See in Reader
Slightly better tidying up
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Robert Hunt
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tn_EXO.tsv
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tn_EXO.tsv
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@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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1:14 gzq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ 1 “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard” See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md)
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1:14 fnzx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וַיְמָרְר֨וּ & בָהֶ֖ם 1 These pronouns refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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1:14 acj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם & עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם & עָבְד֥וּ 1 These pronouns refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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1:15 yoaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 This sentence introduces a new event in the story. If your language marks this with particular discourse features, apply them here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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1:15 yoaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 This sentence introduces a new event in the story. If your language marks this with particular discourse features, apply them here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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1:15 hhw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת 1 These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby.
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1:15 h8f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׁפְרָ֔ה & פּוּעָֽה 1 These are Hebrew women’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:15 h59t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants שִׁפְרָ֔ה & פּוּעָֽה 1 The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use your language’s way to introduce new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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1:16 dwwz rc://*/ta/man/translate/ וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 In the UST, **And the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [verse 15](../01/15.md) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. This may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said twice, you may leave one off.
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1:16 dwwz rc://*/ta/man/translate/ וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 In the UST, **And the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [verse 15](../01/15.md) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. This may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said twice, you may leave one off.
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1:16 yovg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן֙ אֶת־הָֽעִבְרִיּ֔וֹת וּרְאִיתֶ֖ן עַל־הָאָבְנָ֑יִם אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔וֹ וְאִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָחָֽיָה 1 This is a direct quote of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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1:16 flke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן֙ & וּרְאִיתֶ֖ן & וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן 1 The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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1:16 h3mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it is associated with birth. Alternate translation: “as they give birth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:16 nms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔וֹ וְאִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָחָֽיָה 1 These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at **if**) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at **then**). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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1:17 gy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַתִּירֶ֤אןָ 1 Use a conjunction or other language structure that expresses contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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1:18 y9g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֔ת 1 These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
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1:18 z0l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים 1 This is a direct quote of the king’s question. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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1:18 z0l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים 1 This is a direct quote of the king’s question. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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1:18 y73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָהֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים 1 This could be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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1:18 q1sy מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?”
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1:18 honv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן 1 This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:1 riy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֖ישׁ & בַּת 1 These are new participants. They remain unnamed until [Exodus 6:20](../06/20.md) where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:1 d0u9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי 1 This is an idiom for marrying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:2 s49k ט֣וֹב 1 Alternative translations: “pleasing,” “fine,” or “healthy” (UST)
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2:2 q4c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַתֵּ֤רֶא & וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵ֖הוּ 1 Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:2 q4c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַתֵּ֤רֶא & וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵ֖הוּ 1 Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:2 z0k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה 1 3 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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2:3 t2gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא 1 This is a basket made from a tall grass that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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2:3 tn3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה בַחֵמָ֖ר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת 1 You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “spread tar on it to keep water from getting into it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:5 bi7s וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ 1 These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her.
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2:5 am7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וַתִּקָּחֶֽהָ 1 It is not clear who is meant by **she** here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter stays the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:6 g9n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּה 1 The word **behold** signals the surprising information that follows. See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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2:6 tyub rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַתַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔יו 1 The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby [verse 2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:6 tyub rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַתַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔יו 1 The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby [verse 2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:6 jg0d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מִיַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽעִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה 1 This is a direct quote. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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2:7 czvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וְקָרָ֤אתִי לָךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת וְתֵינִ֥ק לָ֖ךְ אֶת־הַיָּֽלֶד 1 This is a direct quote of the baby’s sister. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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2:7 x5ja וְקָרָ֤אתִי לָךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת 1 This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not have a plan yet for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here.
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@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:10 j7n1 וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן 1 “and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter”
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2:10 h7to rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become **as a son to her**. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separtion between these events. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
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2:10 nh2m מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ 1 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’”
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2:10 ityq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ 1 This is a direct quote. It could be stated indirectly. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she draw him out of the water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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2:10 ityq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ 1 This is a direct quote. It could be stated indirectly. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she draw him out of the water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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2:10 yax4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 **Moses** - (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:11 tyol rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ם וַיִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֵּצֵ֣א 1 A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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2:11 p7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ 1 This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:16 shg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת 1 This sentence is background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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2:16 pjzc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת 1 This sentence is used to mark a transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene so you may want to make your transition there as is done in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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2:16 cfe5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת וַתָּבֹ֣אנָה 1 The **daughters** are new participants. Indicate that in a way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:16 sm8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַתָּבֹ֣אנָה 1 The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate word. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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2:16 sm8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַתָּבֹ֣אנָה 1 The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate word. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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2:16 v5yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת 1 This is the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:16 esdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שֶׁ֣בַע 1 7 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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2:16 i2jh וַתִּדְלֶ֗נָה 1 This means that they brought up water from a well.
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@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:17 zksv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants הָרֹעִ֖ים 1 These are new, very brief, participants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:17 z17m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַיָּ֤קָם 1 Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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2:18 omzv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַתָּבֹ֕אנָה 1 The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use come or go. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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2:18 st7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְעוּאֵ֖ל 1 **Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:18 st7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְעוּאֵ֖ל 1 **Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:18 n5f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants רְעוּאֵ֖ל 1 The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new participant starting here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:18 tiqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֲבִיהֶ֑ן 1 This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:18 lukb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַיֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַיּֽוֹם 1 This is a direct quote. You could use an indirect quotation such as “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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2:19 ggvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙ 1 The repeated word expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:20 x73j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנֹתָ֖יו 1 This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:20 x9yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְאַיּ֑וֹ לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָאִ֔ישׁ 1 These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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2:20 p6xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וְאַיּ֑וֹ לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָאִ֔ישׁ קִרְאֶ֥ן ל֖וֹ וְיֹ֥אכַל לָֽחֶם׃ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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2:20 p6xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וְאַיּ֑וֹ לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָאִ֔ישׁ קִרְאֶ֥ן ל֖וֹ וְיֹ֥אכַל לָֽחֶם׃ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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2:20 mb8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ל֖וֹ 1 **Him** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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2:20 hal8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 **Bread** is used to refer to food in general. Alternative translation: “food”(See: [Synecdoche](rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche))
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2:21 zvr1 וַיּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָשֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָאִ֑ישׁ 1 “Moses agreed to live with Reuel”
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@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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3:1 ap00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֹתְנ֖וֹ 1 This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:1 l7x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן 1 This is a possessive of social relationship. Jethro is a priest who serves the Midianites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:1 v97t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַיָּבֹ֛א אֶל 1 “and he arrived at” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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3:1 p27s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession הַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called the mountain of God in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already associated with God’s presence or worship somehow before Moses went there with the flock. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:1 p27s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession הַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called the mountain of God in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already associated with God’s presence or worship somehow before Moses went there with the flock. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:2 p0nt וַ֠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛יו בְּלַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֑ה 1 This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening.
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3:2 x5ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/ יְהֹוָ֥ה 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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3:2 d3tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל 1 The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that the next thing is a surprise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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3:7 p3tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו 1 **Faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:7 xx7r נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו 1 “his oppressors”
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3:7 ofxt כִּ֥י 1 The conjunction is probably functioning modally here, intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
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3:7 mfn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו & מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people”.) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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3:7 mfn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו & מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people”.) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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3:7 hkcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of anguish. Your translation should express that they are in deep mental and emotional distress (anguish). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:7 ui28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 It is implied that they are in deep mental and emotional distress (anguish) because they are treated badly as slaves. You may make this explicit. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:8 nia8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וָאֵרֵ֞ד לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ׀ מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮ מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַהִוא֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּרְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ אֶל־מְק֤וֹם הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃ 1 Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “again, because.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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3:13 jq42 הִנֵּ֨ה 1 **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now”
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3:13 zn81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָא֮ 1 In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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3:13 m9uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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3:13 vfsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַה־שְּׁמ֔וֹ 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:13 vfsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַה־שְּׁמ֔וֹ 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:13 bkei rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵהֶֽם 1 Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:14 cli8 אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 This is God’s response to Moses’s question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’”
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3:14 b6vk אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Possible meanings are (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live.
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@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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3:16 fv77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אֶתְכֶ֔ם 1 The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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3:16 f5jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֶעָשׂ֥וּי 1 In some languages you may not be able to translate this in the passive form. Alternative translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:16 dvgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּמִצְרָֽיִם 1 The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:17 c54k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְכֶם֮ מֵעֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, see UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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3:17 c54k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְכֶם֮ מֵעֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, see UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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3:17 eloj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:17 r8mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַעֲלֶ֣ה 1 Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:17 wyvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See UST and [the next note]([[rc://*/tn/help/exo/03/08/pwn5]]) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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3:20 gdw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן 1 Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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3:20 ay53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְשַׁלַּ֥ח 1 Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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3:20 awxs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אֶתְכֶֽם 1 Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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3:21 btwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֵ֥ן & בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 **In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgement). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:21 btwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֵ֥ן & בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 **In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgement). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:21 h2wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:21 s45u הָֽעָם־הַזֶּ֖ה 1 “you”
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3:21 uz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual תֵֽלֵכ֔וּן & תֵלְכ֖וּ 1 If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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4:2 r3f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מזה בְיָדֶ֑ךָ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:2 p8sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַטֶּֽה 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:3 jgir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣הוּ אַ֔רְצָה 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:3 zycd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנָֽיו 1 Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:3 zycd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנָֽיו 1 Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:4 g6bk וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ 1 “and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail”
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4:4 mqpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔ וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:4 bzmp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔ וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ 1 This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [verse 5](../04/05.md) and there is more discussion there about how to handle the resumption.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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@ -379,8 +379,8 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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4:21 uvoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַאֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ 1 This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:21 uudz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְלֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָעָֽם 1 Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:22 ftde כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider.
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4:22 zb2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה 1 **Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level, the first level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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4:22 teyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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4:22 zb2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה 1 **Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level, the first level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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4:22 teyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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4:22 kud7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks בְּנִ֥י 1 This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:22 aod0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנִ֥י בְכֹרִ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ 1 Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:22 pt4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son, rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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4:31 hn78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants הָעָ֑ם 1 Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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4:31 q1er פָקַ֨ד & בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 “saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
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4:31 g83a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ 1 Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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5:intro kea2 0 # Exodus 05 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### A slave’s work\nThe Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. The Israelite slaves were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, they were required not only to make these bricks, but also to gather straw, one of the raw materials, in order to make these bricks.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Let my people go”\nThis is a very important statement. Moses does not seek permission to leave, asking Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demands that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.\n\n### Titles\nThe leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses “taskmasters” and “foremen.” Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like “Egyptian leaders” and “Hebrew leaders” may be necessary.
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5:intro kea2 0 # Exodus 05 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### A slave’s work\nThe Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. The Israelite slaves were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, they were required not only to make these bricks, but also to gather straw, one of the raw materials, in order to make these bricks.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Let my people go”\nThis is a very important statement. Moses does not seek permission to leave, asking Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demands that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.\n\n### Titles\nThe leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses “taskmasters” and “foremen.” Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like “Egyptian leaders” and “Hebrew leaders” may be necessary.
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5:1 q0zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 This time phrase, **and afterward**, marks a transition in the narrative. Alternative translation: “After that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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5:1 q9kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited until they went to see Pharoah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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5:1 cudx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֚אוּ 1 In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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5:10 szfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן 1 The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between “I” and “you.” Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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5:10 si2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֵינֶ֛נִּי 1 Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants take straw that belongs to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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5:10 gb4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual לָכֶ֖ם 1 **You**is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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5:11 ewg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵאֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ 1 The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between “I” and “you.” See [[rc://*/tn/help/exo/05/10/7zfp]] for more info. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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5:11 ewg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵאֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ 1 The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between “I” and “you.” See [[rc://*/tn/help/exo/05/10/7zfp]] for more info. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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5:11 xe4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אַתֶּ֗ם 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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5:11 w918 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אַתֶּ֗ם & לָכֶם֙ 1 The repetition of **you** emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. Alternative translation: see UST (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
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5:11 g5vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר 1 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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@ -522,8 +522,8 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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6:1 ip5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְפַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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6:1 lu95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential עַתָּ֣ה 1 This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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6:1 ece6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה 1 **Hand** is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:1 swm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה 1 It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options are: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions), (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out), (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1) which is the most common interpretation. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” or (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” or (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand”
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6:1 dm4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that might be confusing for your readers. Instead, if it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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6:1 swm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה 1 It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options are: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions), (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out), (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1) which is the most common interpretation. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” or (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” or (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand”
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6:1 dm4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that might be confusing for your readers. Instead, if it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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6:1 sdon מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 “from Egypt”
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6:2 fm1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו 1 There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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6:2 kcty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו 1 After this phrase a direct quote begins which continues until the end of [verse 8](../06/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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6:18 qu41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת 1 “one hundred thirty-three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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6:19 p5sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּמוּשִׁ֑י 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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6:20 ni1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַמְרָ֜ם & יוֹכֶ֤בֶד & אַהֲרֹ֖ן & מֹשֶׁ֑ה & עַמְרָ֔ם 1 These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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6:20 mh02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship דֹּֽדָתוֹ֙ 1 This word specifically means father’s sister. Some languages will have a term that is specific in this way, and translators should use it. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
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6:20 mh02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship דֹּֽדָתוֹ֙ 1 This word specifically means father’s sister. Some languages will have a term that is specific in this way, and translators should use it. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
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6:20 ti6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת 1 “one hundred thirty-seven years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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6:21 f3yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָנֶ֖פֶג וְזִכְרִֽי׃ 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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6:22 n7cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְאֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְסִתְרִֽי 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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7:5 npd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּנְטֹתִ֥י אֶת־יָדִ֖י עַל 1 This phrase represents God’s great power. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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7:5 dguc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְהוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִתּוֹכָֽם 1 The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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7:5 h576 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מִתּוֹכָֽם 1 At the end of this verse, the direct quote that began in [verse 1](../07/01.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. Note that the UST is reordered. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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7:6 iii5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיַּ֥עַשׂ & עָשֽׂוּ 1 This repetition emphasizes the statement. Some languages can use repetition for emphasis; others will need to use another way of expressing emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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7:6 iii5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיַּ֥עַשׂ & עָשֽׂוּ 1 This repetition emphasizes the statement. Some languages can use repetition for emphasis; others will need to use another way of expressing emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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7:7 liir rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּמֹשֶׁה֙ בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְאַֽהֲרֹ֔ן בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה בְּדַבְּרָ֖ם אֶל־פַּרְעֹֽה 1 This verse contains background information. If your language marks background information with particular discourse features, use them here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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7:7 g7i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁמֹנִ֣ים & שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים 1 “eighty … eighty-three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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7:7 nou3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה & בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 This is an idiom that refers to their age. See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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@ -631,13 +631,13 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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7:12 prnp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מַטֵּֽה & מַטֹּתָֽם 1 It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word **staff** as “snake” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say that a staff swallowed or ate something (because it is not living). It may also be not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once transformed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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7:13 g42f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were **strong**. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:13 tfve כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה 1 Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST.
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7:14 d27r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being heavy vs strong. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
7:14 d27r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being heavy vs strong. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
7:14 qiyx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֹּ֤אמֶר 1 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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7:14 t79b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins which continues to the end of [verse 18](../07/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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7:15 ecby הִנֵּה֙ 1 This is used to draw attention to information that follows.
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7:15 c5np יֹצֵ֣א הַמַּ֔יְמָה 1 There are various theories as to what Pharaoh went down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation.
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7:16 yqp7 וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו 1 “Say to Pharaoh”
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7:16 i4yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks יְהוָ֞ה 1 This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 18](../07/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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||||
7:16 i4yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks יְהוָ֞ה 1 This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 18](../07/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
|
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7:16 uvxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָעִבְרִים֙ 1 Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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7:16 d16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וְיַֽעַבְדֻ֖נִי בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר וְהִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה 1 This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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7:16 cwox וְהִנֵּ֥ה 1 **Behold** is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated.
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@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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7:20 zy18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּיְאֹ֔ר 1 The name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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7:20 mj8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְעֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּלְעֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑יו 1 This means in their sight. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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7:22 gnjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י 1 See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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7:22 qdc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ 1 Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:22 qdc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ 1 Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:22 sbic כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה 1 Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you handled this in [7:13](../07/13.md) where the same sentence appears.
|
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7:23 atdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖וֹ גַּם־לָזֹֽאת 1 This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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7:24 m6zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם 1 The word **all** here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. Alternate translation: “Many of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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@ -666,8 +666,8 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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8:intro ww1y 0 # Exodus 08 General Notes\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n- the exact insects in plagues 3-4 are not certain, translation teams will need to decide what insects they can use for each\n- Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy, that is, he determines to be proud and resist Yahweh twice in this chapter\n- the Israelites’ sacrifices are spoken of as an abomination to the Egyptians but it is not specified how or why that is\n\n\n### Lifting up the hand and staff: \nIn the next few chapters God will instruct Moses and/or Aaron to raise his hand and/or staff. The narrative will then record that whoever will raise his hand and/or staff. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand and the narrative may say Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit and they can both be mentioned or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently.\n\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Pharaoh’s hard heart\nPharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.\n\n### Let my people go\n\nThis is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
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8:1 tf7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations בֹּ֖א 1 This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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8:1 v6ll כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is a standard formula used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
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8:1 lndc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה 1 This begins a second-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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8:1 kure rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שַׁלַּ֥ח 1 This begins a third-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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8:1 lndc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֚ה 1 This begins a second-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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8:1 kure rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes שַׁלַּ֥ח 1 This begins a third-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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8:2 s7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְשַׁלֵּ֑חַ 1 What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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8:2 aei8 הִנֵּ֣ה 1 **Behold** is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out”
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8:3 fzo6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בְּבֵיתֶ֔ךָ וּבַחֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְךָ֖ וְעַל־מִטָּתֶ֑ךָ וּבְבֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ֙ וּבְעַמֶּ֔ךָ וּבְתַנּוּרֶ֖יךָ וּבְמִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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8:19 gjgg כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה 1 Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST.
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8:20 j5n8 וְהִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 “and present yourself to Pharaoh”
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8:20 frfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה 1 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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8:20 syv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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8:20 syv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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8:20 tg25 הִנֵּ֖ה 1 This is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
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8:20 uypa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This phrase opens a direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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8:20 eqd2 כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is a standard formula used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
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@ -790,9 +790,9 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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9:3 tn3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual בְּמִקְנְךָ֙ 1 While the word **your** here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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9:3 v8ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּסּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽחֲמֹרִים֙ בַּגְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּבָּקָ֖ר וּבַצֹּ֑אן 1 This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]
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9:3 tkqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns בַּבָּקָ֖ר & וּבַצֹּ֑אן 1 These singular nouns (**cattle** and **flock**) refer to groups of animals. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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9:3 cud8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּבֵ֥ד 1 Here, the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:3 cud8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּבֵ֥ד 1 Here, the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:4 x12r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the [previous verse](../09/04.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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9:4 c9ob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִקְנֵ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל & מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Israelites own … the livestock that the Egyptians own” or “the livestock belonging to the Israelites... the livestock belonging to the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:4 c9ob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִקְנֵ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל & מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Israelites own … the livestock that the Egyptians own” or “the livestock belonging to the Israelites... the livestock belonging to the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:4 lp3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:4 u60c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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9:4 fs25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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9:5 pxb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָ֛ה 1 Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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9:6 aztr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה 1 It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. You may need to may that explicit in your translation in some languages. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:6 cx5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה 1 This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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9:6 iccg מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם & וּמִמִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Egyptians own … But from the livestock that the Israelites own” or “the livestock belonging to the Egyptians... But form the livestock belonging to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:6 iccg מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם & וּמִמִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Egyptians own … But from the livestock that the Israelites own” or “the livestock belonging to the Egyptians... But form the livestock belonging to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:6 gy7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:6 gewa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. The phrase speaks of all of the Israelites as descendants of the patriarch Jacob, who was also known as Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelite peoples’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:6 i0bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וּמִמִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד 1 This emphatic negative statement could be stated positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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@ -825,21 +825,21 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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9:9 d2v3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִשְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת 1 This is a disease where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:9 jlh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הָאָדָ֜ם 1 This includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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9:9 eyc7 הַבְּהֵמָ֗ה 1 “wild and domestic animals” or “wild animals and livestock”
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9:10 wdcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns פִּ֣יחַ 1 Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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9:10 wdcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns פִּ֣יחַ 1 Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
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9:10 dp3l פִּ֣יחַ הַכִּבְשָׁ֗ן 1 “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
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9:10 ufpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” See how you translated a similar statement in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
9:10 xmbw הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה 1 “toward the sky” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
|
||||
9:10 jhzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ 1 This is a disease where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:10 sq2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָּאָדָ֖ם 1 This includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
|
||||
9:10 jhzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ 1 This is a disease where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
9:10 sq2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָּאָדָ֖ם 1 This includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
|
||||
9:10 iftm וּבַבְּהֵמָֽה 1 “wild and domestic animals” or “wild animals and livestock” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
|
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9:11 jrc3 הַֽחַרְטֻמִּ֗ים & בַּֽחֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם 1 See how you translated this in [7:11](../07/11.md).
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||||
9:11 dxsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:11 k9uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּנֵ֣י הַשְּׁחִ֑ין 1 Here, **the face of** means the existence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:11 lpmq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַשְּׁחִ֑ין & הַשְּׁחִ֔ין 1 This is a disease where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only the single word for the disease is used, without the description that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:11 dxsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:11 k9uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּנֵ֣י הַשְּׁחִ֑ין 1 Here, **the face of** means the existence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:11 lpmq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַשְּׁחִ֑ין & הַשְּׁחִ֔ין 1 This is a disease where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only the single word for the disease is used, without the description that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
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9:12 p5m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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9:13 ifs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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9:13 zsvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 After this phrase a direct quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
|
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9:13 zmrt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְהִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה 1 Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:13 zmrt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְהִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה 1 Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:13 f6cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים 1 After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation as the UST does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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9:13 nha6 כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ 1 This is a standard formula used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
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9:13 ly7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks שַׁלַּ֥ח 1 **Let** is the first word of a third-level direct quote which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a third-level quotation. If you chose to make the second level an indirect quote, this may only be a second-level quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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9:30 tn94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary וְאַתָּ֖ה וַעֲבָדֶ֑יךָ 1 This phrase is shifted to the front of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
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9:30 srx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה 1 Here, **face** means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:31 p1v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֥ה & וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֖ה 1 **Flax** is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:31 lzar rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אָבִ֔יב 1 This means the seeds at the top of the stalk were developing but still green. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:31 lzar rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אָבִ֔יב 1 This means the seeds at the top of the stalk were developing but still green. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:31 nxjc גִּבְעֹֽל 1 “was flowering”
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9:32 jmq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְהַכֻּסֶּ֖מֶת 1 This is a kind of wheat. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:33 fa2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖יו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה 1 This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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10:17 ttog אַ֣ךְ הַפַּ֔עַם & רַ֖ק 1 Pharaoh could either be desperate and using **just this once... only** to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in [10:10](../10/10.md)). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request.
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10:17 kd6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם 1 Here, **your** is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
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10:17 doeg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה 1 The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there were no crops. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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10:17 nn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה 1 The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there were no crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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10:17 nn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה 1 The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there were no crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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10:18 p9hz וַיֵּצֵ֖א 1 Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:!6](../10/16.md) so some translations will need to say that they both left.
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10:19 xhsv רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד 1 “a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west”
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10:19 mdp5 וַיִּשָּׂא֙ 1 “moved the locusts upwards”
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@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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10:25 bjy0 וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 Here, **do** means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God”
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10:25 sgzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ & וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ & אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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10:26 k0pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive מִקְנֵ֜נוּ & עִמָּ֗נוּ & נִקַּ֔ח & אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ & נֵדַ֗ע & נַּעֲבֹד֙ & בֹּאֵ֖נוּ 1 Here, **we, our,** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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10:26 ys4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “we cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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10:26 ys4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “we cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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10:26 v9uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פַּרְסָ֔ה 1 Here the word **hoof** refers to the entire animal. Alternate translation: “a single animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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10:26 uiom שָֽׁמָּה 1 The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (see [3:1](../03/01.md), especially [3:12](../03/12.md), and [4:27](../04/27.md)) which would take three days to travel to (see [3:18](../03/18.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md)).
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10:27 n588 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was strong. If heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ front:intro b4pp הָאָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n##
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11:2 zw6r כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב 1 These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry.
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11:2 dl0a וְיִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵאֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗הוּ וְאִשָּׁה֙ מֵאֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב 1 [Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions, see how you translated there.
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11:2 jyqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks זָהָֽב 1 At the end of this verse, the direct quote of Yahweh that started in the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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11:3 hng9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 **In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgement). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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11:3 hng9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 **In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgement). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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11:3 aet2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם 1 **In the eyes of the servants … people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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11:3 a2gp וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 [Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase, see how you translated there.
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11:4 sewb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins which continues until the end of [11:8](../11/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will put to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֲזַ֥ק וֶאֱמָֽץ 1 Israel and God considered both traits important for Joshua to pursue as their leader. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 02 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rahab’s faith\n\nRahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “ … melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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2:intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 02 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rahab’s faith\n\nRahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “ … melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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2:1 ig8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֠וּן 1 This is Joshua’s father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:1 w886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁטִּ֞ים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:1 z78b מְרַגְּלִים֙ 1 These men were to visit the land to gain information on how Israel should conquer the land.
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@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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8:13 j7b9 0 The Israelites prepare to fight the people of Ai.
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8:13 s1lu אֶת־כָּל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֗ה 1 This refers to the largest group of fighting men, those not in the ambush group.
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8:13 nq1b עֲקֵב֖וֹ 1 those who were “set in ambush on the west side of the city” ([Joshua 8:12](../08/12.md))
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8:15 a83i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ & לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 “let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:15 a83i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ & לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 “let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:15 w933 לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 the army of Ai
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8:15 bri5 וַיָּנֻ֖סוּ 1 The army of Israel fled.
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8:16 dr3a וַֽיִּרְדְּפוּ֙ 1 These occurrences of “they” refer to the army of Ai.
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@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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8:30 xev4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּהַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל 1 a mountain in Canaan (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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8:35 kdu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 09 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 09 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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9:1 g4h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 a shortened name for the Jordan River (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 Here “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:4 r5yb בְּעָרְמָ֔ה 1 a crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the Israelites
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@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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12:23 a6eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דּ֛וֹר לְנָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר & גּוֹיִ֥ם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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12:24 kv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תִּרְצָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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12:24 aeg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers כָּל־מְלָכִ֖ים שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְאֶחָֽד 1 “31 in all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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13:intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Division of the land\n\nThere was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.\n\n### Driving out the people\n\nWhile Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel’s success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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13:intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Division of the land\n\nThere was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.\n\n### Driving out the people\n\nWhile Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel’s success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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13:2 s51z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֥את הָאָ֖רֶץ הַנִּשְׁאָ֑רֶת 1 You may clarify that this is the land that Israel still needs to capture. Alternate translation: “This is the land that still remains for Israel to capture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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13:3 q1nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁיח֞וֹר 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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13:3 a3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֖י תֵּחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the Canaanites now consider their property” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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22:20 kyw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֣ן & זֶ֗רַח 1 names of men (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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22:20 v3qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֣וֹא׀ עָכָ֣ן בֶּן־זֶ֗רַח מָ֤עַל מַ֨עַל֙ בַּחֵ֔רֶם 1 These questions are used to remind the people of the punishment for past sins. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “Achan son of Zerah sinned by taking things that had been reserved for God. And because of that God punished all the people of Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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22:22 x5pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִם־בְּמֶ֤רֶד וְאִם־בְּמַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽיהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖נוּ הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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22:23 sku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo לִבְנ֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָשׁ֖וּב מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְאִם־לְהַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜יו עוֹלָ֣ה וּמִנְחָ֗ה וְאִם־לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָיו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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22:23 sku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo לִבְנ֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָשׁ֖וּב מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְאִם־לְהַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜יו עוֹלָ֣ה וּמִנְחָ֗ה וְאִם־לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָיו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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22:24 cei9 0 The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now give their answer.
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22:24 xpn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵיכֶ֤ם לְבָנֵ֨ינוּ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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22:24 qr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The three tribes use this rhetorical question to emphasize the situation they are trying to avoid. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have nothing to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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22:33 pn48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּיטַ֣ב הַדָּבָ֗ר בְּעֵינֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here “good in the eyes” means “accepted.” Alternate translation: “The people accepted the report of the leaders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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22:33 h5hk לְשַׁחֵת֙ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 “destroy everything in the land”
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22:34 xf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֥ד הוּא֙ בֵּֽינֹתֵ֔ינוּ 1 The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify for the three tribes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)\n\n“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)\n\n“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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23:2 vyz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet זָקַ֔נְתִּי בָּ֖אתִי בַּיָּמִֽים 1 This doublet can be translated as “very old.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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23:4 t22f הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
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23:4 bf99 מְב֥וֹא הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ 1 This indicates the direction of the setting sun.
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@ -320,12 +320,12 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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5:intro i1dt 0 # Romans 05 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nMany scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, verses in Scripture to understand. Some of their richness and meaning has likely been lost while being translated from how the original Greek was constructed.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Results of justification\nHow Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n### “All sinned”\nScholars are divided over what Paul meant in verse 12: “And death spread to all people, because all sinned.” Some believe that all of mankind was present in the “seed of Adam.” So, as Adam is the father of all mankind, all of mankind was present when Adam sinned. Others believe that Adam served as a representative head for mankind. So when he sinned, all of mankind “fell” as a result. Whether people today played an active or passive role in Adam’s original sin is one way these views differ. Other passages will help one decide. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n### The second Adam\nAdam was the first man and the first “son” of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. Paul describes Jesus as the “second Adam” in this chapter and the true son of God. He brings life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
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5:1 xmp3 0 Paul begins to tell many different things that happen when God makes believers right with him.
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5:1 age4 δικαιωθέντες οὖν 1 “Because we are justified”
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||||
5:1 s6xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive & ἡμῶν 1 All occurrences of “we” and “our” refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:1 s6xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 All occurrences of “we” and “our” refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:1 p11y διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 “because of our Lord Jesus Christ”
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5:1 me59 τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Here “Lord” means that Jesus is God.
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5:2 du8b δι’ οὗ καὶ τὴν προσαγωγὴν ἐσχήκαμεν, τῇ πίστει εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην, ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν 1 Here “by faith” refers to our trust in Jesus, which allows us to stand before God. Alternate translation: “Because we trust in Jesus, God allows us to come into his presence”
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||||
5:3 q5p7 οὐ μόνον δέ 1 The word “this” refers to the ideas described in [Romans 5:1-2](./01.md).
|
||||
5:3 u14f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καυχώμεθα & 1 These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:3 u14f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καυχώμεθα 1 These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:4 sx5f ἐλπίδα 1 This is the certainty that God will fulfill all his promises for those who trust in Christ.
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||||
5:5 i8pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν & ἡμῖν 1 These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:5 pp1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει 1 Paul uses personification here as he speaks of “confidence” as if it were alive. Alternate translation: “we are very confident that we will receive the things that we wait for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
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11:18 llz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
11:19 mm6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι 1 Here “branches” refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus and whom God has now rejected. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God broke branches off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
11:19 p9ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 Paul uses this phrase to refer to the Gentile believers whom God has accepted. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “he might attach me in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
11:20 puj9 & ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 The pronouns “their” and “they” refer to the Jewish people who did not believe.
|
||||
11:20 puj9 ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 The pronouns “their” and “they” refer to the Jewish people who did not believe.
|
||||
11:20 v2ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ δὲ τῇ πίστει ἕστηκας 1 Paul speaks of the Gentile believers remaining faithful as if they were standing firm and no one could move them. Alternate translation: “but you remain because of your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
11:21 f6i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων οὐκ ἐφείσατο, οὐδὲ σοῦ φείσεται 1 Here the “natural branches” refers to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. Alternate translation: “Since God did not spare those unbelieving Jews, who grew up like a tree’s natural branches that came from the root, then know, if you do not believe, he will not spare you either (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:22 xdm3 χρηστότητα καὶ ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ 1 Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them.
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Reference in New Issue