this culture. It showed that someone did not want even the dust of a town to remain on him. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
This action was an expression of strong rejection in this culture. It showed that someone did not want even the dust of a town to remain on him. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation.
Writing Styles (Discourse)
@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ See `translate-blessing <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*Grace, mercy, and peace from* (2 Timothy 1:2)
After stating his name and the name of the person to whom he is writing, Paul adds a blessing to Timothy. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
After stating his name and the name of the person to whom he is writing, Paul adds a blessing to Timothy. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace from”
Extended Metaphors
@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ See `figs-exmetaphor <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mast
*it finds it swept out and put in order* (Luke 11:25)
Jesus speaks about the person whom the demon left by continuing the metaphor of a house. You could express this metaphor as a simile if that would help your readers. Alternate translation: “the demon finds that the person it left is like a house that someone has swept clean and organized by putting everything where it belongs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
Jesus speaks about the person whom the demon left by continuing the metaphor of a house. You could express this metaphor as a simile if that would help your readers. Alternate translation: “the demon finds that the person it left is like a house that someone has swept clean and organized by putting everything where it belongs”
Marking Background Information
@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ See `writing-background <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*he was passing through between Samaria and Galilee* (Luke 17:11)
Luke provides this background information about Jesus’ location to help readers understand what happens in this episode, in which Jesus engages a group of men that includes both Jews and at least one Samaritan. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “Jesus was traveling along the border between Samaria and Galilee” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
Luke provides this background information about Jesus’ location to help readers understand what happens in this episode, in which Jesus engages a group of men that includes both Jews and at least one Samaritan. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “Jesus was traveling along the border between Samaria and Galilee”
Marking End of Story
@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ See `writing-endofstory <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/m
*And news about him went out* (Luke 4:37)
This is a comment about what happened after the story as a result of the events within the story itself. Use the natural form in your language for expressing the conclusion of a story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
This is a comment about what happened after the story as a result of the events within the story itself. Use the natural form in your language for expressing the conclusion of a story.
Marking Hypothetical Situations
@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ See `figs-hypo <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/tra
(Note: This article is about hypothetical situations in general and should be referenced for notes addressing hypothetical situations that do not involve if-then constructions. A different article, the translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical article, should be cited in notes that address if-then constructions. :ref:`Hypothetical Conditions`)
*If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar* (1 John 1:10)
John is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of disregarding sin. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose we say that we have not sinned. Then we are calling God a liar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
John is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of disregarding sin. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose we say that we have not sinned. Then we are calling God a liar”
Introduction of a New Event
@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ See `writing-newevent <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*After these things* (Esther 2:1)
This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Some time later” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Some time later”
Introduction of New and Old Participants
@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ See `writing-participants <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch
*Ezra the scribe* (Nehemiah 8:1)
This introduces Ezra as a new character in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. The expression “the scribe” identifies him as a teacher who had carefully studied the law of Moses. Since he is a new participant, if it would help your readers, you could call him something like “a man named Ezra, who was a teacher of the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
This introduces Ezra as a new character in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. The expression “the scribe” identifies him as a teacher who had carefully studied the law of Moses. Since he is a new participant, if it would help your readers, you could call him something like “a man named Ezra, who was a teacher of the law of Moses”
Parables
@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ See `figs-parables <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master
*There were two debtors* (Luke 7:41)
To help Simon the Pharisee understand what he wants to teach him, Jesus tells a story. If it would help your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Jesus told Simon this story to help him understand: ‘There were two debtors’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
To help Simon the Pharisee understand what he wants to teach him, Jesus tells a story. If it would help your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Jesus told Simon this story to help him understand: ‘There were two debtors’”
Poetry
@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ See `writing-poetry <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/maste
*I am writing to you, little children* (1 John 2:12)
In order to show that John is writing something like poetry in this verse and the next two verses, some translations set the statements in these verses farther to the right than the rest of the text, and they begin a new line at the start of each statement. You could do this, or use a natural form in your language for expressing poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
In order to show that John is writing something like poetry in this verse and the next two verses, some translations set the statements in these verses farther to the right than the rest of the text, and they begin a new line at the start of each statement. You could do this, or use a natural form in your language for expressing poetry.
Politeness Issues (article does not exist yet)
@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ See `writing-proverbs <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/mas
*People who are well do not have need of a physician, but those who have sickness* (Luke 5:31)
Jesus begins his response by quoting or creating a proverb, a short saying about something that is generally true in life. This proverb draws a figurative comparison: Just as sick people need to see a doctor to be healed, so sinners need to see Jesus in order to be forgiven and restored. But since Jesus explains the comparison in the next verse, you do not need to explain it here. Rather, you can translate the proverb itself in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “People who are well do not need to see a doctor; people who are sick do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
Jesus begins his response by quoting or creating a proverb, a short saying about something that is generally true in life. This proverb draws a figurative comparison: Just as sick people need to see a doctor to be healed, so sinners need to see Jesus in order to be forgiven and restored. But since Jesus explains the comparison in the next verse, you do not need to explain it here. Rather, you can translate the proverb itself in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “People who are well do not need to see a doctor; people who are sick do”
Symbolic Language
@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ Symbolic Language
See `writing-symlanguage <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md>`_
*seven spirits* (Revelation 1:4)
The number **seven** is often used in the Bible as a symbol for completeness and perfection. Here, the **seven spirits** could refer to: (1) the Spirit of God, which is described with seven attributes in [Isaiah 11:2](../isa/11/02.md). Alternate translation: “the sevenfold Holy Spirit” (2) seven individual spirits who serve God, which might be the “seven angels” in [8:2](../08/02.md). Alternate translation: “the seven angelic spirits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
The number **seven** is often used in the Bible as a symbol for completeness and perfection. Here, the **seven spirits** could refer to: (1) the Spirit of God, which is described with seven attributes in [Isaiah 11:2](../isa/11/02.md). Alternate translation: “the sevenfold Holy Spirit” (2) seven individual spirits who serve God, which might be the “seven angels” in [8:2](../08/02.md). Alternate translation: “the seven angelic spirits”
Verse Bridges
""""""""""""""
@ -1155,4 +1155,4 @@ See `translate-versebridge <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branc
*For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out from the man* (Luke 8:29)
If your language would put the reason before the result, you could create a verse bridge by moving this sentence to the previous verse, after the man bows down to Jesus but before he speaks. You would need to change the tense of the verb to fit the context. You would then present the combined verses as 28–29. Alternate translation: “Jesus commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge)
If your language would put the reason before the result, you could create a verse bridge by moving this sentence to the previous verse, after the man bows down to Jesus but before he speaks. You would need to change the tense of the verb to fit the context. You would then present the combined verses as 28–29. Alternate translation: “Jesus commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man”