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TranslationManualEdits (#206)

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Perry J Oakes 2019-09-24 19:43:33 +00:00 committed by Gogs
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21
process/config.yaml
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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ intro-publishing:
recommended: []
dependencies:
- prechecking-training
- translation-overview
intro-share:
recommended:
- share-content
@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ platforms:
recommended:
- setup-ts
- pretranslation-training
- setup-tc
dependencies:
- process-manual
- file-formats
@ -35,11 +37,6 @@ process-manual:
recommended: []
dependencies:
- finding-answers
required-checking:
recommended:
- intro-publishing
dependencies:
- prechecking-training
setup-team:
recommended:
- choose-team
@ -50,16 +47,22 @@ setup-team:
- translation-difficulty
dependencies:
- translate-process
setup-tc:
recommended:
- setup-ts
dependencies:
- platforms
setup-ts:
recommended: []
recommended:
- setup-tc
dependencies:
- platforms
share-content:
recommended: []
dependencies:
- intro-share
source-text-process:
translation-overview:
recommended:
- intro-share
dependencies:
- intro-publishing
dependencies:
- pretranslation-training

8
process/toc.yaml
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@ -18,20 +18,20 @@ sections:
link: platforms
- title: "Setting Up translationStudio"
link: setup-ts
- title: "Translation Overview"
link: translation-overview
- title: "4. Checking"
sections:
- title: "Training Before Checking Begins"
link: prechecking-training
- title: "How to Check"
link: required-checking
- title: "Setting Up translationCore"
link: setup-tc
- title: "5. Publishing"
sections:
- title: "Introduction to Publishing"
link: intro-publishing
- title: "Source Text Process"
link: source-text-process
- title: "6. Distributing"
sections:

48
translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
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@ -2,25 +2,51 @@
### Description
Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves one or more words out of a sentence because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. The information that is omitted has usually already been stated in a preceding sentence or phrase.
Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words from a sentence that it normally should have to be a complete sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
>…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
>…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, <u>nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous</u>. (Psalm 1:5)
This is ellipsis because “sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause.
There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would be:
>…nor <u>will</u> sinners <u>stand</u> in the assembly of the righteous.
#### There are two types of ellipsis.
1. Relative ellipsis happens when the reader has to supply the omitted word or words from the context. Usually the word is in the previous sentence, as in the example above.
2. Absolute ellipsis happens when the omitted word or words are not in the context, but the phrases are common enough in the language that the reader is expected to supply what is missing from this common usage, or from the nature of the situation.
### Reason this is a translation issue
Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing information is if they do not use ellipsis in their language.
Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what information is missing if they do not use ellipsis in the same way in their language.
### Examples from the Bible
>…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him.
#### Relative Ellipsis
>He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. He did not say that Yahweh makes Sirion skip like a young ox because he knew that his readers could fill in the information themselves.
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
>He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
>But if we are afflicted, <u>for your comfort and salvation</u>; if we are comforted, <u>for your comfort</u>,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
>But if we are afflicted, <u>we are afflicted</u> for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, <u>we are comforted</u> for your comfort,…
#### Absolute Ellipsis
>…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
>“Lord, <u>I want you to heal me so</u> that I might receive my sight.”
>To Titus…<u>Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u>. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
>To Titus…<u>May you receive</u> grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior.
### Translation Strategies
@ -33,10 +59,12 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
1. Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
* **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u>sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
*…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
* …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
* **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
*…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
* …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
* **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>.** (Psalm 29:6)
* He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.

34
translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary/01.md
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@ -35,31 +35,45 @@ The English reader knows that these last two examples are contrary-to-fact condi
If contrary-to-fact conditions are clear in your language, then use them as they are.
1. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker believes something that is false, then restate the condition as something that others believe.
1. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker is suggesting that the first part is true, then restate it as a statement that it is not true.
1. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen but the speaker wanted it to happen, restate it as a wish.
1. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen, restate it as a negative statement.
2. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker is suggesting that the first part is true, then restate it as a statement that it is not true.
3. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen but the speaker wanted it to happen, restate it as a wish.
4. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen, restate it as a negative statement.
5. Often Factual and Contrary to Fact connections are used to make reasoned arguments for a change in behavior. If translators are struggling to know the best way to translate them, it could be helpful to discuss how this is done in their language community. If someone is trying to convince people to change their behavior, how do they do that? It may be possible to adapt similar strategies when translating these connections.
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
* 1. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker believes something that is false, then restate the condition as something that others believe.
> But **if Baal is God**, worship him! (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
1. **If you believe that Baal is God**, then worship him!
**If you believe that Baal is God**, then worship him!
2. **If Baal is not God**, then you should not worship him!
* 2. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker is suggesting that the first part is true, then restate it as a statement that it is not true.
5. **Is Baal the one who is truly God**? Should you worship him?
**If Baal is not God**, then you should not worship him!
> But his wife said to him, "**If Yahweh wanted to kill us**, he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him. He would not have shown us all these things, nor at this time would he have let us hear such things." (Judges 13:23 ULT)
2. "**Yahweh does not want to kill us**, or he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him.
"**Yahweh does not want to kill us**, or he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him.
* 3. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen but the speaker wanted it to happen, restate it as a wish.
> “**If only we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
3. “**I wish we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt…”
“**I wish we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt…”
* 4. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen, restate it as a negative statement.
> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes. (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
4. “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! The mighty deeds which were done in you **were not done** in Tyre and Sidon. But **if they had been done there, those people would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
“Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! The mighty deeds which were done in you **were not done** in Tyre and Sidon. But **if they had been done there, those people would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
5. “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! You think that you are better than Tyre and Sidon, but you are not! **They would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes at seeing the mighty deeds that you have seen! **You should be like them**!
* 5. Often Factual and Contrary to Fact connections are used to make reasoned arguments for a change in behavior. If translators are struggling to know the best way to translate them, it could be helpful to discuss how this is done in their language community. If someone is trying to convince people to change their behavior, how do they do that? It may be possible to adapt similar strategies when translating these connections.
> But **if Baal is God**, worship him! (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
**Is Baal the one who is truly God**? Should you worship him?
> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes. (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
>
“Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! You think that you are better than Tyre and Sidon, but you are not! **They would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes at seeing the mighty deeds that you have seen! **You should be like them**!

12
translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md
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@ -34,12 +34,18 @@ There are two hypothetical conditions here: 1. If it is true that this plan is o
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
* 1. If the order of clauses makes the hypothetical condition confusing, then change the order of the clauses.
> God promised to bless the people and protect them, **if** they obeyed these laws. But he said he would punish them **if** they did not obey them. (Story 13 Frame 7 OBS)
1. **If** the people obeyed these laws, God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, God said that he would punish them.
**If** the people obeyed these laws, God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, God said that he would punish them.
2. **If** the people obeyed these laws, **then** God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, **then** God said that he would punish them.
* 2. If it is not clear where the second event is, mark that part with a word like “then.”
> God promised to bless the people and protect them, **if** they obeyed these laws. But he said he would punish them **if** they did not obey them. (Story 13 Frame 7 OBS)
**If** the people obeyed these laws, **then** God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, **then** God said that he would punish them.
> …**if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38-39 ULT)
2. …**if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;
…**if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;

40
translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
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@ -6,32 +6,46 @@ Exceptional relationship connectors exclude one or more items or people from a g
#### Reason this is a translation issue
English indicates exceptional relationships with words like “except,” “but not” “other than,” “besides,” “unless,” “however. . . not,” and “only.” Some languages do not indicate that one or more items or people are excluded from a group in this way, but instead have other ways. Translators need to understand who or what is in the group and who or what is excluded in order to be able to accurately communicate this in their language.
English indicates exceptional relationships by first describing a group (Part 1) and then stating what is not in that group using words like “except,” “but not” “other than,” “besides,” “unless,” “however…not,” and “only” (Part 2). Some languages do not indicate that one or more items or people are excluded from a group in this way, but instead have other ways. In some languages this type of construction does not make sense, because the exception in Part 2 seems to contradict the statement in Part 1. Translators need to understand who or what is in the group and who or what is excluded in order to be able to accurately communicate this in their language.
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> God will save everyone who believes in Jesus and receives him as their Master. **But** he will not save those who do not believe in him. (OBS Story 49 Frame 13)
> God told Adam that he could eat from <u>any</u> tree in the garden <u>except</u> from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is <u>no one</u> to redeem it <u>besides</u> you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. Not a man escaped **except for** four hundred young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. <u>Not</u> a man escaped <u>except for</u> four hundred young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go **unless** you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will <u>not</u> let you go <u>unless</u> you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
#### Translation Strategy
#### Translation Strategies
If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also clear in your language, then translate the Exceptional Clauses in the same way.
If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also clear in your language, then translate the Exceptional Clauses in the same way.
Part 1: [Not a man escaped] Part 2: [**except for** four hundred young men]
1. Very often, the exception in Part 2 contradicts something that was negated in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “**only**.”
In some languages, constructions such as these do not make sense, because the exception in Part 2 contradicts the negative statement in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “**only**.”
2. Reverse the order of the clauses, so that the exception is stated first, and then the larger group is named second.
#### Examples of Translation Strategy Applied
God will **only** save those who believe in Jesus and receive him as their Master. He will not save those who do not believe in him.
1. Very often, the exception in Part 2 contradicts something that was negated in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “**only**.”
But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for **you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it]**, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4)
> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Not a man escaped <u>except for</u> four hundred young men**, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Only four hundred young men escaped**, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17)
* Part 1: [<u>Not</u> a man escaped] Part 2: [<u>except for</u> four hundred young men]
The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will let you go **only if** you bless me." (Genesis 32:26)
David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **<u>Only</u> four hundred young men escaped**, who rode on camels and fled.
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is <u>no one</u> to redeem it <u>besides</u> you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for <u>you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it]</u>, and I am after you."
> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will <u>not</u> let you go <u>unless</u> you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will let you go <u>only if</u> you bless me."
2.Reverse the order of the clauses, so that the exception is stated first, and then the larger group is named second.
> God told Adam that he could eat from <u>any</u> tree in the garden <u>except</u> from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
God told Adam that he could <u>not</u> eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, but he could eat from <u>any other</u> tree in the garden.

28
translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
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@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ In Scripture, many events do not happen as the people involved intend or expect
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, **but** God used the evil for good! (Story 8 Frame 12 OBS)
> You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, <u>but</u> God used the evil for good! (Story 8 Frame 12 OBS)
Joseph’s brothers’ evil plan to sell Joseph is contrasted with God’s good plan to save many people. The word "but" marks the contrast.
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Yet** I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Yet</u> I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave and the humble way that he behaves, marked by the word "yet."
> …and **though** he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
> …and <u>though</u> he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
It is unexpected that someone who is bound with chains will be able to break them. The word “though” marks the contrast of an unexpected event.
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for God. **However**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u>, Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
There are two contrasts here, both marked with “however.” The first contrast shows that even though David asked to find a place for God’s house, it was Solomon who built it. But then there is another contrast. Even though Solomon built a house for God, God does not live in houses that people build.
@ -38,12 +38,20 @@ If your language uses Contrast Relationships in the same way as in the text, the
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Yet** I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
1.If the Contrast Relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a more clear or specific connecting word or phrase.
1. For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Unlike that person**, I am among you as one who serves.
> …and **though** he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Yet</u> I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
2. …and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, **but even so**, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for God. **However**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Unlike that person</u>, I am among you as one who serves.
3. [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **But even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,
2.If it is more clear in your language to mark the other clause of the Contrast Relationship, then use a connecting word on the other clause.
> …and <u>though</u> he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
…and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, <u>but even so</u>, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
3.If your language shows a Contrast Relationship in a different way, then use that way.
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u>, Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
[David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>But</u> it was, Solomon, <u>not David</u>, who built the house for God. <u>But even though Solomon built him a house</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,

36
translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
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@ -14,35 +14,35 @@ In Scripture, the goal or purpose may be stated first or second. In some languag
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph **so that he was arrested and sent to prison**. (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph <u>so that he was arrested and sent to prison</u>. (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
The Goal or Purpose of the master’s wife’s false accusation was to get Joseph arrested and sent to prison.
> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress—**to hide it from the Midianites**. (Judges 6:11b ULT)
> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress—<u>to hide it from the Midianites</u>. (Judges 6:11b ULT)
Here the prepositional phrase begins with only the word “to” but “in order to” is understood.
> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways **so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes**. Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways <u>so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes</u>. Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
Moses wants God to show him God’s ways for the Goal or Purpose of Moses knowing God and continuing to find favor with God.
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>for her to glean</u>, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
The Goal or Purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their bundles and leave it was for Ruth to gather (glean) it.
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **and see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>and see this thing that has happened</u>, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The Purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the Purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
> “…if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
> “…if you want <u>to enter into life</u>, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
The Goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life.
> Do not turn from it to the right or to the left **so that you may be successful** wherever you go. (Joshua 1:7 ULT)
> Do not turn from it to the right or to the left <u>so that you may be successful</u> wherever you go. (Joshua 1:7 ULT)
The purpose of not turning away from the instructions that Moses gave to the Israelites was so that they would be successful.
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
The Purpose of the vine growers killing the heir was so they could take over his inheritance. They state both events to each other as a plan, joining them only with “and.” Then the word “so” marks the reporting of the first event, but the second event (the Goal or Purpose) is not stated.
@ -55,18 +55,22 @@ If your language uses purpose or goal relationships in the same way as in the te
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
1. If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
1. “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **so that she can glean it**, and do not rebuke her.”
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>for her to glean</u>, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **and see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
“Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>so that she can glean it</u>, and do not rebuke her.”
1. …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **so that we can see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.”
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>and see this thing that has happened</u>, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
> “…if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
…the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>so that we can see this thing that has happened</u>, which the Lord has made known to us.”
2.“…keep the commandments if you want **to enter into life**.” or: “…keep the commandments **so that you can enter into life**.”
2.If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
> “…if you want <u>to enter into life</u>, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
1. and 2. But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.
“…keep the commandments if you want <u>to enter into life</u>.” or: “…keep the commandments <u>so that you can enter into life</u>.”
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
1. and 2. But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>so that we can take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him <u>so that they could take over his inheritance</u>.

38
translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
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@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ A Reason and Result Relationship can look forward - "I did Y because I wanted X
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> The Jews were amazed, **because** Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
> The Jews were amazed, <u>because</u> Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
The **Reason** is the change in Saul - that he had tried to kill people who believed in Jesus, and now he himself believed in Jesus. The **Result** is that the Jews were amazed. “Because” connects the two ideas and indicates that what follows it is a Reason.
> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, <u>so that</u> the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
The **Reason** is the great storm, and the **Result** is that the boat was covered with the waves. The two events are connected by “so that.” Notice that “so that” often indicates a Goal relationship, but here the relationship is Reason-Result, because the sea cannot think and therefore does not have a Goal.
> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, <u>because</u> in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
The **Result** is that God blessed and sanctified the seventh day. The **Reason** is because he rested on the seventh day from his work.
> “Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
> “Blessed are the poor, <u>for</u> yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
The **Result** is that the poor are blessed. The **Reason** is that the kingdom of God is theirs.
> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, **because** they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, <u>because</u> they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
The **Result** is that Joshua circumcised the boys and men who had been born in the wilderness. The **Reason** was that they had not been circumcised while they were journeying.
@ -42,24 +42,24 @@ If your language uses Reason-Result relationships in the same way as in the text
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, <u>because</u> in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
1. God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. **That is why** he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
1. God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. <u>That is why</u> he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
> Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
> Blessed are the poor, <u>for</u> yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
1. The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. **Therefore**, the poor are blessed.
2. Blessed are the poor, **because** yours is the kingdom of God.
3. **The reason that** the poor are blessed **is because** yours is the kingdom of God.
1. The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. <u>Therefore</u>, the poor are blessed.
2. Blessed are the poor, <u>because</u> yours is the kingdom of God.
3. <u>The reason that</u> the poor are blessed <u>is because</u> yours is the kingdom of God.
> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, <u>so that</u> the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
1. Behold, the boat was covered with the waves **because** a great storm arose on the sea.
2. Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **with the result that** the boat was covered with the waves.
3. Behold, **because** a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
1. Behold, the boat was covered with the waves <u>because</u> a great storm arose on the sea.
2. Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, <u>with the result that</u> the boat was covered with the waves.
3. Behold, <u>because</u> a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
> **Since** the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34 ULT)
> <u>Since</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34 ULT)
1. The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, **because** he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
2. **Because** the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
3. The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, **so** he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
1. The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, <u>because</u> he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
2. <u>Because</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
3. The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.

18
translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
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@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ Languages indicate a shift in time in different ways. The translators need to un
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> **When** Solomon was old, he also worshiped their gods. (OBS Story 18 Frame 3)
> <u>When</u> Solomon was old, he also worshiped their gods. (OBS Story 18 Frame 3)
Solomon began to worship foreign gods at a time when he was old. Being old is the background to the main event, which is worshipping other gods.
> **Now** his parents went **every year** to Jerusalem for the Festival of the Passover. When he was twelve years old, they again went up at the customary time for the feast. (Luke 2:41-42 ULT)
> <u>Now</u> his parents went <u>every year</u> to Jerusalem for the Festival of the Passover. When he was twelve years old, they again went up at the customary time for the feast. (Luke 2:41-42 ULT)
The first event is ongoing and started long ago. We know this because of the words “every year.” That is the background event. Then an event begins that started during that time - “when he was twelve years old.” That is the main event.
> Now it came about that **while** they were there, the time came for the birth of her baby. (Luke 2:6 ULT)
> Now it came about that <u>while</u> they were there, the time came for the birth of her baby. (Luke 2:6 ULT)
Being there (in Bethlehem) is the background for the main event, the birth of the baby.
> …**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
> …<u>while</u> Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, <u>during</u> the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
This example begins with five background clauses (marked off by commas), signalled as background by “while” and “during.” Then the main event happens - the word of God came to John.
@ -37,11 +37,15 @@ If the way that the Background Clauses are marked also is clear in your language
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> …**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
> …<u>while</u> Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, <u>during</u> the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
1. …**It happened during the time that** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, **and during the time that** Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, **and during the time that** his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, **and during the time that** Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **and also during the time that** Annas and Caiaphas were high priests—**that** the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
1.If the connecting word does not make it clear that what follows is a Background Clause, use a connecting word that communicates this more clearly.
2. …Pontius Pilate **was governing** Judea, and Herod **was ruling over** Galilee, and his brother Philip **was ruling over** the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias **was ruling over** Abilene, and Annas and Caiaphas **were being** high priests—the word of God **came** to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
…<u>It happened during the time that</u> Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, <u>and during the time that</u> Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, <u>and during the time that</u> his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, <u>and during the time that</u> Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, <u>and also during the time that</u> Annas and Caiaphas were high priests—<u>that</u> the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
2.If your language marks Background Clauses in a different way than using connecting words, such as with different verb forms, then use that way.
…Pontius Pilate <u>was governing</u> Judea, and Herod <u>was ruling over</u> Galilee, and his brother Philip <u>was ruling over</u> the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias <u>was ruling over</u> Abilene, and Annas and Caiaphas <u>were being</u> high priests—the word of God <u>came</u> to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
#### Example of differences in Time Relationship Connecting Words:

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translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
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@ -12,39 +12,43 @@ Languages indicate sequences of events in different ways; some use ordering and
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> **When** Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
> <u>When</u> Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, **when**. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>when</u>. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but **after** I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but <u>after</u> I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, **after**. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>after</u>. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> For **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
> For <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, **before**. However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>before</u>. However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> Then Mary arose in those days **and** quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, **and** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and** greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
> Then Mary arose in those days <u>and</u> quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, <u>and</u> she entered into the house of Zechariah <u>and</u> greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
Here the general connector “**and**” connects four events. These are sequential events - each happens after the one before it. We know this because that is the only way that these events would happen. So in English, the general connector, “and,” is enough to make the sequence clear for events such as these. You will need to decide if this also communicates this sequence clearly and correctly in your language.
Here the general connector “<u>and</u>” connects four events. These are sequential events - each happens after the one before it. We know this because that is the only way that these events would happen. So in English, the general connector, “and,” is enough to make the sequence clear for events such as these. You will need to decide if this also communicates this sequence clearly and correctly in your language.
#### Translation Strategies
If the sequence of events is clear in your language, then translate the sequence as it is.
1. If the connecting word is not clear, use a connecting word that communicates the sequence more clearly.
1. If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear.
2. If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear.
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> Then Mary arose in those days **and** quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, **and** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and** greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
1.If the connecting word is not clear, use a connecting word that communicates the sequence more clearly.
1. Then Mary arose in those days. **Then** she quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah. **Then** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and then** she greeted Elizabeth.
> Then Mary arose in those days <u>and</u> quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, <u>and</u> she entered into the house of Zechariah <u>and</u> greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
> For **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
Then Mary arose in those days. <u>Then</u> she quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah. <u>Then</u> she entered into the house of Zechariah <u>and then</u> she greeted Elizabeth.
1. For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, **but even before that time**, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
> For <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
2. For the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, <u>but even before that time</u>, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
2.If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear.
For the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
For more about sequences of events, see: [Sequence of Events](../figs-events/01.md).

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translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
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@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ Languages indicate that events occur simultaneously in many different ways. Thes
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
> Joseph served his master well, **and** God blessed Joseph. (OBS Story 8 Frame 4)
> Joseph served his master well, <u>and</u> God blessed Joseph. (OBS Story 8 Frame 4)
Two events happened while Joseph was a slave to a wealthy government official: Joseph served well and God blessed Joseph. There is no indication of a Reason-Result (cause and effect) relationship between the two, or that the first event happened, and then the second event happened.
> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel **during** the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel <u>during</u> the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, **during**. But one event did not cause the other.
This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, <u>during</u>. But one event did not cause the other.
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, **and** they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, <u>and</u> they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, **and**, indicates this.
The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, <u>and</u>, indicates this.
> And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
> And <u>while</u> they were looking intently into heaven <u>as</u> he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
Three events happened at the same time - the disciples looking, Jesus going up, and two men standing. The connector words "**while**" and "**as**" tell us this.
Three events happened at the same time - the disciples looking, Jesus going up, and two men standing. The connector words "<u>while</u>" and "<u>as</u>" tell us this.
#### Translation Strategies
@ -38,18 +38,20 @@ If the way that the Simultaneous Clauses are marked also is clear in your langua
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, **and** they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
Below, each Bible verse will be restated in three different ways, according to the Translation Strategies in the list above. Each restatement will have the same number as the Translation Strategy that it is using.
1. Now **while** the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were wondering at his delay in the temple.
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, <u>and</u> they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
2. Now **while** the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were **also** wondering at his delay in the temple.
1. Now <u>while</u> the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were wondering at his delay in the temple.
2. Now <u>while</u> the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were <u>also</u> wondering at his delay in the temple.
3. Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, wondering at his delay in the temple.
> And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
> And <u>while</u> they were looking intently into heaven <u>as</u> he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
1. And **during the time** they were looking intently into heaven **while** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing.
1. And <u>during the time</u> they were looking intently into heaven <u>while</u> he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing.
2. And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, **at that same time** two men stood by them in white clothing.
2. And <u>while</u> they were looking intently into heaven <u>as</u> he was going up, behold, <u>at that same time</u> two men stood by them in white clothing.
3. They were looking intently into heaven, he was going up, **when** they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
3. They were looking intently into heaven, he was going up, <u>when</u> they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.

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translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
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@ -63,26 +63,32 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULT would be natura
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
1.Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
* **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT) - They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so.”
* Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
* **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT)
They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so:”
1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
* Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments <u>and</u> teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT) -
2.Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this:
* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments <u>and</u> teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this:
* Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT) -
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here.
Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here. They might translate like this:
* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
1. Use a different connecting word.
3.Use a different connecting word.
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT) Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages.
* <u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.