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Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <rich.mahn@unfoldingword.org>
Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/397
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Richard Mahn 2020-10-08 13:52:54 +00:00
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6
translate/bita-phenom/01.md
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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
>
> When Yahweh heard this, **he was angry**; so **his fire burned** against Jacob, and **his anger** attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safety, security, and ease
#### A WIDE SPACE represents safety, security, and ease
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support.
> He set me free in **a wide open place**; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
>
> Do not let the **floods of water** overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15a ULT)
>
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hands of foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hand of foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origin or source of something
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
> A quarreling wife is a constant **dripping of water**. (Proverbs 19:13b ULT)
>
> His lips are lilies, **dripping myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13b ULT)
> His lips are lilies, **dripping liquid myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13b ULT)
>
> My groaning is **poured out like water**. (Job 3:24b ULT)
>

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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not
#### A PLANT represents a person
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…**root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will … **root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents actions or behaviors

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translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The abstract noun “salvation” here refers to being saved.
The abstract noun “slowness” refers to the lack of speed with which something is done.
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
> He will both bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
The abstract noun “purposes” refers to the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them.
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. Alternative translations are indented below the Scripture example.
> … from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
>

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@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not
A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
> … cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
> … **cursed is the ground** because of you; (Genesis 3:17b ULT)
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, **Jesus forgave** the man’s sins.
> Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, “Son, your sins are forgiven.” (Luke 2:5 ULT)
> When Jesus saw their faith, he said to the paralyzed man, “**Son, your sins are forgiven**.” (Mark 2:5 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a verb form** that would express that function.
(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.
(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a verb form** that would express that function.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@ -51,21 +51,22 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
> Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean**. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
> Lord, **please heal me**, because I know you are able to heal me if you are willing to. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
>> Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean. Please do so.**
>> Lord, if you are willing, **please make me clean. I know you can do so.**
> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**,. If you are willing, please do so**.**
> >
> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me**.** **I know you can do so****.**
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
> She will give birth to a son, and **you will call his name Jesus**, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
>
> > She will give birth to a son, and **you must call his name Jesus**, for he will save his people from their sins.
> Son, your sins are forgiven. (Luke 2:5 ULT)
>
> Son, your sins are forgiven. (Mark 2:5 ULT)
>
> > Son, I forgive your sins.
> >
> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.

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@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. 
>
> > ** Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. 
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them. 
>
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
>
> > … for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.  
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.  
>
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?  
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?  
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
> There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>
> > I will call on Yahweh, **because** he is worthy to be praised
> > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.

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@ -1 +1 @@
Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding
Distinguishing Versus Informing or Reminding

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@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
(2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely” or “absolutely.”
> Be sure of this—the wicked person will **not** go **un**punished. (Proverbs 11:21a ULT)
>
> > “Be sure of this—wicked people will **certainly** be punished.”
>
> All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
>
> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”

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@ -1,53 +1,57 @@
### Description
In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. Sometimes the author wanted to discuss something that happened at an earlier time than the event that he just talked about. This can be confusing to the reader.
**Reason this is a translation issue:** Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events.
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events.
### Examples from the Bible
> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
> He even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison.
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, and the ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after them. But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching.
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2b ULT)
This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, but the seals that lock the scroll must be broken before the scroll can be unrolled.
### Translation Strategies
1. If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md).)
(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md).)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
> <sup> 20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup> 21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
>> <sup> 20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup> 21</sup> **Before John was put in prison,** while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
> 20 he even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
>
> > 20 But then Herod … had John locked up in prison. 21 **Before John was put in prison,** while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
>
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2b ULT)
>
> > Who is worthy to open the scroll **after** breaking its seals?
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
>> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua **had commanded** the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.”  (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> > 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets 10 But Joshua **had commanded** the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
>> <sup> 8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> > 8,10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
>
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2b ULT)
>
> > Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_events.
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_events.

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@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
### Description
Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULT and UST, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people say helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. In the example below from Matthew 8, the speakers were terribly afraid. In the example from Matthew 9, the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before.
Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULT and UST, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people said helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. In the example below from Matthew 8, the speakers were terribly afraid. In the example from Matthew 9, the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before.
> Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULT)
> Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25b ULT)
> When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, “This has never been seen before in Israel!” (Matthew 9:33 ULT)
### Reason this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emotion.
@ -18,57 +18,63 @@ Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh
> **Oh**, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “**Ah**, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
The word “Alas” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
> **How** unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas**, O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
>
> **How** unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to.
> You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
> You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22b ULT)
### Translation Strategies
1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
> You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
> You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22b ULT)
>
> > “You **are** such a worthless person!”
> Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
>
> Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
>
> > “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God **are** so deep!”
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. In the first suggested translation below, the word “wow” shows that they were astonished. In the second suggested translation, the expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
> They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” (Mark 7:36 ULT)
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, ‘**Wow**! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.’”
> Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22 ULT)
> They were extremely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak.” (Mark 7:37 ULT)
>
> > “They were extremely astonished, saying, ‘**Wow**! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.’”
>
> Alas, oh my Lord Yahweh! For because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22b ULT)
>
> > “**Oh no**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
> **Ah**, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22 ULT)
> **Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> > Lord Yahweh, **what will happen to me**? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
> > **Help**, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
> How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
> How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
>
> > “His judgments are **so** unsearchable and his ways are **far** beyond discovering!”
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “**Ah**, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Ah**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”

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@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
### Description
Some languages have more than one form of “we”: an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but **not you**.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
Some languages have more than one form of “we”: an inclusive form that means “I and you” and an exclusive form that means “I and someone else but not you.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
@ -10,24 +8,24 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
### Reason this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for “we.” If your language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of “we,” then you will need to understand what the speaker meant so that you can decide which form of “we” to use.
### Examples from the Bible
> They said, “**We** have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless **we** went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
> They said, “There are not more than five loaves of bread and two fish with us—unless **we** go and buy food for all these people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have among them, so this “we” could be the inclusive form or the exclusive form. In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that “we” would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.
In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that “we” would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.
> **we** have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to **us** (1 John 1:2 ULT)
> **We** have seen it, and **we** bear witness to it. **We** are announcing to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and which has been made known to **us**. (1 John 1:2 ULT)
John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
> …the shepherds said one to each other, “Let **us** now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to **us**.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
> The shepherds said one to each other, “Let **us** now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to **us**.” (Luke 2:15b ULT)
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were **including** the people they were speaking to - one another.
> Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.

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translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
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@ -5,24 +5,24 @@ An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and m
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical Image in order to express an abstract Idea about some immediate Topic, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image. In an extended metaphor, the writer/speaker explicitly states the Topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.
In Isaiah 5:1-7, the prophet Isaiah uses a vineyard (the **Image**) to express God’s disappointment (the **Idea**) with the nation of Israel (the **Topic**) for their unfaithfulness to God and his covenant with them as his people. Farmers care for their gardens, and a farmer would feel disappointed if his vineyard produced bad fruit. If a vineyard produced only bad fruit for a long enough time, the farmer would eventually stop caring for it. We call this an extended metaphor because the prophet describes in detail multiple images relating to a vineyard as well as multiple aspects of God’s disappointment.
In Isaiah 5:1b-7, the prophet Isaiah uses a vineyard (the **Image**) to express God’s disappointment (the **Idea**) with the nation of Israel (the **Topic**) for their unfaithfulness to God and his covenant with them as his people. Farmers care for their gardens, and a farmer would feel disappointed if his vineyard produced bad fruit. If a vineyard produced only bad fruit for a long enough time, the farmer would eventually stop caring for it. We call this an extended metaphor because the prophet describes in detail multiple images relating to a vineyard as well as multiple aspects of God’s disappointment.
> <sup>1</sup> …My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. <sup>2</sup> He **spaded it** and **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with the choicest vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. <sup>3</sup> So now, inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. <sup>4</sup> What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? <sup>5</sup> Now I will inform you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. <sup>6</sup> I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. But briers and thorns will spring up, I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. <sup>7</sup> For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the men of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help**. (Isa 5:1-7 ULT)
> 1b My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. 2 He **spaded it,** **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with an excellent kind of vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. 3 So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. 4 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? 5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled down. 6 I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. 7 For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help**. (Isa 5:1b-7 ULT)
### Other Examples from the Bible
In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe the way that God (the **Topic**) shows great concern and care (the **Idea**) for his people. The psalmist describes multiple aspects of what shepherds do for sheep (leads them to pasture and to water, protects them, etc.). The psalmist also describes multiple aspects of how God takes care of him (gives him life, righteousenss, comfort, etc.). Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions.
In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe the way that God (the **Topic**) shows great concern and care (the **Idea**) for his people. The psalmist describes multiple aspects of what shepherds do for sheep (leads them to pasture and to water, protects them, etc.). The psalmist also describes multiple aspects of how God takes care of him (gives him life, righteousness, comfort, etc.). Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions.
> <sup> 1</sup> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.
> <sup> 2</sup> He **makes me** to lie down in green pastures;
> 1 Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.
> 2 He **makes me** to lie down in green pastures;
> he **leads me** beside tranquil water.
> <sup> 3</sup> He **brings back** my life;
> 3 He **brings back** my life;
> he **guides me** along right paths for his name’s sake.
> <sup> 4</sup> Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
> 4 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
> I will not fear harm since you are with me;
> your rod and your staff comfort me. (Psa 23:1-4 ULT)
> your rod and your staff comfort me. (Psalm 23:1-4 ULT)
### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* People may not realize that the images represent other things.
* People may not be familiar with the things that are used as images.
@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe
Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in the same way the original readers would have understood it. If not, here are some other strategies:
1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@ -54,19 +54,18 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
Can be translated as:
> “Yahweh is **like** a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
> Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
> He **spaded** it and removed the stones, and planted it with the **choicest** vine.
> He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.
> He built **a tower** in the middle of it, and also built a **winepress**.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced **wild grapes**. (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced **wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1b-2 ULT)
May be translated as:
> “My well beloved had a **grapevine garden** on a very fertile hill.
> My well beloved had a **grapevine garden** on a very fertile hill.
> He **dug up the ground** and removed the stones, and planted it with **the best grapevines**.
> He built a **watchtower** in the middle of it, and also built **a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes**.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced **wild grapes that were not good for making wine**.”
@ -74,12 +73,13 @@ May be translated as:
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
> Yahweh is **my shepherd**; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
>
> > “Yahweh **cares for me** like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
>
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts **is** the house of Israel,
> and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;
> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
> for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help. (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
Can be translated as:
@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ Can be translated as:
or as:
>> **So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit**,
> > **So as** **a farmer stops caring** **for** **a** **grapevine** **garden that produces bad fruit**,
> > **Yahweh will stop protecting** Israel and Judah,
>> **because they do not do what is right**.
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > **because they do not do what is right.**
> > He waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.